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2025–26 Kerala Premier League

2026-05-08T03:25:36Z

Caliber:

{{Short description|13th season of Kerala Premier League}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox football league season
| image =
| competition = [[Kerala Premier League]]
| season = [[2025–26 in Indian football|2025–26]]
| dates = 8 March – 28 April 2026 ('''Regular season''') 06 May 2026-31 May 2026 ('''Super Eight''')
| winners =
| promoted =
| matches = 46
| total goals = 132
| league topscorer =
| highest scoring = [[Wayanad United]] 4–3 [[Sports Authority of India|SAI Centre]] {{small|(17 April 2026)}}
| biggest win = [[Golden Threads FC|Golden Threads]] 6–0 [[Kerala Police Football Team|Kerala Police]] {{small|(18 April 2026)}}
| longest wins = [[EMEA College of Arts and Science|EMEA College]] {{small|(4 matches)}}
| longest unbeaten =[[KSEB]] {{small|(5 matches)}}
| longest winless = [[Kerala United FC|Kerala United]] [[Sports Authority of India|SAI Centre]] {{small|(6 matches)}}
| longest losses = [[Kerala United FC|Kerala United]] {{small|(6 matches)}}
| prevseason = [[2024–25 Kerala Premier League|2024–25]]
| nextseason = [[2026–27 Kerala Premier League|2026–27]]
}}

The '''2025–26 Kerala Premier League''' is the thirteenth season of the [[Kerala Premier League]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-02 |title=Gokulam, Calicut to meet in inaugural match of Kerala Premier League on March 8 |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/sports/football/2026/03/02/kerala-premier-league-2026-gokulam-vs-calicut-fc-opener.html |access-date=2026-03-02 |website=onmanorama |language=en}}</ref> the highest level of the [[Indian State Leagues|state league system]] in [[Kerala]] and fifth of the overall [[Indian football league system]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Calicut FC to Become First SLK Club to Join Kerala Premier League |url=https://www.newsexperts.in/calicut-fc-to-become-first-slk-club-to-join-kerala-premier-league/amp/|access-date=2026-02-21 |website=newsexperts}}</ref>
[[Muthoot Football Academy|Muthoot FA]] were the defending champions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Muthoot FA emerge Kerala Premier League champions |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/sports/football/2025/05/11/kerala-premier-league-final-muthoot-fa-vs-kerala-police.html |access-date=2025-06-07 |website=Muthoot FA emerge Kerala Premier League champions |language=en}}</ref>

==Teams==
Fourteen teams are competing in the league: the top eleven teams from the previous season and Two promoted from the KPL 2 and a corporate entry, Super League Kerala side [[Calicut FC|Calicut]] have confirmed their participation in the upcoming Kerala Premier League. Calicut FC have gained a corporate entry to the KPL, becoming the first SLK franchise to do so.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Calicut FC to be first Super League Kerala side to compete in KPL |url= https://www.onmanorama.com/sports/football/2026/02/19/slk-calicut-fc-to-compete-kerala-premier-league.html |access-date=2026-02-19 |website=onmanorama |language=en}}</ref>

===Changes from the previous season===
'''Promoted to I League 3'''
* [[Muthoot Football Academy|Muthoot FA]] (withdrew)<ref>https://www.the-aiff.com/calendar?event=67&month=0&year=2026</ref>

'''Corporate entry'''
* [[Calicut FC|Calicut]]

'''Promoted to the Kerala Premier League'''
* [[EMEA College of Arts and Science|EMEA College]]
* [[Sports Authority of India|SAI Centre]]

'''Relegated to KPL 2'''
* [[St. Joseph's College, Devagiri|Devagiri College]]
* [[FC Kerala]]

===Teams and locations===
[http://keralafa.com/kerala-premier-league/ KFA]
{| class="wikitable"
!
!Team
!City
|-
|1
|[[Calicut FC|Calicut]]
|[[Kozhikode]]
|-
|2
|[[EMEA College of Arts and Science|EMEA College]]
|[[Kondotty]]
|-
|3
|[[Golden Threads FC|Golden Threads]]
|[[Kochi]]
|-
|4
|[[Gokulam Kerala FC Reserves and Academy|Gokulam Kerala B]]
|[[Kozhikode]]
|-
|5
|[[Inter Kerala FC|Inter Kerala]]
|[[Kothamangalam]]
|-
|6
|[[Kerala Blasters FC Reserves and Academy|Kerala Blasters B]]
|[[Kochi]]
|-
|7
|[[Kerala Police Football Team|Kerala Police]]
|[[Trivandrum]]
|-
|8
|[[Kerala United FC|Kerala United]]
|[[Thrissur]]
|-
|9
|[[KSEB]]
|[[Trivandrum]]
|-
|10
|[[Kovalam Football Club|Kovalam]]
|[[Kovalam]]
|-
|11
|[[Parappur FC Kerala|PFC Kerala]]
|[[Parappur]]
|-
|12
|[[Real Malabar FC|Real Malabar]]
|[[Kondotty]]
|-
|13
|[[Sports Authority of India|SAI Centre]]
|[[Kollam]]
|-
|14
|[[Wayanad United]]
|[[Kalpetta]]
|-
|}

===Personnel and sponsorship===
[http://keralafa.com/kerala-premier-league/ KFA]
{| class="wikitable"
!
!Team
!Manager
!Captain
!Kit manufacturer
!Sponsor (Chest)
!Sponsor (Sleeve)
|-
|1
|[[Calicut FC|Calicut]]
|{{flagicon|India}} Biby Thomas
|[[Arjun Jayaraj]]
|Loop
|Peekay Steels [https://peekaysteels.com/]
|Alhind [https://www.alhind.com]
|-
|2
|[[EMEA College of Arts and Science|EMEA College]]
|{{flagicon|India}} Ameen Navas
|Fahad
|
|Sky Ford[https://skyfordaviation.in/]
|
|-
|3
|[[Golden Threads FC]]
|{{flagicon|India}} [[Shiju Rajan]]
|Ajay Alex
|
|[[Wayna Water]]
|
|-
|4
|[[Gokulam Kerala FC Reserves and Academy|Gokulam Kerala B]]
|{{flagicon|India}} Rajeev Ponnanthari
|Bibin Boban
|
|
|
|-
|5
|[[Inter Kerala FC]]
|{{flagicon|India}} [[Britto Clemmy]]
|Akhil Praveen
|
|
|
|-
|6
|[[Kerala Blasters FC Reserves and Academy|Kerala Blasters B]]
|{{flagicon|India}} [[Noel Joseph]]
|Jaganath Jayan
|
|
|
|-
|7
|[[Kerala Police Football Team|Kerala Police]]
|{{flagicon|India}} [[Siddik VV]]
|Abhinav
|
|[[Chips Oman]]
|
|-
|8
|[[Kerala United FC]]
|{{flagicon|India}} Shelbin Francis
|Nikhil Raj
|
|
|
|-
|9
|[[KSEB]]
|{{flagicon|India}} [[Sanushraj Palanickal]]
|Hajmal Sakeer
|
|[[KSEB]]
|
|-
|10
|[[Kovalam Football Club|Kovalam]]
|{{flagicon|India}} [[Rajesh Mohanan]]
|
|
|[[Kerala Institute of Medical Sciences|Kims Health]]
|
|-
|11
|[[Parappur FC Kerala|PFC Kerala]]
|{{flagicon|India}} [[Sanjoy Kumar Dey]]
|Iqlaq Fayaz
|
|[[Jos Alukkas]]
|
|-
|12
|[[Real Malabar FC]]
|{{flagicon|India}} Haary Benny
|Aboobacker Dilshad
|
|[[EDEX]]
|
|-
|13
|[[Sports Authority of India|SAI Centre]]
|{{flagicon|India}}
|Wangden Lama
|
|
|
|-
|14
|[[Wayanad United]]
|{{flagicon|India}} [[Daison Cheriyan]]
|
|
|[[SKAMPILO]]
|
|-
|}

==Venues==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Stadium
!Capacity
!Location
|-
|[[EMS Stadium]]
|50,000
|[[Kozhikode]]
|-
|[[Thrissur Municipal Corporation Stadium]]
|15,000
|[[Thrissur]]
|-
|}

==Group stage==
{{Main|2025–26 Kerala Premier League group stage}}
===Group A===
<onlyinclude>
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|section=Group A
|update=complete
|source=[https://theawayend.co/kerala-premier-league/ The Away End]

|team_order = EMEA, CFC, RMFC, GKFC, WUFC, KBFC, SAI


|result1=SE |result2=SE |result3=SE |result4=SE|result7=R|result14=


|win_CFC=4 |draw_CFC=1 |loss_CFC=1 |gf_CFC=10 |ga_CFC=3
|win_EMEA=5 |draw_EMEA=0 |loss_EMEA=1 |gf_EMEA=11 |ga_EMEA=3
|win_GKFC=3 |draw_GKFC=0 |loss_GKFC=3 |gf_GKFC=10 |ga_GKFC=8
|win_KBFC=1 |draw_KBFC=2 |loss_KBFC=3 |gf_KBFC=7 |ga_KBFC=10
|win_RMFC=3 |draw_RMFC=1 |loss_RMFC=2 |gf_RMFC=8 |ga_RMFC=6
|win_SAI=0 |draw_SAI=1 |loss_SAI=5 |gf_SAI=6 |ga_SAI=19
|win_WUFC=1 |draw_WUFC=3 |loss_WUFC=2 |gf_WUFC=9 |ga_WUFC=12


|name_CFC=[[Calicut FC|Calicut FC]]
|name_EMEA=[[EMEA College of Arts and Science|EMEA College]]
|name_GKFC=[[Gokulam Kerala FC (Reserves)|Gokulam Kerala B]]
|name_KBFC=[[Kerala Blasters FC Reserves and Academy|Kerala Blasters B]]
|name_RMFC=[[Real Malabar FC|Real Malabar]]
|name_SAI=[[Sports Authority of India|SAI Centre]]
|name_WUFC=[[Wayanad United FC|Wayanad United]]

|show_limit=5|class_rules=1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) number of goals scored


|res_col_header=Qualification
|col_SE=green1 |text_SE=Advance to Super Eight
|col_R =red1|text_R=Relegation to the [[Kerala Premier League 2|2026–27 Kerala Premier League 2]]
}}</onlyinclude>

===Group B===
<onlyinclude>
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|section=Group B
|update=complete
|source=[https://theawayend.co/kerala-premier-league/ The Away End]

|team_order = KP,GTFC, KSEB, IKFC, KFC, PFC, KUFC


|result1=SE |result2=SE |result3=SE |result4=SE|result7=R|result14=

|win_GTFC=3 |draw_GTFC=2 |loss_GTFC=1 |gf_GTFC=13 |ga_GTFC=4
|win_IKFC=3 |draw_IKFC=1 |loss_IKFC=2 |gf_IKFC=10 |ga_IKFC=6
|win_KP=4 |draw_KP=1 |loss_KP=1 |gf_KP=13 |ga_KP=7
|win_KUFC=0 |draw_KUFC=0 |loss_KUFC=6 |gf_KUFC=4 |ga_KUFC=20
|win_KSEB=3 |draw_KSEB=2 |loss_KSEB=1 |gf_KSEB=9 |ga_KSEB=4
|win_KFC=1 |draw_KFC=3 |loss_KFC=2 |gf_KFC=7 |ga_KFC=13
|win_PFC=1 |draw_PFC=2 |loss_PFC=3 |gf_PFC=6 |ga_PFC=7


|name_GTFC=[[Golden Threads FC|Golden Threads]]
|name_IKFC=[[Inter Kerala FC|Inter Kerala]]
|name_KP=[[Kerala Police (football team)|Kerala Police]]
|name_KUFC=[[Kerala United FC|Kerala United]]
|name_KSEB=[[KSEB]]
|name_KFC=[[Kovalam Football Club|Kovalam]]
|name_PFC=[[Parappur FC Kerala|PFC Kerala]]


|res_col_header=Qualification
|col_SE=green1 |text_SE=Super Eight
|col_R =red1|text_R=Relegation to the [[Kerala Premier League 2|2026–27 Kerala Premier League 2]]
}}</onlyinclude>

==Super Eight==
<onlyinclude>{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|section=Championship Stage
|update=06 May 2026
|source=[https://theawayend.co/kerala-premier-league/ The Away End]

|team_order = KP,KSEB,CFC,GKFC,IKFC, GTFC,EMEA, RMFC


|result1=SF |result2=SF |result3=SF |result4=SF


|win_CFC=1 |draw_CFC=0 |loss_CFC=0 |gf_CFC=2 |ga_CFC=1
|win_EMEA=0 |draw_EMEA=0 |loss_EMEA=1 |gf_EMEA=1 |ga_EMEA=2
|win_KSEB=1 |draw_KSEB=0 |loss_KSEB=0 |gf_KSEB=2 |ga_KSEB=1
|win_RMFC=0 |draw_RMFC=0 |loss_RMFC=1 |gf_RMFC=0 |ga_RMFC=2
|win_GTFC=0 |draw_GTFC=0 |loss_GTFC=1 |gf_GTFC=1 |ga_GTFC=2
|win_KP=1 |draw_KP=0 |loss_KP=0 |gf_KP=2 |ga_KP=0
|win_IKFC=0 |draw_IKFC=1 |loss_IKFC=0 |gf_IKFC=1 |ga_IKFC=1
|win_GKFC=0 |draw_GKFC=1 |loss_GKFC=0 |gf_GKFC=1 |ga_GKFC=1


|name_CFC=[[Calicut FC|Calicut FC]]
|name_EMEA=[[EMEA College of Arts and Science|EMEA College]]
|name_GKFC=[[Gokulam Kerala FC (Reserves)|Gokulam Kerala B]]
|name_GTFC=[[Golden Threads FC|Golden Threads]]
|name_KP=[[Kerala Police (football team)|Kerala Police]]
|name_KSEB=[[KSEB]]
|name_IKFC=[[Inter Kerala FC|Inter Kerala]]
|name_RMFC=[[Real Malabar FC|Real Malabar]]

|show_limit=5|class_rules=1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) number of goals scored


|res_col_header=Qualification
|col_SF=green1 |text_SF=Qualification {{nobr|For Semifinals}}
|col_R =red1|text_R=Relegation to the [[Kerala Premier League 2|2026–27 Kerala Premier League 2]]
}}</onlyinclude>

==Statistics==
===Top scorers===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!Rank
!Player
!Team
!Goals
|-
| rowspan="1" |1
| align="left" |Vishakh Mohanan
| rowspan="1" |Golden Threads
| rowspan="1" |5
|-
| rowspan="4" |2
| align="left" |Sreenath M
| rowspan="1" |Wayanad United
| rowspan="4" |4
|-
| align="left" |Sreeraj K
| rowspan="1" |KSEB
|-
| align="left" |Sajeesh E
| rowspan="1" |Kerala Police
|-
| align="left" |Aswin KV
| rowspan="1" |Inter Kerala
|-
| rowspan="5" |6
| align="left" |Babble Sivery
| rowspan="1" |Kerala Police
| rowspan="5" |3
|-
| align="left" |Aboobacker Dilshad
| rowspan="1" |Real Malabar
|-
| align="left" |Ajmal Khaja
| rowspan="1" |Golden Threads
|-
| align="left" |Sahil Dhar
| rowspan="1" |PFC Kerala
|-
| align="left" |Jamsheed Ali
| rowspan="1" |Gokulam Kerala
|-
|}

===Clean sheets===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!No!!Player!!Club!!Clean sheets
|-
| rowspan="2" |1
| align="left" |Muhammed Roshan
| align="left" |EMEA
| rowspan="2" |4
|-
| align="left" | Abhinav
| align="left" |Kerala Police
|-
| rowspan="4" |3
| align="left" |Muhammed Sinan
| align="left" |Real Malabar
| rowspan="4" |3
|-
| align="left" |Shehin Khan
| align="left" |KSEB
|-
| align="left" |Bishorjit Singh
| align="left" |Calicut
|-
| align="left" |Alkesh Raj
| align="left" |Golden Threads
|-
| rowspan="1" |7
| align="left" | Afthab Ashraf
| align="left" |PFC Kerala
| rowspan="1" |2
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Kerala Premier League seasons]]
[[Category:2025–26 in Indian football leagues]]
[[Category:2025–26 in Indian football]]

Sidho Kanho Birsha University

2026-05-07T05:16:01Z

Caliber: made basic post v1

{{Short description|Public university in Purulia, India}}
{{distinguish|Sido Kanhu Murmu University}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Multiple issues|{{More citations needed|date=April 2017}}
{{Cleanup university|date=April 2017}}
}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Sidho-Kanho-Birsha University
| image = Sidho-Kanho-Birsha University Logo.svg
| image_upright = 0.8
| motto = {{lang|sa|sa no buddhyā śubhayā saṁyunaktu}}
| mottoeng = let the Almighty bestow on us blessed thought
| type = [[Public State University]]
| established = {{Start date and age|df=yes|paren=yes|br=yes|2010|07|6}}
| accreditation = [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|NAAC]]
| academic_affiliations = {{hlist |[[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]]|[[Association of Indian Universities|AIU]]|[[AICTE]]}}
| budget = {{INRConvert|30.20|c}} ([[Fiscal year|FY]]2024–25 est.)<ref name=nirf_stud/>
| chancellor = [[Governor of West Bengal]]
| vice_chancellor = Pabitra Kumar Chakraborti<ref>{{Cite news |last=Roy |first=Poulami |date=2024-12-07 |title=Presi, 5 other univs get permanent VCs after govt sends list to guv |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/government-appoints-permanent-vcs-in-west-bengal-universities-ending-prolonged-standoff/articleshowprint/116056328.cms |access-date=2024-12-07 |work=[[The Times of India]] Dec 7, 2024, 12.32 AM IST}}</ref>
| faculty = 107 ({{small|2025}})<ref name=nirf_stud/>
| students = 3,381 ({{small|2025}})<ref name=nirf_stud>{{cite web |title=NIRF 2026|url=https://www.skbu.ac.in/images/uploads/1773643872007.pdf|publisher=Sidho-Kanho-Birsha University}}</ref>
| postgrad = 2,949 ({{small|2025}})<ref name=nirf_stud/>
| doctoral = 432 ({{small|2025}})<ref name=nirf_stud/>
| city = [[Purulia]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| country = India
| coor = {{Coord|23|21|41|N|86|20|23|E|region:IN-WB_type:edu|display=inline,title}}
| campus = [[Rural areas|Rural]] {{convert|12.86|acre|ha}}
| website = {{Official URL}}
| logo = Sidho Kanho Birsha University Wordmark logo.svg
}}
'''Sidho-Kanho-Birsha University''' ('''SKBU''') is a [[Public university|public]] [[State university (India)|state university]] located in [[Purulia]] district of [[West Bengal]], [[India]]. It was established under an Act of the West Bengal Legislature in April 2010.<ref>{{cite web |title=The SKBU University Act, 2010 |url=https://wbhed.gov.in/readwrite/uploads/SIDHO_KANHO_BIRSHA_UNIVERSITY.PDF |website=wbhed.gov.in |access-date=20 June 2021 |date=20 June 2021}}</ref><ref>[http://www.indianexpress.com/news/tribal-areas-get-own-university/610308/ Tribal areas get own university], indianexpress.com. [[The Indian Express]]. Published Kolkata, 23 April 2010. Retrieved 29 July 2012</ref> It offers different undergraduate and postgraduate courses in liberal arts.

== History ==
[[File:The main building gate of Sidho Kanho Birsha University 04.jpg|thumb|The main entrance of Sidho Kanho Birsha University]]
The university was founded on 6 July 2010 by the Sidho Kanho Brisha University Act, 2010, passed by the [[West Bengal]] Legislature.<ref>{{cite web |title=The SKBU University Act, 2010 |url=https://wbhed.gov.in/readwrite/uploads/SIDHO_KANHO_BIRSHA_UNIVERSITY.PDF |website=wbhed.gov.in |access-date=20 June 2021 |date=20 June 2021}}</ref>[[Jagannath Kishore College]], [[Purulia]] donated 13 acres to the university for the establishment. The university is named for three rebels who put up resistance against British rule: [[Sidhu Murmu]], [[Kanhu Murmu]], and [[Birsa Munda]].<ref>[http://www.skbu.ac.in/university_history.php University History] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304005512/http://skbu.ac.in/university_history.php |date=2012-03-04 }}, skbu.ac.in. Retrieved 29 July 2012.</ref>

Tapati Mukherjee was appointed as the first vice-chancellor of this university. One of the important focus of this university is to promote and protect indigenous culture and language — especially the [[Santali language]]. Its post-graduate departments started functioning from the 2011-12 session with 12 academic departments (Bengali, English, Sanskrit, Santali, History, Political Science, Philosophy, Education, Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics & Commerce). Over the years in an expansive and forward-looking drive, they grew to 19 departments with the introduction to Economics, Sociology, Tribal Studies, Geography, Zoology, Botany & Psychology department, many of which are in the frontier areas of Science and Social Sciences.

==Campus and location==
The total area of university campuses in the semi-rural areas is 12.86 acres. This land is donated by [[Jagannath Kishore College]], [[Purulia]].

The campus is located in the [[Purulia]] district, beside the Purulia-Ranchi national highway (NH 32). It is 7 Km from the [[Purulia]] railway station and 3 Km from the [[Purulia]] central bus stand. [[Ajodhya Hills]] is prominently visible from the university campus.

University expanded its infrastructure through a 53-acre second campus in [[Chharra, Purulia|Chharra]], Purulia. Allotted by the [[West Bengal government]] in 2019, the "green campus" project integrated advanced research facilities, a [[sports complex]], and a biodiversity park to enhance the institution's academic capacity.<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 Nov 2020 |title=Soon, Sidho Kanho Birsha University to get second green campus |url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/kolkata/soon-sidho-kanho-birsha-univ-to-get-second-green-campus-424314 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128081132/https://www.millenniumpost.in/kolkata/soon-sidho-kanho-birsha-univ-to-get-second-green-campus-424314 |archive-date=28 Nov 2020 |access-date=20 Nov 2020 |work=MillenniumPost 20 Nov 2020 1:13 AM |location=[[Kolkata]]}}</ref>

==Organisation and administration ==
===Governance===
The Vice-chancellor of the Sidho-Kanho-Birsha University is the chief executive officer of the university. Dipak Kumar Kar is the current Vice-chancellor of the university.
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="margin-left:1em; font-size:100%; background:#ffc; color:black; width:20em; max-width:30%;"
! style="background:#ccc;" colspan="2"| List of All Vice-Chancellors
|-
!scope="col" style="width: 5%;"| No.
!scope="col" style="width: 95%;"| Name
|-
| 1.
|Tapati Mukherjee
|-
|2.
|Samita Manna
|-
|3.
|Dipak Ranjan Mandal
|-
|4.
|Dipak Kumar Kar
|-
|5.
|Dhananjoy Rakshit
|-
|6.
|Pabitra Kumar Chakraborti ''(Incumbent)''
|-
|}

===Faculties and Departments===
Sidho Kanho Birsha University has 22 departments organized into three faculties: Science, Arts, and Commerce. <ref>{{cite web|url=https://skbu.ac.in/index#departments|title=Sidho Kanho Birsha University :: Purulia :: West Bengal|website=www.skbu.ac.in}}</ref>

* Faculty of Science

This faculty consists of the departments of Botany, Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics, Computer Science, Psychology, Geography, Biotechnology, Environmental Science, and Zoology.

* Faculty of Arts and Social Science

This faculty consists of the departments of Anthropology and Tribal Studies, Bengali, English, Economics, Education, History, Political Science, Philosophy, Journalism and Mass Communication, Sanskrit, Santali, Kudmali, Law, and Sociology.

* Faculty of Commerce

This faculty consists of the departments of Commerce, and Master of Business Administration ([[MBA]]).

===Affiliations===
Sidho Kanho Birsha University (SKBU) is an affiliating university with jurisdiction over the colleges of the [[Purulia]] district. The university has 31 colleges. Among them 21 are degree colleges and ten are B.Ed. colleges and professional colleges:<ref name="skbu">{{cite web |url= http://skbu.ac.in/list_of_colleges |title=List of Colleges |work=skbu.ac.in |access-date=15 April 2018}}</ref>

==Academics==
===Admission===
One has to pass higher secondary (10+2) and graduation (10+2+3) levels for admission to undergraduate and postgraduate courses of the university. For Ph.D. level admission, One has to qualify National Eligibility Test (NET) examination or Research qualifying test (RET) conducted by the University.

===Diploma and Certificate Courses===
Besides different undergraduate and postgraduate courses, SKBU also offers different diploma and certificate courses. <ref>{{cite web|url=https://skbu.ac.in/index/pageid/4a3aebba2f3a5fk95a4aaa4fje8ake7aje2f|title=Diploma and Certificate courses of the Sidho Kanho Birsha University|website=www.skbu.ac.in}}</ref>
These courses are generally of shorter duration compared to degree-level courses. Specifically, it offers one-year diploma courses in [[Chhau dance]] (Indian semi-classical folk dance of this region) and [[Jhumur]] (folk song of this region). It also offers six-month certificate courses on different topics to preserve the indigenous identity of this locality. This is the only university that offers certificate courses in [[Kudmali]] language and [[Santali language|Santali]] Scriptology.

===Accreditation===
Sidho Kanho Birsha University (SKBU) has been awarded''' B+''' grade by the [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council]] (NAAC).<ref>{{Cite web|date=May 29, 2019|title=NAAC Grade Sheet|url=https://assessmentonline.naac.gov.in/public/index.php/grade_sheet_rpt/eyJpdiI6InB5RWRqTEpLVGViQ01ZZWpIS3F6ZHc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiYjBzTVU1N3c4MjBMSXNURW5ybUdEdz09IiwibWFjIjoiZGJmYzI5ODk3MDMxZDJhOTVjZDEzYTVhMjBhYTZlZGJlYjAzNDJhZGJjMGJiMzVlYjc0OGMzZDhhNmVhNzgyZSJ9|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210922143635/https://assessmentonline.naac.gov.in/public/index.php/grade_sheet_rpt/eyJpdiI6InB5RWRqTEpLVGViQ01ZZWpIS3F6ZHc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiYjBzTVU1N3c4MjBMSXNURW5ybUdEdz09IiwibWFjIjoiZGJmYzI5ODk3MDMxZDJhOTVjZDEzYTVhMjBhYTZlZGJlYjAzNDJhZGJjMGJiMzVlYjc0OGMzZDhhNmVhNzgyZSJ9|archive-date=22 Sep 2021|access-date=May 29, 2019|website=[[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|NAAC]]}}</ref>

==Research contribution==
Researchers from the University published a study in the Journal of Social Studies analyzing environmental attitudes among Purulia's undergraduates. Using two-step clustering, the research identified critical correlations between emotional and cognitive factors, emphasizing how demographics influenced regional ecological perspectives.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sen |first=Subir |date=15 Apr 2025 |title=Clustering technique for analysing environmental attitude among undergraduate students in Purulia district, West Bengal |url=https://journal.uny.ac.id/index.php/jss/article/view/71925 |journal=Journal of Social Studies (JSS) |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=1-12 |doi=10.21831/jss.v21i1.71925 |via=[[Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta]]}}</ref>

Researchers discovered a 52-million-year-old flower fossil in a West Bengal coal mine, providing evidence of a prehistoric botanical link between India and Australia. This [[Eocene]]-era find, belonging to the [[Coryphoideae|Coryphoid]] palm family, suggests that diverse floral lineages migrated across the Gondwana supercontinent before the tectonic separation of landmasses.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 Apr 2026 |title=Prehistoric flower fossil discovered in Indian mine reveals a 52-million-year-old link to Australia |url=https://researchmatters.in/news/prehistoric-flower-fossil-discovered-indian-mine-reveals-52-million-year-old-link-australia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260507045408/https://researchmatters.in/news/prehistoric-flower-fossil-discovered-indian-mine-reveals-52-million-year-old-link-australia |archive-date=7 May 2026 |access-date=3 Apr 2026 |website=Research Matters |publication-place=[[West Bengal]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Sidho Kanho Birsha University}}
{{Universities in West Bengal}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Sidho Kanho Birsha University| ]]
[[Category:Memorials to Birsa Munda]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2010]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Purulia district]]
[[Category:2010 establishments in West Bengal]]

Manas Choudhury

2026-05-06T11:11:30Z

Caliber: new a details - done

{{Short description|Indian politician and trade union leader from Odisha}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Manas Choudhury
| image = Manas Choudhury Rally 2025.jpg
| image_upright = 1.15
| alt = Manas Choudhury
| caption = Choudhury in 2025
| office = National Secretary, [[Indian National Trade Union Congress|INTUC]]
| term_start = December 2024
| office1 = President, Cuttack District Congress Committee
| term_end1 = June 2024
| term_start1 = 2020
| office2 = President, Bhubaneswar District Congress Committee
| term_start2 = July 2018
| term_end2 = 2020
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| occupation = Politician · Trade-unionist · Entrepreneur
| birth_date = August 19
| birth_place = Cuttack, Odisha, India
}}

'''Manas Choudhury''' (born 19 August) is an Indian politician from [[Odisha]] affiliated with the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC). He is a member of the All India Congress Committee (AICC) and has served in various organisational roles within the party. He served as President of the Cuttack District Congress Committee from 2020 to June 2024, and was appointed National Secretary of the [[Indian National Trade Union Congress]] (INTUC) in December 2024.

==Political career==
Choudhury began his involvement with the INC in 1998, initially serving as General Secretary of the District Youth Congress in Bhubaneswar, and later as its Vice-President from 2000 to 2003. In 2004, he contested the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]] election from the Cuttack-Sadar constituency as a Congress candidate.<ref name="IndiaVotes2004"/><ref name="CuttackSadarResults"/>

He served as a member of CAPART (Eastern Zone) under the Ministry of Rural Development from 2004 to 2007, and as a trustee of the [[Paradip Port Trust]] from 2010 to 2012. He also served as a director of the Urban Cooperative Bank in Bhubaneswar from 2002 to 2008.

Within the Odisha Pradesh Congress Committee (OPCC), Choudhury served as President of the Bhubaneswar District Congress Committee before being appointed President of the Cuttack District Congress Committee in October 2020.<ref name="NIE2020"/>

===Activism as Cuttack DCC President===
As Cuttack DCC president, Choudhury led several public agitations that drew media attention. In September 2022, he led a protest against the Cuttack Municipal Corporation by presenting a bathroom door to the CMC Commissioner for the Mayor's office, mocking the Mayor's claims of financial difficulties while alleging large-scale spending on official renovations.<ref name="OTV2022door"/><ref name="Sambad2022"/> In December 2022, he met AICC President [[Mallikarjun Kharge]] to discuss the Congress party's organisational situation in Odisha.<ref name="VoiceOdisha2022"/>

In July 2023, he led a protest at the office of the Superintendent Engineer of Prachi Division, alleging that an official was demanding bribes in exchange for completing a road in Cuttack Sadar.<ref name="OTV2023road"/> That same month, he publicly accused the Cuttack District Collector of misusing administrative powers to register government land in his own name.<ref name="OTV2023collector"/>

In April 2024, he was named a member of the Odisha PCC Election Management Committee for the [[2024 Indian general election|2024 general elections]].<ref name="Ommcom2024"/>

===Expulsion and reinstatement===
In June 2024, Congress expelled Choudhury as Cuttack district president for what the party described as "indiscipline and anti-party activities", alleging he had conspired against party candidates during the elections.<ref name="TOI2024expel"/> Following his expulsion, Choudhury held a press conference at Congress Bhawan, accusing OPCC chief Sarat Pattanayak and Odisha in-charge Ajoy Kumar of collecting money for distributing party tickets, and blaming the state leadership for the party's poor performance in the elections.<ref name="NIE2024B"/> The expulsion triggered protests by the Student and Youth Congress in Cuttack.<ref name="ETVBharat2024"/> Choudhury contested the action, maintaining that as an AICC member the state unit lacked jurisdiction over him.<ref name="OB2024"/> His party membership was fully restored in December 2024 following organisational changes within the OPCC.<ref name="ZeeNews2024"/>

In December 2024, he was appointed National Secretary of the Indian National Trade Union Congress (INTUC).<ref name="Pioneer2024"/>

In March 2025, Choudhury was arrested in connection with a Congress party protest.<ref name="Kanak2025"/> In July 2025, an FIR was filed against him and 25 others following a separate protest incident in which a police inspector was garlanded.<ref name="OTV2025"/>

==Business activities==
Choudhury is the managing director of K1 Security Services Pvt Ltd, a private security company based in Odisha.<ref name="TOI2014"/><ref name="MCA"/>

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=

<ref name="TOI2024expel">{{cite news |title=Cong expels Manas for 'anti-party' activities |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/congress-expels-manas-for-anti-party-activities/articleshow/110809933.cms |newspaper=The Times of India |date=8 June 2024 |access-date=5 July 2025}}</ref>

<ref name="NIE2024B">{{cite news |title=Expelled Congressman accuses top leaders of selling party tickets for money |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2024/Jun/08/expelled-congressman-accuses-top-leaders-of-selling-party-tickets-for-money |newspaper=The New Indian Express |date=8 June 2024 |access-date=7 July 2025}}</ref>

<ref name="ETVBharat2024">{{cite news |title=Student and Youth Congress protest over expulsion of Manas Chowdhury from party |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/or/!politics/student-and-youth-congress-protest-over-expulsion-of-manas-chowdhury-from-party-ors24060803825 |newspaper=ETV Bharat |date=8 June 2024 |access-date=7 July 2025}}</ref>

<ref name="OB2024">{{cite news |title=Odisha's expelled Cong leader Manas Choudhury accuses OPCC president of taking money for party tickets |url=https://odishabytes.com/odishas-expelled-cong-leader-manas-choudhury-accuses-opcc-president-of-taking-money-for-party-tickets/ |work=Odisha Bytes |date=7 June 2024 |access-date=7 July 2025}}</ref>

<ref name="ZeeNews2024">{{cite news |title=Cuttack dist president Manas Choudhury expelled from Congress |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/zeeodisha/state-news/cuttack-dist-president-manas-choudhury-expelled-from-congress/2283416 |newspaper=Zee News |date=7 June 2024 |access-date=7 July 2025}}</ref>

<ref name="Pioneer2024">{{cite news |title=It's unpardonable crime against Odisha: INTUC |newspaper=The Pioneer |date=13 December 2024 |location=Bhubaneswar}}</ref>

<ref name="NIE2020">{{cite news |title=Congress appoints DCC presidents in Odisha |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2020/Oct/19/congress-appoints-dcc-presidents-inodisha-2212166.html |newspaper=The New Indian Express |date=19 October 2020 |access-date=5 July 2025}}</ref>

<ref name="Ommcom2024">{{cite news |title=Prasad Harichandan Appointed Odisha Congress Election Management Committee Chairman |url=https://ommcomnews.com/odisha-news/prasad-harichandan-appointed-odisha-congress-election-management-committee-chairman/ |work=OmmcomNews |date=17 April 2024 |access-date=28 March 2026}}</ref>

<ref name="OTV2022door">{{cite news |title=Unique Protest: Cuttack District Congress Committee gifts bathroom door to CMC Mayor |url=https://odishatv.in/news/miscellaneous/unique-protest-cuttack-district-congress-committee-gifts-bathroom-door-to-cmc-mayor-185452 |work=Odisha TV |date=14 September 2022 |access-date=20 March 2026}}</ref>

<ref name="Sambad2022">{{cite news |title=Peeved Congress leader donates door to CMC Mayor in Odisha. Here's why |url=https://sambadenglish.com/peeved-congress-leader-donates-door-to-cmc-mayor-in-odisha-heres-why/ |newspaper=Sambad English |date=14 September 2022 |access-date=20 March 2026}}</ref>

<ref name="VoiceOdisha2022">{{cite news |title=Manas Choudhury meets AICC President Mallikarjun Kharge |url=https://voiceofodisha.com/en/Manas-Choudhury-meets-AICC-President-Mallikarjun-Kharge |work=Voice of Odisha |date=16 December 2022 |access-date=20 March 2026}}</ref>

<ref name="OTV2023road">{{cite news |title=Congress leader offers clothes as commission for completion of road work in Cuttack |url=https://odishatv.in/news/odisha/congress-leader-offers-clothes-as-commission-for-completion-of-road-work-in-cuttack-208627 |work=Odisha TV |date=4 July 2023 |access-date=20 March 2026}}</ref>

<ref name="OTV2023collector">{{cite news |title=Cuttack Collector accused of 'misusing power to register land in own name' |url=https://odishatv.in/news/odisha/cuttack-collector-accused-of-misusing-power-to-register-land-in-own-name--209519 |work=Odisha TV |date=15 July 2023 |access-date=20 March 2026}}</ref>

<ref name="Kanak2025">{{cite AV media |title=Congress' Manas Choudhury arrested amid party protest |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mq5AgFiYxBA |publisher=Kanak News |date=27 March 2025 |access-date=5 July 2025 |type=video}}</ref>

<ref name="TOI2014">{{cite news |title=Rush for armed security as poll race hots up |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/rush-for-armed-security-as-poll-race-hots-up/articleshow/32467043.cms |work=The Times of India |date=22 March 2014 |access-date=7 July 2025}}</ref>

<ref name="MCA">{{cite web |title=K1 Security Services Private Limited – Company Details |url=https://www.zaubacorp.com/K1-SECURITY-SERVICES-PRIVATE-LIMITED-U74910OR2008PTC009767 |website=Zauba Corp |access-date=20 March 2026}}</ref>

<ref name="OTV2025">{{cite news |title=Garlanding of police inspector during protest: 26 booked in Odisha |url=https://odishatv.in/news/odisha/garlanding-of-police-inspector-during-protest-26-booked-in-odisha-266925 |work=Odisha TV |date=3 July 2025 |access-date=7 July 2025}}</ref>

<ref name="IndiaVotes2004">{{cite web |title=Odisha 2004: Cuttack Sadar Assembly Constituency Details |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha-details/2004/orissa/cuttack-sadar/6/26113/174 |website=IndiaVotes |access-date=4 February 2026}}</ref>

<ref name="CuttackSadarResults">{{cite web |title=Cuttack Sadar (Odisha) Assembly Constituency – Election Results and Candidates |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/cuttacksadar-odisha-assembly-constituency |website=Result University |access-date=14 July 2025}}</ref>

}}

[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Odisha]]
[[Category:Indian trade unionists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1968 births]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Choudhury, Manas}}

Khedbrahma railway station

2026-05-06T03:13:34Z

Caliber: added info

{{Short description|Railway station in Gujarat, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Khedbrahma
| type = [[Indian Railways]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image = Khedbrahma Railway Station.jpg
| image_caption = Station building
| address = [[Khedbrahma]], [[Sabarkantha district]], [[Gujarat]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| line = [[Khedbrahma]]–[[Himatnagar]]–[[Ahmedabad]] line
| other = Auto stand
| elevation = {{convert|205|m|ft}}
| structure = Standard (on ground)
| platform = 1
| depth =
| levels =
| tracks = 3
| parking =
| bicycle =
| opened = 1911
| closed = 2017
| rebuilt = 2025
| electrified = Yes (under construction)
| acessible =
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = KDBM
| zone = [[Western Railway zone|Western Railway]]
| division = {{rwd|Ahmedabad}}
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Western Railway zone|Western Railway]]
| status =
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = 
| map_locator =
| map_type = India#India Gujarat
| map_dot_label = Idar railway station
| map_size = 300
}}
'''Khedbrahma railway station''' is a railway station [[Sabarkantha district]], [[Gujarat]], India. Its code is '''KDBM'''. It serves [[Khedbrahma]] city. The station consists of a platform.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/khed-brahma-kdbm/6503| title=KDBM/Khed Brahma| website=India Rail Info}}</ref><ref name=":GVK">{{Cite book |last=Rajgor |first=Shivprasad |title=ગુજરાતી વિશ્વકોશ |publisher=Gujarati Vishwakosh Trust, Ahmedabad |year=1993 |editor-last=Thaker |editor-first=Dhirubhai |editor-link=Dhirubhai Thaker |volume=V |location=[[Ahmedabad]] |pages=846 |language=gu |trans-title=Gujarati Encyclopedia |oclc=164915270}}</ref> The old station was part of the Ahmedabad–Himmatnagar [[metre-gauge]] railway line which was opened in 1911. It was rebuilt in 2025 after a completion of the conversion to the [[Broad-gauge railway|broad-gauge]] line.

== History ==
The Ahmedabad–Himmatnagar [[metre-gauge]] railway line was opened in 1897 by Ahmedabad–Parantij Railway Co. in three phases: Ahmedabad–Talod, Talod–Prantij, and Prantij–Himatnagar; all in the same year. Later it was extended from Himmatnagar to Khedbramha in 1911. This gave a total length of {{convert|88.70|mi|km}} from Ahmedabad to Khedbrahma.<ref>[[iarchive:in.ernet.dli.2015.208633/page/n31/mode/2up|"Summary of the principal measures of the viceroyalty of the Earl of Elgin in the Public Works Department Jan 1894 to Dec 1898"]] p.20</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Government of India |url=http://archive.org/details/BombayBarodaAndCentralIndiaRailwaySystem |title=Administration Report on Railways: Bombay Baroda And Central India Railway System |date= |year=1918 |pages=25-27}}</ref> It was a terminal station.<ref name="govts">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wIxhAAAAIAAJ |title=Gujarat State Gazetteers: Sabarkantha district |publisher=Directorate of Government Print., Stationery and Publications, Gujarat State |year=1974 |editor-last=Rajyagor |editor-first=S. B. |volume=IX |location=Ahmedabad |pages=74, 88, 91, 172, 720–722 |access-date=1 October 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=8 May 2014 |title=आमान परिवर्तन के काम को मिलेगी स्वीड, ४५.५७ करोड़ का टेंडर जारी |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/article-srh/RAJ-OTH-MAT-latest-dungarpur-news-040601-27855-NOR.html |website=Bhaskar.com |language=hi}} </ref>

On 1 January 2017, the rail service is suspended for gauge conversion.<ref name="Gujarat Samachar20172">{{cite web |date=1 January 2017 |title=રેલ્વે લાઇનનું બ્રોડગેજમાં રૃપાંતરથી આજથી તલોદ-ખેડબ્રહ્મા તરફની ટ્રેનો બંધ |url=http://m.gujaratsamachar.com/index.php/articles/display_article/north-gujarat/north-gujarat-tower-stop-trains-from-today-khedbrahma |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170124053010/http://m.gujaratsamachar.com/articles/display_article/north-gujarat/north-gujarat-tower-stop-trains-from-today-khedbrahma |archive-date=24 January 2017 |access-date=24 January 2017 |website=[[Gujarat Samachar]] |language=gu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2019 |title=ઈડરથી ખેડબ્રહ્મા વચ્ચે 3 વર્ષથી ગેજ પરિવર્તનના નામે રેલવે વ્યવહાર બંધ |url=https://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/news/railway-connection-cut-between-idar-and-khedbrahma-for-3-years-for-gauge-conversion-125995286.html |work=Divya Bhaskar |language=gu}}</ref> In June 2022, {{INRconvert|482|c}} were allocated for the project.<ref>{{cite news |date=2022-06-03 |title=આનંદની લાગણી:હિંમતનગર-ખેડબ્રહ્મા રેલવે ગેજ પરિવર્તન માટે 482 કરોડ મંજૂર, આગામી 6 માસમાં ટેન્ડરીંગ |url=https://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/local/gujarat/sabarkantha/news/482-crore-sanctioned-for-gauge-conversion-of-himmatnagar-khedbrahma-railway-129889016.html |publisher=Divya Bhaskar |language=gu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Project Summary |url=http://www.cspm.gov.in/ocmstemp/PROJ_SUMMARY?prcd=N22000537&stat=O |access-date=2025-08-23 |website=www.cspm.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://wr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1702211126904-Status%20of%20Projects%20and%20Survey.pdf | title=Status of NL, GC & DL Projects | date=2023-12-10 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250827190503/https://wr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1702211126904-Status%20of%20Projects%20and%20Survey.pdf | archive-date=2025-08-27}}</ref> The project was inaugurated on 18 June 2022 by [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-14 |title=PM Modi to inaugurate railway projects worth Rs 16,300 cr in Vadodara |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/gandhinagar/pm-modi-railway-vadodara-7969612/ |access-date=2024-10-13 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-03-29 |title=કામગીરી: હિંમતનગર-ખેડબ્રહ્મા રેલવે ટ્રેકની કામગીરી માર્ચ-2025માં પૂર્ણ થશે - sabarkantha (Himatnagar) News |url=https://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/local/gujarat/sabarkantha/news/the-operation-of-himmatnagar-khedbrahma-railway-track-will-be-completed-in-march-2025-132791035.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250120133356/https://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/local/gujarat/sabarkantha/news/the-operation-of-himmatnagar-khedbrahma-railway-track-will-be-completed-in-march-2025-132791035.html |archive-date=20 January 2025 |access-date=2025-08-23 |work=Divya Bhaskar |language=gu |url-status=live }}</ref> and was completed by August 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=DeshGujarat |date=2025-08-09 |title=Gauge Conversion Complete on Himmatnagar-Khedbrahma Rail Line; Safety Inspection Next Week |url=https://deshgujarat.com/2025/08/09/gauge-conversion-complete-on-himmatnagar-khedbrahma-rail-line-safety-inspection-next-week/ |access-date=2025-08-27 |website=DeshGujarat |language=en-US}}</ref>

The new railway station was completed in September 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=DeshGujarat |date=2025-08-13 |title=Railway Safety Inspection Underway for Khedbrahma-Himmatnagar Broad-Gauge Line |url=https://deshgujarat.com/2025/08/13/railway-safety-inspection-underway-for-khedbrahma-himmatnagar-broad-gauge-line/ |access-date=2025-08-23 |website=DeshGujarat |language=en-US}}</ref>

In July 2025, the [[Indian Railways]] allocated {{INRconvert|1.15|c}} for a location survey and detailed project report (DPR) for the Khedbrahma–Hadad–Ambaji line connecting [[Taranga Hill–Ambaji–Abu Road line]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=V. T. V. |title=સાબરકાંઠાવાસીઓ માટે આનંદના સમાચાર, ખેડબ્રહ્માથી અંબાજી માટે નવી રેલવે લાઈનને મંજૂરી |url=https://www.vtvgujarati.com/news-details/new-railway-line-from-khedbrahma-to-ambaji-approved |access-date=2025-08-27 |website=VTV Gujarati |language=en}}</ref>

== Former major trains ==

* Khedbrahma–Ahmedabad MG Passenger (unreserved)
* Ahmedabad–Khedbrahma MG Passenger (unreserved)

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Khed Brahma railway station.jpg|Platform 1 under construction, in 2025
File:Khed Brahma railway station (41338).jpg|Schematic track diagram on Centralized Traffic Control (CTC)/Panel Interlocking display for Khedbrahma railway station
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Railway stations in Gujarat}}

[[Category:Railway stations in Sabarkantha district]]
[[Category:Ahmedabad railway division]]
[[Category:Khedbrahma]]

Vidisha Museum

2026-05-04T08:59:08Z

Caliber: made the info needs work

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox museum
| name = Vidisha District Museum
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = File:Vidisha_District_Museum.jpg
| caption = Vidisha District Museum
| alt =
| map_type = India
| map_relief =yes
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| map_size =
| coordinates = {{coord|23.519738|77.816497}}
| established =
| dissolved =
| location = [[Vidisha]]
| type = [[Archaeological museum]]
| collection = Jain, Buddhist and Hindu art, sculpture, antiquities
| visitors =
| director =
| president =
| curator =
| owner =
| publictransit =
| car_park =
| network =
| website =
}}

[[File:Vidisha District Museum Yaksha.jpg|thumb|Vidisha Yaksha, 2nd century BCE.]]
'''Vidisha Museum''' or '''Vidisha District Museum''' is the main museum of the city of [[Vidisha]], ancient [[Besnagar]].<ref name="VDM">[https://www.tourmyindia.com/states/madhyapradesh/museums.html Vidisha District Museum]</ref><ref name="Hudson">{{cite book |last1=Hudson |first1=Kenneth |last2=Nicholls |first2=Ann |title=The Directory of Museums & Living Displays |date=1985 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9781349070145 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w5GvCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA495 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Buddhist Circuit in Central India: Sanchi, Satdhara, Sonari, Andher, Travel Guide |date=2010 |publisher=Goodearth Publications |isbn=9789380262055 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TOrKExVXXpkC&pg=PT37 |language=en}}</ref>

The museum has many sculptures, terracottas and coins, especially from the 9th to the 10 th century CE, as well as [[Harappa]]n art.<ref name="Hudson"/>

A statue of a [[Yaksha]], usually dated to the time of the [[Mauryan Empire]] or the [[Sunga Empire]], can be seen.<ref name="VDM"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Dehejia |first1=Vidya |title=The Body Adorned: Sacred and Profane in Indian Art |date=2009 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=9780231512664 |url=https://archive.org/details/bodyadorneddisso0000dehe |url-access=registration |page=[https://archive.org/details/bodyadorneddisso0000dehe/page/64 64] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Elgood |first1=Heather |title=Hinduism and the Religious Arts |date=2000 |publisher=A&C Black |isbn=9780304707393 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cj2tAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA23 |language=en}}</ref>

<gallery>
Vidisha District Museum Boar 2.jpg|Vidisha District Museum Boar (side)
Vidisha District Museum Canon.jpg|Vidisha District Museum Canon.
Vidisha District Museum Chaitya.jpg|Vidisha District Museum Chaitya.
Vidisha District Museum decorated pillars.jpg|Vidisha District Museum decorated pillars.
Vidisha District Museum Ganesha.jpg|Vidisha District Museum Ganesha.
Vidisha District Museum pillars.jpg|Vidisha District Museum pillars.
Vidisha District Museum Snake Couple.jpg|Vidisha District Museum Snake Couple.
Vidisha District Museum Vishnu Head.jpg|Vidisha District Museum Vishnu Head.
File:Vidisha District Museum 130733.jpg|Tirthankar anel, 9th century
File:Vidisha District Museum 130004.jpg|Tirthankar arch, 9th century
File:Gajasur Vadh Vidisha.jpg| GajaSur Vadh
File:Ganapati Vidisha.jpg| Nritya Ganapati
File:Bhu sparsha buddha Vidisha.jpg| Bhu Sparsh Buddha
Amalaka Vidisha.jpg|Amlaka - Architectural Element
File:Bhairavnath Vidisha.jpg| Bhairavnath
File:Yagna Varaha statue.jpg| Yajna Varaha
File:Saptamatrika Vidisha.jpg|Saptamatrikas
File:Riddhi Kuber Vidisha.jpg |Riddhi Kubera
File:Parasnath 23 Tirthankara Vidisha.jpg|Parasnath Tirthankara
File:Parasnath 23 Jain Tirthankara Vidisha.jpg |Parasnath Tirthankara
File:NagaKanya Vidisha.jpg|Naga Kaya
File:Nayika Vidisha.jpg|Nayika
File:Nartak-Dancers Vidisha.jpg |Nartakas - Dancers
File:Mithuna - Vidisha.jpg|Mithuna
File:Matrika Vidisha.jpg|Matrika
File:Lord Vishnu Vidisha.jpg |Lord Vishnu

</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Commons category|Vidisha District Museum}}
{{coord|23.519738|77.816497|display=title}}

[[Category:Museums in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Vidisha]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Vidisha district]]

Usha Mehra

2026-04-24T18:12:30Z

Caliber: made initial data more to come

{{Short description|Former judge of the Delhi High Court, in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Usha Mehra
| office = [[Judge]] of [[Delhi High Court]]
| term_start = 13 July 1990
| term_end = 14 November 2003
| nominator = [[Ranganath Misra]]
| appointer = [[Ramaswamy Venkataraman]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1941|11|14|df=y}}
| honorific_prefix = Hon'ble Ms. Justice (Retd.)
}}
'''Usha Mehra''' (born 14 November 1941) is a former judge of the [[Delhi High Court]], in [[India]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Former Judges: Justice Usha Mehra|url=http://delhihighcourt.nic.in/formerjudges.asp?currentPage=10|url-status=|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=[[Delhi High Court]]}}</ref> She authored a significant report on lapses in police and judicial procedure in investigating and prosecuting cases of sexual assault in India, following the [[2012 Delhi gang rape and murder|2012 Delhi gang-rape and murder.]]<ref>{{Cite news|last=Dhar|first=Aarti|date=2012-12-26|title=Commission to suggest steps to make Delhi safe for women|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/commission-to-suggest-steps-to-make-delhi-safe-for-women/article4241274.ece|access-date=2020-11-19|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Career ==

=== Judicial career ===
Mehra enrolled with the [[Bar Council of Delhi]] in 1962, and practiced law in Delhi. She represented the Northern Railway between 1965 and 1980, until her appointment to the judiciary. In 1980, Mehra was appointed as a District and Sessions Judge, and became the Registrar of the Delhi High Court between 1984 and 1987. She was appointed as an additional judge of the Delhi High Court on 13 July 1990, and her appointment was made permanent on 7 November 1990. She retired from judicial service on 14 November 2003.<ref name=":0" />

As a High Court judge, Mehra, along with Judge [[Pradeep Nandrajog]], acquitted [[S.A.R. Geelani]] and Afsan Guru of all charges in relation to the [[2001 Indian Parliament attack]], setting aside the death penalty awarded to Geelani, and confirming it for two other persons convicted in the case. Their order was confirmed by the Indian [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]], and was widely reported.<ref>{{Cite web|last=NARRAIN|first=SIDDHARTH|title=Reversing a verdict|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/the-nation/article30219932.ece|access-date=2020-11-20|website=Frontline|date=20 November 2003 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=4 August 2005|title=The Case Of SAR Gilani|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/the-case-of-sar-gilani/228138|url-status=|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-11-20|website=Outlook India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Geelani, Navjot Sandhu acquitted|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2003/oct/29parl.htm|access-date=2020-11-20|website=www.rediff.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=TNN|date=31 October 2003|title=Zakir Husain College celebrates Geelani's release|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Zakir-Husain-College-celebrates-Geelanis-release/articleshow/259789.cms|url-status=|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-11-20|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> In 2003, Mehra and Nandrajog also issued guidelines for witness protection, which would remain in force until the enactment of a law for witness protection.<ref>{{Cite web|last=PTI|date=14 October 2003|title=HC issues guidelines for witness protection|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/HC-issues-guidelines-for-witness-protection/articleshow/232694.cms|url-status=|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-11-20|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

=== Commission Report on the 2012 Delhi Gang-Rape and Murder ===
In December 2012, following the [[2012 Delhi gang rape and murder|2012 Delhi gang-rape and murder]], the [[Government of India]] established a Commission of Inquiry to examine lapses in security and safety of women in Delhi, and to make recommendations for improving the same. Mehra was appointed to head this commission.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Our Bureau|title=Gang rape case: Former judge Usha Mehra to conduct probe|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/gang-rape-case-former-judge-usha-mehra-to-conduct-probe/article20545233.ece1|access-date=2020-11-19|website=@businessline|date=26 December 2012 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Agarwal|first=Surabhi|date=2012-12-26|title=Justice Usha Mehra to probe Delhi gang-rape case|url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/PsvgMLnvnZYRl8VQjlPM4O/Justice-Usha-Mehra-to-probe-Delhi-gangrape-case.html|access-date=2020-11-20|website=mint|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Gangrape case: Panel under retd HC judge to probe police 'lapses' - Indian Express|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/gangrape-case-panel-under-retd-hc-judge-to-probe-police-lapses/1050014/|access-date=2020-11-20|website=archive.indianexpress.com}}</ref> Mehra consulted with a number of civil society groups and student organizations, and with the Delhi Police, and submitted a report for the commission on 22 February 2013.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=22 February 2013|title=Report of Justice Usha Mehra (retd.)|url=https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/UshaMehraReport_170913.pdf|url-status=|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India}}</ref> The Commission noted that the Delhi Police had handled the incident negligently, and had failed to co-ordinate adequately with transport authorities.<ref>{{Cite web|first=Sana|last=Shakil|title=Delhi gangrape: Delhi Police's negligent attitude allowed the heinous crime to occur, says Usha Mehra panel|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/delhi-gangrape-justice-usha-mehra-commission-report-police-govt-lapses-154682-2013-02-23|access-date=2020-11-20|website=India Today|date=23 February 2013 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Delhi gangrape: Bus was on road because agencies didn't team up, says panel - Indian Express|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/delhi-gangrape-bus-was-on-road-because-agencies-didn-t-team-up-says-panel/1078336/|url-status=|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-11-20|website=archive.indianexpress.com}}</ref> Mehra recommended, amongst other things, that rules of evidence and procedure should be amended to make it easier for survivors of sexual assault to provide testimony; called for more rigorous sentencing for such offences, and also recommended several institutional reforms within the police force, such as increased recruitment of female officers.<ref name=":1" />

The Delhi Police and Delhi Government have since begun implementation of several of the recommendations that Mehra has made in her report.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Directions issued, officials suspended: Govt action over 10 months to make city safer - Indian Express|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/directions-issued-officials-suspended-govt-action-over-10-months-to-make-city-safer/1177617/|access-date=2020-11-20|website=archive.indianexpress.com}}</ref> In August 2013, the Delhi Police announced that they had expanded recruitment for women in the force, following Mehra's recommendations.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=1,000 More Posts Created in Delhi Police, 522 for Women|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/1000-more-posts-created-in-delhi-police-522-for-women/807630|url-status=|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-11-20|website=Outlook India}}</ref> In 2014, the Ministry for Women and Child Development announced that their intention to establish special one-stop centers for the reporting of crimes against women, in all districts, following Mehra's recommendation for such centers.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Yadav|first=Anumeha|date=2014-07-27|title=Are new Nirbhaya Centres the way forward?|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/are-new-nirbhaya-centres-the-way-forward/article6254604.ece|access-date=2020-11-20|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In 2014, Mehra criticized the Delhi Government and Police for failing to implement most of her recommendations.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-01-16|title=Judge who probed Dec 16 rape says not one measure implemented|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/judge-who-probed-dec-16-rape-says-not-one-measure-implemented/|access-date=2020-11-20|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> In 2015, the Delhi Police confirmed that they had commissioned a study on the psychology of offences committed against women, which was also recommended by Mehra, in order to help with better policing and investigation of sexual assault cases.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Anand|first=Jatin|date=2015-08-07|title=Police study on rape psychology|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/police-study-on-rape-psychology/article7509819.ece|access-date=2020-11-20|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

=== Law Commission of India ===
In 2013, Mehra was appointed as a member of the Law Commission of India.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Press Trust of India|date=2013-06-13|title=Justice Usha Mehra becomes full-time member of Law Commission|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/justice-usha-mehra-becomes-full-time-member-of-law-commission-113061301221_1.html|access-date=2020-11-20}}</ref> During her tenure at the Law Commission, the Commission presented a report calling for the abolition of the death penalty, except in terror cases. Mehra disagreed with the commission, including a note of dissent in the report, stating that she felt that the death penalty should be retained, "...keeping in view the circumstances prevailing in our country."<ref>{{Cite web|last=The Law Commission of India|date=August 2015|title=Report 262: The Death Penalty|url=https://lawcommissionofindia.nic.in/reports/Report262.pdf|url-status=|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=[[Law Commission of India]]|page=227}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-09-01|title=End death penalty, keep it only for terror: Law panel tells government|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/law-commission-recommends-abolition-of-death-penalty/|access-date=2020-11-20|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-09-01|title=Abolishing death penalty: Don't forget rights of victims, say law panel dissenters|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/abolishing-death-penalty-dont-forget-rights-of-victims-say-law-panel-dissenters/|access-date=2020-11-20|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

=== Other appointments ===
In 2005, Mehra was appointed by the Delhi High Court to supervise the [[Delhi Development Authority]]'s implementation of orders to remove illegal establishments built on the riverbed and floodplain of the [[Yamuna]] river.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Ramachandran|first=Smriti Kak|date=2013-08-17|title=DDA's proposal to redraw Yamuna floodplain criticised|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/ddas-proposal-to-redraw-yamuna-floodplain-criticised/article5031574.ece|access-date=2020-11-20|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

In 2007, Mehra was appointed to head a commission to inquire into the categorisation of sub-castes, for the purpose of affirmative action. Mehra's report stated that castes could not be seen as a homogeneous group, and recommended categorisation of castes to improve affirmative action policies. The Report received wide public attention.<ref>{{Cite web|last=VISWANATHAN|first=S.|title=Separate slice|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/social-issues/article30183414.ece|access-date=2020-11-20|website=Frontline|date=15 January 2009 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Subodh Ghildiyal|date=25 Nov 2008|title=NCSC says states can divide SCs into sub-groups {{!}} India News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/NCSC-says-states-can-divide-SCs-into-sub-groups/articleshow/3752601.cms|access-date=2020-11-20|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

In 2011, Mehra was appointed as a member of the Indian Court of Arbitration for Sports (ICAS), a dispute resolution body established by the [[Indian Olympic Association]]<nowiki/>to address sports-related disputes.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Venkatesan|first=J.|date=2011-08-05|title=Justice Lakshmanan to head Indian Court of Sports Arbitration|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/justice-lakshmanan-to-head-indian-court-of-sports-arbitration/article2322855.ece|access-date=2020-11-20|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mehra, Usha}}
[[Category:1941 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Judges of the Delhi High Court]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women judges]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women judges]]
[[Category:People from Delhi]]

Dalle Khursani

2026-04-23T06:40:16Z

Caliber:

{{Short description|Spicy Chilli}}
{{Infobox cultivar
| species = ''[[Capsicum annuum]]''
| name = Dalle Khursani
| cultivar = Dalle Khursani
| origin = [[Nepal]]
| module = {{Infobox pepper
|embed = yes
|heat = Very hot
|scoville = 100,000 – 350,001
}}
| image = Dalle Khursani 1.jpg
}}

'''Dalle Khursani'''
({{Langx|ne|डल्ले खुर्सानी}},
Sikkimese: {{Bo-textonly|ཁ་ཚ་ཏྲི|lang=sip}} '''kha tsha tri'''), '''Akabare Khursani''', '''red cherry pepper chilli''' or simply '''Dalle''' is a variety of [[chilli pepper]] primarily cultivated in [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], the [[Sikkim|Indian state of Sikkim]], and the [[Darjeeling district|Darjeeling]] and [[Kalimpong district|Kalimpong]] districts of [[West Bengal|Indian state of West Bengal]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Dalle Khursani: Sikkim's Red Hot Chilli Pepper |url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/articles/sikkim-s-red-hot-chilli-pepper |access-date=2022-05-16 |website=Lonely Planet |language=en}}</ref> Its pungency ranges between 100,000 and 350,000 SHU ([[Scoville heat units]]), similar to the [[Habanero|Habanero chilli pepper]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Dalle Khursani - When You Don't Feel Spicy Enough! |url=https://food.ndtv.com/food-drinks/dalle-khursani-when-you-dont-feel-spicy-enough-1783422 |access-date=2022-05-16 |website=NDTV Food |date=5 July 2016 |language=en}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
The name Dalle Khursani literally translates to ‘round chillies’ in [[Nepali language|Nepali]], owing to its physical attributes. In Nepal, it is also called ''Akabare Khursani'' ([[Literary translation|lit.]] king of chillies) or ''Jyaanamara Khursani'' ([[Literary translation|lit.]] murderer chillies).<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=पिरो अकबरे खुर्सानीको गुलियो फाइदा :: शिलापत्र संवाददाता :: Shilapatra शिलापत्र - खबरको स्थायी ठेगाना |url=https://shilapatra.com/detail/40176 |access-date=2022-09-23 |website=shilapatra.com}}</ref>

In the [[Sikkimese people|Sikkimese]] [[Bhutia language]], it is known as akubari ([[Literary translation|lit.]] spicy uncle).<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Bhutia |first=Kalzang Dorjee |date=2024-04-02 |title=The Chile is my uncle: Spicy kinship between humans and more-than-humans in the Sikkimese Himalayas |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/07409710.2024.2333114 |journal=Food and Foodways |language=en |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=122–141 |doi=10.1080/07409710.2024.2333114 |issn=0740-9710|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

== Plant ==
Dalle Khursani are the only known [[polyploidy|polyploidal]] variety of pepper.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jha |first1=Timir Baran |last2=Bhowmick |first2=Biplab Kumar |date=July 2021 |title=Conservation of floral, fruit and chromosomal diversity: a review on diploid and polyploid Capsicum annuum complex in India |journal=Molecular Biology Reports |volume=48 |issue=7 |pages=5587–5605 |doi=10.1007/s11033-021-06355-4|pmid=34235618 }}</ref> The plant belongs to the family [[Solanaceae]] and genus [[Capsicum]]. It grows up to 100-130 cm height in an open field and 150-180 cm height in greenhouse conditions.<ref name=":3">{{cite web |last=Ravidas |first=Rajeev |date=3 September 2020 |title=GI tag on Sikkim's red chilli |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/chilli-earns-bengals-hill-district-duo-gi-tag-honour-for-dalle-khursani-belts/cid/1832814 |access-date=17 September 2024 |website=[[Telegraph India]] |publisher=}}</ref>

=== Fruit ===
The chilli is high in vitamin A, vitamin E, and potassium, and low in sodium. One hundred grams of fresh dalle khursani have 240 mg of vitamin C (five times higher than an orange), 11,000 IU of vitamin A, and 0.7 mg of vitamin E.<ref name=":3" /> Its pungency ranges between 100,000 and 350,000 SHU ([[Scoville heat units]]), similar to the [[Habanero|Habanero chilli pepper]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />
[[File:Dalle Khursani And Fermented Bamboo Shoot Pickle.jpg|alt=A bowl of chilles And Fermented Bamboo Shoot Pickle|thumb|''Dalle Khursani'' and ''Tama'' (Fermented Bamboo Shoot) [[South Asian pickle|achaar]], a popular Nepali pickle]]

== Serving methods==
* Whole chilli: as a relish eaten with [[Dal bhat]].<ref name=":1" />
* Chopped: used in various vegetable and meat curries.
* Paste: as chutneys and sauces for [[Momo (food)|Momo]].
* Pickle: [[South Asian pickle|Dalle Achaar]]
* Fermented: fermented with yak–buttermilk

== Trade ==
In 2019 Sikkim produced around 250 tonnes of dalle khursani. Around 60 percent of the state's production of the chilli is consumed within the state; a major portion of the rest is sold in North Bengal and Northeast India. The state government-owned Sikkim Supreme procured 50 tonnes of the chilli that year to make pickles and pastes. <ref name=":3" />

=== Geographical Indication ===
In 2020 India's department of Industry Promotion and Internal Trade granted the [[Geographical indication|Geographic Indication]] (GI) tag for the chilli to the Indian state of [[Sikkim]] based on application filed by the North Eastern Regional Agricultural Marketing Corporation.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{cite web |last=Hazarika |first=Mythili |date=5 September 2020 |title=One of the world's spiciest chillies — Sikkim's Dalle Khursani — to get GI tag |url=https://theprint.in/neye/one-of-the-worlds-spiciest-chillies-sikkims-dalle-khursani-gets-gi-tag/496487/ |access-date=17 September 2024 |publisher=The Print}}</ref> In September 2021 the GI tag was extended to the neighbouring [[Darjeeling district|Darjeeling]] and [[Kalimpong district|Kalimpong]] districts where the chilli has also been grown for ages.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chhetri |first=Vivek |date=30 September 2021 |title=Chilli earns hill-district duo GI tag, honour for 'Dalle Khursani' belts |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/chilli-earns-bengals-hill-district-duo-gi-tag-honour-for-dalle-khursani-belts/cid/1832814 |access-date=17 September 2021 |work=[[Telegraph India]]}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Nepalese cuisine]]
[[Category:Culture of Sikkim]]
[[Category:GI Tagged Chillies of India]]
[[Category:Capsicum cultivars]]
[[Category:Chili peppers]]
{{nepal-cuisine-stub}}
{{Vegetable-stub}}

Medha Kulkarni

2026-04-20T03:36:49Z

Caliber: new stub - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image =
| caption = Kulkarni in 2024
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
| term_start = 3 April 2024
| predecessor = [[Prakash Javadekar]]
| constituency = [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Maharashtra|Maharashtra]]
| office1 = Member of [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 2014
| term_end1 = 2019
| predecessor1 = [[Chandrakant Mokate]]
| successor1 = [[Chandrakant Patil]]
| constituency1 = [[Kothrud Assembly constituency|Kothrud]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1969|10|30}}
| birth_place = [[Pune]], [[Pune district]], [[Maharashtra]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Vishram Kulkarni|1991}}
| children = 1 son, 1 daughter
| father = Madhukar Patankar
| mother = Madhuvanti Patankar
| education = [[B.Sc]], [[B.Ed]], [[M.Ed]], [[Ph.D]]
| alma_mater = [[Pune University]]
| profession = Teacher, politician
}}

'''Medha Vishram Kulkarni''' is an Indian politician and member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. She has served as the [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha|Member of Rajya Sabha]] from [[Maharashtra]] since 2024. Previously, she was [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Member of Vidhan Sabha]] from [[Kothrud Assembly constituency|Kothrud]], [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Maharashtra]]. She was awarded the Sansad Ratna award in 2025 for her performance in parliamentary duties.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sansad Ratna: 'संसद रत्न' से सम्मानित होंगे 17 सांसद; जानें सुप्रिया-निशिकांत समेत किस-किस को मिलेगा पुरस्कार |url=https://www.amarujala.com/india-news/seventeen-members-of-parliament-to-receive-sansad-ratna-awards-news-in-hindi-2025-05-18 |access-date=2025-05-19 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref>

In October 2025, Kulkarni caused a controversy when she used cow urine to [[purification ritual|purify]] [[Shaniwarwada]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Anger as Indian MP 'purifies' Muslim prayer spot with cow dung and urine |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/asia/india/shaniwarwada-pune-medha-kulkarni-muslim-prayer-b2849897.html |website=The Independent |access-date=22 October 2025 |language=en-gb |date=22 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Three women booked for offering namaz inside Shaniwar wada in Pune after video goes viral |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/maharashtra/three-women-booked-for-offering-namaz-inside-shaniwar-wada-in-pune-after-video-goes-viral/article70185549.ece |website=The Hindu |access-date=22 October 2025 |language=en-IN |date=21 October 2025}}</ref>

==Political career==
Kulkarni was a first term member of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Kothrud (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kothrud]] assembly constituency in [[Pune]], where she won against [[Chandrakant Mokate]] of [[Shiv Sena (UBT)]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/pune-bjp-mla-medha-kulkarni-detected-with-swine-flu/ | title=Pune: BJP MLA Medha Kulkarni | work=indianexpress.com | accessdate=2 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newsreporter.in/kulkarni-medha-vishram-of-bjp-wins-the-kothrud-constituency-maharastra-maharastra-assembly-election-2014-548899 | title=Kulkarni Medha Vishram of BJP WINS the Kothrud constituency Maharastra Assembly Election 2014 | work=newsreporter.in | accessdate=2 May 2016 | archive-date=7 May 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160507164340/https://www.newsreporter.in/kulkarni-medha-vishram-of-bjp-wins-the-kothrud-constituency-maharastra-maharastra-assembly-election-2014-548899 | url-status=dead }}</ref> She is one of the two women members in the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]] from Pune and belonging to the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/the-2-women-mlas-and-their-success-mantras/ | title=The 2 women MLAs and their success mantras | work=indianexpress.com | accessdate=2 May 2016}}</ref>

== Positions held ==

* [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]] from [[Kothrud (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kothrud]].
* Terms in office: 2014–2019.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.elections.in/maharashtra/assembly-constituencies/kothrud.html | title=Winner Candidate in Kothrud assembly constituency | work=elections.in | accessdate=2 May 2016}}</ref><ref name="Maharashtra now has seven more women members in assembly2">{{cite news |last1=The New Indian Express |first1= |date=24 October 2019 |title=Maharashtra now has seven more women members in assembly |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2019/Oct/24/maharashtra-now-has-seven-more-women-members-in-assembly-2052497.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241124181202/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2019/Oct/24/maharashtra-now-has-seven-more-women-members-in-assembly-2052497.html |archivedate=24 November 2024 |accessdate=24 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{wikiquote}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kulkarni, Medha Vishram}}
[[Category:Politicians from Pune]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Marathi politicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Women members of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Women members of the Rajya Sabha]]
[[Category:Women in Maharashtra politics]]

Dhule Rural Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:25:58Z

Caliber: Made A Data

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Dhule Rural
| constituency_no = 6
| type = SLA
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| map_image = 6-Dhule Rural.svg
| loksabha_cons = [[Dhule Lok Sabha constituency|Dhule]]
| district = [[Dhule district|Dhule]]
| established = 2008
| reservation = None
| mla = [[Raghavendra Patil]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| incumbent_image =
| alliance = [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
| electors =410,522
}}
'''Dhule Rural Assembly constituency''' is one of the 288 [[Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] constituencies of [[Maharashtra]] state in western India. This constituency is located in [[Dhule district]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |title=District wise List of Assembly and Parliamentary Constituencies |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra website |access-date=7 September 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100318055304/http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |archive-date=18 March 2010 |df= }}</ref>

==Overview==
It is part of the [[Dhule (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dhule Lok Sabha constituency]] along with another five Vidhan Sabha segments, namely [[Dhule City Assembly constituency|Dhule City]] and [[Sindkheda Assembly constituency|Sindkheda]] in Dhule district and [[Malegaon Central Assembly constituency|Malegaon Central]], [[Malegaon Outer Assembly constituency|Malegaon Outer]] and [[Baglan Assembly constituency|Baglan]] in the [[Nashik district]].

As per orders of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008, No. 6 Dhule Rural Assembly constituency is composed of the following: Dhule Tehsil (Part), Revenue Circle - Lamkani, Songir, Fagane, Chinchkhede, Mukati, Dhule, Kusumbe, Arvi and Shirur of [[Dhule district]].<ref name=commission>{{cite web|url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XVII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India|work= Schedule XVII Maharashtra, Part A – Assembly constituencies, Part B – Parliamentary constituencies |publisher = |access-date = 2015-01-11 }}</ref>

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| colspan="4" |{{center|''Before 2009 : See [[Kusumba Assembly constituency|Kusumba]]''}}
|-
| [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| Prof. Sharad Patil
| {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena}}
|-
| [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|rowspan="2" | [[Kunal Rohidas Patil]]
|{{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|-
| [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|[[Raghavendra Patil|Ramdada Manohar Bhadane Patil]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Dhule Rural<ref name="Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Dhule Rural">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Dhule Rural |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S136.htm |access-date=24 November 2024 |date=23 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241124094318/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S136.htm |archive-date=24 November 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Raghavendra Patil]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 170,398 |percentage = 59.15% |change={{increase}}13.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Kunal Rohidas Patil]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 104,078 |percentage = 36.13% |change={{decrease}}15.53 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Hilal (Aanna) Mali |party=Independent politician |votes = 7,982 |percentage = 2.77% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Manisha Anil Bhil |party=Bharat Adivasi Party |votes = 2,032 |percentage = 0.71% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,332 |percentage = 0.46% |change={{decrease}}0.46 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 66,320 |percentage = 23.02% |change= {{increase}}17.03 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 289,425 |percentage = 70.50% |change= {{increase}}5.00 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 288,093}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 410,522|ref = |change= {{increase}}10.06 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}7.49 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Dhule Rural<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.results.eci.gov.in/ACOCT2019/partywiseresult-S13.htm?st=S13|title=General Election to Vidhan Sabha Trends & Results Oct-2019|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=28 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121065754/http://results.eci.gov.in/ACOCT2019/partywiseresult-S13.htm?st=S13|archive-date=21 November 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Kunal Rohidas Patil]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 125,575 |percentage = 51.66% |change={{increase}}0.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Maisaheb Dnyanjyoti Manohar Patil |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 111,011 |percentage = 45.66% |change={{increase}}14.29 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rajdip Bhatu Agale |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 4,216 |percentage = 1.73% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 2,248 |percentage = 0.92% |change={{increase}}0.20 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Baisane Nandu Sukdeo |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,471 |percentage = 0.61% |change={{decrease}}0.34 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 14,564 |percentage = 5.99% |change= {{decrease}}13.81 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 245,489 |percentage = 65.82% |change= {{decrease}}1.15 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 243,099}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 372,989|ref = |change= {{increase}}6.31 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}0.48 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2014===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Dhule Rural<ref name="election2014">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Kunal Rohidas Patil]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 119,094 |percentage = 51.18% |change={{increase}}8.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Manohar Dattatray Bhadane|party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 73,012 |percentage = 31.38% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kiran Gulabrao Patil|party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 17,682 |percentage = 7.60% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Prof. Sharad Madhavrao Patil |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 15,093 |percentage = 6.49% |change={{decrease}}45.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ajay Govindrao Mali |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 2,452 |percentage = 1.05% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Chavhan Raj Jagannath |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,199 |percentage = 0.95% |change={{decrease}}0.21 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,676 |percentage = 0.72% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 46,082 |percentage = 19.80% |change= {{increase}}9.96 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 234,571 |percentage = 66.86% |change= {{increase}}6.47 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 232,693}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 350,839|ref = |change= {{increase}}8.88 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{decrease}}0.96 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2009===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Dhule Rural<ref>{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate= Prof. Sharad Madhavrao Patil |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 100,562 |percentage = 52.15% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rohidas Chudaman Patil|party=Indian National Congress |votes = 81,580 |percentage = 42.30% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Motilal Kautik Mali|party=Independent politician |votes = 3,513 |percentage = 1.82% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bhimrao Shyamrao Deore|party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,219 |percentage = 1.15% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ambar Mahadu Malich|party=Independent politician |votes = 1,681 |percentage = 0.87% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dadaso.Panditrao Patil |party=Hindustan Janta Party |votes = 1,679 |percentage = 0.87% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 18,982 |percentage = 9.84% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 193,169 |percentage = 59.95% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 192,849}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 322,222|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Dhule]]
* [[List of constituencies of Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Dhule district topics}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coord|21.08|74.51|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Dhule]]
[[Category:Dhule district]]
[[Category:Politics of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Parminder Singh Brar

2026-04-16T05:58:35Z

Caliber: made initial bio added tags...

