Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Sherif (choreographer)

2026-05-08T09:10:58Z

Caleb78G9218343: new new pg

{{Short description|Indian choreographer (born 1981)}}
{{AI-generated|date=February 2026|reason=since March 2025 expansion; note [[WP:AISIGNS]] in promotional tone, vocab distribution typical of 2025 LLMs etc}}
{{more footnotes|date=August 2020|BLP=Yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
[[File:Sherif (choreographer, 2021, cropped).jpg|thumb|Sherif, in 2021.]]

'''Sherif,''' widely recognized as '''''Choreographer Sherif'',''' was born on April 16, 1981, in Coimbatore. A versatile talent in the Indian film industry, he is renowned for his exceptional choreography skills. With an impressive career spanning in Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam, Kannada, and Assamese cinema, Sherif has made his mark in over 120 films and choreographed more than 200 songs. In addition to his work behind the scenes, he has also appeared on screen as an actor, further expanding his presence in the entertainment world.

== Career ==

Sherif's career journey follows the progression of events leading from contestant on a reality show to becoming a leading choreographer in the film industry and founding his own dance school. <ref>{{Cite web |last=tabloid! |first=Mythily Ramachandran, Special to |date=2020-04-22 |title=South Indian choreographer M Sherif hosts virtual film classes |url=https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/south-indian/south-indian-choreographer-m-sherif-hosts-virtual-film-classes-1.71108652 |access-date=2026-03-25 |website=Gulf News: Latest UAE news, Dubai news, Business, travel news, Dubai Gold rate, prayer time, cinema |language=en}}</ref>

In 2009, he catapulted to fame by winning the dance reality show ''Ungalil Yaar Adutha Prabhu Deva''. This victory marked the beginning of his successful career as one of the most sought-after choreographers in Tamil cinema. Known for his creative and experimental choreography, Sherif’s work has captured the attention of many prominent directors.

He rose to prominence with his iconic choreography for the song "Kasu Panam" from ''Soodhu Kavvum'' and has since choreographed over 200 songs. His ability to craft unique dance moves even earned him the honor of making Superstar Rajinikanth shake a leg in ''Petta''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=T. N. M. |date=2018-12-03 |title=Watch: Making of 'Marana Mass' song from Rajinikanth's 'Petta' out |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/watch-making-marana-mass-song-rajinikanths-petta-out-92642 |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref> In a relatively short span, Sherif has reached great heights in the industry, showcasing his versatility and skill.

In addition to his work as a choreographer, Sherif has ventured into acting, making his debut in a supporting role in the film ''Vetriselvan''. His talent doesn't stop there—Sherif launched ''Sherif’s Dance Company'' in Chennai, further establishing his legacy. He also served as a mentor on ''Kings of Dance Season 2'',<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-02-03 |title=Gear up for the semi finals of Kings Of Dance 2 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/gear-up-for-the-semi-finals-of-kings-of-dance-2/articleshow/62768395.cms |access-date=2025-03-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> sharing his expertise with aspiring dancers.<ref>{{Cite web |last=tabloid! |first=Mythily Ramachandran, Special to |date=2020-04-22 |title=South Indian choreographer M Sherif hosts virtual film classes |url=https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/south-indian/south-indian-choreographer-m-sherif-hosts-virtual-film-classes-1.71108652 |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=Gulf News: Latest UAE news, Dubai news, Business, travel news, Dubai Gold rate, prayer time, cinema |language=en}}</ref>

A trailblazer in the dance world, Sherif recently became the first Indian to join the Global Dance Council (GDC),<ref>{{Cite web |last=R |first=Balajee C. |date=2017-12-11 |title=Reimagining the art of dance! {{!}} Reimagining the art of dance! |url=https://www.asianage.com/life/more-features/111217/reimagining-the-art-of-dance.html |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=www.asianage.com |language=en}}</ref> where he now serves as convener. As part of this role, he is developing a structured syllabus for dancers worldwide. Through his dance company, he provides cutting-edge training, offering aspiring dancers hands-on experience in the film industry and the opportunity to work on movie projects. In collaboration with the GDC, Skill India, and the Media and Entertainment Skills Council (MESC), '''Sherif’s Dance Company''' also offers teacher training certification courses for dancers.

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Film
!Language
!No. of songs Choreographed
|-
|2014
|[[Vetri Selvan]]
|Tamil
|3
|-
|2013
|[[Soodhu Kavvum]]
|Tamil
|2
|-
|2013
|[[Raja Rani (2013 film)|Raja Rani]]
|Tamil
|3
|-
|
|Sachin Anthem
|Tamil
|1
|-
|2014
|[[Aadama Jaichomada]]
|Tamil
|3
|-
|2014
|[[Cuckoo (2014 film)|Cuckoo]]
|Tamil
|1
|-
|2014
|[[Pannaiyarum Padminiyum|Pannaiyarum padminiyum]]
|Tamil
|1
|-
|2013
|[[Sundaattam]]
|Tamil
|1
|-
|2014
|[[Yennamo Yedho]]
|Tamil
|3
|-
|2015
|[[Romeo Juliet (2015 film)|Romeo Juliet]]
|Tamil
|2
|-
|2014
|[[Isai]]
|Tamil
|1
|-
|2013
|[[Pizza II: Villa|Villa (Pizza 2)]]
|Tamil
|2
|-
|2015
|[[Enakkul Oruvan (2015 film)|Enakkul Oruvan]]
|Tamil
|2
|-
|2013
|[[Ethir Neechal (2013 film)|Ethir Neechal]]
|Tamil
|1
|-
|2015
|[[Kaaki Sattai|Kakki Sattai]]
|Tamil
|2
|-
|2015
|[[Ivanuku Thannila Gandam]]
|Tamil
|2
|-
|2015
|[[144 (film)|144]]
|Tamil
|1
|-
|2017
|Enna Maayam Seithai
|Tamil
|1
|-
|2016
|[[Iraivi]]
|Tamil
|3
|-
|2017
|[[Adhagappattathu Magajanangalay]]
|Tamil
|2
|-
|2015
|[[Trisha Illana Nayanthara|Trisha Ilana Nayanthara]]
|Tamil
|3
|-
|2016
|[[Pencil (film)|Pencil]]
|Tamil
|3
|-
|2016
|[[Tamilselvanum Thaniyar Anjalum]]
|Tamil
|1
|-
|2016
|[[Jil Jung Juk|Jil Jung Juck]]
|Tamil
|1
|-
|2016
|[[Kanithan]]
|Tamil
|1
|-
|2015
|[[Purampokku Engira Podhuvudamai|Purampokku]]
|Tamil
|1
|-
|2014
|[[Yaamirukka Bayamey]]
|Tamil
|1
|-
|2016
|[[Meen Kuzhambum Mann Paanaiyum]]
|Tamil
|3
|-
|2016
|[[Theri (film)|Theri]]
|Tamil
|3
|-
|2014
|[[Asha Black]]
|Malayalam
|1
|-
|2016
|[[Darvinte Parinamam]]
|Malayalam
|2
|-
|2016
|[[James & Alice]]
|Malayalam
|1
|-
|2016
|[[Valleem Thetti Pulleem Thetti]]
|Malayalam
|1
|-
|2016
|[[Pokkiri Raja (2016 film)|Pokkiri Raja]]
|Tamil
|1
|-
|2016
|[[Oru Naal Koothu]]
|Tamil
|1
|-
|2018
|[[Sagaa]]
|Tamil
|2
|-
|2014
|[[Kwatle Satisha|Kwatle]]
|Kannada
|1
|-
|2016
|[[Nambiyaar]]
|Tamil
|1
|-
|2016
|[[Ko 2]]
|Tamil
|1
|-
|2014
|[[Vennila Veedu]]
|Tamil
|1
|-
|2014
|[[Irumbu Kuthirai]]
|Tamil
|1
|-
|2016
|[[Moondraam Ullaga Por]]
|Tamil
|2
|-
|2015
|[[India Pakistan]]
|Tamil
|1
|-
|2016
|[[54321]]
|Tamil
|1
|-
|2017
|[[Sangili Bungili Kadhava Thorae|Sangili Mungili]]
|Tamil
|2
|-
|2014
|[[Ra (2014 film)|Ra]]
|Tamil
|1
|-
|2016
|[[Kodi (film)|Kodi]]
|Tamil
|1
|-
|2017
|[[Yaman (film)|Yaman]]
|Tamil
|3
|-
|2016
|[[Kavalai Vendam]]
|Tamil
|3
|-
|2017
|[[Vallavanukkum Vallavan|Vallavanukku Vallavan]]
|Tamil
|1
|-
|2017
|[[Pichuva Kaththi|Pichuva Kathi]]
|Tamil
|1
|-
|2016
|Ooi
|Tamil
|1
|-
|2016
|[[Meow (2016 film)|Meow]]
|Tamil
|3
|-
|2017
|[[7 Naatkal|7 Natkal]]
|Tamil
|1
|-
|2017
|[[C/O Saira Banu]]
|Malayalam
|1
|-
|2017
|[[Balloon (2017 film)|Balloon]]
|Tamil
|1
|-
|2017
|[[Katha Nayagan (2017 film)|Kadhanayagan]]
|Tamil
|1
|-
|2017
|[[Sathriyan (2017 film)|Sathriyan]]
|Tamil
|2
|-
|2017
|[[Koditta Idangalai Nirappuga]]
|Tamil
|1
|-
|2017
|[[Hara Hara Mahadevaki|Hara Hara Mahadevi]]
|Tamil
|1
|-
|2017
|[[Bogan (film)|Bogan]]
|Tamil
|1
|-
|2017
|[[Chunkzz]]
|Malayalam
|4
|-
|2017
|[[Mupparimanam]]
|Tamil
|1
|-
|2018
|[[Silukkuvarupatti Singam]]
|Tamil
|3
|-
|2017
|[[Sherlock Toms]]
|Malayalam
|2
|-
|2017
|[[Neruppu Da|Neruppu da]]
|Tamil
|1
|-
|2017
|[[Meyaadha Maan]]
|Tamil
|1
|-
|2017
|[[Pokkiri Simon]]
|Malayalam
|2
|-
|2015
|Kalyanam
|Tamil
|3
|-
|2019
|[[Kee (film)|Kee]]
|Tamil
|1
|-
|2018
|[[Rosapoo]]
|Malayalam
|1
|-
|2019
|[[Petta (film)|Petta]]
|Tamil
|
|-
|2020
|[[Kannum Kannum Kollaiyadithaal]]
|Tamil
|1
|-
|2021
|[[Jagame Thandhiram]]
|Tamil
|2
|-
|2021
|[[Dikkiloona]]
|Tamil
|1
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Black (2024 film)|Black]]'' <ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-09-25 |title=Black Trailer: Jiiva-Priya Bhavani Shankar play a distraught couple in this home invasion thriller |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Sep/25/black-trailer-jiiva-priya-bhavani-shankar-play-a-distraught-couple-in-this-home-invasion-thriller |access-date=2024-09-25 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> || Tamil ||2
|-
|2018
|[[Mannar Vagaiyara|Mannar vagaiyara]]
|Tamil
|3
|-
|2018
|[[Abrahaminte Santhathikal]]
|Malayalam
|1
|-
|2019
|[[Oru Adaar Love]]
|Malayalam
|2
|-
|2019
|[[Puppy (2019 film)|Puppy]]
|Tamil
|1
|-
|2020
|[[Gypsy (2020 film)|Gypsy]]
|Tamil
|1
|-
|2019
|[[Sindhubaadh]]
|Tamil
|1
|-
|2023
|[[Varisu]]
|Tamil
|3
|-
|2019
|Kannadi
|Multilingual
|1
|-
|2022
|[[Maha (film)|Maha]]
|Tamil
|1
|-
|2019
|''[[Bodhai Yeri Budhi Maari]]''
|Tamil
|1
|-
|2019
|''[[Sangathamizhan]]''
|Tamil
|2
|-
|2023
|''[[Ellaam Mela Irukuravan Paathuppan]]''
|Tamil
|1
|-
|2022
|''[[Taanakkaran]]''
|Tamil
|3
|-
|2021
|''[[Jagame Thandhiram]]''
|Tamil
|4
|-
|2022
|[[Yenni Thuniga]]
|Tamil
|1
|-
|2022
|''[[Aaraattu (2022 film)|Aaraattu]]''
|Malayalam
|1
|-
|2021
|[[Dikkiloona]]
|Tamil
|2
|-
|2022
|''[[Anbarivu]]''
|Tamil
|2
|-
|2021
|[[Bhoomi (2021 film)|Bhoomi]]
|Tamil
|1
|-
|2021
|''[[Tughlaq Durbar]]''
|Tami1
|2
|-
|2022
|''[[Buffoon (film)|Buffoon]]''
|Tamil
|1
|-
|2019
|''[[Namma Veettu Pillai]]''
|Tamil
|1
|-
|2021
|''[[Ajagajantharam]]''
|Malayalam
|1
|-
|2022
|[[Mahaan (2022 film)|Mahaan]]
|Tamil
|3
|-
|2023
|''[[Ayothi]]''
|Tamil
|2
|-
|2016
|[[Pencil (film)|Pencil]]
|Tamil
|1
|-
|2023
|[[Agilan]]
|Tamil
|1
|-
|2022
|[[DSP (film)|DSP]]
|Tamil
|2
|-
|2022
|[[Malikappuram]]
|Malayalam
|1
|-
|2023
|[[King of Kotha]]
|Malayalam
|3
|-
|2023
|[[Jigarthanda DoubleX]]
|Tamil
|2
|-
|2024
|''[[LLB: Life Line of Bachelors]]''
|Malayalam
|1
|-
|2024
|[[Vadakkupatti Ramasamy]]
|Tamil
|2
|-
|2024
|[[Grrr (film)|Grrr]]
|Malayalam
|1
|-
|2024
|Lockdown
|Tamil
|1
|-
|2024
|[[Amaran (2024 film)|Amaran]]
|Tamil
|2
|-
|2024
|[[Little Hearts (2024 film)|Little Hearts]]
|Malayalam
|2
|-
|2024
|[[Hello Mummy]]
|Malayalam
|1
|-
|2025
|[[Veera Dheera Sooran]]
|Tamil
|1
|-
|2025
|[[Retro (film)|Retro]]
|Tamil
|4
|-
|Upcoming
|''[[Aalambana]]''
|Tamil
|1
|-
|Upcoming
|Thadai Udai
|Tamil
|2
|-
|Upcoming
|Diesel
|Tamil
|1
|-
|Upcoming
|Ravana Kalyanam
|Telugu
|1
|-
|Upcoming
|''[[Vaa Vaathiyaar]]''
|Tamil
|2
|-
|Upcoming
|My Lord
|Tamil
|1
|-
|
|Assamese Film
|
|1
|-
|Upcoming
|Haal
|Multilingual
|1
|-
|Upcoming
|Signal
|Tamil
|1
|-
|Upcoming
|Sumathi Valavu
|Malayalam
|2
|-
|Upcoming
|Vilayath Buddha
|Malayalam
|1
|-
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|'''Album Songs'''
|
|
|-
|2021
|[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bjzI5NN6dfY Adipoli]
|Tamil
|
|-
|2022
|[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_BFp2UAMtYQ Hello Kekudha]
|Tamil
|
|-
|2023
|[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w7DNqf8XYLw Shoe Theriyudha]
|Tamil
|
|-
|2023
|[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v97WFT5qAqc Manjal Veyil Maalaiyilae]
|Tamil
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|}
2024 - Retro
2026 - Pavalamalli Song

== References ==
{{Reflist}}8. https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/watch-making-marana-mass-song-rajinikanths-petta-out-92642

===Sources===
# [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/gear-up-for-the-semi-finals-of-kings-of-dance-2/articleshow/62768395.cms Gear up for the semi-finals of Kings Of Dance 2 - Times of India]
# [http://www.asianage.com/life/more-features/111217/reimagining-the-art-of-dance.html Reimagining the art of dance!]
# [https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/viral-and-trending/101217/reimagining-the-art-of-dance.html Reimagining the art of dance!]
# [https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/sherifs-three-choreographed-songs-in-vijay-atlees-theri.html Sherif's three choreographed songs in Vijay-Atlee's Theri]
# [https://www.moviebuff.com/m-sherif M Sherif on Moviebuff.com]
#[https://web.archive.org/web/20180813174835/https://www.dtnext.in/News/TamilNadu/2018/06/04000242/1074769/A-certification-for-Kuthu-dance-Its-possible-now.vpf A certification for Kuthu dance? It’s possible now]
#[https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2018/may/28/enroll-to-study-all-dance-forms-under-one-forum-1820592.html Enroll to study all dance forms under one forum]
#{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20180814003439/http://view7media.com/the-global-dance-council-launches-the-indian-chapter/ The Global Dance Council Launches The Indian Chapter]}}
#[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/check-out-what-the-experts-have-to-say-on-the-international-dance-day/articleshow/63969834.cms Check out what the experts have to say on the International Dance Day {{!}} Coimbatore News - Times of India]
#https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/watch-making-marana-mass-song-rajinikanths-petta-out-92642
#https://www.dailymotion.com/video/x7xavnv
#https://mobile.twitter.com/sherif_choreo
#https://instagram.com/sherif_choreographer
#https://www.joopop.com/

[[Category:Indian Tamil people]]
[[Category:Indian male dancers]]
[[Category:Indian choreographers]]
[[Category:1980 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Jamal Uddin Ahmed (politician)

2026-05-06T23:12:07Z

Caleb78G9218343: adding post!

{{Short description|Indian politician (1954 - 2021)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Jamal Uddin Ahmed
| office1 = Member of [[Assam Legislative Assembly]]
| prime_minister =
| constituency1 = [[Badarpur (Assam Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Badarpur]]
| term_start1 = 18 May 2001
| term_end1 = 19 April 2006
| predecessor1 = [[Abu Saleh Najmuddin]]
| successor1 = Anwarul Haq
| term_start2 = 18 May 2011
| term_end2 = 27 January 2021
| predecessor2 = Anwarul Haq
| successor2 = [[Abdul Aziz (Indian politician)|Abdul Aziz]]
| birth_date = 12 June 1954
| birth_place = [[Karimganj district|Karimganj]], [[Assam]], [[India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2021|1|27|1954|6|12|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Barak Valley]], [[Assam]], [[India]]
| party = [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
| other_party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| alma_mater =
| bodyclass =
| main_width =
}}
'''Jamal Uddin Ahmed''' (12 June 1954 – 27 January 2021) was an Indian politician and former Member of the [[Assam Legislative Assembly]].

==Early life==
Ahmed was born on 12 June 1954, to [[Bengali Muslim]] parents Haji Najib Ali and Sayful Bibi in [[Assam]]'s [[Karimganj district|Karimganj]], which was a part of [[Sylhet Division|Sylhet district]] before the 1947 [[Partition of India]].

==Career==
After passing his [[High School Leaving Certificate (India)|High School Leaving Certificate]], Ahmed began social work. He became the president of a cultural club, and made a visit to [[Bangladesh]].<ref name=who/>

Ahmed was successful in the 2001 Assam Legislative Assembly elections in which he represented the [[All India Trinamool Congress]] in the [[Badarpur, Assam|Badarpur]] constituency. He lost this seat to Anwarul Haq of the [[All India United Democratic Front]] in 2006.

In 2011, Ahmed won the elections as an [[Indian National Congress]] candidate and served two more times as [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] for Badarpur.<ref name=who>{{Cite web|url=http://www.assamassembly.gov.in/jamal-uddin-ahmed.html|title=Who's Who|website=Assam Assembly}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Ahmed married twice, and one of his spouses was Rahima Begum. He had two sons and two daughters, including Zakariyya Ahmed.<ref name=who/>

==Death==
Whilst being transferred from Karimganj Civil Hospital to [[Silchar Medical College and Hospital|Silchar Medical Hospital]], Ahmed died on 27 January 2021 during his third tenure as MLA.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/assam-congress-mla-jamal-uddin-ahmed-dies/article33676068.ece|title=Assam Congress MLA Jamal Uddin Ahmed dies|date=January 27, 2021|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> After his death no by-election was held in the constituency as state elections were already scheduled from March 27 to April 6, 2021.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/assam-congress-mla-jamal-uddin-ahmed-dies-party-reduced-to-19-legislators-101611720916999.html|title=Assam Congress MLA Jamal Uddin Ahmed dies; party reduced to 19 legislators|date=27 January 2021|author=Parashar, Utpal|location=[[Guwahati]], [[Assam]]|website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ahmed, Jamal Uddin}}
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 2001–2006]]
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:People from Karimganj district]]
[[Category:21st-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from Assam]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Assam]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 2011–2016]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 2016–2021]]

{{Assam-INC-politician-stub}}

V. T. Sooraj

2026-05-06T12:37:39Z

Caleb78G9218343: new info

{{Indian name|V.T.|Sooraj}}
{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2026}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = V.T.Sooraj
| image =
| caption =
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the]] [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = {{Start date|2026|05|04|df=yes}}
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[K. M. Sachin Dev]]
| successor =
| constituency = [[Balussery]]
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| occupation = 
| alma_mater = 
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| spouse =
| children =
| parents =
}}

'''V. T. Sooraj''' is an Indian politician from Kerala. He is a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly]] from [[Balussery Assembly constituency]] representing the Indian National Congress.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-04 |title=Balussery Assembly Election Results 2026 Live Updates: Congress candidate V.T. Sooraj wins the seat |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/kerala/balussery-assembly-election-results-2026-live-updates-congress-v-t-sooraj-lefts-k-m-sachindev-and-bjps-c-p-satheeshan-are-contesting-for-this-seat-among-others/liveblog/130693295.cms |access-date=2026-05-04 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-04 |title=Balusseri (sc) Assembly Election Result 2026 Live: V.T. Sooraj of INC is leading |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/balusseri-election-result-live-updates-kerala-assembly-election-results-winner-10669076/ |access-date=2026-05-04 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Balusseri Election Result 2026 LIVE: Balusseri MLA Election Result & Vote Share - Oneindia |url=https://www.oneindia.com/balusseri-assembly-elections-kl-25/ |access-date=2026-05-04 |website=www.oneindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sooraj, V. T.}}
[[Category:Living people]]

Raipur Haryana Junction railway station

2026-05-05T01:38:03Z

Caleb78G9218343: starting basic entry w/ refs...

{{Short description|Station in Hisar, Haryana, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{cleanup|date=December 2025|reason=The rail interchange template needs fixing and the table under Track seems superfluous.}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Raipur Junction railway station (Haryana)
| symbol_location =
| symbol = RPHR
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express train]] and [[Slow and fast passenger trains in India|Passenger train]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| address = Hisar-Raipur Road off [[National Highway 9 (India)|NH-9]], Raipur, Sector 1-4 [[Hisar, Haryana|Hisar]], [[Haryana]], 125044
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|29.1493|75.7256|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| line = [[Bathinda–Rewari line]] [[Ludhiana–Bikaner line]]
| elevation = {{convert|212|m|ft}}
| platform = 2
| depth =
| levels = 1 (ground level)
| tracks = 2
| parking = Yes
| bicycle = Yes
| bus_stands = No
| bus_routes = No
| connections = No
| structure = At-ground
| architect = [[Architecture of India|Indian]]
| architectural_style = Simple
| opened = 1 November 1913<ref name=built1/>
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Yes
| code = {{Indian railway code | code = RPHR | zone = [[Northern Railway zone]] | division = {{rwd|Ambala}} }}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| zone = [[North Western Railway zone]]
| classification = Passenger and freight
| status = Functioning
| former =
| original = [[Rajputana–Malwa Railway]]
| Pre-grouping company =
| postgroup = Indian Railways
| Pre-nationalization company =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = 
| Services_collapsible =
| Services_state =
| Route_map =
| Map_state =
| map_type = India Haryana#India
| Map_locator =
| AlternativeMap =
| Map_alt =
| Map_overlay =
| Map_dot_label =
| Map_label_position =
| Map_caption =
| Map_size =
| website = {{Official website| https://www.indianrail.gov.in }}
}}

'''Raipur Haryana Junction railway station''' (railway code: '''RPHR''') is a suburban railway station under the [[Ambala railway division]] of [[Northern Railway zone]] of [[Indian Railways]], located at [[Hisar (city)|Hisar]] city in [[Hisar district]] of [[Haryana]] state of India. The station consists of 2 [[broad-gauge]] electrified tracks of [[Bathinda–Rewari line]]. The railway station is about {{cvt|6|km}} from each of the following, the Hisar bus station 6 km west, [[Hisar Junction railway station]] to the southwest, and [[Hisar Airport]] in the northwest.<ref name=ns1/><ref name=raip1/><ref name=raip2/>

== History ==
{{see also | Rail transport in India#History | label 1 = Indian railway history | Northern Railway zone#History | label 2 = NR history | North Western Railway zone#History | label 3 = NWR history | Hisar_Junction_railway_station#History | label 4 = History of railway in Hisar district | Ludhiana–Jakhal line | Jakhal–Hisar–Sadalpur line }}

Hisar–Raipur-Jakhal link was operationalised on 1 November 1913,<ref name=built1>{{cite web |url= https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.36650|title= Indian Railways history | website = [[Indian Railways]] |access-date=2012-11-06 }}</ref> as side-spur extension of the [[Rajputana–Malwa Railway]] {{track gauge|1000mm}}-wide [[metre gauge]] [[Delhi–Rewari line]] which was earlier extended from Rewari to Hisar-Bathinda in 1884.<ref name=hisar>{{cite web| url= http://revenueharyana.gov.in/html/gazeteers/gazetteer_india_hisar.pdf| title= Gazetteer of India, Haryana, Hisar| work= Communications, page 135| publisher= [[Government of Haryana]] | access-date= 10 May 2014| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140501213030/http://revenueharyana.gov.in/html/gazeteers/gazetteer_india_hisar.pdf| archive-date= 1 May 2014| url-status= dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://wiki.fibis.org/index.php/Rajputana-Malwa_State_Railway |title = Rajputana Malwa State Railway| publisher= fibis| access-date = 10 May 2014}}</ref><ref name=gaz1>1987 Gazetteer of India: Haryana, Hisar, pp.127–128, [[Government of Haryana|Haryana Gazetteers Organization]], Controller of Printing and Stationery, Chandigarh.</ref>

The 2025-26 railway budget statement, known as the Pink Book, provided for the doubling of track between Raipur to Satrod section was approved.<ref name=budg1>[https://www.amarujala.com/haryana/hisar/a-new-railway-line-will-be-laid-from-hisar-yard-to-the-satroad-raipur-haryana-section-for-the-hisar-satroad-doubling-hisar-news-c-21-hsr1020-625896-2025-05-15 Hisar News: हिसार-सातरोड दोहरीकरण के लिए हिसार यार्ड से सातरोड-रायपुर हरियाणा सेक्शन तक बिछेगी नई रेललाइन], [[Amar Ujala]], 15 May 2025.</ref>

==Track==

<div class="mw-parser-output">
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Indian Railway Line Status
|-
! Rail Line Name
! Track Doubling Status
! OHE Height Raising for Double-Stack Containers
|-
! Hisar-Raipur-Jakhal-Ludhiana
| Yes. Hisar-Jakhal-Ludhiana completion date of December 31, 2024.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indiainvestmentgrid.gov.in/opportunities/nip-project/706840|title=Firozpur-Bhatinda and Jakhal - Hisar Doubling Line Project|website= [[National Infrastructure Pipeline|India Investment Grid]] |date=2021-04-01}}</ref> (Status as of April 2021).
| Yes. High-rise OHE (7.45m contact wire height) on the Rewari-Hisar-Ludhiana feeder route to the Western DFC.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/blog/291667/0|title=Decision to be taken for high rise OHE on Rewari-Manheru- Hisar-Ludhiana|website=India Rail Info|date=2013-01-11|publisher= [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Ministry of Railways]] }}</ref>
|}
</div>

==Train service==

See [[Hisar Junction railway station#Tracks|trains from Hisar-Raipur to Jakhal-Bathinda, Jakhal-Patiala-Chandigarh and Jakhal-Patiala-Ludhiana-Amritsar routes]].

In 2025 July, the Hisar-Chandigarh train (Barwala, Uklana, Jakhal, Narwana, Kaithal, Kurukshetra, and Ambala Cantt) starts from Raipur Hisar Junction station instead of main Hisar Junction railway station due to the lack of adequate number of platforms at Hisar junction.<ref name=ns1>[https://www.haryanaekhabar.com/hisar/it-is-a-pleasure-to-start-the-train-from-hisar-to-chandigarh-but-these-shortcomings-need-to-be-removed/ It is a pleasure to start the train from Hisar to Chandigarh but these shortcomings need to be removed], haryanaekhabar.com, 21 May 2025.</ref><ref name=raip1>[https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/hisar-gets-direct-trains-to-chandigarh-gurugram/ Hisar gets direct trains to Chandigarh Gurugram], [[The Tribune (India)|The Tribune]], 18 May 2025.</ref><ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/hisar-residents-to-get-direct-trains-to-chandigarh-gurugram-mla-savitri-jindal/articleshow/120941684.cms Hisar Residents to get direct trains to Chandigarh and Gurugram, MLA Savitri Jindal], [[Times of India]], 7 May 2025.</ref> This is first such direct service from Hisar to Chandigarh in last 59 years.<ref>[https://haryana.punjabkesari.in/haryana/news/hisar-to-chandigarh-direct-train-after-59-years-see-time-table-here-2152660 रेल यात्रियों के लिए खुशखबरी! 59 साल बाद हिसार से चंडीगढ़ के लिए सीधी ट्रेन, यहां देखें टाइम-टेबल], [[Punjab Kesari]], 17 May 2025.</ref> Since train commences twice a week at 2.15 am in the mornight from this deserted station which has only 2 staff, a station master and helper, commuters are concerned about the personality safety and the last of last mile transport connectivity.<ref>[https://www.jagran.com/haryana/hisar-hisar-chandigarh-train-low-ridership-due-to-location-and-timing-24014553.html हिसार-चंडीगढ़ रूट सेफ नहीं! सफर करने में हिचकिचा रहे यात्री; क्या है वजह?], [[Dainik Jagran]], 16 Aug 2025.</ref>

==Issues==

As of August 2025, Hisar junction which has only 6 platforms does not have sufficient number of platforms to handle additional trains. Consequently, newly introduced Hisar-Chandigarh train commences from the Raipur station instead of Hisar junction. This train begins from Raipur late at night, i.e. 2:25 am, since Raipur station which has only 2 railway employees lies in the outer suburbs, the passengers have concerns about the physical safety due to the lack of lighting and lack of [[Last mile (transportation)|last-mile transport]] thus reducing the [[ridership]] numbers.<ref name=nigh1>[https://haryana.punjabkesari.in/haryana/news/chandigarh-to-hisar-train-on-raipur-railway-station-check-timing-2198063 हरियाणा के इस सुनसान रेलवे स्टेशन से चंडीगढ़ की ट्रेन शुरू, टाइमिंग जानकार रह जाएंगे हैरान], [[Punjab Kesari]], 17 Aug 2025.</ref><ref>[https://www.amarujala.com/haryana/hisar/passengers-please-note-direct-train-from-hisar-to-chandigarh-will-depart-from-raipur-station-near-sector-1-4-2025-05-17 यात्रीगण कृपया ध्यान दें: हिसार से चंडीगढ़ की सीधी ट्रेन, सेक्टर 1-4 के पास स्थित रायपुर स्टेशन से होगी रवाना], [[Amar Ujala]], 17 May 2025.</ref>

==Present status==

* '''2021 Jul''': Future plans include constructing a passenger terminal at Raipur, railway sliding to cargo terminal of [[Hisar Airport]] and rail passenger services at Hisar Airport.<ref name=raip2>[https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/hisar-chandigarh-flight-twice-a-week-june-9-haryana-cm-saini-10054961/ Hisar Chandigarh twice a week], [[The Indian Express]], 18 May 2025.</ref><ref name=raip3>[https://indianexpress.com/article/chandigarh/haryana-hisar-international-airport-dushyant-chautala-7427227/ Haryana to spend Rs 946 crore for construction of Hisar international airport: Dushyant Chautala], [[The Indian Express]], 28 July 2021.</ref> The budget for Raipur-[[Satrod railway station|Satrod]] section was approved in 2025-26 pink book.<ref name=budg1>[https://www.amarujala.com/haryana/hisar/a-new-railway-line-will-be-laid-from-hisar-yard-to-the-satroad-raipur-haryana-section-for-the-hisar-satroad-doubling-hisar-news-c-21-hsr1020-625896-2025-05-15 Hisar News: हिसार-सातरोड दोहरीकरण के लिए हिसार यार्ड से सातरोड-रायपुर हरियाणा सेक्शन तक बिछेगी नई रेललाइन], [[Amar Ujala]], 15 May 2025.</ref>

* '''2025 May''': Budget for Raipur-Satrod track doubling was approved.<ref name=budg1/>

==See also==
{{portal|India|Trains}}

* [[Transport in Haryana]]
** [[Hisar Airport]]
** [[Rail transport in Haryana]]

* [[Tourism in Haryana]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IndiaRailInfo|673}}
{{Railway stations in Haryana}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1873]]
[[Category:Railway junction stations in Haryana]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Hisar district|Hisar]]
[[Category:Bikaner railway division]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Hisar (city)]]
[[Category:Transport in Hisar (city)]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Haryana]]
[[Category:1873 establishments in British India]]

Tourist Family

2026-04-25T09:24:18Z

Caleb78G9218343: new a data

{{Short description|2025 Tamil film by Abishan Jeevinth}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Tourist Family.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Abishan Jeevinth]]
| writer = Abishan Jeevinth
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* Pasilian Nazerath
* Magesh Raj Pasilian
* Yuvaraj Ganesan
}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[M. Sasikumar]]
* [[Simran (actress)|Simran]]
* Mithun Jai Sankar
* Kamalesh Jagan
}}
| cinematography = Aravind Viswanathan
| editing = Barath Vikraman
| music = [[Sean Roldan]]
| studio = {{Plainlist|
* Million Dollar Studios
* MRP Entertainment
}}
| released = {{Film date|2025|4|29|India|2025|5|1|worldwide|df=y}}
| runtime = 128 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tourist Family |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/tourist-family-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdi5nzi1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20250504040523/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/tourist-family-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdi5nzi1 |archive-date=4 May 2025 |access-date=1 May 2025 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |language=en}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = {{estimated}} {{INR}}7 crore<ref>{{Cite web |last=A |first=Ganesh |date=2 May 2025 |title=பாக்ஸ் ஆபிஸில் முதல் நாளே சிக்சர் அடித்த டூரிஸ்ட் பேமிலி – வசூல் எவ்வளவு தெரியுமா? |trans-title=''Tourist Family'', which hit a [[Sixer (cricket)|sixer]] on its first day at the box office – do you know how much it collected? |url=https://tamil.asianetnews.com/gallery/cinema/sasikumar-and-simran-starrer-tourist-family-movie-day-1-box-office-collection-gan-svm4p6 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506100424/https://tamil.asianetnews.com/amp/gallery/cinema/sasikumar-and-simran-starrer-tourist-family-movie-day-1-box-office-collection-gan-svm4p6 |archive-date=6 May 2025 |access-date=5 May 2025 |website=[[Asianet News]] |language=ta}}</ref>{{efn|The overall budget, including marketing costs, was estimated at {{INRConvert|16|c|year=2025}}.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pachake |first=Mona |date=5 May 2025 |title=டூரிஸ்ட் ஃபேமிலி vs ரெட்ரோ... வசூல் வேட்டை நடத்தும் படம் எது தெரியுமா? |trans-title=''Tourist Family'' vs ''Retro''... Do you know which film is doing the most business? |url=https://tamil.indianexpress.com/photos/tourist-family-vs-retro-which-is-the-box-office-winner-9036553 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506100700/https://tamil.indianexpress.com/photos/tourist-family-vs-retro-which-is-the-box-office-winner-9036553 |archive-date=6 May 2025 |access-date=5 May 2025 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=ta}}</ref>}}
| gross = {{estimation}} {{INR}}90 crore<ref name="profitable">{{Cite web |last=Mathur |first=Abhimanyu |date=17 July 2025 |title=India's most profitable film of 2025 earned 1200% profit: How a ₹7 crore film beat Chhaava, Sitaare Zameen Par, Sikandar |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/indias-most-profitable-film-of-2025-tourist-family-budget-7-crore-box-office-1200-chhaava-sitaare-zameen-par-sikandar-101752735955141.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250718004751/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/indias-most-profitable-film-of-2025-tourist-family-budget-7-crore-box-office-1200-chhaava-sitaare-zameen-par-sikandar-101752735955141.html |archive-date=18 July 2025 |access-date=18 July 2025 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref>
}}

'''''Tourist Family''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[comedy drama]] film written and directed by [[Abishan Jeevinth]], in his directorial debut. Produced by Million Dollar Studios and MRP Entertainment, the film stars [[M. Sasikumar]], [[Simran (actress)|Simran]], Mithun Jai Sankar and Kamalesh Jagan as a [[Sri Lankan Tamils|Sri Lankan Tamil]] family who, following the [[Sri Lankan economic crisis (2019–2024)|Sri Lankan economic crisis]], [[Illegal immigration to India|illegally immigrate]] to India, but must hide from law enforcement. [[Yogi Babu]], [[Ramesh Thilak]], [[M. S. Bhaskar]], [[Elango Kumaravel]], [[Sreeja Ravi]] and [[Bagavathi Perumal]] portray supporting roles.

Development began in September 2024, when Million Dollar Studios and MRP Entertainment announced an untitled project by Abishan, and the official title was announced that December. [[Principal photography]] took place primarily in [[Chennai]] over 35 working days, [[Wrap (filmmaking)|wrapping]] by early January 2025. The film has music composed by [[Sean Roldan]], cinematography handled by Aravind Viswanathan and editing by Barath Vikraman.

''Tourist Family'' premiered on 29 April 2025, and released theatrically on 1 May. The film received positive reviews and grossed approximately {{INRConvert|90|c|year=2025}} worldwide against an estimated production budget of {{INRConvert|7|c|year=2025}}, becoming the [[List of Tamil films of 2025|seventh highest-grossing Tamil film of 2025]] and one of the most profitable Indian films of 2025.<ref name="profitable" /> The film emerged one of four Indian films amongst 201 films eligible for the [[Academy Award for Best Picture]] in 2026.<ref name="TFatOscars">{{Cite news |date=10 January 2026 |title='Kantara: Chapter 1', 'Tanvi The Great' among four Indian films eligible for Oscars 2026 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kantara-chapter-1-tanvi-the-great-tourist-family-among-four-indian-films-eligible-for-oscars-2026/article70489951.ece/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260112183949/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kantara-chapter-1-tanvi-the-great-tourist-family-among-four-indian-films-eligible-for-oscars-2026/article70489951.ece |archive-date=12 January 2026 |access-date=10 January 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Following the [[Sri Lankan economic crisis (2019–2024)|economic crisis in Sri Lanka]], a [[Sri Lankan Tamils|Tamil]] family of four – Dharmadas "Das", his wife Vasanthi, and their sons Nithushan "Nithu" and Murali "Mulli" – flee their native [[Jaffna]], via [[Valvettithurai]], and seek refuge in India through [[Rameswaram]], with the help of Vasanthi's brother, Prakash. As they [[Illegal immigration to India|illegally]] enter the country, a group of police constables, led by A. Bhairavan, apprehend the family but release them after realising their innocence. Nithu and Mulli emotionally appeal to Bhairavan's compassion by showing him a puppy they found on the shore, pretending it is their pet.

The family, along with Prakash, arrive at a neighbourhood in [[Chennai]], where they pose as [[Malayalis]] to [[Inspector#India|Inspector]] Raghavan, who leases the vacant floor of his house to them. Das soon finds a temporary job as a driver for his neighbour, Richard. Despite Prakash's warnings to keep a low profile due to their distinct [[Sri Lankan Tamil dialects|Sri Lankan Tamil dialect]], Das and Vasanthi become closer to their neighbours despite their fear of being exposed. Vasanthi befriends Mangaiyarkarasi, an elderly woman, and her husband, Gunasekar.

In Rameswaram, a bomb blast occurs, which Balwan Singh, a ruthless [[Assistant commissioner of police|ACP]], starts investigating. Bhairavan's associates want to inform Balwan about Das and his family, who they believe infiltrated India. [[Closed-circuit television|CCTV]] footage showing Das disposing of waste in a dustbin near the blast site, is retrieved. However, Bhairavan, who likes the family, prevents his colleagues from revealing their identity to Balwan. During an interrogation, Balwan severely beats a suspect, who is later hospitalised. At risk of being arrested if the suspect dies, Balwan is under immense pressure to find the actual culprits behind the bomb blast.

Raghavan's daughter, Kural, is in a relationship with a boyfriend who secretly visits their house. However, Nithu mistakes him for a thief and apprehends him. During the ensuing argument, Kural discovers her boyfriend's infidelity and thanks Nithu for unintentionally revealing his true character. In turn, he opens up about the fact that he left Sri Lanka and his dismay towards his father for uprooting their family and seeking refuge in India. Das reveals he discarded the puppy, leading to a heated argument. Nithu and Das have a fight where he expresses his frustration about his menial jobs in Chennai. Eventually, they come to understand each other and start communicating again. A disheartened Nithu, who found that his girlfriend had married someone else, is cheered up by his family.

In Rameswaram, Balwan and Bhairavan investigate Das' family to avoid departmental punishment. They trace the family through a taxi they hired from Rameswaram. When Mangaiyarkarasi dies from the shock of her husband dying, who was revealed to be sleeping, Das rallies the neighbours to attend her last rites. Richard terminates Das's temporary job but reappoints him when he reveals his true identity as a Sri Lankan. Kural develops feelings for Nithu, and they grow closer.

At Mangaiyarkarasi's funeral, the entire neighbourhood pays their respects. An alcoholic youth, previously considered troublesome, speaks up, thanking Das for saving his life. He shares his emotional story of how his mother had [[Alzheimer's disease]] and eventually died, making him suicidal and alcoholic. Das unintentionally saved him from a poisoning attempt and showed genuine concern for his well-being. The youth, now [[Sobriety|sober]], apologises for past troubles and bids farewell as he is leaving for [[Dubai]]. The neighbourhood, which previously judged him harshly, appreciates his story and holds Das in high esteem. They learn about Das and his family's true identity as Sri Lankan refugees, bonding with them.

Just as the neighbourhood is coming together, Balwan, Bhairavan, and their team arrive, conducting a house-to-house search to apprehend Das's family. However, when they finally reach Das's house, Bhairavan claims they are not the family he met earlier in Rameswaram. Balwan is frustrated, having failed to close the case, and leaves abruptly due to an arrest warrant issued against him as the suspect has died. Das confronts Bhairavan about his deception, and Bhairavan reveals that the whole neighbourhood refused to disclose Das and his family's true identity. Moreover, the entire colony spoke in the Sri Lankan Tamil dialect to help Das's family escape the police investigation. The puppy returns to Das' family.

== Cast ==

{{Cast listing|
* [[M. Sasikumar]] as Dharmadas "Das"
* [[Simran (actress)|Simran]] as Vasanthi (voice dubbed by [[Savitha Radhakrishnan]])
* [[Yogi Babu]] as Prakash
* [[Ramesh Thilak]] as A. Bhairavan
* [[M. S. Bhaskar]] as Richard
* [[Elango Kumaravel]] as Gunasekar
* [[Sreeja Ravi]] as Mangaiyarkarasi
* [[Bagavathi Perumal]] as [[Inspector#India|Inspector]] R. Raghavan
* Mithun Jai Sankar as Nithushan "Nithu"
* Kamalesh Jagan as Murali "Mulli"

* Ajit Koshy as [[Director general of police|Commissioner]] N. Udhai Sankar [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
* Soundarya Saravanan as Raghavan's wife
* Ramkumar Prasanna as [[Assistant commissioner of police|ACP]] R. Balwan Singh IPS
* Porkodi Senthil as Kavitha
* [[Abishan Jeevinth]] as the alcoholic youth
* Sudarshan Gandhi as Mulli's teacher
* Yogalakshmi as Kural
* S. Rajapandi as [[Constable]] Murugan
}}

== Production ==

=== Development ===
On 28 September 2024, Million Dollar Studios announced an untitled project, written and directed by [[Abishan Jeevinth]] in his debut, which was to begin filming in October.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 September 2024 |title=Sasikumar and Simran join hands for a new film |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/story/tamil/news/2024/sep/28/sasikumar-and-simran-join-hands-for-a-new-film |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250515131231/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/story/tamil/news/2024/sep/28/sasikumar-and-simran-join-hands-for-a-new-film |archive-date=15 May 2025 |access-date=25 April 2025 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> The film was jointly produced by Nazerath Pasilian, Magesh Raj Pasilian, Yuvaraj Ganesan under Million Dollar Studios and MRP Entertainment banners.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 December 2024 |title=Tourist Family Teaser: Simran and Sasikumar Team Up For A Lighthearted Film |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/tourist-family-teaser-is-out-now-article-116066084 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241211182628/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/tourist-family-teaser-is-out-now-article-116066084 |archive-date=11 December 2024 |access-date=27 December 2024 |website=[[Times Now]] |language=en}}</ref> The technical team includes cinematographer Aravind Viswanathan, editor Barath Vikraman and art director Raj Kamal.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=6 December 2024 |title=Sasikumar-Simran's next titled Tourist Family |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Dec/06/sasikumar-simrans-next-titled-tourist-family |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241213163510/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Dec/06/sasikumar-simrans-next-titled-tourist-family |archive-date=13 December 2024 |access-date=27 December 2024 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> The official title ''Tourist Family'' was announced on 6 December 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sundar |first=Anusha |date=7 December 2024 |title=Tourist Family title teaser wins hearts; Simran and Sasikumar's film feels like a breath of fresh air |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/tourist-family-title-teaser-wins-the-hearts-of-many-simran-and-sasikumars-film-feels-like-breath-of-fresh-air/2f88b03dd4420 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250514141842/https://www.ottplay.com/news/tourist-family-title-teaser-wins-the-hearts-of-many-simran-and-sasikumars-film-feels-like-breath-of-fresh-air/2f88b03dd4420 |archive-date=14 May 2025 |access-date=27 December 2024 |website=[[OTTPlay]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=7 December 2024 |title=Simran and Sasikumar's film with 'Good Night' and 'Lover' makers titled 'Tourist Family' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/simran-and-sasikumars-film-with-good-night-and-lover-makers-titled-tourist-family/article68958144.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241208210447/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/simran-and-sasikumars-film-with-good-night-and-lover-makers-titled-tourist-family/article68958144.ece |archive-date=8 December 2024 |access-date=27 December 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 December 2024 |title=Tourist Family teaser: Sasikumar, Simran head a Sri Lankan Tamil family in this promising entertainer |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/tourist-family-teaser-sasikumar-simran-head-a-sri-lankan-tamil-family-in-this-promising-entertainer-9710591/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241206163922/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/tourist-family-teaser-sasikumar-simran-head-a-sri-lankan-tamil-family-in-this-promising-entertainer-9710591/ |archive-date=6 December 2024 |access-date=27 December 2024 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