{{Short description|Indian politician, sports administrator and lawyer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Parminder Singh Brar
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1983|11|10}}
| term_start = 17 September 2023
| president = [[Sunil Kumar Jakhar]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (December 2021-present)
| occupation = {{Hlist|Politician|sports administrator|lawyer}}
| alma_mater = [[Panjab University]] ([[LLB]], [[MBA]])
| other_party = [[Indian National Congress]] (October 2021-December 2021) 
[[Shiromani Akali Dal]] (until October 2021)
| office = General Secretary of [[Bharatiya Janata Party, Punjab]]
| children = 1
| image =
| caption =
}}

'''Parminder Singh Brar''' (10 November 1983) is an Indian politician, sports administrator and lawyer. Brar is a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP). He has been serving as General Secretary of [[Bharatiya Janata Party, Punjab|BJP Punjab]] since 17 September 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vasudeva |first=Ravinder |date=2023-09-19 |title=Punjab: Sikhs get lion's share in BJP's new state executive |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/punjab-sikhs-get-lion-s-share-in-bjp-s-new-state-executive-101695066090572.html |access-date=2023-09-27 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=27 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927164737/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/punjab-sikhs-get-lion-s-share-in-bjp-s-new-state-executive-101695066090572.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Brar is noted for his involvement in youth politics in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2022-01-12 |title=Punjab Elections 2022: Protection enhanced for BJP Leaders after PM's Security Breach |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/politics/punjab-elections-2022-protection-enhanced-for-bjp-leaders-after-pms-security-breach-7927881.html |access-date=2023-10-24 |website=Moneycontrol |language=en |archive-date=31 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031123411/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/politics/punjab-elections-2022-protection-enhanced-for-bjp-leaders-after-pms-security-breach-7927881.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":2" />

== Early life and education ==
Parminder Singh Brar was born on 10 November 1983. Brar is the grandson of politician [[Hari Singh Zira]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Ankur |date=2022-02-16 |title=Nearly Two Dozen BJP Leaders, Candidates Get Security Cover in Punjab, UP Until Elections |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/nearly-two-dozen-bjp-leaders-candidates-get-security-cover-in-punjab-up-until-elections-4777028.html |access-date=2023-10-06 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=31 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031123411/https://www.news18.com/news/india/nearly-two-dozen-bjp-leaders-candidates-get-security-cover-in-punjab-up-until-elections-4777028.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He graduated with a [[Bachelor of Laws]] from the Department of Laws in [[Panjab University]], [[Chandigarh]], and has a [[Master of Business Administration|Masters in Business Administration]] from Panjab University.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Babushahi Bureau |date=23 July 2016 |title=Parminder Singh Brar appointed OSD to Deputy CM, Sukhbir Badal |url=https://www.babushahi.com/full-news.php?id=47681&headline=Parminder-Singh-Brar-appointed-OSD-to-Deputy-CM,-Sukhbir--Badal |access-date=2023-09-29 |website=Babushahi |archive-date=31 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031201737/https://www.babushahi.com/full-news.php?id=47681&headline=Parminder-Singh-Brar-appointed-OSD-to-Deputy-CM,-Sukhbir--Badal |url-status=live }}</ref> Brar is enrolled as a [[solicitor]] in the [[Law Society of England and Wales]], and in 2009, he attended a [[human rights]] program that was conducted by the [[American University Washington College of Law|American University, Washington College of Law]].<ref name=":0" />

== Political career ==

=== Early political career ===
Brar was initially a member of the [[Shiromani Akali Dal]] (SAD) and served in various positions in SAD. From 2016 to 2017, he was the [[Officer on Special Duty]] (OSD) to the then-[[Chief minister (India)|deputy chief minister]] of [[List of chief ministers of Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Sukhbir Singh Badal]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=ANI |date=24 July 2016 |title=Parminder Brar appointed OSD to Sukhbir Badal |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/parminder-brar-appointed-osd-to-sukhbir-badal-116072400359_1.html |access-date=13 October 2023 |website=Business Standard |archive-date=31 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031201735/https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/parminder-brar-appointed-osd-to-sukhbir-badal-116072400359_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He was also the head of SAD's [[information technology]] wing.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gopal |first=Navjeevan |date=3 December 2021 |title={{as written|Belea|gured [sic]}} Sukhbir Badal grapples with SAD crises ahead of polls |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/sukhbir-badal-punjab-elections-sad-7654934/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203142714/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/sukhbir-badal-punjab-elections-sad-7654934/ |archive-date=3 December 2021 |access-date=13 October 2023 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref> During his time in SAD, Brar was particularly involved in youth politics. In 2018, he was appointed as the President of the [[Student Organisation of India]], the student wing of SAD.<ref>{{Cite news |last=TNN |date=2018-12-13 |title=SAD youth wing, SOI get new heads |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/sad-youth-wing-soi-get-new-heads/articleshow/67068163.cms |access-date=2023-10-16 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=31 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031203237/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/sad-youth-wing-soi-get-new-heads/articleshow/67068163.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Brar |first=Angad Singh |date=8 September 2019 |title=Panjab University's new student council: Meet the student council president who staged three hunger strikes |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/panjab-universitys-new-student-council-meet-the-student-council-president-who-staged-three-hunger-strikes-5977220/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190916003217/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/panjab-universitys-new-student-council-meet-the-student-council-president-who-staged-three-hunger-strikes-5977220/ |archive-date=16 September 2019 |access-date=16 October 2023 |website=Indian Express}}</ref> He was also part of the Youth Akali Dal, SAD's youth wing, core committee that was first formed in 2016 and was also the head of the Youth Akali Dal.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=ANI |date=2016-07-21 |title=Sukhbir Singh Badal forms 40-member Youth Akali Dal core committee |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/sukhbir-badal-forms-40-member-youth-akali-dal-core-committee-2927103/ |access-date=2023-10-18 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=31 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031123412/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/sukhbir-badal-forms-40-member-youth-akali-dal-core-committee-2927103/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Brar was also given significant responsibilities in SAD's previous election campaigns before 2021.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=29 October 2021 |title=Bikram Singh Majithia's ex-aide Parminder Singh Brar joins Congress |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/bikram-singh-majithias-ex-aide-parminder-singh-brar-joins-congress-331037 |access-date=24 October 2023 |website=The Tribune |archive-date=31 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031123355/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/bikram-singh-majithias-ex-aide-parminder-singh-brar-joins-congress-331037 |url-status=live }}</ref>

However, in October 2021, Brar joined the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) after SAD refused to give him a ticket to compete in the [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]]s.<ref name=":1" /> The INC had mixed reactions to him joining the party, with some of the INC politicians commenting that the sole asset that Brar had was his proximity to senior SAD politician [[Bikram Singh Majithia]].<ref name=":1" />

=== Bharatiya Janata Party ===
In December 2021, Brar joined the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP).<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2 December 2021 |title=Akali Leader Manjinder Sirsa Joins BJP Ahead of Punjab Polls |url=https://thewire.in/politics/akali-leader-manjinder-sirsa-joins-bjp-ahead-of-punjab-polls |access-date=2023-10-24 |website=The Wire |archive-date=31 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031125532/https://thewire.in/politics/akali-leader-manjinder-sirsa-joins-bjp-ahead-of-punjab-polls |url-status=live }}</ref> In December 2022, he was appointed as secretary of [[Bharatiya Janata Party, Punjab|BJP Punjab]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Express News Service |date=2022-12-04 |title=Capt daughter among 5 ex-Cong leaders named vice-president in Punjab BJP |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/capt-daughter-among-5-ex-cong-leaders-named-vice-president-in-punjab-bjp-8304664/ |access-date=2023-10-24 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=31 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031201736/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/capt-daughter-among-5-ex-cong-leaders-named-vice-president-in-punjab-bjp-8304664/ |url-status=live }}</ref> On 17 September 2023, Brar was appointed as General Secretary of BJP Punjab.<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2023-09-17 |title=BJP announces revamp of Punjab unit |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/bjp-announces-revamp-of-punjab-unit/articleshow/103734304.cms |access-date=2023-10-24 |issn=0013-0389 |archive-date=31 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031201735/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/bjp-announces-revamp-of-punjab-unit/articleshow/103734304.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> On 29 of September 2023, he was appointed as the president of BJP Punjab Yuva Morcha, the BJP Punjab's youth wing.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-29 |title=ਪੰਜਾਬ ਭਾਜਪਾ ਦੇ ਜਨਰਲ ਸਕੱਤਰ ਪਰਮਿੰਦਰ ਸਿੰਘ ਬਰਾੜ ਨੂੰ ਮਿਲੀ ਅਹਿਮ ਜ਼ਿੰਮੇਵਾਰੀ; ਭਾਜਪਾ ਯੁਵਾ ਮੋਰਚਾ ਦੇ ਇੰਚਾਰਜ ਨਿਯੁਕਤ |url=https://www.rozanaspokesman.in/news/politics/290923/parminder-singh-brar-appointed-in-charge-of-bjp-yuva-morcha.html |access-date=2023-10-24 |website=Rozana Spokesman |language=Punjabi |archive-date=31 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031122848/https://www.rozanaspokesman.in/news/politics/290923/parminder-singh-brar-appointed-in-charge-of-bjp-yuva-morcha.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharti |first=Parmod |date=26 October 2023 |title=Parminder Brar exhorts youth to come forward to make contributions to bringing BJP to power in Punjab |url=https://www.babushahi.com/view-news.php?id=173351 |access-date=2023-10-26 |website=Babushahi |archive-date=31 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031123412/https://www.babushahi.com/view-news.php?id=173351 |url-status=live }}</ref> Brar's appointment as General Secretary of BJP Punjab alienated BJP Punjab politicians [[Balbir Singh Sidhu (politician)|Balbir Singh Sidhu]] and [[Gurpreet Singh Kangar]], as they viewed Brar as being a junior politician and yet still being appointed to a senior position.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Mahajan |first=Anilesh S. |date=6 November 2023 |title=Punjab {{!}} BJP's embarrassing exodus |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/up-front/story/20231106-punjab-bjps-embarrassing-exodus-2454608-2023-10-27 |access-date=2023-10-31 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=3 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103155141/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/up-front/story/20231106-punjab-bjps-embarrassing-exodus-2454608-2023-10-27 |url-status=live }}</ref> Sidhu and Kangar rejoined the INC in October 2023, after having joined the BJP in 2022.<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=India Today Web Desk |date=5 June 2022 |title=Tip of iceberg: Captain Amarinder Singh as Congress logs 5 defections in Punjab |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/tip-of-iceberg-captain-amarinder-singh-congress-defections-in-punjab-1958483-2022-06-04 |access-date=2023-10-31 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=1 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101011722/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/tip-of-iceberg-captain-amarinder-singh-congress-defections-in-punjab-1958483-2022-06-04 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In March 2024, was made a member of the BJP Punjab State Election Committee, which was formed for the [[2024 Indian general election|2024 Indian General Election]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=TNN |date=2024-03-01 |title=BJP sets up LS poll panel for Punjab |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/bjp-sets-up-ls-poll-panel-for-punjab/articleshow/108126165.cms |access-date=2024-03-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> In the run up to the 2024 Indian General Election, Brar criticized the [[Aam Aadmi Party|Aam Aadami Party]] (AAP) for failing to find suitable candidates for the [[Parliament of India|parliament]] seats from [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], alleging that the party had to resort to nominating [[Political corruption|corrupt]] leaders.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Our Correspondent |date=20 March 2024 |title=Punjab BJP secretary lashes out at AAP govt |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/patiala/punjab-bjp-secretary-lashes-out-at-aap-govt-602694 |access-date=22 March 2024 |website=The Tribune}}</ref> He also claimed that farmers were satisfied with the BJP [[Government of India|Central Government]]'s betterment efforts, and emphasized that [[Polling station|polling booth]]-level workers focus on [[Door-to-door|door-to-door campaigns]] in the [[Fatehgarh Sahib Lok Sabha constituency]] to promote the BJP government's policies.<ref name=":5" /> In April 2024, Brar was part of the joining ceremony that welcomed several senior Punjab politicians to the BJP.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 April 2024 |title=Several Congress, SAD leaders of Punjab joins BJP under Jakhar's leadership |url=https://www.punjabnewsexpress.com/elections/news/several-congress-sad-leaders-of-punjab-joins-bjp-under-jakhars-leadership-247576 |access-date=2024-05-06 |website=Punjab News Express}}</ref> In July 2024, the Punjab BJP office in Chandigarh received three threat letters containing a suspicious powdered substance. The letters, allegedly from the [[militant]] [[Khalistan Zindabad Force]], targeted leaders Brar, [[Manjinder Singh Sirsa]], and Tejinder Singh Sran, demanding they disassociate from the BJP. The incident was reported to the police, and the substance was sent for forensic examination.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mishra |first=Naina |date=10 July 2024 |title=Punjab BJP office in Chandigarh receives 3 threat letters with suspicious substance |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/punjab-bjp-office-in-chandigarh-receives-3-threat-letters-with-suspicious-substance-101720551353459.html |access-date=22 July 2024 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

In June 2025, Brar was part of the induction ceremony that welcomed Jaspreet Singh Hobby, a former senior vice president of the SAD, into the BJP.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 June 2025 |title=Ludhiana West bypoll: Jaspreet Hobby and supporters leave Akali Dal and join BJP. |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ludhiana/ludhiana-west-bypoll-jaspreet-hobby-and-supporters-leave-akali-dal-and-join-bjp-/articleshow/121604260.cms |access-date=9 June 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Sports administration ==
Brar served as the Vice President of the Punjab Rifle Shooting Association (PRSA) from at least 2015 to 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khaira |first=Rachna |date=26 August 2015 |title=Govt support lacking, Punjab shooters turn to private ranges |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/sports/govt-support-lacking-punjab-shooters-turn-to-private-ranges-126342 |access-date=10 October 2023 |website=The Tribune |archive-date=31 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031201735/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/sports/govt-support-lacking-punjab-shooters-turn-to-private-ranges-126342 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Press Trust of India |date=18 May 2017 |title=Jakhar is new Punjab Rifle Shooting Association chairman |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/jakhar-is-new-punjab-rifle-shooting-association-chairman-928295-2017-05-18 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031201735/https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/jakhar-is-new-punjab-rifle-shooting-association-chairman-928295-2017-05-18 |archive-date=31 October 2023 |access-date=2023-10-10 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> He is serving as the Senior Vice President of the PRSA since 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaur |first=Sukhdeep |date=2017-05-19 |title=Amarinder's son buries differences with Badal aides for Punjab Rifle Association elections |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/for-once-congress-akalis-opt-for-coalition-not-collision/story-xZQaV8Tg3wFZLWQGszOopO.html |access-date=2023-10-10 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=31 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031123411/https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/for-once-congress-akalis-opt-for-coalition-not-collision/story-xZQaV8Tg3wFZLWQGszOopO.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Brar is married and has one child.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Parminder Singh Brar - #fatherson #family #father #love #dad #dadlife #fathers #fatherandson #fatherhood #son #eraabsinghbrar {{!}} Facebook |url=https://www.facebook.com/PSBrarOfficial/photos/a.878304218908188/3847867115285202/ |access-date=2023-10-24 |website=Facebook |language=en |archive-date=31 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031201736/https://www.facebook.com/PSBrarOfficial/photos/a.878304218908188/3847867115285202/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Facebook |url=https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=427764218705597&set=a.323842399097780 |access-date=2023-10-24 |website=Facebook |archive-date=31 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031124344/https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=427764218705597&set=a.323842399097780 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Parminder Singh Brar}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1983 births]]
[[Category:Punjabi Sikhs]]
[[Category:Politicians from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Punjab]]
[[Category:Indian sports executives and administrators]]
[[Category:Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:Panjab University alumni]]

Saikul Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:35:31Z

Caliber: made first pg nd citations

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Manipur State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Saikul
| state = [[Manipur]]
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 46
| district = [[Kangpokpi district|Kangpokpi]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Outer Manipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Outer Manipur]]
| established = 1972
| reservation = ST
| incumbent_image =
| mla = [[Kimneo Haokip Hangshing]]
| party = {{Party index link|Kuki People's Alliance}}
| alliance= None
| electors = {{formatnum:29417}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14166-manipur-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Manipur General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=25 May 2022}}</ref>{{update after|2027|6}}
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
}}
'''Saikul''' is one of the 60 [[Manipur Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Manipur]] state in [[India]].<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/magazine/2019/gels/CEO%20Report%202019%20.pdf |title= Report - General Election to Lok Sabha, 2019|website=ceomanipur.nic.in |date= |author=Chief Electoral Officer, Manipur |accessdate= December 27, 2020}}</ref>

It is part of [[Kangpokpi district]] and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[1972 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| R Voi
|{{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
|[[1974 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
| Shonkhothang
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1980 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|rowspan=2| Holkholet Khongsai
|-
|[[1984 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1984]]
|{{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
|[[1990 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|rowspan=4| Chungkhokai Doungel
|{{Full party name with color|Indian Congress (Socialist) – Sarat Chandra Sinha}}
|-
|[[1995 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|{{Full party name with color|Manipur Peoples Party}}
|-
|[[2000 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|{{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2002 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
|-
|[[2007 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
| Doukhomang Khongsai
|-
|[[2012 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|rowspan=2| [[Yamthong Haokip]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2017 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|-
|[[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| [[Kimneo Haokip Hangshing]]
|{{Full party name with color|Kuki People's Alliance}}
|-
|}

== Election results ==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2022|2022]]|{{party color|Kuki People's Alliance}}|25.38}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2017|2017]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|29.59}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2012|2012]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|41.45}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2007|2007]]|{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}|38.80}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2002|2002]]|{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}|35.36}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2000|2000]]|{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}|55.02}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1995|1995]]|{{party color|Manipur Peoples Party}}|49.42}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1990|1990]]|{{party color|Indian Congress (Socialist) – Sarat Chandra Sinha}}|39.05}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1984|1984]]|{{party color|Independent politician}}|35.98}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1980|1980]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress (U)}}|19.17}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1974|1974]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|28.26}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1972|1972]]|{{party color|Independent politician}}|26.19}}
}}
=== Assembly Election 2022 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Saikul<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/ResultSheets/StateLegislativeAssembly/2022/results |title=Result Sheet State Assembly Election 2022 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126084814/https://ceomanipur.nic.in/ResultSheets/StateLegislativeAssembly/2022/results |archive-date= 26 November 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kimneo Haokip Hangshing]] |party=Kuki People's Alliance |votes=6,710 |percentage=25.38% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kenn Raikhan |party=Independent politician |votes=5,461 |percentage=20.66% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chungkhokai Doungel |party=Independent politician |votes=5,107 |percentage=19.32% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ch. Ajang Khongsai |party=Janata Dal (United) |votes=4,486 |percentage=16.97% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Yamthong Haokip]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,667 |percentage=10.09% |change=-5.05% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lhingkim Haokip |party=Indian National Congress |votes=935 |percentage=3.54% |change=-26.06% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Seikholal Haokip |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=645 |percentage=2.44% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jamchinlen Lunkim |party=Republican Party of India (Athawale) |votes=322 |percentage=1.22% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,249 |percentage=4.72% |change=-6.40% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=26,436 |percentage=89.87% |change= 9.09% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 29,417 |change =-18.96% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Kuki People's Alliance |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -4.21% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 2017 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2017 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Saikul<ref name=results2017>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/ResultSheets/SLAResult2017.html |title=FORM 20- FINAL RESULT SHEET OF ASSEMBLY ELECTION, 2017 |website=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer - Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905063602/http://www.ceomanipur.nic.in/ResultSheets/SLAResult2017.html |archive-date= 5 September 2018}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Yamthong Haokip]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,677 |percentage=29.59% |change=-11.86% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chungkhokai Doungel |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=5,416 |percentage=18.47% |change=-5.68% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Paojalet Touthang |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=4,439 |percentage=15.14% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Doukhomang Khongsai |party=North East India Development Party |votes=4,008 |percentage=13.67% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ch. Ajang Khongsai |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=2,993 |percentage=10.21% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thangjamang Haokip |party=Lok Janshakti Party |votes=2,803 |percentage=9.56% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=L. Samuel Kom |party=Republican Party of India (Athawale) |votes=464 |percentage=1.58% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mangvung Thangboi Haokip |party=Naga People's Front |votes=304 |percentage=1.04% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,261 |percentage=11.12% |change=4.03% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=29,322 |percentage=80.77% |change= 21.86% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 36,301 |change =1.89% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -11.86% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 2012 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2012 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Saikul<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2012.html |title=FORM 20- FINAL RESULT SHEET OF ASSEMBLY ELECTION, 2012 |website=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer - Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170628212737/https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2012.html |archive-date= 28 June 2017}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Yamthong Haokip]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,700 |percentage=41.45% |change=4.17% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chungkhokai Doungel |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=7,211 |percentage=34.36% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Doukhomang Khongsai |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=5,069 |percentage=24.15% |change=-14.65% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,489 |percentage=7.09% |change=5.57% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=20,989 |percentage=58.88% |change= -26.11% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 35,629 |change =0.77% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Nationalist Congress Party |swing= 2.65% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 2007 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2007 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Saikul<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2007.html |title=FORM 20- FINAL RESULT SHEET OF ASSEMBLY ELECTION, 2007 |website=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer - Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512162740/https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2007.html |archive-date= 12 May 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Doukhomang Khongsai |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=11,664 |percentage=38.80% |change=3.44% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chungkhokai Doungel |party=Indian National Congress |votes=11,206 |percentage=37.28% |change=9.90% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Yamthong Haokip]] |party=Independent politician |votes=7,191 |percentage=23.92% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=458 |percentage=1.52% |change=-6.13% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=30,061 |percentage=85.02% |change= -6.15% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 35,358 |change =13.14% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Nationalist Congress Party |loser=Nationalist Congress Party |swing= 3.44% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 2002 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Saikul<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2002.html |title=FORM 20- FINAL RESULT SHEET OF ASSEMBLY ELECTION, 2002 |website=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer - Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512183325/https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2002.html |archive-date= 12 May 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Chungkhokai Doungel |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=9,989 |percentage=35.36% |change=-19.66% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Doukhomang Khongsai |party=Samata Party |votes=7,827 |percentage=27.71% |change=16.53% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Yamthong Haokip]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,733 |percentage=27.37% |change=14.77% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Soineimang Vaiphei |party=Federal Party of Manipur |votes=1,869 |percentage=6.62% |change=-7.72% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ch. Ajang Khongsai |party=Manipur State Congress Party |votes=489 |percentage=1.73% |change=1.13% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nehkhomang Haokip |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=291 |percentage=1.03% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,162 |percentage=7.65% |change=-33.04% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=28,249 |percentage=91.17% |change= -1.28% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 31,251 |change =4.91% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Nationalist Congress Party |loser=Nationalist Congress Party |swing= -14.06% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 2000 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2000 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Saikul}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Chungkhokai Doungel |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=14,746 |percentage=55.02% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Johnson Keishing |party=Federal Party of Manipur |votes=3,841 |percentage=14.33% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Yamthong Haokip]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,377 |percentage=12.60% |change=-21.03% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Doukhomang Khongsai |party=Samata Party |votes=2,996 |percentage=11.18% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Demkhokhai |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=853 |percentage=3.18% |change=-46.24% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ch. Ajang Khongsai |party=Communist Party of India |votes=512 |percentage=1.91% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nehkhomang Haokip |party=Independent politician |votes=227 |percentage=0.85% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Holkholet Khongsai |party=Manipur State Congress Party |votes=160 |percentage=0.60% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,905 |percentage=40.69% |change=24.90% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=26,799 |percentage=90.84% |change= -1.60% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 29,788 |change =25.18% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Nationalist Congress Party |loser=Manipur Peoples Party |swing= 5.60% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1995 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1995 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Saikul}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Chungkhokai Doungel |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=10,730 |percentage=49.42% |change=46.24% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Holkholet Khongsai |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,302 |percentage=33.63% |change=10.58% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thangjamang Haokip |party=Indian Congress (Socialist) |votes=2,422 |percentage=11.16% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=John L. Kilong |party=Independent politician |votes=1,148 |percentage=5.29% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,428 |percentage=15.79% |change=-0.21% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=21,710 |percentage=92.44% |change= 1.40% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 23,796 |change =-1.70% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Manipur Peoples Party |loser=Indian Congress (Socialist) – Sarat Chandra Sinha |swing= 10.37% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1990 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1990 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Saikul}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Chungkhokai Doungel |party=Indian Congress (Socialist) – Sarat Chandra Sinha |votes=8,508 |percentage=39.05% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Holkholet Khongsai |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,023 |percentage=23.06% |change=4.18% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Paojakhup |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,856 |percentage=13.11% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Michael Athing |party=Janata Dal |votes=2,420 |percentage=11.11% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramthing Hungyo |party=Manipur Hill People'S Council |votes=1,778 |percentage=8.16% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=John L. Kilong |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=693 |percentage=3.18% |change=-8.86% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. L. Kom |party=Kuki National Assembly |votes=509 |percentage=2.34% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,485 |percentage=16.00% |change=-1.11% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=21,787 |percentage=91.04% |change= -2.99% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 24,207 |change =23.15% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian Congress (Socialist) – Sarat Chandra Sinha |loser=Independent politician |swing= 3.07% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1984 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Saikul}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Holkholet Khongsai |party=Independent politician |votes=6,515 |percentage=35.98% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramthing Hungyo |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,418 |percentage=18.88% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=John L. Kilong |party=Independent politician |votes=2,546 |percentage=14.06% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Michael Athing |party=Independent politician |votes=2,217 |percentage=12.24% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Haopao Touthang |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=2,181 |percentage=12.05% |change=5.99% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Letkhosei |party=Independent politician |votes=699 |percentage=3.86% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shonkhothang Ashon |party=Independent politician |votes=530 |percentage=2.93% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,097 |percentage=17.10% |change=14.61% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=18,106 |percentage=94.04% |change= 17.59% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 19,657 |change =12.43% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Indian National Congress (U) |swing= 16.81% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1980 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Saikul}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Holkholet Khongsai |party=Indian National Congress (U) |votes=2,456 |percentage=19.17% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. S. Seiboy |party=Kuki National Assembly |votes=2,136 |percentage=16.67% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=John L. Kilong |party=Independent politician |votes=1,884 |percentage=14.71% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Michael Athing |party=Independent politician |votes=1,825 |percentage=14.25% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shonkhothang Ashon |party=Independent politician |votes=1,706 |percentage=13.32% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Haokhopao |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes=1,189 |percentage=9.28% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khangba Anth |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=776 |percentage=6.06% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Envy |party=Janata Party |votes=713 |percentage=5.57% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thangjamang Haokip |party=Independent politician |votes=115 |percentage=0.90% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=320 |percentage=2.50% |change=-0.42% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=12,811 |percentage=76.45% |change= -9.00% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 17,484 |change =15.68% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress (U) |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -9.08% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1974 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1974 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Saikul}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Shonkhothang Ashon |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,580 |percentage=28.26% |change=11.69% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lalkhohen |party=Kuki National Assembly |votes=3,210 |percentage=25.34% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. S. Changson |party=Independent politician |votes=2,316 |percentage=18.28% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thangkhopao |party=Independent politician |votes=1,750 |percentage=13.81% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khangba Anth |party=Manipur Hills Union |votes=1,547 |percentage=12.21% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Haokholen |party=Independent politician |votes=267 |percentage=2.11% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=370 |percentage=2.92% |change=-6.48% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=12,670 |percentage=85.45% |change= 20.15% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 15,114 |change =21.25% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= 2.07% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Saikul}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=R Voi |party=Independent politician |votes=2,053 |percentage=26.19% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thangkhopao |party=Independent politician |votes=1,316 |percentage=16.79% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shonkhothang Ashon |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,299 |percentage=16.57% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khangba Anth |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=1,085 |percentage=13.84% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Holkholet Khongsai |party=Independent politician |votes=885 |percentage=11.29% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nehkhomang Haokip |party=Independent politician |votes=817 |percentage=10.42% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Holkhosei Chongthu |party=Independent politician |votes=322 |percentage=4.11% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thangjamang Haokip |party=Independent politician |votes=63 |percentage=0.80% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=737 |percentage=9.40% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,840 |percentage=65.30% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 12,465 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Independent politician |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Manipur Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Senapati district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Manipur Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/81-manipur/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=14 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Manipur}}

{{coord|25.06|94.03|display=title}}

[[Category:Senapati district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Manipur]]
[[Category:Politics of Manipur]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1972]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in Manipur]]

Chawamanu Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:33:04Z

Caliber: Made A Entry!

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Tripura State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Chawamanu
| state = [[Tripura]]
| district = [[Dhalai district|Dhalai]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Tripura East (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tripura East]]
| established = 1972
| reservation = ST
| type = SLA
| map_image = Chawamanu Assembly constituency map.svg
| constituency_no = 49
| mla = [[Sambhu Lal Chakma]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| electors = {{formatnum:44836}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14875-tripura-general-legislative-election-2023/ |title=Tripura General Legislative Election 2023 - Tripura - Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in|access-date=20 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|5}}
}}
'''Chawamanu''' is one of the 60 [[Tripura Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Tripura]] state in [[India]].<ref name="knowBLO">{{cite web |url=http://ermstripura.nic.in/officerlogin/outviews/viewBLO.aspx |title=Information of BLO |website=ermstripura.nic.in |accessdate=22 January 2021 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128112151/http://ermstripura.nic.in/officerlogin/outviews/viewBLO.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>

It is part of [[Dhalai district]] and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1972 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || rowspan=5 | [[Purna Mohan Tripura]] || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=5}}
|-
| [[1977 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|-
| [[1983 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
|-
| [[1988 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1988]]
|-
| [[1993 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|-
| [[1998 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1998]] || rowspan=2 | [[Shyama Charan Tripura]] || {{Full party name with color|Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti}}
|-
| [[2003 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2003]] || {{Full party name with color|Indigenous Nationalist Party of Twipra}}
|-
| [[2008 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || rowspan=2 | [[Nirajoy Tripura]] || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2013 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|-
| [[2018 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2018]] || rowspan=2 | [[Sambhu Lal Chakma]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2023 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Chawamanu<ref>{{cite news |date=2 March 2023 |title=Tripura Assembly election results 2023: Check full list of winners |language=en |work=The Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/tripura-election-results-2023-constituency-winners-list-8473554/ |access-date=20 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231220141112/https://indianexpress.com/elections/tripura-election-results-2023-constituency-winners-list-8473554/ |archive-date=20 December 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sambhu Lal Chakma]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=16,644 |percentage=41.85% |change={{decrease}}10.45 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hangsa Kumar Tripura |party=Tipra Motha Party |votes=13,745 |percentage=34.56% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jiban Mohan Tripura |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=7,402 |percentage=18.61% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rupayan Chakma |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=566 |percentage=1.42% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Barjeda Tripura |party=Nationalist Citizens Party of India |votes=536 |percentage=1.35% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=500 |percentage=1.26% |change={{decrease}}0.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tushar Kanti Chakma |party=Independent politician |votes=379 |percentage=0.95% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,899 |percentage=7.29% |change= {{decrease}}3.45 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=39,772 |percentage=88.81% |change= {{decrease}}0.17 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 44,836 |ref = |change= {{increase}}13.95 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}10.45 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2018 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Chawamanu<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Tripura|title=Form 20 {{!}} Final Result Sheet {{!}} General Election to the Tripura Legislative Assembly - 2018 |url=http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2018.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228163855/http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2018.pdf|archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date = 20 June 2020}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sambhu Lal Chakma]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=18,290 |percentage=52.30% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Nirajoy Tripura]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=14,535 |percentage=41.56% |change={{decrease}}9.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bihari Baishnab Tripura |party=Indigenous Nationalist Party of Twipra |votes=665 |percentage=1.90% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=449 |percentage=1.28% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ashok Mitra Karbari |party=Indian National Congress |votes=432 |percentage=1.24% |change={{decrease}}44.78 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bikash Debbarma |party=Tipraland State Party |votes=343 |percentage=0.98% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Asit Debbarma |party=Independent politician |votes=244 |percentage=0.70% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,755 |percentage=10.74% |change= {{increase}}5.95 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=34,972 |percentage=89.69% |change= {{decrease}}0.90 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 39,348 |ref = |change= {{increase}}13.08 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= {{increase}}1.50 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2013 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2013 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Chawamanu<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Tripura|title=Form 20 {{!}} Final Result Sheet {{!}} General Election to the Tripura Legislative Assembly - 2013 |url=http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2013.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228165655/http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2013.pdf|archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date = 20 June 2020}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Nirajoy Tripura]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=15,870 |percentage=50.80% |change={{increase}}2.63 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Zaidami Tripura |party=Indian National Congress |votes=14,375 |percentage=46.01% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Amal Basu Chakma |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=996 |percentage=3.19% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,495 |percentage=4.79% |change= {{increase}}0.48 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=31,241 |percentage=89.96% |change= {{increase}}1.90 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 34,797 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2008 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2008 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Chawamanu<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-TRI98.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006160344/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-TRI98.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Nirajoy Tripura]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=12,329 |percentage=48.17% |change={{increase}}10.00 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Shyama Charan Tripura]] |party=Indigenous Nationalist Party of Twipra |votes=11,228 |percentage=43.86% |change={{decrease}}10.43 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bihari Baishnab Tripura |party=Independent politician |votes=1,034 |percentage=4.04% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagat Jyoti Chakma |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=586 |percentage=2.29% |change={{decrease}}2.69 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khanna Marak |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=420 |percentage=1.64% |change={{decrease}}0.91 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,101 |percentage=4.30% |change= {{decrease}}11.83 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=25,597 |percentage=87.99% |change= {{increase}}21.94 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 29,128 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Indigenous Nationalist Party of Twipra |swing= {{decrease}}6.13 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2003 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2003 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Chawamanu<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Tripura|title=Form 20 {{!}} Final Result Sheet {{!}} General Election to the Tripura Legislative Assembly - 2003 |url=http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2003.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228165918/http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2003.pdf|archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date = 20 June 2020}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Shyama Charan Tripura]] |party=Indigenous Nationalist Party of Twipra |votes=10,352 |percentage=54.30% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gajendra Tripura |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=7,277 |percentage=38.17% |change={{decrease}}6.54 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagatjyoti Chakma |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=950 |percentage=4.98% |change={{decrease}}1.22 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kalpa Mohan Tripura |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=487 |percentage=2.55% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,075 |percentage=16.13% |change= {{increase}}11.75 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=19,066 |percentage=65.97% |change= {{decrease}}1.65 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 28,915 |ref = |change= {{increase}}11.26 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indigenous Nationalist Party of Twipra |loser=Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti |swing= {{increase}}5.21 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1998 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1998 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Chawamanu<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-TRI98.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006160344/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-TRI98.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Shyama Charan Tripura]] |party=Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti |votes=8,622 |percentage=49.09% |change={{increase}}23.28 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Purna Mohan Tripura]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=7,853 |percentage=44.71% |change={{decrease}}16.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Annapurna Chakma |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,089 |percentage=6.20% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=769 |percentage=4.38% |change= {{decrease}}30.68 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=17,564 |percentage=70.56% |change= {{decrease}}5.29 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 25,988 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.39 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1993 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1993 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Chawamanu<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1993 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/Statistical%20Report%201993%20Tripura.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006065326/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/Statistical%20Report%201993%20Tripura.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Purna Mohan Tripura]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=10,442 |percentage=60.87% |change={{increase}}4.29 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Shyama Charan Tripura]] |party=Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti |votes=4,428 |percentage=25.81% |change={{decrease}}17.62 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhagya Chandra Chakma |party=Independent politician |votes=1,313 |percentage=7.65% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sushaban Tripura |party=Independent politician |votes=599 |percentage=3.49% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Santiswar Baruan |party=Amra Bangali |votes=374 |percentage=2.18% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,014 |percentage=35.05% |change= {{increase}}21.91 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=17,156 |percentage=74.65% |change= {{decrease}}8.10 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 23,541 |ref = |change= {{increase}}15.67 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= {{increase}}4.29 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1988 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1988 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Chawamanu<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1988 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1988/Statistical%20Report%20Tripura%201988.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006100546/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1988/Statistical%20Report%20Tripura%201988.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Purna Mohan Tripura]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=9,323 |percentage=56.57% |change={{increase}}6.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Shyama Charan Tripura]] |party=Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti |votes=7,157 |percentage=43.43% |change={{decrease}}6.33 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,166 |percentage=13.14% |change= {{increase}}12.66 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=16,480 |percentage=82.27% |change= {{increase}}6.56 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 20,352 |ref = |change= {{increase}}14.21 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1983 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1983 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Chawamanu<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/StatisticalReport%20Tripura%201983.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006044341/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/StatisticalReport%20Tripura%201983.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Purna Mohan Tripura]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=6,662 |percentage=50.24% |change={{increase}}0.34 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jadumohan Tripura |party=Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti |votes=6,598 |percentage=49.76% |change={{increase}}32.59 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=64 |percentage=0.48% |change= {{decrease}}32.25 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=13,260 |percentage=75.94% |change= {{increase}}7.54 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 17,820 |ref = |change= {{increase}}28.91 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1977 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Chawamanu<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReport%201977%20Tripura.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613130016/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReport%201977%20Tripura.pdf|archive-date=13 June 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Purna Mohan Tripura]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=4,613 |percentage=49.90% |change={{increase}}1.87 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Shyama Charan Tripura]] |party=Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti |votes=1,587 |percentage=17.17% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bindulal Karbari |party=Tripura Pradesh Congress Committee |votes=1,231 |percentage=13.32% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jamini Mohan Karbari |party=Indian National Congress |votes=998 |percentage=10.80% |change={{decrease}}22.44 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dasamani Roaja |party=Janata Party |votes=815 |percentage=8.82% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,026 |percentage=32.73% |change= {{increase}}17.93 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=9,244 |percentage=68.48% |change= {{increase}}18.46 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 13,824 |ref = |change= {{increase}}1.60 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= {{increase}}1.87 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1972 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Chawamanu<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_TP_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006023438/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_TP_72.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Purna Mohan Tripura]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=3,164 |percentage=48.03% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghanshyam Dewan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,189 |percentage=33.23% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bindulal Karbari |party=Independent politician |votes=1,234 |percentage=18.73% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=975 |percentage=14.80% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,587 |percentage=50.40% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 13,606 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Tripura Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Dhalai district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Tripura}}

{{coord|23.85|91.99|display=title}}

[[Category:Dhalai district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tripura]]
[[Category:Politics of Tripura]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1972]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in Tripura]]

Adventures Overland

2026-04-15T08:11:08Z

Caliber:

{{Short description|Travel company}}
{{Multiple issues|{{Undisclosed paid|date=August 2024}}}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Adventures Overland Private Limited <ref>{{cite web |title=Road less travelled: Why Indians are embracing the allure of luxury road trips
|url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/take-one-big-story-of-the-day/road-less-travelled-why-indians-are-embracing-the-allure-of-luxury-road-trips/83011/1 |website=Forbes |language=en |date=7 Feb 2023}}</ref>
| logo =
| type = [[Tour operator]]
| industry = [[Tourism]]
| founded = {{Start date and age|2012}}
| founders = Sanjay Madan Tushar Agarwal
| hq_location = [[Delhi, India]]
| products = [[Escorted tour]]s
}}

'''Adventures Overland Private Limited''' is an Indian [[tourism]] company headquartered in [[Delhi]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The story of Adventures Overland and how they are redefining cross-border ex |url=https://travel.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/tourism/experiential/the-story-of-adventures-overland-and-how-they-are-redefining-cross-border-expeditions-and-niche-luxury-travel-in-india/95713303 |website=The Economic Times |language=en |date=24 Nov 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Adventures Overland raises funding at a valuation of $10 million
|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/sme-sector/adventures-overland-raises-funding-at-a-valuation-of-10-million/articleshow/93470469.cms?from=mdr |website=The Economic Times |language=en |date=28 Feb 2023}}</ref> It specializes in organising annual cross-border road trips from India to London and supercar tours in Europe.<ref>{{cite web |title='The ultimate adventure': Why more Indian travelers are taking extreme road trips|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2024/03/11/more-indian-travelers-are-choosing-extreme-road-trips-to-see-the-world.html|website=CNBC |language=en |date=10 Mar 2024}}</ref> In 2023, the company launched a bus service from Istanbul to London.<ref>{{cite web |title=You can soon take an epic 56-day bus ride with stops in 22 countries |url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/travel/news/you-can-soon-take-epic-29505350 |website=Daily Mirror |language=en |date=21 Mar 2023}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Tourism in Delhi]]

{{India-company-stub}}
{{leisure-company-stub}}

Vallabhnagar Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:38:23Z

Caliber: made some info from scratch

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Rajasthan State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Vallabhnagar
| map_image = Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan-155-Vallabhnagar.svg
| mla = [[Udailal Dangi]]
| party = [[Bhartiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = 2023
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| district = [[Udaipur district|Udaipur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Chittorgarh Lok Sabha constituency|Chittorgarh]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:264780}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/all_files/full-statistical-reports/rajasthan/2023/Detailed_Results.pdf |title=State Election,2023 to the legislative assembly of Rajasthan |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 12 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2029|1}}
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 155
}}
'''Vallabhnagar Assembly constituency''' is one of the 200 [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Rajasthan]] state in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |website=Election Commission of India |date=26 November 2008 |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref><ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=https://ceorajasthan.nic.in/map/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP.pdf |title=New Assembly Constituencies |website=ceorajasthan.nic.in |date=25 January 2006| access-date=12 February 2021}}</ref>

It is part of [[Udaipur district|Udaipur]] district.

==Member of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1957 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| [[Gulab Singh Shaktawat]]

| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1962 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| Har Prasad
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1967 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| [[Gulab Singh Shaktawat]]

| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-

| [[1972 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| Gulab Singh

| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-

| [[1977 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| Kamlendra Singh

| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-

| [[1980 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| Kamlendra Singh

| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-

| [[1985 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| [[Gulab Singh Shaktawat]]

| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}

|-

| [[1990 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| Kamlender Singh || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[1993 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Gulab Singh Shaktawat]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1998 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|-
| [[2003 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
| M. [[Randhir Singh Bhinder]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| [[Gajendra Singh Shaktawat]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
| M. Randhir Singh Bhinder || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
| [[Gajendra Singh Shaktawat]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2024 elections in India|2021]]{{efn|by-poll}}
| [[Preeti Singh Shaktawat]]
|-
| [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| [[Udailal Dangi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}
{{noteslist}}

== Election results ==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Vallabhnagar<ref name="election2023"/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Udailal Dangi
|votes = {{formatnum:83227}}
|percentage = 40.82
|change = +16.0
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Preeti Gajendra Singh Shaktawat
|votes = {{formatnum:63167}}
|percentage = 30.98
|change = -4.28
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Janta Sena Rajasthan
|candidate = Ra. Deependra Kunwar Bhindar
|votes = {{formatnum:47032}}
|percentage = 23.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharat Adivasi Party
|candidate = Sukhsampat Bagdi Meena
|votes = {{formatnum:3387}}
|percentage = 1.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Suresh Kumar Meghwal
|votes = {{formatnum:1849}}
|percentage = 0.91
|change = -0.35
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2209}}
|percentage = 1.08
|change = -0.42
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:20060}}
|percentage = 9.84
|change = +7.86
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:203903}}
|percentage = 77.01
|change = +0.75
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
{{Election box begin | title= Bye-election, 2021: Vallabhnagar}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Preeti Gajendra Singh Shaktawat
|votes = 65,713
|percentage = 35.90
|change = +0.64
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Rashtriya Loktantrik Party
|candidate = Udailal Dangi
|votes = 45,107
|percentage = 24.65
|change = new
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = M. Randhir Singh Bhindar
|votes = 43,817
|percentage = 23.94
|change = -9.34
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Himmat Singh Jhala
|votes = 21,433
|percentage = 11.71
|change = -13.11
}}

{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 20,606
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|
|votes = 1,83,132
|percentage = 72.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Vallabhnagar]]<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9645-statistical-data-of-rajasthan-la-2018/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan LA 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Gajendra Singh Shaktawat
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:66306}}
|percentage = 35.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = anta Sena Rajasthan
|candidate = M. Randhir Singh Bhinder
|votes = {{formatnum:62587}}
|percentage = 33.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Udai Lal Dangi
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:46667}}
|percentage = 24.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Babaru Meena
|votes = {{formatnum:4538}}
|percentage = 2.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Mukesh
|votes = {{formatnum:2366}}
|percentage = 1.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2813}}
|percentage = 1.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:3719}}
|percentage = 1.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:188049}}
|percentage = 76.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|loser = Independent politician
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2013===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Vallabhnagar]] }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|
|candidate = M Randhir Singh Bhinder
|party = Independent politician
|votes = 74,899
|percentage = 42.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Gajendra Singh Shaktawat
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 61,732
|percentage = 35.42
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Ganpat Lal Menaria
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 21,579
|percentage = 12.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Bhanwarlal Rawat
|party = National People's Party (India)
|votes = 8,297
|percentage = 4.76
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|
|votes = 13,167
|percentage = 7.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|
|votes = 1,74,285
|percentage = 78.55
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Independent politician
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2008===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Vallabhnagar<ref name="delimitation2008"/> }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Gajendra Singh Shaktawat
|votes = 59995
|percentage = 42.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = M. RANDHEER SINGH BHINDAR
|votes = 53335
|percentage = 38.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = GANPAT LAL MENARIYA
|votes = 12757
|percentage = 9.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
| IND
|candidate = BABAROO LAL
|votes = 5027
|percentage = 3.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = MANISHAKAR VYAS
|votes = 3247
|percentage = 2.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Lok Jan Shakti Party
|candidate = BHERA
|votes = 2392
|percentage = 1.71
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = ISHAK MOHAMMAD
|votes = 1277
|percentage = 0.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|
|party = Loktantrik Samajwadi Party
|candidate = MOHAN SINGH RAWAT
|votes = 1093
|percentage = 0.78
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|
|party = Bharatiya Jan Shakti
|candidate = RAM SINGH
|votes = 1028
|percentage = 0.73
|change =
}}

{{Election box margin of victory|
| votes = 6660
| percentage = 4.75
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 140151
|percentage = 68.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box win
| winner = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2003===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2003 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Vallabhnagar}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = M. RANDHEER SINGH BHINDAR
|votes = 73612
|percentage = 62.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = GULAB SINGH
|votes = 41511
|percentage = 34.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Nationalist Congress Party
|candidate = RAM SINGH
|votes = 3545
|percentage = 2.99
|change =
}}

{{Election box margin of victory|
| votes = 32101
| percentage = 27.05
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 118668
|percentage = 76.57
|change =
}}
{{Election box win
| winner = BJP
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Udaipur district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan}}

{{coord|24.67|74.01|display=title}}

[[Category:Udaipur district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Politics of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Rajasthan]]

Preeti Dubey

2026-04-13T02:48:39Z

Caliber: made a details v1...

{{short description|Indian Hockey player|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox field hockey player
|name = Preeti Dubey
|fullname =
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1998|06|13}}
|birth_place = [[Gorakhpur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
|position = Forward
|years1 = 2015–
|clubs1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
|caps1 =
|goals1 =
|years2 = 2025–
|clubs2 = [[Delhi SG Pipers]]
|caps2 =
|goals2 =
|nationalyears1 = 2015
|nationalteam1 = [[India women's national under-21 field hockey team|India U21]]
|nationalcaps1 = 6
|nationalgoals1 = 10
|nationalyears2 = 2015–
|nationalteam2 = [[India women's national field hockey team|India]]
|nationalcaps2 = 56
|nationalgoals2 = 9
| medaltemplates =
{{MedalSport|Women's [[field hockey]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Women's Asian Champions Trophy|Asian Champions Trophy]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2016 Women's Asian Champions Trophy|2016 Singapore]]|[[2016 Women's Asian Champions Trophy#Final standings|Team]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2024 Women's Asian Champions Trophy|2024 Rajgir]]|[[2024 Women's Asian Champions Trophy#Final standings|Team]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Field hockey at the South Asian Games|South Asian Games]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2016 South Asian Games|2016 Guwahati]]|[[Field Hockey at the 2016 South Asian Games – Women|Team]]}}
}}

'''Preeti Dubey''' is an Indian [[Field Hockey|field hockey]] player.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/hockey/indian-eves-register-come-from-behind-win-over-usa-2927372/ | title=India hockey eves register come-from-behind win over USA | publisher=[[The Indian Express]] | date=21 July 2016 |access-date=17 August 2016}}</ref> She was a part of the gold medal winning team at the [[2016 Women's Asian Champions Trophy|2016 Asian Champions Trophy]] and the [[2016 South Asian Games]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/indiario/hockey/India-look-to-make-a-mark-in-Olympic-hockey/articleshow/53556846.cms | title=India look to make a mark in Olympic hockey | work=[[The Times of India]] | date=5 August 2016 |access-date=17 August 2016}}</ref>

==Early life==
Hailing from [[Gorakhpur]], Dubey met coach Paramjeet Singh and shifted base to Madhya Pradesh in 2014.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.news18.com/news/sports/preeti-dubeys-incredible-journey-from-long-distance-runner-to-india-womens-hockey-team-1523747.html|title=Preeti Dubey's Incredible Journey from Long Distance Runner to India Women's Hockey Team|work=News18|access-date=2017-09-24}}</ref> In 2017, she was chosen as the captain of India A.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-sports/preeti-to-lead-india-a-women/article19718090.ece|title=Preeti to lead India-A women|agency=Press Trust of India|date=2017-09-20|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=2017-09-24|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> She is an alumna of [[Bir Bahadur Singh Sports College]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://upsports.gov.in/site/writereaddata/UploadedPressRelease/pdf/C_201607131751395513.pdf|title=RIO OLYMPICS - 3 UP hockey players in India teams|access-date=12 April 2026}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604142820/http://upsports.gov.in/site/writereaddata/UploadedPressRelease/pdf/C_201607131751395513.pdf |date=4 June 2020 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{sports links}}
*[https://www.hockeyindia.org/players/preeti-dubey-profile-295 Preeti Dubey] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241222180323/https://www.hockeyindia.org/players/preeti-dubey-profile-295 |date=22 December 2024 }} at [[Hockey India]]

{{India FHW Squad 2016 Summer Olympics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dubey, Preeti}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1998 births]]
[[Category:Indian women's field hockey players]]
[[Category:Field hockey players from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Gorakhpur]]
[[Category:Olympic field hockey players for India]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 2016 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:South Asian Games gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:South Asian Games medalists in field hockey]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]

{{India-fieldhockey-bio-stub}}

Apoorva Raagangal

2026-04-11T09:01:51Z

Caliber: started the data added tags

{{short description|1975 Indian Tamil-language film by K. Balachander}}
{{For|the TV series|Apoorva Raagangal (TV series)}}
{{good article}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Apoorva Raagangal
| image = Apoorva Raagangal poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[K. Balachander]]
| writer = K. Balachander
| producer = {{ubl|V. Govindarajan|J. Duraisamy}}
| starring = {{ubl|[[Kamal Haasan]]|[[Major Sundarrajan|Sundarrajan]]|[[Srividya]]|[[Jayasudha]]}}
| cinematography = [[B. S. Lokanath]]
| editing = N. R. Kittu
| music = [[M. S. Viswanathan]]
| studio = Kalakendra Movies
| distributor = Vijaya Films
| released = {{film date|1975|8|15|df=y}}
| runtime = 146 minutes{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=422}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Apoorva Raagangal''''' ({{IPA|ta|apuːɾʋa ɾaːɡaŋɡaɭ|pron}} {{Translation|Rare melodies}}) is a 1975 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic drama film]] written and directed by [[K. Balachander]]. It stars [[Kamal Haasan]], [[Major Sundarrajan|Sundarrajan]], [[Srividya]] and [[Jayasudha]], while [[Nagesh]] and [[Rajinikanth]], in his feature film debut, play supporting roles. The film revolves around Prasanna (Haasan) who falls in love with the much older Bhairavi (Srividya) while Bhairavi's daughter Ranjani (Jayasudha) is drawn to Prasanna's father Mahendran (Sundarrajan).

''Apoorva Raagangal''{{'}}s theme was based on a riddle featured in the Indian folktale collection ''[[Vetala Panchavimshati]]'' about a king marrying a woman and his son marrying her mother, and [[Vetala]], the riddler asking [[Vikramaditya]] what would be their kinship relations if these couples were to beget children. The film was produced by V. Govindarajan and J. Duraisamy under the Kalakendra Films banner, photographed by [[B. S. Lokanath]] and edited by N. R. Kittu; the music was composed by [[M. S. Viswanathan]]. Unlike many contemporaneous Tamil films, it was shot entirely in actual houses for their interiors without building sets, as Balachander wanted to convey a more authentic narration.

''Apoorva Raagangal'' was released on 15 August 1975. Despite exploring the concept of [[Age disparity in sexual relationships|relationships between people with wide age gaps]], which challenged Indian social mores, it received critical acclaim and became a commercial success, and a breakthrough for Srividya and Haasan. The film won three [[National Film Awards]], including [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil|Best Feature Film in Tamil]], and three [[Filmfare Awards South]] in the Tamil branch: [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil|Best Feature Film]], [[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Tamil|Best Director]] for Balachander and [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Tamil|Best Actor]] for Haasan, and a [[Filmfare Special Award – South|Special Award]] for Srividya. It was remade in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''[[Thoorpu Padamara]]'' (1976) where Srividya and Nagesh reprised their roles, and in [[Hindi]] by Balachander as ''[[Ek Nai Paheli]]'' (1984) where Haasan reprised his role.

== Plot ==
Prasanna is a young man who indulges in several revolutionary activities against the wishes of his father Mahendran, a widower. After Prasanna tells him that, due to the price of rice increasing, he stole rice from a lorry, distributed it to the poor and set fire to the lorry before the police arrived, a disgusted Mahendran helps the police arrest him, widening the already existing rift between them. After his release, Prasanna opts to stay away from his hometown, [[Bangalore]], and reaches [[Chennai|Madras]].

One day, Prasanna is beaten up for abusing the passengers of a car that splashed water on him. [[Carnatic music|Carnatic]] singer Bhairavi, returning home after a [[katcheri]], notices him lying unconscious on the roadside, takes him home and her doctor friend Suri treats him. At Bhairavi's request, Prasanna continues to live in her house even after he recovers. He slowly develops passionate feelings for her even though she is much older.

Before Prasanna's arrival, Bhairavi's daughter Ranjani, who believes she was adopted, learns that she is actually Bhairavi's biological daughter born out of wedlock. Unable to digest her mother's hypocrisy, she runs away from home and meets Mahendran in Bangalore while trying to sell some items. She ends up staying at his house for a few days at his request. Impressed by his love for his deceased wife, his longing for his son Prasanna who left him, and his commitment to help her, she expresses a desire to marry him, despite the fact that he is old enough to be her father.

Both Bhairavi and Mahendran reject Prasanna and Ranjani's proposals, citing their age difference and other situations, but with perseverance, Prasanna and Ranjani are able to convince them that their respective marriages could work. Bhairavi is forced to accept Prasanna's proposal when he ends his revolutionary activities and takes up music for her sake, becoming a [[mridangam]] player. Prasanna is happy that Bhairavi has accepted his proposal, but Pandiyan, her ex-lover and Ranjani's father, turns up to meet her and to apologise. Prasanna does not allow this and, as Pandiyan is dying from [[Tumors of the hematopoietic and lymphoid tissues|blood cancer]], takes him away for treatment at his place. He tells Pandiyan of his plan to marry Bhairavi and seeks his co-operation. Pandiyan agrees not to meet her.

Mahendran, seeing an advertisement placed by Bhairavi about her missing daughter, comes to meet Bhairavi at her house and sees Prasanna's photograph there. He realises they are in love. Mahendran advertises for his missing son. Bhairavi sees the advertisement so she tells Prasanna to get his father's consent before marrying her. They both meet Mahendran, who introduces Ranjani as Prasanna's future mother since she is his future wife. A riddle is explained: Prasanna's wife will be the mother of his father's wife, meaning Ranjani will be the mother-in-law of her own mother and Mahendran will be the son-in-law of his own son. Mahendran asks Prasanna how this riddle is going to be cleared in their case.

During Bhairavi's next katcheri, where Prasanna is a mridangam player, she sings "Kelviyin Nayagane, Indha Kelvikku Badhil Edhayya?" (Oh hero of the question, what is the answer to this question?). Ranjani changes her mind and joins her mother by singing at the concert. Observing this, Prasanna also changes his mind and joins his father. When all these issues are cleared, Pandiyan sends a note to Bhairavi in the middle of the katcheri. Bhairavi searches for him after it ends and finds him dead with a note in his hand, wishing her well with Prasanna. She erases the [[kumkuma]] from her forehead to declare herself a widow and leaves with Ranjani, while Prasanna joins Mahendran.

== Cast ==

* [[Kamal Haasan]] as Prasanna{{sfn|Ramachandran|2014|page=35}}
* [[Major Sundarrajan|Sundarrajan]] as Mahendran{{sfn|Ramachandran|2014|page=35}}
* [[Srividya]] as M. R. Bhairavi<ref name="ApoorvaRaagangal FC" />
* [[Jayasudha]] as Ranjani<ref name="ApoorvaRaagangal FC" />
* [[Nagesh]] as Suri / Hari{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=267}}
* [[Rajinikanth]] as Pandiyan{{sfn|Ramachandran|2014|page=36}}
* [[Thideer Kannaiah]] as Mahendran's friend<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 November 2013 |title=நடிகர் திடீர் கண்ணையா மரணம் |trans-title=Actor Thideer Kannaiah's sudden death |url=https://www.thinaboomi.com/news/2014/05/25/26627.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250202070045/https://www.thinaboomi.com/news/2014/05/25/26627.html |archive-date=2 February 2025 |access-date=2 February 2025 |website=[[Thinaboomi]] |language=ta}}</ref>

[[Kannadasan]], [[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]] and members of the Madras-based United Amateur Artistes make "friendly appearances".{{sfn|Ramachandran|2014|page=35}}

== Production ==
=== Development ===
The Indian folktale collection ''[[Vetala Panchavimshati]]'' features many stories where the ghost-like being [[Vetala]] poses many riddles to [[Vikramaditya]]. In the final riddle, a king marries a woman and his son marries her mother; Vetala asks, "If these couples were to beget children, what would be their kinship relations?" and Vikramaditya keeps quiet since it does not have an answer. This riddle inspired [[K. Balachander]] to write the script of ''Apoorva Raagangal'', which he would also direct.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 March 2017 |title="''அபூர்வ ராகங்கள்''" படத்தில் ரஜினிகாந்த் அறிமுகம் |trans-title=Rajinikanth was introduced in ''Apoorva Raagangal'' |url=https://cinema.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinehistory/2017/03/06214932/1072207/cinima-history-rajinikanth.vpf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191224110402/https://cinema.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinehistory/2017/03/06214932/1072207/cinima-history-rajinikanth.vpf |archive-date=24 December 2019 |access-date=24 December 2019 |work=[[Maalai Malar]] |language=ta}}</ref><ref name="sahapedia" />{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=267}} V. Govindarajan and J. Duraisamy produced the film under their production banner, Kalakendra Films. [[B. S. Lokanath]] was chosen as the cinematographer, N. R. Kittu as the editor, and Ramasamy as the art director.<ref name="Credits" />{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=266}} The film was launched in August 1974 at [[Vauhini Studios]] with [[A. V. Meiyappan]] switching on the camera.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 August 1974 |title=அபூர்வ ராகங்கள் |url=https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_22_2_100/4.jp2/full/8516,/0/default.jpg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20251107011108/https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_22_2_100/4.jp2/full/8516,/0/default.jpg |archive-date=7 November 2025 |access-date=7 November 2025 |work=Navamani |pages=4 |language=ta |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}</ref>

Before the film's release, author N. R. Dasan accused Balachander of plagiarising ''Verum Mann'', a story he had written for the magazine ''Kannadasan''. The matter was taken to the [[Madras High Court]], and Dasan won the case. Although Dasan did not seek money, the judge ordered Balachander to pay him {{INRConvert|1000||lk=|year=1975}} as a fine.<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 November 2016 |title=பிளாஷ்பேக்: ''அபூர்வ ராகங்கள்'' திருட்டு கதை: நீதிமன்றம் தீர்ப்பு |trans-title=Flashback: ''Apoorva Raagangal'' is a stolen story: the court's verdict |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/53302/cinema/Kollywood/Flashback-:-apoorva-raagangal-is-stolen-story.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170104135942/http://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/53302/cinema/Kollywood/Flashback-:-apoorva-raagangal-is-stolen-story.htm |archive-date=4 January 2017 |access-date=11 December 2018 |work=[[Dinamalar]] |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=சிவராமன் |first=கே. என். |date=18 November 2016 |title=கதை திருட்டில் சிக்கி கோர்ட்டில் அபராதம் கட்டிய கே. பாலச்சந்தர் |trans-title=K. Balachander, who was caught in a plagiarism case and forced to pay fine in court |url=https://issuu.com/kungumam2011/docs/binder1_161cd9df63861c |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220725053950/https://issuu.com/kungumam2011/docs/binder1_161cd9df63861c |archive-date=25 July 2022 |access-date=21 March 2020 |magazine=Velli Malar |publisher=[[Dinakaran]] |pages=14–15 |language=ta |via=[[Issuu]]}}</ref>

=== Casting ===

{{quote box
| quote = Sometimes you aim for it. If you aim for it seriously, you succeed. Of course when I introduced him in ''Apoorva Raagangal'', it was only a small role, but people would remember him because he comes in the climax. So I thought, I'll give this particular role to him.
| source = Balachander, on casting Rajinikanth{{sfn|Ramachandran|2014|p=34}}
| align = right
| width = 30%
}}
[[Kamal Haasan]] was cast as the protagonist Prasanna.{{sfn|Ramachandran|2014|page=35}} He spent seven months learning to play the [[mridangam]] required for the role.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=21 August 2014 |title=You can feel the fear in the song |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/you-can-feel-the-fear-in-the-song-kamal-haasan/article6338555.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150418064318/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/you-can-feel-the-fear-in-the-song-kamal-haasan/article6338555.ece |archive-date=18 April 2015 |access-date=18 April 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The film was the debut of Shivaji Rao Gaekwad, who later became one of Tamil cinema's biggest stars, [[Rajinikanth]]. He was a student at the [[M.G.R. Government Film and Television Training Institute|Madras Film Institute]],<ref name="The Other Rajinikanth" /> when Balachander, who came there, met him.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=பாலசந்தர் |first=கே. |author-link=K. Balachander |date=15 January 1995 |title=நினைவலைகள் - 24 |trans-title=Reminiscences - 24 |url=https://archive.org/download/kalki1995-01-15/kalki1995-01-15.pdf |access-date=8 April 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=45–47 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> Balachander was impressed by his appearance: his "fragile" health, "powerful" eyes, "chiselled" face and dark skin and did not view them as negatives. He sought to "give him a good role, and see what can be drawn out of him". The script of ''Apoorva Raagangal'' had been readied, and Balachander wanted Gaekwad to play a "small but interesting part", which he agreed to.{{sfn|Ramachandran|2014|pages=27–28}} The part was that of Bhairavi's ([[Srividya]]) ex-lover Pandiyan.{{sfn|Ramachandran|2014|page=36}}

As Gaekwad, who primarily spoke [[Kannada]] and his native [[Marathi language|Marathi]], was only "tangentially familiar" with Tamil,<ref name="The Other Rajinikanth" /> Balachander advised him to learn the language. Gaekwad practised by speaking only Tamil with his friend Raja Bahaddur, a native Tamil speaker; he mastered the language in 20 days. After meeting Balachander again, and impressing him with his Tamil, he was given the part.{{sfn|Ramachandran|2014|pp=27–28}} When it came to giving Gaekwad a screen name, Balachander chose Rajinikanth, the name of [[A. V. M. Rajan]]'s character from his 1966 film ''[[Major Chandrakanth (1966 film)|Major Chandrakanth]]''; the name means "colour of night", referring to Gaekwad's skin colour,{{sfn|Ramachandran|2014|pp=33–34}} though it was misspelled in the credits as "Rajanikanth".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shivakumar |first=Vivek |date=11 December 2018 |title=A Superstar Career Through Titles |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/a-superstar-career-through-titles-rajinikanth-aboorva-raagangal-to-2-0/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714155517/https://www.filmcompanion.in/a-superstar-career-through-titles-rajinikanth-aboorva-raagangal-to-2-0/ |archive-date=14 July 2019 |access-date=24 December 2019 |website=[[Film Companion]]}}</ref> The name Shivaji could not be chosen to avoid confusion with the actor [[Sivaji Ganesan|Sivaji Ganesan]].<ref>{{Cite news |author=അയ്യൂബ് |first=ആദം |date=23 February 2024 |title=ശിവാജി, രജനീകാന്ത് ആയിമാറിയപ്പോള്‍; അപൂര്‍വ രാഗങ്ങളുടെ അനാവരണം |trans-title=When Sivaji became Rajinikanth; Unveiling of ''Apoorva Raagangal'' |url=https://www.mediaoneonline.com/mediaone-shelf/column/wide-angle-part-26-246354 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250914013630/https://www.mediaoneonline.com/mediaone-shelf/column/wide-angle-part-26-246354 |archive-date=14 September 2025 |access-date=15 September 2025 |work=[[MediaOne TV|MediaOne]] |publisher= |language=ml}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
Unlike many contemporaneous Tamil films, ''Apoorva Raagangal'' was shot entirely in actual houses for interiors without building sets, as Balachander wanted a more authentic narration to be conveyed. With Lokanath's help, he found houses which belonged to [[A. V. Meiyappan]]'s family members,<ref name="Kamath" /> one of which was Meiyappan's house, Chettiar Bungalow.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Ramanujam |first1=Srinivasa |last2=Menon |first2=Vishal |date=4 June 2018 |title=A cinema geek? AVM's Chettiar Bungalow is open for your special day |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/chettiar-bungalow-at-chennai-avm-studios-is-now-open-for-public/article24077063.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200405171054/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/chettiar-bungalow-at-chennai-avm-studios-is-now-open-for-public/article24077063.ece |archive-date=5 April 2020 |access-date=5 April 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> For Prasanna's look, Haasan kept his moustache thin and hair long, and had him sporting [[bell-bottoms]] and [[polo shirt]]s.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Raj |first=Maya |date=July 2010 |title=Style Sutra: Kamal Haasan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XDiv2uFwbIwC&q=apoorva+raagangal&pg=PA51 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220722072520/https://books.google.com/books?id=XDiv2uFwbIwC&q=apoorva+raagangal&pg=PA51 |archive-date=22 July 2022 |access-date=14 October 2020 |magazine=[[South Scope]] |pages=50–53}}</ref> According to historian [[G. Dhananjayan]], the song "Athisaya Raagam" was filmed at the cashew farms of [[Golden Beach, Chennai|VGP Golden Beach]];{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=267}} however, Roshne Balasubramanian of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' says it was filmed at the [[Theosophical Society Adyar]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Balasubramanian |first=Roshne |date=25 August 2017 |title=KB's nalla Madras in monochrome |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2017/aug/25/kbs-nalla-madras-in-monochrome-1648262.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191223091314/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2017/aug/25/kbs-nalla-madras-in-monochrome-1648262.html |archive-date=23 December 2019 |access-date=23 December 2019 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> The camera was moved manually by the cameraperson at this time, without the use of a [[Camera dolly|dolly]].{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=267}} In a 2000 interview with [[Rediff.com|Rediff]], [[Jayasudha]], who portrayed Bhairavi's daughter Ranjani, recalled that it was hard portraying a girl in love with the much older Mahendran ([[Major Sundarrajan|Sundarrajan]]): "Balachander Sir was a very tough taskmaster. He would not be satisfied unless he got 100 per cent from you. He used to reprimand me and shout at me if I messed up." She also had to wear a [[sari]] and needed help since she had never worn one before.<ref name="Kamath" />

The scene where Pandiyan opens the gate of Bhairavi's house was filmed at a house in 1st Crescent Park Road, [[Gandhi Nagar, Chennai|Gandhi Nagar]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Paul |first=Bharati |date=16–31 July 2013 |title=Down memory lane |url=http://madrasmusings.com/Vol%2023%20No%207/down-memory-lane.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20191225081232/http://madrasmusings.com/Vol%2023%20No%207/down-memory-lane.html |archive-date=25 December 2019 |access-date=25 December 2019 |website=[[Madras Musings]]}}</ref> The scene was shot on 27 March 1975, the same day that Balachander gave Rajinikanth his name; it was approved after only five or six takes.{{Sfn|Ramachandran|2014|pp=34–35}} For the character's looks, Rajinikanth sported stubble and wore a loose-fitting suit{{Sfn|Ramachandran|2014|p=34}} consisting of a dusty coat, loosely worn tie, untucked shirt and trousers;<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nathan |first=Archana |date=7 March 2018 |title=The colour black has a starring role in Rajinikanth's films, from 'Apoorva Raagangal' to 'Kaala' |url=https://scroll.in/reel/870652/the-colour-black-has-a-starring-role-in-rajinikanths-films-from-apoorva-raagangal-to-kaala |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200320173633/https://scroll.in/reel/870652/the-colour-black-has-a-starring-role-in-rajinikanths-films-from-apoorva-raagangal-to-kaala |archive-date=20 March 2020 |access-date=20 March 2020 |website=[[Scroll.in]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kamath |first=Sudhish |author-link=Sudhish Kamath |date=28 April 2018 |title=Rajnikanth Returns: Will his new movie be India's Black Panther moment? |url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/wdDIN2LKg3v4xXq48MvYcJ/Rajnikanth-Returns-Will-his-new-movie-be-Indias-Black-Pant.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200405171549/https://page-3/Leisure/wdDIN2LKg3v4xXq48MvYcJ/Rajnikanth-Returns-Will-his-new-movie-be-Indias-Black-Pant.html |archive-date=5 April 2020 |access-date=5 April 2020 |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]}}</ref> his make-up was done by [[R. Sundaramoorthy]].<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Nurullah |first1=Abdullah |last2=Mathai |first2=Kamini |date=7 December 2014 |title=What's the secret behind Rajinikanth's youthful looks? |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Whats-the-secret-behind-Rajinikanths-youthful-looks/articleshow/45399737.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413084028/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Whats-the-secret-behind-Rajinikanths-youthful-looks/articleshow/45399737.cms |archive-date=13 April 2015 |access-date=20 December 2014 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> During the initial stages of [[principal photography]], Rajinikanth found Balachander's directing methods very difficult to follow. [[Nagesh]], who portrayed the doctor Suri who lives a [[Alter ego|double life]] as a drunkard named Hari, observed his difficulty and told him, "Don't get tensed up. Just imitate whatever Balachander is doing. That's what I'm doing as well!" After listening to Nagesh's advice, it became easier for Rajinikanth to complete his portions in the film.{{Sfn|Ramachandran|2014|p=35}} For the scene where Suri speaks to his own shadow, it was Nagesh's idea by making the character utter "Cheers" and throw the glass at his own shadow.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=நாகேஷ் |author-link=Nagesh |date=6 June 2004 |title=பாலசந்தரிடம் போட்ட சவால்! |trans-title=The challenge made to Balachander! |url=https://archive.org/download/kalki2004-06-06/kalki2004-06-06.pdf |access-date=8 April 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=49–51 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> The final reel length of the film was {{Convert|3949|metres|feet}}.<ref name="Credits" />

== Themes ==
''Apoorva Raagangal'' explores the concept of [[Age disparity in sexual relationships|relationships between couples with a large disparity in their ages]], which challenged Indian social mores.{{sfn |Ramachandran |2014 |p=35}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Srinivasan |first=G. |date=22 January 2015 |title=Rich tributes paid to Balachander |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/rich-tributes-paid-to-balachander/article6810307.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150502054558/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/rich-tributes-paid-to-balachander/article6810307.ece |archive-date=2 May 2015 |access-date=24 December 2019 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref name="Times" /> Although it is based on a ''Vetala Panchavimshati'' riddle, it has frequently been compared to the American film ''[[40 Carats (film)|40 Carats]]'' (1973), which tells the story of a widow who falls in love with a much younger man.{{Sfn |Ramachandran |2014 |p=38}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sivakumaran |first=K. S. |date=24 August 2011 |title=Hollywood inspires Kollywood |url=http://archives.dailynews.lk/2011/08/24/art04.asp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150327153632/http://archives.dailynews.lk/2011/08/24/art04.asp |archive-date=27 March 2015 |access-date=20 December 2014 |work=[[Daily News (Sri Lanka)|Daily News Sri Lanka]]}}</ref> In ''Apoorva Raagangal'', Ranjani often poses the riddle "Ennudaya appa yaarukku maamanaro, avarudaya marumagalin appa en maganukku maamanar. Appa avarukkum enakkum enna uravu?" (My father is father-in-law to someone; that person's daughter-in-law's father is my son's father-in-law. What is the relationship between him and me?), summing up the film's theme.{{Sfn |Dhananjayan |2011 |p=266}} While the source riddle in ''Vetala Panchavimshati'' does not have an answer,<ref name="sahapedia" /> G. Dhananjayan believes the answer to the film's riddle is, "for a husband, the relation is his wife and for the wife, the relation is her husband".{{Sfn |Dhananjayan |2011 |p=267}}

Because one of the lead characters is a Carnatic singer, the film uses various [[Glossary of Carnatic music|Carnatic music terms]] as placeholders to carry forward the narrative.<ref name="ApoorvaRaagangal FC" /><ref name="thenewsminute" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=ராம்ஜி |first=வி. |date=16 August 2019 |title=40 ஆண்டுகளாக ரஜினியின் 'தர்பார்'! – ரஜினி எனும் அபூர்வ ராகம் |trans-title=40 years of Rajini's 'Darbar'! – A rare raga named Rajini |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/511729-apoorva-raagangal.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191224083338/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/511729-apoorva-raagangal.html |archive-date=24 December 2019 |access-date=24 December 2019 |work=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref> The first is "sarali varisai", referring to the beginner lessons that Carnatic music students learn; "mohanam", meaning enchantment or infatuation, appears when Prasanna falls in love; and the film ends with "mangalam", referring to the closing part of a katcheri.<ref name="ApoorvaRaagangal FC" /> The female lead characters are named after the [[Carnatic raga]]s [[Bhairavi (Carnatic)|Bhairavi]] and [[Ranjani]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Narayan |first=Anantha |date=23 December 2016 |title=Sound of Music |url=http://indulge.newindianexpress.com/sound-of-music-5/section/64575 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180716140514/http://indulge.newindianexpress.com/sound-of-music-5/section/64575 |archive-date=16 July 2018 |access-date=16 July 2018 |work=[[Indulge Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Sundaram |first=Lakshmi |date=12 March 2003 |title=From Sindhu Bhairavi to Sahana |url=https://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/03/12/stories/2003031200080200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712085336/https://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/03/12/stories/2003031200080200.htm |archive-date=12 July 2018 |access-date=12 July 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> V. Ramji of the ''[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]]'' believes the scene where Prasanna beats up a man for not standing still when "[[Jana Gana Mana]]" (the Indian national anthem) is playing, reflects Balachander's penchant for depicting patriotism.<ref>{{Cite news |last=ராம்ஜி |first=வி. |date=10 July 2019 |title=கே.பாலசந்தரின் 'ஃபடாஃபட்' வசனங்கள் |trans-title=K. Balachander's fast-paced dialogues |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/235206-.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200519180108/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/235206-.html |archive-date=19 May 2020 |access-date=19 May 2020 |work=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref> During Pandiyan's first appearance, "Sruthi Bedham" (Change of [[Śruti|Sruthi]]) appears. Historian [[Mohan Raman]] said that by including these words, Balachander "meant that the man who changed the course of the story would also the change the industry".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramesh |first=Deepika |date=20 August 2013 |title=Superstar was born on march 27! |url=http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/130820/entertainment-kollywood/article/superstar-was-born-march-27 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150418111254/http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/130820/entertainment-kollywood/article/superstar-was-born-march-27 |archive-date=18 April 2015 |access-date=20 December 2014 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> Anand Kumar RS, of ''[[The News Minute]]'', however, says the term which also means "pitch distortion", was used to symbolise Pandiyan making "an entry at the wrong time".<ref name="thenewsminute" />

Balachander said Pandiyan's first shot was deliberate and representative of Rajinikanth making his first appearance in cinema.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Naig |first=Udhav |date=22 August 2013 |title=The reign of Rajini |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/the-reign-of-rajini/article5046018.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150418114143/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/the-reign-of-rajini/article5046018.ece |archive-date=18 April 2015 |access-date=20 December 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> According to critic [[Naman Ramachandran]], the character is not entirely villainous despite popular belief since he commits no villainous act on screen. Having deserted Bhairavi after impregnating her [[offscreen]], in the present he voluntarily agrees to stay away from her after realising she is content with Prasanna. Ramachandran said three things that happen soon after Pandiyan's death prove he is not a villain: the music playing in the background is the type usually played when a sympathetic character dies; Bhairavi erases her [[kumkuma]], like any Indian woman would upon becoming a widow; and Pandiyan is found to be holding a note saying his last wish is to see the raga and [[Tala (music)|tala]] meet, referring to the proposed joint performance of Bhairavi the singer and Prasanna the mridangam player.{{Sfn |Ramachandran |2014 |pp=38–39}} Dhananjayan considers the entire story of the film is conveyed through the song "Kelviyin Nayagane".<ref>{{Cite news |last=தனஞ்ஜெயன் |first=கோ. |author-link=G. Dhananjayan |date=11 July 2014 |title=புதுமைகளின் பிதாமகன் |trans-title=The Father of Innovations |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/11275-.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200318105344/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/11275--6.html |archive-date=18 March 2020 |access-date=19 May 2020 |work=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== Music ==
The film's soundtrack was composed by [[M. S. Viswanathan]]; the lyrics were written by [[Kannadasan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Apoorva Raagangal (1975) |url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=T0000584 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140803153340/http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=T0000584 |archive-date=3 August 2014 |access-date=1 August 2014 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref> It was released as an LP on the [[Saregama|His Master's Voice]] label.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Apoorva Raagangal Tamil Film EP Vinyl Record by M S Viswanathan |url=https://mossymart.com/product/apoorva-raagangal-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-m-s-viswanathan-2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225043328/https://mossymart.com/product/apoorva-raagangal-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-m-s-viswanathan-2/ |archive-date=25 December 2023 |access-date=25 December 2023 |website=Mossymart}}</ref> Two songs are [[ragamalika]]s, i.e. compositions having different verses set to different ragas.<ref name="ApoorvaRaagangal FC" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Vamanan |author-link=Vamanan |date=17 July 2015 |title=MSV: The world was his music |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/MSV-The-world-was-his-music/articleshow/48116685.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200318104403/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Chennai-Muslims-march-for-Palestinians/articleshow/48115898.cms |archive-date=18 March 2020 |access-date=26 March 2020 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> "Yezhu Swarangalukkul" is set in Panthuvarali,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mani |first=Charulatha |author-link=Charulatha Mani |date=1 October 2011 |title=Poignant Pantuvarali |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/a-ragas-journey-poignant-pantuvarali/article2500456.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181214164228/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/a-ragas-journey-poignant-pantuvarali/article2500456.ece |archive-date=14 December 2018 |access-date=23 December 2019 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Sundararaman|2007|p=131}} [[Kambhoji]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mani |first=Charulatha |author-link=Charulatha Mani |date=17 August 2012 |title=Devotional Kambhoji |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/devotional-kambhoji/article3784875.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318100246/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/devotional-kambhoji/article3784875.ece |archive-date=18 March 2020 |access-date=18 March 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> [[Sindhu Bhairavi (raga)|Sindhu Bhairavi]] and Ranjani.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajasekaran |first=Ilangovan |title=The legend of music |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/obituary/the-legend-of-music/article7443685.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318100620/https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/obituary/the-legend-of-music/article7443685.ece |archive-date=18 March 2020 |access-date=18 March 2020 |website=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=தாஜ்நூர் |date=27 October 2017 |title=தரணி ஆளும் கணிணி இசை 06: விரல்களின் வழியே வெளிப்படும் கற்பனை |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/102251-06.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318101340/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/102251-06.html |archive-date=18 March 2020 |access-date=18 March 2020 |work=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref> "Athisaya Raagam" begins in Mahati,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mani |first=Charulatha |author-link=Charulatha Mani |date=16 August 2013 |title=Wake up to Valaji |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/wake-up-to-valaji/article5028958.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130822091341/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/wake-up-to-valaji/article5028958.ece |archive-date=22 August 2013 |access-date=20 December 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Sundararaman|2007|p=121}} and shifts to Bhairavi with the line "Oru Puram Paarthaal".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mani |first=Charulatha |author-link=Charulatha Mani |date=6 July 2012 |title=Bewitching Bhairavi |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/bewitching-bhairavi/article3609568.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180520064235/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/bewitching-bhairavi/article3609568.ece |archive-date=20 May 2018 |access-date=20 December 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> "Kelviyin Nayagane" is set in a single raga, [[Darbari Kanada]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mani |first=Charulatha |author-link=Charulatha Mani |date=9 June 2012 |title=Dynamic Durbarikaanada |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/a-ragas-journey-dynamic-durbarikaanada/article3504841.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228150931/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/a-ragas-journey-dynamic-durbarikaanada/article3504841.ece |archive-date=28 February 2018 |access-date=23 December 2019 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Sundararaman|2007|p=138}}

Singer [[M. Balamuralikrishna]] recalled in a 2006 interview, "I ran into [M. S. Viswanathan] in [[All India Radio|AIR]] who was setting music for the movie. As the story revolved around strange relationships, the music director wanted to introduce new ragas to go with the ambient theme. I offered my `Mahati' scale and the records created then are history now."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Govind |first=Ranjani |date=13 October 2006 |title=Master of all musical trades |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/master-of-all-musical-trades/article3231006.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20141224152319/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/master-of-all-musical-trades/article3231006.ece |archive-date=24 December 2014 |access-date=25 December 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> "Yezhu Swarangalukkul" became "the rage everywhere" and was a breakthrough for its singer [[Vani Jairam]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ravi |first=Bhama Devi |title=Forty-year musical journey hits high note |url=http://mobiletoi.timesofindia.com/mobile.aspx?article=yes&pageid=2&sectid=edid=&edlabel=TOICH&mydateHid=07-08-2009&pubname=Times+of+India+-+Chennai&edname=&articleid=Ar00201&publabel=TOI# |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141224150054/http://mobiletoi.timesofindia.com/mobile.aspx?article=yes&pageid=2&sectid=edid=&edlabel=TOICH&mydateHid=07-08-2009&pubname=Times+of+India+-+Chennai&edname=&articleid=Ar00201&publabel=TOI |archive-date=24 December 2014 |access-date=25 December 2014 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>


{{Track listing
| total_length = 20:40
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Athisaya Raagam
| length1 = 4:02
| extra1 = [[K. J. Yesudas]]
| title2 = Kai Kotti Siripaargal
| length2 = 3:05
| extra2 = Siyak Mohammed
| title3 = Kelviyin Nayagane
| length3 = 7:25
| extra3 = [[Vani Jairam]], [[B. S. Sasirekha]]
| title4 = Yezhu Swarangalukkul
| length4 = 6:08
| extra4 = Vani Jairam
}}

== Release ==
''Apoorva Raagangal'' was released on 15 August 1975,<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 August 1998 |title=Rajni returns! |url=https://www.rediff.com/entertai/1998/aug/28ss.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070302034827/https://www.rediff.com/entertai/1998/aug/28ss.htm |archive-date=2 March 2007 |access-date=27 September 2021 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> by Vijaya Films.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 August 1975 |title=அபூர்வ ராகங்கள் |url=https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_22_3_324/4.jp2/full/1000,1451/0/default.jpg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250723092932/https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_22_3_324/4.jp2/full/1000,1451/0/default.jpg |archive-date=23 July 2025 |access-date=23 July 2025 |work=Navamani |pages=4 |language=Ta |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}</ref> When the film was released in Bangalore's Kapali theatre, Rajinikanth and Raja Bahaddur went to watch it. The latter recalled, "Nobody knew that he had acted in a film, We saw the film. When we came out, he started crying. I asked him, "Why are you crying?" He said, "I'm on the screen finally, I'm so happy. These are tears of joy". Despite being released on the same day as ''[[Sholay]]'', which went on to become the highest-grossing Indian film at the time, ''Apoorva Raagangal'' became a box office success, completing a 100-day theatrical run. On its 100th day, Balachander held a ceremony in Madras to reward the cast and crew.{{Sfn|Ramachandran|2014|pp=39–40}} The ceremony was attended by [[M. Karunanidhi]], then the [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=எழில் |date=9 August 2018 |title=கலைஞர் கையால் என்றாவது ஒருநாள் பரிசு வாங்குவேன்: ஏமாற்றத்தைச் சபதமாக மாற்றி சாதித்த ரஜினி! |trans-title=I will receive a gift someday from the hands of Karunanidhi: Rajini |url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2018/aug/09/rajinikanth-2977183.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200318114321/https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2018/aug/09/rajinikanth-2977183.html |archive-date=18 March 2020 |access-date=18 March 2020 |work=[[Dinamani]] |language=ta}}</ref>

=== Critical reception ===

''Apoorva Raagangal'' received critical acclaim.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saraswathi |first=S |date=24 December 2014 |title=K Balachander was well ahead of his time |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/k-balachander-was-well-ahead-of-his-time-south/20141224.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160803175904/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/k-balachander-was-well-ahead-of-his-time-south/20141224.htm |archive-date=3 August 2016 |access-date=24 December 2019 |website=[[Rediff.com]] |language=en}}</ref> On 22 August 1975, ''[[The Hindu]]'' said, "K. Balachander has contributed a unique story, dialogues and superb direction in Kala Kendra's [''Apoorva Raagangal'']. A film with a revolutionary offbeat theme it provides poetic experience". The reviewer praised the performances of the main cast, Nagesh's dual role performance as a doctor and a drunkard, and called Rajinikanth "dignified and impressive". They also appreciated the music and Vani Jairam's singing, and Lokanath's cinematography. The reviewer concluded, "Some of the most memorable scenes in this outstanding film emerge from the clash of personalities between the two odd pairs. The end should satisfy even conservative tastes and carries a subtle message about loving too well but not wisely."{{sfn |The Hindu |2012 |page=67}} On 31 August, M. S. Udhayamurthy, writing for the Tamil magazine ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'', appreciated the film overwhelmingly for its quality, calling it one big musical concert happening before his eyes. He said he got so involved with the characters, to the point of forgetting they were artistes who were enacting their roles and started living with and empathising with them at the end.<ref>{{Cite web |last=உதயமூர்த்தி |first=எம்.எஸ். |date=31 August 1975 |title=சினிமா விமர்சனம்: ''அபூர்வ ராகங்கள்'' |trans-title=Movie Review: ''Apoorva Raagangal'' |url=https://www.vikatan.com/arts/nostalgia/41076--2 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231128040912/https://www.vikatan.com/arts/nostalgia/41076--2 |archive-date=28 November 2023 |access-date=24 December 2019 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref> On the same day, Kanthan of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' praised the film for the screenplay and characters being innovative, along with the cast performances and music.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=காந்தன் |date=31 August 1975 |title=அபூர்வ ராகங்கள் |url=https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1975/aug/31-08-1975/p23.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/ykxk1 |archive-date=22 July 2022 |access-date=22 July 2022 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=23 |language=ta}}</ref> Though some reviewers criticised Rajinikanth's performance and told him to improve, he complemented them over the reviewers praising his performance.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Alagu |date=12 December 2019 |title=Super star's first ever interview! |url=https://www.thenewstuff.in/super-stars-first-ever-interview |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250916183701/https://www.thenewstuff.in/super-stars-first-ever-interview |archive-date=16 September 2025 |access-date=5 June 2020 |website=The New Stuff |language=en}}</ref>

=== Accolades ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Event
!Award
!Recipient
!{{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[23rd National Film Awards]]
|[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil|Best Feature Film in Tamil]]
|[[K. Balachander]]
| rowspan="3" style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Twentythird National Film Festival |publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]] |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm23rdNFAAward.aspx |access-date=23 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140219064158/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm23rdNFAAward.aspx |archive-date=19 February 2014}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news |date=16 July 2015 |title=Memories of a master composer |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/memories-of-a-master-composer/article7426396.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150716083345/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/memories-of-a-master-composer/article7426396.ece |archive-date=16 July 2015 |access-date=11 September 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
|-
|[[National Film Award for Best Cinematography|Best Cinematography]]
|[[B. S. Lokanath]]
|-
|[[National Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]]
|[[Vani Jairam]]
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[23rd Filmfare Awards South]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Tamil|Best Film – Tamil]]
| rowspan="2" |K. Balachander
| rowspan="4" style="text-align: center;" |{{sfn|Ramachandran|2014|p=40}} <ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vmLVAAAAMAAJ&q=srividya |title=The Times of India Directory and Year Book Including Who's who |date=1978 |publisher=Times of India Press |pages=322 |access-date=14 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220722072521/https://books.google.com/books?id=vmLVAAAAMAAJ&q=srividya |archive-date=22 July 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015069813841;view=1up;seq=486 |title=The Times of India Directory and Year Book Including Who's who |publisher=[[The Times Group|Bennett Coleman & Co. Ltd]] |year=1984 |pages=234 |access-date=23 December 2019}}</ref>
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Tamil|Best Director – Tamil]]
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Tamil|Best Actor – Tamil]]
|[[Kamal Haasan]]
|-
|[[Filmfare Special Award – South]]
|[[Srividya]]
|}