=== Casting and filming ===
[[M. Sasikumar]] was cast as the lead actor as the director felt he had the innocence required for the role. He cast [[Simran (actress)|Simran]] because he liked her handling of humour.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Radhakrishnan |first=Roopa |date=9 December 2024 |title=We thought a Sasikumar film with an English title would be striking, says Abhishan Jeevinth |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/we-thought-a-sasikumar-film-with-an-english-title-would-be-striking-says-abhishan-jeevinth/articleshow/116126859.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260104101842/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/we-thought-a-sasikumar-film-with-an-english-title-would-be-striking-says-abhishan-jeevinth/articleshow/116126859.cms |archive-date=4 January 2026 |access-date=9 May 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> Abhishan, besides directing, also portrayed a supporting role.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 August 2025 |title=Tourist Family's Abishan Jeevinth to star in Soundarya Rajinikanth's new film |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Aug/27/tourist-familys-abishan-jeevinth-to-star-in-soundarya-rajinikanths-new-film |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251011111331/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Aug/27/tourist-familys-abishan-jeevinth-to-star-in-soundarya-rajinikanths-new-film |archive-date=11 October 2025 |access-date=5 February 2026 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> Yogalakshmi, known for her role in the television series ''[[Heart Beat (TV series)|Heart Beat]]'', made her film debut with ''Tourist Family''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 May 2025 |title=Did you know Heartbeat fame Yogalakshmi acted in the film Tourist Family? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/did-you-know-heartbeat-fame-yogalakshmi-acted-in-the-film-tourist-family/articleshow/120954607.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260214040340/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/did-you-know-heartbeat-fame-yogalakshmi-acted-in-the-film-tourist-family/articleshow/120954607.cms |archive-date=14 February 2026 |access-date=14 February 2026 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> Mithun Jai Sankar, a [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] actor, made his Tamil debut with this film, and was contacted by Million Dollar Studios only five months after the release of his debut, the Malayalam film ''[[Aavesham (2024 film)|Aavesham]]'' (2024). Unfamiliar with the Tamil language, he spent two weeks preparing for his role, particularly being able to speak in the [[Sri Lankan Tamil dialects|Sri Lankan Tamil dialect]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Oommen |first=Nainu |date=8 May 2025 |title=Actor Mithun Jai Sankar on playing Nitushan in 'Tourist Family' and life after 'Aavesham' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/actor-mithun-jai-sankar-on-playing-nitushan-in-tourist-family-and-life-after-aavesham/article69552527.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250508113239/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/actor-mithun-jai-sankar-on-playing-nitushan-in-tourist-family-and-life-after-aavesham/article69552527.ece |archive-date=8 May 2025 |access-date=14 February 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Principal photography]] took place in a set erected in [[Chennai]] in a single schedule of 35 days<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=8 December 2024 |title=Abishan Jeevinth on Tourist Family: Thenali inspired me to make a film on Sri Lankan Tamils |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/interviews/2024/Dec/08/abishan-jeevinth-on-tourist-family-thenali-inspired-me-to-make-a-film-on-sri-lankan-tamils |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241211211847/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/interviews/2024/Dec/08/abishan-jeevinth-on-tourist-family-thenali-inspired-me-to-make-a-film-on-sri-lankan-tamils |archive-date=11 December 2024 |access-date=27 December 2024 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> and [[Wrap (filmmaking)|wrapped]] on 2 January 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2 January 2025 |title=Sasikumar-Simran's Tourist Family wraps filming |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jan/02/sasikumar-simrans-tourist-family-wraps-filming |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250108102658/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jan/02/sasikumar-simrans-tourist-family-wraps-filming |archive-date=8 January 2025 |access-date=2 January 2025 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> Earlier, on 14 December 2024, it was announced that the dubbing process had begun<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 December 2024 |title=Dubbing works begin for Sasikumar-Simran's Tourist Family |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Dec/14/dubbing-works-begin-for-sasikumar-simrans-tourist-family |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241215175312/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Dec/14/dubbing-works-begin-for-sasikumar-simrans-tourist-family |archive-date=15 December 2024 |access-date=27 December 2024 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> and was simultaneously in the post-production stage.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sundar |first=Anusha |date=14 December 2024 |title=Tourist Family: Sasikumar begins dubbing for his family entertainer with Simran {{!}} SEE PICS |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/tourist-family-sasikumar-begins-dubbing-for-his-family-entertainer-with-simran-see-pics/adba43fadc395 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250628135606/https://www.ottplay.com/news/tourist-family-sasikumar-begins-dubbing-for-his-family-entertainer-with-simran-see-pics/adba43fadc395 |archive-date=28 June 2025 |access-date=27 December 2024 |website=[[OTTPlay]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Tourist Family
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Sean Roldan]]
| released = {{Start date|2025|4|23}}
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=25|s=49}}
| language = Tamil
| label = [[Think Music]]
| producer = Sean Roldan
| prev_title = [[Bottle Radha]]
| prev_year = 2025
| year = 2025
| next_title = [[Love Marriage (2025 film)|Love Marriage]]
| next_year = 2025
| misc = {{Singles
|name = Tourist Family
|type = soundtrack
|single1 = Mugai Mazhai
|single1date = 21 February 2025
|single2 = Aachaley
|single2date = 16 April 2025
}}
}}
{{External media|audio1={{YouTube|Up5AgwxPJzo|Tourist Family – Jukebox}}}}
The soundtrack and background is scored by [[Sean Roldan]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 February 2025 |title=First single from Sasikumar-Simran's Tourist Family to be unveiled on this date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Feb/20/first-single-from-sasikumar-simrans-tourist-family-to-be-unveiled-on-this-date |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250418164146/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Feb/20/first-single-from-sasikumar-simrans-tourist-family-to-be-unveiled-on-this-date |archive-date=18 April 2025 |access-date=20 February 2025 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> The first single "Mugai Mazhai" released on 21 February 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=S |first=Ashwin |date=21 February 2025 |title=Tourist Family first single 'Mugai Mazhai' serves as an exposition of this family's bond |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Feb/21/tourist-family-first-single-mugai-mazhai-serves-as-an-exposition-of-this-familys-bond |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250628135606/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Feb/21/tourist-family-first-single-mugai-mazhai-serves-as-an-exposition-of-this-familys-bond |archive-date=28 June 2025 |access-date=21 February 2025 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> The second single "Aachaley" released on 16 April 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 April 2025 |title=Second single, 'Aachaley' from Sasikumar-Simran's Tourist Family out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Apr/16/second-single-aachaley-from-sasikumar-simrans-tourist-family-out |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250419062909/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Apr/16/second-single-aachaley-from-sasikumar-simrans-tourist-family-out |archive-date=19 April 2025 |access-date=16 April 2025 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 25:49
| all_lyrics = [[Mohan Rajan]]
| title1 = Aachaley
| length1 = 3:25
| extra1 = [[Sean Roldan]]
| title2 = Vaazhndhu Paaru
| length2 = 3:38
| extra2 = [[S. P. Charan]]
| title3 = Iragey
| length3 = 3:43
| extra3 = [[Vijay Yesudas]]
| title4 = Iragey Reprise
| length4 = 3:23
| extra4 = Venkatramanan
| title5 = Mugai Mazhai
| length5 = 3:51
| extra5 = Sean Roldan, [[Saindhavi]]
| title6 = Maname
| length6 = 3:24
| extra6 = Manoj Krishna, Sean Roldan
| title7 = Ore Vaanam
| length7 = 4:25
| extra7 = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]], Meha Agarwal
}}

== Release ==
=== Theatrical ===
''Tourist Family'' premiered on 29 April 2025,<ref name=":1" /> and was theatrically released on 1 May 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=M |first=Narayani |date=25 March 2025 |title=Sasikumar-Simran's Tourist Family to release in May |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Mar/25/sasikumar-simrans-tourist-family-to-release-in-may |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250325131226/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Mar/25/sasikumar-simrans-tourist-family-to-release-in-may |archive-date=25 March 2025 |access-date=25 March 2025 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> In the United Kingdom, it was screened in [[Superscreen]], becoming the first small-budget Tamil film to achieve this distinction.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1919294965278241184 |user=ahimsafilms |title=Proud milestone unlocked! 🔥 #TouristFamily is the FIRST-EVER "small" Tamil film to land a prestigious SUPERSCREEN show in the UK — usually reserved exclusively for the biggest tier-1 stars. Watch the FILM OF THE YEAR tonight at 8PM in @cineworld Hounslow's stunning 450+ seat theatre! 🧨🥵🫶 |author=Ahimsa Entertainment |access-date=6 May 2025 |language=en |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/4H8QJ |archive-date=6 May 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Home media ===
The film began streaming on [[JioHotstar]] from 2 June 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 May 2025 |title='Tourist Family' on OTT: When and where to watch Sasikumar-Simran's hit Tamil film |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/tourist-family-on-ott-sasikumar-simran-hit-tamil-film-jiohotstar/article69628398.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250528145019/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/tourist-family-on-ott-sasikumar-simran-hit-tamil-film-jiohotstar/article69628398.ece |archive-date=28 May 2025 |access-date=28 May 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==

=== Box office ===
In India, ''Tourist Family'' was released alongside ''[[Retro (film)|Retro]]'', ''[[Raid 2 (film)|Raid 2]]'' and ''[[HIT: The Third Case]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 May 2025 |title=HIT 3, Retro, Tourist Family: South films to watch this weekend in theatres |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/hit-3-retro-tourist-family-south-films-to-watch-this-weekend-in-theatres/photostory/120759740.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260228082003/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/hit-3-retro-tourist-family-south-films-to-watch-this-weekend-in-theatres/photostory/120759740.cms |archive-date=28 February 2026 |access-date=28 February 2026 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 April 2025 |title=Suriya sends his best wishes to teams behind Tourist Family, Raid 2 and HIT 3 |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/story/tamil/news/2025/apr/30/suriya-sends-his-best-wishes-to-teams-behind-tourist-family-raid-2-and-hit-3 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506105038/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/story/tamil/news/2025/apr/30/suriya-sends-his-best-wishes-to-teams-behind-tourist-family-raid-2-and-hit-3 |archive-date=6 May 2025 |access-date=5 May 2025 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> The film grossed {{INRConvert|2|c|year=2025}} domestically on its opening day.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sundar |first=Anusha |date=2 May 2025 |title=Tourist Family box office collection day 1: Sasikumar and Simran's family drama wins over hearts but starts with humble opening |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/tourist-family-box-office-collection-day-1-sasikumar-and-simrans-family-drama-wins-over-hearts-but-starts-with-humble-opening/9e7bbbc915166 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506110009/https://www.ottplay.com/news/tourist-family-box-office-collection-day-1-sasikumar-and-simrans-family-drama-wins-over-hearts-but-starts-with-humble-opening/9e7bbbc915166 |archive-date=6 May 2025 |access-date=5 May 2025 |website=[[OTTPlay]] |language=en}}</ref> On the fourth day of release, the film emerged the highest-grossing film of Sasikumar in overseas.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 May 2025 |title=Sasikumar's 'Tourist Family' breaks records, emerges as highest-grossing film overseas |url=https://www.dtnext.in/entertainment/cinema/sasikumars-tourist-family-breaks-records-emerges-as-highest-grossing-film-overseas-832517 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506103135/https://www.dtnext.in/amp/entertainment/cinema/sasikumars-tourist-family-breaks-records-emerges-as-highest-grossing-film-overseas-832517 |archive-date=6 May 2025 |access-date=5 May 2025 |website=[[DT Next]] |language=en}}</ref> At the end of the first week, ''Tourist Family'' had earned {{INRConvert|23|c|year=2025}} worldwide.<ref name="profitable" /> By mid-May the film had crossed {{INRConvert|50|c|year=2025}} worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 May 2025 |title=Dhanush encourages Tourist Family director Abishan Jeevinth as film surpasses 50 crore at box office |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/cinema/2025/May/19/dhanush-encourages-tourist-family-director-abishan-jeevinth-as-film-surpasses-50-crore-at-box-office |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250721041316/https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/cinema/2025/May/19/dhanush-encourages-tourist-family-director-abishan-jeevinth-as-film-surpasses-50-crore-at-box-office |archive-date=21 July 2025 |access-date=21 July 2025 |website=[[Indulgexpress]] |language=en |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]}}</ref> As per the American box office revenue tracker ''[[Box Office Mojo]]'', ''Tourist Family'' earned around {{INRConvert|4.7|c}} from Norway, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tourist Family |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/releasegroup/gr3463992069/ |access-date=7 June 2025 |website=[[Box Office Mojo]] |language=en}}</ref> It ended its theatrical run with approximately {{INRConvert|90|c|year=2025}} worldwide, and the trade considered it the most profitable Indian film of 2025 given the estimated {{INRConvert|7|c|year=2025}} production budget.<ref name="profitable" />

=== Critical response ===
''Tourist Family'' received positive reviews from critics, with particular praise for Abishan's direction and Roldan's score, as well as the performance of Sasikumar, Simran, Kamalesh and Yogi Babu.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=4 May 2025 |title='Tourist Family' coming on OTT soon: When and where to watch emotional Tamil family drama |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/tourist-family-coming-on-ott-soon-when-and-where-to-watch-emotional-tamil-family-drama/articleshow/120866920.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250505023308/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/tourist-family-coming-on-ott-soon-when-and-where-to-watch-emotional-tamil-family-drama/articleshow/120866920.cms |archive-date=5 May 2025 |access-date=5 May 2025 |website=[[The Economic Times]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=5 May 2025 |title=TN Minister Ma. Subramanian hails 'Tourist Family' for its heartfelt message on compassion and family values |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/tn-minister-ma-subramanian-hails-tourist-family-for-its-heartfelt-message-on-compassion-and-family-values/articleshow/120894861.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260228082706/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/tn-minister-ma-subramanian-hails-tourist-family-for-its-heartfelt-message-on-compassion-and-family-values/articleshow/120894861.cms |archive-date=28 February 2026 |access-date=10 May 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=1 May 2025 |title='Tourist Family' Twitter review: Sasikumar and Simran's film turns out to be a wholesome entertainer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/tourist-family-twitter-review-sasikumar-and-simrans-film-turns-out-to-be-a-wholesome-entertainer/articleshow/120785748.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260208024536/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/tourist-family-twitter-review-sasikumar-and-simrans-film-turns-out-to-be-a-wholesome-entertainer/articleshow/120785748.cms |archive-date=8 February 2026 |access-date=5 May 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>

Anusha Sundar of ''[[OTTPlay]]'' gave 3.5/5 stars and wrote, "Director Abishan Jeevinth skillfully explores themes of humanity and connection amid adversity, showcasing a diverse ensemble cast that delivers impactful performances."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sundar |first=Anusha |date=29 April 2025 |title=Tourist Family movie review: Abishan Jeevinth crafts a heartwarming story about hard-hitting realities with Sasikumar and Simran at forefront |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/tourist-family-movie-review-abishan-jeevinth-crafts-a-heartwarming-story-about-hard-hitting-realities-with-sasikumar-and-simran-at-forefront/f70670db9a157 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250429183628/https://www.ottplay.com/review/tourist-family-movie-review-abishan-jeevinth-crafts-a-heartwarming-story-about-hard-hitting-realities-with-sasikumar-and-simran-at-forefront/f70670db9a157 |archive-date=29 April 2025 |access-date=29 April 2025 |website=[[OTTPlay]] |language=en}}</ref> Avinash Ramachandran of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave 3.5/5 stars and wrote, "The Sasikumar-Simran starrer scores heavily on the humour front, and these moments also make you think of how willing audiences are just to forget everything and laugh with a film that also makes them think a lot."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Avinash |date=1 May 2025 |title=Tourist Family movie review: Sasikumar, Simran headline a heartwarming and beautiful film about loving thy neighbour |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/tourist-family-review-sasikumar-simran-headline-a-heartwarming-and-beautiful-film-9973604/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250502023403/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/tourist-family-review-sasikumar-simran-headline-a-heartwarming-and-beautiful-film-9973604/ |archive-date=2 May 2025 |access-date=1 May 2025 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> Jayabhuvaneshwari B of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' gave 3.5/5 stars and wrote "A deceptively light film that juggles grief, humour, and warmth in equal measure, powered by Sasikumar's deeply humane performance and a cast that embodies the messy goodness of everyday people."<ref>{{Cite web |last=B |first=Jayabhuvaneshwari |date=30 April 2025 |title=Tourist Family Movie Review: A soulful tale of survival and solidarity |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2025/Apr/30/tourist-family-movie-review-a-soulful-tale-of-survival-and-solidarity |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250504062111/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2025/Apr/30/tourist-family-movie-review-a-soulful-tale-of-survival-and-solidarity |archive-date=4 May 2025 |access-date=1 May 2025 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

Latha Srinivasan of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' gave 3.5/5 stars and wrote, "''Tourist Family'' is a wonderful tale from Abishan Jeevinth which reiterates, yet again, that one must love one's neighbour and humanity above all."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Latha |date=1 May 2025 |title=Tourist Family movie review: A feel-good entertainer elevated by a stellar Sasikumar and Simran |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/tourist-family-movie-review-a-feel-good-entertainer-elevated-by-a-stellar-sasikumar-and-simran-101746097396944.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250502130117/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/tourist-family-movie-review-a-feel-good-entertainer-elevated-by-a-stellar-sasikumar-and-simran-101746097396944.html |archive-date=2 May 2025 |access-date=2 May 2025 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref> Abhinav Subramanian of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 2.5/5 stars and wrote, "''Tourist Family'' is a gentle look at the challenges of starting over, even if the narrative feels somewhat formulaic."<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Abhinav |date=29 April 2025 |title=Tourist Family Movie Review: A relevant story told with predictable beats |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/tourist-family/movie-review/120738357.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260227163022/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/tourist-family/movie-review/120738357.cms |archive-date=27 February 2026 |access-date=28 February 2026 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> Srinivasa Ramanujam of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "In a cinema dominated by loud guns and mushy romances, ''Tourist Family'' comes as a breath of fresh air."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramanujam |first=Srinivasa |date=1 May 2025 |title='Tourist Family' movie review: This Sasikumar-Simran feel-good film leaves you all fuzzy |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/tourist-family-movie-review-this-sasikumar-simran-feel-good-film-leaves-you-all-fuzzy/article69521030.ece/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250502041500/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/tourist-family-movie-review-this-sasikumar-simran-feel-good-film-leaves-you-all-fuzzy/article69521030.ece |archive-date=2 May 2025 |access-date=1 May 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> Prathyusha Parasuraman of ''[[The Hollywood Reporter India]]'' wrote, "Despite the forceful sweetness in tone, the film's visual language is cool, clean, and distant. It frames patiently, all the joys and anxieties. There is not much movement of the camera".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Parasuraman |first=Prathyush |date=1 May 2025 |title='Tourist Family' Movie Review: Sasikumar, Simran Carry This Naive But Charming Refugee Drama |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/reviews/theatrical/tourist-family-movie-review-sasikumar-simran-carry-this-naive-but-charming-refugee-drama |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250504053715/https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/reviews/theatrical/tourist-family-movie-review-sasikumar-simran-carry-this-naive-but-charming-refugee-drama |archive-date=4 May 2025 |access-date=4 May 2025 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter India]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Festival screenings ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Festival
! Section
! Screening Dates
! Notes
! {{abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
| [[Chennai International Film Festival]]
| Tamil Feature Film Competition
| 15 December 2025
| style="text-align:center" rowspan="1" | –
| style="text-align:center" | <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 December 2025 |title=23rd Chennai International Film Festival Movie Schedule |url=https://chennaifilmfest.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/CIFF_Movie_Schedule1.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260112183116/https://chennaifilmfest.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/CIFF_Movie_Schedule1.pdf |archive-date=12 January 2026 |access-date=10 January 2026 |website=[[Chennai International Film Festival]] |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 December 2025 |title=List of Films selected for screening at 23rd Edition Of Chennai International Film Festival (11th Dec'2025 – 18th Dec '2025) |url=https://chennaipatrika.com/post/list-of-films-selected-for-screening-at-23rd-edition-of-chennai-international-film-festival-11th-dec2025-18th-dec-2025 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260112183322/https://chennaipatrika.com/post/list-of-films-selected-for-screening-at-23rd-edition-of-chennai-international-film-festival-11th-dec2025-18th-dec-2025 |archive-date=12 January 2026 |access-date=10 January 2026 |website=Chennai Patrika |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable unsortable plainrowheaders"

|+
! scope="col" | Award ceremony
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Nominee(s)
! scope="col" | Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2" | [[Chennai International Film Festival]]
| style="text-align:center" rowspan="2"| 2025
| Best Actor (Male) – Tamil
| style="text-align:center"|[[M. Sasikumar]]
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center" rowspan="1" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 December 2025 |title=Sasikumar Wins The Best Actor Award For 'Tourist Family'; Bala Pens An EMOTIONAL Letter |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sasikumar-wins-the-best-actor-award-for-tourist-family-bala-pens-an-emotional-letter/articleshow/126137869.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260207074232/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sasikumar-wins-the-best-actor-award-for-tourist-family-bala-pens-an-emotional-letter/articleshow/126137869.cms |archive-date=7 February 2026 |access-date=12 January 2026 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| Best Feature Film – Tamil
| style="text-align:center"|''Tourist Family''
| {{won|place=2 |2{{superscript|nd}}}}
| style="text-align:center" rowspan="1"|<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 December 2025 |title=Ram's Paranthu Po, Sasikumar, Tourist Family win big at Chennai International Film Festival |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/story/tamil/news/2025/Dec/19/rams-paranthu-po-sasikumar-tourist-family-win-big-at-chennai-international-film-festival |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260228083756/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/story/tamil/news/2025/dec/19/rams-paranthu-po-sasikumar-tourist-family-win-big-at-chennai-international-film-festival |archive-date=28 February 2026 |access-date=12 January 2026 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== See also ==
* [[Portrayals of Sri Lankan Tamils in Indian cinema]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

[[Category:2025 comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:2025 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:2025 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Tamil Nadu Police]]
[[Category:Films about families]]
[[Category:Films about illegal immigration]]
[[Category:Films about police brutality]]
[[Category:Films about refugees]]
[[Category:Films scored by Sean Roldan]]
[[Category:Films set in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films set in Rameswaram]]
[[Category:Films set in Sri Lanka (1948–present)]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Googly (2013 film)

2026-04-24T16:11:56Z

Caleb78G9218343: Added A Details More To Come

{{Short description|2013 Indian film by Pavan Wadeyar}}
{{Use British English|date=October 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Googly
| image = Googly 2013 Kannada Film.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name =
| director = [[Pavan Wadeyar]]
| producer = {{plainlist|
*Jayanna
*Bhogendra
}}
| writer = Pawan Wadeyar
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Yash (Kannada actor)|Yash]]
*[[Kriti Kharbanda]]
}}
| music = '''Songs :-''' [[Joshua Sridhar]] '''Background Scores :-''' [[Anoop Seelin]]
| cinematography = [[Vaidy S]]
| editing = Sanath Kumar Suresh Arumugam
| studio = Jayanna Combines
| distributor = Sadashiva M G
| released = {{Film date|2013|07|19|df=yes}}
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Kannada]]
| budget = {{INR}}4 crore<ref name=":bob">{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2013/dec/30/sandalwood-report-card-557121.html | title=Sandalwood Report Card | date=30 December 2013 }}</ref>
| gross = {{INR}}15 crore<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/entertainment/rocking-star-yash-s-top-5-movies-pk16eh|title = Rocking star Yash's top 5 movies}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-08-08/news-interviews/41200801_1_yash-googly-kriti-kharbanda |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102113732/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-08-08/news-interviews/41200801_1_yash-googly-kriti-kharbanda |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-11-02 |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=Yash strikes gold with Googly }}</ref><ref name=":bob"/>
}}

'''''Googly''''' is a 2013 Indian [[Kannada language]] [[romantic comedy film]] directed by [[Pavan Wadeyar]] and produced by Jayanna Combines, starring [[Yash (Kannada actor)|Yash]] and [[Kriti Kharbanda]] in the lead roles, while [[Ananth Nag]], [[Sudha Belawadi]], Deepu, Ashok Sharma, Neenasam Ashwath and [[Sadhu Kokila]] appear in supporting roles.

''Googly'' was released on 19 July 2013 to positive reviews from critics and became a commercial success.<ref name="auto">{{cite web |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/news/2013/yash-googly-box-office-115535.html |title=Googly Box Office Report |date=25 July 2013 |access-date=26 July 2013 |archive-date=2 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102165840/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/kannada/news/2013/yash-googly-box-office-115535.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The film won multiple nominations at the [[3rd South Indian International Movie Awards]]. Having been nominated in 11 categories, the film won SIIMA awards for Best Director ([[Pavan Wadeyar]]), Best Cinematographer ([[Vaidy S.]]), Best Lyricist (Pavan Wadeyar) and Best Fight Choreographer ([[Ravi Varma (stunt director)|Ravi Varma]]).<ref>{{cite news |title= And the SIIMA Awards go to... |url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/And-the-SIIMA-Awards-go-to-/articleshow/42532423.cms |newspaper= The Times of India |date= 16 September 2014 |accessdate= 22 September 2014}}</ref> The copyrights for the Bengali remake were sold to [[Eskay Movies]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/bengali-telugu-filmmakers-googly-eskay-movies-entertainment-yash-kriti-kharbanda/articleshow/49063387.cms?|title = Bengali and Telugu filmmakers to throw Googly in theatres}}</ref>

==Plot==
Sharath is admitted to the hospital after being attacked by a group of rowdies and is taken special care by the doctors as he is a rich industrialist. He was with Swathi who is revealed to be his friend to the journalist who helped them to reach to hospital. Swathi donates her blood to Sharath and the movie shifts to flashback.Swathi was a MBBS student from Mysore who came to Bangalore to attend the 'Global Economy Forum' which is taking place in the college where Sharath is an MBA student. On the first day she met Sharath and was surprised as he was hated by his whole college even though he is a first ranker. She has an interest in him when her roommate refers to him as a 'mental' and has strong hate towards girls and love. On the event of the forum Sharath fell asleep when he was called out for the presentation and Swathi woke him up. He gave a hilarious speech and was selected for the next round while Swathi was also selected. Sharath is disturbed by the thoughts of Swathi while sleeping and is afraid of being in love as he hates it.So he decided to say thank you to her for yesterday's incident and to get rid of her thoughts. While swathi was finding a reason to talk with this interesting man. They both met and talked to each other, where Swathi realizes he considers love to be futile and girls are all for money.Sharath is a straightforward, difficult, intelligent guy. By this meet, both of them started to love each other. Over a period of time, Sharath starts to suspect every act of Swathi.

One day, Swathi is injured and things become more complicated when he misunderstands Swathi's friend to be her boyfriend at a hospital where she is undergoing treatment. As a result, Sharath gets annoyed and slaps Swathi. Unlike any guy who'll normally brood over his past girlfriend, Sharath takes this as a challenge and devotes his time to his career, and becomes a huge entrepreneur within a couple of years. After a few years, Sharath realises his mistake of hurting Swathi and tries to reconcile with her by apologizing to her through a phone call on her birthday, but is hurt to hear that Swathi is getting engaged to someone and she never had such feelings for him. Later, he returns to [[India]] to attend his friend's wedding in [[Mangalore]], and is surprised to see Swathi and he learns that they both will attend the same wedding.

Upon further conversation with Swathi, he discovers that Swathi had lied to him regarding her engagement to get rid of him, because she didn't have the strength to be heartbroken again if Sharath would leave her for the second time. Thus, he win her heart again. Swathi later decides to reunite with him and they fall in love again, but on their way, a [[North Indians|North Indian]] gang, who were thrashed by Sharath for separating two lovers, attacks him. After admitting Sharath in the hospital, Swathi donates her blood to Sharath where Sharath's mother scolds Swathi and she leaves without informing anyone. Sharath manages to find her at train station with the support of the media. When she replies she had lost her accessories and ticket in the station, where Sharath tells her that in spite of going through so much pain to find her she is lamenting the loss of something trivial. They reconcile with each other.

==Cast==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[Yash (actor)|Yash]] as Sharath, an international businessman
* [[Kriti Kharbanda]] as Dr. Swathi, Sharath's love interest and a doctor
* [[Anant Nag]] as Sharath's father
* [[Sudha Belawadi]] as Kousalya, Sharath's mother
* [[Sadhu Kokila]] as Musthafa
* Neenasam Ashwath as Ravi Joshi
* Deepu as Madhu, Swathi's friend
* Ashok Sharma as Narayana, Sharath's friend
* [[M. N. Lakshmi Devi]]
* Gopal Krushna Raul as Sharath's friend
* Pavan Wadeyar in special appearance in "Yeno Yeno Aagide"
* [[Saurav Lokesh]] as a local goon
{{div col end}}

== Production ==
[[Yash (actor)|Yash]] was cast to play Sharath, an eccentric university student.<ref name="RockingStar">{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/yash-the-rise-of-the-rocking-star-1098994.html|title=Yash: The rise of the 'Rocking Star'|author=Vivek M.V.|date=8 April 2022|access-date=4 May 2022|newspaper=Deccan Herald|archive-date=4 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220504135641/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/yash-the-rise-of-the-rocking-star-1098994.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Kriti Kharbanda]] was cast as a sincere medical student Swathi.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/kriti-kharbandha-turns-busy-bee-news-kannada-ogciMecbihi.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140603151522/http://www.sify.com/movies/kriti-kharbandha-turns-busy-bee-news-kannada-ogciMecbihi.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 June 2014 |title=Kriti Kharbandha turns busy bee! |work=Sify |access-date=30 May 2014}}</ref> The film marked their first film collaboration.<ref>{{Cite web |title=I can't wait for 'Googly' to happen to me again |author=Chetana Divya Vasudev |work=Deccan Herald |access-date=22 July 2018 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/583123/i-cant-wait-googly-happen.html}}</ref>

Palaniraj and [[Ravi Varma (stunt director)|Ravi Varma]] choreographed the action sequences, while the dance choreography were handled by Murali. [[Joshua Sridhar]] composed the soundtrack while ace Kannada music composer and state awardee [[Anoop Seelin]] composed the background score. Filming took place in [[Bangalore]] and [[Mangalore]] with the climax scene shot at the railway station at [[Sakleshpura]] in [[Hassan district]].
{{Citation needed|date=April 2025}}

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Googly
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Joshua Sridhar]]
| cover =
| border = yes
| alt =
| caption = Soundtrack cover
| released = 3 June 2013
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 25:42
| label = D Beats
| producer = [[V. Harikrishna]]
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

The soundtrack music for the film was composed by [[Joshua Sridhar]] and the background music for the film was scored by [[Anoop Seelin]].<ref>{{cite web |title= Googly: Old wine in a new bottle |url= http://cityplus.jagran.com/city-news/googly-old-wine-in-a-new-bottle_1374734769.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141209075615/http://cityplus.jagran.com/city-news/googly-old-wine-in-a-new-bottle_1374734769.html |url-status= dead |archive-date= 9 December 2014 |website= cityplus.jagran.com |date= 25 July 2013 |accessdate= 9 December 2014}}</ref> The lyrics for the soundtracks were penned by [[Jayant Kaikini]], [[Yogaraj Bhat]], [[Kaviraj (lyricist)|Kaviraj]] and [[Pavan Wadeyar]]. The album consisting of six soundtracks was released on 3 June 2013, in [[Bangalore]].<ref>{{cite web |title= Googly Audio Released |url= http://www.chitraloka.com/news/3261-googly-audio-released.html |website= chitraloka.com |date= 4 June 2013 |accessdate= 9 December 2014 |archive-date= 18 December 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141218015756/http://www.chitraloka.com/news/3261-googly-audio-released.html |url-status= dead }}</ref>

{{track listing
| headline = Track list
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 25:42
| title1 = Gandu Janma
| lyrics1 = [[Pavan Wadeyar]]
| extra1 = Pavan Wadeyar
| length1 = 4:21
| title2 = Yeno Yeno Aagide
| lyrics2 = [[Kaviraj (lyricist)|Kaviraj]]
| extra2 = [[Haricharan]]
| length2 = 4:52
| title3 = Neenirade
| lyrics3 = [[Jayant Kaikini]]
| extra3 = [[Sonu Nigam]]
| length3 = 4:24
| title4 = Googly Gandasare Keli
| lyrics4 = Pavan Wadeyar
| extra4 = Haricharan, Apoorva Shridhar
| length4 = 4:15
| title5 = Bisilu Kudureyondu
| lyrics5 = [[Yogaraj Bhat]]
| extra5 = [[Rajesh Krishnan]]
| length5 = 3:22
| title6 = Googly Googly
| lyrics6 = Pavan Wadeyar
| extra6 = Pavan Wadeyar
| length6 = 4:28
| all_writing =
}}

== Reception ==
=== Critical response ===
''Googly'' received positive reviews from critics.

G. S. Kumar of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave a 3.5/5 stars and wrote "Though the director has infused life into the story with excellent making, the narration could have been faster."<ref>{{cite news |title= Googly review |url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/Googly/movie-review/21169267.cms |newspaper= The Times of India |date= 19 July 2013 |accessdate= 14 December 2014}}</ref> ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'' gave 3.5/5 stars and wrote "Wadeyar is in complete control of the proceedings. Though most part of the film focuses on the leading pair, there is hardly a dull moment. The film cements Pavan Wadeyar's position as one among the promising directors in the Kannada industry."<ref>{{cite news |title= Googly: Bhat's doosra |url= https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/Googly-Bhats-doosra/articleshow/21464060.cms |newspaper= Bangalore Mirror |date= 19 July 2013 |accessdate= 14 December 2014}}</ref> B. S. Srivani of ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' gave 3/5 stars and praised the cast performances and music."<ref>{{cite news |title= Love's lessons hard to come by |url= http://www.deccanherald.com/content/345886/love039s-lessons-hard-come-by.html |newspaper= Deccan Herald|date= 19 July 2013 |accessdate= 14 December 2014}}</ref>

===Box office===
According to box office reports, ''Googly'' earned more than a crore on the first day and {{INRConvert|45|m}} within the first four days of its release.<ref name="auto1">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/kannada/news-interviews/Googly-setting-new-records-for-Yash/articleshow/21335728.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102113734/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-25/news-interviews/40793296_1_actor-yash-googly-satellite-rights |url-status=live |archive-date=2013-11-02 |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=Googly setting new records for Yash }}</ref> According to the producer, the film collected {{INRConvert|70|m}} gross at the box office in its first week.<ref name="auto"/> The film grossed {{INRConvert|90-130|M|lk=Usd|year=2013}} at the box office. The satellite rights were sold for {{INRConvert|20|m}}.<ref name="auto1"/>

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|id=3075360}}

{{Pavan Wadeyar}}

[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:2013 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2013 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Kannada films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Films directed by Pavan Wadeyar]]
[[Category:2013 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Joshua Sridhar]]

Nomula Bhagath Yadav

2026-04-24T13:23:30Z

Caleb78G9218343: starting initial data more to come

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]]
| name = Nomula Bhagath
| image =
| constituency = [[Nagarjuna Sagar Assembly constituency|Nagarjuna Sagar]]
| predecessor = [[Nomula Narsimhaiah]]
| successor = Kunduru Jaiveer Reddy
| term_start = 2 May 2021
| term_end = 2023
| birth_date = 10 October 1984
| birth_place = [[Nalgonda, Telangana]], India
| parents = [[Nomula Narsimhaiah]] (father) Nomula Laxmi (mother)
| party = [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]]
| occupation = Politician
}}

'''Nomula Bhagath Yadav''' is an Indian politician who is serving as Member of [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]] from [[Nagarjuna Sagar Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Satish |first=Balla |title=నాగార్జునసాగర్‌ విజేత నోముల భగత్: కాంగ్రెస్ సీనియర్ లీడర్ జానారెడ్డిని ఓడించిన లాయర్ |language=te |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/telugu/india-56961960 |access-date=2022-12-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Teja |first=Charan |date=2021-05-02 |title=TRS candidate Nomula Bhagath wins, Cong's Jana Reddy loses |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/nagarjuna-sagar-bye-poll-trs-candidate-nomula-bhagath-wins-cong-s-jana-reddy-loses-148176 |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=[[The News Minute]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bilal |first=S. M. |date=2021-05-02 |title=Noumla Bhagat wins Nagarjuna Sagar by-polls |url=https://www.siasat.com/noumla-bhagat-wins-nagarjuna-sagar-by-polls-2131772/ |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=[[The Siasat Daily]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mohiuddin |first=Syed |date=2021-08-12 |title=Nomula Bhagath Sworn in as Nagarjuna Sagar MLA |url=https://indtoday.com/nomula-bhagath-sworn-in-as-nagarjuna-sagar-mla/ |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
He was born on 10 October 1984<ref>{{Cite web |title=సాఫ్ట్‌వేర్ ఇంజినీర్, లాయర్.. సాగర్‌లో గెలిచిన నోముల భగత్ ప్రొఫైల్ ఇదే.. |url=https://telugu.news18.com/news/politics/trs-nagarjuna-sagar-mla-nomula-bhagath-profile-worked-as-lawyer-and-software-engineer-before-entering-politics-ak-858390.html |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=[[News18 Telugu]] |language=te}}</ref> in [[Nalgonda]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=SRI NOMULA BHAGATH |url=https://legislature.telangana.gov.in/web/legislative-assembly/members-information?p_p_id=AssemblyMemberInfo_TGPortlet_INSTANCE_cL1L4gtn8MxA&p_p_lifecycle=1&p_p_state=normal&p_p_mode=view&_AssemblyMemberInfo_TGPortlet_INSTANCE_cL1L4gtn8MxA_javax.portlet.action=getMemberDetails&_AssemblyMemberInfo_TGPortlet_INSTANCE_cL1L4gtn8MxA_const_id=87&_AssemblyMemberInfo_TGPortlet_INSTANCE_cL1L4gtn8MxA_mem_id=3481&_AssemblyMemberInfo_TGPortlet_INSTANCE_cL1L4gtn8MxA_order_by=4&_AssemblyMemberInfo_TGPortlet_INSTANCE_cL1L4gtn8MxA_term_id=15&p_auth=83f0kj2j |website=[[Telangana Legislature]]}}</ref> He is the son of [[Nomula Narsimhaiah]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mahesh |first=Koride |title=TRS names Nomula Narsimhaiah's son for Sagar bypoll |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/trs-names-nomulas-son-for-sagar-bypoll/articleshow/81749850.cms |access-date=2022-12-18 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> and Nomula Laxmi.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhagath, Nomula}}
[[Category:1984 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Nalgonda]]
[[Category:Bharat Rashtra Samithi politicians]]

{{Telangana-BRS-politician-stub}}

Pararia mass rape

2026-04-19T16:17:13Z

Caleb78G9218343: starting first data added tags

{{Short description|Caste-based rapes in Bihar, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2021}}
{{Infobox civilian attack
| title = Pararia 1988 mass rape
| image =
| image_size =
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption =
| map =
| location = Pararia (near [[Deoghar]]), [[Bihar]] (in present day [[Jharkhand]]), India
| date =
| time =
| timezone =
| type = [[Rape]]
| fatalities =
| injuries =
| perpetrators = 40 members of local unit of Bihar Police force<ref name="APH"/>
| susperps = 
| weapons =
| numparts =
| motive =
| inquiry =
| coroner =
| accused =
| convicted =
| verdict = All accused were released in 1989<ref name= "Bonner" >{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uxJlAgRemHgC&pg=PA204|title= Averting the Apocalypse: Social Movements in India Today|author= Arthur Bonner|publisher=Duke University Press|year=1990|pages=204–205|
isbn=0822310481}}</ref>
| convictions =
| charges = [[Gang Rape]]
| litigation =
| module =
}}
The '''Pararia mass rape''' was an incident of [[caste]]-based violence that affected several regions of [[Bihar]], India, between the 1980s and 1990s. The incident took place in the village of Pararia, located {{cvt|30|km}} from the temple town of [[Deoghar]] (in present day [[Jharkhand]]). Women from 26 families were gang-raped by a group of the [[Bihar Police]]men.<ref name="Today">{{cite web|url= https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/special-report/story/19890531-pararia-mass-rape-after-it-shocked-india-judgement-doubts-character-of-the-women-768535-2013-02-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109182209/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/special-report/story/19890531-pararia-mass-rape-after-it-shocked-india-judgement-doubts-character-of-the-women-768535-2013-02-19 |title=Pararia mass rape: After it shocked India, judgement doubts character of the women|website=[[India Today]]|first=Uttam|last=Sengupta|date=19 February 2013 |access-date=7 January 2021|archive-date=9 January 2021}}</ref> The victims were [[Yadav]]s, a caste classified as [[Other Backward Class]] in India.<ref name="APH">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1nC4bFLgK4AC&pg=PA102 |title=Contemporary Political Leadership in India George Fernandes, Defence Minister of India |author1=Shiri Ram Bakshi|author2=Shiri Ram Bakshi|author3=Sita Ram Sharma|author4=S. Gajrani|publisher=APH Publishing|year=1998|isbn=8170249996|pages=100–102|access-date=7 January 2021}}</ref>

==Incident==
In 1988, a patrol group of the [[Bihar Police]] raided the [[Yadav]] village of Pararia. At least 14 women (some sources say as high as 19<ref name="Gangoli" /> and as low as 5<ref name=":0" />) aged between 13 and 50 were reported to have been gang-raped, and male family members were brutally beaten. The police also looted valuables, jewelry, and utensils from each house in the village. Nose rings and accessories worn by the women were forcefully removed, causing injury. A 76-year-old man, while trying to protect his daughter-in-law from being raped, was beaten and anally penetrated with a ''lathi''—a thick bamboo stick.<ref name= "Bonner"/> A few civilians stated that the rapes were in retaliation for the assault of a [[Constable|police constable]] a few days earlier,<ref name="Gangoli">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nzA3DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA91|title=Indian Feminisms: Law, Patriarchies and Violence in India|author=Geetanjali Gangoli|publisher=Routledge|year= 2016|isbn=978-1317117469|page=91|access-date=7 January 2021}}</ref> but the official response was it was done in response to the villagers' refusal to move for the Punasi dam project; some of the assaulted women took part in judicial proceedings.<ref name="Today" /> The judge presiding over the case, O.P. Sinha, said, "Radhia has stated that she was thrown on the ground on her back. Two chowkidars caught her legs and hands, and three policemen committed rape with{{sic}} her. The defense argued that such a posture at the time of rape was inconceivable ... I also find much weight in the argument."<ref name="Today"/>

Over the case, the judge charged five police officers for "wrongful confinement" using force and 14 others for mass rape. It was one of the biggest alleged incidents of police excess in Bihar.<ref name=":0">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Mj4_5oJeH4C&pg=PA103|title=Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women: Hearing Before the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate, One Hundred First Congress, Second Session, August 2, 1990, Volume 4 |author=United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Foreign Relations|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office|page=103|year=1991}}</ref>

==Trial==
Chief Minister [[Bhagwat Jha Azad]] took steps to ensure justice, but the investigation primarily depended upon the policemen of Bihar Police Force, who remained ineffective. The judge presiding over the judicial proceeding concluded from the medical report that one of the victims, Nonia Devi, was examined, and dead sperm were detected in her vaginal smears. According to a report, the judge took the view of the defense lawyer that she had been separated from her husband long ago, and the judge declared her a "freelancer". However, an investigation by ''[[India Today]]'' revealed that she stayed with her husband Moti Yadav.<ref name="Today"/> Author Arthur Bonner, relying upon their investigation, states that her husband was not willing to leave her even after public shame, as they had a four-year-old child, and it was not his wife's fault that she was raped.<ref name= "Bonner"/>

Sinha was claimed to have given controversial statements in the explanation of his verdict. ''India Today'' reported Sinha's concluding statements were: "It cannot be ruled out that these ladies might speak falsehood to get a sum of Rs 1,000, which was a huge sum for them."<ref name="Today" /><ref name="Bonner" />

Chief Minister Bhagwat Jha Azad distributed one thousand [[Indian rupee|rupees]] (as compensation) to each of the victims, and the reconstruction of their demolished huts began. According to authors Lora Prabhu and Sara Pilot in their book ''The Fear that Stalks: Gender-based Violence in Public Spaces'', the assault and misbehaviour of the police were not ruled out, but the rape charge was dismissed; as such, eight policemen and six ''chowkidars'' (village guards) accused of rape were acquitted after one year of imprisonment. Prabhu and Pilot further believe that the Pararia incident was the surest way to defile the entire community, just like any other incident of sexual assaults during caste and communal riots, as women carry the honour of the entire community and raping them is the surest way of causing humiliation and shame to an entire community.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XsemDAAAQBAJ&q=p&pg=PT88|title=The Fear that Stalks: Gender-based Violence in Public Spaces |author1=Lora Prabhu|author2=Sarah Pilot |publisher=Zubaann|year=2014|
isbn=978-9383074112|page=88}}</ref>

Ranjit Bhushan, a professor of [[Jamia Milia Islamia]], believes that the dominance of [[Forward Caste|upper-caste]] landlords in contemporary Bihar and the isolation of villages like Pararia are the reasons behind inter-caste clashes and the vulnerability of women in such places.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yaXbCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA222|title= Maoism in India and Nepal|
author=Ranjit Bhushan|
publisher=Routledge|year=2015|
isbn=978-1317412335|page=222|access-date=11 January 2021}}</ref>

==Aftermath==
It was originally thought that the victims of this incident were [[Dalits]], but they were discovered to be [[Yadav]] women after a visit by officials. The incumbent government, as reported, announced that neither rape nor ''[[dacoity]]'' (banditry) had occurred. Veteran leader [[George Fernandes]] recommended that the government ensure proper relief to the victims' families and appoint special prosecutors to attend court proceedings, and suspended all the officials in the region, including the sitting [[Superintendent of police (India)|superintendent of police]]. According to Fernandes, the chief minister's stance was apathetic, but a legislator named Hind Kesari Yadav organized a march of protesters from Pararia to [[Patna]] covering a distance of {{cvt|200|km}}.<ref name="APH"/>

==In popular culture==
A movie directed by Sagri Chhabra, ''Rape As Assertion of Power'', portrayed the incident at Pararia. The movie focuses on a village that is to be submerged under water for a major dam project, and the villagers protest for compensation. Rape is perpetrated to quell the protest by inflicting public shame on the stubborn villagers.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2LgYuhRK0yIC&q=pararia+&pg=PA55 |title=The God of Small Things: A Novel of Social Commitment |author=Amitabh Roy |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist |year=2005 |isbn=8126904097 |via=Google Books}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z5ypYEyMJMMC&q=pararia+&pg=PA22|title=Crimes Against Women and Protective Laws|author= Shobha Saxena|
publisher=Deep and Deep Publications|year= 1995|page=22|
isbn=817100797X}}

[[Category:Gang rape in India]]
[[Category:Incidents of violence against women]]
[[Category:Trials in India]]
[[Category:Violence against women in India]]
[[Category:Rape in India]]
==Further reading==
*{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k1MZvNB1ZScC&pg=PA104|title= Advancing the Human Rights of Women: Using International Human Rights Standards..|publisher=Commonwealth Secretariat|year= 1997|
isbn=0850925150}}

Vimala Temple

2026-04-18T18:37:23Z

Caleb78G9218343:

{{Short description|Hindu temple of goddess Vimala in Puri, India}}
{{good article}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Vimala Temple
| image = Minor temples in Jagannath Puri.jpg
| alt = image of temple towers
| caption = Cluster of temples in the southern part of Jagannath temple complex, including the Vimala temple (extreme right). c. 1890.
| map_type = India Odisha
| map_caption = Location within Puri
| coordinates = {{coord|19|48|17|N|85|49|6|E|type:landmark_region:IN_scale:5000|display=inline,title}}
| other_names =
| proper_name =
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Odisha]]
| district = [[Odishadistrict|Puri]]
| locale = Jagannath Temple premises
| elevation_m =
| deity = Vimala (Bimala) (tantric form of [[Lakshmi]])
| festivals= [[Durga Puja]]
| architecture = [[Kalinga architecture]] ([[Deula]])
| inscriptions =
| year_completed = 9th century
| temple_board = Shri Jagannath Temple Administration, Puri
| website = http://www.jagannath.nic.in/
}}

The '''Vimala temple''' or '''Mãā Bimåḷā Deuḷå''' ([[Odia language |Odia]] - ମାଁ ବିମଳା ଦେଉଳ) is a [[Hindu temple]] dedicated to goddess Vimala or Bimala (ବିମଳା), located within the [[Jagannath Temple, Puri|Jagannath Temple]] complex in [[Puri]] in the Indian state of [[Odisha]]. It is generally regarded as a [[Shakta pithas|Shakta pitha]], among the holiest temples dedicated to the [[Devi|Hindu Goddess]].

The temple is located in the south-west corner of the inner enclosure of the Jagannath temple complex and on the western corner of the tower of Jagannath, next to the sacred pond ''[[Pancha Tirtha of Puri|Rohini kunda]]''. The temple faces east and is built of [[sandstone]] and [[laterite]]. It is built in the ''[[Deula]]'' style with four components; [[vimana]] (structure containing the sanctum), [[jagamohana]] (assembly hall), nata-[[mandapa]] (festival hall) and bhoga-mandapa (hall of offerings). The temple was renovated around 2005 and is maintained by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]], [[Bhubaneswar]] Circle.

Though a small shrine in the temple complex, the Vimala temple is important to the Goddess-oriented [[Shakta]] and [[Tantra|Tantric]] worshippers, who revere it even more than the main [[Jagannath]] shrine. Vimala is considered to be the tantric consort of Jagannath, hence considered as a tantric form of [[Lakshmi]] and a guardian of the temple complex. Devotees pay respect to Vimala before worshipping Jagannath in the main temple. Food offered to Jagannath does not get sanctified as ''[[Mahaprasad (Jagannath Temple)|Mahaprasad]]'' until it is also offered to Vimala. The Goddess-oriented festival of [[Durga Puja]] in the [[Hindu month]] of [[Ashvin]] (October) is celebrated for sixteen days at Vimala, culminating with [[Vijayadashami]].

==History==
The central icon of Vimala is of sixth century CE.<ref name="Bimala">{{cite journal|last=Tripathy|first=Shrinibas|title=Goddess Bimala at Puri|journal=Odisha Review|date=September 2009|pages=66–69|url=http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2009/September/engpdf/66-69.pdf|access-date=July 4, 2021|publisher=Government of Odisha e-Magazine|archive-date=July 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185307/http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2009/September/engpdf/66-69.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> The present structure, based on its architecture, seems to have been built in the ninth century under the [[Eastern Ganga dynasty]], possibly over ruins of an earlier temple.<ref name="Bimala" /><ref name="mahapatra" /> Its architecture is similar to the shrine of [[Narasimha]] near the ''[[Mukti Mandapa|Mukti-mandapa]]'' (a temple hall) in the Jagannath temple complex, dated to the ninth century.<ref name="Bimala" /> The ''[[Madala Panji]]'' states that the temple was constructed by Yayati Keshari, a ruler of [[List of rulers of Odisha#Somvanshi Dynasty|Somavashi Dynasty]] of [[South Kosala]]. Kings [[Yayati]] I (c. 922–955) and Yayati II (c. 1025–1040) are known by the title ''Yayati Keshari''. The sculptures, especially the parshvadevatas (attendant deities), as well as the background slab of the central icon, reflect the Somavashi style and may be part of the original temple, on whose ruins the new temple was constructed. Vimala is believed to have preceded even the central Jagannath shrine.<ref name="mahapatra" />

Hindu philosopher and saint [[Adi Shankara]] (c. 8th century) is believed to have established [[Govardhana matha]] in Puri, with Vimala as its presiding goddess. According to Starza (author of ''The Jagannatha Temple at Puri''), the [[Jagannath Temple, Puri|Jagannath Temple]] was once a centre of worship for the [[Trimurti]] of [[Brahma]], [[Vishnu]] and [[Shiva]], along with their consorts and the three central forms of the Hindu Goddess, [[Sarasvati]], [[Lakshmi]] and [[Parvati]]. The [[Shri Vidya]] sect devoted to Goddess worship was strong here until the 17th century. Slowly, Shri Vidya and Shiva-centric [[Shaiva]] traditions were eroded but remnants continue, with the Vishnu-centric [[Vaishnavism]] becoming the sole tradition. The Tantric ''[[Panchamakara]]'', which includes fish, meat, liquor, parched grain and ritual intercourse, were replaced with vegetarian offerings and dance of {{lang|sa|[[Devdasi]]s}}. Fish was caught locally and offered to the goddess.{{sfn|O'malley|2007|p=295}} King Narasimhadeva, who ruled between 1623 and 1647, ended the meat and fish offerings of the goddess,{{Sfn|Starza|1993|p=59}} although the tradition was later partly revitalized. Today, the goddess is offered meat and fish on special days.<ref name="Bimala" />

==Architecture==
[[File:Simplified schema of Kalinga architecture.jpg|thumb|350px|A typical Deula temple plan. The plan is similar to Vimala Temple, except the outermost hall which is a pidha-deula in the Vimala Temple, a Khakhara deula in the diagram.|alt=image of temple plan with four different towers]]

The temple is located in the south-west corner of the inner enclosure of the [[Jagannath temple]] complex and on the right hand western corner of the tower of Jagannath, next to the sacred pond ''[[Pancha Tirtha of Puri|Rohini kunda]]''.<ref name="Bimala" /><ref name="mahapatra">{{cite journal|last=Mahapatra|first=Ratnakar|date=September–October 2005|title=Vimala Temple at the Jagannath Temple Complex, Puri|url=http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/sept-oct-2005/sep-octreview.htm|journal=Odisha Review|publisher=Government of Odisha e-Magazine|pages=9–14|access-date=23 November 2012|archive-date=31 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180331210326/http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/sept-oct-2005/sep-octreview.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> The temple faces east and is built of [[sandstone]] and [[laterite]]. It is built in the ''[[Deula]]'' style that has four components namely, [[Vimana (architectural feature)|vimana]] (structure containing the sanctum), [[jagamohana]] (assembly hall), nata-[[mandapa]] (festival hall) and bhoga-mandapa (hall of offerings). The temple is maintained and was renovated around 2005 by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]], [[Bhubaneswar]] Circle.<ref name="mahapatra" />