== Remakes ==
In 1976, ''Apoorva Raagangal'' was remade by [[Dasari Narayana Rao]] in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''[[Thoorpu Padamara]]''; Srividya and Nagesh reprised their roles.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 October 2021 |title=45 ఏళ్ళ 'తూర్పు - పడమర' |trans-title=45 years of ''Thoorpu - Padamara'' |url=https://ntvtelugu.com/thoorpu-padamara-movie-completes-45-years/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115093334/https://ntvtelugu.com/thoorpu-padamara-movie-completes-45-years/ |archive-date=15 November 2021 |access-date=22 July 2022 |website=[[NTV (India)|NTV]] |language=te}}</ref> In 1984, the film was remade in [[Hindi]] as ''[[Ek Nai Paheli]]'' by Balachander himself, with Haasan reprising his role.{{sfn|Ramachandran|2014|p=40}}

== Legacy ==
''Apoorva Raagangal'' became a landmark in Tamil cinema, and a breakthrough for Srividya and Haasan.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=27 October 2006 |title=Subtle portraits, eloquent eyes |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/subtle-portraits-eloquent-eyes/article3231120.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150418065344/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/subtle-portraits-eloquent-eyes/article3231120.ece |archive-date=18 April 2015 |access-date=20 December 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 November 2014 |title=Kamal Hassan turns 60: From 'Chachi 420' to 'Viswaroopam', the actor has always been a master of disguise |url=https://www.news18.com/photogallery/movies/kamal-hassan-turns-60-from-chachi-420-to-viswaroopam-the-actor-has-always-been-a-master-of-disguise-954920.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170914010241/https://www.news18.com/photogallery/movies/kamal-hassan-turns-60-from-chachi-420-to-viswaroopam-the-actor-has-always-been-a-master-of-disguise-954920.html |archive-date=14 September 2017 |access-date=3 December 2019 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Saraswathi |first=S |date=7 November 2014 |title=Birthday Special: Kamal Haasan's 60 years of excellence |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/birthday-special-kamal-haasans-five-decades-of-excellence/20141107.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205120614/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/birthday-special-kamal-haasans-five-decades-of-excellence/20141107.htm |archive-date=5 February 2017 |access-date=19 April 2015 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote that it was "innovative for the way it brought out the [[O. Henry|O Henry]] sort of twist in the plot. [...] It was experimental in bringing out complexities involved in relationships and how certain relationships, no matter what, do not leave you and emerge abruptly to create new equations."<ref name="Times" /> Chitra Mahesh of ''The Hindu'' wrote that it "was bold and unapologetic about love transcending age, caste and all barriers one can think of".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mahesh |first=Chitra |date=19 September 2003 |title=Joggers' Park |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/09/19/stories/2003091901160201.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226041606/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/09/19/stories/2003091901160201.htm |archive-date=26 February 2008 |access-date=20 December 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> In 2011, after Balachander had been given the [[Dadasaheb Phalke Award]], Pavithra Srinivasan of Rediff called the film one of his best and wrote, "Many filmmakers of that time would have hesitated to touch a subject like this, particularly at a time when relationships were still being gingerly tested on celluloid. But not K Balachander."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Pavithra |date=2 May 2011 |title=The Very Best of K Balachander |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-ten-pathbreaking-films-by-k-balachander/20110502.htm#3 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141229043352/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-ten-pathbreaking-films-by-k-balachander/20110502.htm |archive-date=29 December 2014 |access-date=20 December 2014 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> The scene where a drunk Suri talks to his own shadow and hurls the empty glass at it while saying "Cheers" led to filmgoers imitating him and throwing cups on the lobby walls in theatres.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 February 2009 |title=நகைச்சுவை நாயகன் நாகேஷ் : சிறப்பு கட்டுரை |trans-title=Comedy hero Nagesh: Special report |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/cinema-news/124/special-report/Comedy-actor-nagesh-:-special-report.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200321041943/https://cinema.dinamalar.com/cinema-news/124/special-report/Comedy-actor-nagesh-:-special-report.htm |archive-date=21 March 2020 |access-date=21 March 2020 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=நாகேஷ் |author-link=Nagesh |date=13 June 2004 |title=எதிரில் வந்து நின்ற யானை! |trans-title=The elephant that came and stood in front of me! |url=https://archive.org/download/kalki2004-06-13/kalki2004-06-13.pdf |access-date=8 April 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=49–51 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

In 2003, Rediff wrote, "In an era where every other moviemaker claims to have come up with a daring, original, premise, this 28-year-old film is worth remembering. A trademark K Balachander film, this was the first to showcase Kamal's histrionic abilities."<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 November 2003 |title=Kamal's best! |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/nov/07kamal1.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214151418/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/nov/07kamal1.htm |archive-date=14 December 2013 |access-date=20 December 2014 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> In 2015, [[Tamil Canadians|Tamil Canadian]] journalist D. B. S. Jeyaraj wrote, "Though Nagesh has acted in many different roles in Balachander films, one sequence that is perhaps best remembered is the drunkard-doctor of [''Apoorva Raagangal'']."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jeyaraj |first=D. B. S. |date=23 December 2015 |title="Nagaichuvai Mannan" Nagesh: Monarch of Humorous Actors in Tamil Movies |url=https://dbsjeyaraj.com/dbsj/archives/44523 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190509230423/http://dbsjeyaraj.com/dbsj/archives/44523 |archive-date=9 May 2019 |access-date=13 March 2020 |website=DBSJeyaraj.com}}</ref> Director [[Mani Ratnam]] credited Balachander, with [[Mahendran (filmmaker)|Mahendran]] and [[C. V. Sridhar]], for "weaning the audience away from theatricality", citing a scene in ''Apoorva Raagangal'' as an example: "The shadow of the woman upstairs drying her hair falls across the path of the rebellious young man sneaking out of the house. It is enough to stop him. This scene could have been dramatic, with lot of dialogue. Instead you get a silent visual."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramnarayan |first=Gowri |date=12 April 2002 |title=Cannes is not my goal |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/04/12/stories/2002041201050100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527160052/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/04/12/stories/2002041201050100.htm |archive-date=27 May 2010 |access-date=20 December 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The film was [[Novelization|novelised]] in 2008 by Vikatan Prasuram.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Apoorva Raagangal (Tamil) Paperback – 2008 |id={{ASIN|8184760477|country=in}}}}</ref>

''Apoorva Raagangal'' has been referenced in other Rajinikanth films. In ''[[Athisaya Piravi]]'' (1990), [[Yama]] ([[Vinu Chakravarthy]]) has to restore Kaalai (Rajinikanth) to life by putting him in the body of a lookalike. He shows him numerous alternatives, one of which is Pandiyan from ''Apoorva Raagangal''; Kaalai refuses after learning that Pandiyan is going to die of blood cancer.{{sfn|Ramachandran|2014|pp=129–130}} In ''[[Petta (film)|Petta]]'' (2019), Kaali (Rajinikanth) opens the gates to a house in a scene that director [[Karthik Subbaraj]] confirmed was inspired by Pandiyan's first scene in ''Apoorva Raagangal''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Raman |first=Sruthi Ganapathy |date=7 January 2019 |title='A fan event': Karthik Subbaraj on directing Rajinikanth in 'Petta' |url=https://scroll.in/reel/908345/a-fan-event-karthik-subbaraj-on-directing-rajinikanth-in-petta |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200321045550/https://scroll.in/reel/908345/a-fan-event-karthik-subbaraj-on-directing-rajinikanth-in-petta |archive-date=21 March 2020 |access-date=21 March 2020 |website=[[Scroll.in]]}}</ref>

== References ==
<references>
<ref name="ApoorvaRaagangal FC">{{Cite web |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=20 April 2018 |title=Why You Need To Watch K Balachander's Apoorva Raagangal |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/why-you-need-to-watch-k-balachanders-apoorva-raagangal-starring-rajinikanth-kamal-haasan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191011165305/https://www.filmcompanion.in/why-you-need-to-watch-k-balachanders-apoorva-raagangal-starring-rajinikanth-kamal-haasan/ |archive-date=11 October 2019 |access-date=3 December 2019 |website=[[Film Companion]]}}</ref>
<ref name="sahapedia">{{Cite web |last=Muthukumaraswamy |first=M.D. |date=14 November 2018 |title=Vikram and Vetal: How Many Know of the Stories within a Story? |url=https://www.sahapedia.org/vikram-and-vetal-how-many-know-of-the-stories-within-story |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191223103301/https://www.sahapedia.org/vikram-and-vetal-how-many-know-of-the-stories-within-story |archive-date=23 December 2019 |access-date=23 December 2019 |website=Sahapedia}}</ref>
<ref name="Credits">{{Cite AV media |title=Apoorva Raagangal |type=motion picture |language=ta |publisher=Kalakendra Movies |year=1975 |time=00:00:00 to 00:06:55 |time-caption=From}}</ref>
<ref name="The Other Rajinikanth">{{Cite news |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |author-link=Naman Ramachandran |date=5 January 2014 |title=The Other Rajinikanth |url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/sunday-edition/agenda/150th-anniversary-issue/the-other-rajinikanth.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150418113701/http://www.dailypioneer.com/sunday-edition/agenda/150th-anniversary-issue/the-other-rajinikanth.html |archive-date=18 April 2015 |access-date=20 December 2014 |work=[[The Pioneer (India)|The Pioneer]] |ref=none}}</ref>
<ref name="Kamath">{{Cite news |last=Kamath |first=Sudhish |author-link=Sudhish Kamath |date=14 September 2011 |title=Cinema and the city |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-and-the-city/article2452979.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150418070332/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-and-the-city/article2452979.ece |archive-date=18 April 2015 |access-date=20 December 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
<ref name="Times">{{Cite web |title=Experiments in Tamil cinema |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/experiments-in-tamil-cinema/photostory/29651841.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150509033249/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/Experiments-in-Tamil-cinema/photostory/29651841.cms |archive-date=9 May 2015 |access-date=20 December 2014 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
<ref name="thenewsminute">{{Cite web |last=Anand Kumar |first=RS |date=9 July 2018 |title=Bringing Carnatic music to mainstream Tamil cinema, the K Balachander way |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/bringing-carnatic-music-mainstream-tamil-cinema-k-balachander-way-84430 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191223103300/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/bringing-carnatic-music-mainstream-tamil-cinema-k-balachander-way-84430 |archive-date=23 December 2019 |access-date=23 December 2019 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref>
</references>

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Dhananjayan |first=G. |author-link=G. Dhananjayan |title=The Best of Tamil Cinema, 1931 to 2010: 1931–1976 |publisher=Galatta Media |year=2011 |oclc=733724281}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |author-link1=Ashish Rajadhyaksha |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |author-link2=Paul Willemen |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] and [[Oxford University Press]] |year=1998 |isbn=0-19-563579-5 |orig-date=1994}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |author-link=Naman Ramachandran |title=Rajinikanth: The Definitive Biography |title-link=Rajinikanth: The Definitive Biography |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-14-342111-5 |location=New Delhi |orig-date=2012}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YyFMAgAAQBAJ |title=Rajinikanth 12.12.12: A Birthday Special |publisher=[[The Hindu|Kasturi & Sons Ltd]] |year=2012 |ref={{sfnref|The Hindu|2012}}}}
* {{Cite book |last=Sundararaman |title=Raga Chintamani: A Guide to Carnatic Ragas Through Tamil Film Music |publisher=Pichhamal Chintamani |year=2007 |edition=2nd |oclc=295034757 |orig-date=2005}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{K. Balachander}}
{{Filmfare Award for Best Film – Tamil}}
{{NationalFilmAwardBestFeatureFilmTamil}}

[[Category:1975 controversies]]
[[Category:1975 films]]
[[Category:1975 Indian films]]
[[Category:1975 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:1975 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Best Tamil Feature Film National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Films about music and musicians]]
[[Category:Films based on Indian short stories]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. Balachander]]
[[Category:Films involved in plagiarism controversies]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. S. Viswanathan]]
[[Category:Films subject to a lawsuit]]
[[Category:Films whose cinematographer won the Best Cinematography National Film Award]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by K. Balachander]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian intellectual property law]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Panchatantra]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Unofficial film adaptations]]

Pothigai Express

2026-04-08T09:30:06Z

Caliber:

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox rail service
| box_width = 30em
| color = 00ced1
| name = Pothigai Express
| image = POTHIGAI SUPERFAST EXPRESS.jpg
| image_width = 300px
| caption = Pothigai Express is at Sengottai Railway Station
| type = [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast]]
| status = Active
| trainnumber = * 12661 (Down)
* 12662 (Up)
| locale = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| first = {{start date and age|2004|09|20}}
| last =
| operator = [[Southern Railway zone]]
| ridership = [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast]]
| website = www.indianrailways.gov.in
| start = [[Chennai Egmore]] '''(MS)'''
| end = {{rws|Sengottai}} '''(SCT)'''
| distance = {{convert|667|km|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 11hrs 35min
| frequency = Daily
| class = * 2 2nd A/C II Tire (A)
* 6 3rd A/C III Tire (B)
* 8 Sleeper (SL)
* 3 Unreserved (UR)
* 2 EOG
| seating = [[Corridor coach]] (UR/GS only)
| sleeping = [[Couchette car]]
| access = {{Access icon|20px}}
| autorack = No
| catering = e-Catering
* 12662 (Sengottai ➡ Madurai Junction)
* 12661 (Chennai Egmore ➡ Chengalpattu Junction)
| observation = Large Windows
| entertainment =
| baggage =
| otherfacilities = CCTV Cameras in all Coaches
| stock = * MS-SCT [[WAP-7]] from [[Electric Loco Shed, Royapuram]], [[Erode]] and [[Lalaguda]]
* MS-SCT [[WAP-4]] from [[Electric Loco Shed, Arakkonam]] & [[Erode]] earlier first run was [[WDP-3A]] then Golden Rock-based [[WDG-3A]]
| gauge = {{Track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[Broad Gauge]]
| el = [[25kV AC]], [[Utility frequency|50 Hz]] (High Voltage Traction)
| speed = {{cvt|67|km/h}}
| trainlength = 22 coaches
| owners = [[Indian Railways]]
| routenumber = 21/21A
| maintenance = {{rws|Tirunelveli Junction}}
| sharing = [[Nellai Express]] (12631/12632)
| map = [[File:Pothigai Express (MS - SCT) Route map.jpg|300px]]
| map_state =
}}

The '''Pothigai Express''' is an overnight Superfast [[train]] service operated between [[Chennai Egmore]] and [[Sengottai]].

From November first, 2023 it has since operated as an electric locomotive. ROYAPURAM WAP7 30357 is the first electric locomotive to pull Pothigai express up to Sengottai after transitioning to an electric model.

== Route ==
The service traverses via [[Villupuram]], [[Trichy]], [[Madurai]], [[Virudhunagar]], [[Sivakasi]], [[Rajapalayam]] and [[Sankarankovil]] on the [[Southern Railway (India)|Southern Railway]] zone of the [[Indian Railways]].<ref name="southrail">{{cite web|url=http://www.southernrailway.gov.in/press/index.php?id=476&evnt=DETAILS |title=EXTENDED TO SENGOTTAI |year=2008 |work=Southern Railway press release No.186 |accessdate=2009-04-04 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080211041532/http://www.southernrailway.gov.in/press/index.php?id=476&evnt=DETAILS |archivedate=11 February 2008 }}</ref><ref name="hindu1">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/05/06/stories/2007050610760300.htm|title=Pothigai Express to run 6 days a week|last=Staff reporter|date=6 May 2007|work=[[The Hindu]] online edition|accessdate=2009-04-04}}</ref><ref name="hindu2">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/02/06/stories/2008020659060800.htm|title=Pothigai Express extended to Senkottai |last=Special correspondent|date=6 February 2008
|work=The Hindu online edition|accessdate=2009-04-04}}</ref>

==Coach composition==
the trains consists of 22 [[LHB coach]]es below :

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#12ad2b;"| Loco
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#804a00;"| 1
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#ffba01;"| 2
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#ff00ff;"| 3
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#ff00ff;"| 4
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#ff00ff;"| 5
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#ff00ff;"| 6
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#ff00ff;"| 7
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#ff00ff;"| 8
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#ff00ff;"| 9
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#ff00ff;"| 10
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#00bfff;"| 11
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#00bfff;"| 12
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#00bfff;"| 13
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#00bfff;"| 14
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#00bfff;"| 15
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#00bfff;"| 16
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#00bfff;"| 17

!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#0909ff;"| 18
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#ff007f;"| 19
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#ffba01;"| 20
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#ffba01;"| 21
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:#804a00;"| 22

|-
|[[File:BSicon LDER.svg|24px]] ||EOG||UR||S8||S7||S6||S5||S4||S3||S2||S1||B6||B5||B4||B3||B2||B1||A2||A1||HA1||UR||UR||EOG
|}

==See also==
*[[Vaigai Express]]
*[[Pandian Express]]
*[[Chennai Egmore–Kanniyakumari Express]]
*[[Sethu Express]]
*[[Pearl City Express]]
*[[Rockfort Express]]
*[[Pallavan Express]]
*[[Nellai Express]]
*[[Chendur Express]]
*[[Cholan Express]]
*[[Uzhavan Express]]
*[[sethu Express]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}

{{Railways in Southern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pothigai Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Chennai]]
[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2004]]

{{India-express-train-stub}}

Pratapgarh district, Rajasthan

2026-04-06T12:21:24Z

Caliber: made some place w/ infobox

{{About|the district|its eponymous headquarters|Pratapgarh, Rajasthan}}
{{more citations needed|date=October 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Pratapgarh district
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Rajasthan|District]] of [[Rajasthan]]
| total_type = Total
| native_name =
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
|size = 250
|photo1a = Jakham River in Sita Mata WL Sanctuary in Pratapgarh.jpg
|photo2a = Landscape at Gautameshwara in Arnod.jpg
}}
| image_caption = Top: Jakham River in [[Sita Mata Wildlife Sanctuary]] Bottom: Landscape near [[Arnod]]
| image_map = Pratapgarh in Rajasthan (India).svg
| map_caption = Location of Pratapgarh district in Rajasthan
| coordinates = {{coord|24|01|48|N|74|46|48|E|region:IN-RJ_type:landmark_source:dewiki|display=ti}}
| coor_pinpoint = Pratapgarh, Rajasthan
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_type2 = Division
| subdivision_name2 = Banswara
| established_title = Established
| established_date =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Pratapgarh, Rajasthan|Pratapgarh]]
| parts_type = [[Tehsils of India|Tehsils]]
| parts_style = para
| p1 =
| area_total_km2 = 4117.36
| area_footnotes =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 867,848
| population_footnotes =
| population_urban = 71,728
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Demographics
| demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| demographics1_info1 = 47.12 (in 2011)
| demographics1_title2 = Sex ratio
| demographics1_info2 =
| leader_title = [[District magistrate|District Collector & Magistrate]]
| leader_name = Dr. Anjali Rajoria, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]<ref name="pratapgarh.rajasthan.gov.in">{{cite web |title= Administration : Pratapgarh District |url=https://pratapgarh.rajasthan.gov.in/pages/sm/contact-directory/12997/47/30261 |date=24 June 2024}}</ref>
| leader_title1 = [[Superintendent of police (India)|Superintendent of Police]]
| leader_name1 = Laxman Das, [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]<ref name="pratapgarh.rajasthan.gov.in">{{cite web |title= Administration : Pratapgarh District |url=https://pratapgarh.rajasthan.gov.in/pages/sm/contact-directory/12997/47/30261 |date=24 June 2024}}</ref>
| leader_title2 =
| leader_name2 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| registration_plate =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Roads in India|Major highways]]
| blank_info_sec1 = NH 113
| blank_name_sec2 =
| blank_info_sec2 =
| website = {{URL|pratapgarh.rajasthan.gov.in|Pratapgarh District}}
}}
'''Pratapgarh district''' is the 33rd district of Rajasthan, created on 26 January 2008.<ref>Notification of the Government of Rajasthan No.Rev-Gp–1 F 9 (17) raj-1/07/3 25 January 2008</ref> It is a part of [[Udaipur Division]] and has been carved out from the erstwhile tehsils of [[Chittorgarh district|Chittorgarh]], [[Udaipur district|Udaipur]] and [[Banswara district|Banswara]] districts. [[Pratapgarh, Rajasthan|Pratapgarh]] town (Pin Code 312605, STD Code 01478) is the administrative headquarters of the district.

==History==

The rulers of 'Partabgadh-Raj' were descendants of [[Sisodia clan]] of [[Mewar]] Rajputs.<ref>Gauri Shankar Hirachand Ojha : History of Rajputana series. "Pratapgarh Rajya ka Itihasa" (History: Kingdom of Pratapgarh) Publishers: 'Rajasthani Granthaghar', Jodhpur 2000. {{ISBN|81-87720-02-6}}</ref>

[[Vasundhara Raje]], the then [[Chief Minister of Rajasthan]], announced Pratapgarh to be an independent district in 2008.

[[File:Map of Pratapgarh.jpg|left|thumb|District Map of Pratapgarh, Rajasthan, India]]

Well known for pure gold and glass-inlay handmade unique jewellery called "[[Thewa]]", Pratapgarh, as the 33rd district of Rajasthan, came into existence on 26 January 2008, comprising five Tehsils/ sub-divisions, Pratapgarh, Chhotee Sadri, [[Dhariawad|Dhariyawad]], [[Arnod]] and [[Peepal Khoont]].

The district is dotted with ''good number of ancient and historical sites'', but in want of a detailed study either by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] or by the Department of Archaeology and Museums, [[Government of Rajasthan]], there are no '[[protected monument]]s' as such. A few important still unexplored archaeological and historical sites include ''Avleshwara'', Ghotaavarshika (''Ghotarsi''), ''Sidheriya'', Gandharvpur (''Gandher'') ''Jaanagarh'', ''Veerpur'' and many others. Sita Mata sanctuary houses [[pre-historic]] rock engravings.

Ghotarasi village is located around 10 km from the town, which has an Old Suryanarayan temple, Gotameswara is an ancient lord Shiva temple situated 18 km from Pratapgarh near Arnod town. It is believed that this temple has a secret tunnel made by ''Pandvas'' during their 'agyatwaas' period, which connects this place to [[Ujjain]] city.

===Creation===

People of Pratapgarh were demanding to make it an independent [[district]] separate from [[Chittorgarh district]], of which it was a part. The [[Government of Rajasthan]] declared on 6 July 2006 its intention to create Pratapgarh as a separate district. The process of officially declaring Pratapgarh as a new district took some time. Chief Minister [[Vasundhara Raje]] declared Praratapgarh as 33rd district of Rajasthan on 8 March 2007 in [[legislative assembly]]'s budget session. Pratapgarh, Arnod and Chhoti Sadri tehsils from [[Chittorgarh district]], Peepal Khoont from [[Banswara|Banswada]] district and [[Dhariawad|Dhariyawad]] from Udaipur district were unified together to form this new district.

[[File:Flag of Partabgarh.svg|thumb|left|Princely flag of the state of 'Partabgarh']]

==Geography==

;Location

Pratapgarh is located at 24.03° N 74.78° E with an average elevation of 580 meters (1610 feet above mean sea level). It is said to be the second highest place (?) in Rajasthan after [[Mount Abu]]. Situated on the junction of the [[Aravali]] mountain ranges and the [[Malwa Plateau]] its unique location prominently carries the geological characteristics of these both.

;Area

The geographical area of Pratapgarh is 4,11,736 hectares, out of which forest area is 1,20,976 hectares (2009-'10).<ref>{{cite web|title=Pratapgarh's official website|url=http://pratapgarh.rajasthan.gov.in/content/raj/pratapgarh/en/gis.html}}</ref>
;Climate, Soil, Topography and Minerals
The average annual rainfall is 856 mm. The [[soil]] is mainly highly fertile [[Black Cotton Soils|Black Cotton Soil]] made of [[magma]] of [[volcano]]s. The major rivers of the district are [[Jakham River|''Jakham'']], ''Mahi'', and ''Siwana'' or ''shiv''. Other seasonal rivers are ''Som'', ''Era'', and ''Karmoi''. Out of five, four sub divisions except Chhoti Sadri, are notified [[forest]] blocks, where no major [[Industrial sector|industry]] or [[mining]] activity is allowed under law. However, in non-forest regions of Chhoti Sadri (and part of Pratapgarh and Dhariyawad), small scale [[mining]] activities are in operation extracting mainly [[red ochre]], [[calcite]], [[dolomite (mineral)|dolomite]], [[quartz]], [[feldspar]] and [[soapstone]]. [[Marble]], Building-stone and [[Limestone]] are also available in small quantities.

==Divisions==

Pratapgarh district comprises 5 sub-divisions, [[Arnod]], [[Chhoti Sadri]], [[Dhariawad]], [[Peepal Khoont]] and [[Pratapgarh, Rajasthan|Pratapgarh]].

The number of revenue villages in Arnod Tehsil is 178, in Choti Saari Tehsil the number is 141, Dariyawad Tehsil is 249 whereas Peepal khoont Tehsil has 23 and in Pratapgarh Tehsil there are 330 revenue villages.

The major villages of Pratapgarh district include Dhamottar, Kulmipura, Sidhhpura, Rathanjana, Dhaula Pani, Devgarh, Salamgarh, Parsola, Ghantali, Arnod, Gandher, Asawsata, Kulthana, Avleshwar, Rajora, Kuni, Hathuniya, Pratappura, Mokhampura, Barotha, Basera, Basad, Varmandal, Bajranggarh, Suhagpura, Rampuriya, Chiklad, Gyaspur, Barawarda, Bardia, Thada, Panmodi, Jhansadi, Gautmeshwara, Dalot, Ghantali, Peepalkhoont, Rajpuriya, Bambori and Bagwas & Kherot, Badhi Shakthali.

==District administration==

[[File:Collectorate, Pratapgarh.jpg|right|thumb| Collectorate, Pratapgarh, photo: Hemant Shesh]]

The district is overseen by a [[District Collector]].

===Police infrastructure===

Pratapgarh has 13 [[police station]]s at Pratapgarh (city), Chhotee Sadri, Dhariyawad, Arnod, Peepalkhoont, Dhaula Pani, Dhamottar, Rathanjana, Salamgarh, Suhagpura, Devgarh, Hathuniya, Ghantali and 16 Police-chowkis are under them. One District [[Jail]] is located in Pratapgarh and a sub-jail in Chhoti Sadri, where under trial prisoners are housed.

===Judiciary===

A district and sessions' court was established in Pratapgarh in 1944, followed by one CJM court, one ACJM court the court of Additional Chief Judicial [[Magistrate]], (in Chhoti Sadri) in 1980, Junior Judicial Magistrate's court in 1983, Additional Judicial Magistrate's court in 1989, Scheduled Castes-Scheduled Tribes Special Trial Court in 1992, Special court for [[Narcotics]] Cases in 1994, a District Consumers' Court, two ACJM courts (in Arnod and Dhariyawad) in 2008, a "Rural Court" in 2010. and recently one MACT court and one family court in 2017, Thirteen revenue courts- those of the Revenue Appeallate Authority (1), Collector & DM (1), Additional Collector & ADM (1), SDMs(5) Tehsidars (5) are also working in the district.

==Demographics==
{{historical populations|11=1901|12=93,238|13=1911|14=1,14,348|15=1921|16=1,22,648|17=1931|18=1,40,704|19=1941|20=1,66,527|21=1951|22=1,90,269|23=1961|24=2,43,761|25=1971|26=3,23,990|27=1981|28=4,41,507|29=1991|30=5,53,865|31=2001|32=7,06,807|33=2011|34=8,67,848|percentages=pagr|footnote=source:<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901]</ref>|align=center}}

{{bar box
|title=Religions in Pratapgarh district (2011)<ref name="Religion">{{cite web |title=Table C-01 Population By Religion - Rajasthan|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11390/download/14503/DDW08C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=census.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|95.33}}
{{bar percent|[[Rajasthani Muslims|Islam]]|green|2.95}}
{{bar percent|[[Jainism in Rajasthan|Jainism]]|brown|1.62}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.10}}
}}

The [[Population (human biology)|population]] of Pratapgarh in 1881 AD was 79,568; whereas it was 1,10,530 in 1951. According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]] Pratapgarh district (Rajasthan) has a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 867,848,<ref name="districtcensus">{{Cite web |title=District Census Handbook 2011 - Pratapgarh|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1042/download/3182/DH_2011_0833_PART_A_DCHB_PRATAPGARH.pdf|website=[[Census of India]]|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> roughly equal to the nation of [[Qatar]]<ref name="cia">{{cite web | author = US Directorate of Intelligence | title = Country Comparison:Population | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070613004507/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = 13 June 2007 | access-date = 2011-10-01 | quote = Qatar 848,016 July 2011 est.}}</ref> or the US state of [[Delaware]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php|title=2010 Resident Population Data|publisher=U. S. Census Bureau|access-date=2011-09-30| quote =Delaware 897,934}}</ref> This gives it a ranking of 472nd in India (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).<ref name=districtcensus/> The district has a population density of {{convert|211|PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}}.<ref name=districtcensus/> Its [[Family planning in India|population growth rate]] over the decade 2001-2011 was 22.84%.<ref name=districtcensus/> Pratapgarh has a [[sex ratio]] of 982 [[Women in India|females]] for every 1000 males,<ref name=districtcensus/> and a [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 56.3%. 8.27% of the population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 6.96% and 63.42% of the population respectively.<ref name=districtcensus/>

In 2011, Pratapgarh had population of 867,848 of which male and female were 437,744 and 430,104 respectively. In 2001 census, Pratapgarh had a population of 706,807 of which males were 359,021 and remaining 347,786 were females. Pratapgarh District population constituted 1.27 percent of total Rajasthan population. In 2001 census, this figure for Pratapgarh District was at 1.25 percent of Rajasthan population. There was change of 22.78 percent in the population compared to population as per 2001. In the previous census of India 2001, Pratapgarh District recorded increase of 27.09 percent to its population compared to 1991.

The initial provisional data released by census India 2011, shows that density of Pratapgarh district for 2011 is 195 people per km2. In 2001, Pratapgarh district density was at 172 people per km2. Pratapgarh district administers 4,449 square kilometers of areas.

With regards to Sex Ratio in Pratapgarh, it stood at 983 per 1000 male compared to 2001 census figure of 969. The average national sex ratio in India is 940 as per latest reports of Census 2011 Directorate. In 2011 census, child sex ratio is 933 girls per 1000 boys compared to figure of 953 girls per 1000 boys of 2001 census data.

There were total 150,518 children under age of 0–6 against 142,692 of 2001 census. Of total 150,518 male and female were 77,856 and 72,662 respectively. Child Sex Ratio as per census 2011 was 933 compared to 953 of census 2001. In 2011, Children under 0-6 formed 17.34 percent of Pratapgarh District compared to 20.19 percent of 2001. There was net change of -2.85 percent in this compared to previous census of India.

===Languages===
{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages in Pratapgarh district (2011)<ref name="language"/>
|label1 = [[Mewari language|Mewari]] |value1 = 26.10 |color1 = crimson
|label2 = [[Rajasthani languages|Rajasthani]] |value2 = 22.25 |color2 = firebrick
|label3 = [[Wagdi]] |value3 = 21.90 |color3 = darkviolet
|label4 = [[Malvi language|Malvi]] |value4 = 20.71 |color4 = mediumvioletred
|label5 = [[Hindi]] |value5 = 7.98 |color5 = orange
|label6 = Others |value6 = 1.06 |color6 = grey
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, 26.10% of the population spoke [[Mewari language|Mewari]], 22.25% [[Rajasthani languages|Rajasthani]], 21.90% [[Wagdi]], 20.71% [[Malvi language|Malvi]] and 7.98% [[Hindi]] as their first language.<ref name="language">{{Cite web |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10220/download/13332/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-0800.XLSX|title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Rajasthan|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Economy==

Major crops of this region are [[wheat]], [[barley]], [[maize]], [[Macrotyloma geocarpum|groundnuts]], [[soya beans]], [[legume|gram]], [[Mustard plant|mustard]], and some [[pulse]]s.

[[Opium]] ''is also a major crop of Pratapgarh''. There are 6,781 license holder-farmers in the district cultivating opium. The production of opium in 2011 in Pratapgarh district was 15,85,373.410 kg precisely as per statistics of District Opium Officer, Pratapgarh, [[Narcotics]] Bureau, [[Government of India]].

===Irrigation===

The major Irrigation project of the district is the [[Jakham Dam]], located in Anooppura village of Pratapgarh Tehsil, 32 km from [[Dhariawad]] and 35 km from district headquarters. This [[dam]] was built on the Jakham river, which originates from a small [[village]] ''Jakhamia'' in ''chhoti sadree'' [[Administrative subdivision|subdivision]]. The Jakham dam's foundation was laid on 14 May 1968 by [[chief minister]] [[Mohan Lal Sukhadia]], however, the actual construction-work of the dam started in 1969–70. The dam itself was completed in 1986, but took another twelve years for the completion of this [[irrigation]] project in March 2000. Initially the [[Drainage basin|catchment]] of the Jakham Dam was 5,015 MCft for irrigating 52,354 [[hectare]]s of land. Out of its total water retention capacity of 5,015 MC ft, the usable water capacity is 4,671 MC ft. The cost of this project is 106.03 crore. The length of this Dam is 253 meters, out of which [[spillway]] is in 90 m in length. The area around the dam is hilly and rugged but interesting. 13 km from the main dam, Nangaliya pick up ware has been constructed with Left main [[canal]] (39.90 km) and right main canal(34.12 km). Irrigation facility is being provided in 118 villages in [[Dhariawad]] sub-division.

===Agriculture===

Pratapgarh is one of the greenest districts of Rajasthan. Major crops, as indicated above, are [[wheat]], [[maize]], [[soya bean]] and [[opium]].
Agriculture is practiced both in the valleys and on the [[Table (landform)|tableland]] on the hilltops. Common lands account for 40% of the total geographical area, nearly 30% of the common lands fall in the forest land category. The area is a [[Scheduled Areas|Schedule V]] area, predominantly inhabited by the [[tribal communities]].

Average [[landholding]]s are small and canal irrigation facilities are limited only to Dahriyawad and Peepal Khoont tehsils, therefore agriculture is mostly rain-fed. Besides farming, the tribal communities depend upon the forests for their food, fodder and fuel (wood requirements). Many of the members of tribal communities do migrate to nearby towns in [[Gujarat]] and [[Madhya Pradesh]] to find a job as farm-labourers or construction workers.

The production of wheat in 2009–10 was 1,90,585 MT in the district, of Maize it was 1,28,984 MT followed by Soya bean as 1,69,133, Mustered as 8,296 MT. Small quantity of Rice-production (989 MT) was also recorded.

==Public representatives==
{{update inline|date=July 2021}}
In 2009 the number of members of the [[Lok Sabha]] (the Parliament of India) was three. Dr. Ms. [[Girija Vyas]] represented Pratapgarh in the 15th Lok Sabha. In 2014 general elections to the [[Lok Sabha]], [[Chandra Prakash Joshi]] is the current{{when|date=July 2021}} MP of the Chittorgarh Constituency replacing Ms. Girija Vyas.

In the 13th Assembly Members of the [[Legislative Assembly]] were [[Nand Lal Meena (born 1946)|Nand Lal Meena]] ([[Bhartiya Janata Party]]) (Pratapgarh), Udailal Anjna (Chittaurgarh-Chhoti Sadree-Indian National Congress-) Nanalal Ninama (Banswada-Peepal Khoont-Indian National Congress), ), Nagraj Meena Dhariawad (ST)(Indian National Congress), Prakash Chaudhry (Badi Sadri-Pratapgarh-(Indian National Congress)). Out of these five MLAs directly elected from the district are from Dhariyawad and Pratapgarh constituencies.

In '''2013 general elections''' to the Assembly were held electing the following MLAs-

Pratapgarh- Nandlal Meema, BJP
Dhariawad- Gautam Lal Meena, BJP

The elected Zila Parishad (2010) headed by Badri Lal Patidar consists of 17 members, whereas the Pratapgarh [[Municipality]] (Chairman-Kamlesh Doshi) has 25 and Chhoti Sadri (Chairman-Shyam sundar Agarwal) has 20 elected members (2010).

There are 152 [[gram panchayat]]s in Pratapgarh with 1630 elected members in all. Pratapgarh Block has 42 gram panchayats, with 21 members in [[Panchayat Samiti]], 28 gram panchayats in Arnod Block with 15 members in Panchayat Samiti, 24 gram panchayats in Chhoti Sadri with 15 Panchayat Samiti members, 31 gram panchayats in Dhariyawad Block with 17 members in Panchayat Samiti; and 27 gram panchayats in Peepalkhoont Block with 15 members of the Panchayat Samiti.

New elections for class 'A' Krishi Upaj Mandi of Pratapgarh have taken place (August 2011).

==Transport==

Pratapgarh is well connected with major cities in [[Rajasthan]], [[Gujarat]] & [[Madhya Pradesh]] by road. ''Daily [[Bus]] Services'' connect Pratapgarh with [[Chittaurgarh]] (110 km), [[Banswara]] (80 km), [[Udaipur]] (165 km), [[Dungarpur]] (95 km), [[Rajsamand]] (200 km), [[Jodhpur]] (435 km), [[Jaipur]] (421 km) [[Neemach]] (62 km), [[Ratlam]] (85 km), [[Mandsaur]] (32 km) and [[Delhi]] (705 km) and many other cities in Rajasthan. Private Bus operators are also providing regular connectivity to Pratapgarh from nearby places.

The total length of roads in the district is 1879 km, with more than 7,500 registered light and heavy vehicles.

It is the only district without rail-connectivity in Rajasthan state. However, as a result of untiring efforts by ex-district collector [[Hemant Shesh]], the [[Government of Rajasthan]] agreed to pursue vigorously with [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Ministry of Railways]], [[Government of India]] to connect Pratapgarh with [[broad-gauge]] from [[Mandsaur]] (32 km), for which appropriate financial contribution to GOI may also be made by the state, if required. It is therefore, presumed that a new [[railway track]] ultimately shall be laid from Mandsaur to Pratapgarh, as publicly assured and announced by Shri [[Ashok Gahlot]], the chief minister of Rajasthan on 18 May 2011 at Pratapgarh. Shri [[Dinesh Trivedi]], Minister of [[Railways]], introducing the [[Railway Budget]] 2012–2013 on 14 March 2012 has declared to undertake a survey of laying railway track between Mandsaur and Pratapgarh. This new line includes in the GOI list of 111 New Line Surveys to be taken up during 2012–13.<ref>7Shri Dinesh Trivedi, Minister of Railways, introducing the Railway Budget 2012-2013 on 14 March 2012 has declared to undertake a survey of laying railway track between Mandsaur and Pratapgarh.</ref>

An [[airstrip]] was approved by the Government of Rajasthan in April 2011 and being constructed in Varmandal village (13 km from Pratapgarh). Temporary [[helipad]]s are in operation at four places in Pratapgarh, Dhariyawad, Peepalkhoont and Chhoti Sadri.

==Flora and fauna==
*[[Sita Mata Wildlife Sanctuary]]
[[File:Sita Mata Wildlife Sanctuary.jpg|right|thumb|Sita Mata Wildlife Sanctuary : Photo: Hemant Shesh]]

==Academic sources==

*John Mc Meekin, Arms & Flags of the Indian Princely States, 1990.
*The court Fee and Revenue Stamps of the Princely States of India, Adolph Koeppel & Raymon D. Manners, New York 1983.
*'Zila Pratapgarh Nirdeshika', Edited and Published by District Administration, Pratapgarh, 2008

==References==
<references />

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*[http://pratapgarh.rajasthan.gov.in/ Official site]

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Pratapgarh district
|North = [[Chittaurgarh district]] (Western)
|Northeast = [[Neemuch district]], [[Rajasthan]]
|East = [[Mandsaur district]], [[Rajasthan]]
|Southeast = [[Ratlam district]], [[Rajasthan]]
|South =
|Southwest = [[Banswara district]]
|West = [[Dungarpur district]]
|Northwest = [[Udaipur district]]
}}

{{Pratapgarh district (Rajasthan)}}
{{Districts of Rajasthan}}
{{Rajasthan}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pratapgarh District (Rajasthan)}}
[[Category:Pratapgarh district, Rajasthan| ]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 2008]]
[[Category:2007 establishments in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Districts in Udaipur division]]
[[Category:Districts of Rajasthan]]

Debajit Tripura

2026-04-04T15:55:44Z

Caliber: Made New Data!

{{notability|1=Biographies|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Short description|Tripura politician}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Debajit Tripura
| office = Member [[Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council]]
| state = [[Tripura]]
| party = [[The Indigenous Progressive Regional Alliance]]
| constituency1 = Purba Muhuripur Bhuratali constituency
| office1 =
| birth_date =
| citizenship = [[India]]
| parents =
| alma_mater =
| cabinet =
| term_start = 2021
| term_start2 =
}}'''Debajit Tripura''' is an Indian politician and elected member of the [[Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council]] (TTAADC).<ref>{{cite web |title=Royal scion Pradyot-led TIPRA Motha wins Tripura ADC election 2021, BJP-led alliance bites dust |url=https://nenow.in/north-east-news/tripura/royal-scion-pradyot-led-tipra-motha-wins-tripura-adc-election-2021.html |website=Nenow|date=10 April 2021 }}</ref> He was elected from the Purba Muhuripur Bhuratali constituency.<ref>{{cite web |title=TIPRA-INPT alliance sweeps Tripura ADC polls, CPI-M's rule comes to an end |url=https://thenortheasttoday.com/states/tripura/tipra-motha-wins-adc-polls/cid2697178.htm |website=thenortheasttoday.com |language=en-IN |date=10 April 2021}}</ref>

Debajit Tripura is the zonal chairman of [[Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council]] from south zone.<ref>{{cite web |title=Zonal Chairman {{!}} Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council |url=https://ttaadc.gov.in/Zonal-Chairman |website=ttaadc.gov.in}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tripura, Debajit}}
[[Category:Tipra Motha Party politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Tripura-politician-stub}}

Sahibganj subdivision

2026-03-25T03:38:21Z

Caliber: made initial details added tags

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sahibganj subdivision
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Subdivision
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Jharkhand#India
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jharkhand, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25.25|N|87.65|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jharkhand]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Sahibganj district|Sahibganj]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Sahebganj]]
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 1,117.39
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 465851
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]], [[Urdu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| registration_plate =
| website = {{URL|sahibganj.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Sahibganj subdivision''' is an [[Administrative divisions of India|administrative subdivision]] of the [[Sahibganj district]] in the [[Santhal Pargana division]] in the state of [[Jharkhand]], [[India]].

==History==
As a result of the [[Santhal rebellion]], Act XXXVII of 1855 was passed by the British Raj, and a separate district called Santhal Pargana was carved out of parts of Birbhum and Bhagalpur districts. Santhal Pargana had four sub-districts – Dumka, Godda, Deoghar and Rajmahal.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.3120/page/n201/mode/2up | title = Bihar District Gazetteers: Santal Pargana |first= P.C.| last= Roy Choudhary | work = Page 84 | publisher = Secretariat Press, Patna, 1965 | accessdate = 4 January 2021}}</ref> Subsequently, Santal Pargana district comprised Dumka, Deoghar, Sahibganj, Godda, Pakur and Jamtara sub-divisions. In 1983 Deoghar, Sahibganj and Godda subdivisions were given district status.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.jhpolice.gov.in/dumka | title = Dumka | publisher = Jharkhand Police | accessdate = 4 January 2021 | archive-date = 26 January 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210126211750/https://www.jhpolice.gov.in/dumka | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Administrative set up==
Sahibganj district has two subdivisions: Sahibganj and Rajmahal. [[Sahibganj (community development block)|Sahibganj]], [[Mandro]], [[Borio (community development block)|Borio]] and [[Barhait (community development block)|Barheit]] community development blocks and [[Sahebganj]] town are in Sahibganj subdivision.<ref name=sahibganj1>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2007_PART_A_DCHB_SAHIBGANJ.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Deoghar, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Page 12: Administrative set up |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | accessdate = 4 January 2021}}</ref><ref name=sahibganj2>{{cite web | url = https://sahibganj.nic.in/subdivision-blocks/ | title =Sahibganj |work= Subdivisions and Blocks| publisher = Sahibganj district administration | accessdate = 4 January 2021}}</ref>

Sahibganj district has two subdivisions:<ref name=sahibganj1/><ref name=sahibganj2/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Subdivision ||Headquarters|| Area km2 || Population (2011) ||Rural population % (2011)||Urban population % (2011)
|-
|Sahibganj||[[Sahebganj]]||1,117.39||465,851||76.46||23.54
|-
|[[Rajmahal subdivision|Rajmahal]]||[[Rajmahal]]||994.84||684,716||92.70||7.30
|}

{{OSM Location map
| width=400| height=460| zoom=9
| coord={{coord|24|51|0|N|87|33|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities, towns and locations in the Sahibganj, Godda and Pakur districts in Santhal Pargana Division''' M: municipality, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, H: historical/ religious/ tourist centre Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|25|5|15|N|87|28|20|E}} | label-pos1=top|label1= Bara Boarijore | numbered1=R| mark-title1=[[Bara Boarijore]] (R)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #C40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|24|40|41|N|87|10|19|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2= Poraiyahat| numbered2=R| mark-title2=[[Poraiyahat]] (R)
|mark-coord3={{coord|24|59|41|N|87|12|7|E}} | label-pos3=left|label3= Basantrai| numbered3=R| mark-title3=[[Basantrai, Godda]] (R)
|mark-coord4={{coord|25|9|2|N|87|19|20|E}} | label-pos4=left|label4= Belbadda| numbered4=R| mark-title4=[[Belbadda]] (R)
|mark-coord5={{coord|25|12|52|N|87|23|28|E}} | label-pos5=left|label5= Dhamri| numbered5=R| mark-title5=[[Dhamri]] (R)
|mark-coord6={{coord|25|5|50|N|87|14|0|E}} | label-pos6=left|label6= Hanwara| numbered6=R| mark-title6=[[Hanwara]] (R)
|mark-coord7={{coord|25|3|45|N|87|22|0|E}} | label-pos7=top|label7= Lalmatia| numbered7=R| mark-title7=[[Lalmatia, Godda]] (R)
|mark-coord8={{coord|25|11|40|N|87|22|17|E}} | label-pos8=left|label8= Mehrma| numbered8=R| mark-title8=[[Mehrma]] (R)
|mark-coord9={{coord|24|49|46|N|87|7|50|E}} | label-pos9=left|label9= Motia| numbered9=R| mark-title9=[[Motia]] (R)
|mark-coord10={{coord|25|4|30|N|87|14|20|E}} | label-pos10=right|label10= Parsa| numbered10=R| mark-title10=[[Parsa, Godda]] (R)
|mark-coord11={{coord|24|56|44|N|87|16|37|E}} | label-pos11=left|label11= Pathargama| numbered11=R| mark-title11=[[Pathargama, Godda]] (R)
|mark-coord12={{coord|24|55|10|N|87|20|50|E}} | label-pos12=left|label12= Rajabhita| numbered12=R| mark-title12=[[Rajabhita]] (R)
|mark-coord13={{coord|24|45|18|N|87|21|43|E}} | label-pos13=left|label13= Sunderpahari| numbered13=R| mark-title13=[[Sunderpahari, Godda]] (R)
|mark-coord14={{coord|24|44|48|N|87|49|34|E}} | label-pos14=left|label14= Kotalpokhar| numbered14=R| mark-title14=[[Kotalpokhar]] (R)
|mark-coord15={{coord|25|8|37|N|87|29|55|E}} | label-pos15=top|label15= Mandro|labela15=Damin Bazar| numbered15=R| mark-title15=[[Mandro Damin Bazar]] (R)
|mark-coord16={{coord|25|14|40|N|87|29|48|E}} | label-pos16=left|label16= Mirzachauki| numbered16=R| mark-title16=[[Mirzachauki]] (R)
|mark-coord17={{coord|24|50|0|N|87|45|41|E}} | label-pos17=right|label17= Pathna| numbered17=R| mark-title17=[[Pathna, Sahibganj]] (R)
|mark-coord18={{coord|24|52|46|N|87|52|45|E}} | label-pos18=right|label18= Radhanagar| numbered18=R| mark-title18=[[Radhanagar, Sahibganj]] (R)
|mark-coord19={{coord|24|50|50|N|87|41|16|E}} | label-pos19=bottom|label19= Ranga| numbered19=R| mark-title19=[[Ranga, Sahibganj]] (R)
|mark-coord20={{coord|25|6|13|N|87|43|59|E}} | label-pos20=left|label20= Taljhari| numbered20=R| mark-title20=[[Taljhari, Sahibganj]] (R)
|mark-coord21={{coord|24|57|30|N|87|51|22|E}} | label-pos21=top|label21= Udhwa| numbered21=R| mark-title21=[[Udhwa]] (R)
|mark-coord22={{coord|24|32|0|N|87|34|18|E}} | label-pos22=right|label22= Amrapara| numbered22=R| mark-title22=[[Amrapara]] (R)
|mark-coord23={{coord|24|42|45|N|87|42|17|E}} | label-pos23=right|label23= Hiranpur| numbered23=R| mark-title23=[[Hiranpur]] (R)
|mark-coord24={{coord|24|41|41|N|87|37|1|E}} | label-pos24=left|label24= Litipara| numbered24=R| mark-title24=[[Litipara]] (R)
|mark-coord25={{coord|24|29|40|N|87|45|42|E}} | label-pos25=left|label25= Maheshpur| numbered25=R| mark-title25=[[Maheshpur, Pakur]] (R)
|mark-coord26={{coord|24|20|15|N|87|38|50|E}} | label-pos26= right|label26= Pakuria| numbered26=R| mark-title26= [[Pakuria]] (R)
|mark-coord27={{coord|24|32|14|N|87|30|17|E}} | label-pos27=top|label27= Panchuara| numbered27=R| mark-title27=[[Panchuara]] (R)
|mark-coord28={{coord|24|50|10|N|87|13|12|E}} | label-pos28=top|label28=Godda| numbered28=M| mark-title28= [[Godda]] (M) |label-size28=12 |label-color28=#800000
|mark-coord29={{coord|25|3|0|N|87|50|24|E}} | label-pos29=bottom|label29=Rajmahal| numbered29=M| mark-title29= [[Rajmahal]] (M) |label-size29=12 |label-color29=#800000
|mark-coord30={{coord|25|15|0|N|87|39|0|E}} | label-pos30=bottom|label30=Sahebganj| numbered30=M| mark-title30= [[Sahebganj]] (M) |label-size30=12 |label-color30=#800000
|mark-coord31={{coord|24|37|30|N|87|51|0|E}} | label-pos31=bottom|label31=Pakur| numbered31=M| mark-title31= [[Pakur]] (M) |label-size31=12 |label-color31=#800000
|mark-coord32={{coord|24|52|26|N|87|35|33|E}} | label-pos32=bottom|label32= Bhognadih| numbered32=H| mark-title32=[[Bhognadih]] (H) | shape-color32=#AA6666
|mark-coord33={{coord|25|15|39|N|87|32|18|E}} | label-pos33=top|label33= Teliagarhi| numbered33=H| mark-title33=[[Teliagarhi]] (H) | shape-color33=#AA6666
|mark-coord34={{coord|25|11|25|N|87|43|34|E}} | label-pos34=right|label34= Moti Jharna| numbered34=H| mark-title34=[[Moti Jharna]] (H) | shape-color34=#AA6666
|mark-coord35={{coord|25|14|50|N|87|42|55|E}} | label-pos35=right|label35= Sakrigali| numbered35=H| mark-title35=[[Sakrigali]] (H) | shape-color35=#AA6666
|mark-coord36={{coord|25|3|10|N|87|20|20|E}} | label-pos36=left|label36=Rajmahal coalfield |numbered36=0 | mark-title36=[[Rajmahal coalfield]] (A)| label-size36=12| shape-color36=#AA6666
|mark-coord37={{coord|25|1|10|N|87|18|50|E}}| label-pos37=bottom|label37=Mahagama| numbered37=CT| mark-title37= [[Mahagama]] (CT) |shape-color3= #A40000
|mark-coord38={{coord|24|48|21|N|87|19|27|E}}| label-pos38=left|label38=Sarauni| numbered38=CT| mark-title38= [[Sarauni]] (CT) |shape-color38= #A40000
|mark-coord39={{coord|24|51|10|N|87|46|37|E}}| label-pos39=top|label39=Barharwa| numbered39=CT| mark-title39= [[Barharwa]] (CT) |shape-color39= #A40000
|mark-coord40={{coord|24|54|30|N|87|37|20|E}}| label-pos40=right|label40=Berhait Bazar| numbered40=CT| mark-title40= [[Berhait Bazar]] (CT) |shape-color40= #A40000
|mark-coord41={{coord|24|54|50|N|87|35|40|E}}| label-pos41=top|label41=Berhait Santali| numbered41=CT| mark-title41= [[Berhait Santali]] (CT) |shape-color41= #A40000
|mark-coord42={{coord|25|2|5|N|87|35|55|E}}| label-pos42=top|label42=Borio| numbered42=CT| mark-title42= [[Borio, Sahibganj]] (CT) |shape-color42= #A40000
|mark-coord43={{coord|24|57|20|N|87|49|20|E}}| label-pos43=left|label43=Patra| numbered43=CT| mark-title43= [[Patra, Sahibganj]] (CT) |shape-color43= #A40000
|mark-coord44={{coord|25|0|0|N|87|44|26|E}}| label-pos44=left|label44=Tin Pahar| numbered44=CT| mark-title44= [[Tin Pahar]] (CT)|shape-color44= #A40000
|mark-coord45={{coord|24|55|45|N|87|50|32|E}}| label-pos45=left|label45=Kumarpur| numbered45=CT| mark-title45= [[Kumarpur]] (CT) |shape-color45= #A40000
|mark-coord46={{coord|24|38|40|N|87|53|15|E}}| label-pos46=left|label46=Raghunandanpur| numbered46=CT| mark-title46= [[Raghunandanpur]] (CT) |shape-color46= #A40000
|mark-coord47={{coord|24|40|13|N|87|51|5|E}}| label-pos47=left|label47=Sagarmpur| numbered47=CT| mark-title47= [[Sagarmpur]] (CT) |shape-color47= #A40000
|mark-coord48={{coord|25|15|30|N|87|43|0|E}} |label48= Ganges| label-color48 = #77A1CB| label-angle48=0| label-pos48=top| label-size48=10| mark-size48=0| mark-title48 =none
|mark-coord49={{coord|24|38|38|N|87|18|29|E}} | label-pos49=left|label49= Dewdanr| numbered49=R| mark-title49=[[Dewdanr]] (R)
|arc-coordA={{coord|24|20|0|N|87|25|0|E}}|arc-textA= RAJMAHAL HILLS| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=-101| arc-gapA=2.7| arc-radiusA=1.15
|arc-coordB={{coord|25|18|0|N|87|15|0|E}}|arc-textB= BIHAR| arc-text-colorB=hard grey| arc-angleB=-40| arc-gapB=7.5| arc-radiusB=0.35
|arc-coordC={{coord|25|20|50|N|87|53|40|E}}|arc-textC= WEST BENGAL| arc-text-colorC=hard grey| arc-angleC=40| arc-gapC=5.0| arc-radiusC=0.4}}

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]] data, Sahibganj subdivision, in Sahibganj district, had a total population of 465,851. There were 239,473 (51%) males and 226,378 (49%) females. Scheduled castes numbered 27,567 (5.92%) and scheduled tribes numbered 185,199 (39.75%). Literacy rate was 42.93%.<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2007_PART_B_DCHB_SAHIBGANJ.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Sahibganj, Series 21, Part XII B| work= Page 27: District Primary Census Abstract, 2011 census |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | accessdate = 4 January 2021}}</ref>

See also – [[List of Jharkhand districts ranked by literacy rate]]

==Police stations==
Police stations in Sahibganj subdivision are at:<ref>{{cite web| url = https://jhpolice.gov.in/sahibganj| title = District Police Profile - Sahibganj| publisher = Jharkhand Police| accessdate = 4 January 2021| archive-date = 24 November 2020| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201124041957/https://jhpolice.gov.in/sahibganj| url-status = dead}}</ref>
# [[Sahebganj|Town]]
# [[Sahebganj|Muffasil]]
# [[Mirzachauki]]
# [[Berhait Santali|Barhait]]
# [[Borio, Sahibganj|Borio]]

==Blocks==
Community development blocks in Sahibganj subdivision are:<ref name=census2011/><ref>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2007_PART_A_DCHB_SAHIBGANJ.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Sahibganj, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Map of Sahibganj on the third page |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | accessdate = 4 January 2021}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! CD Block ||Headquarters|| Area km2 || Population (2011) ||[[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SC]] %||[[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|ST]] %||Literacy rate %|| [[Census town|CT]]
|-
|[[Sahibganj (community development block)|Sahibganj]]||[[Sahebganj]]||168.16||73,906||7.20||11.84||56.07|| -
|-
|[[Mandro]]||[[Mandro Damin Bazar|Mandro]]||182.24||75,659||4.15||54.42||46.03|| -
|-
|[[Borio (community development block)|Borio]]||[[Borio, Sahibganj|Borio]]||391.76||97,845||2.53||61.05||42.38||[[Borio, Sahibganj|Borio]]
|-
|[[Barhait (community development block)|Barhait]]||[[Berhait Santali|Barhait]]||370.98||130,227||4.24||53.93||42.50||[[Berhait Santali]], [[Berhait Bazar]]
|-
|}

==Education==
In 2011, in the CD blocks of Sahibganj subdivision out of a total 672 inhabited villages there were 116 villages with pre-primary schools, 431 villages with primary schools, 150 villages with middle schools, 15 villages with secondary schools, 5 villages with senior secondary schools, 1 village with vocational training school/ ITI, 233 villages with no educational facility.<ref name=directory>{{cite web | url =https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2007_PART_A_DCHB_SAHIBGANJ.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Sahibganj, 2011, Series 21, Part XII A | work = Pages 811-12, Appendix I: Village Directory | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, Jharkhand. | accessdate = 4 January 2021}}</ref>
 .*Senior secondary schools are also known as Inter colleges in Jharkhand

===Educational facilities===
(Information about degree colleges with proper reference may be added here)

==Healthcare==
In 2011, in the CD blocks of Sahibganj subdivision there were 12 villages with primary health centres, 40 villages with primary health subcentres, 6 villages with maternity and child welfare centres, 7 villages with allopathic hospitals, 7 villages with dispensaries, 1 village with veterinary hospital, 8 villages with family welfare centres, 160 villages with medicine shops.<ref name=directory/>
 .*Private medical practitioners, alternative medicine etc. not included

===Medical facilities===
(Anybody having referenced information about location of government/ private medical facilities may please add it here)

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Santhal Parganas Division}}
{{Santhal Pargana Division topics}}

[[Category:Subdivisions of Jharkhand]]

Kilhadev

2026-03-22T02:15:40Z

Caliber: added a entry...

{{Short description|16th-century Hindu religious leader}}
[[File:Galta ji temple surrounded by hills on all sides..jpg|thumb|200px|[[Galtaji]] temple, [[Jaipur]]]]
'''Kilhadevacharya''' or '''Kilhadevji''' was the second [[Mahant]] of Gaddi of [[Galtaji]], Jaipur, one of thirty-six ''dwaras'' of [[Ramanandi Sampradaya]] ([[Bairagi (caste)|Bairagis]]). He succeeded gaddi after his guru [[Krishnadas Payahari]].<ref name="Rajsthanthroughtheages4">{{cite book|last1=Gupta|first1=Dr R.K|last2=Bakshi|first2=Dr S.R|title=Rajsthan through the ages - Vol 4. Jaipur rulers and administrators|year=2008|publisher=Sarup & sons|isbn=978-81-7625-841-8|pages=118|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DLQeSBLpUwsC}}</ref>
He was the Guru of Raja [[Askaran]], ruler of [[Jaipur State|Amber]](Jaipur) and [[Narwar]].<ref>[http://krizna.in/001-Epics/Bhaktmal-Katha-Hindi/Bhaktmal-Katha-Hindi.pdf Shree Bhaktmal, Sri Nimbark Teerth-Salemabad, Rajasthan, p.860]</ref> And Diksha Guru of '''Rupsi Bairagi''', son of [[Prithvi Singh I|Prithvi Singh]], ruler of [[Jaipur State|Amber]] (Jaipur) and uncle of [[Askaran]].<ref>Shree Bhaktmal, Geeta Press, Gorakhpur, P.772-774</ref><ref>[http://krizna.in/001-Epics/Bhaktmal-Katha-Hindi/Bhaktmal-Katha-Hindi.pdf Shree Bhaktmal, Sri Nimbark Teerth-Salemabad, Rajasthan, p.848]</ref>

He had good knowledge of [[Samkhya|Samkhya Darshan]] and [[Yoga]].<ref>Shree Bhaktmal, Geeta Press, Gorakhpur, P.374</ref><ref>[http://krizna.in/001-Epics/Bhaktmal-Katha-Hindi/Bhaktmal-Katha-Hindi.pdf Shree Bhaktmal, Sri Nimbark Teerth-Salemabad, Rajasthan, p.275]</ref> He emphasized on ''Yoga Abhyāsa'' (Yoga Practice) along with Ram [[Bhakti]] (devotion to [[Rama|Bhagwan Ram]]). Thus assimilating the yoga practice into his devotional tradition, he propounded the ''Tapasi'' tradition of Ramanandi sampradaya.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Śukla |first=Dineśa Candra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FhscAAAAIAAJ&q=Kilhadas |title=Spiritual Heritage of Rajasthan |date=1992 |publisher=Books Treasure |language=en |quote=Kilhadas was a disciple who emphasised Yogabhyas in parallel with the devotion to Ram. Thus, he propounded the Tapasi extension of Ramananda's Vairagi tradition by assimilating the Yoga Sadhana}}</ref> He is also credited with authoring ''Adhyāsadhvaṃsaleśa'' one of the spiritual Ramanandi text.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LCsMAAAAIAAJ&q=%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6 |title=Saṃskr̥ta vāṅmaya kā br̥had itihāsa: Vedānta: Vedānta-Advaita tathā Vedānta sambaddha sampradāya, Gītā sāhitya |date=1996 |publisher=Uttara Pradeśa Saṃskr̥ta Saṃsthāna |language=hi}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:16th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:16th-century Hindu religious leaders]]
[[Category:16th-century Hindu philosophers and theologians]]
[[Category:Indian Hindu spiritual teachers]]
[[Category:Indian Vaishnavites]]
[[Category:Vaishnava saints]]
[[Category:Bhakti movement]]

Mitrabhanu Gountia

2026-03-14T19:13:14Z

Caliber: adjust references additionally and cleaned formatting for consistency

{{short description|Folk song composer}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mitrabhanu Gountia
| image = 
| alt = 
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = 17 March 1942
| birth_place = [[Sambalpur]], India
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = Folk song composer
| years_active = 1957-present
| known_for = [[Rangabati]]
| notable_works =
}}

'''Mitrabhanu Gountia''' (born 17 March 1942) is a retired teacher and the composer of the [[Sambalpuri language|Sambalpuri]] cult song, ''[[Rangabati]].'' In 2020, he was conferred with the [[Padma Shri]] by the President of India, [[Ram Nath Kovind]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Odisha's 'Rangabati' duo brings in two Padma awards|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2020/jan/28/odishas-rangabati-duo-brings-in-two-padma-awards-2095500.html|access-date=2020-11-29|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2020-01-31|title='Rangabati' fame Sambalpuri folksong writer has a dream - OrissaPOST|url=https://www.orissapost.com/rangabati-fame-sambalpuri-folksong-writer-has-a-dream/|access-date=2020-11-29|website=Odisha News, Odisha Latest news, Odisha Daily - OrissaPOST|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Life ==
Born on 17 March 1942 in the Bilunga village of the [[Sambalpur]] district in [[Odisha]], Gountia began to write satires from the age of 15 with songs such as ''parikhya chinta'' and ''masa udusa kali''. His folk songs were aired at the Sambalpur radio station of the [[All India Radio]] on the ''Sur Malika'' program for the first time in 1978; they were sung by [[Jitendra Haripal]] and Krishna Patel. He composed the eponymous ''[[Rangabati]]'' song in the Sambalpuri language soon after; it was recorded in 1979 by P. Majumdar, a Kolkata-based music album producer, leading to its worldwide popularity.<ref name=":0" />

The retired teacher penned over 1000 folk songs. ''Mandakini manar juli'', ''jharamali nani'', ''tetel patar saru saru, kane chabe kana kuturu,'' and ''tui nuru thile nurinuri miun'' are some of his popular folk songs.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" />

== Recognition ==

* Padma Shri Award (2020)<ref name=":0" />
* Odisha State Teachers Award (2003)<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2020-02-03|title=PRIDE OF THE NATION - OrissaPOST|url=https://www.orissapost.com/pride-of-the-nation/|access-date=2020-11-29|website=Odisha News, Odisha Latest news, Odisha Daily - OrissaPOST|language=en-US}}</ref>
* Odisha Sangeet Natak Akademi Award<ref name=":0" />
* Akashvani National Award<ref name=":1" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}
{{Padma Award winners of Odisha}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gountia, Mitrabhanu}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:1942 births]]

Yeh Rishtey Hain Pyaar Ke

2026-03-14T07:02:39Z

Caliber:

{{short description|Indian television series (2019)}}
{{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Yrhpktitlecard.jpg
| caption =
| genre = [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]] [[Romance film|Romance]]
| creator = Rajan Shahi
| developer =
| writer = Aparajita Sharma Divy Nidhi Sharma
| story = Shivani Shah Shrinita Bhomik
| screenplay = Nikita Dhond
| director = Ashish Shrivastava
| creative_director = Garima Dimri
| presenter =
| starring = [[Rhea Sharma]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rhea Sharma opens up about resuming work and performing challenging scenes showing PTSD|access-date=21 July 2020|work=Bollywood Hungama|date=21 July 2020 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/rhea-sharma-opens-resuming-work-performing-challenging-scenes-showing-ptsd/}}</ref> [[Shaheer Sheikh]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/photos/shaheer-sheikh/these-photos-shaheer-sheikh-and-rhea-sharma-prove-they-are-television-s-most-adorable-screen-couple-545916?amp|title=These Photos of Shaheer Sheikh and Rhea Sharma prove they are television's most adorable on screen couple|website=Pinkvilla|date=July 2020|language=en|access-date=1 July 2020|archive-date=19 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220719160010/https://www.pinkvilla.com/photos/shaheer-sheikh/these-photos-shaheer-sheikh-and-rhea-sharma-prove-they-are-television-s-most-adorable-screen-couple-545916?amp|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| opentheme = ''Dheere Dheere Se Meri Zindagi Mein Aana''
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 2
| num_episodes = 355
| executive_producer =
| producer = Rajan Shahi
| cinematography = Vishal Desai
| location = [[Bhuj]] [[Mumbai]]
| editor = Sameer Gandhi
| camera = Multi-camera
| runtime = 19–29 minutes
| network = [[Star Plus]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2019|03|18}}
| last_aired = {{End date|df=yes|2020|10|17}}
| related = ''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]''
| list_episodes =
| image_alt =
| theme_music_composer = [[Nakash Aziz]] Sargam Jassu
| company = [[Director's Kut Productions]]<ref>{{Cite news|first=Chandni |last=Mathur|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/superstars-of-the-small-screen/870579/|title=Superstars of the small screen|access-date=26 September 2017|work=The Financial Express}}</ref>
}}
'''''Yeh Rishtey Hain Pyaar Ke''''' ({{translation|''These Relationships Are of Love''}}), popularly known as '''YRHPK''' is an Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[romance drama]] television series that premiered on 18 March 2019 on [[Star Plus]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/videos/zoom/telly-talk/first-pictures-of-yeh-rishtey-hain-pyaar-ke-shaheer-sheikh-shivangi-joshi-rhea-sharma/24186|website=timesnownews.com|title=FIRST PICTURES of 'Yeh Rishtey Hain Pyaar Ke', Shaheer Sheikh, Shivangi Joshi, Rhea Sharma}}</ref> It is digitally available on [[Disney+ Hotstar]]. Produced by Rajan Shahi under the banner of [[Director's Kut Productions]], it is a [[Spin-off (media)|spin-off]] of Star Plus's ''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/yeh-rishta-kya-kehlata-hai-spin-off-title-revealed-meet-the-first-character-of-the-new-show-1459953-2019-02-19|title=Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai spin-off title revealed; Meet the first character of the new show|website=indiatoday.in|date=19 February 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=WATCH! All Episodes Of Star Plus's 'Yeh Rishtey Hain Pyaar Ke' On Disney+Hotstar|url=https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/yeh-rishtey-hain-pyaar-ke/s-2049/seasons/season-1/ss-6672|access-date=10 July 2020|work=Disney+Hotstar|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227223740/https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/yeh-rishtey-hain-pyaar-ke/s-2049/seasons/season-1/ss-6672|url-status=dead}}</ref> It starred [[Rhea Sharma]] and [[Shaheer Sheikh]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/yeh-rishta-kya-kehlata-hai-spin-off-shaheer-sheikh-rhea-sharma-5570012/|title=Shaheer Sheikh and Rhea Sharma to star in Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai spin-off|website=The Indian Express|date=5 February 2019 }}</ref> It went off-air on 17 October 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=IN PICS: Yeh Rishtey Hain Pyaar Ke Actors Shaheer Sheikh-Rhea Sharma And Others Celebrate Their Last Day On Sets As The Show Goes Off-Air|url=https://news.abplive.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/yeh-rishtey-hain-pyaar-ke-actors-shaheer-sheikh-rhea-sharma-and-others-celebrate-their-last-day-on-sets-as-the-show-goes-off-air-1362592|website=ABP News|date=13 October 2020 |access-date=16 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Shaheer Sheikh opens up on working with Yeh Rishtey Hain Pyaar Ke co-star Rhea Sharma again|url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/telly-talk/shaheer-sheikh-opens-up-on-working-with-yeh-rishtey-hain-pyaar-ke-co-star-rhea-sharma-again-hamari-to-baat-bhi-article-92327303/amp|website=Zoom TV|date=20 June 2022 |access-date=21 June 2022}}</ref>

==Premise==
Mishti, a young woman, is asked to marry the person of her family's choice. However, she feels that she must get a chance to know her life partner well before making the commitment.