===Vimana===
The vimana is a ''[[Deula#Rekha Deula|Rekha deula]]'' (a tall building with a shape of [[sugarloaf]]), {{Convert|60|ft}} in height and in shape of {{Convert|15|ft}} square. It stands on a {{Convert|2|ft}} platform, which is decorated with [[lotus (plant)|lotus]] and other floral designs and [[scrollwork]]. The outer wall of the vimana is divided into 5 parts (from base to top): ''pabhaga'', ''talajangha'', ''bandhana'', ''upara jangha'' and ''baranda''. The niches and intervening recesses of the first part of the wall are ornate, with ''khakhara mundi''s (a type of niche), scrollwork, floral designs, creepers, [[Maithuna|love-making couples]] and [[Nāga|Nagas]] (serpent-men). The niches and intervening recesses of the second part of the wall are also decorated with ''khakhara mundi''s, ''[[Yali (Hindu mythology)|simhavidala]]''s (a lion-faced beast), ''[[Gajavidala]]''s (an elephant-faced lion trampling a lion), [[jali]]work, scrollwork, ''sikshadana'' scene (sages teaching disciples) and ''[[kirtimukha]]'' (a monster face) [[motif (visual arts)|motif]]s, along with the figurines of eight [[Dikpala]]s (guardian gods of the directions) and some goddesses. The third part of the outer wall has two horizontal mouldings decorated with ''alasa-kanya''s (beautiful human maidens), scrollwork and floral and lotus motifs. The niches and recesses of the fourth part of the wall are decorated with ''pidha mundi''s (a type of niche), ''simhavidala''s, erotic scenes, ''alasa-kanya''s, scrollwork, jaliwork and floral designs, along with figures of the consorts of the Dikpalas, Nagas and their female consort Naginis and various goddesses. The Dikpalas and their consorts are seen with their mounts and aligned to their respective directions.<ref name="mahapatra" />

Images of the parshvadevatas (attendant deities) are placed in the central niches of the outer wall (''bada'') on three sides: the eight-armed Durga slaying Mahishasura on the south; the six-armed goddess [[Chamunda]] standing on Shiva on the west and an empty niche on the north, which probably had a goddess figure that was stolen. The [[lintel]] of the attendant deity niche has [[Gaja Lakshmi]] figurines. The frames of the niches are decorated with scrollwork and ''kirtimukha'' motifs and two female attendants accompany each niche. The uppermost part of the outer wall has ten horizontal mouldings, ornate with scrollwork, kirtimukha and lotus and floral motifs. Within the vimana lies the ''[[garbhagriha]]'' (sanctum), which is topped with a ''[[pancharatha]]''-style, curvilinear [[Sikhara|temple pinnacle]].<ref name="mahapatra" /> The goddess Vimala is deified within the sanctum, the sixth century inner chamber that is devoid of wall decorations.<ref name="Bimala" /> The central icon of Vimala holds a rosary in the upper right hand. Her lower right hand is held in a [[varadamudra|boon-giving gesture]] and her lower left holds a pitcher, considered to be filled with ''[[amrita]]''(celestial elixir of life). The attribute in the upper left hand is heavily disputed. Descriptions include a human figurine, a nagini, a mermaid, a naga-[[pasha]] (serpent-noose) or some other object. She holds no weapons normally attributed to Durga. The icon is installed on a ''simhasana'' (lion-throne), adorned with the figures of the goddess' female attendants Chhaya and Maya on the sides. The image is said to be made of ''lakha'' (a type of wax) and slightly taller than {{convert|4|ft}}.{{Sfn|Starza|1993|p=137}}<ref name="Bimala" /><ref name="mahapatra" />

The sanctum door, with a flight of stairs, leads down to the jagamohana. The lintel has the Gaja Lakshmi figurine in the centre surrounded with [[apsara]]s (celestial maidens). The [[Navagraha]] (deities of the classical planets) are carved above the lintel. The doorjambs are decorated scrollwork, creepers, flowers and boys playing. Two [[dvarapala|gate-keeper]] sculptors surround the door.<ref name="mahapatra"/>

===Jagamohana===
The jagamohana or mukhasala is a ''[[Deula#Pidha Deula|pidha deula]]'' (square building with a pyramid-shaped roof), {{convert|35|ft}} in height with a {{Convert|25|ft}} square base. It stands on a {{Convert|2|ft}} high platform, which is decorated with floral designs and scrollwork. The outer wall is divided into 5 parts, as in the vimana. The niches and intervening recesses of the first part are adorned with ''Khakhara mundi'' niches (having amorous couples and erotic scenes), Naga pilasters, scrollwork, jaliwork and floral motifs. The ''talajangha'' has the same motifs as the vimana's second part of the wall, barring the goddesses. The third part of the wall has three horizontal mouldings. The fourth part of the wall also resembles its counterpart in the vimana, except it does not have the Naga and goddess sculptures. The uppermost part of the wall has seven horizontal mouldings, the central portion of which is decorated with dancing women, amorous couples, elephants, deer, scrollwork and jaliwork. The ''[[Chandrashala|gavaksha]]'' (decorative arch) on the northern and southern sides are royal court and ''sikshadana'' scenes, with a balustraded window on each side. The frames of the windows are decorated with scrollwork, jaliwork, playing boys, floral designs, creepers and dancing women. The structure is topped with a pyramidal shikhara. The inner walls have no ornamentation. The jagamohana has two doorways: one towards the sanctum (already discussed in vimana section) and other towards the natamandapa, which is similar in style and decoration to the former.<ref name="mahapatra"/>

===Natamandapa===
The natamandapa is a ''pidha deula'', {{convert|22|ft}} in height and in shape of rectangle {{convert|35|ft}} in length by {{convert|18|ft}}. It is probably a later addition to the original temple, which consisted of the vimana and jagamohana. It stands on a {{Convert|3.5|ft}} platform. The five divisions of the outer wall are undecorated. It is topped with a small pyramidal pinnacle. The natamandapa has four door ways, one on each side of the wall. Inner walls of the natamandapa are adorned with [[Pattachitra]]-style traditional Odishan paintings, depicting sixteen forms of the Hindu Goddess, including the [[Mahavidyas]].<ref name="mahapatra"/>

===Bhogamandapa===
The bhogamandapa is a ''pidha deula'', {{convert|20|ft}} in height and in shape of {{Convert|15|ft}} square. It stands on a {{Convert|4|ft}} platform. The five outer wall divisions are undecorated. It is topped with a small pinnacle. An eight-armed dancing [[Ganesha]] and a 12-armed, six-headed standing [[Kartikeya]] (both are the sons of Parvati and Shiva) occupy niches on the western inner wall. The ceiling has floral paintings with a lotus design in the middle, suspending downwards.{{clarify|date=January 2013}} The bhogamandapa has four doorways, opening on each side. Two female gatekeepers guard each door. A flight of steps at the eastern doorway serves as the main entrance of the temple.<ref name="mahapatra"/>

At the entrance to the shrine outside the bhogamandapa, there is a {{convert|4|ft}} ''Gaja-Simha'', the lion – the goddess' ''[[vahana]]'' (mount or vehicle) – riding over an elephant, symbolizing the victory of good over evil. It is covered by a flat roof.<ref name=Bimala/><ref name="mahapatra"/>

==Religious significance==
[[File:Temple-Jagannath.jpg|thumb|Jagannath temple complex|alt=temple complex with four different towers, with the tallest in the background]]
The Vimala Temple is considered one of the [[Shakta pithas]], the most sacred temples of the Hindu Goddess, identified with [[Parvati]] or [[Durga]]. It is considered to be a prime example of the importance of the Shakti tradition in Odisha.{{sfn|Lal|1992|p=4294}} It is customary to worship the god [[Shiva]] (Parvati's consort) at each Shakta pitha in the form of [[Bhairava]], the male counterpart or guardian of the presiding goddess of the Shakta pitha.<ref name="Jones 2007">{{cite book|last1= Jones |first1= Constance |last2= Ryan|first2= James D.|title= Encyclopedia of Hinduism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC&pg=PA545|access-date=14 November 2012|year=2007|publisher= Infobase Publishing |isbn=978-0-8160-7564-5|pages=401–402}}</ref>

In Goddess-oriented worship, Vimala (Bimala) is regarded as the presiding goddess of the Purushottama (Puri) Shakta pitha.<ref name="mahapatra"/> [[Jagannath]], a form of the god [[Vishnu]]/[[Krishna]] (Krishna is generally regarded as an avatar of Vishnu), is worshipped as the Pitha's Bhairava. This is a departure from the usual tradition of Bhairava as a form of Shiva. So, in this temple complex, Vishnu–one of [[Trimurti|the Hindu trinity]]–is equated with Shiva, another of the trinity; this is interpreted to convey the oneness of God. In this regard, Vimala - generally associated with Shiva's consort - is also considered as [[Lakshmi]], the consort of Vishnu.<ref name=Bimala/> Conversely, [[Tantra|Tantric]]s consider Jagannath as Shiva-Bhairava, rather than a form of Vishnu.<ref name="official">{{cite web | url=http://jagannath.nic.in/pdf/THE%20TEMPLE%20OF%20JAGANNATHA.pdf | title=THE TEMPLE OF JAGANNATHA | publisher=Shree Jagannath Temple Administration, Puri | work=Official site of Jagannath temple | access-date=November 25, 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530073442/http://jagannath.nic.in/pdf/THE%20TEMPLE%20OF%20JAGANNATHA.pdf | archive-date=May 30, 2013 | url-status=dead | df=mdy-all }}</ref>

The main sanctum of the [[Jagannath Temple]] has three deities: Jagannath, [[Balabhadra]] (elder brother of Krishna, sometimes identified with Shiva) and [[Subhadra]] (the younger sister of Krishna and Balabhadra). In Jagannath-centric traditions, while [[Lakshmi]] is the consort of Jagannath in the temple complex, Vimala is the Tantric consort and guardian goddess of the temple complex.{{Sfn|Starza|1993|p=20}}<ref name="mahapatra"/>

Vimala is identified with the goddesses [[Katyayini]], Durga, [[Bhairavi]], [[Bhuvaneshvari]] and [[Ekanamsha]] in various texts and rituals. She is considered the [[shakti]] of Vishnu as well as Shiva in the climactic [[Durga Puja]] festivities in the temple. She appears as [[Mahishasuramardini]] (Durga as slayer of the demon [[Mahishasura]]) or [[Ashtalakshmi|Vijayalakshmi]] (the warrior form of Lakshmi) in ''New Delhi Konark stele'', 13th century stone [[stele]] originally from [[Konark Sun Temple]] and now housed in [[National Museum, New Delhi]].{{Sfn|Starza|1993|pp=134–7}}<ref name="mahapatra"/>

===In Shakta pitha lists===
[[File:Jagannath during 2011.jpg|thumb|left|Jagannath (pictured), the presiding God of the temple complex, is described as the Bhairava or consort of the goddess Vimala.|alt=image of a temple idol decorated with flowers and fabric]]
According to Hindu Puranas, [[Sati (goddess)|Sati]], the daughter of ''[[Prajapati]]'' [[Daksha]], married Shiva against the wish of Daksha. Daksha organised a great [[Daksha yajna|yajna]] (sacrifice), but did not invite Sati and Shiva. Uninvited, Sati reached the yajna-site, where Daksha ignored Sati and vilified Shiva. Unable to withstand this insult, Sati sacrificed herself in the fire. The wild, grief-stricken Shiva wandered the universe with her half-burnt corpse. Finally, Vishnu dismembered her body into 51 parts, each of which fell on different places on the earth, each creating a Shakta pitha.<ref name="Jones 2007"/>

The list of Shakta pithas differ in various religious texts. Many mention Vimala or Jagannath temple complex as a Shakta pitha, and calls the location by various names. In the ''[[Kalika Purana]]'', four Pithas (centres of [[Tantra|Tantrism]]) are mentioned, corresponding to the four cardinal directions. The Oddiyana or Uddiyana (now clearly identified as Odisha) in the west hosts the temple of Katyayini (identified with Vimala) and her consort Jagannath. The ''Hevajara Tantra'', which has a similar list, also mentions Katyayini as the Bhairavi and Jagannath as the Bhairava in the Pitha of Udra (Odra, identified with Odisha).{{Sfn| Sircar| 1998|pp=11–2}}{{Sfn|Singh Deo|2001|p=17-8}}

The ''Pithanirnaya'' or ''Mahapithanirupana'' section from the ''Tantrachudamani'' mentions Viraja-kshetra in [[Utkala Kingdom|Utkala]] (present-day Odisha) as a Shakta pitha, with Vimala as the presiding goddess (Devi), Jagannath as Bhairava and her navel as the body part that fell here. One version of this text, however, demotes the site from a Pitha to an upa-Pitha (subordinate Pitha). Here, the ''[[Uchchhishta]]'' (that is, left-over or partially eaten food) of Sati is said to be the "fallen part" ( ''anga-pratyanga'') and the temple location is called [[Nilachal]] or "Blue mountain", which is the traditional name of the site of the Jagannath temple complex.{{Sfn| Sircar| 1998|pp=35–41}} Nilachala or Nila Parvata is mentioned as an upa-pitha also in the ''Shiva-charita'' with Vimala and Jagannath as the Devi and Bhairava respectively.{{Sfn|Singh Deo|2001|pp=134}}

The Tantric work ''Kubjika Tantra'' names Vimala among 42 ''Siddha Pitha''s, where ''[[Siddhi]]''s - a set of supernatural powers - can be gained.{{Sfn| Sircar| 1998|p=19}} The ''[[Devi Bhagavata Purana]]'', ''Prana Toshini Tantra'' and ''Brihan Nila Tantra'' name the Vimala temple as a Pitha in their list of 108 temples.{{Sfn| Sircar| 1998|pp=25–7}}{{Sfn|Singh Deo|2001|pp=133–4}} The ''[[Matsya Purana]]'' mentions Purushottama Kshetra with goddess Vimala as a Shakta pitha. The ''[[Vamana Purana]]'' notes it as a sacred pilgrimage site. The ''Mahapitha Nirupanam'' also mentions Vimala and Jagannath as deities of the Pitha. In the ''Namasttotra Sata'', a [[Puranic]] list of 100 mother goddesses, Vimala of Purushottama is named.{{Sfn|Singh Deo|2001|pp=133–4}} The ''[[Devi Purana]]'' also mentions it as a Pitha where the feet of Sati fell.{{Sfn|Singh Deo|2001|p=17}}<ref name="Bimala"/><ref name="mahapatra"/>

==Worship==
The people of Odisha take pride in the Vimala temple. They consider it the most important temple to the Goddess and a must-visit. Devotees visit the temple religiously every day and recite hymns from the ''[[Devi Mahatmya]]'', attributed to the sage [[Markandeya]], ''Debyaparadhakshyamapana'' [[stotram]] by Adi Shankara and ''Vimalastakam'' composed by Purusottam Rakshit.<ref name=Bimala/> It is prescribed that devotees pay their respects to the goddess Vimala before worshipping Jagannath in the main temple.<ref name="official"/>{{Sfn|Starza|1993|p=10}} The waters of ''Rohini kunda'', the ''tirtha'' (sacred pool) of Vimala, are also considered holy.{{Sfn|Starza|1993|p=10}} Tantrics often visit the temple, which they consider more important than the central Jagannath shrine.<ref name="mahapatra"/>

The Goddess-oriented festival of [[Durga Puja]] in the [[Hindu month]] of [[Ashvin]] (October) is celebrated for sixteen days, culminating with [[Vijayadashami]].<ref name = "official"/> On Vijayadashami, Vimala is worshipped by the titular [[Gajapati Kingdom|Gajapati]] king of Puri as the goddess [[Durga]], who is believed to have slain the demon Mahishasura on this day. The earliest record of this is the ''New Delhi Konark stele'', which narrate that King [[Narasimhadeva I]] (reign: 1238–1264) worshipped Durga-Madhava (Vimala-Jagannath) on the tenth day of [[Durga Puja]], that is, Vijayadashami.{{Sfn|Starza|1993|p=121}} As the goddess is believed to assume a destructive aspect during the Durga Puja, women are debarred in the temple as they are considered too "weak-hearted" to witness this terrible form of the goddess.<ref name=Bimala/>

===Food offerings===
{{main|Mahaprasad (Jagannath Temple)}}
[[File:Abadha Kudua.jpg|thumb|right|Food offerings to Jagannath become ''Mahaprasad'' (pictured) after being offered to Goddess Vimala.|alt=image of food kept in various mud cups]]
Generally, no separate food offerings are cooked for the goddess Vimala. The goddess is described to survive on the remnants (''[[Uchchhishta]]'') of Jagannath's meals.<ref name=Bimala/> The vegetarian food offerings to Jagannath are offered to Vimala, after which they are sanctified as ''[[Mahaprasad (Jagannath Temple)|Mahaprasad]]'' (see also ''[[Prasad (food offering)|prasad]]''). The ''Mahaprasad'' consists of dried rice mixed with grated coconut, cheese, curd and butter.{{Sfn|Starza|1993|p=10}}<ref name=Bimala/> The [[Shankaracharya]], head of the Govardhana matha, receives a pot of the mahaprasad and a plate of [[khichdi]] that is offered to the goddess, the presiding goddess (''Adya-shakti'') of the matha as well as of the temple.{{Sfn|Starza|1993|p=121}}

The legend narrates the tale behind the tradition of offering the ''Uchchhishta'', which otherwise is a taboo in Hinduism. Once, Shiva on a visit to Vishnu's abode [[Vaikuntha]], saw that a few food grains (''Uchchhishta'') had fallen on the ground after Vishnu finished his meal. Shiva quickly picked up a grain and swallowed it. Unbeknownst to him, half of it stuck to his beard. When he returned to his abode, the sage [[Narada]] saw the half grain on Shiva's beard, and ate it. Parvati, Shiva's consort, was upset that her rightful share of Vishnu's prasad had been eaten by Narada. In a peeved mood, she went to Vishnu and complained. Vishnu pacified her saying that in the [[Kali Yuga]] (the present era as per Hindu beliefs), she would live at Puri as Vimala, and would daily eat the remnants of his food.<ref name=Bimala/>

The only time in the year when separate food is cooked for the goddess is when she is offered non-vegetarian offerings. During [[Durga Puja]], Vimala is offered non-vegetarian food and animal sacrifice, traditionally offered to the Hindu Mother Goddess. The goddess is considered to assume a destructive form during the festival and the meat is considered necessary to placate her. In strict secrecy during the pre-dawn hours, animal sacrifice of a he-goat is offered in the temple, while fish from the sacred Markanda temple tank are cooked and offered to Vimala, as per Tantric rituals. The rituals have to be completed before the doors of the main sanctum of the vegetarian Jagannath are opened at dawn and the first morning [[aarti]] is offered to the god. [[Vaishnava]] devotees of Jagannath are debarred from the temple. Only a few who witness the ceremony are given the ''Bimala parusa'' (Vimala's cuisine) as prasad. The animal sacrifice and the non-vegetarian offerings to Vimala produced protests.<ref name=Bimala/>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book|last=Lal|first=Mohan|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Sasay to Zorgot|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KnPoYxrRfc0C&pg=PA4294|year=1992|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-1221-3}}
*{{cite book|last=O'malley|first=L.S.S.|title=Bengal District Gazetteer : Puri|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pwD0-YV2LCYC&pg=PA295|date=1 January 2007|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-7268-138-8}}
*{{cite book|last= Sircar |first= Dines Chandra |title= The Śākta Pīṭhas|year=1998|publisher= Motilal Banarsidass Publ|isbn=978-81-208-0879-9}}
* {{cite book|last=Singh Deo|first=Jitamitra Prasad|title=Tāntric Art of Odisha|year=2001|publisher=Kalpaz Publications|isbn=978-81-7835-041-7}}
* {{cite book|first=O. M.|last= Starza|title=The Jagannatha Temple at Puri: Its Architecture, Art, and Cult|year=1993|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-09673-8}}

{{Shakti temples in Odisha}}{{Hindu temples in Odisha}}{{Shaktism}}

[[Category:Jagannath Temple Complex]]
[[Category:Shakta pithas]]
[[Category:Jagannath]]
[[Category:Hindu temples practicing animal sacrifice]]
[[Category:6th-century Hindu temples]]
[[Category:9th-century Hindu temples]]

Chi Village

2026-04-17T19:04:06Z

Caleb78G9218343: Added A Place First Draft

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Chi
| native_name = Chi Chingkhanhoa
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| image_map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Nagaland#India
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of Chi
| coordinates = {{coord|26.690|N|94.992|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Nagaland]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mon district|Mon]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_title = Chairman
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 1071
| population_total = 1588
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = 
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 798621
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#NL.E2.80.94Nagaland|NL]]-04
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 1000[[male|♂]]/1045[[female|♀]]
| website = {{URL|nagaland.nic.in}}
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[English language|English]]
}}
'''Chi Village''' is a village in [[India]] located about {{convert|7|km|mi}} away from [[Mon District]] headquarter, [[Mon, India|Mon Town]], in [[Nagaland]], [[India]]. Chi is also called as Chizu Chingkhanhoa. Chi is one of the oldest villages in [[Nagaland]]. It is administered by the Village Council headed by its chairman ([[Sarpanch]]).

== History ==
===The Origin of Chi===
The people of Chi<ref>{{Cite web|title=Search results - Exploratour|url=http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/naga/search/all/record/location_location/chi/list/index.html|access-date=2021-07-19|website=himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk}}</ref> is said to have arrived from Alamkaphen Longphangphenyu (Chi dialect; referring to the west) via Taphi river led by Ahng and settled at Menchinghoa (a hill/mound which they believed that did not submerge during the forty days and nights floods at the time of [[Noah]]) and the village was called Menshong Chi. After one or more centuries in Menchinghoa the Chi people went to Guhchingpang (present Chi Guhching village) and there the village was called Longgeam Guhching Chi. They settled in Guhchingpang for a few centuries, and they shifted to the present village – Chi Chingkhanhoa. They felt that they found the right place for the settlement of the village, and it has been many centuries since the Chi as a village settling there. Though there is no written record or any other remains or Archaeological evidence like any other history, the history of Chi has been coming down from generation to generation by the words of mouth and it is said that the Chi village is one of the oldest villages of the Konyaks.
A saying in Chi dialect, "Kuh to hon not shong to yao no Chingkhanhoa".
Translation, "Chi is a village which teaches the east and advises the West".

== Demographics ==
Chi is a medium-sized village located in Mon Sadar Circle of Mon district, Nagaland with total 273 families residing. The Chi village has population of 1588 of which 776 are males while 812 are females as per Population Census 2011.<ref>
Chui Population (2020/2021), Village in Mon Sadar Subdivision
http://www.indiagrowing.com › Nagaland › Mon › Chui</ref>
In Chi village population of children with age 0-6 is 238 which makes up 14.99% of total population of village. Average Sex Ratio of Chi village is 1046 which is higher than Nagaland state average of 931. Child Sex Ratio for the Chi as per census is 983, higher than Nagaland average of 943.

==Religion==
All the natives of Chi village are Christians, with most of them [[Baptists]]. The village received Christianity in the year 1959 and established its church on 7 June 1959. Therefore, 7 June is always remembered as the birthday of Chi Baptist Church. The Church had its [[Silver Jubilee]] in 1984 and [[Golden Jubilee]] in 2009. The church also plays a vital role in the functioning of the village.

== Education ==
In 2011, literacy rate of Chi village was 63.48% compared to 79.55% of Nagaland. In Chi, male literacy stands at 69.82% while female literacy rate was 57.49%.

=== Educational Institutions at Chi ===
# Wangkhao Government College<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wangkhaocollege.edu.in/?page_id=956|title = Admission 2020|date = 8 June 2020}}</ref>
# District Institute of Education and Training<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.getatoz.com/content/dir/institution/diet-mon/S0016472|title = DIET MON in Mon, Nagaland}}</ref> at Goching village
# [[Industrial Training Institute]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mon.nic.in/public-utility/industrial-training-institute-iti/|title = Industrial Training Institute (ITI) | MON | India}}</ref> near Wangkhao Government College
# Government Primary School at Papong
# Government Primary School at Chi
# Edith Douglas School, [[Mon, India|Mon]]
#Cornerstone School

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Mon district]]

Theenda Theenda

2026-04-16T18:01:16Z

Caleb78G9218343: new entry

{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Theenda Theenda
| image =

| caption =
| director = A. B. Mughan
| producer = A. S. Maryson
| writer = A. B. Mughan
| starring = {{ubl|Shivhasan|Vinod|[[Preethi Varma]]|Shravya Sudhakar}}
| music = [[Shankar–Ganesh]]
| cinematography = Sri Ganesh
| editing = B. K. Keerthy
| distributor =
| studio = Maryson Films
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2006|04|07}}
| runtime = 110 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Theenda Theenda''''' is a 2006 Indian [[Tamil language]] [[drama film]] directed by A. B. Mughan. The film stars newcomer Shivhasan, Vinod, [[Preethi Varma]] and newcomer Shravya Sudhakar, with [[Vijayan (actor)|Vijayan]], [[Rajesh (Tamil actor)|Rajesh]], [[Vadivukkarasi]], [[Sethu Vinayagam]], [[Kumarimuthu]], Priyanka, Gemini Rajeshwari, and Gowthami Vembunathan playing supporting roles. The film, produced by A. S. Maryson, was released on 7 April 2006.

==Plot==
Azhagesan (Shivhasan) is a jobless youngster and [[Chain smoking|chain smoker]] who spends his time roaming with his friends in the village. His mother Ponnatha ([[Vadivukkarasi]]) loves him more than anything and spoils him, while his father Paramasivam ([[Rajesh (Tamil actor)|Rajesh]]) hates him for being a wastrel. Azhagesan and Deivanai (Shravya), the daughter of the village bigwig Ramasamy ([[Sethu Vinayagam]]), fall in love with each other. Their love affair crosses through mild hassles, like when Deivanai's cousin Vinod (Vinod), an army man on a trip to his village, seeks her hand in marriage. Vinod realises that she is in love with him, so Anand genuinely accepts their love and leaves the village. Meanwhile, Azhagesan's cousin Valli ([[Preethi Varma]]) arrives at his village and starts to woo him. Meanwhile, the villagers decide to not consume alcohol until the end of the village festival. The last day of the festival, the angry arrack traders create a ruckus in the village. The huts of the villagers catch fire, and many villagers have died, including Deivanai.

The incident disturbs the peace of the place causing friction between two communities. The fire was, in fact, caused by Azhagesan who had inadvertently tossed out his cigarette butt in a haystack that day. When the villagers come to know about it, they beat him up. A remorseful Azhagesan begs them to kill him for his carelessness, but they let him go. The film ends with a saddened Azhagesan leaving the village.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
*Shivhasan as Azhagesan
*Vinod as Vinod
*[[Preethi Varma]] as Valli
*Shravya Sudhakar as Deivanai
*[[Vijayan (actor)|Vijayan]] as Village President
*[[Rajesh (Tamil actor)|Rajesh]] as Paramasivam
*[[Vadivukkarasi]] as Ponnatha
*[[Sethu Vinayagam]] as Ramasamy
*[[Kumarimuthu]] as Villager
*Gowthami Vembunathan as Deivanai's mother
*Gemini Rajeshwari as Deivanai's grandmother
*Priyanka as Marikozhundhu
*[[Scissor Manohar]] as Thar Road
*[[Crane Manohar]] as Puli Moottai
*[[Vellai Subbaiah]] as Villager
*[[Munnar Ramesh]]
*[[Udayaraj|Master Udayaraj]] as Vandu
*M. P. Paul as Bell
*Raani
*Frank Kothas
*Muniraj
*Kalai
*Udumalai Royal Karthik
*Vandar Kuzhazhi Smitha in a special appearance
*Risha in a special appearance
}}

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album|
| name = Theenda Theenda
| type = [[soundtrack]]
| artist = [[Shankar–Ganesh]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2006
| recorded = 2006
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 24:51
| label =
| producer = [[Shankar–Ganesh]]
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

The film score and the soundtrack were composed by [[Shankar–Ganesh]]. The soundtrack, released in 2006, features 6 tracks written by Thamizhnathan, Gopal Daasan and A. B. Mughan.

{{track listing|
|extra_column=Singer(s)
|headline=Tracklist
|total_length=24:51
|title1=Vaanam Karukka|extra1=[[Pushpavanam Kuppusamy]]|length1=5:29
|title2=Vechikkava Vechikkava|extra2=[[Shankar–Ganesh]]|length2=3:51
|title3=Raa Pagala Kanvizhithu|extra3=Sankar Ganesh|length3=2:04
|title4=Pudhu Malare|extra4=[[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]], Sridevi|length4=4:17
|title5=Enna Solli|extra5=[[Gangai Amaran]]|length5=4:46
|title6=Theenda Theenda|extra6=Pushpavanam Kuppusamy, [[Malathy Lakshman]]|length6=4:24
}}

==Reception==
Malini Mannath of ''Chennai Online'' said, "It's a film with a relevant message no doubt, fairly well communicated, but with a lot more room for improvement in the crafting of it".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chennaionline.com/film/Moviereviews/2006/04theenda.asp|title=Theenda Theenda|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061014121042/http://www.chennaionline.com/film/Moviereviews/2006/04theenda.asp|archive-date=14 October 2006|access-date=25 November 2019|publisher=chennaionline.com|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2006 films]]
[[Category:2006 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Shankar–Ganesh]]
[[Category:2006 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Films about smoking]]
[[Category:2006 drama films]]

Lila Irene Clerides

2026-04-16T03:23:57Z

Caleb78G9218343: starting a info.

{{Short description|Indian-born Cypriot actress (1921–2007)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Lila Irene Clerides
| native_name =
| image = Lila Irene Clerides.png
| caption = Clerides in 1998
| office = [[First Lady of Cyprus]]
| term_start = 28 February 1993
| term_end = 28 February 2003
| predecessor = [[Androulla Vassiliou]]
| successor = [[Fotini Papadopoulos]]
| president = [[Glafcos Clerides]]
| term_label2 = Acting
| term_start2 = 23 July 1974
| term_end2 = 7 December 1974
| predecessor2 = Vera Sampson
| successor2 = ''Position vacant''
| president2 = [[Glafcos Clerides]]
| birth_name = Lila Erulkar
| birth_date = {{birth date|1921|10|31|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Ahmedabad]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2007|6|6|1921|10|31|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Meneou]], [[Larnaca District]], [[Cyprus]]
| spouse = [[Glafcos Clerides]] ([[marriage|m.]] 1947; her death 2007)
| children = Katherine
| party =
| other_party =
| education =
| occupation = Actress
| website =
}}

'''Lila-Irene Clerides''' (''née'' '''Lila Erulkar'''; 31 October 1921 – 6 June 2007) was the [[First Lady of Cyprus]] briefly in 1974 and again from 1993 until 2003 during the [[President of Cyprus|presidency]] of her husband, [[Glafcos Clerides]].<ref name=reuters>{{cite news|title=Indian born wife of former Cypriot president dies |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-30173520070606 |work=[[Reuters News]] |date=July 12, 2007 |access-date=June 28, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190628004250/https://www.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-30173520070606 |archive-date=June 28, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=cm>{{cite news|title='A most devoted couple' |url=https://cyprus-mail.com/2013/11/17/a-most-devoted-couple/ |work=[[Cyprus Mail]] |date=November 17, 2013 |access-date=June 28, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702190520/http://cyprus-mail.com/2013/11/17/a-most-devoted-couple/ |archive-date=July 2, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Biography==
Clerides was born in [[Ahmedabad]], [[British Raj|British India]].<ref name=mea>{{cite news|title=India–Cyprus Relations |url=http://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Cyprus_2015_07_17.pdf |work=[[Ministry of External Affairs (India)]] |access-date=June 28, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170516223352/http://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Cyprus_2015_07_17.pdf |archive-date=May 16, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> Her father, Dr Abraham Solomon Erulkar, was a prominent [[Indian Jewish]] medical doctor in [[Bombay]], President of the [[Medical Council of India]], and [[personal physician]] to [[Mahatma Gandhi]].<ref name=it>{{cite news|first=Michael |last=Jansen |title=Long-standing antagonists due to meet in New York for peace talks |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/long-standing-antagonists-due-to-meet-in-new-york-for-peace-talks-1.87504 |work=[[Irish Times]] |date=1997-07-03 |access-date=June 28, 2019 }}</ref><ref name=outlook>{{cite news|title=Coming Home to India |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/glitterati/72 |work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)]] |date=1997-02-26 |access-date=June 29, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629122006/https://www.outlookindia.com/glitterati/72 |archive-date=June 29, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> A supporter of [[Indian nationalism]], Dr Erulkar was a close associate of both Gandhi and [[Khan Abdul Ghani Khan]].<ref name=it/><ref name=nn>{{cite news|first=Bryan |last=Pearson |title=Sunbeds and snipers as President Kovind goes to the beach in Cyprus |url=https://www.newsnation.in/opinion/bryan-pearson/president-ram-nath-kovind-on-three-day-nation-tour-in-europe-goes-to-the-beach-at-fig-tree-bay-in-cyprus-cypriot-president-nicos-anastasiades-article-202130.html |work=[[News Nation]] |date=September 5, 2018 |access-date=June 29, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190302082355/https://www.newsnation.in/opinion/bryan-pearson/president-ram-nath-kovind-on-three-day-nation-tour-in-europe-goes-to-the-beach-at-fig-tree-bay-in-cyprus-cypriot-president-nicos-anastasiades-article-202130.html |archive-date=March 2, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=dh>{{cite news|first=Michael |last=Jansen |title=President Pratibha Patil to cement close ties with Cyprus |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/32990/president-pratibha-patil-cement-close.html |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |date=October 28, 2009 |access-date=June 29, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629132136/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/32990/president-pratibha-patil-cement-close.html |archive-date=June 29, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Clerides was raised in the [[Gujarat]]i port city of [[Surat]], as well as [[Mumbai|Bombay]].<ref name=outlook/><ref name=dh/> She lived and studied in Bombay until she moved to London when she was 11 years old.<ref name=of>{{cite news|first=Ramesh |last=Ramachandran |title=India-born former first lady of Cyprus passes away |url=http://articles-by-ramesh-ramachandran.blogspot.com/2011/06/india-born-former-first-lady-of-cyprus.html |work=Ramesh Ramachandran |date=June 20, 2007 |access-date=June 29, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181108065521/http://articles-by-ramesh-ramachandran.blogspot.com/2011/06/india-born-former-first-lady-of-cyprus.html |archive-date=November 8, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> Erulkar studied speech at the [[Royal Academy of Music]] and became a professional actress.<ref name=outlook/><ref name=nytimes>{{cite news|first=Robert D.|last=McFadden |title=Glafkos Clerides, Greek Cypriot Leader Who Sought Unification, Is Dead at 94 |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/16/world/europe/glafkos-clerides-greek-cypriot-leader-who-sought-unification-is-dead-at-94.html |work=[[New York Times]] |date=November 15, 2013 |access-date=June 28, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171101092153/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/16/world/europe/glafkos-clerides-greek-cypriot-leader-who-sought-unification-is-dead-at-94.html|archive-date=November 1, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Towards the end of [[World War II]], Clerides was hired by the [[BBC World Service]] in [[London]], where she worked with novelist [[George Orwell]].<ref name=reuters/> While working in London, she met her future husband, Cypriot Glafcos Clerides, a law student and [[air gunner|gunner]] for the [[Royal Air Force]] (RAF), shortly after the end of the war.<ref name=reuters/><ref name=cm/> Clerides had visited BBC's headquarters to see his sister, Chrysanthe, who also worked at the broadcaster.<ref name=cm/> Clerides met him in the office while he waited to see Chrysanthe.<ref name=cm/> The trio went out to the [[Vienna Café]] after work, and Clerides and Clerides began dating shortly afterwards.<ref name=cm/>

Clerides once recalled that she went on her first date with Clerides because he was a "craggy youth who had just been released from a concentration camp"<ref name=cm/> (Clerides had been held as a POW in Nazi Germany during World War II). After a few dates, Clerides proposed marriage to Clerides, who initially turned him down, telling him, "You were a [[prisoner of war]] and have seen no women, let's wait a little".<ref name=cm/> However, he persisted and she eventually accepted his proposal.<ref name=cm/> Clerides sent a letter to her father in India to ask his permission to marry Lila.<ref name=cm/> Dr. Erulkar replied to Clerides with a short [[telegram]], but advised that the couple wait one year to marry, according to the account in Clerides' biography.<ref name=cm/> The couple complied to the request.<ref name=cm/>

After waiting one year, the couple married in a [[civil ceremony]] held in London in 1947.<ref name=cm/> Clerides converted to [[Greek Orthodox]] Christianity and chose "Irene" as her [[baptismal name]].<ref name=cm/> The couple had one daughter, Katherine (nicknamed Katy), born in 1949, who would serve in the [[House of Representatives (Cyprus)|House of Representatives]] for the [[Democratic Rally]] party.<ref name=bbc>{{cite news|title=Profile Glafcos Clerides |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/2625551.stm |work=[[BBC News]] |date=January 3, 2003 |access-date=June 28, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190616075953/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2625551.stm |archive-date=June 16, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===First Lady of Cyprus===
Clerides became First Lady in 1993. Upon their elevation to President and First Lady, Archbishop [[Chrysostomos I of Cyprus]], the head of the [[Church of Cyprus]], suggested that Clerides and Clerides have a church wedding,<ref name=cm/> which they did in 1995 at the ages of 76 and 74 respectively.<ref name=reuters/>

In February 1997, Clerides and Clerides undertook an official, six-day [[state visit]] to her native India, including [[Mumbai]].<ref name=outlook/><ref name=of/> During her tour, Clerides explained that India's independence movement helped her understand Cyprus' move towards independence from the [[United Kingdom]].<ref name=of/> She also spoke of her admiration for India, saying, "I love India. I love the people. I love its history. I was brought up as an Indian and I have to admit that my pride in India is noticed by everybody. I have not changed in that in one iota."<ref name=of/>

==Death==
Clerides suffered from deteriorating health during her later years.<ref name=reuters/> She spent several weeks in hospital during the summer of 2007, but was discharged about one week before her death.<ref name=reuters/> Clerides died at her family home in [[Meneou]], just outside [[Larnaca]], on 6 June 2007, at the age of 85.<ref name=reuters/> She was survived by her husband, who died in 2013, and daughter, Katherine, who died in 2025.<ref name=telegraph>{{cite news|title=Glafcos Clerides - obituary |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/politics-obituaries/10453574/Glafcos-Clerides-obituary.html |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date=November 15, 2013 |access-date=June 28, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622152257/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/politics-obituaries/10453574/Glafcos-Clerides-obituary.html |archive-date=June 22, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> She was buried in a family plot in a cemetery in [[Nicosia]].<ref name=nh>{{cite news|title=Indian born wife of former Cypriot president dies |url=https://www.thenationalherald.com/24739/state-funeral-cyprus-ex-president-clerides/ |work=[[The National Herald]] |date=November 19, 2003 |access-date=June 28, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190702174130/https://www.thenationalherald.com/24739/state-funeral-cyprus-ex-president-clerides/ |archive-date=July 2, 2019 }}</ref>

==See also==

{{Empty section|date=April 2026}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Clerides, Lila}}
[[Category:1921 births]]
[[Category:2007 deaths]]
[[Category:First ladies of Cyprus]]
[[Category:Cypriot actresses]]
[[Category:20th-century Cypriot actresses]]
[[Category:20th-century Cypriot women politicians]]
[[Category:20th-century Cypriot politicians]]
[[Category:Alumni of the Royal Academy of Music]]
[[Category:Indian Christians]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to Cyprus]]
[[Category:Indian people of Jewish descent]]
[[Category:People of Indian-Jewish descent]]
[[Category:Cypriot people of Jewish descent]]
[[Category:People from Surat]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]
[[Category:People from Larnaca]]
[[Category:Converts to Eastern Orthodoxy]]
[[Category:Eastern Orthodox Christians from Cyprus]]
[[Category:21st-century Cypriot women politicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Cypriot politicians]]
[[Category:Indian expatriates in the United Kingdom]]

Pahalgam Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:49:19Z

Caleb78G9218343: starting new info w/ refs...

{{Short description|Constituency of the Jammu and Kashmir legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Pahalgam
|type= SLA
| constituency_no = 47
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
|mla = 
|party = 
| latest_election_year = 
|state = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|district = [[Anantnag district|Anantnag]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Anantnag-Rajouri Lok Sabha constituency|Anantnag-Rajouri]]
|established = 1967
|electors = 
|reservation =
}}
'''Pahalgam Assembly constituency''' is one of the 90 constituencies in the [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], a northern [[Union Territory]] of [[India]]. [[Pahalgam]] is also part of [[Anantnag-Rajouri Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Sitting and previous MLAs from Pahalgam Assembly Constituency |url=http://www.elections.in/jammu-and-kashmir/assembly-constituencies/pahalgam.html |work=Elections.in |access-date= 26 October 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=DELIMITATION OF PARLIAMENTARY AND ASSEMBLY CONSTITUENCIES ORDER, 2008 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |work=Election commission of India |access-date= 26 October 2017 }}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1967 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || rowspan=2 | [[Makhan Lal Fotedar]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1972 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
| [[1977 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1977]] || rowspan=2 | [[Piyare Lal Handoo]] || {{Full party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[1983 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
|-
| [[1987 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1987]] || [[Rafi Ahmed Mir]]
|-
| [[1996 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1996]] || Abdul Kabir Bhat
|-
| [[2002 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2002]] || [[Mehbooba Mufti]] || {{Full party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2004 elections in India#Jammu and Kashmir|2004 By-election]] || [[Mufti Mohammad Sayeed]]
|-
| [[2008 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || Rafi Ahmad Mir
|-
| [[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2014]] || rowspan=2 | [[Altaf Ahmad Wani]] || {{Full party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Pahalgam<ref>{{cite news|last1=Election Commission of India|title=J&K Assembly Election Results 2024 - Bandipora|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0815.htm|access-date=10 October 2024|date=8 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241010072117/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0815.htm|archive-date=10 October 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Altaf Ahmad Wani]] |party=Jammu and Kashmir National Conference |votes=26,210 |percentage=52.25% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rafi Ahmed Mir |party=Jammu and Kashmir Apni Party |votes=12,454 |percentage=24.83% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shabir Ahmad Sediqui |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=8,051 |percentage=16.05% |change={{decrease}}27.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=1,502 |percentage=2.99% |change={{increase}}1.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Showket Ahmad Bhat |party=Independent politician |votes=950 |percentage=1.89% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Maqbool Khan |party=Independent politician |votes=602 |percentage=1.20% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shabir Ahmad Padder |party=Jammu and Kashmir Awami National Conference |votes=394 |percentage=0.79% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=13,756 |percentage=27.42% |change= {{increase}}25.82 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=50,163 |percentage=71.98% |change= {{increase}}2.22 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 69,693 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}13.94
|winner=Jammu and Kashmir National Conference |swing= {{increase}}7.58 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Pahalgam<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Jammu & Kashmir 2014 - Jammu & Kashmir - Election Commission of India |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190613150235/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |archive-date=2019-06-13 |access-date= |website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Altaf Ahmad Wani]] |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=25,232 |percentage=44.67% |change={{increase}}17.52 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rafi Ahmad Mir |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=24,328 |percentage=43.07% |change={{decrease}}6.22 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Irfan Abid |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,148 |percentage=3.80% |change={{increase}}2.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sofi Yousuf |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,943 |percentage=3.44% |change={{decrease}}2.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=1,056 |percentage=1.87% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Farooq Ahmad Rather |party=Independent politician |votes=788 |percentage=1.39% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shabir Ahmad Shah |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=503 |percentage=0.89% |change={{increase}}0.00 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Anwar Jaan |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Conference |votes=492 |percentage=0.87% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=904 |percentage=1.60% |change= {{decrease}}20.54 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=56,490 |percentage=69.75% |change= {{decrease}}0.49 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 80,985 |ref = |change= {{increase}}15.32 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |swing= {{decrease}}4.62 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2008 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Pahalgam<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/10-Detailed%20Results.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225073739/https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/10-Detailed%20Results.pdf|archive-date=25 December 2024|access-date=25 December 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Rafi Ahmad Mir |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=24,316 |percentage=49.29% |change={{decrease}}15.98 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Altaf Ahmad Wani]] |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=13,394 |percentage=27.15% |change={{decrease}}0.83 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Irfan Ahmad Bhat |party=Independent politician |votes=3,861 |percentage=7.83% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammad Yousuf Sofi |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,702 |percentage=5.48% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Majid Ashraf Mir |party=Lok Jan Shakti Party |votes=1,093 |percentage=2.22% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Gani Bhat |party=Indian National Congress |votes=778 |percentage=1.58% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shabir Ahmad Padder |party=Jammu and Kashmir Awami National Conference |votes=759 |percentage=1.54% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khadim Hussain Mirza |party=Independent politician |votes=699 |percentage=1.42% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Doyee |party=Janata Dal (United) |votes=517 |percentage=1.05% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammad Khalil Bhat |party=Independent politician |votes=468 |percentage=0.95% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Fayaz Ahmad Wani |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=438 |percentage=0.89% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,922 |percentage=22.14% |change= {{decrease}}15.15 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=49,334 |percentage=70.25% |change= {{increase}}48.61 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 70,229 |ref = |change= {{increase}}9.53 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |loser=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |swing= {{decrease}}15.98 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly By-election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2004 elections in India#Jammu and Kashmir|2004 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Pahalgam<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/ByeElection/ByeOct2004/index.htm |title=Election Statistics - Bye Elections - October 2004 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=29 December 2024|archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mufti Mohammad Sayeed]] |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=9,056 |percentage=65.27% |change={{increase}}20.16 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rafi Ahmad Mir |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=3,882 |percentage=27.98% |change={{decrease}}5.84 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bashir Ahmad |party=Independent politician |votes=521 |percentage=3.75% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammad Yousaf |party=Samata Party |votes=416 |percentage=3.00% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,174 |percentage=37.29% |change= {{increase}}26.00 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=13,875 |percentage=21.64% |change= {{decrease}}11.38 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 64,121 |ref = |change= {{increase}}11.78 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |loser=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |swing= {{increase}}20.16 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2002 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Pahalgam<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/StatRep_JK_02.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127192246/http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/StatRep_JK_02.pdf|archive-date=27 January 2013|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mehbooba Mufti]] |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=8,544 |percentage=45.11% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rafi Ahmed Mir |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=6,405 |percentage=33.82% |change={{decrease}}28.00 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Nabi |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=1,788 |percentage=9.44% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Yousuf |party=Indian National Congress |votes=920 |percentage=4.86% |change={{decrease}}13.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vinod Kumar |party=Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party |votes=501 |percentage=2.65% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Yousuf Malik |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=401 |percentage=2.12% |change={{increase}}0.45 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nazir Ahmed Khan |party=Independent politician |votes=381 |percentage=2.01% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,139 |percentage=11.29% |change= {{decrease}}32.19 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=18,940 |percentage=33.02% |change= {{decrease}}14.64 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 57,363 |ref = |change= {{increase}}22.92 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= {{decrease}}16.70 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1996 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Pahalgam<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1996 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-JK96.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117084805/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-JK96.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Kabir Bhat |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=13,749 |percentage=61.81% |change={{increase}}8.92 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gulshan Akhter |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,078 |percentage=18.33% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Muzaffar Khalid |party=Janata Dal |votes=2,468 |percentage=11.10% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Rashid Misger |party=Jammu and Kashmir Awami League |votes=1,578 |percentage=7.09% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rakesh Koul |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=370 |percentage=1.66% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,671 |percentage=43.48% |change= {{increase}}34.43 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=22,243 |percentage=49.51% |change= {{decrease}}27.73 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 46,668 |ref = |change= {{increase}}14.46 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= {{increase}}8.92 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1987 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1987 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Pahalgam<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1987 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReport_jk_87.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114084427/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReport_jk_87.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Rafi Ahmad Mir |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=16,257 |percentage=52.89% |change={{decrease}}3.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Nabi Hagroo |party=Independent politician |votes=13,476 |percentage=43.84% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Nabi Vaid |party=Independent politician |votes=580 |percentage=1.89% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mukhtar Abbas Khan |party=Independent politician |votes=345 |percentage=1.12% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,781 |percentage=9.05% |change= {{decrease}}11.48 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=30,737 |percentage=77.70% |change= {{decrease}}1.44 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 40,771 |ref = |change= {{increase}}13.61 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= {{decrease}}3.88 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1983 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Pahalgam<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/StatisticalReport_JK_1983.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117082124/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/StatisticalReport_JK_1983.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Piyare Lal Handoo]] |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=15,654 |percentage=56.77% |change={{decrease}}12.00 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Tahir |party=Indian National Congress |votes=9,995 |percentage=36.25% |change={{increase}}24.98 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Manzoor Ahmad Gaina |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=1,402 |percentage=5.08% |change={{decrease}}63.69 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Hassan Inqalibi |party=Independent politician |votes=521 |percentage=1.89% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,659 |percentage=20.52% |change= {{decrease}}28.30 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=27,572 |percentage=80.11% |change= {{increase}}4.89 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 35,886 |ref = |change= {{increase}}20.27 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= {{decrease}}12.00 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1977 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Pahalgam<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReport_JK_77.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117081946/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReport_JK_77.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Piyare Lal Handoo]] |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=14,764 |percentage=68.78% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Rasool Kochah |party=Janata Party |votes=4,283 |percentage=19.95% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Tahir |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,420 |percentage=11.27% |change={{decrease}}67.35 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,481 |percentage=48.82% |change= {{decrease}}8.43 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=21,467 |percentage=77.13% |change= {{decrease}}6.51 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 29,839 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.69 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Pahalgam<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisticalRep_JK_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083027/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisticalRep_JK_72.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Makhan Lal Fotedar]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=16,628 |percentage=78.63% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hami Ullah |party=Independent politician |votes=4,520 |percentage=21.37% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,108 |percentage=57.25% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=21,148 |percentage=80.47% |change= {{increase}}78.45 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 26,957 |ref = |change= {{increase}}6.79 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Pahalgam<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report_Jk_1967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006052138/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report_Jk_1967.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link| |candidate=[[Makhan Lal Fotedar]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=25,244 |percentage= |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 25,244 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Pahalgam]]
* [[Anantnag district]]
* [[List of constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|34.01|75.32|display=title}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Anantnag district]]
[[Category:Politics of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Jammu and Kashmir]]

Somnath Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:26:18Z

Caleb78G9218343: new stub

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Gujarat State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Somnath
| mla = [[Vimal Chudasama]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = Gujarat
| district = [[Gir Somnath district|Gir Somnath]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Junagadh Lok Sabha constituency|Junagadh]]
| established = 1962
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:263176}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14750-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 18 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|2}}
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 90
}}

'''Somnath''' is one of the 182 [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Gujarat]] state in [[India]].<ref name=gjceo>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125011107/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2014 |title=Parliament / Assembly constituency wise PS & Electors Detail - Draft Roll - 2014 |access-date= 1 June 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly constituency and Their Extent |date=12 December 2006 |website=Election Commission of India |publisher=Delimitation Commission of India |pages=2–31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 February 2017 }}</ref> It is part of [[Gir Somnath district|Gir Somnath]] district.