==Cast==
===Main===
* [[Rhea Sharma]] as Mishti Agrawal Rajvanshi: Naman and Karishma's daughter; Vishambharnath and Rajshri's foster daughter; Abir's wife; Amish's mother (2019–2020)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Yeh Rishtey Hain Pyaar Ke hits 300: Rhea Sharma says, 'Would like to thank fans for their undivided attention'|access-date=15 August 2020|work=Pinkvilla|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/yeh-rishtey-hain-pyaar-ke-hits-300-rhea-sharma-says-would-thank-fans-their-undivided-attention-556614?amp|archive-date=20 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920171811/https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/yeh-rishtey-hain-pyaar-ke-hits-300-rhea-sharma-says-would-thank-fans-their-undivided-attention-556614?amp|url-status=dead}}</ref>
** Aarna Sharma as teenage Mishti (2019)
* [[Shaheer Sheikh]] as Abir Rajvanshi: Mehul and Meenakshi's son; Kunal's half-brother; Mishti's husband; Amish's father (2019–2020)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Yeh Rishtey Hain Pyaar Ke: Rhea Sharma, Shaheer Sheikh as Radha & Krishna leave MishBir fans enticed; see pic|access-date=19 August 2020|work=Pinkvilla|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/yeh-rishtey-hain-pyaar-ke-rhea-sharma-shaheer-sheikh-radha-krishna-leave-mishbir-fans-enticed-see-pic-557249%3famp}}{{Dead link|date=September 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
** Runav Shah as child Abir (2019)

===Recurring===
* [[Ritvik Arora]] as Kunal Rajvanshi: Mehul and Parul's son; Meenakshi's step-son; Abir's half-brother; Kuhu's husband (2019–2020)
** [[Avinash Mishra]] replaced Arora as Kunal Rajvanshi (2020)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Avinash Mishra replaces Ritvik Arora in Yeh Rishtey Hain Pyaar Ke|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/avinash-mishra-to-replace-ritvik-arora-in-yeh-rishtey-hain-pyaar-ke-1705948-2020-07-30|website=India Today|date=30 July 2020 |language=en|access-date=1 August 2020}}</ref>
* [[Kaveri Priyam]] as Kuhu Maheshwari Rajvanshi: Shaurya and Sneha's daughter; Varsha's step-daughter; Ananya's half-sister; Kunal's wife (2019–2020)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Yeh Rishtey Hain Pyaar Ke: Shaheer Sheikh and Kaveri Priyam's off screen camaraderie is endearing|work=Pinkvilla|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/yeh-rishtey-hain-pyaar-ke-shaheer-sheikh-and-kaveri-priyams-screen-camaraderie-endearing-556017?amp|access-date=13 August 2020|archive-date=20 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920171012/https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/yeh-rishtey-hain-pyaar-ke-shaheer-sheikh-and-kaveri-priyams-screen-camaraderie-endearing-556017?amp|url-status=dead}}</ref>
** Yamini Makwana as teenage Kuhu Maheshwari (2019)
* [[Sameer Dharmadhikari]] as Mehul Kapadia: Meenakshi and Parul's husband; Abir and Kunal's father; Amish's grandfather (2019)
* [[Rupal Patel]] as Meenakshi Rajvanshi Kapadia: Yashpal and Lajvanti's daughter; Kaushal's sister; Mehul's first wife; Abir's mother; Kunal's step-mother; Amish's grandmother (2019–2020)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rupal Patel on Yeh Rishtey Hain Pyaar Ke coming to an end: It's shocking, never expected this|work=India Today|date=21 September 2020 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/rupal-patel-on-yeh-rishtey-hain-pyaar-ke-coming-to-an-end-it-s-shocking-never-expected-this-1723850-2020-09-21|access-date=21 September 2020}}</ref>
* Chaitrali Gupte as Parul Kapadia: Mehul's second wife; Kunal's mother; Rajvanshi family's house help (2019–2020)
* Devaj Bhanushali as Baby Amish Rajvanshi: Abir and Mishti's son (2020)
* [[Sanjeev Seth]] as Vishambharnath "Vishambhar" Maheshwari: Bhairavi's son; Omkarnath's brother; Rajshri's husband; Shaurya and Akshara's father; Mishti's foster father; Ananya, Kuhu, Naksh and Naira's grandfather (2019–2020)
* [[Lata Sabharwal]] as Rajshri Goyel Maheshwari: Ramola's daughter; Ratan's sister; Vishambharnath's wife; Shaurya and Akshara's mother; Mishti's foster mother; Ananya, Kuhu, Naksh and Naira's grandmother (2019–2020)
* [[Sameer Sharma]] as Shaurya Maheshwari: Vishambharnath and Rajshri's son; Akshara's brother; Varsha's husband; Ananya and Kuhu's father (2019–2020)
* Pooja Joshi Arora as Varsha Agrawal Maheshwari: Sulekha's daughter; Shaurya's wife; Ananya's mother; Kuhu's step-mother (2019–2020)
* Akshaya Naik as Ananya Maheshwari Sharma: Shaurya and Varsha's daughter; Kuhu's half-sister; Ranveer's wife (2019)
* Soniya Kaur as Jasmeet Kaur Sethi Maheshwari: Sukhwinder and Pammi's daughter; Anshuman's wife; Nishant's mother (2019–2020)
* [[Vatsal Sheth]] as Nishant "Nannu" Maheshwari: Anshuman and Jasmeet's son; Ananya and Kuhu's cousin; Mishti's ex-fiancée (2019)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Yeh Rishtey Hain Pyaar Ke on sets: Mishti gears up for her wedding with Nannu|work=Tines Of India|access-date=23 January 2020|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/tv/hindi/yeh-rishtey-hain-pyaar-ke-on-sets-mishti-gears-up-for-her-wedding/videoshow/73524436.cms}}</ref>
* Deepak Gheewala as Yashpal Rajvanshi: Lajvanti's husband; Meenakshi and Kaushal's father; Abir's grandfather; Amish's great-grandfather (2019–2020)
* Sanjeev Jotangia as Kaushal Rajvanshi: Yahspal and Rajvanti's son; Meenakshi's brother; Nidhi's husband; Atul and Ketki's father (2019–2020)
* Sangeeta Kapure as Nidhi Rajvanshi: Kaushal's wife; Atul and Ketki's mother (2019–2020)
* Shashwat Tripathi as Atul Rajvanshi: Kaushal and Nidhi's son; Ketki's brother; Abir and Kunal's cousin (2019)
* Trishaa Chatterjee as Ketki "Ketu" Rajvanshi: Kaushal and Nidhi's daughter; Atul's sister; Abir and Kunal's cousin (2019–2020)
* [[Kshitee Jog]] as Devyani Singhania: Suresh's ex-wife; Rajshekhar's second wife; Naman and Muskaan Awasthi's mother; Naitik and Rashmi's step mother ; Mishti's grandmother; Naksh, Gayatri Deora and Naira's step grandmother; Amish's great-grandmother (2019–2020)
* Jay Pathak as Naman Agrawal: Suresh and Devyani's son; Muskaan Awasthi's brother; Naitik and Rashmi's step brother; Karishma's ex-husband; Mishti's estranged father (2019)
* Mohit Sharma as Jugnu: Rajvansh family's house help; Abir's friend (2019–2020)
* [[Amardeep Jha]] as Shankari: Maheshwari family's match-maker (2019)
* [[Palak Purswani]] as Shweta: Kunal's former fiancée (2019)
* Mandeep Kumar as Kalpesh Soni: Nirmala's husband; Varun and Karan's father (2020)
* Seema Pandey as Nirmala Soni: Kalpesh's wife; Varun and Karan's mother (2020)
* [[Ruslaan Mumtaz]] as Varun Soni: Kalpesh and Nirmala's son; Karan's brother; Ketki's ex-fiancée (2020)
* Zubin Sethi as Karan Soni: Kalpesh and Nirmala's son; Varun's brother (2020)

===Special appearances===
* [[Shivangi Joshi]] as Naira Singhania Goenka: Naitik and Akshara's daughter; Naksh's sister; Kartik's wife; Kairav and Akshara's mother; Ananya and Kuhu's cousin; Mishti's step-cousin (2019)
* [[Mohsin Khan (Indian actor)|Mohsin Khan]] as Kartik Goenka: Manish and Soumya's son; Keerti's brother; Naira's husband; Kairav and Akshara's father (2019)
* Heli Daruwala as Heli: Abir's friend (2019)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/yeh-rishtey-hain-pyaar-ke-heli-daruwala-enter-show-special-sequence-deets-inside-467196|title=Yeh Rishtey Hain Pyaar Ke: Heli Daruwala to enter the show for a special sequence|website=PINKVILLA|access-date=7 September 2019|archive-date=27 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190927132316/http://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/yeh-rishtey-hain-pyaar-ke-heli-daruwala-enter-show-special-sequence-deets-inside-467196|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Helly Shah]] as Neha: Abir's friend (2019)
* Aaditya Bajpayee as Kabir: Neha's fiancé (2019)
* Sanjana Phadke as Lalita: Parul's sister (2019)
* [[Ronit Roy]] as SP Prithvi Singh: To promote ''[[Hostages (Indian TV series)|Hostages]]'' (2019)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/video/ronit-roy-to-enter-yeh-rishtey-hai-pyaar-ke-1546704-2019-06-11|title=Ronit Roy to enter Yeh Rishtey Hai Pyaar Ke to promote Hostages|website=India Today|date=11 June 2019 |access-date=12 June 2020}}</ref>
* [[Aditi Sharma (actress, born 1996)|Aditi Sharma]] as Roshni: To promote ''[[Yehh Jadu Hai Jinn Ka!]]'' (2019)
* [[Vikram Singh Chauhan]] as Aman Khan: To promote ''[[Yehh Jadu Hai Jinn Ka!]]'' (2019)

== Production ==
=== Development ===
In June 2018, there were reports of ''Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai'' getting a spin-off. However, producer Rajan Shahi denied it.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/yeh-rishta-kya-kehlata-hai-to-get-a-spin-off-here-s-what-producer-rajan-shahi-has-to-say-1261289-2018-06-15|title=Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai to get a spin-off? Here's what producer Rajan Shahi has to say|website=India Today|date=15 June 2018 }}</ref> But, the plan for a [[Spin-off (media)|spin-off]] was announced in January 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/video/yeh-rishta-kya-kehlata-hai-to-get-a-spin-off-1424698-2019-01-06|title=Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai to get a spin-off?|website=India Today|date=6 January 2019 }}</ref> Talking about it producer Rajan Shahi said, "We are working on a spin-off of ''Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai'', which completed 10 years recently. Sheikh has been signed on to play the male lead. He will be seen in a dynamic role, which will be different from his previous outings. I realised that some characters from the original show deserve to be explored further."<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/telly-talk/gossip/article/yeh-rishta-kya-kehlata-hai-producer-confirms-that-shaheer-sheikh-will-play-the-lead-in-the-shows-spin-off/360027|title=Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai producer CONFIRMS that Shaheer Sheikh will play the lead in the show's spin-off|website=Times Now News|date=5 February 2019 }}</ref>

The team had a [[Homa (ritual)|havan]] on their sets on 21 February 2019, for an auspicious beginning to their new journey.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/photo/shaheer-sheikh-kicks-off-shoot-of-yeh-rishtey-hain-pyaar-ke-with-a-hawan-see-pics-1461379-2019-02-21|website=indiatoday.in|title=Shaheer Sheikh kicks off shoot of Yeh Rishtey Hain Pyaar Ke with a hawan|date=21 February 2019 }}</ref>

In February 2019, [[Shivangi Joshi]] introduced Rhea Sharma as Mishti.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/telly-talk/gossip/article/yeh-rishtey-hain-pyaar-ke-promo-shivangi-joshi-introduces-rhea-sharma-as-mishti-in-the-yrkkh-spin-off-video/369018|title=Yeh Rishtey Hain Pyaar Ke promo: Shivangi Joshi introduces Rhea Sharma as Mishti in the YRKKH spin-off [VIDEO]|website=Times Now|date=20 February 2019 }}</ref> Soon, in March 2019, a promo based on marriage and courtship featuring Rhea Sharma, [[Lata Sabharwal]], [[Sanjeev Seth]], Pooja Joshi Arora, [[Kshitee Jog]] and Medha Jambodhkar was released.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/yeh-rishtey-hain-pyaar-ke-rhea-sharma-aka-mishti-is-worried-about-her-arranged-marriage-watch-promo/articleshow/68281290.cms|title=Yeh Rishtey Hain Pyaar Ke: Rhea Sharma aka Mishti is worried about her arranged marriage; watch promo|website=The Times Of India|date=6 March 2019 }}</ref> Later, rapper and singer [[Badshah (rapper)|Badshah]] with some female characters of other shows of [[Star Plus]] promoted the show along with Rhea Sharma.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/yeh-rishta-kya-kehlata-hai-spin-off-yeh-rishtey-hain-pyaar-ke-badshah-promos-5615049/|title=Yeh Rishtey Hain Pyaar Ke: Badshah raps for Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai spin-off|website=Indian Express|date=7 March 2019 }}</ref> The next promo featured Shaheer Sheikh and Rhea Sharma with the song sung by Badshah.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/yeh-rishtey-hain-pyaar-ke-song-promos-shaheer-sheikh-and-rhea-sharma-peppy-chemistry-1471511-2019-03-06|title=Yeh Rishtey Hain Pyaar Ke's promotional songs are out. Check out the sparkling chemistry of Shaheer Sheikh and Rhea Sharma in the video.|website=India Today|date=6 March 2019 }}</ref> Days before its premiere, another promo featuring both on a roof of a bus was released.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/yeh-rishtey-hain-pyaar-ke-promo-shaheer-sheikh-and-rhea-sharma-begin-to-fall-in-love/articleshow/68387382.cms|title=Yeh Rishtey Hain Pyaar Ke promo: Shaheer Sheikh and Rhea Sharma begin to fall in love|website=The Times Of India|date=13 March 2019 }}</ref>

=== Casting ===
{{gallery|width=200|align=center|title=Main cast of ''Yeh Rishtey Hain Pyaar Ke''|File:Shaheer Sheikh in 2019.jpg|Shaheer Sheikh|File:Rhea Sharma.png|Rhea Sharma}}

[[Rhea Sharma]] was selected to portray Mishti and [[Shaheer Sheikh]] to portray Abir.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/who-is-mishti-the-new-yeh-rishte-hain-pyar-ke-girl-whom-naira-introduced-1460493-2019-02-20|title=Who is Mishti, the new Yeh Rishtey Hain Pyaar Ke girl whom Naira introduced?|website=India Today|date=20 February 2019 }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/photo/shaheer-sheikh-kicks-off-shoot-of-yeh-rishtey-hain-pyaar-ke-with-a-hawan-see-pics-1461379-2019-02-21|title=Shaheer Sheikh kicks off shoot of Yeh Rishtey Hain Pyaar Ke with a hawan|website=indiatoday.in|date=21 February 2019 }}</ref> Shaheer Sheikh expressed {{blockquote|“I relate to Abir’s character in so many ways and I love the fact that more than anything else, he wants to bring equality in the society. He wants all the parents to treat their kids the same way irrespective of their gender. He believes everyone has the right after a certain age to make their own decisions and follow what they believe. He is aware how in certain sections of our society the voice of women can be suppressed and he wants to support them,”<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bizasialive.com/shaheer-sheikh-on-yrhpk-i-relate-to-abirs-character-in-so-many-ways/|title=Shaheer Sheikh on 'YRHPK': "I relate to Abir's character in so many ways"|website=BizAsia|first=Baddhan|last=Raj|date=14 September 2019 |access-date=2019-12-27}}</ref>}}

Rhea Sharma stated that she can relate her character to [[Deepika Padukone]]’s character Naina from the film [[Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rhea Sharma: My YRHPK character is like Deepika Padukone's from Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani|url=https://m.mid-day.com/articles/rhea-sharm-my-yrhpk-character-is-like-deepika-padukones-from-yeh-jawaani-hai-deewani/21194194|website=Mid Day|date=21 June 2019 }}</ref> Talking about the show, [[Rhea Sharma]] said, {{blockquote|"After my previous show, which was also on [[StarPlus|Star Plus]] and it was a successful show I was looking to do something that was equally good or something better and bigger and a grand show with a good script and a different character. I was approached for the spin-off and I came to know that the character I was approached for is a spin-off and it is very different from what I have done on my previous shows. Actually, the character and the script and the association with ''Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai'' is something that made me extremely excited for the show. And of course, it is a Rajan Shahi show, and he makes great shows, and I believe in his vision. And that's it, I met sir, I was narrated the character and the show, and I was happy."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/exclusive-rhea-sharma-bagging-yeh-rishtey-hain-pyaar-ke-association-yeh-rishta-kya-kehlata-hai-excit-441178%3famp|title=EXCLUSIVE: Rhea Sharma on Yeh Rishtey Hain Pyaar Ke: Association with Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai excited me|website=PINKVILLA|access-date=2019-12-26|archive-date=23 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323140949/https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/exclusive-rhea-sharma-bagging-yeh-rishtey-hain-pyaar-ke-association-yeh-rishta-kya-kehlata-hai-excit-441178?amp|url-status=dead}}</ref>}}

[[Lata Sabharwal]], [[Sanjeev Seth]], Pooja Joshi Arora, Akshaya Naik, [[Amardeep Jha]], [[Kshitee Jog]], [[Shivangi Joshi]] and [[Mohsin Khan (Indian actor)|Mohsin Khan]] reprise their respective roles from the parent series ''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]'' as Rajshri, Vishambharnath, Varsha, Ananya, Shankari, Devyaani, Naira and Kartik respectively.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/yeh-rishta-kya-kehlata-hais-spin-off-to-star-pooja-joshi-and-lataa-saberwal-in-pivotal-roles/articleshow/68093645.cms|title=Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai's spin off to star Pooja Joshi and Lataa Saberwal in pivotal roles|website=Times of India|date=21 February 2019 }}</ref> Jay Pathak, [[Samir Sharma]] and Soniya Kaur were cast as Naman, Shaurya and Jasmeet which were earlier played by [[Anshul Pandey]], [[Yash Gera]] and Shirin Sewani in ''Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.abplive.in/television/yeh-rishtey-hain-pyaar-ke-samir-sharma-to-play-aksharas-brother-shauryas-role-in-yeh-rishta-kya-kehlata-hai-spin-off-935625|title=Samir Sharma to play Akshara's brother Shaurya in 'Yeh Rishtey Hain Pyaar Ke'!|website=Abp live|date=6 March 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.abplive.in/television/yeh-rishtey-hain-pyaar-ke-jay-pathak-roped-in-to-play-naman-in-yeh-rishta-kya-kehlata-hai-spin-off-936223|title=Jay Pathak to play Mishti's father Naman in 'Yeh Rishtey Hain Pyaar Ke'!|website=Abp live|date=7 March 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/yeh-rishta-kya-kehlata-hai-spin-off-soniya-kaur-joins-shaheer-sheikh-rhea-sharma-in-the-show-922813|title='Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai' SPIN-OFF: 'Rahul Dulhaniya Le Jayega' participant Soniya Kaur JOINS Shaheer Sheikh's show|website=ABP News|date=19 February 2019 }}</ref>

Besides [[Kaveri Priyam]], [[Ritvik Arora]], [[Rupal Patel]], Deepak Gheewala, Sangeeta Kapure, Sanjeev Jotangia, Chaitrali Gupte, Trishaa Chatterjee and Shashwat Tripati were cast.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/yeh-rishta-kya-kehlata-hai-spin-off-naagin-2-actress-kaveri-priyam-to-play-shaheer-sheikhs-sister-in-the-show-920874|title=Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai SPIN-OFF: 'Naagin 2' actress Kaveri Priyam JOINS Shaheer Sheikh in the show|website=ABP News|date=16 February 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.easterneye.biz/ritvik-arora-joins-shaheer-sheikh-on-the-cast-of-yrkkh-spin-off/|title=Ritvik Arora joins Shaheer Sheikh on the cast of YRKKH spin-off|website=[[Eastern Eye]]|date=6 February 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.abplive.in/television/yeh-rishta-kya-kehlata-hai-spin-off-saathiya-actress-rupal-patel-joins-shaheer-sheikh-in-the-show-914855|title=Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai SPIN-OFF: 'Saathiya' actress Rupal Patel APPROACHED for Shaheer Sheikh's show?|website=Abp Live|date=8 February 2019 }}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.abplive.in/television/yeh-rishtey-hain-pyaar-ke-deepak-gheewala-to-play-shaheer-sheikhs-grandfather-in-yeh-rishta-kya-kehlata-hai-spin-off-924419|title=Deepak Gheewala to play Shaheer Sheikh's grandfather in 'Yeh Rishtey Hain Pyaar Ke|website=Abp Live|date=20 February 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/yeh-rishta-kya-kehlata-hai-spin-off-sangeeta-kapure-to-play-shaheer-sheikhs-chachi-in-the-show-912457|title=Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai SPIN-OFF: Sangeeta Kapure JOINS Shaheer Sheikh in the show|website=ABP Live|date=5 February 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/yeh-rishtey-hain-pyaar-ke-rangrasiya-actor-sanjeev-jotangia-joins-shaheer-sheikh-rhea-sharmas-show-on-star-plus-926575|title='Yeh Rishtey Hain Pyaar Ke': 'Rangrasiya' actor Sanjeev Jotangia JOINS Shaheer Sheikh & Rhea Sharma's show|website=ABP News|date=23 February 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.abplive.in/television/yeh-rishta-kya-kehlata-hai-spin-off-piya-albela-actress-chaitrali-gupte-roped-in-for-the-show-910469|title=Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai SPIN-OFF: 'Piya Albela' actress Chaitrali Gupte ROPED in for the show|website=Abp Live|date=3 February 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.dailyhunt.in/news/india/english/bollyy-epaper-bolyy/shashwat+tripathi+gets+candid+about+role+in+yrhpk-newsid-112685595?listname=topicsList&index=0&topicIndex=0&mode=pwa|title=Shashwat Tripathi gets candid about role in YRHPK|website=[[Dailyhunt]]}}</ref>

[[Rupal Patel]] related her role Meenakshi Rajvansh and her previous well known role Kokila Modi in ''[[Saath Nibhana Saathiya]]'' as twins stating, "I would say that Kokila and Meenakshi are like twins. While Kokila was traditional and orthodox, Meenakshi is sophisticated and educated. However, both want the best for their families and feel that they are always right. I was completely bowled over by the character of Meenakshi and the way it has been written, when Rajan Sir offered me the role. It has a lot of depth. I had to prep for the part."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/rupal-patel-kokila-modi-and-meenakshi-rajvansh-are-like-twins/articleshow/69395211.cms|title=Rupal Patel: Kokila Modi and Meenakshi Rajvansh are like twins|website=The Times of India|date=19 May 2019 |access-date=20 May 2019}}</ref>

Earlier, [[Harshad Arora]] was in talks for playing Abir while Tushar Khanna was supposed to play Kunal. But Shaheer Sheikh and Ritvik Arora replaced them.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/yeh-rishta-kya-kehlata-hai-spin-off-what-the-viewers-can-expect-from-the-show-1449277-2019-02-06|title=Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai spin-off: What the viewers can expect from the show|website=India Today|date=6 February 2019 }}</ref>

Palak Purswani was cast to play Kunal's former girlfriend Shweta in July 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/yeh-rishtey-hain-pyaar-ke-splitsvilla-7-fame-palak-purswani-to-enter-as-new-villain-in-shaheer-sheikh-rhea-sharmas-yeh-rishta-kya-kehlata-hai-spin-off-1014086|title='Splitsvilla 7' contestant Palak Purswani to enter as Kunal's ex-girlfriend in 'Yeh Rishtey Hain Pyaar Ke'!|website=ABP News|date=17 June 2019 }}</ref> [[Sameer Dharmadhikari]] was roped to play Abir's father, Mehul in September 2019.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/sameer-dharmadhikari-to-play-shaheer-sheikhs-father-on-yeh-rishtey-hain-pyaar-ke/articleshow/71081308.cms|title=Sameer Dharmadhikari to play Shaheer Sheikh's father on 'Yeh Rishtey Hain Pyaar Ke'|website=[[The Times Of India]]|date=12 September 2019 }}</ref> In November 2019, [[Helly Shah]] was roped for a cameo as Neha.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/helly-shah-joins-yeh-rishtey-hain-pyaar-ke/articleshow/72107994.cms|title=Helly Shah joins 'Yeh Rishtey Hain Pyaar Ke'|website=Times Of India|date=18 November 2019 }}</ref> [[Vatsal Sheth]] entered soon after as Nishant Maheshwari and quit on 5 February 2020 with the end of his role.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/saas-bahu-aur-suspense/vatsal-sheth-makes-bhoot-wali-entry-in-yeh-rishtey-hain-pyaar-ke-567596|title=Vatsal Sheth makes 'bhoot wali' entry in Yeh Rishtey Hain Pyaar Ke|website=[[India TV]]|date=29 November 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Yeh Rishtey Hain Pyaar Ke: Vatsal Sheth's role comes to an end; actor says the journey was short but amazing|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/yeh-rishtey-hain-pyaar-ke-vatsal-sheths-role-comes-to-an-end-actor-says-the-journey-was-short-but-amazing/articleshow/73977425.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200704171410/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/yeh-rishtey-hain-pyaar-ke-vatsal-sheths-role-comes-to-an-end-actor-says-the-journey-was-short-but-amazing/articleshow/73977425.cms|archive-date=4 July 2020|website=The Times of India|date=6 February 2020 }}</ref> When the filming resumed after three months in late June after indefinite halt owing [[Coronavirus disease 2019|COVID-19]] outbreak, [[Ruslaan Mumtaz]] and [[Seema Pandey]] were cast.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Ruslaan Mumtaz: I am scared to start shooting, but I also have to think about my career|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/ruzlaan-mumtaz-i-am-scared-to-start-shooting-but-i-also-have-to-think-about-my-career/articleshow/76648435.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200704170918/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/ruzlaan-mumtaz-i-am-scared-to-start-shooting-but-i-also-have-to-think-about-my-career/articleshow/76648435.cms|archive-date=4 July 2020|website=The Times of India|date=27 June 2020 }}</ref> In the last week of July 2020, Producer Rajan Shahi confirmed replacing Arora after discussions stalled between the actor and studio during the COVID-19 outbreak.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Ritvik Arora out of 'Yeh Rishtey Hain Pyaar Ke'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/ritvik-arora-out-of-yeh-rishtey-hain-pyaar-ke/articleshow/77187757.cms|website=The Times of India|date=27 July 2020 |access-date=28 July 2020}}</ref> [[Avinash Mishra]] was brought in to replace Arora.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Avinash Mishra to replace Ritvik Arora in Yeh Rishtey Hain Pyaar Ke|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/avinash-mishra-to-replace-ritvik-arora-in-yeh-rishtey-hain-pyaar-ke-1705948-2020-07-30|website=India Today|date=30 July 2020 |access-date=2 October 2020}}</ref> The character Shaurya played by [[Samir Sharma]] was not seen in the series post-shoot resuming with his death in August 2020.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Sameer Sharma's Yeh Rishtey Hain Pyaar Ke co-stars mourn the actor's shocking demise; share heartwarming notes|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/sameer-sharmas-yeh-rishtey-hain-pyaar-ke-co-stars-mourn-the-actors-shocking-demise-share-heartwarming-notes/photostory/77393707.cms|website=The Times of India|date=6 August 2020 }}</ref>

=== Filming ===
Based on the backdrop of [[Gujarat]], set in [[Rajkot]], the series is mainly filmed at the sets created in [[Film City, Mumbai|Film City]] at [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=JD Majethia: TV Shows Will Start Rolling In A Week|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/jd-majethia-tv-shows-will-start-rolling-in-a-week/22845218|website=Mid Day|date=18 June 2020 }}</ref> Some of the initial sequences were shot at [[Bhuj]], Gujarat.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Check out Shaheer Sheikh and Rhea Sharma's first look from Yeh Rishtey Hain Pyaar Ke.|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/check-out-shaheer-sheikh-and-rhea-sharma-s-first-look-from-yeh-rishtey-hain-pyaar-ke-watch-video-1469845-2019-03-04|website=India Today|date=4 March 2019 }}</ref>

The show is set in [[Rajkot]], [[Gujarat]]. The team had shot some initial scenes in [[Bhuj]] and [[Kutch district|Kutch]] of Gujarat. Stating about it Rajan Shahi says, “We wanted to extend the show beyond [[Rajasthan]] and decided to add the vibrancy of Gujarat. My entire creative team explored the region, including various markets of Kutch, to capture the region flawlessly in our show. We have included various artworks, handicrafts, handlooms and the aesthetics of Kutch. Just like Kartik and Naira, I am looking at creating Abir and Mishti as the next sought after couple on Hindi television!”<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/gujarati/shaheer-sheikh-rhea-sharma-shoot-in-rann-of-kutch-for-yeh-rishta-spin-off/articleshow/68252990.cms|title=Shaheer Sheikh, Rhea Sharma shoot in Rann of Kutch for Yeh Rishta... spin-off|website=Times of India|date=4 March 2019 }}</ref>

=== Release ===
A promo was released, featuring the lead, Rhea Sharma and the female members of Singhania, Maheshwari and Goenka families with [[Badshah (rapper)|Badshah]]. The promo has a rap sung by Badshah.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Yeh Rishtey Hain Pyaar Ke: Badshah raps with Rhea Sharma, for Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai spin-off|work=Indian Express|date=7 March 2019 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/yeh-rishta-kya-kehlata-hai-spin-off-yeh-rishtey-hain-pyaar-ke-badshah-promos-5615049/lite/|access-date=8 March 2019}}</ref> A peppy song was released wherein, Shaheer quizzes Rhea on how someone can marry by just knowing them over a cup of tea.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/yeh-rishtey-hain-pyaar-ke-promo-shaheer-sheikh-rhea-sharmas-chemistry-peppy-song-charts-442413%3famp|work=Pinkvilla|title=Yeh Rishtey Hain Pyaar Ke promo: Shaheer Sheikh & Rhea Sharma's chemistry in this peppy song is off the charts|access-date=24 September 2020}}{{Dead link|date=September 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

=== Broadcast ===
The production and airing of the show was halted indefinitely in late March 2020 due to the [[Coronavirus disease 2019|COVID-19]] outbreak in India.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Yeh Rishtey Hain Pyaar Ke: Mishti and Kuhu's life to witness a major change; watch the mahaepisode's promo|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/yeh-rishtey-hain-pyaar-ke-mishti-and-kuhus-life-to-witness-a-major-change-post-leap-watch-promo/articleshow/70789825.cms|work=Times of India|date=22 August 2019 |access-date=22 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Television Industry in a Slump With the Lockdown|url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/tv/television-industry-experiencing-slowdown-with-the-lockdown|website=[[The Quint]]|date=12 May 2020 }}</ref> Because of the outbreak, the filming of television series and films was halted on 19 March 2020 and expected to resume on 1 April 2020 which was not feasible and the series was last broadcast on 25 March 2020 when the remaining episodes were aired.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Coronavirus outbreak: Film and television shootings to stop till March 31|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/coronavirus-outbreak-film-and-television-shootings-to-stop-till-march-31-1655773-2020-03-15|website=India Today|date=15 March 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=COVID-19 impact: TV industry braces for loss as production stalled|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/covid-19-impact-tv-industry-braces-for-loss-as-production-stalled-11584938268645.html|website=Live Mint}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Entertainment industry welcomes Maharashtra govt's move to resume filming projects|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/entertainment-industry-welcomes-maharashtra-govts-move-to-resume-filming-projects/1851923|website=[[Outlook India]]}}</ref> The production and filming of the series resumed after three months on 26 June 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The shooting of the serial Yeh Rishtey Hai Pyaar Ke started, actress Rupal Patel shared her experience|url=https://aajtak.intoday.in/story/ye-rishte-hain-pyaar-ke-shooting-begins-in-mumbai-rupal-patel-exclusive-interview-tmove-1-1204553.html|website=[[Aaj Tak]]|date=26 June 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Shaheer Sheikh and Rhea Sharma to return soon on screen with their show Yeh Rishtey Hai Pyaar Ke|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/shaheer-sheikh-rhea-sharma-return-soon-screen-show-yeh-rishtey-hai-pyaar-ke/|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=July 2020 }}</ref> The airing of the series resumed from 13 July 2020, being switched from its earlier 10:00 pm ([[Indian Standard Time|IST]]) slot to 9:00pm ([[Indian Standard Time|IST]]) slot and the 10:00 pm ([[Indian Standard Time|IST]]) slot was given to new show ''[[Anupamaa]]'' of the same production house(which was earlier planned at 9:00PM slot).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shaheer Sheikh & Rhea Sharma's 'Yeh Rishtey Hain Pyaar Ke' To Get NEW Time Slot After Lockdown|url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/shaheer-sheikh-rhea-sharma-yeh-rishtey-hain-pyaar-ke-new-time-slot-promo-on-star-plus-anupamaa-to-take-yrhpk-slot-1277327|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200704165937/https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/shaheer-sheikh-rhea-sharma-yeh-rishtey-hain-pyaar-ke-new-time-slot-promo-on-star-plus-anupamaa-to-take-yrhpk-slot-1277327|archive-date=4 July 2020|website=ABP News|date=3 July 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Shakti, Ye Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai, Yeh Rishtey Hain Pyaar Ke Post Lockdown Promos Out, Watch Videos|access-date=2 July 2020|work=News18|date=July 2020 |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/ye-rishta-kya-kehlata-hai-yeh-rishtey-hain-pyaar-ke-post-lockdown-promos-out-watch-videos-2695329.html}}</ref>

=== Cancellation ===
On 18 September 2020, the series' cancellation was confirmed after the ratings dropped drastically, exiting the top 20 Hindi GECs, when the series was shifted to 9:00 pm (IST) from its earlier 10:00 pm (IST) slot post-COVID-19 break.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=31 December 2020|title=Year Ender: From 'Anupamaa' To 'Imlie', Newly Launched Shows Which Won Hearts In 2020|url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/year-ender-2020-from-anupamaa-to-imlie-top-tv-shows-launched-in-2020-1426215|access-date=|website=ABP News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title='Saath Nibhaana Saathiya 2' to replace 'Yeh Rishtey Hain Pyaar Ke'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/saath-nibhaana-saathiya-2-to-replace-yeh-rishtey-hain-pyaar-ke/articleshow/78189540.cms|website=The Times of India|date=18 September 2020 }}</ref> The shooting of the series was completed on 10 October 2020 and the series aired its last episode on 17 October 2020, before being replaced by [[Saath Nibhaana Saathiya 2]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Shaheer Sheikh shoots for the last episode of Yeh Rishtey Hain Pyaar Ke, says will miss playing Abir|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/shaheer-sheikh-shoots-for-the-last-episode-of-yeh-rishtey-hain-pyaar-ke-says-will-miss-playing-abir/articleshow/78593817.cms|website=The Times of India|date=10 October 2020 }}</ref>

[[Shaheer Sheikh]] thanked Rhea Sharma for being the Mishti to his Abir. He said, "Bringing a love story to life means having someone who understands and feeds off your energy. You made ‘Abir’ come to life, by being ‘Mishti’.. together we tried to create something fun, meaningful & hopeful. The world looked at Ajib Rajvansh through ur eyes."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Yeh Rishtey Hain Pyaar Ke: Shaheer Sheikh says Rhea Sharma brought Abir to life by being Mishti|work=Bollywood Hungama|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/yeh-rishtey-hain-pyaar-ke-shaheer-sheikh-says-rhea-sharma-brought-abir-life-mishti/|date=16 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Happy that Yeh Rishtey Hain Pyaar is ending gracefully: Shaheer Sheikh aka Abir Rajvansh|work=Indian Express|access-date=18 March 2020|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/shaheer-sheikh-happy-that-yeh-rishtey-hain-pyaar-is-ending-gracefully-6757550/lite/}}</ref>

With the show going off-air [[Rhea Sharma]] said "I will miss playing Mishti a lot, she was and will always be close to my heart."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rhea Sharma on Yeh Rishtey Hain Pyaar Ke going off-air: Will miss Mishti; She was close to my heart|work=Pinkvilla|access-date=20 September 2020|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/exclusive-rhea-sharma-yeh-rishtey-hain-pyaar-ke-going-air-will-miss-mishti-she-was-close-my-heart-563949%3famp|archive-date=5 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201105120705/https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/exclusive-rhea-sharma-yeh-rishtey-hain-pyaar-ke-going-air-will-miss-mishti-she-was-close-my-heart-563949?amp|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Shaheer Sheikh shares farewell notes thanking the cast and crew of Yeh Rishtey Hain Pyaar Ke|work=India Today|date=15 October 2020 |access-date=16 October 2020|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/shaheer-sheikh-shares-farewell-notes-thanking-the-cast-and-crew-of-yeh-rishtey-hain-pyaar-ke-1731814-2020-10-15}}</ref>

The shows fans protested to the show going off-air. There was widespread anger.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Yeh Rishtey Hain Pyaar Ke fans furious over the show going off-air; warn the makers of boycotting the channel|work=Times Of India|date=2 October 2020 |access-date=3 October 2020|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/yeh-rishtey-hain-pyaar-ke-fans-furious-over-the-show-going-off-air-warn-the-makers-of-boycotting-the-channel/articleshow/78444713.cms}}</ref> In September 2020, one of its fan attempted suicide after knowing that the show will end soon.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shocking! Yeh Rishtey Hain Pyaar Ke fan slits wrist as show is about to go off air soon|work=India Today|date=21 September 2020 |access-date=22 September 2020|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/yeh-rishtey-hain-pyaar-ke-fan-slits-wrist-as-show-is-about-to-go-off-air-1723956-2020-09-21}}</ref>

==Crossover==
''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]'' and ''Yeh Rishtey Hain Pyaar Ke'' had an integration from 12 March 2019 to 16 March 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |access-date=11 March 2019 |title=Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai's Shivangi Joshi, Mohsin Khan meet Yeh Rishtey Hain Pyaar Ke's Rhea Sharma |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/photos-yeh-rishta-kya-kehlata-hais-shivangi-joshi-mohsin-khan-meet-yeh-rishtey-hain-pyaar-kes-rhea-sharma-442675%3famp |work=Pinkvilla |archive-date=24 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724234924/https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/photos-yeh-rishta-kya-kehlata-hais-shivangi-joshi-mohsin-khan-meet-yeh-rishtey-hain-pyaar-kes-rhea-sharma-442675?amp |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Rhea Sharma]] and [[Kaveri Priyam]] as grown-up versions of Mishti and Kuhu(replacing Aarna Sharma and Yamini Makwana as teenaged versions) respectively were introduced during the integration.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/shaheer-sheikh-is-supportive-co-actor-rhea-sharma/articleshow/68580170.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327052459/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/shaheer-sheikh-is-supportive-co-actor-rhea-sharma/articleshow/68580170.cms|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 March 2019|title=Shaheer Sheikh is a supportive co-actor: Rhea Sharma |website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-06-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/yeh-rishta-kya-kehlata-hai-and-yeh-rishtey-hain-pyar-ke-to-have-an-integration-episode/articleshow/68339698.cms|title=Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai and Yeh Rishtey Hain Pyar Ke to have an integration episode|website=Times of India|date=9 March 2019 }}</ref>

==Reception==
===Critical reception===
''Yeh Rishtey Hain Pyaar Ke'' generally received positive reviews from the critics.<ref>{{Cite web|title=It only takes a second for someone's life to change. What do you think will happen to Mishti & Kuhu?|url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/television-news/article/yeh-rishtey-hain-pyaar-ke-the-show-to-see-a-leap-after-maha-episode-21588181|work=Mid Day|access-date=23 August 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Yeh Rishtey Hain Pyaar Ke: Shaheer Sheikh starrer to recreate Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham moment; view pics|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/yeh-rishtey-hain-pyaar-ke-shaheer-sheikh-starrer-recreate-kabhi-khushi-kabhie-gham-moment-view-pics-484417?amp|work=Pinkvilla|access-date=7 November 2019|archive-date=7 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191107124253/https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/yeh-rishtey-hain-pyaar-ke-shaheer-sheikh-starrer-recreate-kabhi-khushi-kabhie-gham-moment-view-pics-484417?amp|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[Pinkvilla]] stated "The makers have managed to strike a balance between the young and the old. Shaheer Sheikh and Rhea Sharma's show lets love brew in a carefully woven drama."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Yeh Rishtey Hain Pyaar Ke REVIEW: Shaheer Sheikh, Rhea Sharma's show lets love brew in a carefully woven drama|access-date=19 March 2019|work=Pinkvilla|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/yeh-rishtey-hain-pyaar-ke-review-shaheer-sheikh-rhea-sharmas-show-lets-love-brew-carefully-woven-drama-443492%3famp|archive-date=30 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330005550/https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/yeh-rishtey-hain-pyaar-ke-review-shaheer-sheikh-rhea-sharmas-show-lets-love-brew-carefully-woven-drama-443492?amp|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Yeh Rishtey Hain Pyaar Ke: MishBir's emotional confession leaves fans teary eyed; fans laud Shaheer & Rhea|work=Pinkvilla|access-date=14 August 2020|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/yeh-rishtey-hain-pyaar-ke-mishbirs-emotional-confession-leaves-fans-teary-eyed-fans-laud-shaheer-rhea-555794?amp|archive-date=5 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201005154945/https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/yeh-rishtey-hain-pyaar-ke-mishbirs-emotional-confession-leaves-fans-teary-eyed-fans-laud-shaheer-rhea-555794?amp|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Controversies==
===Shaheer Sheikh's poetry issue===
Shaheer recently got himself embroiled in a controversy wherein he was accused for claiming of writing a poetry for his show. The original writer of it called out to him after this action, and the actor released a statement apologizing for the same.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shaheer Sheikh apologizes for claiming a dialogue writer's poetry from Ye Rishtey Hain Pyar Ke as his|access-date=6 April 2019|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/pandya-store-actor-simran-budharup-gets-rape-threats-due-her-negative-character-show-report-1143989?amp|work=Pinkvilla|archive-date=15 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615120746/https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/pandya-store-actor-simran-budharup-gets-rape-threats-due-her-negative-character-show-report-1143989?amp|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Ritvik Arora's controversial exit===
Ritvik Arora quit the show in July 2020. On Ritvik being out of the show, Rajan Shah claimed Ritvik Arora has been unprofessional in his conduct. He said:<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ritvik Arora OUT of YRHPK; producer Rajan Shahi says 'If an actor isn't professional, I don't mind replacing'|access-date=28 July 2020|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/ritvik-arora-out-yrhpk-producer-rajan-shahi-says-if-actor-isnt-professional-i-don-t-mind-replacing-552459%3famp|work=Pinkvilla}}{{Dead link|date=September 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>{{blockquote|When a production member had reached out to Ritvik recently, he asked them to speak to his father, which in itself is unprofessional. The contract was signed with Ritvik and not his father, so any discussing should be with him. When his father was contacted, he asked for a raise in his remuneration, almost double of what he was being paid and also a minimum 25-day work guarantee. What’s really wrong is the way he communicated it saying, Don’t even think of calling back if you want to negotiate.}}

Ritvik on his part said, {{blockquote| "There is absolutely no reason for me to leave the show because it’s such a good opportunity. This is a case of miscommunication and misunderstanding."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ritvik Arora No Longer Part Of Yeh Rishtey Hain Pyaar Ke, Here is Why|access-date=29 July 2020|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/ritvik-arora-no-longer-part-of-yeh-rishtey-hain-pyaar-ke-here-is-why-2738011.html|work=News18|date=27 July 2020 }}</ref>}}

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Yeh Rishtey Hain Pyaar Ke Original Sound Track
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Nakash Aziz and Sargam Jassu
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 18 March 2019
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Romance (music)|Romance]] [[Soundtrack]]
| length = 28:38
| language = [[Hindi]]
| label = [[Star India]]
| producer = Rajan Shahi
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc = {{Extra chronology
| artist = Nakash Aziz and Sargam Jassu
| type = Album
| prev_title = [[Dil Toh Happy Hai Ji]]
| prev_year = 2019
| title = Yeh Rishtey Hain Pyaar Ke
| year = 2019
| next_title = Baavle Utaavle
| next_year = 2019}}
}}

Yeh Rishtey Hain Pyaar Ke's soundtrack is composed by [[Nakash Aziz]] and Sargam Jassu. The title track "Yeh Rishtey Hain Pyaar Ke", is an original track and is the theme song of the show. It received positive reviews.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Listen To All The Songs Of 'Yeh Rishtey Hain Pyaar Ke' On Spotify - Exclusice|work=Spotify|access-date=20 March 2020|url=https://open.spotify.com/playlist/1kXBUwse9wq9z8OPq34e7V}}</ref>

The tracks "Dheere Dheere Se" and "Saathiya Mere" were the theme songs of Abir and Mishti. The tracks have received positive reviews. "Bekhudi" is the theme song of Kunal and Kuhu. Female version of Bekhudi and "Jeete Hain Chal" has been sung by Pamela Jain.

Other tracks of the album includes, "Nahi Lagta Dil Mera", wedding songs "Rishta Aya Hai" and "Shaadi Hai Ghar Mein" and the Holi Special song "Holi Hai".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Listen To All The Songs Of 'Yeh Rishtey Hain Pyaar Ke' On Jio Saavn - Exclusice|work=Jio Saavn|access-date=20 March 2020|url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/yeh-rishtey-hain-pyaar-ke/aTmOsPg4n-w_}}</ref>

{{track listing
| extra_column= Artist
| headline = Yeh Rishtey Hain Pyaar Ke: Tracklisting
|title1 = Yeh Rishtey Hain Pyaar ke
|note1 = Duet
|extra1 = Nakash Aziz 
Sargam Jassu
|length1 = 1:31
|title2 = Yeh Rishtey Hain Pyaar Ke
|note2 = Sad
|extra2 = Nakash Aziz 
Sargam Jassu
|length2 = 3:22
| title3 = Dheere Dheere Se
| note3 = Duet
| extra3 = Nakash Aziz 
Sargam Jassu
| length3 = 3:31
| title4 = Dheere Dheere Se
| note4 = Sad
| extra4 = Nakash Aziz 
Sargam Jassu
| length4 = 2:07
|title5 = Saathiya Mere
|note5 = Duet
|extra5 = Nakash Aziz 
Sargam Jassu
|length5 = 2:49
|title6 = Saathiya Mere
|note6 = Sad
|extra6 = Nakash Aziz 
Sargam Jassu
|length6 = 1:46
|title7 = Nahi Lagta Dil Mera
|note7 = Male
|extra7 = Nakash Aziz 
Sargam Jassu
|length7 = 2:20
|title8 = Jeete Hain Chal
|note8 = Female
|extra8 = Pamela Jain
|length8 = 2:41
|title9 = Rishta Aya Hai
|note9 = Duet
|extra9 = Nakash Aziz 
Sargam Jassu
|length9 = 2:14
|title10 = Shaadi Hai Ghar Mein
|note10 = Duet
|extra10 = Nakash Aziz 
Sargam Jassu
|length10 = 3:06
|title11 = Holi Hai
|note11 = Duet
|extra11 = Nakash Aziz 
Sargam Jassu
|length11 = 3:47
|title12 = Bekhudi
|note12 = Female
|extra12 = Pamela Jain
|length12 = 1:24
|title13 = Bekhudi
|note13 = Male
|extra13 = Nakash Aziz 
Sargam Jassu
|length13 = 1:43
}}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Recipient
! Result
! Ref
|-
| rowspan="7"|2019
| rowspan="7"|[[Gold Awards]]
| [[Gold Award for Best Actress in a Lead Role|Best Actress in a Lead Role]]
| [[Rhea Sharma]]
| {{nom}}
|rowspan="3"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/gold-awards-2019-winners-list-surbhi-chandna-hina-khan-mohsin-khan-win-big/21894169|title=Gold Awards 2019: Rhea Sharma and Shaheer Sheikh Win Best Onscreen Jodi Award|website=Mid-day|date=12 October 2019 |language=en|access-date=12 October 2019}}</ref>
|-
|[[Gold Award for Best Actor in a Lead Role|Best Actor in a Lead Role]]
| [[Shaheer Sheikh]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Onscreen Jodi (Popular)
| [[Rhea Sharma]] & [[Shaheer Sheikh]]
| {{won}}
|-
|[[Gold Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role|Best Actor in a Supporting Role]]
| [[Ritvik Arora]]
| {{won}}
|rowspan="3"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress-com.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/indianexpress.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/hina-khan-sunny-leone-and-surbhi-chandna-win-big-at-gold-awards-2019-6065482/lite/?usqp=mq331AQCKAE=&amp_js_v=0.1|title=Hina Khan, Karan Singh Grover, Sunny Leone, Shaheer Sheikh and Rhea Sharma win big at Gold Awards 2019|website=Indian Express|date=13 October 2019 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Gold Award for Best Actress in a Negative Role|Best Actress in a Negative Role]]
| rowspan="2"|[[Rupal Patel]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Gold Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role|Best Actress in a Supporting Role]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Gold Award for Best Television Show (Fiction)|Best Television Show (Fiction)]]
| ''Yeh Rishtey Hain Pyaar Ke''
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gold Awards 2019: Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hain, Yeh Rishtey Hain Pyaar Ke and Kasautii Zindagi Ki among others win big|url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/gold-awards-2019-winners-list-hina-khan-erica-fernandes-surbhi-chandna-shivangi-joshi-other-actors-walk-away-with-trophies-1089646|access-date=2022-02-25|website=ABP Live|date=12 October 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="4"|2020
|rowspan="4"|[[Lions Clubs International|Lions Gold Awards]]
|Best Actress
|[[Rhea Sharma]]
|{{nom}}
|rowspan="4"|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lions Gold Awards 2020 Winners List: Shaheer, Hina, Jennifer, Shraddha, Dheeraj & Others Bag Awards|work=ABP Live|date=26 January 2020 |url=https://news.abplive.com/videos/entertainment/television-lions-gold-awards-2020-celebrities-talk-about-winning-1149084|access-date=27 January 2020}}</ref>
|-
|Best Actor
|[[Shaheer Sheikh]]
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Supporting Actor
|[[Ritvik Arora]]
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Supporting Actress
|[[Kaveri Priyam]]
|{{won}}
|}

==See also==
* [[List of programs broadcast by Star Plus]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://m.imdb.com/title/tt9833584/ Yeh Rishtey Hain Pyaar Ke] on [[IMDb]]
*[https://www.hotstar.com/tv/yeh-rishtey-hain/s-2049 Yeh Rishtey Hain Pyaar Ke] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190709172450/https://www.hotstar.com/tv/yeh-rishtey-hain/s-2049 |date=9 July 2019 }} on [[Hotstar]]

{{Commons}}
{{Portal bar|India|Television}}

{{Star Plus Shows}}

[[Category:2019 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2020 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:StarPlus original programming]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]
[[Category:Indian television spinoffs]]
[[Category:Television productions suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic]]

Bicharak

2026-03-07T06:45:48Z

Caliber: Enhanced and reorganized content

{{short description|1959 Indian Bengali psychological drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Bicharak
| image =
| alt = 
| caption = DVD cover
| director = [[Prabhat Mukherjee]]
| screenplay = Prabhat Mukherjee
| producer = [[Arundhati Devi]]
| writer = [[Tarasankar Bandyopadhyay]]
| based_on = ''Bicharak'' novel by Tarasankar Bandyopadhyay
| starring = [[Sisir Bhaduri]] [[Uttam Kumar]] [[Arundhati Devi]] [[Chhabi Biswas]]
| music = [[Rabindranath Tagore]], [[Timir Baran Bhattachariya]]
| cinematography = [[Ajoy Mitra]]
| editing = Haridas Mahalanbish
| studio = Prabhat Production
| distributor = Shreebishnu Pictures Private Limited
| released = {{Film date|1959}}
| runtime = 121 minutes
| country = India
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Bicharak''''' (English: The Judge) is a [[Bengali language|Bengali-language]] [[Psychological thriller|psychological thriller film]] directed by Prabhat Mukherjee. Based on a novel of the same name by [[Tarasankar Bandyopadhyay]], the film was produced by [[Arundhati Devi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.300056|title=Bicharak|last=Bandyopadhyay, Tarashankar|access-date=15 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://calcuttatube.com/bicharak-bengali-movie/141/|title=Bicharak-Bengali Movie|access-date=15 December 2018|archive-date=16 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181016165425/http://calcuttatube.com/bicharak-bengali-movie/141/|url-status=live}}</ref> This film was released in 1959<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.frontierweekly.com/archive/vol-number/vol/vol-46-2013-14/46-31/46-31-Aspects%20of%20Film%20Festival.html|title=Aspects of Film Festival|access-date=14 December 2018|archive-date=28 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200128212540/http://www.frontierweekly.com/archive/vol-number/vol/vol-46-2013-14/46-31/46-31-Aspects%20of%20Film%20Festival.html|url-status=live}}</ref> under the banner of Prabhat Productions and received [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Bengali]] in 1960.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nettv4u.com/about/Hindi/awards/7th-national-film-awards|title=Hindi TV Serials 7th National Film Awards|publisher=nettv4u.com|access-date=15 March 2019|archive-date=25 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025024840/http://www.nettv4u.com/about/Hindi/awards/7th-national-film-awards|url-status=live}}</ref> The film stars [[Uttam Kumar]] in the titular role alongside Arundhati Devi in the lead, while [[Chhabi Biswas]], [[Pahari Sanyal|Pahadi Sanyal]] and [[Chandrabati Devi]] play other pivotal roles. The film showed Uttam Kumar one of the best performance ever as a [[Judge]]. This is also remembered as one of the best films in his career and best ever in [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali Cinema]] history.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-24 |title=Once Upon a Cinema: Uttam Kumar's Last Bow |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/once-upon-a-cinema-uttam-kumars-last-bow-10949141.html |access-date=2023-04-11 |website=Firstpost |language=en |archive-date=5 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405133113/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/once-upon-a-cinema-uttam-kumars-last-bow-10949141.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The film also received huge critical acclamation and saw the commercial success.

==Plot==
The plot unfolds with a series of flashbacks which reveal a judge's past and hidden secrets. Gyanendra, a judge, lives with his wife Sarama. Being the Judge, with every trial of similar cases he remembers his past, the truth about his questionable actions. Gyanendra always recalls when he was a popular lawyer, married to Sumoti, a suspicious and rude lady. But he had a weak feelings for his professor's daughter Sarama. One day Gyanendra's house was burnt and his first wife Sumoti died. Gyanendra could not make any attempt to save her, perhaps he was unable to bear Sumati further. Thereafter he marries Sarama and becomes a judge, but realizes his crime and the past haunts him much.

==Cast==
* [[Sisir Bhaduri]] as Judge
* [[Uttam Kumar]] as Gyanendra
* [[Chhabi Biswas]] as Lawyer
* [[Pahari Sanyal]] as Professor
* [[Arundhati Devi]] as Sarama
* Dipti Roy as Sumati
* [[Chandrabati Devi]]
* Bani Hazra
* Atanu Ghosh

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Bicharak
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Rabindranath Tagore]]
| director = [[Dakshinee|Suvo Guha Thakurta]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1959
| recorded = 1958
| venue =
| studio = Prabhat Productions Pvt Ltd
| genre =
| length = 0:6:44
| label = Angel Digital Pvt Ltd
| producer = Prabhat Mukherjee, Arundhati Devi
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}
{{Track listing
| all_writing =
| all_lyrics = [[Rabindranath Tagore]]
| all_music = [[Rabindranath Tagore]], [[Dakshinee|Suvo Guha Thakurta]]
| headline = Songs
| extra_column = Playback
| title1 = Amar Mallika Bone
| length1 = 2:54
| extra1 = [[Utpala Sen]], [[Mrinal Chakraborty]]
| title2 = Amar Bichar Tumi Karo
| length2 = 1:27
| extra2 = [[Hemant Kumar]]
| total_length = 4:21
}}

==Award==
*[[7th National Film Awards|1960]]: [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Bengali|Certificate of Merit Best Feature Film in Bengali - Bicharak]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|1920854}}
{{National Film Award Best Feature Film Bengali}}
[[Category:1959 films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:1950s psychological drama films]]
[[Category:Indian psychological drama films]]
[[Category:Films based on Indian novels]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:1959 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:1959 drama films]]
[[Category:Films based on works by Tarasankar Bandyopadhyay]]

{{1950s-Bengali-film-stub}}

Bicharak

2026-03-07T06:45:48Z

Caliber: Enhanced and reorganized content

Operation U-Go

2026-03-06T17:57:42Z

Caliber: correct intro additionally and corrected details based on references

{{Short description|Japanese Invasion of India in 1944}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = U Go offensive
| partof = the [[Burma campaign (1944)|Burma campaign]] of [[World War II]]
| image = The War in the Far East- the Burma Campaign 1941-1945 IND3378.jpg
| image_size = 300px
| caption = The summit of Nippon Hill, east of Imphal, which was hotly contested during Operation U-Go
| date = March 1944 – June 1944
| place = [[Kohima]], [[Naga Hills District, British India|Naga Hills]], [[Manipur Kingdom]] and [[Bombing of Calcutta|Calcutta]] in [[British Raj|British India]]
| casus =
| territory =
| result = [[British Raj|British]] victory
| combatant1 = {{flag|British Empire}}
* {{flag|British Raj|name=India}}
{{flagicon|Nepal|old}} [[Kingdom of Nepal|Nepal]]
| combatant2 = {{flag|Empire of Japan}}
* {{flagdeco|India|1931}} [[Azad Hind]]
| commander1 = {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[William Slim, 1st Viscount Slim|William Slim]] {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Montagu Stopford]] {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Geoffry Scoones]]
| commander2 = {{flagicon|Empire of Japan|army}} [[Renya Mutaguchi]] {{flagicon|Empire of Japan|army}} [[Masakazu Kawabe]] {{flagicon|India|1931}} [[Subhas Chandra Bose|Subhas C. Bose]]
| strength1 = 7 infantry divisions 1 tank brigade 2 infantry brigades 50,000 men
| strength2 = 5 infantry divisions 1 tank regiment 115,000 men
| casualties1 = 16,987–21,500<ref name="Allen643">Allen (1984), p. 643</ref><ref name="Allen638">Allen (1984), p. 638</ref>
| casualties2 = '''15th, 31st and 33rd Divisions:''' 12,443 killed 1,652 missing in action 8,407 dead from disease '''Misc. Army Troops:''' 8,000 dead from all causes '''Total:''' 30,502 dead, 23,003 hospitalized<ref>[https://ibiblio.org/hyperwar/Japan/Monos/pdfs/JM-134/JM-134.pdf JM-134] pp. 164 Retrieved 5/19/16</ref>{{dubious|date=May 2025}}
| notes =
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Burma}}
}}
The '''U Go offensive''', or '''Operation C''' ({{langx|ja|ウ号作戦}}, {{lang|ja-Latn|U Gō sakusen}}), was the [[Imperial Japanese Army|Japanese]] offensive launched in March 1944 against forces of the [[British Empire]] in the northeast Indian regions of [[Manipur]] and the [[Naga Hills]] (then administered as part of [[Assam]]). Aimed at the [[Brahmaputra Valley]], through the towns of [[Imphal]] and [[Kohima]], the offensive along with the overlapping [[Battle of the Admin Box|Ha Go]] offensive was one of the last Japanese offensives during the [[Second World War]]. The offensive culminated in the Battles of [[Battle of Imphal|Imphal]] and [[Battle of Kohima|Kohima]], where the Japanese and their allies were first held and then pushed back.

==Origins of the Japanese plan==
In 1942, the [[Imperial Japanese Army|Japanese Army]] had driven the British, Indian and [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Chinese]] troops out of [[British rule in Burma|Burma]]. When the [[monsoon]] rains stopped campaigning, the British and Indian troops had occupied [[Imphal]], the capital of [[Manipur]] state. This lay in a plain astride one of the few practicable routes over the [[jungle]]-covered mountains which separated India and Burma. The Japanese commander in Burma, Lieutenant General [[Shōjirō Iida]], was asked for his opinion on whether a renewed advance should be made into India after the rains ended. After conferring with his divisional commanders, Iida reported that it would be unwise to do so, because of the difficult terrain and supply problems.

During the year and a half which followed, the Allies reconstructed the [[Line of communication|lines of communication]] to [[Assam]], in north-east India. The [[United States Army]] (with large numbers of Indian labourers) constructed several airbases in Assam from which supplies were flown to the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Nationalist Chinese]] government under [[Chiang Kai-shek]] and [[China Burma India Theater of World War II|American airbases]] in China.<ref name="Lebra 1977 p=20">{{Harvnb|Lebra|1977|p=20}}</ref> This air route, which crossed several mountain ranges, was known as [[the Hump]]. The Americans also began constructing the [[Ledo Road]], to be a land link from Assam to China.

In mid-1943, the Japanese command in Burma had been reorganised. General Iida was posted back to Japan and a new headquarters, [[Burma Area Army]], was created under Lieutenant-General [[Masakasu Kawabe]]. One of its subordinate formations, responsible for the central part of the front facing Imphal and Assam, was the [[Japanese Fifteenth Army|Fifteenth Army]], whose new commander was Lieutenant-General [[Renya Mutaguchi]]. From the moment he took command, Mutaguchi forcefully advocated an invasion of India. Rather than seeking a mere tactical victory, he planned to exploit the capture of Imphal by advancing to the [[Brahmaputra Valley]], thereby cutting the Allied supply lines to their front in northern Burma, and to the airfields supplying the Nationalist Chinese. His motives for doing so appear to be complex. In late 1942, when he was consulted by Lieutenant General Iida about the advisability of continuing the Japanese advance, he had been particularly vocal in his opposition, as the terrain appeared to be too difficult and the logistic problems seemed impossible to overcome. He had thought at the time that this plan originated at a local level, but was ashamed of his earlier caution when he found that Imperial Army HQ had originally advocated it.<ref name="Allen152">Allen (1984), pp. 152–153</ref>

Mutaguchi had played an important part in several Japanese victories, ever since the [[Marco Polo Bridge incident]] in 1937. He believed it was his destiny to win the decisive battle of the war for Japan. Mutaguchi was also goaded by the first [[Chindit]] long-range penetration expedition launched by the British under [[Orde Wingate]] early in 1943. Wingate's troops had traversed terrain which Mutaguchi had earlier claimed would be impassable to the [[18th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)|18th Division]] which he commanded at the time.<ref name="Allen152"/> The Allies had widely publicised the successful aspects of Wingate's expedition while concealing their losses to disease and exhaustion, misleading Mutaguchi and some of his staff as to the difficulties they would later face.

===Japanese planning===
Between 24 June and 27 June 1943, a planning conference was held in [[Yangon|Rangoon]]. Mutaguchi's [[Chief of Staff]], Major General [[Todai Kunomura]], presented Mutaguchi's plan, but was brusquely overruled as the staff of Burma Area Army objected to Kunomura pre-empting their own limited plans to push the Japanese forward defensive lines a short distance into the mountainous frontier with India.<ref>Allen (1984), p. 158</ref> Nevertheless, Mutaguchi's plan was examined. Lieutenant General [[Eitaro Naka]], (Burma Area Army's Chief of Staff), Major General [[Masazumi Inada]], (the Vice Chief of Staff of [[Southern Expeditionary Army Group]]) and even Lieutenant General [[Gonpachi Kondo]] from [[Imperial General Headquarters]] all pointed out tactical and logistical weaknesses in Mutaguchi's plan. However, Lieutenant General Kawabe did not forbid Mutaguchi to carry out his ideas.<ref>Allen (1984), pp. 159–160</ref>

At subsequent exercises at Fifteenth Army's headquarters in [[Maymyo]] and at Southern Expeditionary Army Group's headquarters in [[Singapore]], Lieutenant General Naka appeared to have been won over to Mutaguchi's ideas. Lieutenant General Inada was still opposed, but put forward to Kunomura and Major [[Iwaichi Fujiwara]] (one of Mutaguchi's staff officers) the apparently frivolous idea of attacking into the Chinese province of [[Yunnan]] instead. However, Inada was removed from Southern Expeditionary Army on 11 October 1943, after being made the scapegoat for failures to comply with an agreement to cede territories to [[Thailand]] which, under Field Marshal [[Plaek Pibulsonggram]], was allied to Japan.<ref>Allen (1984), pp. 164–165</ref>

After another map exercise in Singapore on 23 December 1943, Field Marshal [[Hisaichi Terauchi]] (Commander in Chief of Southern Expeditionary Army Group) approved the plan. Inada's replacement, Lieutenant General [[Kitsuju Ayabe]], was despatched to Imperial Army HQ to gain approval. Prime Minister [[Hideki Tōjō]] gave final sanction after questioning a staff officer over aspects of the plan from his bath.<ref>Allen (1984), p. 166</ref> Once this decision was taken, neither Lieutenant General Kawabe nor Field Marshal Terauchi were given any opportunity to call off Mutaguchi's attack, codenamed '''U-GO''' or '''Operation C''' (ウ号作戦), nor to exercise much control over it once it was launched.

===Azad Hind influence===
To some extent, Mutaguchi and Tojo were influenced by [[Subhas Chandra Bose]], who led the [[Azad Hind]], a movement which was dedicated to freeing India from British rule. Bose was also commander in chief of the movement's armed forces, the [[Azad Hind Fauj]] or ''Indian National Army'' (INA). The INA was composed mainly of former [[prisoner of war|prisoners of war]] from the [[British Indian Army]] who had been captured by the Japanese after the [[Battle of Singapore|fall of Singapore]], and [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|Indian expatriates]] in [[South East Asia]] who had decided to join the nationalist movement.

Bose was eager for the INA to participate in any invasion of India, and persuaded several Japanese that a victory such as Mutaguchi anticipated would lead to the collapse of British rule in India. The idea that their western boundary would be controlled by a more friendly government was attractive to the Japanese. It would also have been consistent with the idea that Japanese expansion into Asia was part of an effort to support Asian government of Asia and counter western colonialism.<ref>Syonan Sinbun, 26 January 1943</ref><ref>Lebra, 1977, p. 20</ref>

==Japanese plans==
[[File:Kohima.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Imphal and Kohima Campaign]]
The Allies were preparing to take the offensive themselves in early 1944. The [[XV Corps (British India)|Indian XV Corps]] was advancing in the coastal [[Arakan Province]], while the [[IV Corps (United Kingdom)|British IV Corps]] had pushed two Indian infantry divisions almost to the [[Chindwin River]] at [[Tamu, Burma|Tamu]] and [[Tedim|Tiddim]]. These two divisions were widely separated and vulnerable to being isolated.

The Japanese planned that a division from the [[Japanese Twenty-Eighth Army|Twenty-Eighth Army]] would launch a diversionary attack in the Arakan, codenamed [[Battle of the Admin Box|Ha Go]], in the first week of February. This would attract Allied reserves from Assam, and also create the impression that the Japanese intended to attack [[Bengal]] through [[Chittagong]].

In the centre, Mutaguchi's Fifteenth Army would launch the main attack into Manipur in the first week in March, aiming to capture Imphal and Kohima, scattering British forces and forestalling any offensive movements against Burma.<ref>{{Harvnb|Fay|1993|p=281}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Fay|1993|p=265}}</ref> In detail, the Fifteenth Army plans were:
* The [[33rd Division (Imperial Japanese Army)|33rd Infantry Division]] under Lieutenant-General [[Motoso Yanagida]] would destroy the [[17th Indian Infantry Division]] at Tiddim, then attack Imphal from the south.
* ''Yamamoto Force'', formed from units detached from the 33rd and 15th Divisions under Major-General [[Tsunoru Yamamoto]] (commander of 33rd Division's Infantry Group), supported by tanks and heavy artillery, would destroy the [[20th Indian Infantry Division]] at [[Tamu, Myanmar|Tamu]], then attack Imphal from the east.
* The [[15th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)|15th Infantry Division]] under Lieutenant-General [[Masafumi Yamauchi]] would envelop Imphal from the north.
* In a separate subsidiary operation, the [[31st Division (Imperial Japanese Army)|31st Infantry Division]] under Lieutenant-General [[Kōtoku Satō]] would isolate Imphal by capturing [[Kohima]], then push onwards to capture the vital Allied supply base at [[Dimapur]] in the Brahmaputra valley.

At the insistence of Bose, two brigades from the Indian National Army were also assigned to the attacks on Imphal from the south and east. The Japanese had originally intended using the INA as auxiliaries to their forces only, for reconnaissance and propaganda.<ref>Allen (1984), p. 170</ref>

The staff at Burma Area Army had originally thought this plan too risky. They believed it was unwise to separate the attacking forces so widely, but several officers who were vocal in their opposition were transferred.<ref>Allen, (1984), pp. 159–162</ref> Mutaguchi's divisional commanders were also pessimistic. They thought that Mutaguchi was gambling too heavily on gaining early success to solve supply problems. Some of them thought him a "blockhead", or reckless.

==Allied plans==
In early 1944, the Allied formations in Assam and Arakan were part of the [[British Fourteenth Army]], commanded by Lieutenant General [[William Slim]]. Over the preceding year, since the failure of an earlier offensive in the Arakan, he and his predecessor, General [[George Giffard]], had been striving to improve the health, training and morale of the British and Indian units of the army. Through improvements in the lines of communication, better administration in the rear areas, and above all, better supply of fresh rations and medicines, these efforts had been successful. The Allies had also developed methods to counter the standard Japanese tactics of outflanking and isolating formations. In particular, they would increasingly depend upon aircraft to supply cut-off units. The Japanese had not anticipated this, and their attacks would be thwarted several times.

From various intelligence sources, Slim and Lieutenant General [[Geoffry Scoones]] (commanding Indian IV Corps, occupying Imphal) had learned of the general intentions of the Japanese to launch an offensive, although they did not have specific information on the Japanese objectives and were to be surprised several times when the Japanese did launch their attacks. Rather than anticipate the Japanese by attacking across the Chindwin, or trying to defend the line of the river itself, Slim intended to exploit known Japanese logistical weaknesses by withdrawing into Imphal to fight a defensive battle where the Japanese would be unable to supply their troops.<ref>Allen (1984), p. 155</ref>

==''Ha Go''==
{{Main|Battle of the Admin Box}}
The diversionary Japanese attack in Arakan began on 5 February. A force from the [[55th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)|Japanese 55th Division]] infiltrated the lines of Indian XV Corps to overrun an Indian divisional headquarters and isolate the Corps' forward divisions. When they tried to press their attacks against a hastily fortified administrative area known as the "Admin Box", they found that Allied aircraft dropped supplies to the garrison, while the Japanese themselves were cut off from their supply sources and starved. British and Indian tanks and infantry broke through a hill pass to relieve the defenders of the Box. The badly supplied and starving Japanese forces were forced to withdraw.<ref>{{Harvnb|Fay|1993|p=264}}</ref>

==U Go==

===Imphal===
{{Main|Battle of Imphal}}

The main U Go offensive began on 6 March 1944. Slim and Scoones had given their forward divisions orders to withdraw too late. The 20th Indian Division withdrew safely, but the 17th Indian Division was cut off and forced to fight its way back into the Imphal plain. Scoones was forced to commit almost all his reserves to help the 17th Division. Because the diversionary offensive in the Arakan had already failed, the Allies were able to fly a division (including its artillery and front-line transport) from the Arakan front to Imphal, in time to prevent the Japanese 15th Division overrunning Imphal from the north.

During April, the Japanese attacks against the defences at the edge of the Imphal plain were all held. In May, IV Corps began a counter-offensive, pushing northward to link up with a relieving force fighting its way southward from Kohima. Although the Allied progress was slow, the Japanese 15th Division was forced to withdraw through lack of supply, and the Allies reopened the Kohima–Imphal road on 22 June, ending the siege (although the Japanese continued to mount attacks from the south and east of Imphal).

===Kohima===
{{Main|Battle of Kohima}}

The battle of Kohima took place in two stages. From 3 to 16 April 1944, the Japanese 31st Division attempted to capture Kohima ridge, a feature which dominated the road from Dimapur to Imphal on which IV Corps at Imphal depended for supply. On 16 April the small British force at Kohima was relieved, and from 18 April to 16 May the newly arrived [[XXXIII Corps (British India)|Indian XXXIII Corps]] counter-attacked to drive the Japanese from the positions they had captured. At the end of May, with the Japanese starving, Lieutenant General [[Kōtoku Satō]] defied orders from Mutaguchi to stand firm and ordered his division to withdraw. Although a detachment continued to fight rearguard actions to block the road, XXXIII Corps drove south to link up with the defenders of Imphal on 22 June.

===Retreat===
Mutaguchi continued to order fresh attacks, but by late June it was clear that the starving and disease-ridden Japanese formations were in no state to obey. When he realised that none of his formations were obeying his orders for a renewed attack, Mutaguchi finally ordered the offensive to be broken off on 3 July. The Japanese, reduced in many cases to a rabble, fell back to the Chindwin, abandoning their artillery, transport, and soldiers too sick to walk.

==Aftermath==
The Japanese defeats at Kohima and Imphal were their largest up until that time. The British and Indian forces had lost around 16,987 men, dead, missing and wounded.<ref name="Allen638"/> The Japanese suffered 60,643 casualties, including 13,376 dead.<ref name="Allen638"/> Most of these losses were the result of starvation, disease and exhaustion. The defeat resulted in sweeping changes in command within the Japanese Army in Burma. Mutaguchi sacked all his division commanders during the operation, before being sacked on 30 August. Kawabe, whose health was broken, was also dismissed. Many of the senior staff officers at the headquarters of Fifteenth Army and Burma Area Army were also transferred to divisional or regimental commands.<ref>Allen (1984), p. 386</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Citation| surname1=Fay| given1 = Peter W.| year=1993| title=The Forgotten Army: India's Armed Struggle for Independence, 1942–1945.| publisher=University of Michigan Press| location=Ann Arbor| ISBN=0-472-08342-2}}
* {{Citation| surname1=Lebra| given1=Joyce C.| year=1977| title=Japanese trained armies in South-East Asia| publisher=Columbia University Press| location=New York| ISBN=0-231-03995-6}}
* {{Cite book| last=Allen| first=Louis| year=1984| title=Burma: The Longest War| publisher=J. M. Dent & Sons| ISBN=0-460-02474-4}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last1=Woodburn Kirby |first1=S. |editor-last=Butler |editor-first=Sir James |editor-link=James Ramsay Montagu Butler |series=[[History of the Second World War]], United Kingdom Military Series |title=The War Against Japan: The Decisive Battles |volume=III |publisher=[[HMSO]] |edition=Imperial War Museum Department of Printed Books and Naval & Military Press Uckfield |location=London |year=2009 |orig-year=1962 |isbn=978-1-84574-062-7}}
* {{Cite book |last=Latimer |first=Jon |author-link=Jon Latimer |year=2004 |title=Burma: The Forgotten War |publisher=John Murray |ISBN=0-7195-6576-6}}
* {{Cite book |last=Slim |first=William |author-link=William Slim |year=1961 |title=Defeat into Victory |publisher=David McKay |location=New York |ISBN=1-56849-077-1}}
{{refend}}

{{World War II}}
{{Indian National Army}}
{{Coord missing|Manipur}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:U-Go, Operation}}
[[Category:Conflicts in 1944]]
[[Category:Burma campaign (1943–1944)]]
[[Category:Battles and operations of World War II involving India]]
[[Category:Battles of World War II involving Japan]]
[[Category:Land battles and operations of World War II involving the United Kingdom|U-Go]]
[[Category:Indian National Army]]
[[Category:1944 in Japan]]
[[Category:1944 in India]]

Kim Plofker

2026-03-05T06:18:37Z

Caliber: added info...

{{short description|American mathematician (born 1964)}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Kim Leslie Plofker
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1964|11|25}}
| birth_place = Chennai, India
| fields = History of mathematics
| workplaces = Union College, Brown University, MIT, Utrecht University
| alma_mater = Haverford College, Brown University
| doctoral_advisor = David Pingree
| known_for = History of Indian mathematics; Mathematics in India (2009); Sanskrit Astronomical Tables (2019)
| awards = Brouwer Medal (2011)
}}
'''Kim Leslie Plofker''' (born November 25, 1964) is an American historian of mathematics, specializing in [[Indian mathematics]].

==Education and career==
Born in Chennai, India, Plofker received her bachelor's degree in mathematics from [[Haverford College]]. She received her Ph.D. in 1995 while studying with adviser [[David Pingree]]<ref>{{MathGenealogy|id=24016|title=Kim Plofker}}</ref> (Mathematical Approximation by Transformation of Sine Functions in Medieval Sanskrit Astronomical Texts) from [[Brown University]], where she conducted research and later joined as a guest professor.<ref name="utwente">{{cite web|title=The Brouwer Lecture and the Brouwer Medal|url=http://www.utwente.nl/ewi/nmc2011/en/brouwer/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510094128/http://www.utwente.nl/ewi/nmc2011/en/brouwer/|url-status=dead|archive-date=2017-05-10|publisher=[[University of Twente]]}}</ref>

In the late 1990s, she was Technical Director of the American Committee for South Asian Manuscripts of the [[American Oriental Society]], where she was also concerned with the development of programs for the text comparison. From 2000 to 2004, she was at the [[Dibner Institute for the History of Science and Technology]] at the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]. During 2004 and 2005, she was a visiting professor in Utrecht and at the same time Fellow of the [[International Institute for Asian Studies]] in Leiden.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cpb-us-w2.wpmucdn.com/muse.union.edu/dist/8/268/files/2017/09/PlofkerCV2017-09-18mhtyb.pdf|title=Curriculum vitae|access-date=2025-06-18}}</ref> She is currently an associate professor at [[Union College]] in Schenectady.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.union.edu/mathematics/faculty-staff/kim-plofker|title=Kim Plofker|work=Mathematics Faculty and Staff|publisher=Union College|access-date=2021-01-15}}</ref>

==Contributions==
Plofker deals with the history of Indian mathematics, the topic of her 2009 book ''[[Mathematics in India (book)|Mathematics in India]]''.<ref name="utwente" /> She is particularly interested in the exchange of mathematics and astronomy between India and Islam in the Middle Ages and generally in the exact sciences between Europe and Asia from antiquity to the 20th Century.

With [[Clemency Montelle]], she is the coauthor of ''Sanskrit Astronomical Tables'' (Springer, 2019).<ref>Reviews of ''Sanskrit Astronomical Tables'': S. G. Dani, {{MR|3929708}}; Scott Guthery, [https://www.maa.org/press/maa-reviews/sanskrit-astronomical-tables MAA Reviews]</ref>

==Recognition==
In 2010 she gave a plenary lecture<ref>{{cite web|title=International Congress of Mathematicians 2010, Hyderabad » Invited speakers|url=https://www.mathunion.org/fileadmin/IMU/ICM2010/offline/www.icm2010.in/scientific-program/invited-speakers.html|publisher=[[International Congress of Mathematicians]]|access-date=6 April 2019}}</ref> at the [[International Congress of Mathematicians]], [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]] (Indian rules, Yavana rules: foreign identity and the transmission of mathematics). In 2011, she was awarded the [[Brouwer Medal]] of the [[Royal Dutch Mathematical Society]].<ref name="utwente" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Plofker, Kim}}
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American historians of mathematics]]
[[Category:20th-century American mathematicians]]
[[Category:21st-century American mathematicians]]
[[Category:Haverford College alumni]]
[[Category:Brown University alumni]]
[[Category:Brouwer Medalists]]
[[Category:Massachusetts Institute of Technology faculty]]
[[Category:American Indologists]]
[[Category:20th-century American women mathematicians]]
[[Category:21st-century American women mathematicians]]

Yeh Vaada Raha (film)

2026-03-04T00:00:31Z

Caliber: adjusted content additionally and improved wording

{{about|film|the Zee TV television show|Yeh Vaada Raha (TV series)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{More citations needed|date=April 2010}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Yeh Vaada Raha
| image = Yeh Vaada Raha.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| director = Kapil Kapoor
| producer = [[Ramesh Behl]]
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| narrator =
| starring = [[Rishi Kapoor]] [[Poonam Dhillon]] [[Tina Munim]] [[Shammi Kapoor]] [[Rakhee Gulzar]] [[Rakesh Bedi]] [[Iftekhar]]
| music = [[R. D. Burman]]
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio = Rose Movies
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|df=yes|1982|4|9}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Yeh Vaada Raha''''' is a 1982 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[romance film]] directed by Kapil Kapoor,<ref>{{Cite news |title=Yeh Vaada RahaU |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-details/yeh-vaada-raha/movieshow/61341862.cms |access-date=2023-10-22 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> starring [[Rishi Kapoor]], [[Poonam Dhillon]], [[Tina Munim]], [[Rakhee Gulzar]] and [[Shammi Kapoor]].<ref>''The Kapoors: the first family of Indian cinema'' by Madhu Jain, Penguin Books India, 2005, p. 284</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Yeh Vaada Raha - Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/yeh-vaada-raha1982 |access-date=2023-10-22 |website=www.rottentomatoes.com |language=en}}</ref> Inspired by [[Danielle Steel]]'s ''[[The Promise (1979 film)|The Promise]]'', this was the first Hindi movie where the lead female character is portrayed by two actresses (Poonam Dhillon and Tina Munim) through the use of [[Plastic surgery|plastic surgery]]. [[Jaya Bhaduri]] provided the voice for both actresses.

== Plot ==
{{long plot|date=November 2022}}

Vikram Rai Bahadur is the only son of wealthy Mrs. Sharda. While vacationing in [[Srinagar]], he meets and falls in love with a singer, Sunita Sikkan. They make a vow to never part till death at the [[Hindu temple|temple]] where they first met.

Vikram's mother is against the marriage as she feels their business will suffer if Vikram marries penniless Sunita. Vikram and Sunita decide on a quiet [[Hindu wedding|temple wedding]]. On their way to the temple, they have a [[Traffic collision|car crash]]. Vikram has a [[Traumatic brain injury|brain injury]] leading to a [[coma]]. Sunita survives but is badly [[Disfigurement|disfigured]]. Sharda convinces Sunita that Vikram can't love her now and Sunita agrees to stay away from him. Sharda tells Vikram Sunita died in the crash.

Sunita is transferred to a hospital in [[Delhi]] where she undergoes plastic surgery, under Dr. Mehra who comes to see her as a daughter. She is no longer disfigured, but does not look like her old self. Nevertheless, Sunita goes to Vikram's house only to learn that he is getting engaged to another woman named Rita. Vikram, understandably, doesn't recognize Sunita and she is heartbroken that he seems to have forgotten her. She then changes her name to Kusum Mehra, to begin life anew.

Vikram is building an [[orphanage]] in the memory of Sunita in [[Srinagar]] and raising money by singing on stage. Kusum and Dr. Mehra attend one of these shows, not knowing that Vikram is the artist performing. When Kusum hears him singing about love, she counters him in a song as she is angry that he would sing such a song when he forgot their love. Her singing voice reminds Vikram of Sunita. Vikram asks her to sing with him on stage but she refuses angrily. Dr. Mehra tells Kusum that she should confront Vikram rather than behaving like this. The next day when Kusum leaves her house, Vikram is waiting for her in his car and offers her a lift. On the way they are faced with a similar situation to the earlier accident. Kusum screams and loses consciousness.

When Vikram visits Kusum to see how she is, he finds out that Kusum had previously gone through a similar accident earlier. Kusum asks about an injury on Vikram's forehead. Vikram tells her how he also got in an accident and has forgotten everything. This angers Kusum as she believes he has forgotten her and she accidentally spills every detail she knows about the accident itself.

Dr. Mehra calls Sharda to his hospital and explains to her how he gave Sunita a new face after her disfigurement. He tells her how Sunita and Kusum are the same person and how Kusum is satisfied only by the fact that Vikram still loves her. Mehra tells Sharda there is still time, and that she can still reunite the two lovers. Sharda doesn't listen to him. Kusum sings with Vikram and also reminds him of Sunita by dancing the way they both would while singing their song "Yeh Vaada Raha". This reminds Vikram of Sunita and at the end of the performance he holds her and calls her Sunita, at which Kusum runs away.

She leaves for [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], asking her father not to tell Vikram anything. Vikram comes seeking Sunita and confronts Mehra. Mehra tells him to ask his mother for answers. Vicky goes to Sharda and asks her whether Kusum is Sunita. His mother tells Vikram everything - about how she lied to him about Sunita being dead because she wanted to protect him and make his future better. Vikram goes to Kashmir to find Sunita and finds her right outside her house. When she sees him she runs to the temple where they made their vows to make their love bond. At the temple they repeat their vows again and embrace each other.

== Cast ==
* [[Shammi Kapoor]] as Dr. Mehra (Special appearance)
* [[Raakhee Gulzar]] as Sharda Rai Bahadur
* [[Rishi Kapoor]] as Vikram Rai Bahadur
* [[Poonam Dhillon]] as Sunita Sikkan
* [[Tina Munim]] as Kusum Mehra / Sunita Sikkan (after plastic surgery)
* [[Sarika]] as Rita Saxena
* [[Rakesh Bedi]] as Gogi
* [[Gulshan Bawra]] as Sunita's uncle
* [[Iftekhar]] as Dr. Sahni
* [[Hari Shivdasani]] as Pannalal Saxena
* [[Sunder (actor)|Sunder]] as Constable
* [[Jaya Bachchan]] as Sunita Sikkan (voice)

==Soundtrack==
Music: [[R. D. Burman]] and Lyrics: [[Gulshan Bawra]]. The music turned out to be chartbuster, with the songs "Tu Tu Hai Wahi" remaining one of the most popular romantic songs in India to date while other songs such as "Aisa Kabhi Hua Nahin" & "Jeene Ko To Jeete" also being popular. However it remained a question to Bollywood Pundits why the soundtrack did not get an award or even nomination.
{|class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singer
|-
| "Aisa Kabhi Hua Nahin"
| [[Kishore Kumar]]
|-
| "Tu Tu Hai Wahi, Dil Ne Jise Apna Kaha"
| Kishore Kumar, [[Asha Bhosle]]
|-
| "Ishq Mera Bandagi Hai, Ishq Meri Zindagi Hai"
| Kishore Kumar, Asha Bhosle
|-
| "Maine Tujhe Kabhi Kuch Kaha Tha, Jo Bhi Kaha, Woh Kiya"
| Kishore Kumar, Asha Bhosle
|-
| "Jeene Ko To Jeete Hain Sabhi, Pyar Bina Kaisi Zindagi"
| Kishore Kumar, Asha Bhosle
|-
| "Mil Gayi Aaj Do Lehren"
| Asha Bhosle
|-
|}

== See also ==

* ''[[Dil Ne Jise Apna Kahaa]]'', a 2004 Indian film, titled after a song from this film

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0397742}}

[[Category:1982 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1982 Indian films]]
[[Category:1980s coming-of-age drama films]]
[[Category:1980s teen drama films]]
[[Category:1980s teen romance films]]
[[Category:1982 films]]
[[Category:1982 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Coming-of-age romance films]]
[[Category:Films about adultery in India]]
[[Category:Films about amnesia]]
[[Category:Films about disability in India]]
[[Category:Films about dysfunctional families]]
[[Category:Films about inheritances]]
[[Category:Films about juvenile sexuality]]
[[Category:Films about plastic surgery]]
[[Category:Films about road accidents and incidents]]
[[Category:Films about singers]]
[[Category:Films about surgeons]]
[[Category:Films based on American novels]]
[[Category:Films based on romance novels]]
[[Category:Films based on works by Danielle Steel]]
[[Category:Films scored by R. D. Burman]]
[[Category:Films set in Delhi]]
[[Category:Films set in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Films set in orphanages]]
[[Category:Films set in the 1980s]]
[[Category:Films shot in Delhi]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Srinagar]]
[[Category:Films shot in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Indian coming-of-age drama films]]
[[Category:Indian musical drama films]]
[[Category:Indian remakes of American films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic musical films]]
[[Category:Indian teen drama films]]
[[Category:Indian teen romance films]]
[[Category:Rose Audio Visuals]]
[[Category:Hindi remakes of English films]]

Salim (film)

2026-03-03T03:32:19Z

Caliber: made initial bio w/ infobox

{{Short description|2014 Indian film by N. V. Nirmal Kumar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Salim
| image = Salim film poster.jpg
| director = N. V. Nirmal Kumar
| producer = [[R. K. Suresh]] M. S. Saravanan Fathima Vijay Antony
| writer = N. V. Nirmal Kumar
| story = Thayanidhy Sivakumar (dialogue)
| starring = [[Vijay Antony]] [[Aksha Pardasany]]
| music = Vijay Antony
| cinematography = Ganesh Chandhrra
| editing = Rajesh Kumar
| studio = Studio 9 Production {{nowrap|Vijay Antony Film Corporation}}
| distributor = [[Sri Green Productions]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2014|08|29}}
| runtime = 155 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Salim''''' is a 2014 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action thriller]] film directed by N. V. Nirmal Kumar.<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 April 2013 |title=First look of Salim |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/First-look-of-Vijay-Antonys-Saleem/articleshow/19490517.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130801064212/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-11/news-interviews/38462770_1_naan-debut-flick-film |archive-date=1 August 2013 |access-date=12 August 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> It stars [[Vijay Antony]] and [[Aksha Pardasany]]. Produced by Studio 9, Sri Green Productions and Vijay Antony Film Corporation, the film serves as a direct sequel to Vijay Antony's debut film ''[[Naan (2012 film)|Naan]]'' (2012). The film was released on 29 August 2014. It got
positive reviews from critics.

==Plot==
The plot continues two years after the incidents in [[Naan (2012 film)|Naan]]. Karthik, alias Mohammed Salim, a bright student from [[Ramanathapuram]], is an honest doctor at a [[private hospital]] in [[Chennai]]. Now a good Samaritan, Salim often goes out of his way to help needy patients who visit him. His skill and nature earn him the wrath and jealousy of his colleagues. One day, he learns that someone is stalking him and finds it is his suitor Nisha. Salim goes directly to Nisha and gives her his personal diary so she can learn more about him. This response from Salim impresses Nisha so much that she falls in love with him. As their relationship progresses, Nisha learns that Salim has dedicated himself to his work, so much so that he fails to take care of her and spend time with her, thus creating a rift between them. To reconcile with Nisha, Salim plans to spend a whole day with her. They go to a movie theatre, and some goons tease Nisha, but Salim chooses to take Nisha and leave the place. Nisha gets offended and starts to ignore Salim and his phone calls.

Meanwhile, the hospital's managing director warns Salim to stop refusing fees from poor patients as it affects the hospital's income. A few days later, Salim reconciles with Nisha, and they renew their relationship. Nisha invites Salim to a party, and he accepts. But, on the way, Salim sees a young girl, a [[gang rape]] victim, who is hurt and bleeding on the road. He takes her to the hospital and misses the party. Nisha loses her temper and breaks up with him.

The next day, Salim finds that the girl was discharged from the hospital by the managing director as she is poor and unable to pay for her treatment. The same evening, Salim gets an invitation to a party from his hospital. Salim learns that the managing director has had enough of his charity and generosity at the hospital's cost. Salim also learns that he is being [[Dismissal (employment)|sacked]], and it is his own farewell party. He is also insulted by the managing director for not using his talent and reputation to earn money. Salim storms out of the party in rage. On the way, he gets into a scuffle with a police officer and hits him, ending up in the police station. But he escapes with the police officer's pistol and goes straight to a hotel. There, he finds four men trying to [[rape]] the hotel's singer. He beats them up and helps the girl leave the place. Saying that they have to learn their lesson, Salim takes them [[hostage]] inside the room. One of the men, Guru, is the son of Home Minister Thavapunniyam, so the police, led by officer Chezhian, are pressured to take immediate action.

The police discover Salim's identity and [[police raid|raid]] his home, where they find his wedding card and learn about Nisha. They take her into custody and to the hotel, where she meets Chezhian and explains Salim's character and that he is not a terrorist to take hostages. The police plan to use Nisha as bait and capture Salim, but they fail to do so when Salim demands the presence of Thavapunniyam at the hotel. Meanwhile, a police [[sniper]] shoots at Salim but misses, and Salim throws one of the men out of a window. He tells Chezhian to take him seriously to avoid more disastrous results. It is later revealed that the four men had raped the girl whom Salim had found on the roadside. After her discharge from the hospital, they killed the victim and her mother and disposed of their remains in a sewage drain.

Salim realises he will not be left alive by Thavapunniyam once he lets go of the hostages. So he demands a car for him to leave and tells the police not to follow him. This time, Thavapunniyam arranges a car fitted with a [[bomb]] and a remote [[detonator]]. Salim continues to hold Guru hostage and gets into the latter's car instead. Later, Thavapunniyam receives a call from Guru telling him that Salim left him on the [[East Coast Road]] and escaped. Thavapunniyam orders his men to bring Guru back and kill Salim, who has driven away and made it look like an [[automobile accident]]. The men chase the car with trucks and crash into it, only to find Guru inside.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Vijay Antony]] as Dr. Mohammed Salim (earlier [[Naan (2012 film)|Karthik]])
* [[Aksha Pardasany]] as Nisha
* [[R. N. R. Manohar]] as Home Minister Thavapunniyam
* [[Swaminathan]] as Swaminathan
* [[Aruldoss]] as Police Officer
* P. V. Chandramouli as Chezhian
* Sushmitha
* Arandhai Rajagopal
* [[Premji Amaren]] as himself (Cameo appearance) in the song "Avala Nambithan"
* Priya Asmitha in the [[Item number]] "Mascara"
}}

==Production==
After his debut venture ''Naan'', Vijay Antony decided to start ''Salim''. He plays the role of a doctor while [[Aksha Pardasany]] was signed on to portray his fiancé in the film, making her Tamil film debut.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 September 2013 |title=Vijay Antony's wedding invitation revealed |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Vijay-Antonys-wedding-invite-revealed/articleshow/22006195.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722084037/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Vijay-Antonys-wedding-invite-revealed/articleshow/22006195.cms |archive-date=22 July 2024 |access-date=8 September 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Since the movie required Vijay Antony to perform some dare devil stunts, he underwent rigorous training in [[Taekwondo]] for a period of two months.<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 August 2013 |title=Vijay Antony's next film titled India Pakistan |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-09-06/news-interviews/41832968_1_taekwondo-thirudan-salim |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130909043911/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-09-06/news-interviews/41832968_1_taekwondo-thirudan-salim |archive-date=9 September 2013 |access-date=8 September 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The first schedule of the film's principal photography was in [[Chennai]] in June 2013.

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Salim
| type = [[Soundtrack]]
| artist = [[Vijay Antony]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 5 June 2014
| recorded = 2013–2014
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 21:21
| label = [[Saregama]]
| producer = [[Vijay Antony]]
| prev_title = [[Kathai Thiraikathai Vasanam Iyakkam]]
| prev_year = 2014
| next_title = [[Aavi Kumar]]
| next_year = 2015
}}

The music of the film was composed by [[Vijay Antony]]. The soundtrack album was released at Sathyam Cinemas, Chennai on 5 June 2014, with [[Bharathiraja]], [[Bala (director)|Bala]], [[M. Raja]], [[R. K. Selvamani]] and [[R. Parthiepan]] among others attending the event.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 June 2014 |title=Salim Movie Audio Launch |url=http://moviegalleri.net/2014/06/salim-movie-audio-launch-stills.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722100026/https://moviegalleri.net/2014/06/salim-movie-audio-launch-stills.html |archive-date=22 July 2024 |access-date=6 June 2014 |website=Moviegalleri.net}}</ref> ''Behindwoods'' gave 2 out of 5 and called the album "a mixed bag from Vijay Antony".<ref>[http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/salim/salim-songs-review.html "SALIM SONGS REVIEW"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180213195237/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/salim/salim-songs-review.html |date=13 February 2018 }}. ''Behindwoods''. 5 June 2014. Retrieved 29 August 2014.</ref>

{{Track listing
| total_length = 21:21
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = No One Is Perfect (Reused from Naan)
| lyrics1 = Instrumental
| extra1 = Instrumental
| length1 = 2:56
| title2 = Unnai Kanda Naal Mudhal
| lyrics2 = Annamalai
| extra2 = Supriya joshi, Hemachandra, Srinivasan
| length2 = 5:05
| title3 = Siva Sambo (Avala Nambithana)
| lyrics3 = [[Gana Bala]]
| extra3 = Mahalingam, Emcee Jesz
| length3 = 4:12
| title4 = Mascara Pottu
| lyrics4 = Priyan
| extra4 = Supriya joshi, Sharmila, [[Vijay Antony]]
| length4 = 4:53
| title5 = Ulagam Unnai
| lyrics5 = Annamalai
| extra5 = Prabhu Pandala
| length5 = 4:07
}}

==Release==
''Salim'' was released on 29 August 2014 in around 400 screens across the country, including Kerala and Karnataka, with close to 300 screens in Tamil Nadu. Gopuram Films and Sri Production distribute the film in India. It was released in about 50 screens in the overseas space in key countries, through Suara Networks.