==List of segments==
This assembly seat represents the following segments,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly constituency and Their Extent|date=12 December 2006|website=Election Commission of India|publisher=Delimitation Commission of India|pages=2–31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|archive-date=5 March 2016|url-status=|access-date=12 February 2017}}</ref> also this assembly has major city Somnath and 53 villages. [[Somnath temple|Somnath]] is also in this assembly so this is important to win for all parties. [[Gir Somnath district]]'s main capital is Somnath.

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party

|-
|[[1962 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Ramanlal Prabhudas Shah
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1967 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|K. B. Dodiya
|{{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
|[[1972 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Kesar Bhagvan Dodiya
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1975 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1975]]
|Ayashabegun Mohmedali Sheikh
|-
|[[1980 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Rudabhai Devshi Vadher
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1985 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Baloch M. F.
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1990 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|rowspan=2|[[Jashubhai Dhanabhai Barad|Ahir Jasabhai D. Barad]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1995 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1998 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|Chunilal Kanji Gohel
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2002 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
|[[Jashubhai Dhanabhai Barad|Ahir Jasabhai D. Barad]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2007 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|Ahir Rajsibhai Jotava
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|rowspan=2|[[Jashubhai Dhanabhai Barad|Ahir Jasabhai D. Barad]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2014 elections in India#Gujarat|2014^]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|rowspan=2|[[Vimal Chudasama]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|-
|-
|}

==Election results==
=== 2022 ===
<section begin="Assembly Election 2022"/>
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly election, 2022]]: Somnath Assembly constituency }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate= [[Vimal Chudasama|Chudasama Vimalbhai Kanabhai]] |party=Indian National Congress|votes=73,819|percentage=38.2|change=-15.01}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Mansinhbhai Meramanbhai Parmar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes= 72,891|percentage=37.72|change=-4.03}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Jagmalbhai Jadavbhai Vala<ref>{{cite news |title=AAP releases list of 10 candidates for 2022 Gujarat assembly elections |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/aap-releases-list-of-10-candidates-for-2022-gujarat-assembly-elections-101659436095504.html |access-date=2 August 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=2 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref>|party=Aam Aadmi Party|votes=33,235|percentage=17.2|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate= Ishwarlal Kanjibhai Soneri |party=Independent|votes=7,381 |percentage=3.82|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above]]|party=None of the above|votes=1,530|percentage=0.79|change=-1.37}}
{{Election box majority||votes=922|percentage=0.1|change=-0.1}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,93,263|percentage=60|change=-15.98}}-->
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = 2,35,083
|ref= <ref name="Gujarat Elections ECI">{{cite web |title=Gujarat Legislative Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = -0.48
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2022"/>

===2017===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Legislative Assembly Election, 2017]]: Somnath<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3841-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2017 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 11 July 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Vimalbhai Chudasama|party=Indian National Congress|votes=94,914|percentage=--|change=--}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Jasabhai Barad|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=74,464|percentage=--|change=--}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,78,617
|percentage = 75.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:235083}}
|ref= <ref name=election2017/>
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2014===
{{Election box begin | title=By-election, 2014: Somnath}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Jasabhai Barad
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 86,640
|percentage = 52.60
|change = +18.01
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Dr. Nishant Chotai
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 60,671
|percentage = 37.01
|change = +1.11
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 25,669
|percentage = 15.59
|change = +14.26
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 164,724
|percentage = 75.26
|change = -1.48
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|

|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Somnath]]}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Detail_Report_AC2012.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2012 to the Legislative Assembly of Gujarat |access-date=12 June 2014 |archive-date=26 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126215052/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Detail_Report_AC2012.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Jasabhai Barad
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 56701
|percentage = 35.90
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Rajsibhai Jotva
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 54605
|percentage = 34.58
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 2096
|percentage = 1.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 157925
|percentage = 76.74
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Gujarat Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Gujarat|state=expanded}}

{{coord|20.91|70.39|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Gir Somnath district]]
[[Category:Veraval]]
[[Category:Politics of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Gujarat]]

Yellow Line (Ahmedabad Metro)

2026-04-14T21:28:07Z

Caleb78G9218343: new a entry

{{Short description|Railway line in Ahmedabad, India}}
{{Infobox rail line
| name = Yellow Line
| color = {{rcr|Ahmedabad Metro|Yellow}}
| image =
| image_width =
| caption =
| type = [[Rapid transit]]
| system = [[Ahmedabad Metro]]
| status = Operational
| locale = [[Gandhinagar]]
| start = [[Motera Stadium metro station|Motera Stadium]]
| end = [[Mahatma Mandir metro station|Mahatma Mandir]]
| stations = 21
| daily_ridership =
| open = {{start date and age|16 September 2024|df=yes}} (Sector-1 to GNLU and Motera Stadium)
| close =
| operator = [[Gujarat Metro Rail Corporation Limited]]
| character = Elevated
| stock = [[Hyundai Rotem]]
| linelength_km = 23.84
| tracklength =
| tracks =
| gauge = {{Track gauge|sg}} ([[Standard gauge]])
| electrification = [[750V DC]] [[Third Rail]]
| speed =
| elevation =
| map = [[File:Yellow Line (Ahmedabad Metro).png|300px]]
| map_state = show
| map_name = Route map
}}
{{Use Indian English|date = May 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date = May 2018}}

The '''Yellow Line''' of the [[Ahmedabad metro|Ahmedabad Metro]] is a metro route of the mass rapid transit system in [[Ahmedabad]], India. The construction was started in January 2021 and was completed in January 2026.

== History ==
The Government of Gujarat approved the Phase-2 of Ahmedabad Metro in October 2017 and revised it in October 2018. In February 2019, the Union cabinet approved the Phase-2 worth cost of {{INRconvert|5384.17|c}}. It will extend the north–south corridor from Motera in Ahmedabad to [[Mahatma Mandir]] in Gandhinagar ({{convert|23.838|km|mi|abbr=on}}) with a branch line from [[Gujarat National Law University]] (GNLU) linking [[Pandit Deendayal Energy University]] (PDEU) and [[Gujarat International Finance Tec-City|GIFT City]] (5.416 km). The Phase-2 will have total {{convert|28.26|km|mi|abbr=on}}-long elevated corridor with 22 stations.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Gujarat nod for Rs 6,758crore Metro Phase II |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/gujarat-nod-for-rs-6758crore-metro-phase-ii/articleshow/61212792.cms |access-date=2018-01-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Nair |first=Avinash |date=2018-10-20 |title=Ahmedabad Metro Rail: After Centre objects, Metro rail link to GIFT City shortened by 6 km |language=en-US |work=The Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/ahmedabad-metro-rail-after-centre-objects-metro-rail-link-to-gift-city-shortened-by-6-km-5410036/ |access-date=2018-10-21}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite web |date=2019-02-21 |title=Ahmedabad Metro Phase 2 gets Modi Cabinet clearance ahead of Phase 1 inauguration on 4 March |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/ahmedabad-metro-phase-2-gets-modi-cabinet-clearance-ahead-of-phase-1-inauguration-on-march-4/1493979/ |access-date=2019-03-04 |website=The Financial Express}}</ref>

The tendering for the Phase 2 began in January 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-01-20 |title=GMRC Invites Bids for Ahmedabad Metro's Phase 2 Construction |url=https://themetrorailguy.com/2020/01/20/gmrc-invites-bids-for-ahmedabad-metros-phase-2-construction/ |access-date=2020-04-20 |website=The Metro Rail Guy |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ahmedabad Metro Phase 2 – Information, Route Maps, Tenders & Updates |url=https://themetrorailguy.com/ahmedabad-metro-phase-2-information-map/ |access-date=2020-04-20 |website=The Metro Rail Guy |language=en-US}}</ref> On 18 January 2021, the foundation stone of the Phase-2 was laid by Prime Minister Modi.<ref name=":32">{{Cite web |title='Very important gifts for Ahmedabad, Surat': PM Modi launches metro rail projects in Gujarat |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/pm-modi-bhoomi-poojan-ahmedabad-metro-phase-2-surat-metro/708480 |access-date=2021-01-18 |website=www.timesnownews.com |language=en}}</ref>

In February 2023, [[Titagarh Rail Systems]] won a contract worth {{INRconvert|350|c}} for providing rolling stock for the Phase-2.<ref>{{cite web |date=February 15, 2023 |title=Titagarh Rail Systems wins ₹3.5 bn contract for Ahmedabad Metro |url=https://www.constructionworld.in/ |publisher=Construction World}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-31 |title=Ahmedabad Metro Phase 2: Titagarh Rail Systems awarded Rs 350-cr contract for 10 trains |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/ahmedabad-metro-phase-2-titagarh-rail-systems-awarded-rs-350-cr-contract-for-10-trains-8916984/ |access-date=2023-11-22 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

The trial run of Phase-2 started in February 2024 between GNLU and Dholakuva Circle stations.<ref>{{cite web |date=April 20, 2023 |title=Ahmedabad Metro Phase II trial run likely in June |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/ |publisher=Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=A'bad-G'nagar Metro phase-2 trial run starts |url=https://www.ahmedabadmirror.com/abad-gnagar-metro-phase-2-trial-run-starts/81862745.html |access-date=2024-02-24 |website=Ahmedabad Mirror |language=en}}</ref> The Yellow Line connecting Sector 1 station of Gandhinagar with the Red Line's [[Motera Stadium metro station|Motera Stadium]] along with six new stations on Yellow Line were inaugurated on 16 September 2024 by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] and was open to the public on 17 September 2024.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-09-17 |title=PM Modi Inaugurated Ahmedabad Metro Phase 2 And Vande Metro - Metro Rail News |url=https://metrorailnews.in/ahmendabad-metro-phase-2-and-vande-metro/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="indianexpress.com2">{{Cite web |date=19 September 2021 |title=Ahmedabad Metro connectivity to GIFT City by early 2024, says GMRC |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/ahmedabad-metro-connectivity-to-gift-city-by-early-2024-says-gmrc-7518317/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-16 |title=PM Modi Flags Off Ahmedabad-Gandhinagar Metro Phase-II, Takes Rail Ride |url=https://www.news18.com/india/pm-modi-flags-off-ahmedabad-gandhinagar-metro-phase-ii-takes-rail-ride-9052835.html |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-16 |title=PM Modi inaugurates 2nd phase of Ahmedabad Metro Rail Project |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/prime-minister-narendra-modi-phase-ii-ahmedabad-metro-rail-project-inaugurate-gujarat-visit-2600623-2024-09-16 |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Seven new stations on Yellow Line were opened to public on 27 April 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ahmedabad Metro route extended to Secretariat in Gandhinagar from Sunday: 7 new stations added |url=https://english.gujaratsamachar.com/news/gujarat/ahmedabad-metro-route-extended-to-secretariat-in-gandhinagar-from-sunday-7-new-stations-added |access-date=2025-04-26 |website=english.gujaratsamachar.com |language=en}}</ref> Juna Koba and Koba Gaam stations were opened on 28 September 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=DeshGujarat |date=2025-09-26 |title=Two more stations to become operational on Ahmedabad-Gandhinagar Metro Rail corridor |url=https://deshgujarat.com/2025/09/26/two-more-stations-to-become-operational-on-ahmedabad-gandhinagar-metro-rail-corridor/ |access-date=2025-09-26 |website=DeshGujarat |language=en-US}}</ref> The final 5.36-kilometre corridor of the Yellow Line, from Sachivalaya (Secretariat) to [[Mahatma Mandir]], was inaugurated on 11 January 2026 by Prime Minister Modi.<ref name="dgxa">{{Cite web |last=DeshGujarat |date=2026-01-11 |title=PM Modi inaugurates Sachivalaya-Mahatma Mandir route of Ahmedabad-Gandhinagar Metro |url=https://deshgujarat.com/2026/01/11/pm-modi-inaugurates-sachivalaya-mahatma-mandir-route-of-ahmedabad-gandhinagar-metro/ |access-date=2026-01-25 |website=DeshGujarat |language=en-US}}</ref>

== List of stations ==
Following is a list of stations on this route:<ref>{{Cite web |last=DeshGujarat |date=2024-09-13 |title=Ahmedabad - Gandhinagar Metro train service from Sept 16, but 7 stations en-route to open later |url=https://deshgujarat.com/2024/09/13/ahmedabad-gandhinagar-metro-train-service-from-sept-16-but-6-stations-en-route-to-open-later/ |access-date=2024-12-08 |website=DeshGujarat |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtvprofit.com/nation/pm-modi-inaugurates-remaining-phase-2-stretch-of-metro-service-in-gandhinagar|title=PM Modi Inaugurates Remaining Phase 2 Stretch Of Metro Service In Gandhinagar|date=11 January 2026|access-date=12 January 2026}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" width="65%"
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#{{rcr|Ahmedabad Metro|yellow}};" colspan="8" | '''Yellow Line'''
|-
! rowspan="2"|#
! colspan="2"|Station Name
! rowspan="2"|Opening
! rowspan="2"|Connections<ref>{{Cite web |title=Multi Model Integration |url=https://www.gujaratmetrorail.com/mmi-2/ |access-date=2026-04-14 |website=Gujarat Metro Rail Corporation (GMRC) Limited |language=en-US}}</ref>
! rowspan="2"|Layout
|-
! [[English language|English]]||[[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
|-
|1||{{stl|Ahmedabad Metro|Mahatma Mandir}}||મહાત્મા મંદિર||11 January 2026||{{ric|Indian Railways}} [[Gandhinagar Capital railway station|Gandhinagar Capital]]
|Elevated
|-
|2||[[Sector-24 metro station (Gandhinagar)|Sector-24]]||સેક્ટર-24||11 January 2026||City Bus Stop||Elevated
|-
|3||[[Sector-16 metro station (Gandhinagar)|Sector-16]]||સેક્ટર-16||11 January 2026||City Bus Stop||Elevated
|-
|4||{{stl|Ahmedabad Metro|Juna Sachivalaya}}||જૂના સચિવાલય||11 January 2026||City Bus Stop||Elevated
|-
|5||{{stl|Ahmedabad Metro|Akshardham|Gandhinagar}}||અક્ષરધામ||11 January 2026||None||Elevated
|-
|6||{{stl|Ahmedabad Metro|Sachivalaya|Gandhinagar}}||સચિવાલય||27 April 2025||City Bus Stop||Elevated
|-
|7||[[Sector-10A metro station (Gandhinagar)|Sector-10A]]||સેક્ટર-10એ||27 April 2025||City Bus Stop||Elevated
|-
|8||[[Sector-1 metro station (Gandhinagar)|Sector-1]]||સેક્ટર-1||16 September 2024||City Bus Stop||Elevated
|-
|9||{{stl|Ahmedabad Metro|Infocity}}||ઇન્ફોસિટી||16 September 2024||City Bus Stop||Elevated
|-
|10||{{stl|Ahmedabad Metro|Dholakuva Circle}}||ધોળાકુવા સર્કલ||16 September 2024||None||Elevated
|-
|11||{{stl|Ahmedabad Metro|Randesan}}||રાંદેસણ||16 September 2024||None||Elevated
|-
|12||{{stl|Ahmedabad Metro|Raysan}}||રાયસન||16 September 2024||None||Elevated
|-
|13||{{stl|Ahmedabad Metro|GNLU}}||જી એન એલ યુ||16 September 2024||{{rcb|Ahmedabad Metro|Violet|croute}}||Elevated
|-
|14||{{stl|Ahmedabad Metro|Koba Gaam}}||કોબા ગામ||28 September 2025||None||Elevated
|-
|15||{{stl|Ahmedabad Metro|Juna Koba}}||જૂના કોબા||28 September 2025||None||Elevated
|-
|16||{{stl|Ahmedabad Metro|Koba Circle}}||કોબા સર્કલ||27 April 2025||None||Elevated
|-
|17||{{stl|Ahmedabad Metro|Narmada Canal}}||નર્મદા કેનાલ||27 April 2025||None||Elevated
|-
|18||{{stl|Ahmedabad Metro|Tapovan Circle}}||તપોવન સર્કલ||27 April 2025||None||Elevated
|-
|19||{{stl|Ahmedabad Metro|Vishwakarma College}}||વિશ્વકર્મા કોલેજ||27 April 2025||None||Elevated
|-
|20||{{stl|Ahmedabad Metro|Koteshwar Road}}||કોટેશ્વર રોડ||27 April 2025||None||Elevated
|-
|21||{{stl|Ahmedabad Metro|Motera Stadium}}||મોટેરા સ્ટેડિયમ||30 September 2022
|{{rcb|Ahmedabad Metro|Red|croute}}||Elevated
|}

== Map ==
{{Rapid transit OSM map
| frame-width = 280
| frame-height = 500
| text = Click on icons for more details
| plain = no
| single_line = yes
| stations = yes
| marker-size = small
}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Ahmedabad Metro navbox}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yellow Line (Ahmedabad Metro)}}
[[Category:750 V DC railway electrification]]
[[Category:Ahmedabad Metro lines]]

Aruna Miller

2026-04-11T22:37:17Z

Caleb78G9218343: creating new details

{{Short description|American politician (born 1964)}}
{{Use American English|date=December 2025}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Aruna Miller
| image = Aruna_Miller_Official_Portrait.jpg
| alt = Official portrait of Miller in front of the Maryland flag, wearing a red blazer jacket and white shirt.
| caption = Official portrait, 2023
| office = 10th [[Lieutenant Governor of Maryland]]
| governor = [[Wes Moore]]
| term_start = January 18, 2023
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Boyd Rutherford]]
| successor =
| state_delegate1 = Maryland
| district1 = [[Maryland Legislative District 15|15th]]
| term_start1 = December 1, 2010
| term_end1 = January 9, 2019
| appointer1 = [[Martin O'Malley]]
| predecessor1 = [[Craig L. Rice]]
| successor1 = [[Lily Qi]]
| birth_name = Aruna Katragadda
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1964|11|6}}
| birth_place = [[Hyderabad]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| citizenship = India (1964–2000) United States (2000–present)
| party = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
| spouse = {{marriage|David Miller|1990}}
| children = 3
| education = [[Missouri University of Science and Technology]] ([[Bachelor of Science|BS]])
| website = {{URL|arunamiller.com|Campaign website}}
| signature = Aruna Miller signature.svg
| module = {{Listen|pos=center|embed=yes|filename=Aruna Miller on the Clean Transportation and Energy Act of 2023.ogg|title=Aruna Miller's voice|type=speech|description=Aruna Miller on the Clean Transportation and Energy Act of 2023 Recorded July 14, 2023}}
}}
'''Aruna Miller''' (née '''Katragadda'''; born November 6, 1964) is an American politician and civil engineer serving as the tenth [[Lieutenant Governor of Maryland|lieutenant governor of Maryland]] since 2023. A member of the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]], Miller previously represented [[Maryland Legislative District 15|District 15]] in the [[Maryland House of Delegates]] from 2010 to 2019.<ref>{{cite web|title=House of Delegates|url=http://www.msa.md.gov/msa/mdmanual/06hse/former/html/msa15449.html|publisher=Maryland Manual|accessdate=January 26, 2011| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20110128231705/http://www.msa.md.gov/msa/mdmanual/06hse/html/msa15449.html| archivedate= January 28, 2011 | url-status= live}}</ref> Miller is the first [[South Asian Americans|South Asian]] woman elected lieutenant governor in the United States.<ref name="First South Asian">{{cite news |last1=Kaur |first1=Brahmjot |title=Aruna Miller makes history as first South Asian woman elected lieutenant governor in U.S. |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/asian-america/aruna-miller-makes-history-1st-south-asian-woman-lieutenant-governor-u-rcna56468 |access-date=November 10, 2022 |work=[[NBC News]] |date=November 9, 2022}}</ref>

Miller ran for Congress in 2018 to represent [[Maryland's 6th congressional district]], losing to [[David Trone]] in the Democratic primary.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Weingarten |first=Dwight |date=November 28, 2022 |title=Lieutenant governor-elect is leading Moore's Annapolis transition. Here's what to expect |url=https://www.heraldmailmedia.com/story/news/state/2022/11/28/lt-gov-elect-aruna-miller-leads-transition-looks-ahead-on-transportation-hagerstown-ocean-city/69662035007/ |website=Herald-Mail}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ballotpedia.org/Maryland%27s_6th_Congressional_District_election_(June_26,_2018_Democratic_primary)|title=Maryland's 6th Congressional District election (June 26, 2018 Democratic primary)|website=Ballotpedia|language=en|access-date=April 1, 2019}}</ref> In December 2021, [[Wes Moore]] chose Miller as his running mate in the Democratic primary of the [[2022 Maryland gubernatorial election]].<ref name=":0">{{cite news |last1=Kurtz |first1=Josh |title=Wes Moore Picks Ex-Delegate Aruna Miller to Be His Running Mate |url=https://www.marylandmatters.org/2021/12/09/moore-picks-ex-delegate-aruna-miller-to-be-his-running-mate/ |access-date=December 9, 2021 |work=[[Maryland Matters]] |date=December 9, 2021}}</ref> They won the Democratic nomination on July 19, 2022, and defeated Republican nominee [[Dan Cox]] and his running mate Gordana Schifanelli on November 8, 2022.

Miller is the first [[Asian American]] lieutenant governor and first immigrant to hold statewide office in Maryland. Miller is the second woman to be elected lieutenant governor of Maryland after [[Kathleen Kennedy Townsend]].<ref name="Barriers" />

==Early life and education==
Miller was born on November 6, 1964, in [[Hyderabad]], India, into a [[Telugu people|Telugu]] [[Hindus|Hindu]] family.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/aruna-wins-maryland-post-but-keeps-faith-in-her-telugu-roots/articleshow/95439181.cms | title=Aruna Miller wins Maryland post but keeps faith in her Telugu roots | newspaper=The Times of India | date=November 11, 2022 }}</ref><ref name="Immigrant pasts" /><ref name="kammasworld.blogspot.com">{{Cite web |title=Darnestown Resident Katragadda Aruna Miller Becomes Newest State Delegate |url=https://kammasworld.blogspot.com/2010/11/darnestown-resident-katragadda-aruna.html |access-date=July 20, 2022 |website=kammasworld.blogspot.com |language=en}}</ref> Her family came to the United States when she was seven years old. Along with her two siblings and parents, she lived in [[Poughkeepsie, New York]],<ref name="Immigrant pasts">{{cite news |last1=Portnoy |first1=Jenna |title=Candidates for Md. lieutenant governor emphasize their immigrant pasts |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/dc-md-va/2022/10/27/maryland-election-miller-schifanelli-lieutenant-governor/ |access-date=October 27, 2022 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=October 27, 2022}}</ref> where [[IBM]] employed her father, Rao Katragadda,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Basara |first1=Mindy |title=Lt. Gov. Aruna Miller gets personal, shares family experience with mental health disorder |url=https://www.wbaltv.com/article/mental-health-priority-maryland-lt-gov-aruna-miller/43976449 |access-date=June 8, 2023 |work=[[WBAL-TV]] |date=May 23, 2023}}</ref> as a mechanical engineer. She attended public schools in Upstate New York and [[Ballwin, Missouri]]. Miller earned a [[Bachelor of Science]] degree in civil engineering from the [[Missouri University of Science and Technology]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 7, 2018 |title=Aruna Miller |url=https://indianewengland.com/aruna-miller/ |access-date=July 20, 2022 |website=INDIA New England News |language=en}}</ref>

==Career==
Miller worked as a transportation engineer for local governments in California, Virginia, and Hawaii. She moved to Maryland in 1990, where she worked for the Montgomery County Department of Transportation.<ref name="MoCo DOT">{{cite news |last1=Robey Wood |first1=Marie |title=For the Record, Female Candidates – Numbering 190 – Will Be on State's Tuesday Primary Ballots |url=https://www.marylandmatters.org/2018/06/26/for-the-record-female-candidates-numbering-190-will-be-on-state-s-tuesday-primary-ballots/ |access-date=September 4, 2022 |work=[[Maryland Matters]] |date=June 26, 2018}}</ref> She has overseen programs that advanced access to schools, employment centers, and community facilities that are safe for pedestrians, bicyclists, transit users, and people with differing abilities. In 2015, she retired from Montgomery County to devote her full attention to her service in the Maryland legislature.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 16, 2021 |title=Indian American Aruna Miller raises $230,000 for another potential congressional run |url=https://www.americanbazaaronline.com/2021/04/16/indian-american-aruna-miller-raises-230000-444949/ |access-date=July 20, 2022 |website=The American Bazaar |language=en-US}}</ref>