==Critical response==
The film has received generally positive reviews from critics. [[Baradwaj Rangan]] from ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "The director, N. V. Nirmal Kumar, subscribes to a rather charming theory: things just happen. Nisha just happens to morph into a ghost. Salim just happens to get arrested by a cop...Salim just happens to visit an old man, who dies a few scenes later, having served little purpose other than to demonstrate another facet of Salim’s goodness. If he (Salim) was really that good, he’d have refunded my ticket money by now".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |date=30 August 2014 |title=Salim: Goodness gracious |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/salim-review/article6364905.ece |access-date=18 November 2021 |website=Thehindu.com}}</ref> ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 3 stars out of 5 and wrote, "Vijay Antony is definitely not an expressive actor but with ''Naan'' earlier and now ''Salim'', he has managed to find roles where impassiveness is a trait of the character...The first half of ''Salim'' nicely sets up what's in store...It is only in the second half that things get somewhat cinematic".<ref>{{Cite news |title=Salim Movie Review {3/5}: Critic Review of Salim by Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/salim/movie-review/41288029.cms |access-date=18 November 2021 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote, ''Salim'' may not have the best of scripts, but with its racy pace and twists, it manages to keep one glued to the screen for the most part".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Racy and Engaging thriller |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2014/aug/31/racy-and-engaging-thriller-654510.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722084646/https://adgebra.co.in/afpf/TPHtmlTemplate?p1=181&p2=null&p3=1&p6=6723&p7=0&p8=0&refUrl=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2014/Aug/31/racy-and-engaging-thriller-654510.html&p4=newindianexpress.com |archive-date=22 July 2024 |access-date=18 November 2021 |newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> [[Sify]] wrote, "'' Salim'' is a decent enough thriller that compensates for its weak first half by a smarter second half and some composed acting by Vijay Antony".<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 August 2014 |title=Movie Review : Salim |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/salim-review-tamil-15058213.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140830141018/http://www.sify.com/movies/salim-review-tamil-15058213.html |archive-date=30 August 2014 |access-date=18 November 2021 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Behindwoods in its review stated, "This is not the first time that Tamil Cinema witnesses such a plot, however the way ''Salim'' is treated, manages to keep the audiences engaged", calling it a "watchable average movie".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Salim (aka) Salim review |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/salim/salim-review.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201104059/https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/salim/salim-review.html |archive-date=1 December 2021 |access-date=18 November 2021 |website=Behindwoods.com}}</ref> Moviecrow stated, ''Salim'' is definitely a sound choice by Vijay Antony as a follow-up to ''Naan''".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Salim Review - On Target |url=https://www.moviecrow.com/News/5491/salim-review---on-target |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722084704/https://www.moviecrow.com/News/5491/salim-review---on-target |archive-date=22 July 2024 |access-date=18 November 2021 |website=Moviecrow.com}}</ref> Indiaglitz.com wrote, "The film is clean and thought-provoking, and is certainly worth the time invested".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Salim review. Salim Tamil movie review, story, rating |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/salim-review-tamil-movie-review-17833 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211118153907/https://www.indiaglitz.com/salim-review-tamil-movie-review-17833 |archive-date=18 November 2021 |access-date=18 November 2021 |website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|3824432}}
* {{YouTube|AAySneF6sbw|''Official Teaser''}}
* {{YouTube|vuYfgo-D5H8|''Official Trailer''}}

[[Category:2014 films]]
[[Category:2014 action thriller films]]
[[Category:2014 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vijay Antony]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Films about rape in India]]
[[Category:Films set in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Fictional medical doctors]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Tamil Nadu Police]]
[[Category:2014 directorial debut films]]

Aayiram Porkaasukal

2026-03-03T02:31:51Z

Caliber: started initial info from scratch

{{Short description|2023 Indian film by Ravi Murukaya}}
{{Long plot|date=August 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Aayiram Porkaasukal
| image = Aayiram Porkaasukal.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Ravi Murukaya
| writer =
| producer =
| starring = {{Plainlist|
*[[Vidharth]]
*[[Saravanan (actor)|Saravanan]]
*[[Arundhati Nair]]
}}
| cinematography = Banu Murugan
| editing =
| music = Johan
| studio = GRM Studio
| runtime = 125 minutes
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2023|12|15|ref1=}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Aayiram Porkaasukal''''' ({{Translation|Thousand gold coins}}) is a 2023 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Romantic comedy|romantic comedy film]], written and directed by Ravi Murukaya. Produced by GRM Studio, with the film stars [[Vidharth]], [[Saravanan (actor)|Saravanan]] and [[Arundhati Nair]] in the lead roles. The film was released theatrically on 15 December 2023.

==Plot==
Animuthu is a lazy, jobless 52-year-old man living in [[Kuruvadipatti]] near [[Thanjavur]]. He only cooks, sleeps, and eats. He has a [[begging|beggar]] called Arivazhagan living outside his house that he also feeds. His sister, Senthamarai, and his nephew, Thamil, visit his home. Senthamarai makes Thamil stay at Animuthu's house. After Thamil secretly drinks his [[Alcoholic beverage|alcohol]] without Animuthu's permission, Animuthu calls his sister. So Thamil threatens Animuthu if his mother is ever to return.

A girl, Poongothai, who has a shop in the town, falls in love with Thamil after Thamil goes to the shop to buy [[cigarette|cigarettes]]. After Poongothai's friend, Aarayi lies that Thamil and Poongothai were together [[hug|hugging]] and [[kiss|kissing]] each other, Poongothai's mother visits Animuthu and Animuthu's neighbour, Govindan, and shouts at them, and tells them not to visit their shop ever. After the government announces a plan to clean up the waste in the village, each person in the town will build a [[toilet]] and submit a photo of the restroom at the panchayat office to get the relief of Rs. 12000. Govindan builds a toilet next to his home. Animuthu does not construct a toilet, decides to cheat by taking a photo next to Govindan's toilet and gets the relief fund of Rs. 12000. Animuthu spends the entire money on rice, fish, egg, soup and meat. Govindan informs the panchayat president that Animuthu smartly cheated him. Govindan threatens to go to the police, so Animuthu and Thamil decide to build a toilet in their backyard in five days, and Govindan agrees to give them the tools to construct the toilet.

Thamil and Animuthu build the toilet, while Govindan complains to the president whenever they sleep. Thamil injures his foot while cutting the ditch, so Poongothai provides medical attention to him. Animuthu recruits two people, Andavan and Harichandran, to dig the well in his backyard. Andavan and Harichandran dig the well. While Andavan goes to smoke a cigarette, Harichandran finds a lot of old [[gold]] coins from the [[Chola dynasty]]. Thamil and Animuthu see him put the coins in his lungi and fight with him. They agree to split the money and tell him to come early tomorrow.

Thamil and Poongothai plan to elope with the old coins at night, but a figure, smoking with a cape and a stick, blocks their paths wherever they run. Poongothai goes home, quickly puts her stuff away, and sleeps. Thamil finds out that Animuthu was the one who stood blocking their path.

One day, Thamil visits Poongothai, but her mother tells her to go home, so Poongothai locks Thamil inside the shop. When Harichandran goes to Animuthu to split the coins, Animuthu tells him to wait for Thamil. Animuthu repeatedly calls Thamil, but he says he will come. Eventually, Animuthu and Harichandran get into a fight. Poongothai lets Thamil out, and Thamil goes to his house to find Harichandran lying lifeless on the floor, surrounded by [[blood]]. Thamil takes his body and leaves it on the railway tracks. Thamil goes home to find Animuthu, and Animuthu tells Thamil that Harichandran stabbed him, that is why the blood was there, and that Harichandran was just unconscious.

Eventually, Harichandran is alive. Govindan overhears Animuthu supposedly murdering someone and believes that a murder has happened. Thamil and Animuthu visit Harichandran and realise that he has forgotten everything. After a few comedic incidents, the village discovers the old coins, and Harichandran regains his memory. They agree to split the coins with the town. Just then, the [[Archaeology]] department enters the police station, claiming that the gold coins belong to the [[Government of India|government]], and they take them. Just as they leave, Arivazhagan steals the coin pot, and there is a hilarious chase between the department and the villagers. Eventually, the Archaeology department takes the pot at gunpoint and leaves. A few minutes after they leave, the original Archaeology department arrives and discovers that the officers who came before were fake. Thamil says the deceptive officers could not have got as far as the neighbouring village, so the villagers go after them. Thamil and Animuthu go home on their [[motorcycle]], and after their motorbike goes over a pothole, the gold coins drop out of the back case. In a flashback, Thamil switched the gold coin pot with a pot full of stones. Animuthu gets happy. In the end, Thamil, Animuthu and Poongothai leave for [[Chennai]]

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Vidharth]] as Thamil
*[[Saravanan (actor)|Saravanan]] as Animuthu, Thamil's maternal uncle
*[[Arundhati Nair]] as Poongothai, Thamil's love-interest
*Hello Kandasamy as Govindan, Animuthu's neighbour
*[[George Maryan]] as Harichandran
*Vetrivel Raja as Ponram
*[[Semmalar Annam]] as Aarayi
*Pawan Raj as Andavan
*Jindha Gopi<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 February 2024 |title=I consider every role a learning experience: Jindha Gopi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/i-consider-every-role-a-learning-experience-jindha-gopi/articleshow/107378290.cms |website=The Times of India}}</ref>
*Karna Raja
*[[Bharathi Kannan]] as Police inspector Muthu
}}

== Production ==
Production work on the film began in mid-2017, with [[Vidharth]] and [[Arundhati Nair]] signed on to play lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 September 2017 |title=Vidharth is getting the midas touch' |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/040917/vidharth-is-getting-the-midas-touch.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228120142/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/040917/vidharth-is-getting-the-midas-touch.html |archive-date=2023-12-28 |access-date=2023-12-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 August 2017 |title=Arundhathi Nair picks village-based scripts |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/040817/arundhathi-nair-picks-village-based-scripts.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228120140/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/040817/arundhathi-nair-picks-village-based-scripts.html |archive-date=2023-12-28 |access-date=2023-12-28}}</ref> The shoot of the film progressed throughout 2018 and was completed by March 2019, with Arundhati briefly taking on the stage name of Jahnavika before reverting to her original name.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 March 2019 |title=Vidhaarth's next, Ayiram Porkasugal |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2019/mar/19/vidhaarths-next-ayiram-porkasugal-1952757.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228120140/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2019/mar/19/vidhaarths-next-ayiram-porkasugal-1952757.html |archive-date=2023-12-28 |access-date=2023-12-28 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=31 July 2018 |title=Vidaarth's next is with Bala's assistant |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vidaarths-next-is-with-balas-assistant/articleshow/65198692.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228120140/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vidaarths-next-is-with-balas-assistant/articleshow/65198692.cms |archive-date=28 December 2023 |access-date=28 December 2023 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 June 2018 |title=ஆயிரம் பொற்காசுகள் |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/Cinema/Preview/2018/06/25000702/Aayiram-Porkasugal-in-movie-the-cinema-preview.vpf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228120140/https://www.dailythanthi.com/Cinema/Preview/2018/06/25000702/Aayiram-Porkasugal-in-movie-the-cinema-preview.vpf |archive-date=28 December 2023 |access-date=28 December 2023 |website=www.dailythanthi.com}}</ref>

== Release and reception ==
The film had a theatrical release on 15 December 2023 across Tamil Nadu. A critic from ''[[Times of India]]'' noted that "a series of well-acted characters elevates this comedy of errors" and that "as for the cast, all actors are unanimously good, particularly those who play the smaller roles".<ref>{{Cite news |title=Aayiram Porkaasukal Movie Review : A series of well-acted characters elevates this comedy of errors |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/aayiram-porkaasukal/movie-review/106121830.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225173124/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/aayiram-porkaasukal/movie-review/106121830.cms |archive-date=2023-12-25 |access-date=2023-12-28 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> A reviewer from ''The South First'' wrote "Ravi Murukaya's directorial is not a rip-roaring comedy but then, it has sequences which do bring a smile to your face".<ref>{{Cite web |last=KR |first=Manigandan |date=21 December 2023 |title=Aayiram Porkaasukal review: An out-and-out entertainer |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/aayiram-porkaasukal-movie-review/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228120140/https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/aayiram-porkaasukal-movie-review/ |archive-date=28 December 2023 |access-date=28 December 2023}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|10360834}}

[[Category:2023 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2023 Indian films]]
[[Category:2023 films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Manmohan Singh

2026-02-28T03:46:23Z

Caliber: Enhanced article with new information

{{Short description|Prime Minister of India from 2004 to 2014}}
{{Other people}}
{{Pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Pp|small=yes}}
{{Pp-blp|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Manmohan Singh
| image = Official Portrait of the Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh (3x4 cropped).jpg 
| alt = A portrait photograph of a bespectacled Indian man with a dark grey beard, a blue turban, and a white button-down suit with blurred background. 
| caption = Official portrait, 2004 
| office = [[Prime Minister of India]]
| president = {{ubl|[[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]]|[[Pratibha Patil]]|[[Pranab Mukherjee]]}}
| vicepresident = {{ubl|[[Bhairon Singh Shekhawat]]|[[Mohammad Hamid Ansari]]}}
| subterm = '''Cabinet'''
| suboffice = {{hlist|[[First Manmohan Singh ministry|Manmohan I]]|[[Second Manmohan Singh ministry|Manmohan II]]}}
| term_start = 22 May 2004
| term_end = 26 May 2014
| predecessor = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| successor = [[Narendra Modi]]
{{Collapsed infobox section begin|Additional ministries}}
| 1blankname1 = Ministry and Departments
| 1namedata1 = {{unbulleted list|
| [[Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions|Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions]]
| [[Department of Atomic Energy]]
| [[Department of Space]]
| [[Planning Commission (India)|Planning Commission]]}}
| term_start1 = 22 May 2004
| term_end1 = 26 May 2014
| predecessor1 = {{ubl|[[L. K. Advani]]|Atal Bihari Vajpayee}}
| successor1 = Narendra Modi
{{Collapsed infobox section end}}
| office3 = [[Leader of the Opposition in Rajya Sabha]]
| 1blankname3 = Chairman
| 1namedata3 = {{ubl|[[Krishan Kant]]|Bhairon Singh Shekhawat}}
| primeminister3 = Atal Bihari Vajpayee
| term_start3 = 21 March 1998
| term_end3 = 21 May 2004
| predecessor3 = [[Sikander Bakht]]
| successor3 = Jaswant Singh
| office2 = [[Minister of Finance (India)|Union Minister of Finance]]
| primeminister2 = [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]]
| term_start2 = 21 June 1991
| term_end2 = 16 May 1996
| predecessor2 = [[Yashwant Sinha]]
| successor2 = [[Jaswant Singh]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|1932|09|26|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Gah, Pakistan|Gah]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]], [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2024|12|26|1932|09|26|df=y}}
| death_place = [[New Delhi]], [[Delhi]], India
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| nationality = Indian
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Gursharan Kaur]]|1958}}
| children = 3 (including [[Upinder Singh|Upinder]] and [[Daman Singh|Daman]])
| alma_mater = {{ubil|[[Panjab University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]], [[Master of Arts|MA]])|[[St John's College, Cambridge]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])|[[Nuffield College, Oxford]] ([[DPhil]])}}
| profession = {{hlist|Economist|academician|bureaucrat|statesman}}
| awards = [[List of awards and honours received by Manmohan Singh|List of awards and honours]]
| signature = Manmohan Singh Signatures.svg
| signature_alt = Manmohan Singh
| office4 = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
| term_start4 = 19 August 2019
| termend4 = 3 April 2024
| constituency4 = [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Rajasthan|Rajasthan]]
| predecessor4 = [[Madan Lal Saini]]
| successor4 = [[Sonia Gandhi]]
| term_start5 = 1 October 1991
| term_end5 = 14 June 2019
| constituency5 = [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Assam|Assam]]
| predecessor5 = Amritlal Basumatary
| successor5 = [[Kamakhya Prasad Tasa]]
| office6 = [[Governor of the Reserve Bank of India]]
| term_start6 = 16 September 1982
| termend6 = 14 January 1985
| successor6 = [[Amitav Ghosh (banker)|Amitav Ghosh]]
| predecessor6 = [[I. G. Patel]]
| module = {{Listen|pos=center|embed=yes|filename=Manmohan Singh voice.ogg|title=Manmohan Singh's voice|type=speech|description=Singh delivering a [[joint session of the United States Congress|joint address to the United States Congress]] Recorded 19 July 2005}}
| order = 
| order2 = 
| order1 = 
}}

'''Manmohan Singh'''{{efn|{{Indic Transl|pa|Manamohana Singha|mənˈmoːɦənᵊ ˈsɪ́ŋɣʰ}}{{audio|Hi-ManmohanSingh.ogg|}}}} (26 September 1932 – 26 December 2024) was an Indian economist, bureaucrat, academician and statesman<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bhattacherjee |first1=Kallol |title=Manmohan an outstanding statesman, says Putin; Anwar terms him 'my mitra, my bhai' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/manmohan-an-outstanding-statesman-says-putin-anwar-terms-him-my-mitra-my-bhai/article69034567.ece |website=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=31 January 2025 |date=27 December 2024 |archive-date=27 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241227185722/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/manmohan-an-outstanding-statesman-says-putin-anwar-terms-him-my-mitra-my-bhai/article69034567.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> who served as the [[prime minister of India]] from 2004 to 2014. He was the fourth longest-serving prime minister after [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], [[Indira Gandhi]], and [[Narendra Modi]].<ref>{{cite news |title='I have nothing to be ashamed of about my prime ministership': Dr Manmohan Singh on being called 'accidental PM' |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/india/story/dr-manmohan-singh-death-accidental-pm-sonia-gandhi-pv-narsimha-rao-458628-2024-12-26 |work=Business Today |date=26 December 2024 |access-date=26 December 2024 |archive-date=26 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241226200729/https://www.businesstoday.in/india/story/dr-manmohan-singh-death-accidental-pm-sonia-gandhi-pv-narsimha-rao-458628-2024-12-26 |url-status=live }}</ref> A member of the [[Indian National Congress]], Singh was the first and remains the only [[Sikh]] prime minister of India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/12/26/world/asia/manmohan-singh-dead.html|title=Manmohan Singh, Indian Premier Who Spurred Economic Boom, Dies at 92|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=26 December 2024|accessdate=26 December 2024}}</ref> He was also the first prime minister since Nehru to be re-appointed after completing a full five-year term.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=Santos |first=Sofia Ferreira |date=28 December 2024 |title=Manmohan Singh: Former India PM mourned in state funeral |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c878w5175n4o |work=BBC |access-date=31 December 2024 |archive-date=28 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228094401/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c878w5175n4o |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last=Prabhu |first=Nagesh |date=27 December 2024 |title=Manmohan Singh - a hero of Indian middle class |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/manmohan-singh-a-hero-of-indian-middle-class/article69032762.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241227201413/https://www.thehindu.com/business/manmohan-singh-a-hero-of-indian-middle-class/article69032762.ece |archive-date=27 December 2024 |work=The Hindu |issn=0971-751X |access-date=31 December 2024}}</ref>

Born in [[Gah, Pakistan|Gah]] in what is today [[Pakistan]], Singh's family migrated to India during [[Partition of India|its partition]] in 1947. After obtaining his doctorate in economics from [[Nuffield College, Oxford|the University of Oxford]], Singh worked for the [[United Nations]] during 1966–1969. He subsequently began his bureaucratic career when [[Lalit Narayan Mishra]] hired him as an advisor in the [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Ministry of Commerce and Industry]]. During the 1970s and 1980s, Singh held several key posts in the [[Government of India]], such as [[Chief Economic Advisor to the Government of India|Chief Economic Advisor]] (1972–1976), governor of the [[Reserve Bank of India|Reserve Bank]] (1982–1985) and head of the [[NITI Aayog]] (erstwhile, [[Planning Commission (India)|Planning Commission]]) (1985-1987)

In 1991, under prime minister, [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]], Singh was appointed as [[Minister of Finance (India)|finance minister]]. Over the next few years, despite strong opposition, he carried out several structural reforms that [[Economic liberalisation in India|liberalised India's economy]]. It enhanced Singh's reputation globally as a leading reform-minded economist. Subsequently, Singh was [[Leader of the Opposition (India)|leader of the opposition]] in the [[Rajya Sabha]] (the upper house of the [[Parliament of India]]) during the [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] government of 1998–2004.

In 2004, when the Congress-led [[United Progressive Alliance]] (UPA) came to power, its chairperson [[Sonia Gandhi]] unexpectedly relinquished the prime ministership to Singh. His [[first Manmohan Singh ministry|first ministry]] executed several key legislations and projects, including the [[National Rural Health Mission]], [[Unique Identification Authority of India|Unique Identification Authority]], [[Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act|Rural Employment Guarantee]] scheme and [[Right to Information Act]]. In 2008, [[2008 vote of confidence in the Manmohan Singh ministry|opposition]] to a historic [[U.S.–India Civil Nuclear Agreement|civil nuclear agreement with the United States]] nearly caused Singh's government to fall after [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]] parties withdrew their support.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dasgupta |first1=Debarshi |date=15 November 2024 |title=Former PM and nonagenarian leader Manmohan Singh emerges as flashpoint in Indian politics |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/south-asia/former-pm-and-nonagenarian-leader-manmohan-singh-emerges-as-flashpoint-in-indian-politics |work=The Straits Times |access-date=26 December 2024}}</ref> The [[2009 Indian general election|2009 general election]] saw the UPA return with an increased mandate, with Singh retaining the office of prime minister. In 2009, [[BRICS]] was established with India as one of the founding members. His coalition's second term was marked by political scandals.<ref name="i727"/>

Singh opted out of the race for the office of prime minister during the [[2014 Indian general election]].<ref>{{cite news|title=India's Manmohan Singh to step down as PM|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jan/03/india-manmohan-singh-rahul-gandhi-narendra-modi|last=Burke|first=Jason|access-date=20 April 2015|work=The Guardian|date=3 January 2014|archive-date=11 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240611102934/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jan/03/india-manmohan-singh-rahul-gandhi-narendra-modi|url-status=live}}</ref> Singh served as a member of the [[Rajya Sabha]], representing the state of [[Assam]] from 1991 to 2019 and [[Rajasthan]] from 2019 to 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 May 2019 |title=Congress to move Manmohan Singh from Assam |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/congress-to-move-manmohan-singh-from-assam/article27141531.ece |access-date=5 March 2023 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=27 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327132725/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/congress-to-move-manmohan-singh-from-assam/article27141531.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sonia Gandhi secures Rajya Sabha seat from Rajasthan unopposed |url=https://www.livemint.com/politics/congress-leader-sonia-gandhi-elected-unopposed-to-rajya-sabha-from-rajasthan-11708426337108.html |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |date=20 February 2024 |access-date=1 March 2024 |archive-date=29 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240229205545/https://www.livemint.com/politics/congress-leader-sonia-gandhi-elected-unopposed-to-rajya-sabha-from-rajasthan-11708426337108.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Singh was born to Gurmukh Singh Kohli and Amrit Kaur on 26 September 1932, in [[Gah, Pakistan|Gah]], [[Punjab (British India)|Punjab]], [[British Raj|British India]], into a family of [[Punjabi Sikh]] dried fruit traders of [[Khatri]] background.<ref name="Caravan_2011">{{cite magazine |last1=Jose |first1=Vinod K. |date=1 October 2011 |title=Manmohan Singh at the centre of the storm |url=https://caravanmagazine.in/reportage/falling-man |magazine=[[The Caravan]] |access-date=26 December 2024 |quote=Singh was born in 1932 in a village called Gah, about 60 km south of what is now Islamabad; his family were Punjabi traders of the Khatri caste. His father, Gurmukh Singh Kohli, was a small-time dry fruits trader who bought wholesale stock from Afghanistan and resold it in smaller towns in the Punjab. Singh's mother, Amrit Kaur, died when he was only five months old, and he was raised largely by his paternal grandmother, Jamna Devi.}}</ref><ref name="dr mms">{{cite web|title=Detailed Profile: Dr. Manmohan Singh |url=http://india.gov.in/govt/rajyasabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=2 |access-date=18 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111207031001/http://india.gov.in/govt/rajyasabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=2 |archive-date=7 December 2011}}</ref> His mother died when he was very young.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=PM Manmohan Singh celebrates 77th birthday on board Aircraft |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/pm-manmohan-singh-celebrates-77th-birthday-on-board-aircraft/articleshow/5060201.cms |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389 |date=26 September 2009 |access-date=7 June 2024 |archive-date=7 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240607064015/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/pm-manmohan-singh-celebrates-77th-birthday-on-board-aircraft/articleshow/5060201.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> He was raised by his paternal grandmother Jamna Devi, with whom he was very close.<ref name="Caravan_2011"/><ref name=":0" />

Singh was initially educated at a local [[gurdwara]], where he began studying [[Urdu]] and [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]].<ref name="from_600">{{cite news |last=Goyal |first=Divya |date=28 December 2024 |title=From a village 600 km away in Pakistan, a last dua for 'Mohna', the boy who left during Partition |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/last-dua-mohna-village-pakistan-9747681/?ref=hometop_hp |work=Indian Express |access-date=27 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241227144724/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/last-dua-mohna-village-pakistan-9747681/ |archive-date=27 December 2024}}</ref> On 17 April 1937, he was enrolled in the local Government Primary School, where he continued his Urdu-medium education until the age of 10 (Class 4), after which he and his family moved to [[Peshawar]].<ref name="Caravan_2011"/><ref name="from_600"/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Chowdhury |first1=Neerja |date=26 December 2024 |title=Manmohan Singh: The 'accidental PM' who proved, time and again, that he was no accident |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/manmohan-singh-accidental-pm-proved-9745984/ |work=The Indian Express |access-date=26 December 2024 |archive-date=26 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241226172027/https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/manmohan-singh-accidental-pm-proved-9745984/ |url-status=live }}</ref> There, Singh was enrolled in the upper-primary Khalsa School.<ref name="from_600"/> He sat for his matriculation examination in the summer of 1947.<ref name="Caravan_2011"/> Even as prime minister years later, Singh wrote his apparently [[Hindi]] speeches in the [[Urdu script]], although sometimes he would also use [[Gurmukhi]], a script used to write Punjabi, his mother tongue.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rawat |first1=Sudeep Singh |date=26 September 2024 |title=Happy Birthday Dr Manmohan Singh; PM Modi, Rahul Gandhi extend best wishes |url=https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/happy-birthday-dr-manmohan-singh-pm-modi-rahul-gandhi-extend-best-wishes-124092600271_1.html |work=Business Standard |access-date=26 December 2024 |archive-date=27 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241227065802/https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/happy-birthday-dr-manmohan-singh-pm-modi-rahul-gandhi-extend-best-wishes-124092600271_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

After the [[Partition of India]], his family migrated to [[Haldwani]], India.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Swamya |first=M.R. Narayan |date=2 July 2022 |title=Rajeev Shukla Does an Autopsy on What Politics Can Do When Injected With Religion |url=https://thewire.in/books/book-review-scars-of-1947-partition-politics-religion |work=The Wire |access-date=7 June 2024 |archive-date=7 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240607064011/https://thewire.in/books/book-review-scars-of-1947-partition-politics-religion |url-status=live}}</ref> In 1948 they relocated to [[Amritsar]], where he studied at Hindu College, Amritsar.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite news |title=Manmohan Singh Visits Alma Mater In Amritsar, Remembers College Days |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/70-years-after-graduation-manmohan-singh-remembers-college-days-1828252 |work=NDTV |agency=PTI |date=25 March 2018 |access-date=7 June 2024 |archive-date=7 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240607065750/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/70-years-after-graduation-manmohan-singh-remembers-college-days-1828252 |url-status=live }}</ref> He attended [[Panjab University]], then in [[Hoshiarpur]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.punjabcolleges.com/522-indiacolleges-Government-College-Hoshiarpur/ |title=Government College, Hoshiarpur &#124; Colleges in Hoshiarpur Punjab |publisher=Punjabcolleges.com |access-date=26 September 2011 |archive-date=22 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222065933/https://www.punjabcolleges.com/522-indiacolleges-Government-College-Hoshiarpur/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://portal.bsnl.in/bsnl/asp/content%20mgmt/html%20content/hotnews/hotnews35448.html |title=Three sardars and their Hoshiarpur connection |publisher=Portal.bsnl.in |date=23 March 1932 |access-date=26 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111128174157/http://portal.bsnl.in/bsnl/asp/content%20mgmt/html%20content/hotnews/hotnews35448.html |archive-date=28 November 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/keyword/hoshiarpur/recent/4 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20120712035246/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/keyword/hoshiarpur/recent/4 | url-status=dead | archive-date=12 July 2012 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=Hoshiarpur}}</ref> Punjab, studying Economics and got his bachelor's and master's degrees in 1952 and 1954, respectively, standing first throughout his academic career. He completed his Economics Tripos at [[University of Cambridge]] in 1957. He was a member of [[St John's College, Cambridge|St John's College]].<ref name=CSIR>{{cite web|title=Curriculum Vitae of Prime Minister of India |url=http://www.csir.res.in/external/heads/aboutcsir/leaders/president/CV-manmohan.HTM |work=CSIR |access-date=13 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120124024215/http://www.csir.res.in/external/heads/aboutcsir/leaders/president/CV-manmohan.HTM |archive-date=24 January 2012 }}</ref>

In a 2005 interview with the British journalist [[Mark Tully]], Singh said about his Cambridge days:

{{blockquote|I first became conscious of the creative role of politics in shaping human affairs, and I owe that mostly to my teachers [[Joan Robinson]] and [[Nicholas Kaldor]]. Joan Robinson was a brilliant teacher, but she also sought to awaken the inner conscience of her students in a manner that very few others were able to achieve. She questioned me a great deal and made me think the unthinkable. She propounded the left wing interpretation of Keynes, maintaining that the state has to play more of a role if you really want to combine development with social equity. Kaldor influenced me even more; I found him pragmatic, scintillating, stimulating. Joan Robinson was a great admirer of what was going on in China, but Kaldor used the Keynesian analysis to demonstrate that capitalism could be made to work.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=13290|title=Manmohan Singh – PIB|website=Press Information Bureau|access-date=24 September 2019|archive-date=24 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190924103941/https://pib.gov.in/newsite/erelease.aspx%3Frelid%3D13290|url-status=live}}</ref>}}

After Cambridge, Singh returned to India and served as a teacher at [[Panjab University]].<ref name="TULLY">[[Mark Tully]]. "[http://www.alumni.cam.ac.uk/uploads/File/CAMArticles/Michalemas2005/cam_2005_46_profile1.pdf Architect of the New India]". ''Cambridge Alumni Magazine''. Michaelmas 2005. Retrieved on 28 February 2013. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130701144359/http://www.alumni.cam.ac.uk/uploads/File/CAMArticles/Michalemas2005/cam_2005_46_profile1.pdf |date=1 July 2013 }}</ref> In 1960, he went to the [[University of Oxford]] for his [[DPhil]], where he was a member of [[Nuffield College, Oxford|Nuffield College]]. His 1962 doctoral thesis under the supervision of [[Ian Little (economist)|Ian Little]] was titled "India's export performance, 1951–1960, export prospects and policy implications", and was later the basis for his book "India's Export Trends and Prospects for Self-Sustained Growth".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pmindia.nic.in/cv.pdf |title=Curriculum Vitae |access-date=11 December 2008 |publisher=[[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister's Office]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070221094735/http://pmindia.nic.in/cv.pdf |archive-date=21 February 2007 }}</ref>

== Early career ==
{{Manmohan Singh series}}
After completing his D. Phil., Singh returned to India. He was a senior lecturer of economics at [[Panjab University]] from 1957 to 1959. During 1959 and 1963, he served as a [[Reader (academic rank)|reader]] in economics at Panjab University, and from 1963 to 1965, he was an economics professor there.<ref name="Bhushan">{{cite book |last1=Bhushan |first1=K. |last2=Katyal |first2=G. |title=Manmohan Singh: Visionary to Certainty |date=2004 |publisher=APH Publishing Corporation |isbn=978-8176486941 |page=2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QEaDKgzcs3gC&pg=PA2 |access-date=25 November 2019 |archive-date=11 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240611102935/https://books.google.com/books?id=QEaDKgzcs3gC&pg=PA2#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> Then he went to work for the [[United Nations Conference on Trade and Development]] (UNCTAD) from 1966 to 1969.<ref name="CSIR" /> Later, he was appointed as an advisor to the Ministry of Foreign Trade by [[Lalit Narayan Mishra]], in recognition of Singh's talent as an economist.<ref name="Advisor">{{cite news |title=Manmohan Singh |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/manmohan-singh |work=India Today |agency=Living Media India Limited |access-date=13 July 2020 |archive-date=13 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200713140220/https://www.indiatoday.in/manmohan-singh |url-status=live }}</ref>

From 1969 to 1971, Singh was a professor of international trade at the [[Delhi School of Economics]], [[University of Delhi]].<ref name="CSIR" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Detailed Profile: Dr. Manmohan Singh|url=http://www.archive.india.gov.in/govt/rajyasabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=2|website=india.gov.in|access-date=23 July 2015|archive-date=23 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923173358/http://www.archive.india.gov.in/govt/rajyasabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=2|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 1972, Singh was chief economic adviser in the Ministry of Finance, and in 1976 he was secretary in the Finance Ministry.<ref name="CSIR" /> In 1980–1982 he was at the Planning Commission, and in 1982, he was appointed governor of the [[Reserve Bank of India]] under then finance minister [[Pranab Mukherjee]] and held the post until 1985.<ref name="CSIR" /> He went on to become the deputy chairman of the [[Planning Commission (India)]] from 1985 to 1987.<ref name="dr mms" /> Following his tenure at the Planning Commission, he was secretary general of the [[South Centre (organization)|South Commission]], an independent economic policy think tank headquartered in [[Geneva]], Switzerland from 1987 to November 1990.<ref name="India – Head of Government">{{cite web|url=http://www.thecommonwealth.org/YearbookInternal/172024/head_of_government |title=India – Head of Government |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201163629/http://www.thecommonwealth.org/YearbookInternal/172024/head_of_government/ |archive-date=1 December 2008 }}</ref>

Singh returned to India from Geneva in November 1990 and held the post as the advisor to Prime Minister of India on economic affairs during the tenure of [[Chandra Shekhar|Chandra Shekar]].<ref name="CSIR" /> In March 1991, he became chairman of the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]].<ref name="CSIR" />

== Political career ==
In June 1991, India's prime minister at the time, [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]], chose Singh to be his finance minister. Singh told [[Mark Tully]], a British journalist, in 2005:

<blockquote>On the day (Rao) was formulating his cabinet, he sent his Principal Secretary to me saying, "The PM would like you to become the Minister of Finance". I didn't take it seriously. He eventually tracked me down the next morning, rather angry, and demanded that I get dressed up and come to [[Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi|Rashtrapati Bhavan]] for the swearing in. So that's how I started in politics[.]<ref name="TULLY" /> </blockquote>

=== Minister of Finance (1991–1996) ===
In 1991, India's fiscal deficit was close to 8.5 per cent of the gross domestic product, the [[balance of payments]] deficit was huge and the [[current account deficit]] was close to 3.5 per cent of India's GDP.<ref name="rediff Business Desk">{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/money/2005/sep/26pm.htm |title=Manmohan Singh: Father of Indian Reform |date=26 September 2005 |work=Rediff.com |access-date=3 January 2010 |archive-date=9 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100409004118/http://www.rediff.com/money/2005/sep/26pm.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> India's foreign reserves barely amounted to US$1{{nbs}}billion, enough to pay for 2 weeks of imports,<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/commandingheights/shared/minitext/tr_show02.html |title=Commanding Heights: Episode 2 &#124; on PBS |publisher=Pbs.org |access-date=3 November 2015 |archive-date=22 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151022094123/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/commandingheights/shared/minitext/tr_show02.html |url-status=live }}</ref> in comparison to US$600 billion in 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://in.biz.yahoo.com/100101/50/bauua1.html |title=Forex reserves swell 11% in 2009 |author=Mahalakshmi Hariharan |date=2 January 2010 |publisher=Yahoo Finance India |access-date=3 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100103094134/http://in.biz.yahoo.com/100101/50/bauua1.html |archive-date=3 January 2010 }}</ref>

Singh explained to the PM and the party that India is facing an unprecedented crisis.<ref name="autogenerated1" /> However the rank and file of the party resisted deregulation.<ref name="autogenerated1" /> So [[P. Chidambaram]] and Singh explained to the party that the economy would collapse if it was not deregulated.<ref name="autogenerated1" /> To the dismay of the party, Rao allowed Singh to deregulate the [[Economy of India|Indian economy]].<ref name="autogenerated1" />

Subsequently, Singh, who had thus far been one of the most influential architects of India's socialist economy, eliminated the [[license raj]] (which inhibited the prosperity of private businesses),<ref name="autogenerated1" /> reduced state control of the economy, and reduced [[Tariff|import taxes.]]<ref name="rediff Business Desk" /><ref>{{cite book|title= The World is Flat – A brief history of the twenty-first century|last= Friedman|first= Thomas L.|year= 2008|publisher= Picador|isbn= 978-0-374-29288-1|page= [https://archive.org/details/worldisflatbri00frie/page/130 130]|url= https://archive.org/details/worldisflatbri00frie/page/130}}</ref> Rao and Singh thus implemented policies to open up the economy and change India's socialist economy to a more [[capitalism|capitalistic]] one. They removed many obstacles standing in the way of [[Foreign Direct Investment]] (FDI) and initiated the process of the privatisation of [[public sector]] companies. However, in spite of these reforms, Rao's government was voted out in 1996 due to non-performance of government in other areas. In praise of Singh's work that pushed India towards a market economy, long-time cabinet minister [[P. Chidambaram]] has compared Singh's role in India's reforms to [[Deng Xiaoping]]'s in China.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.oneindia.com/2008/05/02/manmohan-is-deng-xiaoping-of-india-p-chidambaram-1209740775.html |title=Manmohan is Deng Xiaoping of India: P Chidambaram – Oneindia News |publisher=Oneindia |date=2 May 2008 |access-date=15 February 2011 |archive-date=26 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110426190736/http://news.oneindia.in/2008/05/02/manmohan-is-deng-xiaoping-of-india-p-chidambaram-1209740775.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1993, Singh offered his resignation from the post of Finance Minister after a parliamentary investigation report criticised his ministry for not being able to anticipate a US$1.8{{nbs}}billion [[1992 Indian stock market scam|1992 securities scandal]]. Prime Minister Rao refused Singh's resignation, instead promising to punish the individuals directly accused in the scandal.<ref name="nytimes">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/01/01/world/indian-leader-bars-key-aide-from-quitting-in-stock-scam.html?pagewanted=1 |title=Indian Leader Bars Key Aide From Quitting in Stock Scam |work=The New York Times |date=1 January 1994 |access-date=7 April 2010 |archive-date=29 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429200649/http://www.nytimes.com/1994/01/01/world/indian-leader-bars-key-aide-from-quitting-in-stock-scam.html?pagewanted=1 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Leader of Opposition in Rajya Sabha (1998–2004) ===
Singh was first elected to the upper house of Parliament, the [[Rajya Sabha]], in 1991<ref name="MSRj01">{{cite web|url=http://india.gov.in/govt/primeminister.php |title=Profile: Prime Minister India |publisher=Indian gov. |access-date=23 May 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090422203715/http://india.gov.in/govt/primeminister.php |archive-date=22 April 2009 }}</ref> [[Rajya Sabha#Membership|by the legislature]] of the state of Assam, and was re-elected in 1995, 2001, 2007<ref name="dr mms" /> and 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/pm-manmohan-singh-elected-to-rajya-sabha_851741.html|title=PM Manmohan Singh elected to Rajya Sabha|publisher=Zee News Limited|access-date=11 June 2013|date=30 May 2013|archive-date=1 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601110645/http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/pm-manmohan-singh-elected-to-rajya-sabha_851741.html|url-status=live}}</ref> From 1998 to 2004, while the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] was in power, Singh was the Leader of the Opposition in the Rajya Sabha. In 1999, he contested for the [[Lok Sabha]] from [[South Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|South Delhi]] but was unable to win the seat.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/politics/electionstats/candidate/MANMOHAN%20SINGH.html |title=Candidate Statistics Manmohan Singh |publisher=IBN Live |access-date=30 November 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090419075333/http://ibnlive.in.com/politics/electionstats/candidate/Manmohan%20Singh.html |archive-date=19 April 2009 }}</ref>

== Prime Minister (2004–2014) ==
{{Wikinews|Manmohan Singh becomes the third longest serving Prime Minister of India}}

=== First term (2004–2009) ===
{{See also|First Manmohan Singh ministry}}
[[File:The President Dr. A.P.J Abdul Kalam authorizing the Prime Minister designate Dr. Manmohan Singh to form the next Government in New Delhi on May 19, 2004.jpg|thumb|250px|right|[[President of India]] [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]] authorising the Prime Minister designate Manmohan Singh to form the next Government in New Delhi on 19 May 2004]]
After the [[2004 Indian general election|2004 general elections]], the Indian National Congress ended the incumbent [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]] (NDA) tenure by becoming the political party with the single largest number of seats in the [[Lok Sabha]]. It formed [[United Progressive Alliance]] (UPA) with allies and staked claim to form government. In a surprise move, Chairperson [[Sonia Gandhi]] declared Manmohan Singh, a [[Technocracy|technocrat]], as the UPA candidate for the prime ministership. Despite the fact that Singh had never won a direct popular election, according to the [[BBC]], he "enjoyed massive popular support, not least because he was seen by many as a clean politician untouched by the taint of corruption that has run through many Indian administrations."<ref name="bbcprofile">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/3725357.stm|title=Profile: Manmohan Singh|work=BBC News|date=30 March 2009|access-date=7 April 2010|archive-date=30 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090430013006/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/3725357.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> He took the oath as the prime minister of India on 22 May 2004.<ref>{{cite news|title=Manmohan to Advani: Change your astrologers, stop abuse against me|work=Thaindian News|date=22 July 2008|url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/south-asia/manmohan-to-advani-change-your-astrologers-stop-abuse-against-me_10074778.html|access-date=23 July 2008|archive-date=13 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090413065737/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/south-asia/manmohan-to-advani-change-your-astrologers-stop-abuse-against-me_10074778.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Manmohan takes on Advani: Babri destruction his only contribution|work=Southasia Times|date=25 March 2009}}</ref>Singh was the fourth PM to be from the [[Rajya Sabha]], following [[Indira Gandhi]] (January 1966 - March 1967)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/inder-kumar-gujral-pm-who-governed-from-rajya-sabha-122945-2012-11-29|title=Inder Kumar Gujral: PM who governed from the Rajya Sabha|date=30 November 2012 |publisher=India Today|access-date=10 December 2012}}</ref>,[[H. D. Deve Gowda]] (June 1996 - April 1997) and [[Inder Kumar Gujral]] (April 1997- March 1998).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pmindia.gov.in/en/former_pm/dr-manmohan-singh-2/|title=Dr. Manmohan Singh {{!}} Prime Minister of India|website=www.pmindia.gov.in|language=en|access-date=7 June 2018}}</ref>

==== Economic policy ====
In 1991, Singh, as finance minister, abolished the [[Licence Raj]], source of slow economic growth and [[Corruption in India|corruption in the Indian economy]] for decades. He liberalised the Indian economy, allowing it to speed up development dramatically. During his term as prime minister, Singh continued to encourage growth in the Indian market, enjoying widespread success in these matters. Singh, along with his finance minister, [[P. Chidambaram]], presided over a period where the Indian economy grew with an 8–9% economic growth rate. In 2007, India achieved its highest GDP growth rate of 9% and became the second [[List of countries by real GDP growth rate|fastest growing major economy]] in the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/india/ |title=CIA – The World Factbook |publisher=Cia.gov |access-date=15 February 2011 |archive-date=18 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210318202107/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/india |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="astaire">{{cite web|url=http://www.ukibc.com/ukindia2/files/India60.pdf |title=The India Report |publisher=Astaire Research |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114195859/http://www.ukibc.com/ukindia2/files/India60.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2009 }}</ref> Singh's ministry enacted a [[National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005|National Employment Guarantee Act]] (MGNREGA) in 2005.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://haryanarural.gov.in/mahatma-gandhi-national-rural-employment-guarantee-scheme-mgnregs/#:~:text=The%20Government%20of%20India%20passed,to%20do%20unskilled%20manual%20work.|title=MAHATMA GANDHI NATIONAL RURAL EMPLOYMENT GUARANTEE SCHEME (MGNREGS)|publisher=HaryanaRural.gov|accessdate=26 December 2024|archive-date=26 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241226214300/https://haryanarural.gov.in/mahatma-gandhi-national-rural-employment-guarantee-scheme-mgnregs/#:~:text=The%20Government%20of%20India%20passed,to%20do%20unskilled%20manual%20work.|url-status=live}}</ref>

Singh's government continued the [[Golden Quadrilateral]] and the highway modernisation program that was initiated by [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee|Vajpayee]]'s government.<ref>{{cite web|title=Economic benefits of golden Quadilateral|date=4 May 2013|url=http://businesstoday.intoday.in/story/economic-benefits-of-the-golden-quadrilateral-project/1/194321.html|publisher=Business today|access-date=14 June 2013|archive-date=7 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130607070517/http://businesstoday.intoday.in/story/economic-benefits-of-the-golden-quadrilateral-project/1/194321.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Singh also worked on reforming the banking and financial sectors, as well as public sector companies.<ref>{{cite news|title=Banking on reform|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/banking-on-reform/1059372/|access-date=14 June 2013|newspaper=Indian Express|archive-date=27 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130727111620/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/banking-on-reform/1059372|url-status=live}}</ref> The Finance ministry worked towards relieving farmers of their debt and worked towards pro-industry policies.<ref>{{cite web|title=Farmer Waiver Scheme- PM statement|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=39122|publisher=PIB|access-date=14 June 2013|archive-date=7 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160107072045/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=39122|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2005, Singh's government introduced the [[value added tax]], replacing [[sales tax]]. In 2007 and early 2008, the [[Great Recession]] impacted India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 November 2008 |title=JPMorgan cuts India growth forecast, sees rate cuts |url=http://in.reuters.com/article/businessNews/idINIndia-36541420081117 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216072137/http://in.reuters.com/article/businessNews/idINIndia-36541420081117 |archive-date=16 December 2008 |website=[[Reuters]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Global inflation climbs to historic levels|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/12/business/worldbusiness/12iht-inflate.1.9963291.html|newspaper=The New York Times|author=Kevin Plumberg|author2=Steven C. Johnson|access-date=17 June 2011|date=2 November 2008|archive-date=1 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501111029/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/12/business/worldbusiness/12iht-inflate.1.9963291.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Healthcare and education ====
In 2005, Prime Minister Singh and his government's health ministry started the [[National Rural Health Mission]] (NHRM), which mobilised half a million community health workers. This rural health initiative was praised by the American economist [[Jeffrey Sachs]].<ref name="timepoverty">{{cite magazine|title=The End of Poverty|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1034738,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050317031951/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1034738,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 March 2005|first=Jeffrey D.|last=Sachs|date=6 March 2005|magazine=Time}}</ref> In 2006, his Government implemented the proposal to reserve 27% of seats in All India Institute of Medical Studies (AIIMS), Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs), the Indian Institutes of Management (IIMs) and other central institutions of higher education for Other Backward Classes which led to [[2006 Indian anti-reservation protests]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/from-mandal-commission-to-emergency-5-student-movements-that-shook-governments|title = From Mandal Commission to Emergency: 5 student movements that shook governments}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|first = S.L.|last = Rao|url =http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060605/asp/opinion/story_6293323.asp|title = TOO MANY BOSSES – The UPA has a cabinet with many insubordinate ministers|work =The Telegraph|date = 5 June 2006|access-date = 5 June 2006| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20060626080730/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060605/asp/opinion/story_6293323.asp| archive-date= 26 June 2006 | url-status= dead | location=Calcutta, India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/students-and-doctors-protest-reservationaffirmative-action-system-india-2006-2008|title=Students and doctors protest reservation/affirmative-action system in India, 2006–2008|access-date=27 August 2012|work=Global Nonviolent Action Database}}</ref>

On 2 July 2009, Singh ministry introduced the [[Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009|Right to Education Act]] (RTE) act. Eight [[Indian Institutes of Technology|IITs]] were opened in the states of [[Andhra Pradesh]], Bihar, [[Gujarat]], Orissa, [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], Madhya Pradesh, [[Rajasthan]] and [[Himachal Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web|title=LS passes bill to provide IIT for eight states.|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/148456/ls-passes-bill-provide-iit.html|work=Deccan Herald|date=24 March 2011 |access-date=14 June 2013|archive-date=24 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130324032628/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/148456/ls-passes-bill-provide-iit.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The Singh government also continued the [[Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan]] program. The program includes the introduction and improvement of mid-day meals and the opening of schools all over India, especially in rural areas, to fight [[illiteracy]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Direct SSA funds for school panels|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/338571/direct-ssa-funds-school-panels.html|access-date=14 June 2013|newspaper=Deccan Herald|archive-date=17 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517212319/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/338571/direct-ssa-funds-school-panels.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Home affairs ====
{{multiple image|perrow=1|total_width=220 | caption_align=center | image_style = border:none;|background color = #F5F5DC| align = right |image1=|caption1={{font|size=110%|font=|text=National Investigation Agency, a state agency established by Singh ministry to combat terror in India.}}}}
Singh's government strengthened anti-terror laws with amendments to [[Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act]] (UAPA). [[National Investigation Agency (India)|National Investigation Agency]] (NIA) was also created soon after the [[2008 Mumbai attacks|2008 Mumbai terror attacks]], as need for a central agency to combat terrorism was realised.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2010/07/27/back-future/indias-2008-counterterrorism-laws|title=Back to the Future: India's 2008 Counterterrorism Laws|work=Human Rights Watch|date=27 July 2010|publisher=HRW.org|accessdate=26 December 2024|archive-date=20 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241220091723/https://www.hrw.org/report/2010/07/27/back-future/indias-2008-counterterrorism-laws|url-status=live}}</ref> Also, [[Unique Identification Authority of India]] was established in February 2009, an agency responsible for implementing the envisioned [[Multipurpose National Identity Card]] with the objective of increasing national security and facilitating e-governance.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/multi-purpose-national-id-card-india-aadhaar-passport-6022113/|title=Explained: Is India likely to have a multipurpose national ID card?|publisher=Indian Express|accessdate=26 December 2024|date=24 September 2019|archive-date=8 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208051547/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/multi-purpose-national-id-card-india-aadhaar-passport-6022113/|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:The President of Afghanistan, Mr. Hamid Karzai meeting with the Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh, in New Delhi on August 04, 2008.jpg|thumb|right|Singh with Afghan President [[Hamid Karzai]] in August 2008]]
Singh's administration initiated a massive reconstruction effort in [[Kashmir]] to stabilise the region but after some period of success, insurgent infiltration and terrorism in Kashmir has increased since 2009.<ref name=Buzz7 /> The Singh administration was, however, successful in reducing terrorism in Northeast India.<ref name=Buzz7>[http://buzz7.com/news/infiltration-has-not-reduced-in-kashmir-insurgency-down-in-north-east-chidambaram.html Infiltration has not reduced in Kashmir, insurgency down in North East: Chidambaram] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160107072045/http://buzz7.com/news/infiltration-has-not-reduced-in-kashmir-insurgency-down-in-north-east-chidambaram.html |date=7 January 2016 }}</ref>

In 2005, he controversially apologised on behalf of the [[Indian National Congress]] for the bloodshed during the [[1984 anti-Sikh riots]] in a speech to Parliament.<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 April 2011 |title=Manmohan Singh's apology for anti-Sikh riots a 'Gandhian moment of moral clarity,' says 2005 cable |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/the-india-cables/Manmohan-Singhs-apology-for-anti-Sikh-riots-a-lsquoGandhian-moment-of-moral-clarity-says-2005-cable/article14692805.ece |access-date=3 November 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=9 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241109142054/https://www.thehindu.com/news/the-india-cables/Manmohan-Singhs-apology-for-anti-Sikh-riots-a-lsquoGandhian-moment-of-moral-clarity-says-2005-cable/article14692805.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Notable legislation ====
The important [[National Rural Employment Guarantee Act]] (NREGA) and the [[Right to Information Act]] were passed by the [[Parliament of India|Parliament]] in 2005 during his tenure. While the effectiveness of the NREGA has been successful at various degrees, in various regions, the RTI act has proved crucial in India's fight against corruption.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.merinews.com/article/rti-act-a-strong-tool-to-cleanse-corruption-in-india/15787433.shtml|title=RTI Act: A strong tool to cleanse corruption in India|access-date=16 November 2016|archive-date=21 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021000554/http://www.merinews.com/article/rti-act-a-strong-tool-to-cleanse-corruption-in-india/15787433.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref> New cash benefits were also introduced for widows, pregnant women, and landless persons.<ref>[http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---gender/documents/publication/wcms_233599.pdf Gender Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113142937/http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---gender/documents/publication/wcms_233599.pdf |date=13 November 2022 }}. ''[[ilo.org]]''.</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JKrQOAKQX60C&q=Indira%20UPA%20government%20social%20security&pg=PA360|title=India Business Yearbook 2009|date=1 November 2009|publisher=Vikas Publishing House Pvt Limited|access-date=16 November 2016|via=Google Books|isbn=9788125930860|archive-date=11 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240611102936/https://books.google.com/books?id=JKrQOAKQX60C&q=Indira%20UPA%20government%20social%20security&pg=PA360|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[The Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013]] was passed on 29 August 2013 in the [[Lok Sabha]] (lower house of the Indian parliament) and on 4 September 2013 in [[Rajya Sabha]] (upper house of the Indian parliament). The bill received the assent of the [[president of India]], [[Pranab Mukherjee]] on 27 September 2013.<ref name=ndtv1>{{cite news|title=President Pranab Mukherjee gives nod to Land Acquisition Bill|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/president-pranab-mukherjee-gives-nod-to-land-acquisition-bill-424675|access-date=10 October 2013|newspaper=NDTV|date=27 September 2013|archive-date=7 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131007015123/http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/president-pranab-mukherjee-gives-nod-to-land-acquisition-bill-424675|url-status=live}}</ref> The Act came into force from 1 January 2014.<ref>{{cite web|title=Gazette Notification of coming into force of the Act |url=http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/downloads/pdfs/Right%20to%20FC%26T%20in%20LAR%26RA%202013%20Gazette%20Notification%20.pdf |publisher=Government of India |access-date=4 January 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104205638/http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/downloads/pdfs/Right%20to%20FC%26T%20in%20LAR%26RA%202013%20Gazette%20Notification%20.pdf |archive-date=4 January 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=The New Land Acquisition Act to come into effect from 2014|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-10-16/news/43107324_1_monsoon-session-jairam-ramesh-new-land-acquisition-act|access-date=1 November 2013|newspaper=Economic Times|date=16 October 2013|archive-date=3 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103185318/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-10-16/news/43107324_1_monsoon-session-jairam-ramesh-new-land-acquisition-act|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Land Acquisition bill to be notified early next year: Jairam Ramesh|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-09-15/news/42083755_1_land-acquisition-bills-land-rights-land-deeds|access-date=10 October 2013|newspaper=Economic Times|date=15 September 2013|archive-date=16 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016085444/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-09-15/news/42083755_1_land-acquisition-bills-land-rights-land-deeds|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act]] was enacted on 4 August 2009, which describes the modalities of the importance of free and compulsory education for children between 6 and 14 in India under Article 21A of the [[Indian Constitution]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.education.nic.in/constitutional.asp |title=Provisions of the Constitution of India having a bearing on Education |publisher=Department of Higher Education |access-date=1 April 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100201181216/http://www.education.nic.in/constitutional.asp |archive-date=1 February 2010 }}</ref> India became one of 135 countries to make [[Right to education|education a fundamental right]] of every child when the act came into force on 1 April 2010.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article337111.ece|title=Education is a fundamental right now|author=Aarti Dhar|date=1 April 2010|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=24 February 2015|archive-date=7 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160107072045/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article337111.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8598167.stm|title=India launches children's right to education|date=1 April 2010|work=BBC News|access-date=24 February 2015|archive-date=15 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141215022947/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8598167.stm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article365232.ece|title=India joins list of 135 countries in making education a right|date=2 April 2010|publisher=The Hindu News|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=24 February 2015|archive-date=7 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160107072045/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article365232.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Foreign policy ====
{{See also|List of international prime ministerial trips made by Manmohan Singh}}
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| image1 = President Barack Obama with Prime Minister Manmohan Singh 2009-11-24(2).jpg
| alt1 = Manmohan Singh with American President Barack Obama at the White House
| alt2 = The Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh with the American President, Mr. George W. Bush interacting with media at oval office, in Washington DC
| caption2 = Singh with American presidents, [[Barack Obama]] and [[George W. Bush]], at the [[White House]]
| image2 = The Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh with the American President, Mr. George W. Bush interacting with media at oval office, in Washington DC, during his visit to the United States, on September 25, 2008.jpg
}}

Manmohan Singh continued the [[Foreign relations of India|pragmatic foreign policy]] that was started by [[P.V. Narasimha Rao]] and continued by [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]'s [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]. Singh continued the [[India-Pakistan relations|peace process with Pakistan]] initiated by his predecessor, Atal Bihari Vajpayee. Exchange of high-level visits by top leaders from both countries have highlighted his tenure. Efforts have been made during Singh's tenure to end the border dispute with [[China|People's Republic of China]]. In November 2006, Chinese president [[Hu Jintao]] visited India which was followed by Singh's visit to Beijing in January 2008. A major development in [[Sino-Indian relations]] was the reopening of the [[Nathula Pass]] in 2006 after being closed for more than four decades.<ref name="state visit">{{cite web |title=Visits of Heads of States/Heads of Governments |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/China_Jan_2016.pdf |publisher=Ministry of External Affairs (India) |access-date=28 April 2020 |archive-date=3 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803163632/https://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/China_Jan_2016.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Premier of the People's Republic of China|Premier of the State Council]] of the People's Republic of China, [[Li Keqiang]] paid a state visit to India ([[Delhi]]-[[Mumbai]]) from 19 to 21 May 2013.<ref name="state visit" /> Singh paid an official visit to China from 22 to 24 October 2013.<ref name="state visit" /> Three agreements were signed establishing [[Sister Cities International|sister-city partnership]] between Delhi-Beijing, Kolkata-[[Kunming]] and Bangalore-[[Chengdu]]. As of 2010, the People's Republic of China was the second biggest trade partner of India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90778/90861/6873167.html|title=China becomes India's 2nd largest trade partner – People's Daily Online|access-date=19 December 2019|archive-date=7 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130907233342/http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90778/90861/6873167.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[India-Afghanistan relations|Relations with Afghanistan]] have improved considerably, with India now becoming the largest regional donor to Afghanistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cfr.org/publication/17474/indiaafghanistan_relations.html|title=India-Afghanistan Relations|access-date=11 December 2008|last=Bajoria|first=Jayshree|date=23 October 2008|publisher=[[Council on Foreign Relations]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081129231738/http://www.cfr.org/publication/17474/indiaafghanistan_relations.html|archive-date=29 November 2008}}</ref> During Afghan President [[Hamid Karzai]]'s visit to New Delhi in August 2008, Manmohan Singh increased the aid package to Afghanistan for the development of more schools, health clinics, infrastructure, and defence.<ref name=BBC2>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7540204.stm|title=BBC NEWS – South Asia – India announces more Afghan aid|access-date=16 November 2016|archive-date=26 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226123533/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7540204.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> Under the leadership of Singh, India emerged as one of the single largest aid donors to Afghanistan.<ref name=BBC2 />

[[File:The_Prime_Minister,_Dr._Manmohan_Singh_meeting_the_President_of_Egypt,_Mr._Hosni_Mubarak_on_the_sideline_of_the_15th_NAM_Summit,_at_Sharm_El_Sheikh,_Egypt,_on_July_16,_2009.jpg|alt=The_Prime_Minister,_Dr._Manmohan_Singh_meeting_the_President_of_Egypt,_Mr._Hosni_Mubarak_on_the_sideline_of_the_15th_NAM_Summit,_at_Sharm_El_Sheikh,_Egypt,_on_July_16,_2009|thumb|Singh with Egyptian president [[Hosni Mubarak]] on the sideline of the [[Non-Aligned Movement|15th NAM Summit]], at [[Sharm El Sheikh]], Egypt, July 2009]]
[[File:Dmitry Medvedev in China 14 April 2011-2.jpeg|thumb|Prime Minister Manmohan Singh with [[Dmitry Medvedev]], [[Hu Jintao]], [[Dilma Rousseff]] and [[Jacob Zuma]] at the [[2011 BRICS summit]] in [[Sanya]], China]]

Singh's government worked towards stronger [[India-US relations|ties with the United States]]. He visited the United States in July 2005 initiating negotiations over the [[Indo-US civilian nuclear agreement]]. This was followed by [[George W. Bush]]'s successful visit to India in March 2006, during which the declaration over the nuclear agreement was made, giving India access to American nuclear fuel and technology while India will have to allow [[IAEA]] inspection of its civil [[nuclear reactor]]s. After more than two years for more negotiations, followed by approval from the IAEA, [[Nuclear Suppliers Group]] and the [[US Congress]], India and the US signed the agreement on 10 October 2008 with [[Pranab Mukherjee]] representing India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90777/90852/6513319.html|title=U.S., India ink historic civilian nuclear deal|access-date=11 December 2008|date=11 October 2008|work=People's Daily|archive-date=13 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090413053230/http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90777/90852/6513319.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Singh had the first official state visit to the White House during the administration of US president [[Barack Obama]]. The visit took place in November 2009, and several discussions took place, including on trade and nuclear power.<ref name="CSIS">{{cite web |title=Manmohan Singh's U.S. Visit |url=https://www.csis.org/analysis/manmohan-singh%E2%80%99s-us-visit |publisher=Centre for Strategic and International Studies |access-date=28 April 2020 |archive-date=11 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240611102936/https://www.csis.org/analysis/manmohan-singhs-us-visit |url-status=live }}</ref>

Relations improved with Japan and [[European Union]] countries, like the United Kingdom, France, and Germany. Relations with Iran continued and negotiations over the [[Iran-Pakistan-India gas pipeline]] have taken place. New Delhi hosted an India–Africa Summit in April 2006 which was attended by the leaders of 15 African states.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://africanpress.wordpress.com/2008/03/28/several-african-leaders-to-attend-africa-india-summit-au-says/|title=Several African leaders to attend Africa-India summit, AU says|access-date=11 December 2008|date=28 March 2008|publisher=African Press International|archive-date=1 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001071620/http://africanpress.wordpress.com/2008/03/28/several-african-leaders-to-attend-africa-india-summit-au-says/|url-status=live}}</ref> Relations have improved with other developing countries, particularly Brazil and South Africa. Singh carried forward the momentum which was established after the "Brasilia Declaration" in 2003 and the [[IBSA Dialogue Forum]] was formed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.africanexecutive.com/modules/magazine/articles.php?article=3708 |title=IBSA Dialogue Forum: A Strategic Partnership |access-date=11 December 2008 |last=Beri |first=Ruchita |date=10 December 2008 |work=The African Executive |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090411204949/http://www.africanexecutive.com/modules/magazine/articles.php?article=3708 |archive-date=11 April 2009 }}</ref>

Singh's government was especially keen on [[India-Israel relations|expanding ties with Israel]]. From 2003, the two countries made significant investments in each other,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?id=ea163747-b106-4e32-b231-7eb64de62985 |title=India and Israel: The great seduction |access-date=11 December 2008 |last=Halarnkar |first=Samar |date=23 October 2007 |work=Hindustan Times |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090107062435/http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?id=ea163747-b106-4e32-b231-7eb64de62985 |archive-date=7 January 2009 }}</ref> making Israel a rival to Russia to become India's largest defence partner.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DE3DD163BF934A3575AC0A9659C8B63|title=The Bond Between India and Israel Grows|access-date=11 December 2008|last=Waldman|first=Amy|date=7 September 2003|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|archive-date=11 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240611102954/https://www.nytimes.com/2003/09/07/world/the-bond-between-india-and-israel-grows.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Though there have been a few diplomatic glitches between India and Russia, especially over the delay and price hike of several Russian weapons to be delivered to India,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/04/17/stories/2008041761781200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080421021724/http://www.hindu.com/2008/04/17/stories/2008041761781200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 April 2008|title=Centre admits to problems in naval deals|access-date=11 December 2008|last=Dikshit|first=Sandeep|date=17 April 2008|work=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai, India}}</ref> relations between the two remained strong with India and Russia signing various agreements to increase defence, nuclear energy and space co-operation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/pti_news.asp?id=339943 |title=India, Russia sign agreements to further strengthen ties |access-date=11 December 2008 |last=Roychowdhury |first=Amitabh |date=6 December 2006 |work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090411192950/http://www.outlookindia.com/pti_news.asp?id=339943 |archive-date=11 April 2009 }}</ref>

During the [[2011 Libyan Civil War|Libyan Civil War]], India abstained from voting on the [[UN Security Council Resolution 1973|UN Security Council's Resolutions 1970 and 1973]] that authorised [[NATO]] action in Libya.<ref>{{cite news|title=India and China had similar considerations on Libya|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article1571829.ece|access-date=30 December 2012|newspaper=The Hindu|date=26 March 2011|archive-date=8 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110908001259/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article1571829.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> In Lok Sabha, resolution was unanimously adopted to condemn [[Military intervention in Libya|NATO's military intervention in Libya]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/parties-unite-to-slam-strikes-on-libya/articleshow/7766649.cms|title=Parties unite to slam strikes on Libya|date=23 March 2011|publisher=Times of India|archive-date=29 March 2023|access-date=27 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329054016/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/parties-unite-to-slam-strikes-on-libya/articleshow/7766649.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2009, Singh was among the leaders who laid the foundation of the [[BRICS]]. The establishment of the group is often described as a display of emergent economic power.<ref name="i727">{{cite web | last=Cowell | first=Alan | title=Manmohan Singh, Indian Prime Minister, Dies at 92 | website=The New York Times | date=26 December 2024 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/12/26/world/asia/manmohan-singh-dead.html | access-date=27 December 2024}}</ref>

Singh criticised the West for the use of force to enforce regime change in Syria and Libya during his speech at the UN in September 2011.<ref>{{cite news |last=Diwakar |date=25 September 2011 |title=Manmohan slams West for using force to change regimes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/manmohan-slams-west-for-using-force-to-change-regimes/articleshow/10108923.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=14 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025012351/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-25/india/30200524_1_libya-sovereignty-countries |archive-date=25 October 2012}}</ref> India was silent over the killing of Gaddafi.<ref name="thediplomat">{{cite news|title=Why India Admired Gaddafi|url=https://thediplomat.com/indian-decade/2011/10/28/why-india-admired-gaddafi/|access-date=30 December 2012|newspaper=The Diplomat|date=28 October 2011|archive-date=10 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510062719/http://thediplomat.com/indian-decade/2011/10/28/why-india-admired-gaddafi/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=India Quiet on Gaddafi Killing|url=https://thediplomat.com/indian-decade/2011/10/23/india-quiet-on-gaddafi-killing/|access-date=30 December 2012|newspaper=The Diplomat|date=23 October 2011|archive-date=10 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510042400/http://thediplomat.com/indian-decade/2011/10/23/india-quiet-on-gaddafi-killing/|url-status=live}}</ref> Although India was among the last few countries to recognise the Libyan National Transitional Council, it agreed to work with the Council to help rebuild Libya.<ref>{{cite news|title=India offers all help to Libya|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/middle-east/India-offers-all-help-to-Libya/articleshow/10434464.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510142536/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-10-21/middle-east/30305924_1_muammar-gaddafi-libyan-people-unsc-resolution|url-status=live|archive-date=10 May 2013|access-date=30 December 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=21 October 2011}}</ref> India resent an ambassador to Tripoli in July 2012 having shut its mission in Tripoli in 2011.<ref>{{cite news|title=India and Ivory Coast Send Ambassadors to Libya|url=http://libyaninvestment.com/libya-business-news/65278-india-and-ivory-coast-send-ambassadors-to-libya.html|access-date=30 December 2012|date=3 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107032952/http://libyaninvestment.com/libya-business-news/65278-india-and-ivory-coast-send-ambassadors-to-libya.html|archive-date=7 November 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Second term (2009–2014) ===
{{See also|Second Manmohan Singh ministry}}
[[File:Singh and Putin press-conference 2010 03.jpg|thumb|right|Singh with Russian prime minister [[Vladimir Putin]] in March 2010]]
[[File:Manmohan Singh and the Prime Minister of Japan, Mr. Shinzo Abe signed the documents on Joint statement strengthening strategic and global partnership between Japan and India beyond the 60th Anniversary of Diplomatic.jpg|thumb|right|Singh with Japanese prime minister [[Shinzo Abe]] in May 2013]]
India held general [[2009 Indian general election|elections to the 15th Lok Sabha]] in five phases between 16 April 2009 and 13 May 2009. The results of the election were announced on 16 May 2009.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5gf53l7BbUSc4DUHCgzjLF4YfW9CgD987BC100|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121206033206/http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5gf53l7BbUSc4DUHCgzjLF4YfW9CgD987BC100|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 December 2012|title=India's ruling party wins resounding victory|agency=Associated Press|date=16 May 2009|access-date=16 May 2009}}</ref> Strong showing in [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Kerala]], [[West Bengal]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]] helped the [[United Progressive Alliance]] (UPA) form the new government under the incumbent Singh, who became the first prime minister since [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] in [[1962 Indian general election|1962]] to win re-election after completing a full five-year term.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> The Congress and its allies were able to put together a comfortable majority with support from 322 members out of 543 members of the House. These included those of the UPA and the external support from the [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] (BSP), [[Samajwadi Party]] (SP), [[Janata Dal (Secular)]] (JD(S)), [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]] (RJD) and other minor parties.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/smooth-sailing-for-upa-parties-scramble-to-support/92967-37.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090521022032/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/smooth-sailing-for-upa-parties-scramble-to-support/92967-37.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 May 2009|title=Smooth sailing for UPA, parties scramble to support|date=19 May 2009|publisher=[[CNN-IBN]]|access-date=13 June 2009}}</ref>

On 22 May 2009, Manmohan Singh was sworn in as the prime minister during a ceremony held at [[Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi|Rashtrapati Bhavan]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.timesnow.tv/Team-manmohan-set-to-form-govt-today/articleshow/4317510.cms|title=Team Manmohan set to form govt today|date=22 May 2009|publisher=[[Times Now]]|access-date=13 June 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090527164431/http://www.timesnow.tv/Team-manmohan-set-to-form-govt-today/articleshow/4317510.cms|archive-date=27 May 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/marketsNews/idUSDEL00004820090522|title=India PM Singh takes oath for second term|date=22 May 2009|work=Reuters|access-date=13 June 2009|archive-date=25 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090525123414/http://www.reuters.com/article/marketsNews/idUSDEL00004820090522|url-status=live}}</ref>

In his second term, Singh's government was involved in political scandals such as the [[2G spectrum case]] and the [[Concerns and controversies at the 2010 Commonwealth Games|Commonwealth Games scandal]].<ref>{{Cite news|agency=PTI|date=12 December 2011|title=2G case: A chronology of events|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/2g-case-a-chronology-of-events/article12151968.ece|access-date=18 September 2021|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=18 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918163056/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/2g-case-a-chronology-of-events/article12151968.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=India's 2G scandal |publisher=BBC World News |date=11 November 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=2G Scam Explained|url=https://www.news18.com/news/immersive/2g-scam-explained.html|access-date=18 September 2021|website=News18.com|language=en|archive-date=18 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918163057/https://www.news18.com/news/immersive/2g-scam-explained.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.timesnow.tv/Tained-Kalmadi-sacked-as-IOA-chief/articleshow/4371548.cms|title=Tained Kalmadi sacked as IOA chief|date=26 April 2011|work=The Times of India|access-date=26 April 2011|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304204104/http://www.timesnow.tv/Tained-Kalmadi-sacked-as-IOA-chief/articleshow/4371548.cms|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="bloomberg.com">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-06-21/indians-divide-over-policing-a-watchdog-world-view.html|title=Indians Divide Over Policing a Watchdog: World View|publisher=bloomberg.com|date=22 June 2011|access-date=25 August 2011|first=Chandrahas|last=Choudhury|archive-date=25 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110625135458/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-06-21/indians-divide-over-policing-a-watchdog-world-view.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Singh declined to appear before a [[Joint parliamentary committee|Joint Parliamentary Committee]] (JPC) in April 2013 when called upon by one of the members of JPC [[Yashwant Sinha]] for his alleged involvement in the 2G case.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/1820446/report-2g-scam-disappointed-over-manmohan-singh-s-refusal-to-appear-before-jpc-says-yashwant-sinha | title=2G scam: Disappointed over Manmohan Singh's refusal to appear before JPC, says Yashwant Sinha | work=DNA India | date=9 April 2013 | agency=ANI | access-date=13 April 2013 | archive-date=14 April 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130414233119/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/1820446/report-2g-scam-disappointed-over-manmohan-singh-s-refusal-to-appear-before-jpc-says-yashwant-sinha | url-status=live }}</ref> In 2017, all of the accused were acquitted in the 2G case.<ref name="s851">{{cite web | title=Live Updates: A Raja, Kanimozhi acquitted in 2G Scam case | website=The Economic Times | date=21 December 2017 | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/a-raja-kanimozhi-acquitted-in-2g-scam-case/articleshow/62189376.cms?from=mdr | access-date=30 December 2024 | archive-date=4 January 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250104172549/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/a-raja-kanimozhi-acquitted-in-2g-scam-case/articleshow/62189376.cms?from=mdr | url-status=live }}</ref> Following this verdict, the Congress stated the "BJP has been exposed for its untruth and propaganda against Congress," and urged [[Narendra Modi]] and [[Arun Jaitley]] "to apologise to the nation".<ref name="t249">{{cite web | last=India | first=Press Trust of | title="Prime Minister Should Apologise To Nation": Congress After 2G Case Verdict | website=www.ndtv.com | date=21 December 2017 | url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/prime-minister-should-apologise-to-nation-congress-after-2g-case-verdict-1790585 | access-date=30 December 2024 | archive-date=4 January 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250104182538/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/prime-minister-should-apologise-to-nation-congress-after-2g-case-verdict-1790585 | url-status=live }}</ref>

Following the [[2012 Delhi gang rape and murder]], Singh appealed for calm, stressing that "violence will serve no purpose".<ref name="emirates">{{cite web|url=http://www.emirates247.com/news/delhi-gang-rape-indian-pm-manmohan-singh-s-theek-hai-goes-viral-as-capital-burns-2012-12-24-1.488541|title=Delhi gang-rape: Indian PM Manmohan Singh's 'Theek Hai' gaffe sets Twitter on fire|publisher=[[Emirates 24/7]]|date=24 December 2012|access-date=24 December 2012|archive-date=31 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331135833/https://www.emirates247.com/news/delhi-gang-rape-indian-pm-manmohan-singh-s-theek-hai-goes-viral-as-capital-burns-2012-12-24-1.488541|url-status=live}}</ref> In a televised address, he assured that all possible efforts would be made to ensure the safety of women in India. Singh expressed empathy, saying: "As a father of three daughters I feel as strongly about the incident as each one of you".<ref name="emirates" /> As a tribute to the victim, the prime minister cancelled all his official events to celebrate the new year.<ref>{{cite news |first=Rama |last=Lakshmi |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/muted-new-year-celebrations-in-india-after-gang-rape-victims-death/2012/12/31/6e372eac-5370-11e2-abc4-3d33329b6128_story.html |title=Muted New Year's celebrations in India after gang-rape victim's death |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=31 December 2012 |access-date=23 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915084002/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/muted-new-year-celebrations-in-india-after-gang-rape-victims-death/2012/12/31/6e372eac-5370-11e2-abc4-3d33329b6128_story.html |archive-date=15 September 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The 2012 report filed by the CAG in Parliament of India states that due to the allocation of coal blocks to certain private companies without bidding process the nation suffered an estimated loss of Rs 1.85{{nbs}}trillion ([[Long and short scales|short scale]]) between 2005 and 2009 in which Manmohan Singh was the coal minister of India.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.mykhel.com/more-sports/coalgate-scam-pm-manmohan-singh-asked-to-resign-bjp-064701.html | title=Coalgate scam: PM Manmohan Singh asked to resign | date=18 August 2012 | access-date=11 April 2013 | author=Nairita | archive-date=10 May 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510215320/http://news.oneindia.in/2012/08/17/coalgate-scam-pm-manmohan-singh-asked-to-resign-bjp-1055354.html | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-08-19/news/33272942_1_coal-scam-2g-telecom-minister | title=Prime Minister Manmohan Singh directly responsible for coal scam: Arun Jaitley | work=The Economic Times | date=19 August 2012 | agency=PTI | access-date=13 April 2013 | archive-date=8 May 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508021848/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-08-19/news/33272942_1_coal-scam-2g-telecom-minister | url-status=dead }}</ref>

Singh's government had an approval rating of 30% by 2013.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.gallup.com/poll/181973/india-new-leadership-faces-high-expectations.aspx|title = India's New Leadership Faces High Expectations|date = 13 March 2015|access-date = 27 December 2024|archive-date = 1 August 2017|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170801195752/http://www.gallup.com/poll/181973/india-new-leadership-faces-high-expectations.aspx|url-status = live}}</ref>

== Post-premiership (2014–2024) ==
Singh's premiership officially ended at noon on 17 May 2014. He did not contest the [[2014 Indian general election|2014 general election]] for the 16th Lok Sabha as the prime ministerial candidate. He resigned his post as prime minister after the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]-led [[National Democratic Alliance]] won the election. He served as the acting prime minister till 26 May 2014, when [[Narendra Modi]] was sworn in as the new prime minister.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ghosh |first1=Deepshikha |title=Prime Minister Manmohan Singh Resigns After 10 Years in Office |url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections-news/prime-minister-manmohan-singh-resigns-after-10-years-in-office-562442 |access-date=18 June 2023 |work=NDTV |date=17 May 2014 |archive-date=26 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226123531/https://www.ndtv.com/elections-news/prime-minister-manmohan-singh-resigns-after-10-years-in-office-562442 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |title=Manmohan Singh to continue as PM till Modi assumes office |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/highlights/story/manmohan-singh-resigns-as-prime-minister-193309-2014-05-17 |access-date=18 June 2023 |magazine=India Today |date=17 May 2014 |archive-date=26 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226123726/https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/highlights/story/manmohan-singh-resigns-as-prime-minister-193309-2014-05-17 |url-status=live }}</ref> Singh, along with Congress president [[Sonia Gandhi]], former presidents [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]] and [[Pratibha Patil]], and Vice-President [[Hamid Ansari]] attended Modi's [[First swearing-in ceremony of Narendra Modi|swearing-in ceremony]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-27572807|title=At the scene: Sanjoy Majumder, BBC News, Delhi|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=26 December 2024|date=26 May 2014|archive-date=17 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241017210809/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-27572807|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:The former Prime Minister of India, Dr. Manmohan Singh addressing at the release of Book “MOVING ON… MOVING FORWARD A YEAR IN OFFICE”, published on the completion of One Year in the Office of the Vice President (cropped).JPG|thumb|In September 2018, Singh delivered a book speech.]]
In 2016, it was announced that Singh was to take up a position at [[Panjab University]] as the Jawaharlal Nehru Chair, which he eventually did not.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.asian-voice.com/News/India/North/Former-PM-Manmohan-Singh-returns-to-teaching |title=Former PM Manmohan Singh returns to teaching |publisher=Asian Voice |date=13 April 2016 |access-date=15 August 2016 |archive-date=22 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822142930/https://www.asian-voice.com/News/India/North/Former-PM-Manmohan-Singh-returns-to-teaching |url-status=live }}</ref> He was [[2019 Rajya Sabha elections|elected]] as the Rajya Sabha MP for [[Rajasthan]] in 2019, succeeding BJP MP [[Madan Lal Saini]]. Singh retired from the Rajya Sabha in April 2024 and was succeeded by [[Sonia Gandhi]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Manmohan Singh to end 33 years stint in RS on Apr 3; Sonia Gandhi to begin first |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/manmohan-singh-to-end-33-years-stint-in-rs-on-apr-3-sonia-gandhi-to-begin-first/articleshow/107698236.cms |work=The Times of India |date=14 February 2024 |access-date=1 March 2024 |archive-date=17 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217051627/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/manmohan-singh-to-end-33-years-stint-in-rs-on-apr-3-sonia-gandhi-to-begin-first/articleshow/107698236.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Public image and legacy ==
''[[The Independent]]'' described Singh as "one of the world's most revered leaders" and "a man of uncommon decency and grace", noting that he drives a [[Maruti 800]], one of the humblest cars in the Indian market. [[Khushwant Singh]] lauded Singh as the best prime minister India has had, even rating him higher than [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]. He mentions an incident in his book ''Absolute Khushwant: The Low-Down on Life, Death and Most things In-between'' where after losing the 1999 Lok Sabha elections, Singh immediately returned the {{INRConvert|2|l}} he had borrowed from the writer for hiring taxis. Terming him as the best example of integrity, Khushwant Singh stated, "When people talk of integrity, I say the best example is the man who occupies the country's highest office."<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/PM-Manmohan-Singh-is-the-best-example-of-integrity-Khushwant-Singh/articleshow/6325672.cms |title=PM Manmohan Singh: PM Manmohan Singh is the best example of integrity: Khushwant Singh |work=The Times of India |date=17 August 2010 |access-date=19 December 2019 |archive-date=11 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240611102937/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/PM-Manmohan-Singh-is-the-best-example-of-integrity-Khushwant-Singh/articleshow/6325672.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2010, [[Newsweek|''Newsweek'' magazine]] recognised him as a world leader who is respected by other heads of state, describing him as "the leader other leaders love." The article quoted [[Mohamed ElBaradei]], who remarked that Singh is "the model of what a political leader should be."<ref>{{cite web |author=Christopher Dickey |url=http://www.newsweek.com/content/newsweek/2010/08/16/go-to-the-head-of-the-class.html |title=Go to the Head of the Class |work=Newsweek |date=16 August 2010 |access-date=15 February 2011 |archive-date=29 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429213828/http://www.newsweek.com/content/newsweek/2010/08/16/go-to-the-head-of-the-class.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Singh also received the World Statesman Award in 2010. [[Henry Kissinger]] described Singh as "a statesman with vision, persistence and integrity", and praised him for his "leadership, which has been instrumental in the economic transformation underway in India."<ref name=worldstatesmanaward>{{cite news |title=Manmohan Singh honoured with 2010 World Statesman Award |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/Americas/Manmohan-Singh-honoured-with-2010-World-Statesman-Award/Article1-603591.aspx |newspaper=Hindustan Times |agency=PTI |date=23 September 2010 |access-date=27 March 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509014458/http://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/Americas/Manmohan-Singh-honoured-with-2010-World-Statesman-Award/Article1-603591.aspx |archive-date=9 May 2013 }}</ref>

Singh was ranked 18 on the 2010 [[Forbes list of the World's Most Powerful People]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/manmohan-singh | work=Forbes | title=The World's Most Powerful People: Manmohan Singh | date=3 November 2010 | access-date=4 September 2017 | archive-date=16 September 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170916231114/https://www.forbes.com/profile/manmohan-singh/ | url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[Forbes]]'' magazine described Singh as being "universally praised as India's best prime minister since Nehru".<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/sonia-gandhi | work=Forbes | title=The World's Most Powerful People: Sonia Gandhi | date=3 November 2010 | access-date=4 September 2017 | archive-date=6 November 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101106203529/http://www.forbes.com/profile/sonia-gandhi | url-status=live }}</ref> Australian journalist [[Greg Sheridan]] praised Singh "as one of the greatest statesmen in Asian history."<ref name="TA">{{cite web|url=http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,25513283-7583,00.html|title=Strengthen Team India|work=The Australian|date=21 May 2009|access-date=17 March 2011|archive-date=23 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090523170731/http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,25513283-7583,00.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Singh was later ranked 19 and 28 in 2012 and 2013 in the Forbes list.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/manmohan-singh/|title=Manmohan Singh|website=[[Forbes]]|access-date=16 November 2016|archive-date=7 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161207155347/https://www.forbes.com/profile/manmohan-singh/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.reuters.com/india/2013/10/31/sonia-gandhi-manmohan-singh-slip-in-forbes-most-powerful-list/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103061614/http://blogs.reuters.com/india/2013/10/31/sonia-gandhi-manmohan-singh-slip-in-forbes-most-powerful-list/|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 November 2013|title=Sonia Gandhi, Manmohan Singh slip in Forbes' most powerful list|first=Tony|last=Tharakan|access-date=16 November 2016|date=31 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/photos/news/these-are-the-worlds-most-powerful-people-14299#photo-185869|title=These are the world's most powerful people, Photo Gallery|access-date=16 November 2016|archive-date=3 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161203193229/http://www.ndtv.com/photos/news/these-are-the-worlds-most-powerful-people-14299#photo-185869|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Time (magazine)|''Time'' magazine]] described Singh as "guiding India into the ranks of the great powers".<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Singh |first=Manmohan |date=29 April 2010 |title=The 2010 TIME 100 |url=https://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1984685_1984864_1984890,00.html |magazine=Time (Magazine) |access-date=6 October 2024 |archive-date=7 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007100216/https://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1984685_1984864_1984890,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Conversely, ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine's Asia edition for 10–17 July 2012, on its cover remarked that Singh was an "underachiever".<ref>{{cite news| url= http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-08/india/32588303_1_growth-path-magazine-scandals| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130512022340/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-08/india/32588303_1_growth-path-magazine-scandals| url-status= dead| archive-date= 12 May 2013| work= [[The Times of India]]| title= Time magazine dubs Manmohan Singh as 'underachiever'.
| date=8 July 2012 }}</ref> It stated that Singh appears "unwilling to stick his neck out" on reforms that will put the country back onto a growth path. Congress spokesperson [[Manish Tewari]] rebutted the charges. UPA ally [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]] took issue with the magazine's statements. Praising the government, Prasad said UPA projects [were] doing well and asked, "What will America say as their own economy is shattered?".<ref>{{cite news| url= http://www.indianexpress.com/news/cong-counters-time-magazines-underachiever-remark-against-pm/971792/| title= Cong counters Time magazine's 'underachiever' remark against PM| date= 8 July 2012| access-date= 8 July 2012| archive-date= 11 June 2024| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240611102956/https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/cong-counters-time-magazines-underachiever-remark-against-pm/| url-status= live}}</ref> Additionally, Singh faced negative reception following the [[2008 Mumbai attacks]] for falling short on enhancing national security.<ref name="Demarche_to_Pakistan">{{cite news |author=[[Press Trust of India]] |title=No military action against Pakistan: India |work=Times of India |location=India |date=2 December 2008 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/No_military_action_against_Pakistan_India/articleshow/3783853.cms |accessdate=9 December 2008 |archive-date=5 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205122918/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/No_military_action_against_Pakistan_India/articleshow/3783853.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

In his 2020 memoir ''[[A Promised Land]]'', former U.S. president [[Barack Obama]] called Singh "Wise, thoughtful, and scrupulously honest".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2024/12/26/1045646076/manmohan-singh-dies-india|title=Manmohan Singh, India's prime minister from 2004 to 2014, has died|publisher=NPR|date=26 December 2024|accessdate=26 December 2024}}</ref>

Political opponents, including BJP co-founder [[L. K. Advani]], have claimed that Singh is a "weak" prime minister. Advani declared "He is weak. What do I call a person who can't take his decisions until [[10 Janpath]] gives instruction."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/east/story/manmohan-singh-lk-advani-jan-chetna-yatra-143884-2011-10-20 |title=Manmohan Singh is a weak PM, reiterates Advani: East News – India Today |access-date=17 May 2012 |archive-date=22 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111022161250/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/manmohan-singh-lk-advani-jan-chetna-yatra/1/157000.html |url-status=live }}. Indiatoday.intoday.in (21 October 2011). Retrieved 17 May 2012.</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_manmohan-singh-weak-pm-unbecoming-of-the-coveted-post-bjp_1640518 |title=Manmohan Singh weak PM, unbecoming of the coveted post: BJP – India – DNA |access-date=17 May 2012 |archive-date=4 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304035221/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_manmohan-singh-weak-pm-unbecoming-of-the-coveted-post-bjp_1640518 |url-status=live }}. Dnaindia.com (21 January 2012). Retrieved 17 May 2012.</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/dangerous-to-have-a-weak-pm-anna_746121.html |title=Dangerous to have a weak PM: Anna |access-date=17 May 2012 |archive-date=16 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316060001/http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/dangerous-to-have-a-weak-pm-anna_746121.html |url-status=live }}. Zeenews.India.com (9 December 2011). Retrieved 17 May 2012.</ref> [[Arvind Kejriwal]] in 2018 said the people are "missing an educated PM like Dr Manmohan Singh".<ref name="NDTV.com2">{{cite news |last1=Sethi |first1=Nidhi |title="Missing 'Educated Prime Minister' Like Manmohan Singh": Arvind Kejriwal |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/missing-educated-prime-minister-like-manmohan-singh-arvind-kejriwal-1860549 |access-date=16 August 2023 |work=NDTV |date=31 May 2018}}</ref> In 2022, Union Transport Minister of [[Modi Government]], [[Nitin Gadkari]] said the "country is indebted to Manmohan Singh for the liberalisation that gave a new direction".<ref name="NDTV.com3">{{cite news |title="Country Is Indebted To Him": Nitin Gadkari's Praise For Manmohan Singh |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/nitin-gadkaris-praise-for-manmohan-singh-country-is-indebted-to-him-3502152 |access-date=16 August 2023 |work=NDTV |agency=PTI |date=8 November 2022 |archive-date=16 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816114605/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/nitin-gadkaris-praise-for-manmohan-singh-country-is-indebted-to-him-3502152 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2013, BJP leader [[Narendra Modi]] had termed Singh as "night watchman" and a "puppet of the Gandhi family".<ref name="NDTV.com">{{cite news |last=Das |first=Mala |date=22 February 2019 |title=Narendra Modi targets Gandhis, calls Manmohan Singh 'night watchman' |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/narendra-modi-targets-gandhis-calls-manmohan-singh-night-watchman-514997 |work=NDTV |access-date=16 August 2023 |archive-date=16 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816062413/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/narendra-modi-targets-gandhis-calls-manmohan-singh-night-watchman-514997 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 8 February 2024, Modi praised Manmohan Singh stating,<ref name=modipraise/>

<blockquote>Ideological differences are short lived, but the way Manmohan Singh has guided this House and the country for such a long period, he will be remembered for his contributions during every discussion on our democracy.</blockquote>

Modi also recalled when Singh arrived at the Parliament in a wheelchair to cast his vote over a key legislation.<ref name=modipraise>{{cite news |last1=Mitra |first1=Chandrajit |date=8 February 2024 |title=PM Modi's Big Praise For Manmohan Singh: "Ideological Differences, But..." |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/example-of-being-alert-of-duties-pm-narendra-modis-big-praise-for-manmohan-singh-5016993 |work=NDTV |access-date=29 July 2024 |archive-date=29 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240729141008/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/example-of-being-alert-of-duties-pm-narendra-modis-big-praise-for-manmohan-singh-5016993 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Following his death, Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] called Singh one of "India's most distinguished leaders" and declared national mourning.<ref name="bloomberg" /> President [[Droupadi Murmu]], Vice-President [[Jagdeep Dhankhar]], Opposition Leader [[Rahul Gandhi]], Home Affairs Minister [[Amit Shah]], Defence Minister [[Rajnath Singh]] and former prime minister [[H. D. Deve Gowda]] issued statements praising Singh and his leadership after his death.<ref>{{cite web |date=26 December 2024 |title=Former PM Manmohan Singh death reactions LIVE: PM Modi, leaders pay tribute |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/former-prime-minsiter-manmohan-singh-passes-away-reactions-live-updates/article69030751.ece |accessdate=26 December 2024 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> [[Mauritius]]<ref name="n045">{{cite web | author=The Hindu Bureau | title=As mark of respect for Manmohan Singh, Mauritius flag to be flown half-mast till sunset on December 28 | website=The Hindu | date=28 December 2024 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/as-mark-of-respect-for-manmohan-singh-mauritius-flag-to-be-flown-half-mast-till-sunset-on-december-28/article69036428.ece | access-date=29 December 2024 | archive-date=28 December 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228092953/https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/as-mark-of-respect-for-manmohan-singh-mauritius-flag-to-be-flown-half-mast-till-sunset-on-december-28/article69036428.ece | url-status=live }}</ref> and [[Bhutan]]<ref name="j193">{{cite web | title=Special prayers for Manmohan Singh held across Bhutan, King attends funeral | website=Business Standard | date=28 December 2024 | url=https://www.business-standard.com/external-affairs-defence-security/news/special-prayers-for-manmohan-singh-held-across-bhutan-king-attends-funeral-124122800414_1.html | access-date=29 December 2024}}</ref> flew their flags at half-mast to mourn the death of Singh.

== Family and personal life ==
Singh married [[Gursharan Kaur]] in 1958. They had three daughters, [[Upinder Singh]], [[Daman Singh]] and Amrit Singh.<ref name="personal profile">{{cite web |title=Dr. Manmohan Singh: Personal Profile |url=http://www.pmindia.nic.in/meet.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303150424/http://pmindia.nic.in/meet.htm |archive-date=3 March 2009 |access-date=4 April 2009 |publisher=Prime Minister's Office, Government of India}}</ref> Upinder Singh is a professor of history at [[Ashoka University]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=University |first1=Ashoka |title=Faculty/Staff |url=https://ashoka.edu.in/faculty#!/upinder-singh-1055 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128081411/https://ashoka.edu.in/faculty#!/upinder-singh-1055 |archive-date=28 November 2020 |access-date=11 December 2020 |website=Ashoka University |language=en}}</ref> Daman Singh is a graduate of [[St. Stephen's College, Delhi]] and [[Institute of Rural Management, Anand|Institute of Rural Management]], Anand, Gujarat, and author of ''The Last Frontier: People and Forests in Mizoram'' and a novel, ''Nine by Nine'',<ref>{{cite web |date=28 January 2009 |title=Meet Dr. Singh's daughter |url=http://specials.rediff.com/news/2009/jan/28slid1-dr-manmohan-singhs-daughter-daman-singh-turns-author.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090331160626/http://specials.rediff.com/news/2009/jan/28slid1-dr-manmohan-singhs-daughter-daman-singh-turns-author.htm |archive-date=31 March 2009 |access-date=4 April 2009 |work=Rediff.com}}</ref> Amrit Singh is a staff attorney at the [[American Civil Liberties Union]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Rajghatta |first=Chidanand |date=21 December 2007 |title=PM's daughter puts White House in the dock |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/PMs-daughter-puts-White-House-in-the-dock/articleshow/2639327.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024115733/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-12-21/india/27983907_1_aclu-statement-cia-tapes |archive-date=24 October 2012 |access-date=13 October 2008 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Singh's son-in-law, Ashok Pattnaik, a 1983 batch [[Indian Police Service]] officer, was appointed CEO of National Intelligence Grid ([[NATGRID]]) in 2016.<ref>{{cite news |date=31 August 2016 |title=An NDA boost for NATGRID, Home Minister reviews progress |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/natgrid-nda-home-minister-p-chidambaram-26-11-338373-2016-08-31 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160901035542/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/natgrid-nda-home-minister-p-chidambaram-26-11/1/753750.html |archive-date=1 September 2016 |access-date=1 September 2016 |work=India Today |location=New Delhi, India}}</ref>

Singh was attacked during the [[1984 anti-Sikh riots|1984 Anti-Sikh riots]] and provided financial assistance to the Citizens' Relief Committee.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 December 2019 |title=1984 riots could have been avoided, if Narasimha Rao had listened to IK Gujaral: Manmohan Singh |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/1984-sikh-riots-could-have-been-avoided-if-narasimha-rao-listened-to-ik-gujaral-manmohan-singh-1625242-2019-12-04 |access-date=3 November 2024 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=24 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240824181330/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/1984-sikh-riots-could-have-been-avoided-if-narasimha-rao-listened-to-ik-gujaral-manmohan-singh-1625242-2019-12-04 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Singh was a [[vegetarian]].<ref>{{cite news |title="We Must Make Intelligent Choices": Manmohan Singh On His Vegetarian Diet |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/when-manmohan-singh-revealed-why-he-preferred-a-vegetarian-diet-7341397 |work=NDTV |date=27 December 2024 |access-date=30 December 2024 |archive-date=29 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241229172634/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/when-manmohan-singh-revealed-why-he-preferred-a-vegetarian-diet-7341397 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Until his death, Singh resided at 3, Motilal Nehru Marg in New Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web| url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/former-pm-manmohan-singh-moves-to-3-motilal-nehru-marg-1543989.html| title=Former PM Manmohan Singh moves to 3, Motilal Nehru Marg| date=27 May 2014| access-date=21 May 2018| archive-date=6 July 2018| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180706165243/https://www.firstpost.com/india/former-pm-manmohan-singh-moves-to-3-motilal-nehru-marg-1543989.html| url-status=live}}</ref>

== Illness and death ==
{{main|Death and state funeral of Manmohan Singh}}
Singh underwent multiple [[cardiac bypass surgery|cardiac bypass surgeries]], the last of which took place in January 2009.<ref>{{cite news |date=24 January 2009 |title=One graft successfully performed on Manmohan Singh |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/000200901241640.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090414041423/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/000200901241640.htm |archive-date=14 April 2009 |access-date=24 January 2009 |work=The Hindu |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> In May 2020, Singh was hospitalised at the [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi|All India Institute of Medical Sciences]] (AIIMS) due to a negative reaction from his medication.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/manmohan-singh-hospitalised-health-update-6404101/|title=Manmohan Singh stable, developed reaction to medication: Hospital sources|publisher=Indian Express|date=11 May 2020|accessdate=26 December 2024|archive-date=26 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241226221538/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/manmohan-singh-hospitalised-health-update-6404101/|url-status=live}}</ref> In April 2021, Singh was hospitalised after testing positive for [[COVID-19]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/apr/21/ex-indian-pm-manmohan-singh-admitted-hospital-covid |title=Ex-Indian PM Manmohan Singh admitted to hospital with Covid |work=The Guardian |accessdate=27 December 2024|date=21 April 2021}}</ref> In October 2021, Singh was hospitalised again at the AIIMS after experiencing weakness and fever.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/former-pm-manmohan-singh-s-health-condition-improving-101634323634814.html|title=Former PM Manmohan Singh's health condition improving|publisher=The Hindustan Times|accessdate=26 December 2024|date=16 October 2021}}</ref>

On 26 December 2024, Singh collapsed at his home in New Delhi and was admitted to the emergency department of AIIMS Delhi.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Phabhu |first1=Sunil |title=Former PM Manmohan Singh, 92, Admitted To AIIMS In Delhi |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/ex-pm-manmohan-singh-admitted-to-aiims-in-delhi-7337980 |work=www.ndtv.com |publisher=NDTV |date=26 December 2024 |language=en |archive-date=26 December 2024 |access-date=26 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241226164701/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/ex-pm-manmohan-singh-admitted-to-aiims-in-delhi-7337980 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2024/12/26/indias-former-pm-manmohan-singh-dies-aged-92.html|title=Manmohan Singh, India's 'reluctant' prime minister, dies aged 92|publisher=CNBC|accessdate=26 December 2024|date=26 December 2024}}</ref> Singh died a few hours after his hospitalisation at the age of 92.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Achom |first1=Debanish |date=26 December 2024 |title=Manmohan Singh, 2-Time PM And Architect Of India's Economic Reforms, Dies At 92 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/manmohan-singh-2-time-pm-and-architect-of-indias-economic-reforms-dies-at-92-7338451 |work=NDTV |access-date=26 December 2024 |archive-date=26 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241226171144/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/manmohan-singh-2-time-pm-and-architect-of-indias-economic-reforms-dies-at-92-7338451 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="bloomberg">{{cite web |date=26 December 2024 |title=Manmohan Singh, Premier Who Unleashed Indian Economy, Dies at 92 |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-12-26/manmohan-singh-premier-who-unleashed-indian-economy-dies-at-92?embedded-checkout=true |accessdate=26 December 2024 |publisher=Bloomberg}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=India's former PM Manmohan Singh dies aged 92 |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/indias-former-pm-manmohan-singh-dies-aged-92-2024-12-26/ |access-date=26 December 2024 |work=Reuters |date=26 December 2024}}</ref> The government subsequently announced a period of national mourning until 1 January 2025<ref>{{cite news |title=India announces state funeral for ex-PM Manmohan Singh |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20241227-india-announces-state-funeral-for-ex-pm-manmohan-singh |access-date=27 December 2024 |work=France 24 |date=27 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2088262 |title=Press Release |publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India |date=28 December 2024 |accessdate=28 December 2024}}</ref> and accorded Singh a [[state funeral]] at his cremation at Nigam Bodh Ghat, New Delhi on 28 December.<ref name=":2"/>

== Awards and honours ==
{{Main|List of awards and honours received by Manmohan Singh}}

== Electoral history ==
===Lok Sabha===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Election
! colspan="2" | Party
! Constituency Name
! Result
! Votes
! Vote share%
|-
| [[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
| [[13th Lok Sabha]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| [[South Delhi Lok Sabha constituency|South Delhi]]
| {{Lost}}
| 2,31,231
| 46.25
|}

===Rajya Sabha===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Position
! colspan="2" |Party
! Constituency
! From
! To
! Tenure
|-
| [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]] (1st Term)
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=6}}
| rowspan="5"|[[Assam]]
| 1 October 1991
| 14 June 1995
| '''{{ayd|1991|10|1|1995|6|14}}'''
|-
| [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]] (2nd Term)
| 15 June 1995
| 14 June 2001
| '''{{ayd|1995|6|15|2001|6|14}}'''
|-
| [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]] (3rd Term)
| 15 June 2001
| 14 June 2007
| '''{{ayd|2001|6|15|2007|6|14}}'''
|-
| [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]] (4th Term)
| 15 June 2007
| 14 June 2013
| '''{{ayd|2007|6|15|2013|6|14}}'''
|-
| [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]] (5th Term)
| 15 June 2013
| 14 June 2019
| '''{{ayd|2013|6|15|2019|6|14}}'''
|-
| [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]] (6th Term)
| [[Rajasthan]]
| 20 August 2019
| 3 April 2024
| '''{{ayd|2019|8|20|2024|4|3}}'''
|}

== In popular culture ==
A Bollywood film was made in 2019 based on Singh's life, titled ''[[The Accidental Prime Minister (film)|The Accidental Prime Minister]]'' directed by [[Vijay Gutte]] and written by Mayank Tewari with [[Anupam Kher]] in the titular role.<ref>{{Cite news|date=8 June 2017|title=The Accidental Prime Minister first look: Anupam Kher 'overwhelmed' with response, writes personal thanks|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/anupam-kher-the-accidental-prime-minister-twitter-reaction-on-first-look-4694874/|access-date=19 March 2021|work=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-date=16 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416222747/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/anupam-kher-the-accidental-prime-minister-twitter-reaction-on-first-look-4694874/|url-status=live}}</ref> The film was based on the 2014 memoir of the [[The Accidental Prime Minister|same name]] by [[Sanjaya Baru]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Ghosh|first=Stutee|date=11 January 2019|title='The Accidental Prime Minister' Has More Than One Accidental Hero|url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/the-accidental-prime-minister-review|access-date=19 March 2021|work=The Quint|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Thakur|first=Tanul|date=11 January 2019|title=Movie Review: The Accidental Prime Minister Is Made to Confirm Your Bias|url=https://thewire.in/film/the-accidental-prime-minister-movie-review|access-date=19 March 2021|work=The Wire}}</ref>

{{Lang|hi-latn|[[Pradhanmantri]]}} ({{Literal translation|Prime Minister}}), a 2013 Indian documentary television series which aired on [[ABP News]] and covers the various policies and political tenures of Indian PMs, includes the tenure of Manmohan Singh in the episodes "Story of Sonia Gandhi and UPA-I Government", and "Scams in UPA government and anti-corruption movement".<ref>{{Cite web|date=22 December 2013|title=Pradhanmantri: Even after winning polls, Sonia did not become PM in 2004|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_IOGp0bvwuQ| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211027/_IOGp0bvwuQ| archive-date=27 October 2021|publisher=ABP News}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{portal|Biography|India|Politics}}
* [[P. V. Narasimha Rao#Economic reforms|Economic reforms under Manmohan Singh]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons|Manmohan Singh}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* [http://archivepmo.nic.in/drmanmohansingh/ Prime Minister Manmohan Singh]—Prime Ministers Office, archived
* [http://archivepmo.nic.in/drmanmohansingh/pmsprofile.php Profile and CV of Prime Minister Manmohan Singh]—Prime Ministers Office, archived
* [http://archivepmo.nic.in/drmanmohansingh/pmsteam.php Cabinet of Prime Minister Manmohan Singh]—Prime Ministers Office, archived
* {{OL author}}
* {{C-SPAN|1011784}}
* {{IMDb name|id=5377693}}

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Narcondam hornbill

2026-02-20T13:22:21Z

Caliber: new new details

{{Short description|Species of bird}}
{{Speciesbox
| name = Narcondam hornbill
| image = Rhyticeros narcondami - Rohit Naniwadekar - 61708581.jpeg
| image_caption = Male (front) and female (back)
| status = VU
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 12 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2020 |title=''Rhyticeros narcondami'' |volume=2020 |article-number=e.T22682531A182554475 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22682531A182554475.en |access-date=12 November 2021}}</ref>
| status2 = CITES_A2
| status2_system = CITES
| status2_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|title=Appendices {{!}} CITES|url=https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php|access-date=2022-01-14|website=cites.org}}</ref>
| genus = Rhyticeros
| species = narcondami
| authority = [[Allan Octavian Hume|Hume]], 1873
| synonyms = ''Aceros narcondami'' ''Rhytidoceros narcondami'' ''Rhyticeros plicatus narcondami''
| range_map = NarcondamMapSmall.svg
| range_map_caption = Location of Narcondam Island
}}

The '''Narcondam hornbill''' ('''''Rhyticeros narcondami''''') is a species of [[hornbill]] in the family [[Bucerotidae]]. It is [[Endemism|endemic]] to the [[India]]n island of [[Narcondam]] in the [[Andamans]]. Males and females have a distinct [[plumage]]. The Narcondam hornbill has the smallest home range out of all the species of Asian hornbills.

==Description==
[[File:NarcondamHornbillCory.jpg|thumb|left|Head of a female (C P Cory, 1901)]]
The Narcondam hornbill is a small hornbill at {{Convert|66|cm|abbr=on}} long.<ref name=hbk/> The sexes differ in [[plumage]]. The male has a rufous head and neck, black body and upper parts glossed with green. Females are all black. There is a bluish white throat patch and the tail is white in both sexes. Both sexes have a bill with a few folds on the upper side towards the base of the upper mandible. The skin around the eye is bluish. The iris of the male is orange red while the female has an olive brown with a pale yellow ring. The bill is waxy and the furrows of the [[:wikt:casque|casque]] are brownish. The bill is pinkish towards the base. The legs are black and the sole is yellow.<ref name=hbk>{{cite book|author=Ali, S|author2=SD Ripley|name-list-style=amp| year=1983 | title=Handbook of the birds of India and Pakistan. Volume 4|edition=2nd|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=139}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Cory, CP |year=1902|title= Some further notes on the Narcondam Hornbill ''Rhytidoceros narcondami''|journal= Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society |volume=14|issue=2|page= 372|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/30158033}}</ref>

== Taxonomy ==
The species was described by [[Allan Octavian Hume]] in 1873.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://archive.org/stream/strayfeathersjou11873hume#page/411/mode/1up/|author=Hume AO|year= 1873|title=Novelties|journal=Stray Feathers|volume=1|page=411}}</ref> The Narcondam Hornbill is placed in the genus ''[[Rhyticeros]]'' which is found only in Asia. Molecular evidence suggests that hornbills originated in Africa.<ref name=":3">{{cite journal|last1=Gonzalez|first1=Juan-Carlos T.|last2=Sheldon|first2=Ben C.|last3=Collar|first3=Nigel J.|last4=Tobias|first4=Joseph A. |year=2013 |title=A comprehensive molecular phylogeny for the hornbills (Aves: Bucerotidae) |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=67 |issue=2 |pages=468–483 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2013.02.012 |pmid=23438388|bibcode=2013MolPE..67..468G }}</ref> Closely related species include species like [[wreathed hornbill]] (''Rhyticeros undulatus'') and [[Blyth's hornbill]] (''Rhyticeros plicatus)''.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|url = http://www.ijcs.uaic.ro/public/IJCS-15-12_Kumar.pdf |title = Assessment of effectiveness of conservation action adopted for hornbill species in Arunachal Pradesh, India: The great indian hornbill (''Buceros bicornis'')|author = Kumar, A. | last2= Riba, B. |date = 2015|journal = International Journal of Conservation Science |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=125–134 }}</ref>

== Behavior ==
[[File:Narcondam hornbill.jpg|thumb|left|Narcondam hornbill photographed in 2010]]

=== Vocalizations ===
Adults have a ''ka- ka- ka'' call in flight and a ''ko ... kokoko..ko..kok.. kok..'' call at the nest. The young in the nest produce feeble ''chew'' calls.<ref name="Yahya and Zarri"/><ref name="sah" />

=== Diet and ecology ===
The hornbill is predominantly [[Frugivore|frugivorous]]. Based on seeds in the middens below nesting trees, the following food tree species were identified:<ref name="sah" /> ''[[Anamirta cocculus]], [https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/show/32077 Capparis sepiaria], C. tenera'' var. ''latifolia, [[Garuga pinnata]], [[Aphanamixis polystachya|Amoora rohituka]], [[Terminalia catappa]],'' and ''Ixora brunniscens''. Nine species of fruits were recorded in their diet in a later study:<ref name="Yahya and Zarri"/> ''[[Caryota mitis]], [[Myristica andamanica]], Artocarpus chaplasha, [[Dillenia indica]], Sideroxylon longipetiolatum, [[Syzygium cumini]], [[Ficus pumila|Ficus scandens]], [[Ficus racemosa|Ficus glomerata]],'' and ''Ficus sp.'' Like other hornbills, they also consume invertebrates and occasionally feed on small reptiles.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|title = Conservation of birds of the Andaman & Nicobar Islands|last = Vijayan|first = L|date = 2009|journal = Indian Birds |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=103–107 }}</ref> They sometimes mob [[white-bellied sea eagle]]s that fly too close.<ref name="Yahya and Zarri"/><ref name="sah" /> Being predominantly fruit eaters, they play an important role in the seed dispersal of [[Ficus|figs]] and other plant species.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Naniwadekar|first1=Rohit |last2=Mishra|first2=Charudutt |last3=Datta|first3=Aparajita |year=2015 |title=Fruit resource tracking by hornbill species at multiple scales in a tropical forest in India|journal=Journal of Tropical Ecology |volume=31 |issue=6 |pages=477–490 |doi=10.1017/S0266467415000449|s2cid=83830161 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|chapter = Ecology and conservation of the Narcondam hornbill, ''Aceros narcondami'', in Andaman and Nicobar Islands|last = Yahya |first = H.S.A. |date = 2012 |title = Ecology of Faunal Communities on the Andaman and Nicobar Islands |pages=263–272 |doi = 10.1007/978-3-642-28335-2_17 |publisher = Springer-Verlag|isbn = 978-3-642-28334-5 }}</ref> Figs are important in the ecology of many other insular hornbill species and are a major factor determining the distribution patterns of hornbills in forests.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Sitompul|first1=Arnold F.|last2=Kinnaird|first2=Margaret F.|last3=O'Brien|first3=Timothy G. |year=2005 |title=Size matters: the effects of forest fragmentation and resource availability on the endemic Sumba Hornbill ''Aceros everetti'' |journal=Bird Conservation International |volume=14 |issue=S1 |pages=S23–S37 |doi=10.1017/S0959270905000201|doi-access=free }}</ref>

=== Reproduction ===
The breeding period spans at least from February until April. The species nests in holes on the trunk or broken branches of large trees. The female remains concealed in the nest-cavity for the duration of egg-laying and chick-rearing. At this time, the female sheds her flight feathers and hence cannot fly.<ref name=":1"/> The male provides food for the female and chicks.<ref name="mudappa"/> Generally two offspring are raised by a breeding pair. Breeding birds are over four years of age and make up 46-53% of the population.<ref name=":1"/>

Birds have been maintained in captivity but have not been bred successfully. In 1972, [[S. A. Hussain]] visited Narcondam Island and captured two adult hornbills and their chicks. The two chicks were taken to [[Bombay]] after the male died during the voyage and the female escaped in [[Madras]], never to be found again. The chicks grew and lived for about 6 years but with age, the female showed increasing aggression towards the male sibling, eventually injuring him so badly that he died.<ref name="sah" />

==Habitat and Distribution ==
[[File:Narcondam 1885.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Topography of Narcondam Island]]
The bird is a resident of fairly open mixed forest that stretches over most of the island from sea level to about 700m. However most Narcondam Hornbill nests are found below 200m. For nesting and roosting, the bird prefers mature undisturbed forest with large trees.<ref name=":1"/> The favored nesting trees are ''[[Sideroxylon]]'' and ''[[Sterculia]]'' species.<ref name="sah">{{cite journal|author=Hussain, SA |year=1984|title= Some aspects of the biology and ecology of Narcondam Hornbill (''Rhyticeros narcondami'')|journal= Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society |volume=81|issue=1|pages=1–18|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48873960}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title= The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma. Birds. Volume 3|url=https://archive.org/stream/faunaofbritishin03oate#page/149/mode/1up/ |page=149|year=1896|author=Blanford, WT | publisher=Taylor and Francis, London}}</ref>

The entire population (estimate of about 200 birds in 1905<ref>{{cite journal|author=Osmaston, BB|author-link=Bertram Beresford Osmaston|year=1905|title=A visit to Narcondam|journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society|volume=16|issue=4|pages=620–622|url=https://archive.org/stream/journalofbombayn16abomb#page/620/mode/1up/}}</ref> and 1984) is restricted to the single island of Narcondam in the Andaman Island chain. The island is clothed in forests and rises to a height of about 2300 feet above sea level. It is largely devoid of human presence.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://archive.org/stream/journalofbombayn121900bomb#page/212/mode/1up/|author=St. John J H |year=1898|title=Some notes on the Narcondam hornbill, Etc. (''Rhytidoceros narcondami'') |journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society |volume=12|pages=212–214}}</ref> The island is often hit by cyclonic storms in the Bay of Bengal. In 2000, an estimate of 434 birds was made for the population, with a density of 54<ref>{{cite book|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/SACON2002/SACON2002-3#page/n15/mode/1up|author=SACON|chapter=Roosting ecology and diet of the Narcondam Hornbill ''Aceros narcondami'' at Narcondam Island Sanctuary, A & N Islands, India|title=Annual Report 2002-2003|publisher=Salim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History|pages=11–12}}</ref> to 72 birds per square kilometre on the island, which has an area of about 6.8 square kilometres.<ref name="Yahya and Zarri">{{cite journal|author1=Yahya, H. S. A. |author2=Zarri, A. A. |year=2002|title=Status, ecology and behaviour of Narcondam Hornbill (''Aceros narcondami'') in Narcondam Island, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India|journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society |volume=99|issue=3|pages=434–445|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48604342}}</ref> A nest site density of 2.8 pairs per square kilometer has been estimated.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Datta, A |author2=GS Rawat|year=2004| title=Nest-site selection and nesting success of three hornbill species in Arunachal Pradesh, north-east India: Great Hornbill ''Buceros bicornis'', Wreathed Hornbill ''Aceros undulatus'' and Oriental Pied Hornbill ''Anthracoceros albirostris''|journal= Bird Conservation International|volume=14| pages=S39–S52| doi=10.1017/S0959270905000213|doi-access=free}}</ref>

== Conservation status ==
Some human presence on the island has been noted recently and since 2009 the Narcondam hornbill has had a [[Conservation status]] of [[Vulnerable species|Vulnerable]].<ref>{{cite journal|author=Hussain, SA |year=1991| title= Some urgent considerations for the conservation of Narcondam Island|journal=[[Newsletter for Birdwatchers]]|volume=31|issue=5&6|page=6| url=https://archive.org/stream/NLBW31_56#page/n6/mode/1up}}</ref>

The island of Narcondam has in the past been largely unpopulated. Goats were introduced several times on the island in the past, and a visit in 1991 revealed that feral goats had proliferated around an old police outpost. In 2011 there was a proposal by the Indian Coast Guard to erect a radar station and a diesel power generation station for it on the island. This was opposed due to the threats of increased human activity and disturbance and the threat to a number of endemic island species, including the hornbill. The plan was finally cancelled by the Ministry of Environment and Forests in 2012.<ref name="mudappa">{{cite journal|title=An expedition to Narcondam: observations of marine and terrestrial fauna including the island-endemic hornbill|last1=Raman|first1=T. R. Shankar |first2=Divya |last2=Mudappa|first3=Tasneem |last3=Khan| first4=Umeed |last4=Mistry| first5=Ajai |last5=Saxena|first6= Kalyan |last6=Varma| first7=Naveen |last7=Ekka|first8=Janaki |last8=Lenin|first9=Romulus | last9=Whitaker|journal=Current Science| volume=105| issue=3|year=2013|pages=346–350|url=http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/105/03/0346.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.moef.nic.in/sites/default/files/wl-04092012_0.pdf|publisher=Ministry of Environment and Forests|title=Permission for installation of Coastal surveillance RADAR and power supply source at Narcondam Island Sanctuary, Reg.|date = 31 August 2012|access-date=7 April 2014}}</ref> However, in the wake of the Chinese monitoring activity in Myanmar's neighbouring Coco Island, the nod for the listening station was granted in June 2014.<ref name="indiatimes">{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/environment/developmental-issues/green-nod-for-radar-station-at-narcondam-in-andamans/articleshow/36411949.cms|title=Green nod for radar station at Narcondam in Andamans - The Economic Times|newspaper=The Economic Times |publisher=economictimes.indiatimes.com|access-date=14 September 2015|last1=Mohan |first1=Vishwa }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Rhyticeros narcondami}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.conservationindia.org/campaigns/narcondam|title=Conservation India » Narcondam Campaign Update — Rare Hornbills in danger as Ministry Reopens Radar Project!|date=6 July 2012 |publisher=conservationindia.org|access-date=14 September 2015}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.downtoearth.org.in/content/moef-says-no-radar-installation-narcondam-hornbill-habitat|title=MoEF says no to radar installation in Narcondam hornbill habitat|publisher=downtoearth.org.in|access-date=14 September 2015|archive-date=2 July 2013|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130702113636/http://www.downtoearth.org.in/content/moef-says-no-radar-installation-narcondam-hornbill-habitat}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.birdlife.org/asia/news/saving-narcondam-hornbill-radar-indian-government|title=Saving Narcondam Hornbill is on radar of the Indian Government {{pipe}} BirdLife|publisher=birdlife.org|access-date=14 September 2015}}
*{{cite web|url=http://moef.nic.in/assets/mom-25th_NBWL.pdf|date=26 July 2012|title= Minutes of the 25th meeting of the Standing Committee of NBWL|author=Vivek Saxena|publisher=Government of India Ministry of Environments & Forests (Wildlife Division) |access-date=14 September 2015}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.blackbuck.org.in/Narcondam.php|title=Madras Naturalists' Society - Petition|publisher=blackbuck.org.in|access-date=14 September 2015}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20140715204913/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/07/140712-india-environment-science-narcondam-hornbill Could Rare Bird on Tiny Island Be India's Ecological Canary?]
*[http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/ministry-bats-for-endangered-island-bird/article3867864.ece Ministry bats for endangered Island Bird]
*[http://news.mongabay.com/2012/06/worlds-only-300-narcondam-hornbills-threatened-by-radar-facility-off-india/ Worlds only 300 Narcondam hornbills threatened by radar facility off India.]

{{Taxonbar|from=Q609129}}

[[Category:Rhyticeros|Narcondam hornbill]]
[[Category:Birds of the Andaman Islands]]
[[Category:Birds described in 1873|Narcondam hornbill]]
[[Category:Endemic fauna of the Andaman Islands]]
[[Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot]]
[[Category:Endemic birds of India]]

Ronald Wingate

2026-02-10T03:08:18Z

Caliber: made basic details needs work...

{{short description|British colonial administrator (1889–1978)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix = Sir
| name = Ronald Wingate
| honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|Bt|CB|CMG|CIE|OBE|}}
| image = Sir Ronald Wingate.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1889|09|30}}
| birth_place = [[Kensington]], London, England.
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1978|08|31|1889|09|30}}
| death_place =
| other_names =
| father = [[Reginald Wingate]]
| spouse = Mary Harpoth Vinogradoff
| mother = [[Catherine Wingate|Catherine Rundle]]
| relatives = [[Leslie Rundle]] (uncle) [[Lawrence of Arabia]] (cousin) [[Orde Wingate]] (cousin)
| education = [[Bradfield College]]
| known_for = Consul to Oman [[Chief Commissioner of Baluchistan]] Deputy Controller of the [[London Controlling Section]] Delegate to the [[Tripartite Gold Commission]]
| occupation =
| alma_mater = [[Bradfield College]] [[Balliol College, Oxford]]
}}

'''Sir Ronald Evelyn Leslie Wingate, 2nd Baronet''', {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|sep=,|CB|CMG|CIE|OBE}} (30 September 1889 – 31 August 1978) was a British colonial administrator, soldier and author. Wingate was born in 1889 in [[Kensington]], [[London]], and educated at [[Bradfield College]] and [[Balliol College, Oxford]] before entering the [[Indian Civil Service]]. In the Civil Service, he served as an Assistant Commissioner in [[Punjab (British India)|Punjab]] and the city magistrate of Delhi.

During the [[World War I|First World War]], Wingate was given a special assignment with the [[Mesopotamian Expeditionary Force]] as an assistant [[Indian Political Department|political officer]]. After the war, he served as British Consul in [[Muscat, Oman]], and helped to negotiate the [[Treaty of Seeb]]. He then briefly served in Kashmir before returning to Oman. After his second tour in Oman, Wingate held a variety of positions in [[British India]], including service as the Acting Secretary of the Foreign and Political Department of the Indian Government and Commissioner of [[Baluchistan Agency|Baluchistan]].

At the outbreak of the [[World War II|Second World War]], Wingate served with the Ministry of Economic Warfare in Africa and Southeast Asia. Then, in 1942, he joined the [[London Controlling Section]] (LCS), an organization within the [[War Cabinet]] devoted to [[military deception]]. Wingate became the Deputy Controller of the LCS in 1943 and helped to form numerous deception plans including Plan Jael, later called [[Operation Bodyguard]]. At the conclusion of the war, he was chosen to write the official history of Allied deception operations during it.{{Citation needed|date=April 2010}}

After the war, Wingate served as the British delegate on the [[Tripartite Commission for the Restitution of Monetary Gold]] and as a director on the board of the [[Imperial Continental Gas Association]]. He also wrote three books: ''Wingate of the Sudan'', a biography of his father, [[Reginald Wingate]]; ''Not in the Limelight'', his own memoirs; and ''Lord Ismay'', a biography of General [[Hastings Ismay]]. Wingate died on 31 August 1978 at the age of 88.

==Early life==
[[File:ReginaldWingate.jpg|left|thumb|[[Reginald Wingate]], Ronald Wingate's father]]
Wingate was the son of [[Reginald Wingate]], a British [[General (United Kingdom)|general]] who held important positions in [[Egypt]] and [[Anglo-Egyptian Sudan|Sudan]], and his wife [[Catherine Wingate]]. Wingate was also a cousin of [[Lawrence of Arabia]] and a second cousin of [[Orde Wingate]].<ref>Brown, p. 8</ref> Wingate spent his early childhood in [[Cairo]] with his family, but in 1889 he was sent to live in England and enter school.<ref>Wingate, p. 14</ref> From a very young age, he hoped to follow his father into military service, and he began his education at [[Bradfield College]] planning to join the [[Royal Navy]].<ref>Wingate, p. 13</ref><ref>Wingate, p. 15</ref> While at Bradfield; however, Wingate discovered that he could not pass the Navy's medical exam because he was severely [[near-sighted]] and decided to instead pursue a civil service career.<ref>Wingate, pp. 15–16</ref>

Wingate left Bradfield and entered [[Balliol College, Oxford]],<ref>Namier, p. 91</ref> where he went to receive an [[Master of Arts (Oxbridge and Dublin)|MA]].<ref>{{cite book | title = Who Was Who, 1971–1980 | publisher = St. Martin's Press | location = New York | isbn = 0-312-87746-3 | year = 1981 | page = [https://archive.org/details/whowaswho19711980000unse/page/872 872] | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/whowaswho19711980000unse/page/872 }}</ref> While at Oxford, Wingate hoped for a career in the [[Foreign Office]], but his father convinced him that a posting abroad would be more favorable financially.<ref>Wingate, p. 22</ref> Thus, in 1912, Wingate passed the [[civil service examination]]s and entered the [[Indian Civil Service]] (ICS). He was immediately sent back to Oxford, where he spent a year studying [[Urdu]] and [[Persian language|Persian]].<ref>Wingate, p. 27</ref> During the Christmas holiday of his year at Oxford, Wingate visited his father in [[Khartoum]] and met Mary Harpoth Vinogradoff, the step-daughter of [[Paul Vinogradoff]], a prominent scholar at the [[University of Oxford]]. In his memoirs, Wingate described their encounter as "love at first sight", and the two were engaged six months later before Wingate left for his first posting in India.<ref>Wingate, p. 31</ref>

In 1913, Wingate began his ICS career as an Assistant Commissioner in [[Punjab (British India)|Punjab]], posted in [[Sialkot]].<ref name = "india">{{cite book|title = Who Was Who in British India | first = John | last = Riddick | publisher = Greenwood Press | location = Westport, Connecticut | year = 1998 | isbn = 0-313-29232-9 | page = 395}}</ref><ref>Wingate, p. 33</ref> Wingate "worked ceaselessly" at the various tasks of administration during the period, but enjoyed his duties.<ref>Wingate, p. 35</ref> In 1916, Mary Harpoth visited Wingate in India and the two were married in [[Lahore]] on November 11.<ref name = "obit">{{cite news|title = Sir Ronald Wingate | work = The Times | date = September 2, 1978 | pages = 14f}}</ref><ref name="Wingate, p. 38">Wingate, p. 38</ref> After a honeymoon in the [[Kangra Valley]], Wingate returned to work, becoming an [[aide de camp]] and assistant private secretary for the [[List of Governors of Punjab (Punjab region)|Governor of Punjab]],<ref name="Wingate, p. 38"/> and then the city magistrate of [[Delhi]].<ref name = "india"/>

==First World War==
[[File:Dmitri pavlovich2.jpg|thumb| [[Grand Duke Dmitri Pavlovich of Russia]], one of Wingate's guests in Najaf]]
At the beginning of the First World War, Wingate immediately volunteered to serve in Europe, but like most other members of the ICS, he was turned down.<ref>Wingate, p. 39</ref> After the entry of the [[Ottoman Empire]] into the war, Wingate hoped that his [[Arabic language]] skills would result in a posting with the army, but he remained in India until 1917.<ref name = "w40">Wingate, p. 40</ref> In June 1917, after only a year in Delhi, Wingate joined the [[Mesopotamian Expeditionary Force]] as an assistant political officer.<ref name = "w40"/><ref name = "b271"/> As a political officer, Wingate initially took part in administrative tasks, helping to rebuild a political system in areas conquered by the British. Wingate first worked to re-establish a customs system in liberated territories.<ref>Wingate, p. 48</ref> He then led the team of political officers in [[Najaf]], where he worked to establish a police force and establish a basic system of taxation.<ref>Wingate, p. 57</ref> Wingate also was responsible for entertaining notable Western guests who passed through Najaf, including [[Grand Duke Dmitri Pavlovich of Russia]].<ref>Wingate, pp. 59–60</ref> During the war, Wingate also helped to negotiate British protectorates for the [[Arab states of the Persian Gulf|Gulf States]].<ref name="Holt, p. 194">Holt, p. 194</ref>

In addition to his work in traditional political matters, Wingate worked with [[Percy Cox]], [[Gertrude Bell]] and other British agents on several special operations. Most notably, he helped to bribe a Turkish army officer who had cut off a British force near [[Kut]] and helped keep the Ottomans out of [[Najaf]].<ref name ="b271">Brown, pp. 271–272</ref> Wingate also helped to foil a plot by the [[Committee of Union and Progress]] (CUP) to promote an uprising in Najaf by ordering one of his aides to get the CUP agent drunk, leading him to reveal the details of the plot.<ref>Wingate, p. 67</ref>

==First term as Consul to Oman==
[[File:Muscat between years 1914 and 1918.jpg|thumb|300px|Muscat during the First World War]]
After the war, in 1919, Wingate was appointed British Consul in [[Muscat, Oman|Muscat]], the capital of [[Oman]].<ref name = "india"/> When Wingate arrived in Oman, the country was in a state of turmoil due to a long-standing power struggle between the [[Imamate of Oman]] and the [[Sultan of Oman]]. The tribesmen in the interior of Oman, who supported the Imam, sought the overthrow of the Sultan, who was kept in power in the coastal regions through British intervention.<ref>Owtram, p. 49</ref> Upon assuming his position, Wingate was charged with negotiating a peace between the two groups that would ensure the power of the Sultan and prevent the outbreak of open warfare.<ref>Wingate, p. 78</ref>

Wingate initially found the Sultan, [[Taimur bin Feisal]], uncooperative in efforts to reach a settlement. After years trapped in Muscat with no power over the majority of his country, Feisal saw no reason to continue the struggle and told Wingate that "he wished to abdicate and be guaranteed some small pension which would enable him at least to live in peace somewhere outside Muscat and Arabia."<ref>Wingate, p. 81</ref> Knowing that the Sultan's support would be key to any plan, Wingate arranged for the Sultan to make a long state visit to the [[Viceroy of India]], staying in a villa in the Himalayas.<ref>Wingate, p. 83</ref> Before Feisal departed, Wingate established a Council of Ministers, nominally to advise the Sultan, but actually designed to hold the effective power during his absence.<ref>Peterson, p. 76</ref> The sultan also gave Wingate the power to negotiate with the Imam on his behalf.<ref>Wingate, pp. 86–87</ref>

Having acquired the power to negotiate with the Imam and the tribesmen, Wingate needed to reassert the power of the Sultanate and find some leverage to force the Imam into negotiations. He began by collecting unpaid customs duties in order to raise more revenue for the Sultan, and sent emissaries to Isa Bin Salih, the Imam's chief deputy.<ref>Wingate, p. 84</ref><ref>Wingate, p. 86</ref> Wingate's initial overtures proved unsuccessful, so he threatened to impose a "punitive tax" on [[Phoenix dactylifera|dates]], the chief export crop of Oman. Because the Sultan controlled the ports and coastal areas, he had the power to collect such a tax, which would have ruined the Omani farmers.<ref>Owtram, p. 50</ref><ref name ="w87">Wingate, p. 87</ref> After the imposition of the tax, riots erupted in the interior, and the Imam was murdered by angry farmers. A new Imam, who was more willing to negotiate, was selected and requested a meeting with Wingate.<ref name = "w87"/>

Wingate agreed to the negotiations, and scheduled a meeting at the coastal town of [[Seeb, Oman|As Sib]] in late September.<ref>Wingate, p. 88</ref> The first two days of the meeting went well, and both sides reached a general agreement that the Imam and tribal leaders would not interfere with the Sultan's rule in the coastal areas if the Sultan would not interfere in the interior. Wingate also promised that upon the conclusion of an agreement, the tax on dates would be reduced to five percent. On the third day, however, trouble arose when the tribal leaders insisted that the Imam be formally acknowledged as a ruler equal to the Sultan and as a religious leader in the text of the agreement.<ref>Wingate, p. 89</ref> Wingate, however, convinced the tribal leaders that the Imam should sign the agreement only in his capacity as a representative of the Omani tribes.<ref>Wingate, p. 90</ref> Although the agreement became known as the [[Treaty of Sib]], it was not in fact a treaty at all, but rather "an agreement between the Sultan and his subjects" as the sovereignty of the Sultan in all external affairs was recognized.<ref>Carty, p. 95</ref> Though the Treaty of Sib was a "bitter blow" to the Sultan,<ref>Townsend, p. 50</ref> it led to an unprecedented thirty years of peace in the interior of Oman.<ref>Whelan, p. 128</ref> The agreement was also well received in Britain and India, and Wingate received congratulatory telegrams from the Viceroy of India and the [[Secretary of State for India]].<ref>Wingate, p. 92</ref>

==Kashmir and second term in Oman==
In July 1921, Wingate contracted [[malaria]] and was given six weeks of medical leave, which he decided to spend in [[Kashmir]]. While in Kashmir, Wingate visited Joe Windham, the British Resident, who offered to find him a job in India.<ref>Wingate, pp. 104–105</ref> Wingate went back to Oman, but returned to Kashmir in November as a special assistant to the Resident.<ref name="Wingate, p. 105">Wingate, p. 105</ref>

In Kashmir, Wingate first served in [[Poonch (town)|Poonch]], but the post of Assistant Resident in Poonch was abolished in December.<ref>Wingate, pp. 109–110</ref> Wingate then was moved to an assignment in [[Srinagar]]. Srinagar was the site of a large club for British military officers and civil servants, and Wingate, finding that he had "a minimum of work", spent much of his time socializing and playing golf.<ref>Wingate, p. 111</ref> In January 1923, Wingate was ordered back to Oman to serve as Consul a second time.<ref name ="india"/><ref name ="w12">Wingate, p. 112</ref>

Wingate's second term as consul was relatively uneventful and lasted only until October when he again contracted malaria.<ref name="Wingate, p. 105"/><ref name = "w12"/> The only major event came when the citizens of the town of [[Sur, Oman|Sur]] refused to pay their customs duties. In order to coerce the town into payment, Wingate sent a detachment of 50 soldiers with machine guns to the town. Under the cover of darkness, the soldiers landed on the narrow spit of land connecting Sur to the mainland, cutting the town off from its water supply. The people of the town made no attempt to resist militarily and after two days without water, they paid the customs dues.<ref>Wingate, pp. 105–106</ref>

==Rajputana and Baluchistan==
Wingate left Oman after contracting malaria in October and returned to England for medical care. After several weeks in a nursing home, Wingate had recovered sufficiently to visit [[St. Moritz]] for New Years,<ref>Wingate, pp. 112–113</ref> but he spent nearly a year on leave much of it golfing at [[Muirfield]].<ref>Wingate, pp. 113–114</ref> Then, in September 1924, he returned to India to serve as secretary to the agent of the Governor-General of [[Rajputana]], the chief British official in Rajputana.<ref name = "india"/><ref>Wingate, p. 114</ref> In that capacity, Wingate accompanied the agent on all of his state visits, and encountered for the first time what he considered "real India," rather than the frontier regions in which he had previously served.<ref>Wingate, p. 115</ref>

In 1927, Wingate moved to the same position in [[Baluchistan Agency|Baluchistan]].<ref name = "india"/> Soon thereafter, in 1928, he was appointed the Deputy Commissioner and Political Agent in [[Quetta]] and [[Pishin, Pakistan|Pishin]].<ref name = "india"/><ref>Wingate, p. 127</ref> Wingate would later call his years in Quetta, "the happiest time that [he] spent in India," and greatly enjoyed the autonomy and respect he was granted there.<ref name="Wingate, p. 128">Wingate, p. 128</ref> While serving in Quetta, Wingate established a new water supply to the city,<ref name="Wingate, p. 128"/> and frequently became involved in matters relating to security and criminal justice.<ref>Wingate, pp. 128–129</ref>

While in Quetta, Wingate ordered the arrest of several leaders of the [[Achakzai]] tribe. In retaliation, members of the tribe kidnapped two British military officers near the town of [[Chaman]] and held them for ransom, leading to "considerable criticism" of Wingate by the Army.<ref>Wingate, p. 129</ref> In the end, Wingate paid a small portion of the ransom demanded, and threatened to send troops after the kidnappers, leading to the release of both the hostages.<ref>Wingate, p. 130</ref> During his time in Quetta, Wingate also briefly hosted King [[Amānullāh Khān|Amānullāh]] who was en route to Europe.<ref>Wingate, pp. 130–131</ref> In 1930, Wingate received a year's leave from India, during which he traveled around Europe. Upon his return to Baluchistan, in 1931, he became the Political Agent in [[Sibi]],<ref name = "india"/> but after only a few months he received a new assignment with the Indian government in [[Delhi]].<ref>Wingate, p. 135</ref>

==Indian government==
In 1932, Wingate was appointed the Deputy Secretary of the Foreign and Political Department of the Indian government. As India was in the middle of reforms aimed at eventual independence, the result of the report of the [[Simon Commission]], Wingate found the period a very interesting time to be in the high levels of the government. His first job was to help integrate the [[princely state]]s into federation with the rest of India in preparation for independence.<ref>Wingate, p. 139</ref> A particular challenge in the process involved determining how many representatives each of the states would have in the [[Constituent Assembly of India]]. Wingate proposed "a scheme based upon permutations and combinations of the number of guns which were fired to salute the categories of Indian princes".<ref name = "w141">Wingate, p. 141</ref> The idea was acclaimed "as a stroke of genius" and adopted by the government.<ref name = "w141"/>

[[File:Bruce Street after the 1935 Balochistan earthquake.jpg|thumb|left|Quetta after the earthquake]]
In May 1935, Wingate was granted a year's leave and went to [[Vichy]] for a much needed vacation with his wife. While in Vichy, Wingate heard of the terrible [[1935 Quetta earthquake]] and returned immediately to England to see if his services were required by the government.<ref>Wingate, pp. 142–143</ref> Because of his loyalty to Quetta, Wingate volunteered to return there immediately. He was not asked to return immediately, but in October (after less than half of his promised leave), Wingate was ordered to return to India and become the Revenue Commissioner of Baluchistan.<ref name = "india"/><ref>Wingate, p. 143</ref>

Upon returning to Quetta, Wingate was saddened to find that most of his friends and acquaintances in the city had been killed by earthquake, and he spent the first six weeks of his time in the city helping to remove "four hundred smashed and disintegrating corpses a day" from the ruins of the city.<ref>Wingate, p. 144</ref> Shortly thereafter, the [[List of Chief Commissioners of Baluchistan|Chief Commissioner of Baluchistan]], [[Norman Cater]], left his position and Wingate became the Acting Chief Commissioner of Baluchistan.<ref name ="india"/><ref name="w145"/>
During this period, Wingate, like most officers of the Indian Civil Service, supported Indian self-rule, and began to see the end of British India as inevitable.<ref name = "w145">Wingate, p. 145</ref><ref>{{cite book|title = India's Political Administrators | page = 63 | first = David | last = Potter | publisher = Clarendon Press | location = Oxford | year = 1986 | isbn = 0-19-821574-6}}</ref> As such, Wingate decided in 1936 that he would leave India once his term as revenue commissioner ended. In November 1937, he was offered the position of Minister to [[Nepal]] but declined. Instead, he took two years of leave that he had saved, planning to retire at its conclusion.<ref name ="w145"/>

Wingate spent the next year traveling throughout Europe, and in early 1939, he rented a flat on the [[Chelsea Embankment]], where he planned to live with his wife. He spent his time exploring London and soon began planning to run for a seat in [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]] as the member from his constituency was planning to retire. After the outbreak of the Second World War, however, the member of parliament decided not to retire, and Wingate abandoned his hopes at politics, deciding that he would "have been quite useless as a Member of Parliament."<ref>Wingate, p. 154</ref>

==Second World War==
[[File:London Controlling Section.jpg|thumb|Photograph of the [[London Controlling Section]]. Wingate is third from the right.]]
With the outbreak of the Second World War, Wingate was assigned to the Ministry of Economic Warfare, working in Southeast Asia and Africa and granted the rank of [[second lieutenant]] in the Army.<ref name = "india"/><ref>{{London Gazette|issue = 34931 |page=5211 |supp=y | date = August 23, 1940 }}</ref> Early on in the war Sir Ronald's had preceded him.{{clarify|date=June 2018}} he was called to No.10 with Cawthorne{{who|date=June 2018}} and [[Peter Fleming (writer)|Peter Fleming]] to escort the Prime Minister to Washington DC. In March 1942 he boarded the {{RMS|Queen Mary}} for the [[Trident Conference]], the outcome of which was disappointing for the British, losing the arguments to the Americans. Wingate pressed for a combined strategy for the China-Burma theatre of deception; but the British did not give up throughout the war to resume parity with the United States Joint Staff Planners.{{clarify|date=June 2018}} In September 1942, he was assigned to the [[London Controlling Section]] (LCS), an organization devoted to [[military deception]], and part of the joint planning staff of the [[War Cabinet]]. Wingate initially served as the Army representative of the operations subsection,<ref name="Holt, p. 194"/> and from March 1943 onward he served as Deputy Controller of the LCS under Colonel [[John Bevan (British Army officer)|John Bevan]],<ref>Brown, p. 269</ref> Wingate was well-qualified for the position due to his extensive social connections, including friendships with several European monarchs, as well as a reputation for cunning.<ref>Crowdy, p. 150</ref> While at LCS, Wingate was cleared for [[Ultra (cryptography)|Ultra]] access to the highest levels of secrecy; he worked closely with [[Hastings Ismay]] about whom he later wrote a biography.<ref name = "obit"/> The two were already friendly with each other, having spent time together in India.<ref name = "brown274">Brown, p. 274</ref> While serving with the LCS, Wingate held the rank of [[lieutenant colonel]].<ref>Russell, p. 195</ref>

Early in 1943, Wingate and Bevan devised [[Plan Jael]], an effort to disguise the true nature and location of the [[D-Day]] landings.<ref name = "brown274" /> Wingate first presented Plan Jael to a meeting of American and British officers in the summer of 1943, who found the plan "so ambitious as to be the subject of some question as to its general plausibility."<ref>Brown, p. 437</ref> In the end, the plan evolved into [[Operation Bodyguard]], which Wingate helped to co-ordinate.<ref>Brown, p. 436</ref>

Wingate participated in the planning for many deceptions, including Operation Mincemeat's sister, codenamed [[Brass]] for which he approved the letters planted on a fake corpse. Three [[Karen people|karens]] agents were dropped and turned by the Japanese, who thought they had new transmitters, but in fact were doubled by the Allied controller.{{clarify|date=June 2018}}<ref>Crowdy, p. 203</ref> Wingate was also involved in the cover plans for [[Operation Neptune]], the cross channel phase of Operation Overlord. [[Frederick E. Morgan|Sir Frederick Morgan]], the original planner of Operation Overlord, initially believed that no deception plan could successfully disguise Neptune, but Wingate convinced him to at least allow LCS to make an effort.<ref>Crowdy, pp. 226–227</ref> After second thoughts the proposals were encapsulated in Operation Neptune.

The Germans couldn't fail to notice Allied plans for an invasion of France. So Wingate devised a deception to mirror Overlord codenamed [[Operation Royal Flush|Royal Flush]], which recommended that they approach three neutral countries: Spain, Sweden and Turkey to ask for their assistance with landings in Southern France. The Allies hoped that the Spanish in particular would pass this information along to the Germans, who would then expect landings in southern France, rather than in Normandy. The plan proved greatly successful; the Spanish passed the information to the Germans and even agreed to provide humanitarian aid for soldiers wounded in the landings. After the Normandy landings, the British used the Spanish for further deception by replying that they no longer needed Spanish assistance as the Normandy landings had been so successful that the plans for the south of France had been canceled. The Spanish reported this information to the Germans, helping to deceive them about the [[Operation Dragoon|actual landings in the South of France]] in August 1944.<ref>Crowdy, pp. 289–290</ref> On his at back from D Division{{efn| {{clarify|date=June 2018}} info on this Fictitious unit cane be found in D Division Weekly Paper, Nos 8 & 9 [[Joint Security Council|JSC]] folder Deception, SE Asia, WW II Historical D Div Supreme Allied Commander, [[South East Asia|SACSEA]] – 14 Mar 1945 to 4 Jun 1945.}}{{clarify|date=June 2018}}

From India he flew into Cairo Rear HQ with [[Peter Thorne (RAF officer)|Peter Thorne]] to arrange the last operation of the Middle eastern campaign. He had arrived on 24 October with orders from [[Lord Louis Mountbatten|Mountbatten]] (SACSEA) and Fleming. As if to continue a deception, he had visited the theatre in New Delhi on 20 December, and [[Joint Security Council|JSC]] on 29th. Wingate radically reformed the 'mutual admiration society' in a restructuring of D Division. To find out what notional information could be passed onto the Japanese by [[Peter Fleming (writer)|Peter Fleming]] in India about German intelligence to assist A Force and [[South East Asian Command|SEAC]] operations. Wingate departed Cairo for the last time on 23 April 1945. At the end of the war he teamed up with [[John Bevan (British Army officer)|Jonny Bevan]] in the Far East, where he was warmly welcomed when he arrived at Manila to work with Goldbranson, the American agent. The Americans were eager to hasten the end of the war, but Wingate steadied the ship, when the extent of US spycraft was an appearance by Douglas Fairbanks jr.<ref>Holt, pp. 553, 640, 647.</ref>{{clarify|date=June 2018}}

At the end of the war, Wingate was chosen by the [[Combined Chiefs of Staff]] to write an official history of Allied deception during the war. The report, which has been described as "urbane, literate and readable" dealt more with the British than the Americans, but provided an excellent reference and was approved by a conference in London in June 1947.<ref>Holt, p. 784</ref> Like other reports of the Allied deception strategies, the report was kept secret for many years as Wingate explained: "We wanted no articles in the ''Reader's Digest'' about how the Allies had outwitted the German General Staff. It was felt we might have to take on the Russian General Staff."<ref>Brown, p. 804</ref>

==Later life and publications==
After the war, Wingate served on the British delegation to the [[Tripartite Commission for the Restitution of Monetary Gold]] and in 1947, he became the British delegate on the commission.<ref>{{cite web|title = Series details T 294 | url = http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/catalogue/displaycataloguedetails.asp?CATID=12878&CATLN=3&Highlight=&FullDetails=True&j=1 |author = The National Archives of Britain | access-date = 2009-05-29}}</ref> Wingate retired from the Commission in 1958, after it had completed most of its work.<ref>{{cite news|title = News in Brief | work = The Times | date = November 22, 1958 | page = 8D}}</ref> Shortly after leaving the Tripartite Commission, Wingate was named a [[Companion in The Most Honourable Order of the Bath]] in the New Year's list of 1959.<ref>{{London Gazette| issue = 41589 | date = December 30, 1958 |supp=y |page=3 }}</ref> Wingate also entered the world of business, serving on the board of the [[Imperial Continental Gas Association]] from 1953 until 1966.<ref>{{cite news|title = Imperial Continental Gas Association | work = The Times | date = July 4, 1953 | page = 10D}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title = Imperial Continental Gas Association | work = The Times | date = July 1, 1967 | page = 18A}}</ref>

In his later life, Wingate also wrote several books, beginning with ''Wingate of the Sudan'', a biography of his father published in 1955. Next, Wingate wrote his own memoirs, ''Not in the Limelight'', published in 1959. Finally, in 1970, he wrote ''Lord Ismay'', a biography of [[Hastings Ismay]].

''Wingate of the Sudan'' was a fairly short biography, primarily based on private correspondence and diaries, to which Wingate naturally had access.<ref>{{cite journal|title = Review: Wingate of the Sudan |first = Agatha | last = Ramm | journal = The English Historical Review |date=January 1956 | volume = 72 | issue = 282 | pages = 196–197 | jstor = 557856|publisher = Oxford University Press}}</ref> Writing in the ''[[Middle East Journal]]'', Muhammad Sabry called the book "a real contribution to African history," applauding Wingate's style and accuracy.<ref>{{cite journal|title = Book Reviews: Wingate of the Sudan |url = https://archive.org/details/sim_middle-east-journal_autumn-1956_10_4/page/444 | journal = Middle East Journal | first = Muhammad | last = Sabry | jstor = 4322858 |date=Autumn 1956 | volume = 10 | issue = 4|pages = 445–446|publisher = Middle East Institute}}</ref>

Wingate named his memoirs, ''Not in the Limelight'', as a reference to his own career, perpetually around significant events but rarely playing a central role in them. [[Olaf Caroe]] wrote that the book was "engaging" with "flashes of shrewdness" and "a sense of wit". Caroe and others also praised the various intriguing details which Wingate revealed about both colonial India and the Second World War, for example Wingate's revelations about the [[Treaty of Seeb]].<ref>{{cite journal|title = Biography: Not in the Limelight |url = https://archive.org/details/sim_international-affairs_1960-01_36_1/page/92 | journal = International Affairs | first = Olaf | last = Caroe |date=January 1960 | volume = 36 | issue = 1 | pages = 93–94| jstor = 2609344|publisher = Blackwell Publishing | doi=10.2307/2609344}}</ref>

Wingate's final book, ''Lord Ismay: A Biography'' was released in 1970. The book was "an adulatory biography" which made Wingate's personal respect for Ismay quite clear.<ref name = "obit"/> As such, the book stood in contrast to Ismay's own memoirs which were "modest and discreet." The book was well received, and Brian Porter wrote in ''[[International Affairs (journal)|International Affairs]]'' that it was a "welcome contribution to recent history."<ref>{{cite journal|title = Biography: Lord Ismay | journal = International Affairs | first = Brian | last = Porter | volume = 47 | issue = 1 |date=January 1971 | jstor = 2614717|pages = 145–146|publisher = Blackwell Publishing | doi=10.2307/2614717}}</ref>

Wingate died on August 31, 1978, at the age of 88.<ref name = "obit"/>

==Notes==
{{notelist}}
{{Reflist| colwidth=18em}}

==References==
* {{cite book|title = Bodyguard of Lies | first = Anthony Cave | last = Brown | publisher = Harper and Row | location = New York | year = 1975 | isbn = 0-06-010551-8}}
* {{cite book|title = Routledge Handbook of International Law | chapter = The Practice of International Law | first = Anthony | last = Carty | publisher = Taylor & Francis | editor1-first = David |editor1-last = Armstrong | editor2-first = Jutta | editor2-last = Brunée |year = 2009 | isbn = 0-415-41876-3}}
* {{cite book|title = Deceiving Hitler | first = Terry | last = Crowdy | publisher = Osprey | location = Oxford | year = 2008 | isbn = 978-1-84603-135-9}}
* {{cite book|title = The Deceivers: Allied Military Deception in the Second World War | first = Thaddeus | last = Holt | publisher = Skyhorse Publishing | year = 2007 | isbn = 1-60239-142-4}}
* {{cite book|title = Lewis Namier: A Biography |url = https://archive.org/details/lewisnamierbiogr0000nami |url-access = registration | first = Julia | last = Namier | publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 1971 | location = London | isbn = 0-19-211706-8}}
* {{cite book|title = A Modern History of Oman | first = Francis | last = Owtram | publisher = I.B. Tauris | isbn = 1-86064-617-4 | year = 2004}}
* {{cite book|title = Oman in the Twentieth Century | first = J.E. | last = Peterson | publisher = Croom Helm | location = London | year = 1978 | isbn = 0-85664-629-6}}
* {{cite book|title = The Secret War|url = https://archive.org/details/secretwar00russ|url-access = registration| first = Francis | last = Russell | publisher = Time Life Books | year = 1981 | isbn = 0-8094-2547-5}}
* {{cite book|title = Oman: The Making of the Modern State | first = John | last = Townsend | publisher = Taylor & Francis | year = 1977 |isbn = 0-85664-446-3}}
* {{cite book|title = Oman: a MEED practical guide | first = John | last = Whelan | publisher = Taylor and Francis | year = 1984 | isbn = 0-946510-02-4}}
* {{cite book|title = Not in the Limelight | first = Ronald | last = Wingate | publisher = Hutchinson of London | year = 1959 | location = London}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{succession box |title=Consul to Oman||
years=17 October 1919 – 3 March 1920|
before= [[Lionel Berkeley Holt Haworth]]|
after=[[M.J. Gazdar]]}}

{{succession box |title=Consul to Oman||
years=11 April 1920 – October 1921|
before= [[M.J. Gazdar]]|
after=[[Maitland Easten Rae]]}}

{{succession box |title=Consul to Oman||
years=February – September 1923|
before= [[Maitland Easten Rae]]|
after=[[Reginald Graham Hinde]]}}

{{succession box |title=[[List of Chief Commissioners of Balochistan|Chief Commissioner of Balochistan]]||
years=1936–1937|
before= [[Alexander Cater|Alexander Norman Ley Cater]]|
after=[[Arthur Parsons|Arthur Edward Broadbent Parsons]]}}

{{succession box |title=[[List of Chief Commissioners of Balochistan|Chief Commissioner of Balochistan]]||
years=1937|
before= [[Arthur Parsons|Arthur Edward Broadbent Parsons]]|
after=[[Olaf Caroe|Olaf Kirkpatrick Caroe]]}}
{{s-reg|uk-bt}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Reginald Wingate]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Wingate baronets|Baronet]] '''(of Dunbar and Port Sudan)''' | years=1953–1978}}
{{s-non|reason=Extinct}}
{{s-end}}
{{Allied Military Deception in World War II}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Wingate, Ronald Evelyn Leslie}}
[[Category:1889 births]]
[[Category:1978 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Civil Service (British India) officers]]
[[Category:Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford]]
[[Category:Baronets in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Bath]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:Officers of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:Indian Political Service officers]]
[[Category:Chief commissioners of Baluchistan]]
[[Category:People educated at Bradfield College]]

N. Balakrishnan Nair

2026-02-08T07:45:30Z

Caliber: new a stub

{{short description|Indian marine biologist, ecologist (1927–2010)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = N. Balakrishnan Nair
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1927|7|6}}
| birth_place = [[Kerala]], India
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2010|4|21|1927|7|6}}
| death_place = [[Vazhuthacaud]], [[Kerala]], India
| residence =
| fields = Marine biology
| workplaces = {{ublist | [[University of Kerala]] | [[Kerala State Council for Science, Technology and Environment]] | Kerala State Coastal Zone Management Authority | [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] }}
| alma_mater = {{ublist | [[University of Madras]] }}
| doctoral_advisor =
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = Aquatic Biology Biodeterioration of [[cellulose]]
| awards = 1971 [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]] 1980 All India Congress of Zoology Gold Medal 1984 [[Padma Shri]] 1988 [[Indian National Science Academy|INSA]] Chandrakala Hora Memorial Medal
}}
'''Narayana Balakrishnan Nair''' (1927–2010) was a marine biologist, ecologist and the founder president of [[Kerala Science Congress]].<ref name="Kerala Science Congress held from 1989 to 2016">{{cite web | url=http://www.ksc.kerala.gov.in/ksc_over_28_yrs.pdf | title=Kerala Science Congress held from 1989 –2016 | publisher=Kerala Science Congress | date=2016 | access-date=15 September 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916233757/http://www.ksc.kerala.gov.in/ksc_over_28_yrs.pdf | archive-date=16 September 2016 | url-status=dead }}</ref> He was known for his advocacy of [[trawling]] ban during [[monsoon]] seasons which was later accepted and imposed by the Government of Kerala.<ref name="N Balakrishnan Nair dead">{{cite web | url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/article196219.ece?service=print | title=N Balakrishnan Nair dead | publisher=Indian Express | date=22 April 2010 | access-date=15 September 2016 }}{{dead link|date=February 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> A [[Jawaharlal Nehru Fellowship|Jawaharlal Nehru fellow]], Nair was an elected fellow of all the major Indian science academies as well as the [[Zoological Society of London]].<ref name="Deceased fellow - N. B. Nair">{{Cite web |url=http://insaindia.res.in/detail/N75-0506 |title=Deceased fellow - N. B. Nair |date=2016 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy |access-date=15 September 2016 |archive-date=13 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813021235/http://insaindia.res.in/detail/N75-0506 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]], the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]], one of the highest Indian science awards, in 1971, for his contributions to biological sciences.<ref name="View Bhatnagar Awardees">{{cite web | url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/AwardeeList.aspx | title=View Bhatnagar Awardees | publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize | date=2016 | access-date=4 September 2016}}</ref> He received the fourth highest Indian civilian honor of the [[Padma Shri]] in 1984.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | title=Padma Awards | publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India | date=2013 | access-date=15 September 2016 | archive-date=15 October 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Biography ==
Balakrishnan Nair was born on 5 February 1927 in Perumbavoor in [[Ernakulam District]] in the South Indian state of [[Kerala]].<ref name="Brief Profile of the Awardee">{{cite web | url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/Detail.aspx?AID=207 | title=Brief Profile of the Awardee | publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize | date=2016 | access-date=15 September 2016}}</ref> After obtaining a doctoral degree (PhD) from the [[University of Madras]] in 1955, he continued his researches there to secure the degree of Doctor of Science in 1965 and started his career by joining the [[University of Kerala]] as a member of the faculty of science.<ref name="Deceased fellow - N. B. Nair" /> He held various positions at the university such as that of the head of the Department of Aquatic Biology and Fisheries<ref name="Agar plant Commissioned at Mandapam ">{{cite web | url=http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/6423/1/July-September_1999.pdf | title=Agar plant Commissioned at Mandapam | publisher=Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute | work=Newsletter | date=July 1999 | access-date=15 September 2016 | pages=1 of 6 | issn=0972-2386}}</ref> (1968–80) and the dean of the faculty of science (1976) till he moved out in 1978 to take up positions elsewhere. Subsequently, he chaired the ''Science, Technology and Environment Committee'' (STEC) (present-day [[Kerala State Council for Science, Technology and Environment]]) of the state government and served as a member of the ''Kerala State Coastal Zone Management Authority'', established by the Government of Kerala in 2002.<ref name="Order">{{cite web | url=http://envfor.nic.in/legis/crz/so20.htm | title=Order | publisher=Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of Kerala | date=2002 | access-date=15 September 2016}}</ref> He also served as an emeritus professor of the [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] (CSIR) from 1991 onwards.<ref name="Deceased fellow - N. B. Nair" />

Nair was married to Gomathi and the couple had a son, B. Chandra Mohan and a daughter, G. Aparna Krishna Mohan, both medical doctors.<ref name="N Balakrishnan Nair dead" /> The family lived in [[Vazhuthacaud]], in [[Thiruvananthapuram]] and it was here he died on 21 April 2010, at the age of 82, succumbing to age-related illnesses.<ref name="Fellow Profile">{{cite web | url=http://www.ias.ac.in/describe/fellow/Nair,_Prof._Narayana_Balakrishnan | title=Fellow Profile | publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences | date=2016 | access-date=15 September 2016}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
Balakrishnan Nair focused his researches on organisms that damage the marine ecology and his studies on the wood-boring [[molluscs]] helped in understanding the mechanism of their timber boring activities.<ref name="Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners">{{cite web | url=http://www.csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf | title=Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners | publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research | date=1999 | access-date=15 September 2016 | pages=33 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304043957/http://www.csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf | archive-date=4 March 2016 | url-status=dead }}</ref> He studied the [[littoral]] ecology and proposed measures for conservation of aquatic life and its management.<ref name="N Balakrishnan Nair dead" /> It was known that his advocacy for banning the trawling activities during the [[monsoon]] seasons in Kerala influenced the subsequent decision by the state government to impose monsoon trawling, thereby contributing in conserving the shrimp population of the Kerala coasts. His expertise on the field of ''biodeterioration of cellulose in aquatic environment'' was reported to have been acknowledged by the science community.<ref name="Deceased fellow - N. B. Nair" /> He proposed measures for the conservation of tropical [[wetlands]] and [[mangroves]] and for the management of [[marine algae]] and [[seagrasses]]. He published his studies through over 400 articles<ref name="Articles written by Nair, Balakrishnan N.">{{cite web | url=http://www.currentscience.ac.in/php/auth.php?authid=13588&author=Nair,%20N.%20Balakrishnan | title=Articles written by Nair, Balakrishnan N. | publisher=Current Science | date=2016 | access-date=15 September 2016}}</ref><ref name="WorldCat Identities">{{cite web | url=http://www.insa.nic.in/writereaddata/UpLoadedFiles/PINSA/Vol48B_1982_1_Art00.pdf | title=WorldCat Identities | publisher=WorldCat | date=2016 | access-date=15 September 2016}}</ref> and several books.<ref name="au:Balakrishnan Nair">{{cite web | url=http://opac.cusat.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-search.pl?q=ccl%3Dau:Balakrishnan+Nair,+N.+and+branch:UL+and+au:Balakrishnan+Nair,+N.+and+au:Balakrishnan+Nair,+N.&sort_by=call_number_dsc | title=au:Balakrishnan Nair | publisher=Cochin University of Science and Technology | date=2016 | access-date=15 September 2016}}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|His writings have been quoted by several authors.<ref name="WalterProctor2001">{{cite book | author1=DE Walter | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TH9-5crww4wC&pg=PA575 | title=Acarology: Proceedings of the 10th International Congress | publisher=Csiro Publishing | date=16 July 2001 | author2=H Proctor | author3=RA Norton, M Colloff, RB Halliday | pages=575– | isbn=978-0-643-09850-3}}</ref><ref name="Curtis2013">{{cite book|author=Fred A. Curtis|title=Energy Developments: New Forms, Renewables, Conservation: Proceedings of ENERGEX '84, The Global Energy Forum, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada, May 14-19, 1984|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I0EfAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA240|date=17 September 2013|publisher=Elsevier Science|isbn=978-1-4831-8949-9|pages=240–}}</ref><ref name="Gupta2001">{{cite book|author=Rabin Sen Gupta|title=The Indian Ocean: A Perspective|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S3i4uFXR-MYC&pg=PA465|year=2001|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-90-5809-224-3|pages=465–}}</ref><ref name="ChristensenPauly1993">{{cite book|author1=Villy Christensen|author2=Daniel Pauly|title=Trophic Models of Aquatic Ecosystems|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eIMQJ0LDahEC&pg=PA89|year=1993|publisher=WorldFish|isbn=978-971-10-2284-6|pages=89–}}</ref>}} ''A Textbook of Marine Ecology'',<ref name="NairThampy1980">{{cite book|author1=Narayana Balakrishnan Nair|author2=D. M. Thampy|title=A textbook of marine ecology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZAk-AAAAYAAJ|year=1980|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=9780333903209 }}</ref> ''The Biology of Woodboring Teredinid Molluscs'',<ref name="NairSaraswathy1971">{{cite book|author1=Narayana Balakrishnan Nair|author2=M.. Saraswathy|title=The Biology of Woodboring Teredinid Molluscs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HU5PNwAACAAJ|year=1971}}</ref> ''Marine Timber Destroying Organisms of the Andaman-Nicobar Islands and the Lakshadweep Archipelago''<ref name="Marine timber destroying organisms of the Andaman-Nicobar Islands and the Lakshadweep archipelago">{{cite book | url=https://www.amazon.co.uk/destroying-Andaman-Nicobar-Lakshadweep-archipelago-Zoological/dp/B0006F9OSI/ref=sr_1_7?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1473958056&sr=1-7 | title=Marine timber destroying organisms of the Andaman-Nicobar Islands and the Lakshadweep archipelago | publisher=The Survey | author=N. Balakrishnan Nair | year=1994 | pages=87 | asin=B0006F9OSI}}</ref> and ''Advances in Aquatic Biology and Fisheries'',<ref name="Advances in Aquatic Biology and Fisheries">{{cite book | url=http://opac.cusat.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=16591&query_desc=au%3ABalakrishnan%20Nair%2C%20N.%20and%20branch%3AUL%20and%20au%3ABalakrishnan%20Nair%2C%20N.%20and%20au%3ABalakrishnan%20Nair%2C%20N. | title=Advances in Aquatic Biology and Fisheries | publisher=Prof. N Balakrishnan Nair felicitation committee |author1=Natarajan, P |author2=Suryanarayanan H |author3=Balakrishnan Nair, N. | year=1987 | pages=437}}</ref> in English language and ''Paristhithivignanam'' (Environmental Studies) and ''Kadal: Oru Adbhudam'' (Ocean: A Wonder), both in [[Malayalam]].<ref name="Kadal: Oru Adbhudam">{{cite book | url=http://opac.cusat.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=52692&query_desc=au%3ABalakrishnan%20Nair%2C%20N.%20and%20branch%3AUL%20and%20au%3ABalakrishnan%20Nair%2C%20N.%20and%20au%3ABalakrishnan%20Nair%2C%20N. | title=Kadal: Oru Adbhudam | publisher=The State Institute of Languages | author=Balakrishnan Nair N. | year=2002 | pages=149 | isbn=81-7638-325-2}}</ref> are some of the notable ones among them.

Nair was one of the founder members of the [[Kerala Science Congress]] when it was established in 1989 and served as its president since inception till 1992.<ref name="Kerala Science Congress held from 1989 to 2016"/> He was the chairman of the ''Science, Technology and Environment Committee'' (STEC) (later remodeled as [[Kerala State Council for Science, Technology and Environment]]) and was a member of the [[Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia]]<ref name="List of Scientific Papers Published by Academy Staff Members in 1967">{{cite journal | jstor=4064618| title=List of Scientific Papers Published by Academy Staff Members in 1967 | author=Academy of Natural Sciences | journal=Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia | year=1967 | volume=119 | pages=345–347}}</ref> He sat in the panel of experts of the ''Centre for Coastal Zone Management and Coastal Shelter Belt'', with responsibility for the state of Kerala<ref name="Experts">{{cite web | url=http://iomenvis.nic.in/index1.aspx?lid=4&mid=-1&langid=1&linkid=4 | title=Experts | publisher=Centre for Coastal Zone Management and Coastal Shelter Belt | date=2016 | access-date=15 September 2016}}</ref> and was a founder member of the ''Kerala State Coastal Zone Management Authority''.<ref name="Order" /> He chaired the Indo-Dutch Mission for the ''Kallada Environmental Action Programme'' in 1991 and served as the secretary to the Government of Kerala at the Department of Science, Technology and Environment from 1986 to 1991.<ref name="Deceased fellow - N. B. Nair" /> He was a member of the council of the [[Indian National Science Academy]] during 1978–80 and was involved with eight science journals as a member of their editorial boards while serving as the chief editor of ''Aquatic Biology'' journal from 1980 to 1986. A life member of the Marine Biological Association of India,<ref name="Life member">{{cite web | url=http://mbai.org.in/php/life_members.php?keywords=&listing_per_page=30&page=3 | title=Life member | publisher=Marine Biological Association of India | date=2016 | access-date=15 September 2016}}</ref> he participated in several conferences to deliver keynote addresses.<ref name="Meetings, Seminars and Discussions">{{cite web | url=http://www.vmft.org/category/activities/meetings-and-seminars/ | title=Meetings, Seminars and Discussions | publisher=Vakkom Moulavi Foundation Trust | date=2016 | access-date=15 September 2016 | archive-date=12 April 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110412044315/http://www.vmft.org/category/activities/meetings-and-seminars/ | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy">{{cite web | url=http://www.insa.nic.in/writereaddata/UpLoadedFiles/PINSA/Vol48B_1982_1_Art00.pdf | title=Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy | publisher=Indian National Science Academy | date=2016 | access-date=15 September 2016}}</ref>

== Awards and honors ==
Nair was awarded the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]], one of the highest Indian science awards, by the [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] in 1971.<ref name="Brief Profile of the Awardee" /> In 1979, he was selected as a National Professor by the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] and he received the All India Congress of Zoology Gold Medal in 1980. His project on ''Ecology of Biodeterioration in the sea around India with special reference to Timber Destroying Organisms'' was chosen for the [[Jawaharlal Nehru Fellowship]] in 1982<ref name="List of Jawaharlal Nehru Fellows">{{cite web | url=http://www.jnmf.in/flist.html | title=List of Jawaharlal Nehru Fellows | publisher=Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Fund | date=2016 | access-date=15 September 2016}}</ref> and the Government of India included him in the [[Indian honours system|Republic Day honors]] list for the civilian award of the [[Padma Shri]] in 1984.<ref name="Padma Awards" /> The [[Indian National Science Academy]], which elected him as their fellow in 1975, awarded him the Chandrakala Hora Memorial Medal in 1987.<ref name="Chandrakala Hora Memorial Medal">{{cite web | url=http://insaindia.res.in/recipients.php#56 | title=Chandrakala Hora Memorial Medal | publisher=Indian National Science Academy | date=2016 | access-date=15 September 2016 | archive-date=16 September 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916233840/http://insaindia.res.in/recipients.php#56 | url-status=dead }}</ref> He was also an elected fellow of the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]], [[National Academy of Sciences, India]],<ref name="NASI fellows">{{cite web | url=http://www.nasi.org.in/deceased.htm | title=NASI fellows | publisher=National Academy of Sciences, India | date=2016 | access-date=15 September 2016 | archive-date=28 May 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528102550/http://www.nasi.org.in/deceased.htm | url-status=dead }}</ref> [[The World Academy of Sciences]] (2002),<ref name="TWAS fellows">{{cite web | url=http://twas.org/twass-former-fellows | title=TWAS fellows | publisher=The World Academy of Sciences | date=2016 | access-date=15 September 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916205721/http://twas.org/twass-former-fellows | archive-date=16 September 2016 | url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Zoological Society of London]], Zoological Society of India, Marine Biological Association of India and was a founder fellow of the [[National Academy of Agricultural Sciences]].<ref name="Deceased fellow - N. B. Nair" /> Nansen Environmental Research Centre (India) have instituted an annual award, ''Prof. N. Balakrishnan Nair Award'' in his honor for recognizing excellence.<ref name="Prof. N. Balakrishnan Nair Award">{{cite web | url=https://www.nersc.no/sites/www.nersc.no/files/NERCI-2013-final.pdf | title=Prof. N. Balakrishnan Nair Award | publisher=Nansen Environmental Research Centre | date=2016 | access-date=15 September 2016 | archive-date=16 May 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516060618/https://www.nersc.no/sites/www.nersc.no/files/NERCI-2013-final.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Selected bibliography ==
* {{cite book|author1=Narayana Balakrishnan Nair|author2=M.. Saraswathy|title=The Biology of Woodboring Teredinid Molluscs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HU5PNwAACAAJ|year=1971}}
* {{cite book|author1=Narayana Balakrishnan Nair|author2=D. M. Thampy|title=A textbook of marine ecology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZAk-AAAAYAAJ|year=1980|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=9780333903209 }}
* {{cite book | url=http://opac.cusat.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=16591&query_desc=au%3ABalakrishnan%20Nair%2C%20N.%20and%20branch%3AUL%20and%20au%3ABalakrishnan%20Nair%2C%20N.%20and%20au%3ABalakrishnan%20Nair%2C%20N. | title=Advances in Aquatic Biology and Fisheries | publisher=Prof. N Balakrishnan Nair felicitation committee |author1=Natarajan, P |author2=Suryanarayanan H |author3=Balakrishnan Nair, N. | year=1987 | pages=437}}
* {{cite book | title=Marine timber destroying organisms of the Andaman-Nicobar Islands and the Lakshadweep archipelago | publisher=The Survey | author=N. Balakrishnan Nair | year=1994 | pages=87 | asin=B0006F9OSI}}
* {{cite book | title=Kadal: Oru Adbhudam | publisher=The State Institute of Languages | author=Balakrishnan Nair N. | year=2002 | pages=149 | isbn=81-7638-325-2}}

== See also ==
* [[Kerala Science Congress]]
* [[Kerala State Council for Science, Technology and Environment]]
* [[List of people from Kerala]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web | url=http://www.kufos.ac.in/pub%26awards.php | title=Publications and Awards | publisher=University of Kerala | date=2016 | access-date=15 September 2016 | archive-date=4 October 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151004043314/http://www.kufos.ac.in/pub%26awards.php | url-status=dead }}
* {{cite web | url=http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n81130985.html | title=Balakrishnan Nair, N. (Narayana) | publisher=Library of Congress | work=Author profile | date=2016 | access-date=15 September 2016}}

{{SSBPST recipients in Biological Science}}
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Medicine}}
{{Padma Award winners of Kerala}}
{{Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Laureates of Kerala}}
{{Portal bar|India|Biology}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nair, Narayana Balakrishnan}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Biological Science]]
[[Category:1927 births]]
[[Category:2010 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Ernakulam district]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:University of Madras alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Kerala]]
[[Category:Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]]
[[Category:Indian marine biologists]]
[[Category:Indian ecologists]]
[[Category:Scientists from Kochi]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Sciences, India]]
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Agricultural Sciences]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Zoological Society of London]]
[[Category:Fellows of The World Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian biologists]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in science & engineering]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian earth scientists]]

Administration (government)

2026-01-29T18:23:12Z

Caliber: Enhanced content and organization

{{More citations needed|date=January 2026}}{{Short description|Decision making body}}

{{Politics}}
The term '''administration''', as used in the context of [[government]], differs according to the [[jurisdiction]] under which it operates. In general terms, the administration can be described as a decision-making body.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Decision making and governing body structure for independent regulators |journal=The Governance of Regulators |series=OECD Best Practice Principles for Regulatory Policy |date=2014 |pages=67–78 |doi=10.1787/9789264209015-en |isbn=9789264209008 |url=https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/docserver/9789264209015-8-en.pdf?expires=1656941675&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=2C4CEABA63F2C5279561C41D934E45E8 |access-date=4 July 2022}}</ref>

==United States==
{{Unreferenced section|date=January 2026}}
{{Redirect|Administration of the United States|the term in a wider sense|Federal government of the United States}}
In [[Americans|American]] usage, the term generally refers to the [[Federal government of the United States#Executive branch|executive branch]] under a specific [[President of the United States|president]] (or [[Governor#United States|governor]], [[Mayor#United States|mayor]], or other local executives); or the term of a particular executive; for example: "President Y's administration" or "Secretary of Defense X during President Y's administration."<ref>[http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/american-english/administration administration noun – definition in American English Dictionary – Cambridge Dictionary Online]</ref> It can also mean an executive branch agency headed by an administrator, as the [[NASA|National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] (NASA), [[Small Business Administration]] or the [[National Archives and Records Administration]].

The term "administration" has been used to denote the executive branch in [[presidential system]]s of government.

==Europe==
The term's usage in [[Europe]] varies by country. Still, most typically the word "administration" refers to [[management|managerial functions]] in general, which may include local governments, or the hierarchy of national and local government, that applies to a town or district. More specifically, it may refer to [[public administration]], the business of administering [[Policy|public policy]] as determined by the government. However, outside [[France]] and [[Romania]], this usage of the word is uncommon.

For the British sense of the word, most countries use the term ''government'', referring to the "administration" of [[Winston Churchill]] as the "Churchill government".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-28 |title=government |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/government |access-date=2026-01-29 |website=dictionary.cambridge.org |language=en}}</ref> This is also true for the non-European members of the [[Commonwealth of Nations]]. An older, chiefly [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] usage, is the term [[Ministry (collective executive)|"ministry"]], as in "Churchill Ministry", which is still in official and academic use in Britain, Australia, and Canada to refer the terms of [[prime ministers]].<ref>
{{Cite web |date=2026-01-24 |title=Definition of MINISTRY |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ministry |access-date=2026-01-29 |website=www.merriam-webster.com |language=en}}
</ref>

The word [[coalition]] may be used for a specific government depending on the type of government. In the Netherlands, cabinet is the most-used term (as in "the [[fourth Balkenende cabinet]]"). However "coalition" or "government" are also used when one does not refer to a specific coalition (note that the two terms have slightly different meanings).

==See also==
* [[Executive (government)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Administration (Government)}}
[[Category:Government institutions]]
[[Category:Public administration]]

Baijnath Temple Complex

2026-01-24T03:57:02Z

Caliber: started a place v1

{{Short description|Cluster of 18 Hindu temples, Baijnath, Uttarakhand, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Baijnath Temple Complex
| image = Temples of Baijnath, Uttarakhand, India.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Group of Temples at Baijnath, Uttarakhand, India
| map_type = India Uttarakhand
| map_caption = Location in Uttarakhand
| coordinates = {{coord|29.92|79.625|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| country = India
| state = [[Uttarakhand]]
| district = [[Bageshwar district]]
| location = [[Baijnath, Uttarakhand|Baijnath]]
| elevation_m = 1125
| deity = Vaidyanath ([[Shiva]])
| facade_direction=
| temple_tank =
| tower =
| festivals=
| architecture = [[Nagara architecture|Nagara]]
| temple_quantity = 18
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions =
| year_completed = 12th century CE
| creator = [[Katyuri Kings]]
| website =
}}

'''Baijnath Temple Complex''' is a cluster of 18 [[Hindu temple]]s which are situated in the town of [[Baijnath, Uttarakhand|Baijnath]] in [[Uttarakhand]], India. The complex is located in [[Bageshwar district]] along the banks of [[Gomati river]] at an elevation of {{convert|1125|m|ft|abbr=on}} above the mean sea level.<ref name="Budhwar 2010, pg-39">{{harvnb|Budhwar|2010|p=39}}</ref> These temples are renowned for possibly being one of the very few temples in the world where [[Parvati]] is depicted with her husband [[Shiva]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Sharma|first1=Seema|title=Tourists disappointed on not finding antique idols in Baijnath temples - Times of India|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/Tourists-disappointed-on-not-finding-antique-idols-in-Baijnath-temples/articleshow/55403947.cms|access-date=8 June 2017|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=13 November 2016|location=[[Baijnath, Uttarakhand|Baijnath]]|language=en}}</ref> Pilgrims arrive here on occasion of [[Shivratri]] and [[Makar Sankranti]].<ref>{{harvnb|Nag|1999|p=82}}</ref>

It is a cluster of 18 stone temples situated on the left bank of [[Gomati river]].<ref name="Handa 2009, pg-184">{{harvnb|Handa|Jain|2009|p=184}}</ref> There are 102 stone images, some of which are under worship, while other have been reserved by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]].<ref name="Handa 2009, pg-184"/> The principle deities at Baijnath temple complex are the ''Vaidyanath ([[Shiva]])'', ''[[Parvati]]'', ''[[Ganesha|Nritya Ganapati]]'', ''[[Karttikeya]]'', ''[[Narsimha]]'', ''[[Brahma]]'', ''[[Navadurga|Mahishasurmardini]]'', ''Sapta Nartikas'', ''[[Surya]]'', ''[[Garuda]]'' and ''[[Kubera]]''.<ref>{{harvnb|Nag|1999|p=80}}</ref>

==Location & Architecture==
[[File:Baijnath Dham with Himalayas in the backdrop.jpg|thumb|left|The temple complex is situated in the eastern part of [[Baijnath, Uttarakhand|Baijnath]] town.]]
Baijnath Temple complex is located in the eastern part of the [[Baijnath, Uttarakhand|Baijnath]] town at {{coord|29.92|79.625}}, on the left bank of [[Gomati river]].<ref>{{harvnb|Pande|1993|p=83}}</ref> It is located in the [[Bageshwar district]] at a distance of 22 km from [[Bageshwar]] and 16 km from [[Kausani]]. The temple is approached from the riverside by a flight of steps made of stones constructed by the orders of a Katyuri queen.<ref name="Budhwar 2010, pg-39"/>

The main shrine in the complex is dedicated to Vaidyanath Shiva in the form of a lingam. The depiction of Parvati, made of grey chloride schist, is a marvel of art. Another sculptural element of note is a life-size image of Kal Bhairava in vilasasana seated outside the Vaidyanath Temple.{{cn|date=April 2020}}

==History==
When the [[Katyuri kings]] shifted their capital from [[Joshimath]] to [[Baijnath, Uttarakhand|Kartikeyapura]], a large number of followers of estoric [[Shaivism|shaiva]] sects like the ''[[Lakulisha]]'', ''Nath (Kanphata)'', ''[[Jangam]]'', ''[[Vairagi]]'', ''[[Sanyasi]]'' also followed them.<ref name="Handa 2009, pg-185">{{harvnb|Handa|Jain|2009|p=185}}</ref> In order to rehabilitate them, The katyuris built a large complex of temples dedicated to Vaidyanath Shiva, the name later got corrupted to Baijnath.<ref name="Handa 2009, pg-185"/>

Several inscriptions dating back to 1202 CE have been found in the Temple complex.<ref>{{cite web|title=Baijnath: Imperial Gazetteer2 of India, Volume 6, page 217 -- Imperial Gazetteer of India -- Digital South Asia Library|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V06_223.gif|website=dsal.uchicago.edu|access-date=9 June 2017}}</ref> The temples were restored and rebuilt during the reign of [[Chand kings#List of Chand Kings|king Gyan Chand]].<ref>{{harvnb|Handa|2002|p=86}}</ref> The temple complex was plundered by the [[Rohillas]] in 1743-1744 CE which led to the destruction of the ''Shikhar'' of the main shrine.<ref>{{harvnb|Handa|Jain|2009|p=191}}</ref>

==References==
===Footnotes===
{{reflist|25em}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book|last1=Handa|first1=O.C.|last2=Jain|first2=Madhu|title=Art & architecture of Uttarakhand|date=2009|publisher=Pentagon Press|location=[[New Delhi]]|isbn=9788182744172|edition=1st Indian|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XTfmGNfaoC4C|language=en}}
* {{cite book|last1=Pande|first1=Badri Datt|title=History of Kumaun : English version of "Kumaun ka itihas"|date=1993|publisher=Shree Almora Book Depot|location=[[Almora]]|isbn=9788190020947|edition=1. publ.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BXZwQgAACAAJ|language=en}}
* {{cite book|last1=Handa|first1=O.C.|title=History of Uttaranchal|date=2002|publisher=Indus Pub. Company|location=[[New Delhi]]|isbn=9788173871344|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7_Ct9gzvkDQC|language=en}}
* {{cite book|last1=Budhwar|first1=Prem K.|title=The Call of the Mountains: Uttrakhand Explored|date=2010|publisher=Har-Anand Publications|location=New Delhi|isbn=9788124115299|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VWuAZvAuTIQC|language=en}}
* {{cite book|last1=Nag|first1=Prithvish|title=Tourism and Trekking in Nainital Region|date=1999|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|location=New Delhi|isbn=9788170227694|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H4MC8SSM6xEC|language=en}}

{{Hindu temples in Uttarakhand}}

[[Category:Bageshwar district]]
[[Category:Shiva temples in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Hindu temples sacked in the Muslim period in the Indian subcontinent]]

Silvassa

2026-01-17T22:30:29Z

Caliber:

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Silvassa
| other_name = Selvas
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline = Dadra and Nagar Haveli Silvassa 3.jpg
| image_alt = Silvassa Townhall
| image_caption = Silvassa Townhall
| nickname =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India#India Dadra and Nagar Haveli#India Gujarat
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|20.2708162|N| 73.0049524|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|Union territory]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu emblem.png}} [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli District|Dadra and Nagar Haveli]]
| established_title = 
| established_date = 1885
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Municipal council (India)|Municipal Council]]
| governing_body = Silvassa Municipal Council
| leader_title1 = Mayor
| leader_name1 = Rakeshsinh Chauhan
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 16
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 32
| population_total = 98,266
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = {{hlist|[[Hindi]]|[[English language|English]]}}
| demographics1_title2 = Additional official
| demographics1_info2 = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]<ref>{{cite web |title=The Goa, Daman and Diu Official Language Act, 1987 |url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/6809/1/official_language_act.pdf |access-date=12 November 2022 |website=indiacode.nic.in }}</ref>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 396230
| area_code = 0260
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate = DD-01
| footnotes =
| official_name =
| website = {{URL|dnh.gov.in}}
}}

'''Silvassa''' or '''Selvas''' ({{small|[[IAST]]:}} {{IAST|Selvās}}, {{IPA|gu|ˈselʋɑs|lang}}) is a city and the headquarters of the [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli district]] in Union territory of [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]] in western India. It is today the largest city in the union territory. The city was chosen as one of the hundred Indian cities in [[Government of India]]'s flagship [[Smart Cities Mission]].

==Etymology==
The former official name of the city, during [[Portuguese India|Portuguese]] rule, was '''Paço de Arcos''' (Engl.: "palace of arches", also spelled '''Paço d'Arcos'''),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/Silvassa/Church-of-Our-Lady-of-Piety/ps51696678.cms|title = Church of Our Lady of Piety|website = [[The Times of India]]}}</ref> named after the town of [[Paço de Arcos|that same name]] located in [[Oeiras, Portugal|Oeiras]], [[Lisbon]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nativeplanet.com/travel-guide/silvassa-the-city-with-portugal-history-003775.html|title=Silvassa – A City with Portugal History|date=29 July 2017}}</ref>

==History==
Until about the [[turn of the century]], in the late 1800s, Silvassa was one of many small villages in [[Portuguese India]]. Its importance started to increase by the mid-1880s when the Portuguese administration, under then Governor-General [[Carlos Eugénio Correia da Silva, Count of Paço de Arcos]], decided to transfer the seat of the [[Nagar Haveli|Pragana Nagar Avely]] municipality further inland from [[Darará]]. On 11 February 1885, by decree from the Portuguese Ministry of the Overseas, Silvassa was designated as a town (''vila''), and given the name of Paço de Arcos.<ref>[https://legislacaoregia.parlamento.pt/V/1/59/120/p59 "Decreto de 11 de fevereiro de 1885", ''Diário do Governo'', 1885]</ref> However, the endemic name prevailed, and the town continued to be known locally and beyond as Silvassa, being referred-to as such in official documents. The town remained the municipal capital until the [[Annexation of Dadra and Nagar Haveli|Indian Annexation of 1954]].

==Demographics==
According to the 2011 India [[2011 Census of India|census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Silvassa had a population of 98,265.

==Language==
[[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] and [[Hindi]] are the most commonly spoken languages in Silvassa; as the city lies in the northern part of [[Nagar Haveli]], Gujarati and its dialects are more widely spoken compared to the southern part of Nagar Haveli, where [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Konkani language|Konkani]] and its dialects hold prominence. As with most larger towns and cities in India (with a somewhat centralised location), Silvassa is home to people from virtually every part of the nation, with numerous languages being spoken there besides the widespread Hindi, Marathi or Gujarati; one may hear [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]], [[Haryanvi language|Haryanvi]], [[Kannada]], [[Malayalam]], [[Marwari language|Marwari]], [[Odia language|Odia]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]] or [[Urdu]], amongst other tongues, when in Silvassa.

As a former Portuguese colony, Silvassa has a significant [[Roman Catholic]] population, and there are still a few citizens who speak [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] as their first or second language.

==Industry==
[[File:Vanganga Garden, Silvassa (32345632184).jpg|thumb|Vanganga Garden, Silvassa]]
Far from being a tribal region, Silvassa has now developed into an industrial hub with major industrial companies setting up manufacturing bases in the region. Its initial tax-free status granted by the Indian government to boost industrial investment in the former Union Territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli has contributed to the region's industrial growth.{{citation needed|date=December 2012}} The industrial landscape of Silvassa and surrounding region has been altered dramatically. It is one of the largest states in collection of excise duty from more than 3,500 small and medium industries. Silvassa is a big hub for plastic products and its products are found throughout India thanks to their good quality and low cost. Apart from all this, Silvassa is also known for various FMCG distributors like Gajra Distribution having reach throughout the country.

Silvassa hosts more than 200,000 floating population, coming from all parts of the country; the laborers mostly hail from Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Odisha. Other floating community is from the states of Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Kerala, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, and Rajasthan.

==Transport and connections==

Silvassa is connected to Maharashtra and Gujarat via [[National Highway 848A (India)|National Highway 848A]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2013/E_870_2013_011.pdf|title=New National Highways notification - NH 848A|date=17 Apr 2013|website=[[The Gazette of India]]|access-date=20 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180521020836/http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2013/E_870_2013_011.pdf|archive-date=21 May 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Silvassa has a well-maintained road network. The nearest railway stations are in {{rws|Vapi}} {{convert|16|km}} away and {{rws|Bhilad}}, {{convert|14|km}} away. Daman is 30 km away via Bhilad on National Highway number 8. Mumbai is 160 km away from Silvassa, via Bhilad, on National Highway number 8 Surat is 130 km away from Silvassa, via [[Bhilad]], on National Highway number 8. Auto-rickshaw services ply between Vapi and Silvassa at a regular interval and easily available from Vapi (E) railway station. Gujarat Road Transport Buses ply between Silvassa and Vapi at a regular interval.

Silvassa Smart City Limited currently operates 10 Electric Buses to and from the Silvassa Bus Stand, destinations include Daman, Vapi, Khanvel, Dudhani, and Mandoni.

==See also==
* [[Portuguese India]]
*[[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]]
*[[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]]
*[[Annexation of Dadra and Nagar Haveli]]
*[[Amli, India|Amli]]

==References==
{{Commons category}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Silvassa| ]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Dadra and Nagar Haveli]]

Malkera

2026-01-09T20:06:47Z

Caliber: Content updated and refined

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Malkera
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Census Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Jharkhand#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jharkhand, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.78|N|86.3|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jharkhand]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Dhanbad district|Dhanbad]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Community development block in India|CD block]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Baghmara (community development block)|Baghmara]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 2.56
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 183
| population_total = 8,232
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Urdu language|Urdu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 828304
| registration_plate =JH
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Giridih (Lok Sabha constituency)|Giridih]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Baghmara (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Baghmara]]
| website = {{URL|dhanbad.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Malkera''' is a [[census town]] in [[Baghmara (community development block)|Baghmara]] [[Community development block in India|CD block]] in [[Dhanbad Sadar subdivision]] of [[Dhanbad district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Jharkhand]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=450| height=230| zoom=11
| coord={{coord|23|46|30|N|86|15|20|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities, towns and locations in the western portion of Dhanbad Sadar subdivision in Dhanbad district''' MC: Municipal Corporation, CT: Census Town, N: Neighbourhood, R: Rural/ Urban centre Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|23|46|40|N|86|11|10|E}} | label-pos1=left|label1= Matigara | numbered1=CT| mark-title1=[[Matigara, Dhanbad]] (CT)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|23|48|45|N|86|11|25|E}} | label-pos2=left|label2= Bhimkanari| numbered2=CT| mark-title2=[[Bhimkanari]] (CT)
|mark-coord3={{coord|23|47|5|N|86|11|32|E}} | label-pos3=left|label3= Nadkharki| numbered3=CT| mark-title3=[[Nadkharki]] (CT)
|mark-coord4={{coord|23|46|20|N|86|14|32|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4= Madhuban| numbered4=CT| mark-title4=[[Madhuban, Dhanbad]] (CT)
|mark-coord5={{coord|23|48|0|N|86|13|39|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5= Barora| numbered5=CT| mark-title5=[[Barora]] (CT)
|mark-coord6={{coord|23|47|10|N|86|12|48|E}} | label-pos6=bottom|label6= Dumra| numbered6=CT| mark-title6=[[Dumra, Dhanbad]] (CT)
|mark-coord7={{coord|23|48|55|N|86|12|55|E}} | label-pos7=top|label7= Harina| numbered7=CT| mark-title7=[[Harina, Dhanbad]] (CT)
|mark-coord8={{coord|23|48|44|N|86|14|18|E}} | label-pos8=right|label8= Muraidih| numbered8=CT| mark-title8=[[Muraidih]] (CT)
|mark-coord9={{coord|23|48|30|N|86|21|15|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9= Mahlidih | numbered9=CT| mark-title9=[[Mahlidih]] (CT)
|mark-coord10={{coord|23|47|8|N|86|14|25|E}} | label-pos10=right|label10= Kharkhari | numbered10=CT| mark-title10=[[Kharkhari, Dhanbad]] (CT)
|mark-coord11={{coord|23|46|45|N|86|15|10|E}} | label-pos11=right|label11= Sahnidih | numbered11=CT| mark-title11=[[Sahnidih]] (CT)
|mark-coord12={{coord|23|46|50|N|86|17|45|E}} | label-pos12=right|label12= Malkera | numbered12=CT| mark-title12=Malkera (CT)||shape-color12=black| label-size12=13|label-color12=black 
|mark-coord13={{coord|23|49|25|N|86|20|58|E}} | label-pos13=left|label13= Nagri Kalan | numbered13=CT| mark-title13=[[Nagri Kalan]] (CT)
|mark-coord14={{coord|23|49|45|N|86|21|45|E}} | label-pos14=left|label14= Babua Kalan | numbered14=CT| mark-title14=[[Babua Kalan]] (CT)
|mark-coord15={{coord|23|46|20|N|86|13|45|E}} | label-pos15=bottom|label15= Phulwartanr | numbered15=CT| mark-title15=[[Phulwartanr]] (CT)
|mark-coord16={{coord|23|49|0|N|86|18|20|E}} | label-pos16=right|label16= Jhinghipahari | numbered16=CT| mark-title16=[[Jhinghipahari]] (CT)
|mark-coord17={{coord|23|45|0|N|86|16|12|E}} | label-pos17=left|label17= Mahuda | numbered17=CT| mark-title17=[[Mahuda]] (CT)
|mark-coord18={{coord|23|48|20|N|86|12|53|E}} | label-pos18=left|label18=BCCL Barora Area |numbered18=0 | mark-title18=[[Barora Area]] (A)| label-size18=12| shape-color18=#AA6666
|mark-coord19={{coord|23|47|30|N|86|11|10|E}} | label-pos19=left|label19=BCCL Block II Area |numbered19=0 | mark-title19=[[Block II Area]] (A)| label-size19=12| shape-color19=#AA6666
|mark-coord20={{coord|23|48|10|N|86|16|36|E}} | label-pos20=right|label20=BCCL Govindpur Area |numbered20=0 | mark-title20=[[Govindpur Area]] (A)| label-size20=12| shape-color20=#AA6666
|mark-coord21={{coord|23|47|46|N|86|19|42|E}} | label-pos21=right|label21=BCCL Katras Area |numbered21=0 | mark-title21=[[Katras Area]] (A)| label-size21=12| shape-color21=#AA6666
|mark-coord22={{coord|23|45|10|N|86|16|40|E}} | label-pos22=right|label22=BCCL Western Jharia Area |numbered22=0 | mark-title22=[[Western Jharia Area]] (A)| label-size22=12| shape-color22=#AA6666
|mark-coord23={{coord|23|47|55|N|86|12|5|E}} |label-pos23=left|label23= Baghmara| numbered23=R| mark-title23=[[Baghmara, Dhanbad]] (R)|shape-color23=#C42222
|mark-coord24={{coord|23|48|40|N|86|17|26|E}} | label-pos24=right|label24= Katras| numbered24=N| mark-title24=[[Katras]] (N)|shape-color24=#C42222
|mark-coord25={{coord|23|47|47|N|86|17|20|E}} | label-pos25=right|label25= Kailudih| numbered25=N| mark-title25=[[Kailudih]] (N)|shape-color25=#C42222
|mark-coord26={{coord|23|47|23|N|86|18|8|E}} | label-pos26=left|label26= Lakarka| numbered26=N| mark-title26=[[Lakarka]] (N)|shape-color26=#C42222
|mark-coord27={{coord|23|47|20|N|86|18|43|E}} | label-pos27=right|label27= Angarpathar | numbered27=N| mark-title27=[[Angarpathar]] (N)|shape-color27= #C42222
|mark-coord28={{coord|23.7298|86.1534}}| label28=Damodar River| label-color28 = #77A1CB| label-angle28=2| label-pos28=top| label-size28=10| mark-size28=0| mark-title28 =none}}

===Location===
Malkera is located at {{coord|23.78|N|86.3|E|}}.<ref>[https://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/38/Malkera.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Malkera]</ref> It has an average elevation of 183 [[metre]]s (600 [[foot (length)|feet]]).

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the area. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

Malkera is constituted of places like Choutidih, Lal bungalow, New Colony, Trigunait basti, Green basti. The nearest market place is [[Katras]] which is at 15 minutes drive and nearly 3.5 km in distance. It has well maintained green patched area managed by Tata Steel. Malkera is at a distance of 20 km from [[Dhanbad]] town and 40 km from [[Bokaro Steel City|Bokaro]].

===Overview===
The region shown in the map is a part of the undulating [[Highland|uplands]] bustling with coalmines. The [[Damodar River]], the most important river of the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]], flows along the southern border. The area beyond the Damodar was once a part of Dhanbad district but was transferred to Bokaro district in 2001. Bulk of the area shown in the map is part of [[Baghmara (community development block)]]. In Baghmara CD block 67% of the population lives in rural areas and 33% in urban areas. The block has 18 [[census towns]], all marked in the map, except [[Rajganj, Dhanbad|Rajganj]], which is shown in the map for the northern portion of the district. A portion of [[Dhanbad Municipal Corporation]] extends into the region till around [[Katras]]. The places in the DMC area are marked as [[neighbourhoods]]. Most of the DMC area is shown in the maps for the central and southern portions of the district. Four operational areas of [[Bharat Coking Coal|BCCL]] operate fully within the region – [[Katras Area]], [[Govindpur Area]], [[Barora Area]] and [[Block II Area]]. The Mahuda sector of [[Western Jharia Area]] also operates in the region.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2009_PART_A_DCHB_DHANBAD.pdf | title = District Census Handbook Dhanbad | work = Series 21, Part XIIA, pages 4-5, 5-6, 8 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, Jharkhand | accessdate = 4 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-JK.html |title = 2011 Census C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= Jharkhand – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | accessdate = 8 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.bcclweb.in/?page_id=22623| title = Area| publisher = Bharat Coking Coal Limited| accessdate = 2 July 2019| archive-date = 26 July 2019| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190726160730/http://www.bcclweb.in/?page_id=22623| url-status = dead}}</ref>

==Demographics==
As per the [[2011 Census of India]], Malkera had a total population of 8,232 of which 4,345 (53%) were males and 3,887 (47%) were females. Population below 6 years was 973. The total number of literates in Malkera was 5,904 (81.33% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-JK.html |title = 2011 Census C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= Jharkhand – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | accessdate = 11 June 2019}}</ref>

{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Malkera had a population of 9,804. Males constituted 54% of the population and females 46%. Malkera had an average literacy rate of 64%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy was 75%, and female literacy was 52%. In Malkera, 14% of the population was under 6 years of age.

==Economy==
[[Tata Steel]] has coal mines at Malkera. It also developed labor township here.

==Infrastructure==
Malkera has an area of 2.56 km2. It is 25 km from the district headquarters Dhanbad. There is a railway station at Malkera. Buses are available in the town. It has 8 km roads and both closed and open drains. The two major sources of protected water supply are tap water from treated sources and hand pumps. There are 1,438 domestic electric connections and 12 road light points. Amongst the educational facilities, it has 4 primary schools, 4 middle schools and 1 secondary school. Senior secondary school and general degree college is available at [[Katras]] 4 km away. Amongst the recreational and cultural facilities, it has a stadium and an auditorium/ community hall.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2009_PART_A_DCHB_DHANBAD.pdf| title = District Census Handbook, Dhanbad, 2011, Series 21, Part XII A | work = Pages 639-664 Statements | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, Jharkhand. | accessdate = 9 June 2019}}</ref>

==Transport==
There is a station at Malkera on the Gomoh-Adra line.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://indiarailinfo.com/train/timetable/gomoh-chakradharpur-memu-68017/5188/4283/169#st| title= 58607/68017 Gomoh Chakradharpur Memu |work=Time Table|publisher= india rail info| accessdate = 12 July 2019}}</ref>

==Education==
Since there is no English medium school situated here, children have to go either to D.A.V, [[Sijua]] or DE'NOBLI which are at a distance of 5 km to 6 km from here. The only high school situated here is Bhubneswar Trigunait Memorial high school(Hindi medium).

== Other places ==
The Parasnath forest region is just 25 km from the town of Malkera

==References==
<references/>

{{Dhanbad District}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Dhanbad district]]
[[Category:Mining communities in Jharkhand]]

Nandini Kashyap

2026-01-05T22:13:39Z

Caliber: new a data - done

{{short description|Indian cricketer (born 2003)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Nandini Kashyap
| country = India
| female = true
| image =
| caption =
| fullname = Nandini Unesh Kumar Kashyap
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|2003|12|13|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Dehradun]], [[Uttarakhand]], India
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling =
| role = [[Wicket-keeper]] batter

| club1 = [[Uttarakhand women's cricket team|Uttarakhand]]
| year1 = 2022–present
| club2 =
| year2 =

| columns = 3
| hidedeliveries = true
| column1 = [[First-class cricket|WFC]]
| matches1 = 3
| runs1 = 89
| bat avg1 = 17.80
| 100s/50s1 = 0/0
| top score1 = 33
| catches/stumpings1 = 8/1

| column2 = [[List A cricket|WLA]]
| matches2 = 19
| runs2 = 667
| bat avg2 = 44.46
| 100s/50s2 = 2/2
| top score2 = 131
| catches/stumpings2 = 12/6

| column3 = [[Women's Twenty20|WT20]]
| matches3 = 12
| runs3 = 579
| bat avg3 = 57.90
| 100s/50s3 = 1/4
| top score3 = 117[[not out|*]]
| catches/stumpings3 = 4/3

| source = https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/nandini-kashyap-1346680 ESPNcricinfo
| date = 30 June
| year = 2025
}}

'''Nandini Kashyap''' (born 13 December 2003) is an Indian [[cricket]]er who plays for the [[Uttarakhand women's cricket team|Uttarakhand]] in domestic cricket as a right-hand batter and [[wicket-keeper]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1346680.html |title=Nandini Kashyap |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/2288/2288220/2288220.html |title=Nandini Kashyap |work=[[CricketArchive]] |access-date=30 June 2025}}</ref>

==Domestic career==
In November 2022, she was selected to the [[India women's national under-19 cricket team|India women's under-19 team]] in a five-match T20 series against [[New Zealand women's national under-19 cricket team|New Zealand women's under-19 team]] and in December selected as backup wicket-keeper of the India for the [[2023 Under-19 Women's T20 World Cup]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricket.com/news/nandini-kashyaps-journey-of-conviction-hope-and-no-expectations-12152024-1734234507745 |title=Nandini Kashyap's journey of conviction, hope and no expectations |work=Cricket.com |date=15 December 2024 |access-date=30 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://devbhoomidarshan17.com/41025-2-uttarakhand-news-nandani-kashyap-of-dehradun-selected-in-indian-under-19-team/ |title=उत्तराखंड की नंदनी का भारतीय अंडर-19 टीम में चयन, न्यूजीलैंड टी-20 मैचों में आएंगी नजर |trans-title=Uttarakhand's Nandini selected in Indian Under-19 team, will be seen in New Zealand T-20 matches |work=Devbhoomi Darshan |date=22 November 2022 |access-date=30 June 2025 |language=hindi}}</ref>

She scored a century in domestic T20 cricket against [[Pondicherry women's cricket team|Pondicherry]] in October 2024.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://haldwanilive.com/uttarakhand-wins-and-nandini-scored-not-out-hundred-in-t20-tournament/ |title=उत्तराखंड महिला टीम की बड़ी जीत,टी-20 ट्रॉफी में नंदिनी ने जड़ा ताबड़तोड़ शतक |trans-title=Uttarakhand women's team wins big, Nandini hits a smashing century in T-20 trophy |work=Haldwani Live |date=19 October 2024 |access-date=30 June 2025 |language=hindi}}</ref> In September 2024, she played for Mussoorie Thunders in Uttarakhand Premier League.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://femalecricket.com/uttarakhand-premier-league-2024/53233-mussoorie-thunders-reach-uttarakhand-premier-league-final-with-nandini-kashyaps-unbeaten-fifty.html |title=Mussoorie Thunders reach Uttarakhand Premier League Final with Nandini Kashyap's unbeaten fifty |work=Female Cricket |date=20 September 2024 |access-date=30 June 2025}}</ref> In November, she was the part of Champion side, India E in the Challenger Trophy.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://femalecricket.com/women-cricket-news/56603-nandini-kashyap-and-raghvi-bist-guide-india-e-to-2024-challenger-trophy-win.html |title=Nandini Kashyap and Raghvi Bist guide India E to 2024 Challenger Trophy Win |work=Female Cricket |date=27 November 2024 |access-date=30 June 2025}}</ref>

In the third [[2025 Women's Premier League (cricket)|WPL]] auction in December 2024, Kashyap was purchased by the Delhi Capitals franchise for ₹ 10 lakh.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/exclusive-nandini-kashyap-interview-wpl-india-virat-kohli-2657984-2025-01-01 |title=Rejoicing 'nervous' Virat Kohli meet, Nandini Kashyap set for India, WPL chapter |work=[[India Today]] |date=January 2025 |access-date=30 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://femalecricket.com/wpl-2025/62267-nandini-kashyap-opens-up-on-wpl-auction-bid-delhi-capitals-and-more.html |title=Nandini Kashyap opens up on WPL auction bid, Delhi Capitals, and more… |work=Female Cricket |date=17 February 2025 |access-date=30 June 2025}}</ref>

==International career==
In December 2024, she earned maiden call-up for national team along with her domestic teammate [[Raghvi Bist]], for the T20I series [[West Indies women's cricket team in India in 2024–25|against West Indies]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ind-vs-wi-women-2024-arundhati-reddy-dropped-kashyap-bist-rawal-handed-maiden-call-ups-1464853 |title=India drop Reddy; Kashyap, Bist, Rawal get maiden call-ups for West Indies series |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=30 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/story/cricket-india-women-squads-west-indies-odi-t20i-nandini-kashyap-2649582-2024-12-13 |title=India Women name squads for West Indies ODIs, T20Is, Nandini Kashyap earns call-up |work=[[India Today]] |date=13 December 2024 |access-date=30 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://femalecricket.com/west-indies-tour-of-india-2024/57940-nandini-kashyap-and-raghvi-bist-earn-maiden-call-ups-to-indian-squad-for-west-indies-series.html |title=Nandini Kashyap and Raghvi Bist Earn Maiden Call-Ups to Indian Squad for West Indies series |work=Female Cricket |date=13 December 2024 |access-date=30 June 2025}}</ref>

In July 2025, Kashyap named in India A squad for multi-format white-ball tour against Australia.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://femalecricket.com/women-cricket-news/70024-india-a-womens-squad-announced-for-australia-tour-2025-radha-yadav-to-lead-multi-format-series.html |title=India A Women's Squad Announced for Australia Tour 2025 {{!}} Radha Yadav to Lead Multi-Format Series |work=Female Cricket |access-date=14 July 2025}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cricinfo|id=1346680}}
* {{cricketarchive|id=2288220}}

{{Delhi Capitals WPL squad}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kashyap, Nandini}}
[[Category:2003 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Uttarakhand women cricketers]]
[[Category:Indian women cricketers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]

Heritage structures in Chennai

2025-11-25T06:07:42Z

Caliber: adjusted citations for accuracy and updated info

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
[[Chennai]], with historically rich records dating at least from the [[Pallava dynasty|time of the Pallavas]], houses 2,467 heritage buildings within its [[metropolitan area]] ([[Chennai Metropolitan Area|CMA]]), the highest within any [[metropolitan area]] limit in [[India]].<ref name="TOI_Heritage buildings data">{{cite news
| last = Mariappan
| first = Julie
| title = Long history of service
| location = Chennai
| date = 10 July 2012
| url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-10/chennai/32617423_1_heritage-buildings-building-plans-cmda
| archive-url = https://archive.today/20130103085018/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-10/chennai/32617423_1_heritage-buildings-building-plans-cmda
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 3 January 2013
| newspaper = [[The Times of India]]
| access-date = 12 Nov 2012}}</ref> Most of these buildings are around 200 years old and older.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/heritage-building-gets-a-breather/article4013950.ece Heritage building gets a breather]</ref> Chennai is home to the second largest collection of heritage buildings in the country, after [[Kolkata]].<ref name = "Heritagebuildingsinchennai">{{cite news
| last = Ravishankar
| first = Sandhya
| title = No fire safety norms at Chennai heritage buildings
| newspaper = IBN Live
| location = Chennai
| publisher = CNN IBN
| date = 6 September 2007
| url = http://ibnlive.in.com/news/no-fire-safety-norms-at-chennai-heritage-buildings/48155-3-1.html
| archive-url = https://archive.today/20130103111402/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/no-fire-safety-norms-at-chennai-heritage-buildings/48155-3-1.html
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 3 January 2013
| access-date = 20 Nov 2012}}</ref> The official list of heritage buildings was compiled by the Justice E. Padmanabhan committee.<ref name="sify_Heritage buildings data">{{cite news
| last = Ravi
| first = Bhama Devi
| title = Tamil Nadu's shameful disregard for heritage buildings
| newspaper = Sify News
| location = Chennai
| date = 18 April 2012
| url = http://www.sify.com/news/tamil-nadu-s-shameful-disregard-for-heritage-buildings-news-columns-mesoTOafgdg.html
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120419025713/http://www.sify.com/news/Tamil-Nadu-s-shameful-disregard-for-heritage-buildings-news-columns-mesoTOafgdg.html
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 19 April 2012
| access-date = 12 Nov 2012}}</ref> The Tamil Nadu Assembly passed the Heritage Commission Act in 2012 to preserve old heritage structures.<ref name="OI_Turns375">{{cite news | last = Sharma | first = Reetu | title = Chennai turns 375: Things you should know about 'Gateway to South India' | newspaper = One India | location = Chennai | pages = | language = | date = 23 August 2014 | url = https://www.oneindia.com/feature/chennai-turns-375-years-old-things-you-should-know-1507481.html | access-date = 20 March 2021}}</ref>

The structures will be categorised into three grades, namely, Grades I, II, and III. Grade I structures will be prime landmarks upon which no alterations will be permitted. Under Grade II, external changes on structures will be subject to scrutiny. Buildings under Grade III may be changed for 'adaptive reuse' with suitable internal and external changes.<ref name="Hindu_42GovtBldgAmong70HeritageStatus"/>

==Heritage activism==
Heritage buildings are defined as notified structures of historical, architectural, or cultural significance.<ref name="Hindu_42GovtBldgAmong70HeritageStatus"/> The heritage activism in the city began with the erstwhile [[Moore Market]] building fire in 1985.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Sriram
| first = V.
| title = To market, to market...
| newspaper = India Today
| location = Chennai
| date = 10 October 2008
| url = https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/supplement/story/20081020-in-the-city-737858-2008-10-10
| access-date = 29 Nov 2012}}</ref> In 1997, the [[Government of Tamil Nadu|state government]] initiated action to conserve heritage buildings. In 1998, a committee headed by Director of Town and Country Planning was constituted by the government to investigate aspects related to enactment of the Heritage Act.<ref name="Hindu_ConservingChennaiPast">{{cite news
| title = Conserving Chennai's Past
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| date = 3 July 2018
| url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/conserving-chennais-past/article24317534.ece
| access-date = 15 July 2018}}</ref> In 1999, the committee submitted the draft of Tamil Nadu Heritage Conservation Act. In the same year, [[Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority]] (CMDA) constituted a Heritage Conservation Committee to draft regulations to conserve heritage buildings and precincts in the [[Chennai Metropolitan Area]] (CMA).<ref name="Hindu_ConservingChennaiPast"/> After the second master plan for the city was approved by the government on 2 September 2008, special rules for conservation of heritage buildings/precincts came into force.<ref name="Hindu_42GovtBldgAmong70HeritageStatus">{{cite news
| last = Xavier Lopez
| first = Aloysius
| title = 42 government buildings among 70 vying for heritage status
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| date = 6 February 2013
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/42-government-buildings-among-70-vying-for-heritage-status/article4383165.ece?ref=sliderNews
| access-date = 11 Feb 2013}}</ref> In 2010, the criteria for listing the heritage structures in the CMA region was finalised, and in 2011, the process of assessment and documentation of heritage structures began.<ref name="Hindu_ConservingChennaiPast"/> A 17-member Heritage Commission was set up in May 2012 to maintain these structures, after a fire accident in Kalas Mahal, a 244-year-old heritage building in front of [[Marina beach]].<ref name="Hindu_Heritage commission formed">{{cite news
| last = Srivathsan
| first = A
| title = Heritage commission remains on paper
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| date = 19 September 2013
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/heritage-commission-remains-on-paper/article5142861.ece
| access-date = 20 Sep 2013}}</ref> As per the commission's mandate, heritage buildings that are listed will get incentives, such as exemption from payment of taxes, and offenders who deface or destroy them will face penal action.<ref name="TOI_Heritage buildings data"/>

In 2012, a list of heritage buildings was released by the Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority (CMDA) under the heritage conservation committee's (HCC) supervision. Criteria considered for notification as heritage structure include period of construction, exhibited trend, events or persons associated with the structure, and design, style, designer, physical condition, and design integrity for architecturally significant buildings.<ref name="Hindu_42GovtBldgAmong70HeritageStatus"/> The CMDA was expected to clear the first list of 70 heritage buildings compiled by the HCC. However, in 2013, the process of notification was delayed after 65 owners objected to the inclusion of their premises in the list. The Heritage Conservation Committee, however, overruled their objections.<ref name="Hindu_ConservingChennaiPast"/> Of the structures/precincts that figure on the list, 42 are government buildings and the remaining are private ones. The government buildings include the main building of the College of Engineering Guindy under [[Anna University]], [[Madras High Court]], [[General Post Office, Chennai|General Post Office]], Music and Dance College, [[Saidapet Teachers' College]] and [[King Institute of Preventive Medicine and Research|King Institute of Preventive Medicine]]. [[Theosophical Society]] is one of the private premises that are expected to get listed as a heritage structure. When a building is notified as a heritage structure, the onus of repair and maintenance of the heritage structure will be on the structure's owner.<ref name="Hindu_42GovtBldgAmong70HeritageStatus"/> In July 2018, documentation of the last phase covering 192 of the 467 buildings listed by Justice E. Padhmanaban Committee began.<ref name="Hindu_ConservingChennaiPast"/>

==Grading of heritage structures==
The heritage structures have been classified into three grades, viz. Grade I, II, and III. Grade I includes buildings and precincts of national or historical importance, with excellence in architecture, style and design. These structures remain the chief landmarks of the city. Save for some minimal changes approved by the Heritage Conservation Committee (HCC), no intervention, both on the interior and on the exterior, will be permitted in these structures. Grade II includes those structures of regional or local importance with special architectural or aesthetic merit, cultural or historical value. Although internal changes to the structures and adaptive reuse are allowed, here, too, external changes are allowed after scrutiny by the HCC. Extension or construction of additional buildings in the same plot are permissible as long as they are in harmony with the existing structure, especially in terms of facade and height. Grade III includes structures of importance for town spaces. These structures evoke architectural or aesthetic interest, but not as much as the Grade II structures. Changes to both external and internal portions of the buildings are generally permissible for Grade III buildings.<ref name="Hindu_ConservingChennaiPast"/>

==Structures listed by the HCC==

Prominent buildings on the HCC's list include:
* [[Madras High Court]]
* [[St. Thomas Cathedral Basilica, Chennai]]
* [[Anderson Church, Chennai|Anderson Church, Parry's]]
* [[Church of Our Lady of Light, Chennai|Church of Our Lady of Light (Luz Church)]], [[Mylapore]]
* [[General Post Office, Chennai|General Post Office]], [[Rajaji Salai, Chennai|Rajaji Salai]]
* [[Royapuram railway station|Royapuram Railway Terminal]]
* [[Theosophical Society Adyar|Theosophical Society Headquarters Building]], Adyar
* City Civil Court Building, [[China Bazaar Road, Chennai|NSC Bose Road]], [[Park Town, Chennai|Park Town]]
* [[Anna University|Madras Engineering College]] (Main Building), Anna University, Sardar Patel Road, [[Guindy]]
* Bharathiyar Illam, [[Triplicane]]
* Madras Club (Moubray's Cupola), Adyar Club Gate Road

Structures that remain to be documented include:
* [[Loyola College, Chennai|Loyala College, Nungambakkam]]
* Horticultural Society, Cathedral Road
* [[Royapettah Clock Tower, Chennai]]
* [[The Hindu]], [[Anna Salai]]
* Kamarajar Arangam, Anna Salai
* Department of Public Instruction, College Road
* [[Panagal Park]], [[T. Nagar]]
* [[Madras Music Academy|Music Academy]], TTK Road
* CSI School of the Deaf, Santhome High Road

Buildings on the heritage list that do not exist any more include:
* [[Chennai Central Prison]], Park Town
* Old Sacred Heart Shrine, Pantheon Road
* Roxy Theatre, Purasawalkam High Road
* Old Jail, [[Broadway, Chennai|Prakasam Road]]
* Old building of [[Kalaivanar Arangam]], Wallajah Road

==List of heritage structures==
{{row numbers|<nowiki>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!S.No
!Building
!Architectural style
!Year of construction
!Architect
!Neighborhood
! style="width:300px;"| Notes
!Image
|-
|_row_count
|[[Parthasarathy Temple]]
|[[Dravidian architecture]]
|c. 6th century CE
|
|[[Triplicane]]
|Built by [[Narasimhavarman I]]. Considered the oldest structure in [[Chennai]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Sullivan|first=Sullivan|title=Historical Dictionary of Hinduism|year=1997|publisher=Scarecro Press INC.|location=England|isbn=81-250-2800-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cvhGP8NRx4QC&q=parthasarathy+temple&pg=PA126|page=126}}</ref>
|[[File:Tiruvallikeni1.jpg|150px]]
|-
|_row_count
|[[Vedapureeswarar temple, Thiruverkadu|Vedapureeswarar Temple]]
|[[Dravidian architecture]]
|Before 7th century CE
|
|[[Thiruverkadu]]
|Built by the [[Chola]]s
|[[File:Vedapureeswar temple, Thiruverkadu4.JPG|150px]]
|-
|_row_count
|''[[Descent of the Ganges (Mahabalipuram)|Descent of the Ganges]]''
|[[Dravidian architecture]]
|c. 7th century CE
|
|[[Mahabalipuram]]
|One of the [[Group of Monuments at Mamallapuram]] that were designated as a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]] since 1984.<ref name="Unesco">{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/249/|title=Group of Monuments at Mamallapuram|publisher=UNESCO|access-date=2007-03-03
}}</ref>
|[[File:Descent of the Ganges 01.jpg|150px]]
|-
|_row_count
|[[Kapaleeshwarar Temple]]
|[[Dravidian architecture]]
|c. 7th century CE
|
|[[Mylapore]]
|Built by the [[Pallava]] kings.
|[[File:Kapaleeswarar1.jpg|150px]]
|-
|_row_count
|[[Thyagaraja Temple, Tiruvottiyur|Thyagaraja Temple]]
|[[Dravidian architecture]]
|c. 7th century CE
|
|[[Tiruvottiyur]]
|Built by the [[Pallava]] kings.
|[[File:thyagaraswamy1.jpg|150px]]
|-
|_row_count
|[[Marundeeswarar Temple]]
|[[Dravidian architecture]]
|c. 7th century CE
|
|[[Thiruvanmiyur]]
|Expanded during the [[Chola dynasty]].<ref>{{Citation |last=Hodgetts|first=Jim Brayley|title=Madras Matters At Home in South India |year=2008|publisher=Hodgetts |isbn=978-1-4357-0887-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jTbDI2N2lL4C&q=marundeeswarar+temple&pg=PA56|ref=Hodgetts}}</ref>
|[[File:marundeeswarar7.jpg|150px]]
|-
|_row_count
|[[Porur Ramanatheswarar Temple]]
|[[Dravidian architecture]]
|c. 700 CE
|
|[[Porur]]
|Built by [[Kulothunga Cholan II]] during the [[Chola dynasty]].
|
|-
|_row_count
|[[Bhaktavatsala Perumal temple, Thirunindravur|Bhaktavatsala Perumal Temple]]
|[[Dravidian architecture]]
|Before 820 CE
|
|[[Thirunindravur]]
|Built during the [[Pallava]]'s reign.<ref>{{cite book|title=Vishnu Temples of South India Volume 1 (Tamil Nadu)|first=Chithra|publisher=Chithra Madhavan| last=Madhavan| isbn=978-81-908445-0-5| year=2007|page=36| ref=Madhavan}}</ref>
|[[File:Bakthavtsala perumal gopuram.jpg|150px]]
|-
|_row_count
|[[Dhenupureeswarar Temple (Madambakkam)|Dhenupureeswarar Temple]]
|[[Dravidian architecture]]
|c. 957–970 CE
|
|[[Madambakkam]]
|Built during the reign of the Chola king, [[Parantaka Chola II]], father of [[Raja Raja Chola I]], who constructed the [[Brihadeeswarar Temple]] in [[Thanjavur]]. Consolidated with stones during the reign of [[Kulothunga Chola I]].<ref name="kapila">{{cite news |author=Rohini Ramakrishnan |title=Walking through history |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-youngworld/walking-through-history/article478650.ece |work=The Hindu |date=22 June 2010 |access-date=2014-07-24 }}</ref><ref name="chola">{{cite news |author=Chitra Madhavan |title=Ancient Chola temple at Madambakkam |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2003/09/26/stories/2003092601940800.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031206191220/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2003/09/26/stories/2003092601940800.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 December 2003 |date=26 September 2003 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=2014-07-23 }}</ref>
|[[File:Thenubureeswarar_temple_madambakkam.jpg|150px]]
|-
|_row_count
|[[Masilamaniswara Temple, Thirumullaivoyal|Masilamaniswarar Temple]]
|[[Dravidian architecture]]
|c. 9th or 10th century CE (before 970 CE)
|
|[[Thirumullaivoyal]]
|Built during the [[Cholas|Chola era]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Madras, Chennai: A 400-year Record of the First City of Modern India, Volume 1|editor-last=S.|editor-first=Muthiah|page=107|publisher=Palaniappa Brothers|year=2008|isbn=9788183794688}}</ref><ref name=early>{{cite book|title=Early Chola temples Parantaka I to Rajaraja I (AD. 907-985)|last=S.R.|first=Balasubramanyam|year=1975|publisher=Thomson Press (India) Limited|url=http://ignca.gov.in/Asi_data/49443.pdf|pages=209–14}}</ref>
|[[File:Tirumullaivayil2.jpg|150px]]
|-
|_row_count
|[[Thiruporur Kandaswamy temple]]
|[[Dravidian architecture]]
|c. 10th century CE
|
|[[Thiruporur]]
|Built during the Pallava era.<ref name=deccan>{{cite news|title=Rs 100 cr Kandaswamy temple lands recovered|url=http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/130712/news-current-affairs/article/rs-100-cr-kandaswamy-temple-lands-recovered|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160928005629/http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/130712/news-current-affairs/article/rs-100-cr-kandaswamy-temple-lands-recovered|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 September 2016|publisher=Deccan Chronicle|last=J.V.|first=Siva Prasanna Kumar |date=12 July 2013|access-date=5 November 2015}}</ref>
|[[File:THIRUPORUR(TOWN PANCHAYAT KANCHIPURAM DISTRICT ) KANDASAMY TEMPLE.jpg|150px]]
|-
|_row_count
|[[Tirusoolanathar Temple]]
|[[Dravidian architecture]]
|11th century CE
|
|[[Tirusulam]]
|Built by [[Kulothunga Chola I]] around 11th century CE.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tamilbrahmins.com/temples-pilgrimage/14934-tirusula-nathar-temple-trisulam-chennai-suburb.html|title=Tirusula Nathar Temple, Trisulam, Chennai suburb (திருசுல நாதர்)|work=tamilbrahmins.com}}</ref>
|[[File:Trisulanathar temple.jpg|150px]]
|-
|_row_count
|[[Tiruvalithayam Tiruvallesvarar Temple]]
|[[Dravidian architecture]]
|c. 11th century CE
|
|[[Padi, Chennai|Padi]]
|The temple dates back to several centuries earlier. The presiding deity of the temple is revered in the 7th-century Tamil [[Shaivite]] canonical work, the ''[[Tevaram]]''.<ref name=Thevaram>{{cite web|title=Thiruvalithayam|publisher=Dharumapuram Adheenam|url=http://thevaaram.org/thirumurai_1/koil_view.php?koil_idField=246|date=25 April 2020}}</ref> Existing structure built during the reign of the [[Chola dynasty]] around 11th century CE.
|[[File:Tiruvalithayam1.jpg|150px]]
|-
|_row_count
|[[Velveeswarar Temple]]
|[[Dravidian architecture]]
|c. 11th century CE
|
|[[Valasaravakkam]]
|Constructed by [[Kulothunga Chola I]] (reigned c. 1070–1122 CE).
|
|-
|_row_count
|[[Karaneeswarar Temple, Mylapore|Mylapore Karaneeswarar Temple]]
|[[Dravidian architecture]]
|c. 12th century CE
|
|[[Mylapore]]
|
|[[File:Mylaporekaraneesvarartemple.jpg|150px]]
|-
|_row_count
|[[Kundrathur Murugan Temple]]
|[[Dravidian architecture]]
|12th century CE
|
|[[Kundrathur]]
|Built by [[Kulothunga Chola II]] (r. 1133–1150 CE).
|[[File:Kundratur2.jpg|150px]]
|-
|_row_count
|[[Kurungaleeswarar Temple]]
|[[Dravidian architecture]]
|12th century CE
|
|[[Koyambedu]]
|Dates back to the [[Kulothunga Chola II|Kulothunga Chola]] period (c. 1133–1150 CE).
|
|-
|_row_count
|[[Prasanna Venkatesa Perumal Temple, Saidapet|Saidapet Prasanna Venkatesa Perumal Temple]]
|[[Dravidian architecture]]
|c. 12th century CE<ref name="Muthiah2008">{{cite book | last = Muthiah | first = S. | title = Madras, Chennai: A 400-year Record of the First City of Modern India | publisher = Palaniappa Brothers | volume = 1 | edition = | date = 2008 | location = Chennai | pages = 105 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=tbR_LLkqdI8C&dq=sri+prasanna+venkata+narasimha+perumal+temple+saidapet&pg=PA105 | doi = | id = | isbn = 9788183794688 | mr = | zbl = | jfm =}}</ref>
|
|[[Saidapet]]
|Constructed by the Balija Chetty community under the aegis of the [[Vijayanagara Kingdom|Vijayanagara monarchs]].<ref name="NIE_RamaWorshipped">{{cite news | last = Madhavan | first = Chithra | title = A shrine where the image of Rama was worshipped first | newspaper = The New Indian Express | location = Chennai | pages = | language = | publisher = Express Publications | date = 7 November 2017 | url = https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2017/nov/07/a-shrine-where-the-image-of-rama-was-worshipped-first-1694962.html | access-date = 23 January 2023}}</ref>
|
|-
|_row_count
|Kundrathur Kandhalheeswarar Temple
|[[Dravidian architecture]]
|Before 1241 CE
|
|[[Kundrathur]]
|Details of temple renovations from time to time are found in epigraphic findings dating back 1241 CE during the Rajaraja Chola period.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=1566|title= Sri Kandhazheeswarar temple|date=n.d.|website= Dinamalar Temples|publisher=Dinamalar |access-date= 26 October 2021}}</ref>
|[[File:Kandhazheeswarar temple- Kundrathur - Entrance.JPG|150px]]
|-
|_row_count
|[[Kundrathur Nageswarar Temple]]
|[[Dravidian architecture]]
|12th century CE
|
|[[Kundrathur]]
|Built by [[Sekkilar]] during 12th century CE.<ref name="NIE_RahuSthalam">{{cite news| last = Madhavan | first = Chithra | title = A Rahu sthalam built by devotee at Kundrathur| newspaper = The New Indian Express| location = Chennai| pages = | language = | publisher = Express Publications| date = 27 July 2016| url = https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2016/jul/27/a-rahu-sthalam-built-by-devotee-at-kundrathur-944821.html| access-date = 5 January 2023}}</ref>
|
|-
|_row_count
|[[Ekambareswarar–Valluvar Temple]]
|[[Dravidian architecture]]
|Before early 16th century CE
|
|[[Mylapore]]
|Also known as the Thiruvalluvar Temple. Built on an older structure that is said to be in existence since antiquity.<ref>{{cite book|first=Joanne Punzo |last=Waghorne|title=Diaspora of the Gods: Modern Hindu Temples in an Urban Middle-Class World |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IZNODwAAQBAJ&dq=Mylapore+temple+processions+Valluvar&pg=PT218 |date= 2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-19-515663-8}}{{Rp|120–125}}
</ref>
|[[File:EntranceValluvarMylaporeTemple.jpg|150px]]
|-
|_row_count
|[[Church of Our Lady of Light, Chennai|Church of Our Lady of Light]]
|[[Herrerian]]
|1516<ref name="IJAHS"/>
|
|[[Mylapore]]
|Built by Portuguese explorers in [[Mylapore]] [[Chennai]] and has a oldest Madonna Painting of [[Mary, mother of Jesus|Mary]] with [[Jesus]] up in the Altar.
|[[File:Luz church, Chennai.jpg|frameless|100px|centre]]
|-
|_row_count
|[[Fort St. George, India|Fort St. George]]
|
|1640
|
|[[George Town, Chennai|George Town]]
|First major British settlements in India, leading to the foundation of the city of Madras. One of the 163 notified areas (megalithic sites) in the state of [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="Hindu_NISModifiesExpansionPlan">{{cite news | last = Madhavan | first = D. | title = National Institute of Siddha modifies expansion plan | newspaper = The Hindu | location = Chennai | publisher = Kasturi & Sons | date = 20 December 2012 | url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/national-institute-of-siddha-modifies-expansion-plan/article4218676.ece | access-date = 23 Dec 2012}}</ref>
|[[File:Fort St. George.jpg|150px]]
|-
|_row_count
|[[Kalikambal Temple]]
|[[Dravidian architecture]]
|c. 1640
|
|[[George Town, Chennai|George Town]]
|Originally located by the seashore and was relocated to the current site in 1640 CE. Visited incognito by the Maratha warrior [[Shivaji]] on 3 October 1667.<ref name="TOI_ChennaiHigh">{{cite news
| title = Chennai High: Where history beckons
| location = Chennai
| date = 27 August 2010
| url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-08-27/chennai/28292743_1_pillars-fort-st-george-madras/2
| archive-url = https://archive.today/20130216064735/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-08-27/chennai/28292743_1_pillars-fort-st-george-madras/2
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 16 February 2013
| work = [[The Times of India]]
| access-date = 20 Jan 2013}}</ref><ref name="Muthiah_2014">{{cite book | last = Muthiah| first = S. | author-link = S. Muthiah | title = Madras Rediscovered| publisher = EastWest | date = 2014 | location = Chennai | pages = | isbn = 978-93-84030-28-5}}</ref>{{Rp|384}}
|[[File:Kaalikaambaal Temple Main Entrance, Chennai.jpg|150px]]
|-
|_row_count
|[[St Mary's Co-Cathedral, Chennai|St Mary's Co-Cathedral]]
|
|1658<ref>{{cite book | title=Madras Rediscovered| last=Muthiah| first=S.| year=2004| author-link=S. Muthiah| publisher=East West Books (Madras) Pvt Ltd| isbn=81-88661-24-4}}</ref>
|
|[[George Town, Chennai|George Town]]
|
|[[File:St. Mary's Co-cathedral Church, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, in India.jpg|150px]]
|-
|_row_count
|[[Kandaswami Temple, Georgetown|Kandaswami Temple]]
|[[Dravidian architecture]]
|c. 1670s
|
|[[George Town, Chennai|George Town]]
|Built by Maari Chettiar. The existing stone reinforcement was made during the early 1800s.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://kandhakottam.tnhrce.in/history.html|title=History of Kandha kottam temple|website=Kandha kottam temple official website|access-date= 26 January 2017}}</ref>
|
|-
|_row_count
|[[St. Mary's Church, Chennai|St. Mary's Church]]
|
|1680
|
|[[Fort St. George]]
|
|[[File:St Mary's Church Chennai.jpg|150px]]
|-
|_row_count
|Dargha of Sufi Saint Syed Moosa Sha Khaderi
|
|17th century
|
|[[Anna Salai]]
|
|[[File:Dargha_Syed_Moosa_Sha_Khaderi_in_Anna_Salai,_Chennai.jpg|150px]]
|-
|_row_count
|[[Kachchaleswarar Temple]]
|[[Dravidian architecture]]
|1725
|
|[[George Town, Chennai|George Town]]
|Built by Kalavai Chetty, a 'dubash' working for the [[British East India Company]], on a land belonging to him.<ref name="Muthiah_2014"/>{{Rp|383}}
|[[File:Facade of Kacchaaleeshwarar Koil, Chennai.jpg|150px]]
|-
|_row_count
|[[Chennakesava Perumal Temple, Chennai|Chennakesava Perumal Temple]]
|[[Dravidian architecture]]
|1762
|
|[[George Town, Chennai|George Town]]
|Originally dates back to 1646, along with [[Mallikesvarar Temple, Chennai|Mallikesvarar Temple]] as twin temples. Rebuilt in a new location in 1762.<ref name="Officialweb">{{Cite web|url=http://chennakesavaperumaltemple.tnhrce.in/|title=Chenna kesava perumal temple, Chennai.|website=Official temple website|access-date=30 January 2017}}</ref><ref name="Muthiah2012">{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/history-and-culture/article2960548.ece | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | first=S. | last=Muthiah | title=The 'Town Temple' resurrected | date=4 March 2012}}</ref>
|[[File:Chennakesava Perumal Temple.jpg|150px]]
|-
|_row_count
|[[Mallikesvarar Temple, Chennai|Mallikesvarar Temple]]
|[[Dravidian architecture]]
|1762
|
|[[George Town, Chennai|George Town]]
|Originally dates back to 1646, along with [[Chennakesava Perumal Temple, Chennai|Chennakesava Perumal Temple]] as twin temples. Rebuilt in a new location in 1762.<ref name="Officialweb"/><ref name="Muthiah2012"/>
|[[File:Chennamaleeswarar temple1.JPG|150px]]
|-
|_row_count
|[[Chepauk Palace]]
|[[Indo-Saracenic]]
|Around 1764
|
|[[Chepauk]]
|The official residence of the [[Nawab of Arcot]] from 1768 to 1855
|[[File:Chepauk Palace.jpg|150px]]
|-
|_row_count
|[[Triplicane Big Mosque]]
|[[Mughal architecture|Mughal]]
|1765<ref name="IJAHS"/>
|
|[[Triplicane]]
|
|[[File:Triplicane Wallajah Mosque.JPG|150px]]
|-
|_row_count
|[[Madras Club (Moubray's Cupola)]]
|
|1780s
|
|[[Adyar, Chennai|Adyar]]
|Originally a spacious colonial bungalow, known as Moubray's Cupola, set in 105 acres of parkland and later became the Adyar Club. Built by George Moubray on the banks of the Adyar in the 1780s.<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/m/019pho0000472s1u00007000.html
| title = Mowbray Road, Madras
| last =
| first =
| date = n.d.
| website = British Library
| access-date = 10 January 2023
| quote = }}</ref>
|
|-
|_row_count
|[[Government Museum, Chennai|Government Museum Buildings]]
|[[Indo-Saracenic]]
| 1789
|Henry Irwin
|[[Egmore]]
| Constructed between 1789 and 1890
|[[File:Madras museum theatre in October 2007.jpg|150px]]
|-
|_row_count
|[[Amir Mahal]]
|[[Indo-Saracenic]]
|1798
|
|[[Royapettah]]
|
|[[File:AMIR MAHAL - panoramio (1).jpg|150px]]
|-
|_row_count
|[[Government Central Press, Chennai|Government Central Press]]
|
|1807
|
|[[George Town, Chennai|George Town]]
|
|
|-
|_row_count
|[[Thousand Lights Mosque]]
|
|1810<ref name="IJAHS">{{cite journal | last1 = Priya | first1 = R. Sasi Mary | last2 = Radhakrishnan | first2 = V. | author-link = | title = The art and architectures along the Tamil Nadu coast | journal = International Journal of Art & Humanity Science | volume = 3 | issue = 2 | pages = 43 | date = March–April 2016 | language = | url = https://www.researchgate.net/publication/313763972 | jstor = | issn = 2349-5235 | doi = | id = | mr = | zbl = | jfm = | access-date = 18 December 2021}}</ref>
|
|[[Anna Salai]]
|
|[[File:Thousand Lights Mosque (6708375421).jpg|150px]]
|-
|_row_count
|[[Egmore Eye Hospital]]
|
|1819
|
|[[Egmore]]
|
|
|-
|_row_count
|[[St Andrew's Church, Chennai|St Andrew's Church]]
|[[Georgian architecture|Georgian church architecture]]
|1821
|Major De Havilland
|[[Egmore]]
|Built at a cost of 20,000 UK pounds
|[[File:St_Andrews_Church_-_The_Kirk.jpg|150px|]]
|-
|_row_count
|[[Police headquarters building, Chennai|Police headquarters]]
|
|1839
|
|[[Mylapore]]
|Renovated in 1993.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Iyengar | first = Pushpa | title = Cornered Stones | journal = Outlook India | publisher = Outlook India.com | date = 2 June 2008 | url = http://www.outlookindia.com/printarticle.aspx?237561 | access-date = 19 May 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110219142022/http://outlookindia.com/printarticle.aspx?237561 | archive-date = 19 February 2011 | url-status = dead }}</ref>
|[[File:Tamil Nadu Police head Quarters Beach Road Chennai.jpg|150px]]
|-
|_row_count
|[[Tamil Nadu Police Museum, Chennai|Tamil Nadu Police Museum]]
|[[Indo-Saracenic]]
|1842
|
|[[Egmore]]
|<ref name="NIE_Peacekeepers">{{cite news | last = Balasubramanian | first = Roshne | title = New police museum in Chennai is a place of pride for peacekeepers | newspaper = The New Indian Express | location = Chennai | pages = | language = | publisher = Express Publications | date = 10 October 2021 | url = https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2021/oct/10/new-police-museum-in-chennai-is-aplace-of-pride-for-peacekeepers-2370078.html | access-date = 13 December 2021}}</ref>
|
|-
|_row_count
|Christ Church
|
|1844
|
|[[Anna Salai]]
|Possibly the first congregation outside Fort St George.
|
|-
|_row_count
|[[Higginbotham's]]
|
|1844
|
|[[Anna Salai]]
|The first and the oldest existing book shop in India.
|[[File:Higginbothams.jpg|150px]]
|-
|_row_count
|[[Anderson Church, Chennai|Anderson Church]]
|
|1845
|
|[[George Town, Chennai|Parry's Corner]]
|
|[[File:Anderson Church, Chennai.JPG|150px]]
|-
|_row_count
|[[Government College of Fine Arts, Chennai|Government College of Fine Arts and Crafts]]
|[[Indo-Saracenic]]
|1850
|[[Robert Fellowes Chisholm]]
|[[Egmore]]
|The first school of arts in Asia
|[[File:Govt Fine Arts College Madras.jpg|150px|]]
|-
|_row_count
|[[Royapuram railway station]]
|
|1853
|
|[[Royapuram]]
|Designed by William Adelpi Tracey.<ref name="cmdachennai.gov.in"/> Third oldest railway station in the country and the oldest in South India.<ref>{{cite news |title=Third oldest railway station in country set to turn 156 |newspaper=Deccan Chronicle |location=Chennai |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/nation/south/third-oldest-railway-station-country-set-turn-156-518 |access-date=27 Jun 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120629014508/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/nation/south/third-oldest-railway-station-country-set-turn-156-518 |archive-date=2012-06-29}}</ref>
|[[File:Royapuram-Stn-Oct07.jpg|150px]]
|-
|_row_count
|The Mail
|
|1868
|
|[[Anna Salai]]
|
|[[File:The Mail 2.jpg|150px]]
|-
|_row_count
|[[Chennai Central railway station]]
|[[Gothic Revival]]
|1873
|[[George M. Harding (architect)|George Harding]]
|[[Park Town, Chennai|Park Town]]
|Built as a second terminus to decongest the [[Royapuram Railway Station|Royapuram harbour station]], which was being utilised for port movements. Built in a combination of styles, namely, [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] and [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]].<ref name="Hindu_LongHistoryOfService">{{cite news| last = Kurian| first = Nimi| title = Long history of service| location = Chennai| date = 18 August 2006| url = http://www.hindu.com/yw/2006/08/18/stories/2006081803360100.htm| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060820133544/http://www.hindu.com/yw/2006/08/18/stories/2006081803360100.htm | url-status = dead | archive-date = 20 August 2006| newspaper = [[The Hindu]] | access-date = 3 Nov 2012}}</ref>
|[[File:Chennai train station.jpg|150px]]
|-
|_row_count
|[[Senate House (University of Madras)|Senate House, University of Madras]]
|[[Indo-Saracenic]]
|1879
|[[Robert Fellowes Chisholm]]
|[[Chepauk]]
|Incorporates many elements of the Byzantine style.<ref name="srinivasacharip262">[[#Srinivasachari|Srinivasachari]], Introduction, p 262</ref> The great hall of the Senate House is of immense height and proportions, considered to be the finest of its kind in India.<ref name="srinivasacharip262" /><ref name="srinivasacharipxxxiv">[[#Srinivasachari|Srinivasachari]], Introduction, p xxxiv</ref>
|[[File:The Senate House, Madras.jpg|150px]]
|-
|_row_count
|[[P.Orr & Sons|P Orr & Sons]]
|
|1879
|
|[[Anna Salai]]
|
|[[File:P.Orr & Sons - Interior (2).jpg|150px]]
|-
|_row_count
|Deputy Inspector General of Registration
|
|1880
|
|[[George Town, Chennai|George Town]]
|Housed registration department offices. Spread over 20,000 sq ft.<ref name="Hindu_3BuildingsToRiseFromRuins">{{cite news | last = K. | first = Lakshmi | title = 3 historic buildings to rise from the ruins | newspaper = The Hindu | location = Chennai | pages = 2 | publisher = Kasturi & Sons | date = 13 December 2017 | url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/3-historic-buildings-to-rise-from-the-ruins/article21560245.ece | access-date = 17 December 2017}}</ref>
|
|-
|_row_count
|[[Theosophical Society Adyar|Theosophical Society Headquarters Building]]
|
|1882
|
|[[Adyar, Chennai|Adyar]]
|
|[[File:Adyar TG.jpg|150px]]
|-
|_row_count
|[[The Hindu]]
|
|1883
|
|[[Anna Salai]]
|
|[[File:The Hindu front.jpg|150px]]
|-
|_row_count
|[[General Post Office, Chennai|General Post Office]]
|[[Victorian Architecture]]
|1884
|[[Robert Fellowes Chisholm]]
|[[George Town, Chennai|George Town]]
|Built at a cost of {{INR}} 680,000.<ref name="MadrasMiscellany_GPOBegins">{{cite news | last = Muthiah | first = S. | title = Madras miscellany — The Madras G.P.O. beginnings | newspaper = The Hindu | location = Chennai | publisher = Kasturi & Sons | date =30 October 2011 | url = http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/metroplus/article2579909.ece | access-date = 10 Mar 2012}}</ref>
|[[File:The General Post Office, Chennai.jpeg|150px]]
|-
|_row_count
|[[Victoria Public Hall]]
|[[Indo-Saracenic]]
|1888-1890
|[[Robert Fellowes Chisholm]]
|[[Park Town, Chennai|Park Town]]
|The venue of the first cinema show in Chennai.
|[[File:Victoria Public Hall, Chennai.JPG|150px]]
|-
|_row_count
|[[Madras High Court]]
|[[Indo-Saracenic]]
|1892
|J. W. Brassington, [[Henry Irwin]]
|[[George Town, Chennai|George Town]]
|The court buildings are believed to be the second largest judicial complex in the world after the one in [[London]]. The complex also houses the largest number of courts in [[Asia]].<ref name="Madras High Court">{{cite web | url=http://chennai.bsnl.co.in/chennai/hicourt.html | title=Madras High Court | publisher=BSNL | access-date=2 March 2012 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120130065529/http://www.chennai.bsnl.co.in/chennai/hicourt.html | archive-date=30 January 2012 }}</ref><ref name="High Court Building">{{cite web | url=http://www.chennai-directory.com/tourist/touristplaces.php?places=highcourtbuilding.html&menu=23 | title=High Court Building | publisher=CHENNAI-DIRECTORY.COM | access-date=2 March 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605225809/http://www.chennai-directory.com/tourist/touristplaces.php?places=highcourtbuilding.html&menu=23 | archive-date=5 June 2013 | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="SomeThoughtsAround">{{cite news | last = Chandru | first = K. | title = Some thoughts around the Madras High Court | newspaper = The Hindu | location = Chennai | publisher = Kasturi & Sons | date = 26 Nov 2011 | url = http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/article2660141.ece?homepage=true | access-date = 27 Nov 2011}}</ref>
|[[File:Chennai High Court.jpg|150px]]
|-
|_row_count
|[[St. Thomas Cathedral Basilica, Chennai]]
|[[Gothic revival architecture]]
|1896
|Caption J. A. Power
|[[Santhome]]
|Built over the reputed tomb of [[Saint Thomas the Apostle]] by Portuguese explorers in 1523, and later rebuilt by the British in 1893. It is considered to be the oldest church in Chennai.
|[[File:St Thomas Basilica, Mylapore, Chennai.jpg|150px]]
|-
|_row_count
|[[Bharat Insurance Building]]
|[[Indo-Saracenic]]
|1897
|
|[[Anna Salai]]
|Originally known as Kardyl Building
|
|-
|_row_count
|[[Bank of Madras|State Bank of India Building]]
|[[Victorian Architecture]]
|1897
|Col. Samuel Jacob
|[[George Town, Chennai|George Town]]
|
|[[File:The Bank of Madras.jpeg|150px]]
|-
|_row_count
|Red Fort building at the [[Madras Medical College]]
|
|1897
|
|[[Park Town, Chennai|Park Town]]
|<ref>{{Cite news | last = Josephine M. | first = Serena | title = 'Red Fort' at Madras Medical College to reopen as museum | newspaper = The Hindu | location = Chennai | date = 1 August 2018 | url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/red-fort-at-madras-medical-college-to-reopen-as-museum/article24567367.ece | access-date = 5 August 2018}}</ref>
|
|-
|_row_count
|[[King Institute of Preventive Medicine and Research]]
|
|1899
|
|[[Anna Salai]], [[Guindy]]
|
|
|-
|_row_count
|Dobbin Hall
|
|1904–05
|
|
|[[Madras Veterinary College]] (now located opposite) started functioning.
|[[File:Madras Veterinary College.jpg|150px]]
|-
|_row_count
|[[The National Art Gallery (Chennai)|National Art Gallery]]
|[[Indo-Saracenic]]
| 1906
|[[Henry Irwin]]
|[[Egmore]]
|
|[[File:Chennai National Art Gallery.jpg|150px]]
|-
|_row_count
|[[Egmore Railway Station]]
|[[Indo-Saracenic]]
|1908
|[[Henry Irwin]]
|[[Egmore]]
|
|[[File:02Madras Egmore Station.jpg|150px]]
|-
|_row_count
|[[Madras Record Office]]
|[[Indo-Saracenic]]
|1909<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tnarchives.tn.gov.in/aboutus.html|title = Archives and Historical Research Department}}</ref>
|G. S. T. Harris
|[[Egmore]]
|Currently known as Tamil Nadu Archives/Department of Archives & Historical Research
|
|-
|_row_count
|[[Royapuram fire temple]]
|
|1910<ref name="Hindu_CenturyOldParsiTemple">{{cite news | last = Muthiah | first = S. | title = Madras Miscellany: The century-old Parsi temple | newspaper = The Hindu | location = Chennai | date = 4 July 2010 | url = http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/madras-miscellany-the-centuryold-parsi-temple/article499975.ece | access-date = 27 Apr 2014}}</ref>
|Hormusji Nowroji
|[[Royapuram]]
|The first and the only [[fire temple]] in the city.
|[[File:PARSI TEMPLE @ FIRE TEMPLE, Dar-e-Meher - panoramio.jpg|150px]]
|-
|_row_count
|[[Ripon Building]]
|[[Indo-Saracenic]]
|1913
|G.S.T Harris
|[[Park Town, Chennai|Park Town]]
|Built at a cost of {{INR}} 750,000.
|[[File:Ripon Building Chennai.JPG|150px]]
|-
|_row_count
|[[Kilpauk Water Works]]
|
|1914
|
|[[Kilpauk]]
|First water treatment facility with 80 mld capacity.<ref name="Hindu_PlantGoesHiTech">{{cite news | title = Kilpauk water works facility goes hi-tech | newspaper = The Hindu | location = Chennai | publisher = Kasturi & Sons | date = 18 December 2017 | url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/kilpauk-water-works-facility-goes-hi-tech/article21828476.ece | access-date = 7 January 2018}}</ref>
|
|-
|_row_count
|[[Gove Building]] (formerly Cuddon Building)
|
|1916
|
|[[Anna Salai]]
|
|[[File:Chennai (6708360121).jpg|150px]]
|-
|_row_count
|[[Egmore court complex]]
|
|1916
|
|[[Egmore]]
|Indo-Saracenic style of architecture. Spread over 8,640 square feet, it housed the Chief Metropolitan Magistrate Court, three additional Chief Metropolitan Magistrate courts and 10 magistrate and fast track courts. Restored in 2018 at a cost of {{INR}} 48 million. The same year, a new 6-storied 71,200-square-feet building, with 12 court halls, was constructed at the premises as additional court complex.<ref>{{Cite news | last = Lakshmi | first = K. | title = New court complex in Egmore will be ready by month-end | newspaper = The Hindu | location = Chennai | date = 2 March 2018 | url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/new-court-complex-in-egmore-will-be-ready-by-month-end/article22912363.ece | access-date = 19 August 2018}}</ref>
|
|-
|_row_count
|[[College of Engineering, Guindy|College of Engineering]]
|[[Indo-Saracenic]]
|1920<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/survivors-of-time-college-of-engineering-guindy/article2671458.ece | title= Survivors of time – College of Engineering (Guindy) | date=29 November 2011 | first=Anusha | last=Parthasarathy | newspaper=The Hindu | access-date=28 July 2018 }}</ref>
|
|[[Guindy]]
|Designed by consulting architect W. H. Nicholls and later by chief engineer F. J. Wilson.<ref name="cmdachennai.gov.in">{{Cite web |last=Venkataraman |first=G. |last2=Shanthi |first2=A. Anne |title=History of Historical Building and Monuments in and around Chennai |url=https://www.cmdachennai.gov.in/pdfs/seminar_heritage_buildings/History_of_Historical_Monuments_in_and_around_Chennai.pdf |website=www.cmdachennai.gov.in}}</ref>
|[[File:CEG main building with leaf.JPG|150px]]
|-
|_row_count
|[[Southern Railway headquarters, Chennai|Southern Railway headquarters]]
|[[Indo-Saracenic]]
|1921
|N. Grayson
|[[Park Town, Chennai|Park Town]]
|Originally built as the new [[Madras and Southern Mahratta Railway]] Company (MSMR) headquarters (successor of Madras Railway Company), replacing the general office of MSMR at [[Royapuram Railway Station]]. Built for the first time in India in reinforced concrete in classical and Dravidian styles.<ref>{{cite web | last = Venkataraman | first = G. |author2=A. Anne Shanthi | title = History of Historical Building and Monuments in and around Chennai | publisher = CMDA Chennai | url = http://www.cmdachennai.gov.in/pdfs/seminar_heritage_buildings/History_of_Historical_Monuments_in_and_around_Chennai.pdf | access-date = 10 May 2012}}</ref>
|[[File:Southern Railway HQ.jpg|150px]]
|-
|_row_count
|[[Suguna Vilasa Sabha]]
|
|1936
|
|[[Anna Salai]]
|Possibly one of the earliest drama theatres with stalwarts like Pammal Sambanda Mudaliar — now called SVS Club.
|
|-
|_row_count
|Bharathi Illam
|
|
|
|[[Triplicane]]
|
|[[File:பாரதி நினைவு இல்லம் முகப்பு தோற்றம்.JPG|150px]]
|}
</nowiki>}}

==See also==
* [[Architecture of Chennai]]
* [[Heritage conservation]]
* [[Architectural conservation]]
{{Portal bar|India|Architecture}}

==References==
<references />

==Further reading==
* {{cite news | last = Balasubramanian | first = Roshne | title = Documenting the Art Deco designs | newspaper = The New Indian Express | location = Chennai | pages = | language = | publisher = Express Publications | date = 29 April 2021 | url = https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2021/apr/29/documenting-the-art-deco-designs-2296030.html | access-date = 17 December 2021}}

{{Chennai Topics|left}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Heritage structures in Chennai}}
[[Category:Heritage sites in Chennai| ]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Chennai]]
[[Category:Chennai-related lists]]
[[Category:Lists of buildings and structures by city|Chennai, Heritage]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Chennai]]
[[Category:Lists of buildings and structures in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:History of Chennai]]
[[Category:Cultural heritage of India]]
[[Category:Culture of Chennai]]

Malhargarh tehsil

2025-11-09T20:35:33Z

Caliber: new new stub - done

{{One source|date=August 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Malhargarh tehsil
|native_name =
|native_name_lang =
|settlement_type = [[Tehsil]]
|image_skyline =
|imagesize =
|image_alt =
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| image =

|pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh#India
|pushpin_label_position = right
|pushpin_map_alt =
|pushpin_mapsize =
|pushpin_map_caption = Location in [[Madhya Pradesh]]
|coordinates = {{coord|24.073392|N|75.068694|E|display=inline,title}}
|coordinates_footnotes = 
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = {{flagcountry|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = Madhya Pradesh
| subdivision_type2 = [[Districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[mandsaur district]]
|government_type = [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|Janpad Panchayat]]
|governing_body = [[Council]]

|area_footnotes =
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| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]

| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30

|postal_code_type = Postal code (PIN)
|postal_code =
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| blank_name_sec1 =
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| blank_name_sec2 =
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| website = 
|iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|MP-IN]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Malhargarh tehsil''' is a tehsil in [[Mandsaur district]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]]. It is also a subdivision of the administrative and revenue division of ujjain district of Madhya Pradesh.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Tehsils of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Mandsaur district]]

{{MadhyaPradesh-geo-stub}}

List of Gujarati films

2025-10-31T13:09:07Z

Caliber: Refined content and updated sections

{{Short description|None}}
{{expand list|date=October 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
This is a list of films produced by [[Gujarati cinema|Gujarati film industry]] and in [[Gujarati language]]. ''[[Narsinh Mehta (film)|Narsinh Mehta]]'' was the first Gujarati language film, released in 1932.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/comment-gujarati-cinema-a-battle-for-relevance-1777960|title=Gujarati cinema: A battle for relevance|date=16 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=NEWS: Limping at 75 |url=http://www.screenindia.com/old/fullstory.php?content_id=15692 |publisher=[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]] |date=4 May 2007 }}{{dead link|date=November 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title='Dhollywood' at 75 finds few takers in urban Gujarat|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/printer/news/104966/ |publisher=[[The Financial Express (India)|Financial Express]]|date=22 April 2007}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" align="right"
|+No. of films per year<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SLkABAAAQBAJ&q=indian+movie+encyclopedia&pg=PT205|title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema|last1=Rajadhyaksha|first1=Ashish|last2=Willemen|first2=Paul|date=2014-07-10|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-94318-9|pages=30–32|language=en}}</ref>{{snf|Thaker|2007|p=516}}
!Year
!No. of films
|-
|1932
|2
|-
|1933
|0
|-
|1934
|1
|-
|1935
|1
|-
|1936
|3
|-
|1939
|1
|-
|1940
|1
|-
|1946
|1
|-
|1947
|11
|-
|1948
|27
|-
|1949
|17
|-
|1950
|13
|-
|1951
|6
|-
|1952
|2
|-
|1955
|3
|-
|1956
|3
|-
|1958
|1
|-
|1960
|2
|-
|1961
|7
|-
|1962
|5
|-
|1963
|6
|-
|1964
|2
|-
|1965
|5
|-
|1966
|2
|-
|1967
|3
|-
|1968
|3
|-
|1969
|6
|-
|1970
|5
|-
|1971
|2
|-
|1972
|4
|-
|1973
|5
|-
|1974
|7
|-
|1975
|12
|-
|1976
|29
|-
|1977
|30
|-
|1978
|32
|-
|1979
|38
|-
|1980
|34
|-
|1981
|34
|-
|1982
|39
|-
|1983
|27
|-
|1984
|30
|-
|1985
|22
|-
|1986
|13
|-
|1987
|11
|-
|1988
|6
|-
|1989
|9
|-
|1990
|14
|-
|1991
|16
|-
|1992
|5
|-
|1993
|3
|-
|1994
|6
|-
|1995
|9
|-
|1996
|5
|-
|1997
|10
|-
|1998
|15
|-
|1999
|27
|-
|2000
|29
|-
|2001
|12
|-
|2002
|15
|-
|2003
|14
|-
|2004
|13
|-
|2005
|17
|-
|2006
|6
|-
|2007
|16
|-
|2008
|19
|-
|2009
|24
|-
|2010
|65<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbfcindia.gov.in/main/CBFC_English/Attachments/cbfc_AR_2010_E.pdf|title=Annual Report 2010|year=2011|publisher=CBFC|pages=33, 52}}</ref>
|-
|2011
|63<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbfcindia.gov.in/main/CBFC_English/Attachments/ANNUAL_2011.pdf|title=Annual Report 2011|year=2012|publisher=CBFC|pages=35, 55, 58}}</ref>
|-
|2012
|72<ref name="dnac2012">{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/comment-gujarati-cinema-a-battle-for-relevance-1777960|title=Gujarati cinema: A battle for relevance|date=16 December 2012|website=dna|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717083857/http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/comment-gujarati-cinema-a-battle-for-relevance-1777960|archive-date=17 July 2015|access-date=15 July 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
|2013
|18
|-
|2014
|65<ref name="2014films">{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/surat/Gujarati-films-on-an-upswing/articleshow/52852821.cms|title=Gujarati Films to hit a century this year|work=The Times of India|access-date=2017-08-05|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160622222831/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/surat/Gujarati-films-on-an-upswing/articleshow/52852821.cms|archive-date=22 June 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
|2015
|68<ref name="2014films"/>
|-
|2016
|45
|-
|2017
|61
|-
|2018
|59
|-
|2019
|45
|-
|2020
|16
|-
|2021
|24
|-
|2022
|78
|-
|2023
|61
|-
|2024
|68
|-
|2025
|
|}

==1930s==
* ''[[Narsinh Mehta (film)|Narsinh Mehta]]'' (1932)
* ''Sansar Leela'' (1932)
* ''Sati Savitri'' (1932)
* ''Sansar Leela'' (1934)
* ''Ghar Jamai'' (1935)
* ''[[Snehlata (1936 film)|Snehlata]]'' (1936)
* ''Be Kharab Jan'' / ''[[Do Diwane]]'' (1936)
* ''Akkal Na Baaradaan'' (1936)
* ''Sipahini Sajni'' (1936)
* ''Fankdo Fituri'' (1939)

== 1940s ==
;1946-47
* ''[[Ranakdevi (1946 film)|Ranakdevi]]'' (1946)
* ''Meerabai'' (1947)
* ''Bhakta Surdas'' (1947)
* ''Seth Sagalasa'' (1947)
;1948
* ''[[Gunsundari (1948 film)|Gunsundari]]'' (1948)
* ''[[Kariyavar]]'' (1948)
* ''[[Vadilona Vanke]]'' (1948)
* ''[[Jesal Toral (1948 film)|Jesal Toral]]'' (1948)
* ''Jai Ranchhod'' (1948)
* ''[[Jogidas Khuman (1948 film)|Jogidas Khuman]]'' (1948)
* ''Nanand Bhojai'' (1948)
* ''Satyawadi Harishchandra'' (1948)
* ''Sati Sone'' (1948)
* ''[[Jivan Palto]]'' (1948)
* ''[[Varasdar]]'' (1948)
;1949
* ''[[Vevishal]]'' (1949)
* ''[[Mangalfera]]'' (1949)
* ''Shethno Salo'' (1949)
* ''Bhakta Pundalik'' (1949)
* '' Shrikrishna Rukmini'' (1949)
* ''Bhakta Puran'' (1949)

== 1950s ==
;1950
* ''Kahyagaro Kanth'' (1950)
* ''[[Divadandi]]'' (1950)
* ''Lagna Mandap'' (1950)
* '' Ramtaram'' (1950)
* ''[[Gadano Bel]]'' (1950)
* ''Akhand Saubhagya'' (1950)
* ''Kahyagaro Kanth'' (1950)
;1951-55
* ''Kanyadan'' (1951)
* ''Bhakt Narsainyo'' (1952)
* ''[[Mulu Manek]]'' (1955)
;1956
* ''Vidhata'' (1956)
* ''Malela Jeev'' (1956)
* ''Dholamaru'' (1956)

==1960s==
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
;1960
*''[[Mendi Rang Lagyo]]'' (1960)
*''[[Kadu Makrani (film)|Kadu Makrani]]'' (1960)
* '' Dili Ni Katha'' (1960)
;1961
*''Chundadi Chokha'' (1961)
*''Ghar Deevdi'' (1961)
*''[[Nandanvan]]'' (1961)
*''Hiro Salaat'' (1961)
*''Veer Ramwalo'' (1961)
;1962
*''[[Jogidas Khuman (1962 film)|Jogidas Khuman]]'' (1962)
;1963
*''Gharni Shobha'' (1963)
*''[[Jeevno Jugari]]'' (1963)
* ''Laakho Vanzaro'' (1963)
*''Akhand Saubhagyavati'' (1963)
*''Vanraj Chavdo'' (1963)
* ''Satyavan Savitri'' (1963)
;1964
*''Ramat Ramade Ram'' (1964)
;1965
*''Panetar'' (1965)
*''Kasumbino Rang'' (1965)
;1966
*''[[Kalapi (film)|Kalapi]]'' (1966)
* ''Moti Baa'' (1966)
* ''Mori Maa'' (1966)
;1967
* '' Samay Varte Savdhaan'' (1967)
* ''Gujaratan'' (1967)
;1968
*''[[Liludi Dharti (film)|Liludi Dharati]]'' (1968)
*''Mare Jaavu Pele Paar'' (1968)
* ''Maadi Mane Kahevaa De'' (1968)
;1969
* ''[[Kanku]]'' (1969)
*''Bahuroopi'' (1969)
*''Sansar Leela'' (1969)
* ''Majiyara Haiya'' (1969)
* ''Hasta Melap'' (1969)
* ''Vidhi Na Lekh'' (1969)
}}

==1970s==
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
;1970
* ''Jigar ane Ami'' (1970)
* ''Veline Avya Phool'' (1970)
* ''Dharati Na Chhoru'' (1970)
* ''Maa Te Maa'' (1970)
;1971
* ''Upar Gagan Vishal'' (1971)
* ''[[Jesal Toral]]'' (1971)
* ''Upar Gagan Vishal'' (1971)
* ''Ghunghat'' (1971)
;1972
* ''Gunsundarino Gharsansar'' (1972)
* ''Jher To Pidhan Jaani Jaani'' (1972)
* ''Kumkum Pagla'' (1972)
;1973
* ''Raja Bharathari'' (1973)
* ''Kadu Makrani'' (1973)
* ''Valo Nameri'' (1973)
* ''Jay Ranchhod'' (1973)
* ''Sheth Sagalsha'' (1973)
* ''Janamteep'' (1973)
* ''Vala Taro Deshma Danko'' (1973)
* ''[[Ranakdevi (1973 film)|Ranakdevi]]'' (1973)
* ''Valo Namori'' / ''Vala Taro Deshma Danko'' (1973)
* ''Mahasati Savitri'' (1973)
;1974
* ''Amdavad No Rikshawalo'' (1974)
* ''Amar Premi Sheni Vijanand'' (1974)
* ''Hothal Padmani'' (1974)
* ''Kunwarbai nu Mameru'' (1974)
* ''Harishchandra Taramati'' (1974)
* ''Veer Abhal Valo'' (1974)
;1975
* ''Raa Maandlik'' (1975)
* ''Shetal Ne Kanthe'' (1975)
* ''Sant Surdas'' (1975)
* ''Chundadi No Rang'' (1975)
* ''Kanchan Ane Ganga'' (1975)
* ''[[Jogidas Khuman (1975 film)|Jogidas Khuman]]'' (1975)
* ''[[Mena Gurjari]]'' (1975)
* ''Jai Ranchhod'' (1975)
* ''Tanariri'' (1975)
* ''Bhadar Tara Vehta Pani'' (1975)
* ''Okha Haran'' (1975)
* ''Parbhav ni Preet'' (1975)
* ''Veer Champaraj Valo'' (1975)
* ''Ver Yamparajiwalo'' (1975)
* ''Lakha Lothan'' (1975)
;1976
* ''[[Lakho Phulani (film)|Lakho Phulani]]'' (1976)
* ''Jalamsang Jadeja'' (1976)
* ''Sati Jasma Odan'' (1976)
* ''Veer Abhal Vallo'' (1976)
* ''Ame Pardesi Paan'' (1976)
* ''Ver no Varas'' (1976)
* ''Shetalne Kanthe'' (1976)
* ''Bhaibandhi'' (1976)
* ''Chundadino Rang'' (1976)
* ''[[Malavpati Munj]]'' (1976)
* ''Ra'Navghan'' (1976)
* ''Veer Mangadavalo'' (1976)
* ''Sonbai Ni Chundadi'' (1976)
* ''Lakha Loyan'' (1976)
* ''Man No Manigar ''(1976)
* ''[[Khamma Mara Veera]]'' (1976)
* ''Santu Rangili'' (1976)
* ''[[Vir Mangdavalo]]'' (1976)
*''[[Daku Rani Ganga]]'' (1976)
* ''Bhadar Tara Vehata Paani'' (1976)
* '' Dharti Mata'' (1976)
;1977
*''Gher Gher Matina Chula'' (1977)
* ''Sonano Suraj'' (1977)
* ''Son Kansari'' (1977)
* ''Manek Thambh'' (1977)
* ''Shree Balkrishna Lila'' (1977)
* ''Dharti Mata'' (1977)
* ''Kulvadhu'' (1977)
* ''Kariyavar''(1977)
* ''Bhrashtachar Murdabad'' (1977)
* ''Mari Hel Utaro Raj'' (1977)
* ''Halaman Jethvo'' (1977)
* ''Manno Manigar'' (1977)
* ''Paiso Bole Chhe'' (1977)
* ''Sadavant Savlinga'' (1977)
* ''Vanjari Vav'' (1977)
* '' Dada Ho Dikri'' (1977)
* ''Chandu Jamadar'' (1977)
* ''Saubhagya Sindoor'' (1977)
* ''Jai Randel Maa'' (1977)
* ''Mansai Na Diva'' (1977)
* ''Evrat Jeevrat'' (1977)
* ''Shree Krishna Sharnam Mam'' (1977)
* ''[[Janam Janam Na Saathi]]''/''[[Phir Janam Lenge Hum]]'' (1977)
;1978
* ''Chundadi Odhi Tara Naam Ni'' (1978)
* ''Dada Khetrapal'' (1978)
* ''Manek Thumbh'' (1978)
* ''Patli Parmar'' (1978)
* ''Jai Khodiar Maa'' (1978)
* ''Man No Manigar'' (1978)
* ''Gharsansar'' (1978)
* ''Ver Ni Vasulat'' (1978)
* ''Visamo'' (1978)
* ''Miya Fuski 007'' (1978)
* ''Nari Tu Narayani'' (1978)
* ''Mota Gharni Vahu'' (1978)
* ''Kanchan Ane Ganga'' (1978)
* ''Bhagat Gora Kumbhar'' (1978)
* ''Bhagyalaxmi'' (1978)
* ''Tamere Champone Ame Kel'' (1978)
* ''Gomtini Sakhe'' (1978)
* ''Maa Dikri'' (1978)
* ''Pati Parmeshwar'' (1978)
* ''Sati Sorath'' (1978)
* '' Ashapura Matani Chundadi'' (1978)
* ''Chandan Maliyagiri'' (1978)
;1979
* ''Amarsinh Rathod'' (1979)
* ''Garvo Garasiyo'' (1979)
* ''Kunwari Satino Kesari Kanth'' (1979)
* ''Lalwadi Phoolwadi'' (1979)
* ''Navrang Chundadi'' (1979)
* ''Rupli Datanwali'' (1979)
* ''Tame Re Champo Ne Ame Kel'' (1979)
* ''Bhathiji Maharaj'' (1979)
* ''[[Kashino Dikro]]'' (1979)
* ''Preet Khandani Dhar'' (1979)
* ''Gangasati'' (1979)
* ''Rang Rasiya'' (1979)
* ''Sona Indhoni Rupa Bedlun'' (1979)
* ''Suraj Chandrani Sakhe'' (1979)
* ''Vahue Vagovya Mota Khorda'' (1979)
* ''Veer Pasali'' (1979)
* ''Aapo Jadro'' (1979)
* ''Paraki Thapan'' (1979)
* ''Jai Bhadrakali'' (1979)
* ''Dikri Ane Gai Dore Tiva Jaye'' (1979)
* ''Koinu Mindhal Koina Hathe'' (1979)
* ''Sonba Ane Roopba'' (1979)
* ''Shankar Parvati'' (1979)
* ''Ashaati Beej'' (1979)
* ''Rajputani'' (1979)
* ''Peethino Rang'' (1979)
}}

==1980s==
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
;1980
* ''[[Bhavni Bhavai]]'' (1980)
* ''Akhand Chudlo'' (1980)
* ''Vaya Viramgam'' (1980)
* ''Khordani Khandani'' (1980)
* ''Alakhne Otle'' (1980)
* ''Lohini Sagaai'' (1980)
* ''Jog Sanjog'' (1980)
* ''Saurashtrano Sinh - Chhelbhai'' (1980)
* ''Chitadano Chor'' (1980)
* ''Jivi Rabaran'' (1980)
* ''Kesar Kathiyani'' (1980)
* ''Koino Ladakvayo'' (1980)
* ''Namni Nagarvel'' (1980)
* ''Sorathni Padmini'' (1980)
* ''Kesudano Rang'' (1980)
* ''Karo Kankuna'' (1980)
* ''Gangapurni Ganga'' (1980)
* ''Bhakta Pipaji'' (1980)
* ''Diyar Bhojai'' (1980)
* ''Maniyaro'' (1980)
* '' Sau Dahada Sasuna To Ek Dahado Vahuno'' (1980)
* ''Parayana To Pyaara Ladi'' (1980)
* '' Meru Mulande'' (1980)
* ''Aman Laxmi'' (1980)
* ''Veerangana Naathibai'' (1980)
;1981
* ''Alakh Niranjan'' (1981)
* ''Aman Laxmi'' (1981)
* ''Albeli Naar'' (1981)
* ''Bhav Bhavna Bheru'' (1981)
* ''Gamdani Gori'' (1981)
* ''Gajara Maru'' (1981)
* ''Dukhda Khame Dikri'' (1981)
* ''Jagya Tyarthi Sawar'' (1981)
* ''Amar Devidas'' (1981)
* ''Bhav Bhavna Bheru'' (1981)
* ''Mehulo Luhar'' (1981)
* ''Sheth Jagadusha'' (1981)
* ''Vansali Vagi Valamni'' (1981)
* ''Garvi Naar Gujaratan'' (1981)
* ''Chhel Chabili Sonal'' (1981)
* ''Vat Vachan Ne Ver'' (1981)
* ''Naag Pancham'' (1981)
* ''Rano Kunwar'' (1981)
* ''Vaheta Aansu Vahu Na'' (1981)
* ''Ranchandi'' (1981)
;1982
* ''Charotarni Champa'' (1982)
* ''Sant Rohidas'' (1982)
* ''Ma Vina Suno Sansar'' (1982)
* ''Parki Thapan'' (1982)
* ''Retina Ratan'' (1982)
* ''Kharakharino Khel'' (1982)
* ''Jugal Jodi'' (1982)
* ''Jaya Parvati Vrat'' (1982)
* ''Jawanina Zer'' (1982)
* ''Dholi'' (1982)
* ''Dharmo'' (1982)
* ''Jamna Bani Jagdamba'' (1982)
* ''Putra Vadhu'' (1982)
* ''Rasta No Raja'' (1982)
* ''Naseeb No Khel'' (1982)
* ''Rani Rikshawali'' (1982)
* ''Prem Diwani'' (1982)
* ''Tran Teniya Chha Chhabila Baharvatiya'' (1982)/''Bachche Teen Aur Daku Chhe''
* ''Prem Lagna'' (1982)
;1983
* ''Dodh Dahya'' (1983)
* ''Heero Ghoghe Jai Avyo'' (1983)
* ''Jawabdar'' (1983)
* ''Kankuni Kimat'' (1983)
* ''Lohinu Tilak'' (1983)
* ''Kurukshetra'' (1983)
* ''Vachhada Dadani Dikri'' (1983)
* ''Rakh Na Ramakda'' (1983)
* ''Dhola Maru'' (1983)
* ''Maa Koini Marsho Nahi'' (1983)
* ''Ver Na Valamna'' (1983)
* ''Saacho Sukh Saasariyama'' (1983)
* ''Marad No Mandvo'' (1983)
* ''Sampoorna Mahabharat'' (1983)
* ''Maa Koini Marsho Nahi'' (1983)
;1984
* ''Dharatina Ami'' (1984)
* ''Mali Methan'' (1984)
* ''Manasaina Diva'' (1984)
* ''Machchhu Tara Vaheta Pani'' (1984)
* ''Nagmati Nagvalo'' (1984)
* ''Sajan Sonalde'' (1984)
* ''Maana Aansu'' (1984)
* ''Maa Mane Sambhare Chhe'' (1984)
* ''Hiranne Kanthe'' (1984)
* ''Aankhna Ratan'' (1984)
* ''Nana Vagar No Nathiyo'' (1984)
* ''Sindoorthapa'' (1984)
* ''Ram Doohai'' (1984)
* ''Tulasi Vivah'' (1984)
;1985
* ''Dikri Chali Sasariye'' (1985)
* ''[[Meru Malan]]'' (1985)
* ''Malo Naagde'' (1985)
* ''Maanu Mangalsutra'' (1985)
* ''Vifreli Vaghan'' (1985)
* ''Preet Na Karsho Koi'' (1985)
* ''Sorathno Savaj'' (1985)
* ''Palavade Bandhi Preet'' (1985)
;1986
* ''Lohi Bhini Chundadi'' (1986)
* ''Shetal Tara Oonda Paani'' (1986)
* ''Kanyaviday'' (1986)
* ''Bhabhina Het'' (1986)
* ''Sayba Mora'' (1986)
* ''Ujali Meraman'' (1986)
* '' Maro Rasiyo Saajan'' (1986)
* ''Sougandh Tari Rakhadina'' (1986)
;1987
* ''Maa Dasha Maa'' (1987)
* ''Moti Verana Chawk Ma'' (1987)
;1988
* ''Ramapir'' (1988)
* ''Sol Somwar'' (1988)
;1989
* ''Satyavadi Raja Harishchandra'' (1989)
* ''Mahisagarne Aare'' (1989)
* ''Maa Khodal Taro Khamkaro'' (1989)
* ''[[Percy (1989 film)|Percy]]'' (1989)
}}

==1990s==
{{columns-list|colwidth=25em|
;1990
* ''Shetal Tara Unda Pani'' (1990)
* ''Sabar Tara Vehta Pani'' (1990)
* ''Veer Bawavalo'' (1990)
* ''Madhavpur Ne Mele'' (1990)
;1991
* ''Premna Bandhan'' (1991)
* ''Bhadarne Kanthe'' (1991)
* ''Parki Jani'' (1991)<ref>{{cite web |last=Awaasthi |first=Kavita |title=Paresh Rawal: Glad to get a chance to do a Gujarati film after 40 years |website=Hindustan Times |date=2021-07-30 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/paresh-rawal-glad-to-get-a-chance-to-do-a-gujarati-film-after-40-years-101627649651070.html |access-date=2021-08-24}}</ref>
* ''Radha Ghelo Kan'' (1991)
* ''Zoolan Morali'' (1991)
;1992
* ''[[Hun Hunshi Hunshilal]]'' (1992)
* ''Parivaar Na Pankhi'' (1992)
* ''Bhadar Ne Kanthe'' (1992)
* ''Hun Hunshi Hunshilal'' (1992)
;1993
* ''[[Manvini Bhavai (film)|Manvini Bhavai]]'' (1993)
* ''Geetanjali'' (1993)
;1994
* ''Aapna Malak Na Mayalu Manvi'' (1994)
* ''Zadpi Lido'' (1994)
;1997
* ''Oonchi Medina Ooncha Mol (1997)''
* ''Parbhavni Preet'' (1997)
* ''Kanto Vagyo Kalje'' (1997)
* ''Preet Pangare Chori Chori'' (1997)
* ''Mehandi Rang Lagyo'' (1997)
* ''Mahendi Lili Ne Rang Rato'' (1997)
* ''Raj Ratan'' (1997)
;1998
* ''Mahisagarna Moti'' (1998)
* ''Hu Tu Ne Ramtudi'' (1998)<ref>{{cite web |title=Hu Tu Ne Ramtudi |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt7350240/ |website=IMDb}}</ref>
* ''[[Desh Re Joya Dada Pardesh Joya]]'' (1998)
* ''Nano Diyariyo Ladko'' (1998)
* ''Dholo Mara Malak No'' (1998)
;1999
* ''Bhai Ni Beni Ladki'' (1999)
* ''Dikro Maro Ladakvayo'' (1999)
* ''Dada Ne Vahali Dikari'' (1999)
* ''Dikari Mari Vahal No Dariyo'' (1999)
* ''Dariya Chhoru'' (1999)
* ''Pandadu Lilu Ne Rang Rato'' (1999)
* ''Man Sayba Ni Mediye'' (1999)
* ''Moti Na Chowkre Sapna Man Ditha'' (1999)
* ''Gam Ma Piyariyu Ne Gam Ma Sasariyu'' (1999)
* ''Aanganiya Sajavo Raaj'' (1999)
}}

==2000s==
{{columns-list|colwidth=25em|
;2000
* ''Daldu Chorayu Dhire Dhire'' (2000)
* ''Ghar Ghunghat Ne Gharcholu'' (2000)
* ''Saacho Sathvaro Saajano'' (2000)
* ''Chundadi Ni Laaj'' (2000)
* ''Mota Ghar Ni Laaj'' (2000)
* ''Sajan Haiye Sambhare'' (2000)
* ''Bhad No Dikaro'' (2000)
* ''Piyo Gayo Pardesh'' (2000)
* ''Mena Popat'' (2000)
* ''Ghar Ek Pankhi No Malo'' (2000)
* ''Dalda Lidha Chori Raj'' (2000)
* ''Ooncha Khordani Khandani'' (2000)
* ''The Trip'' (2000)
* ''Dikari Toh Parki Thapan Kehvay'' (2000)
* ''Sajan Vina Suno Sansar'' (2000)
* ''Daldu Chorayu Dhire Dhire'' (2000)
* ''Palav Bhini Preet'' (2000)
* ''Bhav Bhav Na Bharthar'' (2000)
* ''Maa Tara Haiya Na Het'' (2000)
;2001
*''[[Maiyar Ma Mandu Nathi Lagtu]]'' (2001)
* ''Khodiyar Chhe Jogmaya'' (2001)
* ''Taro Malak Mare Jovo Chhe'' (2001)
;2002
* ''Beni Hun to Baar Baar Varshe Aaviyo'' (2002)
* ''Rangai Jaa Ne Rang Ma'' (2002)
* ''Dikri Dolariya Desh Ni'' (2002)
* ''Narmada Tara Vahi Jata Pani'' (2002)
* ''Dharti No Chhedo Ghar'' (2002)
* ''Daladu Lagyu Sayba Na Desh Ma'' (2002)
* ''150 Seconds Ago'' (2002)
;2003
* ''Dhudki Taari Maya Laagi'' (2003)
* ''Mandavda Ropavo Mana Raj'' (2003)
* ''Chundadi Odhu Ne Sajan Sambhare'' (2003)
* ''Toran Bandhao Ho Raaj'' (2003)
;2004
* ''Raaj Mata'' (2004)
* ''Monghera Mulni Chundadi Ho Saiba'' (2004)
* ''Mane Lai De Ne Navrang Chundadi'' (2004)
* ''Ma Dashama Rakjo Mari Chundi Ni Laj'' (2004)
* ''Gujarat No Lal'' (2004)
* ''Aasude Bhinjay Gharchodu Aasude Bhinjay Chundadi'' (2004)
;2005
* ''[[Love Is Blind (2005 film)|Love Is Blind]]'' (2005)
*''Gam Ma Piyariyu Ne Gam Ma Sasariyu'' (2005)
*''Muratiyo No. 1'' (2005)
* ''Madi Jaya'' (2005)
* ''Dukhda Haro Maa Dasha Maa'' (2005)
* ''Mane Samne Sajan Sambhare'' (2005)
* ''Gago ke Dada nu Painu Painu Karto to'' (2005)
* ''Sejal Sarju'' (2005)
* ''Mein to Palavade Bandhi Preet'' (2005)
;2006
* ''[[Ek Var Piyu Ne Malva Aavje]]'' (2006)
*''Muthi Uchero Manas'' (2006)
* ''Maher Karo Maa Meladi'' (2006)
* ''Dikro Kahu ke dev'' (2006)
* ''Jagat Jogini Maa Khodiyar'' (2006)
;2007
* ''Radha Tara Vina Gamtu Nathi'' (2007)
*''Vanechandno Varghodo'' (2007)
* ''Halo Manviyu Na Mele'' (2007)
* ''Sasu Ye Jamai Ne Phatkaryo'' (2007)
* ''Sneh Na Sagpan'' (2007)
* ''Nedalo Nibhavo Mari Nandina Veer'' (2007)
* ''Bewafa Pardeshi'' (2007)
* ''Prem Gori Taro Kem Kari Bhulay'' (2007)
* ''Nahi Re Lajavu Tari Chundadi''(2007)
* ''Mangudi Manti Nathi'' (2007)
* ''Veer Vihal'' (2007)
* ''Chotile Bethie Maa Chamunda'' (2007)
* ''Ahmedabad Palanpur Via Kadi Kalol'' (2007)
* ''Dakor Na Thakor'' (2007)
* ''Mota Ghar Ni Vahu'' (2007)
* ''Driver Dilwalo'' (2007)
;2008
* ''Better Half'' (2008)
*''Maiyar Ma Mandu Nathi Lagtu Part-II'' (2008)
* ''Mota Gharni Vahu'' (2008)
* ''Dukhda Haro Ma Dashama'' (2008)
*''Dholi Taro Dhol Vage'' (2008)
* ''The Boatmaker'' (2008)
* ''Mota Gharna Maan'' (2008)
* ''Chanakya Ni Chelli Chaal'' (2008)
* ''Preet Na Karsho Pardeshi Ne'' (2008)
* ''Mindhol Chhutya Mandave'' (2008)
* ''Mahisagar Na Saugandh'' (2008)
* ''Ramat Ramadye Rupiyo'' (2008)
* ''Taare Maare Prit Chhe Gori'' (2008)
* ''Alakh Na Ajwala'' (2008)
* ''Radha Tara Vina Mane Gamtu Nathi'' (2008)
* ''Preet Mandi Khodal Tare Dhaam'' (2008)
* '' Vhare Aavo Maa Vaibhav Lakshmi'' (2008)
* ''Mara Maan Chogada Dhola'' (2008)
* ''Akhand Saubhagyavati'' (2008)
;2009
*''[[Little Zizou]]'' (2009)
* ''Harun Arun'' (2009)
* ''[[Have Mare Hira Nathi Ghasva]]'' (2009)<ref name="HMHNG">{{cite web |title=Diamond workers' plight becomes story for another Gujarati film |website=The Times of India |date=21 August 2009 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/surat/diamond-workers-plight-becomes-story-for-another-gujarati-film/articleshow/4920561.cms |access-date=16 June 2021}}</ref>
* ''Swarg Thi Sunder Gujarat'' (2009)<ref name="HMHNG"/>
* ''Dikri Hoy to Rakhe Kul Ni Laaj'' (2009)
* ''Kana Kem Re Bhulavi Mari Preet'' (2009)
* ''Mane Laija Tara Malak Maa'' (2009)
* ''Rakhopa Mari Ambe Maa Na'' (2009)
* ''Sahiyar Ni Chundadi'' (2009)
* ''Dharti No Chhedo Ghar'' (2009)
* ''Ek Vaar Mara Malak Ma Aavjo'' (2009)
* ''Sajan Tarsi Preet'' (2009)
* ''Chhogala Chhagan No Varghodo'' (2009)
* '' Bandhan'' (2009)
* ''Ame re lutaya tari preet ma'' (2009)
* ''Veer Bhathiji Maharaj'' (2009)
* ''Main to Odhi Chundadi Tara Naam Ni'' (2009)
* ''Sari Dikri Sasariye Shobhe'' (2009)
* ''Tane Parki Manu Ke Manu Potani'' (2009)
* ''Sasriye Lila Leher Che'' (2009)
* ''Radha Mara Rudiyani Ni Rani'' (2009)
* ''Maiyar No Mandvo Preet Nu Panetar'' (2009)
* ''Preet Janmo Janam Ni Bhulashe Nahi'' (2009)
* ''Gori Pagal Thayo Hu Tara Prem Ma'' (2009)
}}

==2010s==
{{columns-list|colwidth=25em|
;2010
* ''Chetarpindi'' (2010)
* ''Bhule Na Bhulay Sayba Tari Preet'' (2010)
* ''Vaagi Kalje Katari Tara Premni'' (2010)
* ''Piyu Tara Vina Mane Eklu Lage'' (2010)<ref>{{cite web |title=Piyu Tara Vina Mane Eklu Lage |website=News |date=2010-08-20 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-details/piyu-tara-vina-mane-eklu-lage/movieshow/62526533.cms |access-date=2021-08-12}}</ref>
* ''Bhalawala Mari Bhere Rejo'' (2010)
* ''Radha Chudlo Perje Mara Naam No'' (2010)
* ''Parnetar Ni Preetadi'' (2010)
* ''Main to Haiye Lakhyu Sajan Taru Naam'' (2010)
* ''Ame Prem Deewana'' (2010)
* ''Mara Rudiye Rangana Tame Saajana'' (2010)
* ''Veran Thayo Re Maro Vaydo'' (2010)
* ''Prit Piyu Ne Parnetar'' (2010)
* ''Sacha Re Shamna Mara Saajan Na'' (2010)
* ''Jay Vijay'' (2010)
* ''Preet Bhari Odhani'' (2010)
* ''Vagi Kalje Katari Tara Premni'' (2010)
* ''Tari Ne Mari Jodi Che RadheShyam Ni'' (2010)
* ''Sahabuddin Rather Na Hasya Na'' (2010)
* '' Tu to Sajan Mara Kadje Korani'' (2010)
* ''Mohan Na Monkiz'' (2010)
* ''Sawariya lai de ho rangni chudi'' (2010)
* ''Janmdaata'' (2010)
* ''Dhamachakari'' (2010)
* ''Gor Bapa No Gotalo'' (2010)
;2011
* ''Premi Zukya Nathi ne Zukshe Nahi'' (2011)
* ''Chaar'' (2011)
* '' Jai Shree Veer Baba Deo'' (2011)
* ''Hu Tari Meera Ne Tu Maro Shyam Re'' (2011)
* ''Rajveer Rahasmay Prem katha'' (2011)
* ''Dalda Didha Ne Preet Re Bandhani'' (2011)
* ''Saathi Re Saath Na Chute'' (2011)
* ''Ucha Kotde Betha Maa Chandi Chamunda'' (2011)
* ''Gujarat No Nath'' (2011)
* ''Premi Jhukya Nathi Ne Jhukshe Nahi'' (2011)
* ''Preet Jhuke Nahi Saath Chhute Nahi'' (2011)
* ''Garibni Dikri Sasriya Ma Thikri'' (2011)
;2012
* ''[[Veer Hamirji – Somnath ni Sakhate|Veer Hamirji]]'' (2012)
* ''[[Kevi Rite Jaish]]'' (2012)
* ''Bhale Padharya'' (2012)
* ''[[Neelkanth (film)|Neelkanth]]'' (2012)
* '' Aakha Jag Thi Nirali Mari Saajna'' (2012)
* ''Desh Pardesh'' (2012)
* ''Pardesh Ek Sapanu'' (2012)
* ''Dhinga Masti Dhammachakdi'' (2012)
* ''Vidhata'' (2012)
* ''Shikaar A Murder Mystery'' (2012)
* ''Preet Na Saugandh'' (2012)
* ''Mandwani Jui'' (2012)
* ''To Karo Shree Ganesh'' (2012)
* ''Sajan Tari Prit'' (2012)
* ''Mama Nu Ghar Ketle'' (2012)
;2013
* ''[[Saptapadii]]'' (2013)
* ''Happy Familyy Pvt Ltd'' (2013)
* ''[[The Good Road]]'' (2013)
* ''Lagyo Kasumbi No Rang'' (2013)
* ''Ghayal'' (2013)
* ''Haa Hun Dikari No Baap'' (2013)
* ''Tu Maro Kaun Lage'' (2013)
* ''Mr.Avtar'' (2013)
* ''Prem Na Dushman'' (2013)
* ''Suhagan Shobhe Sasariye'' (2013)
* ''The Advocate'' (2013)
* ''Meghdhanusya - The Colour of Life'' (2013)
* ''Shakti the Power'' (2013)
* ''Chundadi Na Sathvare'' (2013)
* ''Teenagers Gang'' (2013)
* ''Gori Prem Kare to Hacho Karje'' (2013)
* ''Patan Thi Pakistan'' (2013)
* ''Maa Baap Na Aashirwad'' (2013)
}}
===Lists===
* [[List of Gujarati films of 2014]]
* [[List of Gujarati films of 2015]]
* [[List of Gujarati films of 2016]]
* [[List of Gujarati films of 2017]]
* [[List of Gujarati films of 2018]]
* [[List of Gujarati films of 2019]]

== 2020s ==

=== Lists ===
* [[List of Gujarati films of 2020]]
* [[List of Gujarati films of 2021]]
* [[List of Gujarati films of 2022]]
* [[List of Gujarati films of 2023]]
* [[List of Gujarati films of 2024]]
* [[List of Gujarati films of 2025]]
* [[List of Gujarati films of 2026]]

==See also==
* [[Gujarati cinema]]
* [[List of highest-grossing Indian films#Gujarati|List of highest-grossing Gujarati films]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===
* {{Cite book|title=Gujarat: A Panorama of the Heritage of Gujarat|publisher=Smt. Hiralaxmi Navanitbhai Shah Dhanya Gurjari Kendra, Gujarat Vishwakosh Trust|year=2007|editor-last=Thaker|editor-first=Dhirubhai|editor-link=Dhirubhai Thaker|edition=1st|location=Ahmedabad|pages=512–532|ref={{sfnref|Thaker|2007}}|editor-last2=Desai|editor-first2=Kumarpal|editor-link2=Kumarpal Desai|series=Prakashan: 2}}

==External links==
* [https://www.imdb.com/language/gu Gujarati cinema] at the ''[[Internet Movie Database]]''

{{Indian film list}}
{{Film lists by country}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gujarati films}}
[[Category:Lists of Gujarati films]]
[[Category:Lists of films by language]]

Vishnu Vardhan Induri

2025-10-30T05:41:39Z

Caliber:

{{short description|Indian film producer}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vishnu Vardhan Induri
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = Entrepreneur Producer
| alma mater = [[KL University|KL University/ Koneru Lakshmaiah College of Engineering]], [[Illinois Institute of Technology]]
| children =
| relatives =
| awards =
}}
'''Vishnu Vardhan Induri''' is an Indian film producer known for his works in [[Telugu cinema]], [[Tamil cinema]], and [[bollywood]].<ref name="indiatimes1">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/producer-vishnu-induri-to-make-a-film-on-freedom-fighter-durgawati-devi/articleshow/85339239.cms |title=Producer Vishnu Induri to make a film on freedom fighter Durgawati Devi | Hindi Movie News - Times of India |newspaper=The Times of India |accessdate=27 December 2021}}</ref> He owns the media production house "Vibri Media" and is the founder of [[Celebrity Cricket League]], and [[South Indian International Movie Awards]].<ref name="deccanchronicle1">{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/260918/no-stars-at-siima18.html |title=No stars at SIIMA'18 |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=26 September 2018 |accessdate=27 December 2021}}</ref><ref name=econmictimes>{{cite news |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-02-11/news/31049988_1_chennai-rhinos-karnataka-bulldozers-ccl |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214074757/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-02-11/news/31049988_1_chennai-rhinos-karnataka-bulldozers-ccl |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 February 2012 |title=Celebrity League rivals IPL on TV, in stadia |work=The Economic Times |date=11 February 2012 |access-date=1 March 2012 |author=Gooptu, Biswarup |author2=Raghavendra, Nandini}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2 December 2011 |title=Vishnu Vardhan Induri's success story |newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/hyderabad/Vishnu-Vardhan-Induriamp39s-success-story/articleshow/10945247.cms |access-date=6 June 2020}}</ref> In January 2024, Induri announced a joint venture with Alankar Pandian of [[Invenio Origin]] to be called Indian National Cine Academy with the goal of improving collaboration between people across different [[Cinema of India|regional film industries of India.]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Correspondent |first=D. C. |date=18 January 2024 |title=Indian National Cine Academy (INCA) Unveiled for Cinematic Unity |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/sports/indian-national-cine-academy-inca-unveiled-for-cinematic-unity-878745 |access-date=15 February 2024 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref>

==Early life==
Vishnu Induri was born in Andhra Pradesh into a Telugu speaking family.<ref name="deccanchronicle1"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/regional-cinema-kangana-ranaut-getting-paid-rs-24-crore-for-jayalalithaa-biopic-producer-vishnu-vardhan-induri-clarifies-511429 |title=Kangana Ranaut getting paid Rs 24 crore for Jayalalithaa biopic? Producer Vishnu Vardhan Induri clarifies |date=29 March 2019}}</ref> He holds master's degree in computer science from [[Illinois Institute of Technology]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/vishnu-vardhan-induri-can-recover-cost-only-if-theres-two-week-gap-23191241 |title=Vishnu Vardhan Induri: Can recover cost only if there's two-week gap |publisher=Mid-day.com |date=7 September 2021 |accessdate=27 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2 December 2011 |title=Vishnu Vardhan Induri's success story |newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/hyderabad/Vishnu-Vardhan-Induriamp39s-success-story/articleshow/10945247.cms |access-date=6 June 2020}}</ref>

==Filmography==
;Producer
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Year
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Film
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Language
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Notes
|-
| 2019 || ''[[NTR: Kathanayakudu]]'' || Telugu ||
|-
| 2019 || ''[[NTR: Mahanayakudu]]'' || Telugu ||
|-
| 2021 || ''[[Thalaivii]]'' || Hindi, Tamil ||
|-
| 2021 || ''[[83 (film)|83]]'' || Hindi ||
|}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rathnam, A. M.}}
[[Category:Film producers from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Tamil film producers]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Illinois Institute of Technology alumni]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:Engineers from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Businesspeople in the software industry]]
[[Category:Telugu film producers]]
[[Category:Hindi film producers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Telugu people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:American people of Telugu descent]]

Pengeri

2025-10-19T21:58:38Z

Caliber: made first article from scratch

{{Short description|Region of Assam}}
{{Orphan|date=October 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Pengeri
| other_name =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = Region
| etymology =
| pushpin_map = India Assam#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Map of Assam
| coordinates = {{coord|27.4394|95.7642|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Assam]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Tinsukia district|Tinsukia]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Region]]
| subdivision_name3 = Pengeri
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type =
| seat =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 = 30
| elevation_m =
| population_as_of =
| population_total =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Assamese language|Assamese]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = Postal code
| postal_code = 786174
| area_code_type = 
| area_code =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Census of India|Census]] code
| blank_info_sec1 =
| footnotes =
| pushpin_map_alt = Tinsukia district
| area_total_ha = 3000
}}

'''Pengeri''' also named as '''Pengeeree''' is a region in the [[Tinsukia]] district of [[Assam]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=India |title=Census of India, 1981. Series 3, Assam. |last2=Director of Census Operations |first2=Assam |publisher=Printed by the Manager, Govt. of India Press for the Controller of Publications, Delhi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7MUAQAAMAAJ&q=pengeri |year=1981 |location=Shimla |pages=101 |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Assam (India) |last2=Directorate of Information and Public Relations |date=1949 |title=Assam information. |journal=Assam Information. |language=English |volume=41-44 |pages=33 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4lFQAQAAMAAJ |issn=0004-4989 |via=WorldCat}}</ref> Pengeri covers approximately 30 square kilometers,<ref name=PrH>{{Cite book |title=Application of science and technology for tribal development |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SbzaAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Tribal Research Institute, Assam |year=1988 |editor-last=Bordoloi |editor-first=B. N |location=Guwahati |pages=2 |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Scientific & Industrial Research (India) |first=Council of |title=In Service of the Nation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cmpRaujXBDwC |publisher=Council of Scientific & Industrial Research |year=1988 |location=New Delhi |pages=86 |language=English}}</ref> and carries a vast history of militancy.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Prakash |first=Ved |title=Terrorism in India's North-east : A Gathering Storm |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sb1ryB8CVvIC |publisher=Kalpaz Publications |year=2008 |isbn=978-81-7835-660-0 |volume=2 |location=Delhi |pages=423 |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ahmar |first1=Moonis |title=Violence and terrorism in South Asia: chronology and profiles, 1971-2004 |last2=University of Karachi |last3=Program on Peace Studies and Conflict Resolution |last4=Regional Centre for Strategic Studies (Colombo |first4=Sri Lanka) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kIvaAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Bureau of Composition, Compilation & Translation Press, University of Karachi |year=2005 |location=Karachi |pages=279 |language=English}}</ref>

Until 1992, Pengeri was India's largest producer of [[Citronella oil|citronella]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kashyap |first=Samudra Gupta |date=16 December 1992 |title=Magic grass replaces paddy |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19921216&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |pages=11 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Assam]]
[[Category:Tinsukia district]]

Dinosaur Fossils National Park

2025-08-25T18:35:43Z

Caliber: Made A Stub

{{Short description|Dinosaur fossil park in Madhya Pradesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}

{{Infobox protected area
| name = Dinosaur Fossils National Park
| iucn_category = II
| map = India Madhya Pradesh#India
| relief = 1
| mapframe = Yes
| location = [[Bagh, Madhya Pradesh|Bagh]], [[Dhar district]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], India
| area = 89.4 ha
| established = 2011
| governing_body = Department of Tourism, Government of Madhya Pradesh
}}

'''Dinosaur Fossils National Park''' is a protected fossil site located near the town of [[Bagh, Madhya Pradesh|Bagh]] in [[Dhar district]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], India. The park conserves Late [[Cretaceous era|Cretaceous-era]] fossil deposits, including [[Dinosaur egg|dinosaur eggs]] bones, and associated flora and fauna. It is one of the few designated fossil parks in India and a proposed site for UNESCO Global Geopark recognition.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-30 |title=Where fossils meet faith in a Madhya Pradesh district |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/where-fossils-meet-faith-in-a-madhya-pradesh-district-9088025/ |access-date=2025-06-14 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rocks Worshipped As 'Kuldevtas' In Madhya Pradesh Are Dinosaur Eggs |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/rocks-worshipped-as-kuldevtas-in-madhya-pradesh-are-dinosaur-eggs-4709827 |access-date=2025-06-14 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Madhya Pradesh - One of the largest dinosaur hatcheries in the world uncovered |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/etimes/trending/madhya-pradesh-uncovering-one-of-the-largest-dinosaur-hatcheries-in-the-world/articleshow/107237416.cms |access-date=14 June 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Location and extent==
The park is situated in the [[Narmada Valley]] and covers approximately 89.4 hectares. The site lies within sedimentary rock formations known for yielding fossil material from the Late Cretaceous period, dating between 100 and 66 million years ago.<ref name="dhar">{{Cite web |title=Dinosaur Fossil National Park Bagh |url=https://dhar.nic.in/en/tourist-place/dinosaur-fossil-national-park-bagh/ |website=District Dhar, Government of Madhya Pradesh |access-date=14 June 2025}}</ref>

==Discovery and establishment==
Tribals of the surrounding region used to worship the petrified stone eggs as their guardian deity for centuries. Fossils in the Bagh region were first documented in the early 2000s. In 2006, the discovery of a well-preserved dinosaur egg led to increased interest from researchers and the state government. Further investigations revealed additional eggs, bone fragments, and fossils of ancient marine species. In response to the scientific significance of the site, the Government of Madhya Pradesh declared the area a protected fossil park in 2011.<ref name="toi">{{Cite news |last=Mekaad |first=Salil |title=Bagh dinosaur site may be India's first Unesco Global Geopark |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/bagh-dino-site-may-be-indias-first-unesco-global-geopark/articleshow/95590856.cms |newspaper=The Times of India |date=18 November 2022 |access-date=14 June 2025}}</ref>

==Fossil record==
The fossil beds at the site have yielded:
* Dinosaur eggs attributed to herbivorous species
* Skeletal remains of [[sauropods]] and [[abelisaurids]]
* Fossilised teeth of prehistoric sharks
* Petrified wood and plant remains
* Marine invertebrates such as molluscs<ref>{{Cite web |title=Researchers Discover "Abnormal" Dinosaur Egg In Madhya Pradesh. It Offers New Insights |url=https://www.ndtv.com/science/researchers-discover-abnormal-dinosaur-egg-in-madhya-pradesh-it-offers-new-insights-3062008 |access-date=14 June 2025 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dinosaur National Park: एमपी के इस जिले में रहते थे विशालकाय डायनासोर, फुटप्रिंट और करोड़ों साल पुराने अंडे आज भी हैं मौजूद |url=https://mpcg.ndtv.in/madhya-pradesh-news/dinosaurs-used-to-live-in-dhar-of-madhya-pradesh-now-a-dinosaur-fossil-park-will-be-built-8041192 |access-date=14 June 2025 |website=mpcg.ndtv.in |language=hi}}</ref>

==UNESCO global geopark proposal==
In 2022, the Madhya Pradesh Ecotourism Development Board initiated preparations to nominate the site for UNESCO Global Geopark status. The proposal highlights the Bagh fossil beds as among the oldest known dinosaur nesting sites in Asia. The initiative is supported by geologists and conservation experts, with the aim of promoting scientific research, heritage conservation, and sustainable tourism.<ref name="toi"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jana |first=Pratyusha |date=2022-11-21 |title=Trip To Earth’s Archaeological Past: Bagh In Madhya Pradesh Awaiting UNESCO Recognition As India's First Global Geopark |url=https://curlytales.com/trip-to-earths-archaeological-past-bagh-in-madhya-pradesh-awaiting-unesco-recognition-as-indias-first-global-geopark/ |access-date=14 June 2025 |website=Curly Tales |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Conservation and public outreach==
The park is managed by the Department of Tourism, Government of Madhya Pradesh. Conservation efforts include preservation of in-situ fossil material and development of visitor infrastructure. Interpretive trails and exhibits are under development to enhance public awareness of India's palaeontological heritage.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 June 2022 |title=Researchers find 'abnormal' dinosaur eggs in Madhya Pradesh. They have bird-like features |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/researchers-find-abnormal-dinosaur-eggs-in-madhya-pradesh-they-have-bird-like-features-1962332-2022-06-14 |access-date=14 June 2025 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Will Madhya Pradesh’s Bagh become India’s first UNESCO Global Geopark? {{!}} Times of India Travel |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/travel-news/will-madhya-pradeshs-bagh-become-indias-first-unesco-global-geopark/articleshow/95655641.cms |access-date=14 June 2025 |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Ghughua Fossil Park]]
* [[Shivalik Fossil Park]]
* [[Raiyoli Dinosaur Fossil Park]]
* [[List of fossil sites]]
* [[Paleontology in India]]
* [[Geopark]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord|22.341|74.779|type:landmark_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Fossil parks in India]]
[[Category:Protected areas of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Geology of India]]
[[Category:Paleontology in India]]

City Montessori School, Rajajipuram Branch NB

2025-08-09T22:04:14Z

Caliber: new redirect

#REDIRECT [[City Montessori School]]

Common Engineering Entrance Examination

2025-07-06T16:08:24Z

Caliber: correct intro based on references

{{EngvarB|date=March 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2014}}
{{update|updated=2014|date=March 2021}}
Two major engineering entrance examinations are used for admission to engineering institutes across [[India]], the Indian Institute of Technology Joint Entrance Examination (IIT-JEE) and the All India Engineering Entrance Examination (AIEEE). In 2010, a proposal for a common engineering entrance examination was made by the [[Ministry of Human Resource Development (India)|Ministry of Human Resource Development]]. The proposal has gone through several names and formats and is expected to enter use in 2024. Yet, the common entrance exam for all engineering courses in India has not become effective, even for the academic year 2021–22.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/articles/mhrd-plans-single-entrance-exam-for-all-engineering-colleges-from-2018-1482482657-1|title=MHRD plans single entrance exam for all engineering colleges from 2018|date=10 February 2017|website=Jagranjosh.com}}</ref>

== History ==
A common engineering entrance examination was first proposed by the [[Ministry of Human Resource Development (India)|Ministry of Human Resource Development]] in February 2010 as "a common system for common admission into professional institutions in the country".<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.sify.com/news/iit-jee-likely-to-be-abolished-by-2013-news-education-kcqtkdjiggf.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100428110921/http://sify.com/news/iit-jee-likely-to-be-abolished-by-2013-news-education-kcqtkdjiggf.html |url-status= dead |archive-date= 28 April 2010 |title=IIT-JEE likely to be abolished by 2013 |work=sify.com |accessdate=13 June 2012}}</ref> One of the names proposed was the Indian Science Engineering Eligibility Test (ISEET). It was meant as a replacement for the multitude of existing exams, but most specifically the Indian Institute of Technology Joint Entrance Examination (IIT-JEE) and the All India Engineering Entrance Examination.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://blog.careermitra.com/2012/02/indian-science-engineering-eligibility-test-replace-iitjee-aieee/ |title=Indian Science Engineering Eligibility Test To Replace IITJEE & AIEEE | careermitra.com |work=blog.careermitra.com |accessdate=11 June 2012}}</ref> The first-year version of the exam was planned to cover admissions to centrally-funded institutions, including the [[Indian Institute of Science]] (IISc), [[Indian Institutes of Science Education and Research]] (IISERs), and some [[deemed universities]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Institute of Science Bangalore |url=https://iisc.ac.in/admissions/faq-old/ |access-date=2024-07-25 |language=en}}</ref> Per the decision of the ministry on 20 May 2012, the exam was to be introduced starting in 2013.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-29/entrance-exams/31887065_1_joint-admission-board-iit-council-jee |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131112081749/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-29/entrance-exams/31887065_1_joint-admission-board-iit-council-jee |url-status= dead |archive-date= 12 November 2013 |title=Common test for IITs, all engineering courses to kick in from next year |accessdate=11 June 2012 |work= [[The Times of India]] |date=29 May 2012}}</ref> Some state governments have already announced they will not attend the exam, at least not for the first year, until doubts, mainly about the languages in which the exam will be made available, are cleared.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-30/hyderabad/31899797_1_eamcet-results-intermediate-marks-engineering-entrance |archive-url= https://archive.today/20130126030524/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-30/hyderabad/31899797_1_eamcet-results-intermediate-marks-engineering-entrance |url-status= dead |archive-date= 26 January 2013 |title=National Common Entrance Test: State to wait for one more year |accessdate=11 June 2012 |work= [[The Times of India]] |date=30 May 2012}}</ref> The proposal also received strong opposition from the All India IIT Faculty Federation (AIFF) and the Indian Institutes of Technology Alumni Association, which stated concerns about the loss of the autonomy of IITs in their admission process.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.thehindu.com/education/issues/article3520889.ece |title=Faculty, alumni welcome Sibal's offer |work=The Hindu|accessdate=18 June 2012 |location=Chennai, India |first=Aarti |last=Dhar |date=13 June 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article3498005.ece |title=JEE will hurt IIT autonomy, alumni tell PM |work=The Hindu |accessdate=18 June 2012 |location=Chennai, India |date=7 June 2012}}</ref>

== Reasons for demand for common entrance exam ==
1. Many engineering colleges in India are known for taking a [[capitation fee]].
 
2. A common entrance exam will help students and parents save money that they otherwise have to spend on purchasing application forms and prospectus of various engineering colleges. Savings related to travel expenses for attending various entrance exams is another advantage.
 
3. Transparency in listing of entrance exam rankings and admission to engineering colleges.

==Joint Entrance Examination (JEE)==
{{Main|Joint Entrance Examination}}
On 18 June 2012, a more specific format was proposed by a joint meeting of the councils of IITs, NITs, and IIITs. As per this proposal, the exam would be called the [[Joint Entrance Examination]] (JEE) and would be made up of two parts, JEE-Main<ref name="jee main">[http://www.azresults.com/2012/11/iit-jee-main-2013-registration.html Jee Main 2013 Details ],</ref> and JEE-Advanced. Two distinct "patterns of admission" would be used. For IITs, an average of the marks from Class XII Board exams and JEE-Main would be used for screening, allowing only a fixed number of candidates to be considered for admission. Ranking between these candidates will be based entirely on JEE-Advanced, the format of which would be decided by the Joint Admission Board of IITs. For other institutions (NITs, IIITs, and 20 GFTIs), admissions would be possible only if the candidate has secured at least 75% marks in their class 12th board examinations or has appeared in the top 20 percentile list of their respective boards for the class 12th board examination.

===Objections===
Two of the IITs have voiced strong objections to the common examination, and have announced that if the change takes place, they will conduct their admittance exams.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-22/news/32368316_1_iit-faculty-federation-secretary-iit-council-decision-iit-delhi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111004849/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-22/news/32368316_1_iit-faculty-federation-secretary-iit-council-decision-iit-delhi |archive-date=11 November 2013 |title=IIT-Delhi to have own entrance exam |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|author=Himanshi Dhawan |date=22 June 2012 |url-status=dead |access-date=13 November 2013}}</ref>

== Recent developments ==
In August 2022, UGC Chairperson [[M. Jagadesh Kumar]] spoke about UGC's proposal to merge [[Joint Entrance Examination – Main|JEE Main]], [[National Eligibility cum Entrance Test (Undergraduate)|NEET]] into [[Common University Entrance Test|CUET]] as per [[National Education Policy 2020|NEP 2020]] while being silent on [[Joint Entrance Examination – Advanced|JEE Advanced]],<ref>{{Cite web |author=Manash Pratim Gohain|date=Aug 12, 2022 |title=UGC News: One entrance, UGC plan to merge NEET, JEE into CUET {{!}} - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/one-entrance-ugc-plan-to-merge-neet-jee-into-cuet/articleshow/93509159.cms |access-date=2022-10-23 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> this has led to an outcry among students but Education Minister [[Dharmendra Pradhan]] later clarified that merger will not happen in next 2 years.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-07 |title=No plans to merge NEET, JEE with CUET for next 2 years: Dharmendra Pradhan |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/no-plans-to-merge-neet-jee-with-cuet-for-next-2-years-dharmendra-pradhan-101662573467212.html |access-date=2022-10-23 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of Engineering Entrance Exams in India]]
* [[Public service commissions in India|List of Public Service Commissions in India]]

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{Standardised tests in India}}

[[Category:Engineering entrance examinations in India]]
[[Category:Standardised tests in India]]
[[Category:Standardized tests for engineering education]]

Mohammed Asdullah

2025-06-27T11:46:30Z

Caliber: basic enhanced details to improve readability and cleaned formatting

{{short description|Indian weightlifter|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
'''Mohammed Zakir Asdullah''' (born 28 August 1980) is an Indian [[weightlifter]]. He won the silver medal in the Men's 77 kg category at the [[2006 Commonwealth Games]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://melbourne2006.com.au/Participants/Participants?ID=105894|title=Mohammed Zakir ASDULLAH |publisher=Melbourne 2006 Commonwealth Games Corporation|accessdate=22 January 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091028163159/http://melbourne2006.com.au/Participants/Participants?ID=105894|archive-date=28 October 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Asdullah, Mohammed}}
[[Category:Indian male weightlifters]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1980 births]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games silver medallists for India]]
[[Category:Weightlifters at the 2006 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Medallists at the 2006 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games silver medallists in weightlifting]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games weightlifters for India]]
{{India-weightlifting-bio-stub}}

Tour de Kalinga

2025-04-04T11:35:11Z

Caliber:

{{Orphan|date=September 2023}}

{{Infobox cycling race
| name = Tour de Kalinga
| image = Tour_De_Kalinga_team.jpg
| region = [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Odisha]], India
| type = [[Cycling]]
| localnames = Konark International Cyclothon
| date = December
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2015|11|29}}
}}

'''Tour de Kalinga''' (formerly known as '''Konark International Cyclothon''') is an annual Cyclothon primarily held in [[Odisha]] a state in [[India]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/odisha/konark-cyclothon-gets-global-touch/cid/1458767|title= Konark Cyclothon gets global touch|newspaper=The Telegraph|accessdate=5 November 2015}}</ref> It has been described as "the longest Cyclothon of [[Asia]]. Tour de Kalinga was formerly known as Konark International Cylothon was founded by Sudhir Kumar Dash, Founder of Roots of Odisha Foundation,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.uniindia.com/kic-to-flag-off-from-bhubaneswar-on-dec-17/sports/news/613773.html|title= KIC to Flag off from Bhubaneswar|newspaper=UNI|accessdate= 5 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.orissapost.com/longest-community-cycling-tour-underway/|title= Longest community cycling tour underway=Orissapost|accessdate= 12 December 2018}} </ref> Rashmi Ranjan Parida is the co-founder.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/odisha/konark-cyclothon-gets-global-touch/cid/1458767|title= Konark Cyclothon gets global touch|newspaper=The Telegraph|accessdate= 15 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://odishanewsinsight.com/events/roots-of-odisha-foundations-konark-international-cyclothon-on-nov-29/|title= Roots Of Odisha Foundation's ‘Konark International Cyclothon’ On Nov 29|newspaper=Odisha News Insight|accessdate= 5 November 2015}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Tour De Kalinga cyclists at Bhubaneswar.jpg|thumb|Tour De Kalinga cyclists]]
Tour de Kalinga was first organized in 2015.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.orissapost.com/cyclothon-expected-to-draw-1000-participants/|title= Cyclothon expected to draw 1,000 participants|newspaper=Orissa Post|accessdate=5 November 2015}}</ref> Initially it was held in Konark Puri Marine drive. As the tour gained popularity, the race was lengthened from Bhubaneswar to Eastern Ghat valley and concluded at [[Bhubaneswar]]. Riders from all over the world began to participate in the Cylothon each year. Film maker Nila Madav Panda, former Indian Hockey Team Captain [[Dilip Tirkey]], Ollywood actor [[Siddhanta Mahapatra]], Mountaineer Jogabyasa Bhoi, Sand artist Manas Kumar Sahoo, Scuba diver Sabir Bux, Arjuna Awardee Cyclist Minati Mohapatra joined the first edition of Konark International Cylothon.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://54.254.97.154/locality/bhubaneswar/konark-international-cyclothon-be-organised-november-29-konark-puri-marine-drive-65623|title= Konark International Cyclothon to be organised on November 29 on Konark- Puri Marine Drive|newspaper=DNA|accessdate=28 July 2015}}</ref>

==2015==
Konark International Cylothon started in 2015 at [[Konark]]. The cyclothon started from Konark and concluded at [[Puri]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.india.com/news/india/cyclists-from-around-the-world-paddle-for-climate-change-in-odisha-746835/ |title= Cyclists from around the world paddle for climate change in Odisha|newspaper=India.com|accessdate=30 November 2015}}</ref>

==2016==

Second Tour de Kalinga (Konark International Cyclothon) held on December 17 from here as a part of the let's Pedal Movement. It started from [[Bhubaneswar]] and concluded in [[Delhi]] covering a distance of 2,000 km.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2016/state-editions/lets-pedal-cyclothon-to-be-flagged-off-in-city-tomorrow.html|title= The Roots of Odisha Foundation in association with the CRESPAI would organise the 2nd Konark International Cyclothon|newspaper=Daily Pioneer|accessdate=16 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.odishastory.com/2016/09/06/2nd-konark-international-cyclothon-starts-from-december-17/|title= 2nd Konark International Cyclothon Starts From Dec 17|newspaper=Odisha Story|accessdate=6 September 2016}}</ref>

==2017==
The 3rd edition of Tour de Kalinga (Konark International Cyclothon) started in Bhubaneswar on December 23 and concluded at [[Koraput]] on December 29.
<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.odishabytes.com/3rd-konark-international-cyclothon-dec-23/|title= 3rd konark international cyclothon dec 23
|newspaper=Odisha Bytes |accessdate=25 November 2017}}</ref>

==2018==
[[File:Tour De Kalinga cyclists at Rayagada.jpg|thumb|Tour De Kalinga cyclists]]
4th Tour De Kalinga started on December 8, 2018. It concluded on December 19 at Bhubaneswar. Odisha Governor Prof. [[Ganeshi Lal]] inaugurated the fourth Tour De Kalinga in Bhubaneswar.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/tour-de-kalinga-cycle-with-a-cause/articleshow/66609543.cms |title= Tour De Kalinga: Cycle with a cause|newspaper=The Times of India|accessdate=13 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://orissapost.com/tour-de-kalingalongest-ever-cycling-tour-in-state-concludes/|title= Tour De Kalinga: Longest-ever cycling tour in state concludes|newspaper=Orissa Post|accessdate=20 December 2018}}</ref>

==2019==
5th Tour De Kalinga started on December 7, 2019. It concluded on December 20 at Bhubaneswar. Odisha Governor Prof. [[Ganeshi Lal]] inaugurated the fifth Tour De Kalinga in Bhubaneswar.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bhubaneswar/2019/dec/08/1300-km-cyclothon-from-bhubaneswar-to-koraput-2073129.html|title= 1,300 km cyclothon from Bhubaneswar to Koraput|newspaper=The New Indian Express| accessdate=8 November 2019}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Annual sporting events in India]]
[[Category:Cycling in India]]
[[Category:Sport in Odisha]]

Kalicharan Pattnaik

2025-03-31T07:30:37Z

Caliber: added a bio...

{{short description|Indian author (1898–1978)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox writer
| honorific_prefix = Kabichandra
| name = Kalicharan Pattnaik
| image = Kabichandra Kali Charan Patnaik (Kalicharan Patnaik).jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1898|12|23}}
| birth_place = [[Baramba, India|Baramba]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1978|07|24|1898|12|23}}
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| body_discovered =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| monuments =
| education =
| alma_mater = Ravenshaw College
| occupation =
| years_active =
| employer =
| organization =
| agent =
| known_for =
| notable_works = Kabichandra Gitabali, Bhata, Kumbhara Chaka
| style =
| influences =
| influenced =
| home_town =
| television =
| title =
| term =
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| children =
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| parents = Durga Charan Pattnaik
| relatives = [[Shyamamani Devi]] (niece)
| callsign =
| awards = Kendra Sahitya Akademi(1977)
| signature = Kabichandra Signature.png
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| genre = [[Odissi music]]
| native_name = କାଳୀଚରଣ ପଟ୍ଟନାୟକ
| native_name_lang = or
}}

'''Kalicharan Pattnaik''' (23 December 1898 – 24 July 1978), also known by his sobriquet '''Kabichandra''', was an eminent literary and artistic figure of [[Odisha]]. He had contributions in the field of [[Odissi music]], [[Odissi|Odissi dance]] and Odia theatre. He had significant contributions to development early Odia cinema as well.<ref name="Samal 2022 p. 24">{{cite book | last=Samal | first=A.P.S. | title=PERSONALITIES OF ODISHA | publisher=Shubhdristi Publication | year=2022 | isbn=978-93-5593-204-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e4NtEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA24 | access-date=2022-06-06 | page=24 | archive-date=2022-06-27 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627102107/https://books.google.com/books?id=e4NtEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA24 | url-status=live }}</ref> His compositions in various traditional ragas are widely sung in the field of Odissi music and dance.<ref name=":122">{{Cite book |last=Parhi |first=Dr. Kirtan Narayan |title=The Classicality of Orissi Music |publisher=Maxcurious Publications Pvt. Ltd. |year=2017 |isbn=9788193215128 |location=India |pages=383 |author-link=Kirtan Narayan Parhi}}</ref>

==Early life==
Kalicharan Pattnaik was born on 23 December 1898 in the then princely state of [[Baramba, India|Badamba]]. He got his early education from Charchika school of Banki. After his education in Banki, he got into Khurda High School and after matriculation for higher education he went to Ravenshaw College Cuttack, but untimely death of his father in 1919 put a stop to his further educational career.<ref name="ଓଡ଼ିଆ ବିଭବ Odia Bibhaba">{{cite web | title=Kabichandra Kalicharan Patnaik | website=ଓଡ଼ିଆ ବିଭବ Odia Bibhaba | url=https://odiabibhaba.in/en/compilations/kabichandra-e/ | language=or | access-date=2022-06-06 | archive-date=2022-06-27 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627102109/https://odiabibhaba.in/en/compilations/kabichandra-e/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=କଳାର କିମ୍ବଦନ୍ତୀ |url=https://www.dharitri.com/e-Paper/Bhubaneswar/231217/p6.htm |website=dharitri.com |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220607051233/https://www.dharitri.com/e-Paper/Bhubaneswar/231217/p6.htm |archive-date=7 June 2022 |accessdate=24 January 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref> After his end of his forma education he took up a job as a Sub-inspector of Schools at Khandapara, Ganjam.

==Career==
Kalicharan had a keen interest in drama during his school days. He produced a play ''Babaji'' and with the help of his school friends. It was inspired from another play ''Kanchi Kaveri'' by Ramashankar Ray. In his childhood, he trained in [[Odissi music|Odissi classical music]] from legends such as Pt Basudeb Mahapatra and Khanu Mian.<ref name=":122"/> Later he learned under Madhava Rao while in College. He came to Cuttack after serving as Sub-inspector of Schools at Khandapara for few years. After the death of Sudam Charan Nayak he was involved with Odia newspaper ''Utkala Dipika''. He was also the Assistant editor of 'Mukura' of Brajasundar Das.

In the year 1922 he left ''Utkala Dipika'' and ''Mukura'' and went to Mayurbhanj. There he became a dramatist. A drama group was founded in Mayurbhanj under his guidance. Kalicharan became very much interested in the traditional ''Chhau'' dance of Mayurbhanj. He introduced several new features in it from the Odisha's classical dance style [[Odissi]]. After his marriage he came to Puri and became a royal [[Odissi music]]ian and advisor of Puri Raja Gajapati Ramachandra Deba. During his stay at Puri he edited a weekly, ''Puribasi''. By his efforts in Puri Sangita Prabha was published for the first time as a monthly musical magazine. He was honoured by the Gajapati as Kabichandra for his musical compositions. In 1925 during his stay in Puri he started a [[Rasa Lila]] to introduce new energy to Odishi music and plays. From 1926 to 1939 his version of Rasa Lila gained wide popularity statewide for the performances in the famous cultural events like Utkala Sahitya Samaj and others. Thereafter he focused his attention towards social and historical plays. His first famous social play titled ''Pratisodha'' was staged in 1937. By 1939 he had published numerous compositions on Rasalila and plays, several devotional songs and children literature. From 1939 to 1950 a theatre group named as ''New Odisha Theatre'' became famous under his stewardship.<ref name="The Administrator 1998 p. 4-PA205">{{cite book | title=The Administrator | publisher=Lal Bahadur Shastri National Academy of Administration. | issue=v. 43 | year=1998 | issn=2319-6157 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bYSFAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA4-PA205 | access-date=2022-06-20 | page=4-PA205 | archive-date=2022-06-27 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627102107/https://books.google.com/books?id=bYSFAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA4-PA205 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Chakravorty Gupta 2012 p. 266">{{cite book | last1=Chakravorty | first1=P. | last2=Gupta | first2=N. | title=Dance Matters: Performing India on Local and Global Stages | publisher=Taylor & Francis | year=2012 | isbn=978-1-136-51612-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KQly7wn0C5sC&pg=PA266 | access-date=2022-06-20 | page=266 | archive-date=2022-06-27 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627102107/https://books.google.com/books?id=KQly7wn0C5sC&pg=PA266 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="अमीना: अफ्रीका के स्त्री-जीवान की मर्म-कथा 2007 p. 187">{{cite book | title=अमीना: अफ्रीका के स्त्री-जीवान की मर्म-कथा | publisher=वाणी प्रकाशन | year=2007 | isbn=978-81-8143-605-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xQwnmxpsqjEC&pg=PA187 | language=hi | access-date=2022-06-20 | page=187 | archive-date=2022-06-27 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627102108/https://books.google.com/books?id=xQwnmxpsqjEC&pg=PA187 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Mohanty Patnaik Ratha Das 2002 p. ">{{cite book | last1=Mohanty | first1=G. | last2=Patnaik | first2=J.K. | last3=Ratha | first3=S.K. | last4=Das | first4=H.C. | last5=Pattanayak | first5=A.K. | last6=Satpathy | first6=H. | title=Cultural Heritage of [Orissa]: Dhenkanal | publisher=State Level Vyasakabi Fakir Mohan Smruti Samsad | year=2002 | isbn=978-81-902761-0-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cENQAQAAIAAJ | access-date=2022-06-20 | page=}}</ref>

==Works==
{{Odissi Classical Music sidebar}}In Odia literature Drama was mostly focussed on some restrictive categories such as mythology. Kalicharan broke this restriction with his dramas with socially relevant topics.<ref name="George Sahitya Akademi 1992 p. 308">{{cite book | last=George | first=K.M. | author2=Sahitya Akademi | title=Modern Indian Literature, an Anthology: Surveys and poems | publisher=Sahitya Akademi | year=1992 | isbn=978-81-7201-324-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m1R2Pa3f7r0C&pg=PA308 | access-date=2022-06-07 | page=308 | archive-date=2022-06-27 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627102109/https://books.google.com/books?id=m1R2Pa3f7r0C&pg=PA308 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Senapati 2017 p. 127">{{cite book | last=Senapati | first=R.M. | title=Art and Culture of Orissa | publisher=Publications Division | year=2017 | isbn=978-93-5409-535-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HBpyEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT127 | access-date=2022-06-07 | page=127 | archive-date=2022-06-27 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627102108/https://books.google.com/books?id=HBpyEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT127 | url-status=live }}</ref>

Some of his major published works are as per below.<ref name=" ଓଡ଼ିଆ ଭର୍ଚୁଆଲ ଏକାଡେମୀ, ଦୁର୍ଲ୍ଲଭ ଓଡ଼ିଆ ପୁସ୍ତକ,ଅଭିଧାନ, ପ୍ରାଚୀନ ପତ୍ରପତ୍ରିକା, ପୁରାତନ ସଂଗୀତ, ପ୍ରାଚୀନ ପୋଥି, ବିଜ୍ଞାନ ଓ ଇତିହାସ ସମ୍ବନ୍ଧୀୟ ରଚନା, ଲୋକ ସଂସ୍କୃତି,ଜନଜାତି, ଭାଷା ଓ ସାହିତ୍ୟ, ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ବ୍ୟକ୍ତିବିଶେଷଙ୍କ ଅଭିଭାଷଣ, ଶ୍ରୀଜଗନ୍ନାଥ ସଂସ୍କୃତି, ମନ୍ଦିର ଓ ସ୍ଥାପତ୍ୟ ଆଦିର ଡିଜିଟାଇଜେସନ ">{{cite web | title=କାଳୀଚରଣ ପଟ୍ଟନାୟକ | website=ଓଡ଼ିଆ ଭର୍ଚୁଆଲ ଏକାଡେମୀ, ଦୁର୍ଲ୍ଲଭ ଓଡ଼ିଆ ପୁସ୍ତକ,ଅଭିଧାନ, ପ୍ରାଚୀନ ପତ୍ରପତ୍ରିକା, ପୁରାତନ ସଂଗୀତ, ପ୍ରାଚୀନ ପୋଥି, ବିଜ୍ଞାନ ଓ ଇତିହାସ ସମ୍ବନ୍ଧୀୟ ରଚନା, ଲୋକ ସଂସ୍କୃତି,ଜନଜାତି, ଭାଷା ଓ ସାହିତ୍ୟ, ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ବ୍ୟକ୍ତିବିଶେଷଙ୍କ ଅଭିଭାଷଣ, ଶ୍ରୀଜଗନ୍ନାଥ ସଂସ୍କୃତି, ମନ୍ଦିର ଓ ସ୍ଥାପତ୍ୟ ଆଦିର ଡିଜିଟାଇଜେସନ | url=https://ova.gov.in/Author?aid=3oSu3NDkJL8= | language=or | ref={{sfnref | ଓଡ଼ିଆ ଭର୍ଚୁଆଲ ଏକାଡେମୀ, ଦୁର୍ଲ୍ଲଭ ଓଡ଼ିଆ ପୁସ୍ତକ,ଅଭିଧାନ, ପ୍ରାଚୀନ ପତ୍ରପତ୍ରିକା, ପୁରାତନ ସଂଗୀତ, ପ୍ରାଚୀନ ପୋଥି, ବିଜ୍ଞାନ ଓ ଇତିହାସ ସମ୍ବନ୍ଧୀୟ ରଚନା, ଲୋକ ସଂସ୍କୃତି,ଜନଜାତି, ଭାଷା ଓ ସାହିତ୍ୟ, ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ବ୍ୟକ୍ତିବିଶେଷଙ୍କ ଅଭିଭାଷଣ, ଶ୍ରୀଜଗନ୍ନାଥ ସଂସ୍କୃତି, ମନ୍ଦିର ଓ ସ୍ଥାପତ୍ୟ ଆଦିର ଡିଜିଟାଇଜେସନ }} | access-date=2022-06-07 | archive-date=2022-06-27 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627102113/https://ova.gov.in/ErrorPages/404.html?aspxerrorpath=/Author.aspx | url-status=live }}</ref>

===Dance Drama===
# Kalanka Bhanjana (କଳଙ୍କ ଭଞ୍ଜନ)
# Daridrya Bhanjana (ଦାରିଦ୍ର୍ୟ ଭଞ୍ଜନ)
# Milana Madhuri (ମିଳନ ମାଧୁରୀ)
# Shree Radha(ଶ୍ରୀ ରାଧା)
# Banshurira Bilapa(ବାଂସୁରୀର ବିଳାପ)
# Shree Geeta Gobinda(ଶ୍ରୀ ଗୀତ ଗୋବିନ୍ଦ)
# Preeti Sudhakara(ପ୍ରୀତି ସୁଧାକର)
# Laxmi(ଲକ୍ଷ୍ମୀ)
# Koutuka Chintamani(କୌତୁକ ଚିନ୍ତାମଣୀ)
# Kishore Chandrananda Champu(କିଶୋର ଚନ୍ଦ୍ରାନନ୍ଦ ଚମ୍ପୂ)
# Manini(ମାନିନୀ)
# Akhira Dekha(ଆଖିର ଦେଖା)
# Dehi Padapallaba mudaram(ଦେହି ପଦପଲ୍ଲବ ମୁଦାରଂ)

===Mythologacal Drama===
# Dhrub(ଧ୍ରୁବ)
# Mrigaya(ମୃଗୟା)
# Bana Bihara(ବନ ବିହାର)
# Bidyabali(ବିଦ୍ୟାବଳୀ)
# Shakuntala(ଶକୁନ୍ତଳା)
# Harischandta(ହରିଶ୍ଚନ୍ଦ୍ର)
# Chakri(ଚକ୍ରୀ)
# Dashabhuja(ଦଶଭୂଜା)

===Historical Drama===
# Abhijana(ଅଭିଯାନ)
# Malati(ମାଳତୀ)
# Rakta Mandara(ରକ୍ତ ମନ୍ଦାର)

=== Edited works ===

# Sangita Narayana of ''Kabiratna'' Purusottama Misra, Gajapati ''Sarbagya'' Jagannatha Narayana Deva (ସଙ୍ଗୀତ ନାରାୟଣ)
# Kabisurjya Gitabali of [[Baladeba Ratha|''Kabisurjya'' Baladeba Ratha]] (କବିସୂର୍ଯ୍ୟ ଗୀତାବଳୀ)

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Odia literature}}
{{Odissi music}}
{{Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship}}
{{Sahitya Akademi Award For Odia}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pattnaik , Kalicharan}}
[[Category:1898 births]]
[[Category:1978 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Puri district]]
[[Category:Writers from Odisha]]
[[Category:Dramatists and playwrights from Odisha]]
[[Category:Odia-language writers]]
[[Category:Odia dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Odissi music composers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Odia]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]