Miller became a citizen of the United States in 2000 and voted in the [[2000 United States presidential election]] for [[Vice President of the United States]] [[Al Gore]]. She became frustrated with the Supreme Court's decision in ''[[Bush v. Gore]]'', and subsequently became involved with politics by volunteering to help other candidates get elected.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Fuchs |first1=Chris |title=For Congressional candidate Aruna Miller, politics is about 'helping the public' |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/asian-america/congressional-candidate-aruna-miller-politics-about-helping-public-n861471 |access-date=September 4, 2022 |work=[[NBC News]] |date=May 16, 2018}}</ref><ref name="IAT Interview">{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Poonam |title=Aruna Miller: We're talking about work, wages, and wealth and leaving no one behind |url=https://www.indiaamericatoday.com/aruna-miller-were-talking-about-work-wages-and-wealth-and-leaving-no-one-behind/ |access-date=October 16, 2022 |work=India America Today |date=October 16, 2022}}</ref> During the [[2004 United States presidential election]], she worked as a precinct-level volunteer for the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] and presidential nominee [[John Kerry]].<ref name="Accidental">{{cite news |last1=Wood |first1=Pamela |title=An 'accidental politician,' Aruna Miller prepares to become Maryland's next lieutenant governor |url=https://www.thebaltimorebanner.com/politics-power/state-government/aruna-miller-lieutenant-governor-maryland-NLHCAYK2ONFCXOSJ3GFWCJT2LQ/ |work=[[Baltimore Banner]] |access-date=December 14, 2022 |date=December 14, 2022}}</ref> In 2006, Miller was appointed to serve as an at-large member of the Montgomery County Democratic Central Committee and served in that position until 2010.<ref name="MoCo DOT" />

=== Maryland House of Delegates ===
[[File:Governor Host the Annual Womens Caucus Breakfast (13308024774).jpg|thumb|alt=Members of the Women Legislators of Maryland with Governor Martin O'Malley in 2014|Miller (left) was a member of the Women Legislators of Maryland from 2011 to 2019.]]
After state delegate [[Craig L. Rice]] announced that he would run for the [[Montgomery County Council (Maryland)|Montgomery County Council]] in 2010, activists in the Montgomery County Democratic Party called Miller to ask her to run. She initially declined to run, but changed her mind after talking with her husband.<ref name="IAT Interview" /> Miller won the election to represent District 15 in the [[Maryland House of Delegates]], but assumed office a month early due to Rice's resignation to take office on the Montgomery County Council. Miller received support from fellow members of the Montgomery County Democratic Central Committee, who voted to recommend that Governor [[Martin O'Malley]] appoint her to finish the last month of Rice's term.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Iron Law of Oligarchy |url=https://montgomeryperspective.com/2022/12/15/the-iron-law-of-oligarchy/ |access-date=July 20, 2022 |website=MontgomeryPerspective.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=General Assembly Session of 2010 |url=https://msa.maryland.gov/msa/speccol/sc2600/sc2685/genassem/html/2010reg_session.html |access-date=July 20, 2022 |website=Archives of Maryland Historical List |language=en}}</ref> Miller was the first Indian American woman to be elected to the Maryland Legislature.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Richman |first1=Talia |title=Montgomery County's Indian immigrants feel the pull of politics |url=https://cnsmaryland.org/2017/09/15/montgomery-countys-indian-immigrants-feel-the-pull-of-politics/ |access-date=October 16, 2022 |work=[[Capital News Service (Maryland)|Capital News Service]] |date=September 15, 2017}}</ref>

Miller was a member of the Ways and Means Committee from 2011 to 2015, afterwards serving in the Appropriations Committee until 2019, including as the vice chair of its transportation & the environment subcommittee and the vice chair of the capital budget subcommittee. She was also a member of the Women Legislators of Maryland, serving as its president from 2016 to 2017, and the Maryland Legislative Asian-American and Pacific-Islander Caucus.<ref>{{cite web|title=Maryland Manual On-Line |url=https://msa.maryland.gov/msa/mdmanual/08conoff/ltgov/html/msa15449.html|accessdate=October 15, 2024}}</ref> In 2012, Miller served as an at-large delegate to the [[2012 Democratic National Convention|Democratic National Convention]], pledged to President [[Barack Obama]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Maryland Delegation 2012 Convention |url=https://msa.maryland.gov/msa/mdmanual/40party/html/demc.html#2012|accessdate=April 3, 2012}}</ref>

=== 2018 congressional election ===
{{main|2018 United States House of Representatives elections in Maryland#District 6}}
In May 2017, Miller told ''[[The Baltimore Sun]]'' that she would run for Congress in [[Maryland's 6th congressional district]] if [[John Delaney (Maryland politician)|John Delaney]] decided to pursue a campaign for governor.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Fritze |first1=John |title=Maryland Democrats begin to line up for competitive congressional district — just in case |url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/politics/bs-md-sixth-district-midterm-20170428-story.html |access-date=September 4, 2022 |work=[[The Baltimore Sun]] |date=May 8, 2017}}</ref> On July 28, 2017, Miller announced her candidacy in the [[2018 United States House of Representatives elections in Maryland|United States House of Representatives election]] to replace Delaney, who said he would not run for re-election to instead [[John Delaney 2020 presidential campaign|run for president in 2020]].<ref>{{cite news |title=It's official: Aruna Miller is running for Congress from Maryland's 6th district |url=https://www.americanbazaaronline.com/2017/07/28/aruna-miller-running-for-congress-427565/ |access-date=September 4, 2022 |work=The American Bazaar |date=July 28, 2017}}</ref> In April 2018, Miller won a [[straw poll]] of Democratic activists in Western Maryland.<ref>{{cite news |date=April 22, 2018 |title=Baker, Miller win straw polls of Democratic activists in Western Maryland |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/md-politics/baker-miller-win-straw-polls-among-democratic-activists-in-western-maryland/2018/04/22/b1817984-45db-11e8-bba2-0976a82b05a2_story.html}}</ref> During the election, she was endorsed by the [[National Education Association]],<ref>{{cite web |date=April 19, 2018 |title=Aruna Miller Receives National Teachers Union Endorsement |url=http://www.bethesdamagazine.com/Bethesda-Beat/2018/Aruna-Miller-Receives-National-Teachers-Union-Endorsement/ |website=Bethesda Magazine}}</ref> the [[Sierra Club]],<ref>{{cite web |date=April 17, 2018 |title=Sierra Club endorses Delegate Aruna Miller for MD 6th Congressional District |url=https://www.sierraclub.org/maryland/blog/2018/04/aruna-miller-endorsement |website=The Sierra Club}}</ref> [[EMILY's List]],<ref>{{cite web |date=August 31, 2017 |title=Emily's List Endorses Aruna Miller for Congress in Maryland's 6th District |url=https://www.emilyslist.org/news/entry/emilys-list-endorses-aruna-miller-for-congress-in-marylands-6th-district |website=Emily's List}}</ref> [[314 Action]],<ref>{{cite web |date=November 20, 2017 |title=Scientists group backs Aruna Miller in 6th District |url=http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/politics/blog/bs-md-miller-314-action-20171120-story.html |website=The Baltimore Sun}}</ref> and [[Sen. Kirsten Gillibrand]],<ref>{{cite news |date=March 8, 2018 |title=N.Y. senator endorses state delegate in race to succeed Delaney in Maryland |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/md-politics/ny-senator-endorses-state-delegate-in-race-to-succeed-delaney-in-maryland/2018/03/28/72b8438e-3291-11e8-8abc-22a366b72f2d_story.html}}</ref> Rep. [[Pramila Jayapal]], and then County Executive [[Ike Leggett]],<ref>{{cite web |date=February 19, 2018 |title=Leggett Endorses Miller in 6th District Congressional Race |url=https://bethesdamagazine.com/bethesda-beat/politics/leggett-endorses-miller-in-6th-district-congressional-race/ |website=Bethesda Magazine}}</ref> among others.<ref>{{cite web |date=June 26, 2018 |title=Aruna Miller Endorsements for Congress |url=https://www.arunamillerforcongress.com/endorsements |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625162942/https://www.arunamillerforcongress.com/endorsements |archive-date=June 25, 2018 |website=Aruna Miller for Congress 2018}}</ref>

Despite having received the most individual donations out of her Democratic opponents,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Zimmermann |first1=Joe |title=State's Largest Teachers Union Endorses Jealous for Governor; Maryland Considers Phasing Out Cash Tolls; Trone Donates $3 Million More to His Congressional Campaign |url=https://bethesdamagazine.com/2018/04/17/states-largest-teachers-union-endorses-jealous-for-governor-maryland-considers-phasing-out-cash-tolls/ |access-date=September 4, 2022 |work=[[Bethesda Magazine]] |date=April 17, 2018}}</ref> Miller was outspent in the primary 13:1<ref>{{cite news |date=June 21, 2018 |title=Can Aruna Miller win despite being outspent 13:1 |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/md-politics/in-the-year-of-the-woman-can-marylands-aruna-miller-win-a-congressional-primary-despite-being-outspent-11-1/2018/06/21/a2ff4794-733d-11e8-805c-4b67019fcfe4_story.html}}</ref> by [[David Trone]], the largest self-funding congressional candidate in U.S. history,<ref>{{cite news |date=June 26, 2018 |title=Largest Self-Funder in House History, Wins Democratic Nod in Maryland |newspaper=Roll Call |url=https://www.rollcall.com/news/politics/david-trone-largest-self-funder-house-history-wins-democratic-nod-maryland}}</ref> and lost the primary to Trone by 9.3%, with 30.7% of the vote compared to Trone's 40.0%, and consequently did not advance to the general election.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maryland's 6th Congressional District election (June 26, 2018 Democratic primary) |url=https://ballotpedia.org/Maryland%27s_6th_Congressional_District_election_(June_26,_2018_Democratic_primary) |access-date=April 1, 2019 |website=Ballotpedia |language=en}}</ref> She won Montgomery County but this was the only voting district she won outright.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Maryland Election Results |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/election-results/maryland/}}</ref> Had she been elected, Miller would have been the only woman in Maryland's congressional delegation.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Wiggins |first1=Ovetta |title=Md. voters to choose Hogan's Democratic opponent, plus congressional and local races |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/md-politics/md-voters-to-chose-hogans-democratic-opponent-plus-congressional-and-local-races/2018/06/25/26eb59c8-7873-11e8-80be-6d32e182a3bc_story.html |access-date=September 4, 2022 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=June 25, 2018}}</ref>

===Post-legislative career===
In February 2019, Miller was named the new executive director of Indian American Impact.<ref>{{cite news |title=Aruna Miller named new executive director of Indian American Impact |url=https://www.americanbazaaronline.com/2019/02/25/aruna-miller-executive-director-indian-american-impact-436541/ |access-date=September 4, 2022 |work=The American Bazaar |date=February 25, 2019}}</ref>

In January 2021, Miller filed paperwork to run for Congress again had Trone decided against running for a third-term.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Giroux |first1=Greg |last2=Roth |first2=Bennett |title=Maryland Democrat Preps House Bid as Trone Eyes State Run |url=https://about.bgov.com/news/maryland-democrat-preps-house-bid-as-lawmaker-eyes-statewide-run/ |access-date=September 4, 2022 |work=[[Bloomberg Government]] |date=January 8, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Shwe |first1=Elizabeth |title=The Bench Has Grown, So Why Aren't More Women Running for High Office in Md.? |url=https://www.marylandmatters.org/2021/05/13/the-bench-has-grown-so-why-arent-more-women-running-for-high-office-in-md/ |access-date=September 4, 2022 |work=[[Maryland Matters]] |date=May 13, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=Arun |title=Indian American Aruna Miller raises $230,000 for another potential congressional run |url=https://www.americanbazaaronline.com/2021/04/16/indian-american-aruna-miller-raises-230000-444949/ |access-date=September 4, 2022 |work=The American Bazaar |date=April 16, 2021}}</ref> After Trone launched his re-election bid on May 7, Miller declined to comment on her 2022 plans.<ref>{{cite news |last1=DePuyt |first1=Bruce |title=Trone Launches Re-Election Bid With Long List of Endorsements |url=https://www.marylandmatters.org/2021/05/07/trone-launches-re-election-bid-with-long-list-of-endorsements/ |access-date=September 4, 2022 |work=[[Maryland Matters]] |date=May 7, 2021}}</ref>

== Lieutenant Governor of Maryland ==

=== Elections ===
==== 2022 ====
In December 2021, [[Wes Moore]] selected Miller as his running mate in the Democratic primary of the [[2022 Maryland gubernatorial election]].<ref name=":0" /> The Moore-Miller ticket won the Democratic primary election on July 19, 2022.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Janesch |first1=Sam |title=Wes Moore enters general election campaign pitching 'optimism' versus 'conspiracy theories' in governor matchup against Dan Cox |url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/politics/elections/bs-md-pol-moore-wins-sunday-20220723-kdehtrygzfclncmdjdotcp2rq4-story.html |access-date=September 4, 2022 |work=[[The Baltimore Sun]] |date=July 23, 2022}}</ref>

The ticket defeated Republican nominees [[Dan Cox]] and Gordana Schifanelli in the general election on November 8, 2022. Miller is the first [[South Asian Americans|South Asian]] woman elected lieutenant governor in the [[United States]],<ref name="First South Asian"/> and the first [[Asian American]] lieutenant governor and first immigrant to hold statewide office in Maryland.<ref name="Barriers">{{cite news |last1=DePuyt |first1=Bruce |title=Barriers fall as Wes Moore is declared victor, Maryland's first Black governor |url=https://www.marylandmatters.org/2022/11/04/barriers-fall-as-wes-moore-is-declared-victor-marylands-first-black-governor/ |access-date=November 9, 2022 |work=[[Maryland Matters]] |date=November 8, 2022}}</ref> Miller served as the chair of the transition team for Governor-elect Moore.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kurtz |first1=Josh |title=Moore meets with Hogan, unveils transition team leaders |url=https://www.marylandmatters.org/2022/11/10/moore-meets-with-hogan-unveils-transition-team-leaders/ |access-date=November 10, 2022 |work=[[Maryland Matters]] |date=November 10, 2022}}</ref>

==== 2026 ====
On September 9, 2025, Moore announced that he would run for re-election with Miller as his running mate in [[2026 Maryland gubernatorial election|2026]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Barnes |first1=Sophia |title=Maryland Gov. Wes Moore announces 2026 reelection campaign |url=https://www.nbcwashington.com/news/politics/maryland-gov-wes-moore-announces-2026-reelection-campaign/3985780/ |access-date=September 9, 2025 |work=[[WRC-TV]] |date=September 9, 2025}}</ref>

=== Tenure ===
Miller was sworn in on January 18, 2023.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Burnett |first1=Ava-Joye |title=Aruna Miller to make national history as first South Asian woman to become lieutenant governor |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/baltimore/news/aruna-miller-lieutenant-governor-maryland-first-south-asian-woman/ |access-date=January 18, 2023 |work=[[WJZ-TV]] |date=January 18, 2023}}</ref> She took the [[oath of office]] on the [[Bhagavad Gita]], making her first lieutenant governor to do so.<ref name="Bhagavad">{{cite news |last1=Wood |first1=Pamela |title=Moore, Miller chose meaningful religious texts for oaths of office |url=https://www.thebaltimorebanner.com/politics-power/state-government/moore-miller-chose-meaningful-texts-for-swearing-their-oaths-of-office-7TIPLJJ6GNCF3JSXN3HHZPOGUA/ |access-date=January 19, 2023 |work=[[Baltimore Banner]] |date=January 19, 2023}}</ref>

In February 2023, Miller became the first woman of color to chair the [[Maryland Board of Public Works]] meeting after Governor Moore recused himself from a vote related to a contract between the [[Maryland Department of Health]] and [[Under Armour]], a company he has financial holdings in.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sears |first1=Bryan P. |title=State treasurer expresses concerns over costly suits, settlements |url=https://thedailyrecord.com/2023/02/15/state-treasurer-expresses-concerns-over-costly-suits-settlements/ |access-date=February 17, 2023 |work=[[The Daily Record (Maryland)|The Daily Record]] |date=February 15, 2023}}</ref> In October 2024, Miller and Comptroller [[Brooke Lierman]] presided over the Board of Public Works, marking the first time in Maryland history in which only women presided over the meeting.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hogan |first1=Jack |title=MD comptroller scolds USM for no 'rhyme or reason' in contracts |url=https://thedailyrecord.com/2024/10/30/md-comptroller-scolds-universities-for-lack-of-rhyme-or-reason-in-dining-service-contracts/ |access-date=October 30, 2024 |work=[[Daily Record (Maryland)|Maryland Daily Record]] |date=October 30, 2024}}</ref>

Miller was an at-large delegate to the [[2024 Democratic National Convention]], pledged to [[Kamala Harris]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kurtz |first1=Josh |title=Meet the Maryland delegates to the Democratic National Convention |url=https://marylandmatters.org/2024/07/22/meet-the-maryland-delegates-to-the-democratic-national-convention/ |access-date=July 22, 2024 |work=[[Maryland Matters]] |date=July 22, 2024}}</ref> and served as a member of the DNC Rules committee.<ref>{{cite web|title=Chair Jaime Harrison's Nominations for the 2024 Convention Standing Committees| website=[[Politico]] |url=https://www.politico.com/f/?id=0000018e-e4e7-df56-a1cf-f5e7e2580000|accessdate=October 15, 2024}}</ref> Miller traveled out of state to battleground state of Michigan in support of the [[Kamala Harris 2024 presidential campaign]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Maya Harris, Hon. Julie Su, & Rep. Pramila Jayapal Join Leaders to Boost Voter Turnout in Michigan's AANHPI & Arab American Communities|url=https://indialife.us/article.php?id=241303 |access-date=November 5, 2024 |work=India Life }}</ref> In the [[2024 United States presidential election|2024 presidential election]], Miller voted as an elector pledged to Harris.<ref>{{cite web |title=Presidential Electors for the 2024 General Election |url=https://elections.maryland.gov/elections/2024/Electors_PG24.pdf |website=elections.maryland.gov |publisher=Maryland State Board of Elections |access-date=November 23, 2024}}</ref>

===Highway work zone safety===
[[File:Aruna Miller Work Zone Safety.jpg|thumb|Miller announces road worker safety measures, 2023]]

During her tenure, Miller has worked on issues involving transportation issues, including mass transit projects like the [[Red Line (Baltimore)|Red Line]] and [[Purple Line (Maryland)|Purple Line]], and in promoting [[STEM education]].<ref name="Accidental" /><ref>{{cite news |last1=Janesch |first1=Sam |title=Maryland Lt. Gov. Aruna Miller takes on transportation issues and STEM, embraces making history in new role |url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/2023/05/01/maryland-lt-gov-aruna-miller-takes-on-transportation-issues-and-stem-embraces-making-history-in-new-role/ |access-date=December 8, 2023 |work=[[The Baltimore Sun]] |date=May 1, 2023}}</ref> In April 2023, following a car crash that resulted in the deaths of six highway workers, Governor Moore appointed Miller to chair the Work Zone Safety Work Group.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ward |first1=Derrick |title=Maryland Forming Work Zone Safety Group After Fatal Baltimore Beltway Crash |url=https://www.nbcwashington.com/news/local/transportation/maryland-forming-work-zone-safety-group-after-fatal-baltimore-beltway-crash/3331720/ |access-date=December 8, 2023 |work=[[WRC-TV]] |date=April 18, 2023}}</ref> This group was tasked with developing policy recommendations to prevent future work zone accidents.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Zimmardi |first1=Abby |title=Work zone safety changes recommended in response to I-695 crash that killed 6 |url=https://www.thebaltimorebanner.com/politics-power/state-government/work-zone-safety-i-695-TIIBODYPQVHYBHZC2D7H47WRFA/ |access-date=December 8, 2023 |work=[[Baltimore Banner]] |date=November 17, 2023 |language=en}}</ref> Under Miller's leadership, the Work Zone Safety Work Group proposed several key measures, including modifications to existing state laws to authorize the use of unmanned cameras in work zones and increased penalties for speeding in these areas.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Zawodny |first1=Daniel |title=Lt. Gov. Miller, former traffic engineer, champions road safety bills |url=https://www.thebaltimorebanner.com/community/transportation/aruna-miller-road-safety-4DMXDU4TFBA6LGFAXI7LVE5J7E/ |access-date=February 26, 2024 |work=[[The Baltimore Banner]] |date=February 26, 2024}}</ref> These recommendations were incorporated into the Maryland Road Worker Protection Act of 2024,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mgaleg.maryland.gov/mgawebsite/Legislation/Details/HB0513|title=HB513 Maryland Road Worker Protection Act of 2024|access-date=July 8, 2024}}</ref> which Miller testified for in both houses of the Maryland General Assembly.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lang |first1=Robert |title=Maryland Lt. Gov. Miller testifies in favor of bill to enhance highway worker safety|url=https://www.wbal.com/maryland-lt-gov-miller-testifies-in-favor-of-bill-to-enhance-highway-worker-safety/|access-date=February 22, 2024 |work=[[WBAL-TV]] |date=February 22, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Morgan |first1=Jeff |title=MGA considering a bill to increase enforcement in MD work zones|url=https://www.wmar2news.com/local/mga-considering-a-bill-to-increase-enforcement-in-md-work-zones/|access-date=February 15, 2024 |work=[[WMAR-TV]] |date=February 15, 2024}}</ref> The bill was subsequently passed and signed into law by Governor Moore.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Roberts |first1=Tony|title=Maryland doubles cost of work zone speeding tickets|url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/2024/06/01/maryland-doubles-cost-of-work-zone-speeding-tickets/ |access-date=June 2, 2024 |work=[[The Baltimore Sun]] |date=June 2, 2024}}</ref> In early 2025, following implementation of the new work zone speed enforcement law, Maryland issued over 48,000 speeding citations in work zones within the first two months. During National Work Zone Awareness Week, Miller emphasized the law’s purpose, calling reckless driving “a dangerous weapon.”<ref>{{cite news |title=Maryland cites 48,000 for work zone speeding in 2025 |url=https://southernmarylandchronicle.com/2025/04/23/maryland-cites-48000-for-work-zone-speeding-in-2025/ |work=The Southern Maryland Chronicle |date=April 23, 2025 |access-date=July 11, 2025}}</ref> Following the resignation of Maryland Transportation Secretary [[Paul Wiedefeld]] in July 2025, Miller was tasked with leading a nationwide search for his replacement.<ref>{{cite web |last=Williams |first=Kendall Green |title=Maryland Department of Transportation Secretary Paul Wiedefeld plans to step away from state service |url=https://www.wmar2news.com/local/maryland-department-of-transportation-secretary-paul-wiedefeld-plans-to-step-away-from-state-service |website=WMAR-2 News |date=July 10, 2025 |access-date=July 15, 2025}}</ref>

=== Substance abuse prevention ===
As lieutenant governor, Miller chairs the Maryland Overdose Response Advisory Council, which is involved with efforts to reduce overdose deaths and expand access to treatment.<ref>https://msa.maryland.gov/msa/mdmanual/26excom/html/27overdose.html</ref> In this position, she has overseen the launch of a statewide overdose data dashboard to provide real-time data and guide policy interventions.<ref>https://www.thebaltimorebanner.com/community/public-health/maryland-overdose-dashboard-NWLNSR6I4FATRGZIRJY43P7ZNY/</ref> In 2025, Maryland recorded its fourth consecutive year of declining overdose deaths in the state, which had also fallen to a ten-year low.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dieterle |first1=Marcus |title=Maryland overdose deaths drop to 10-year low |url=https://baltimorefishbowl.com/stories/maryland-overdose-deaths-drop-to-10-year-low/ |access-date=January 31, 2026 |work=Baltimore Fishbowl |date=January 30, 2026}}</ref>

===Alleged ties to Hindutva===
[[File:Jesse Singh and Sajid Tarar campaign for Wes Moore and Aruna Miller.png|thumb|Jesse Singh and [[Sajid Tarar]] (left) campaign for Moore and Miller (right)]]
In October 2022, ''[[The Intercept]]'' reported that Moore and Miller were honored at a fundraiser hosted by individuals associated with [[Hindutva]], or a [[Hindu nationalism|Hindu nationalist]] political ideology. The fundraiser occurred after the Moore campaign added a page to its website highlighting Miller's record on supporting Muslim communities and religious freedom, accompanied by the statement, "There is not one dollar in this campaign that has anything to do with the Hindutva movement or international politics."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lacy |first1=Akela |last2=Kumar |first2=Rashmee |title=Is Hindu Nationalist Money Making Its Way Into Maryland's Governor Race? |url=https://theintercept.com/2022/10/27/maryland-governor-wes-moore-hindu-nationalism/ |access-date=October 27, 2022 |work=[[The Intercept]] |date=October 27, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Abdelaziz |first1=Rowaida |title=Maryland's Democratic Lt. Governor Has Ties To A Dangerous Far-Right Movement |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/marylands-democratic-lt-governor-has-ties-to-a-dangerous-far-right-movement_n_63dc3041e4b0c8e3fc83a42b?d_id=5449896&ncid_tag=tweetlnkushpmg00000016 |access-date=February 3, 2023 |work=[[HuffPost]] |date=February 3, 2023}}</ref> In August 2023, ''[[Salon.com|Salon]]'' reported that Miller had accepted at least $110,000 in contributions from individuals connected to the Hindutva movement since 2011, but noted the same donors implicated in criticisms of Miller routinely contributed to other Democrats across Maryland, though officials and candidates who are not of Indian descent rarely received criticism for accepting these contributions.<ref name="Salon">{{Cite web |last=Shah |first=Areeba |date=2023-08-05 |title=Maryland lieutenant governor got funding from donors linked to far-right extremist movement |url=https://www.salon.com/2023/08/05/maryland-lieutenant-governor-got-funding-from-donors-linked-to-far-right-extremist-movement/ |access-date=2024-10-27 |website=Salon |language=en}}</ref> In a November 2022 interview with ''[[Bethesda Magazine]]'', Miller denied participating in fundraisers with Hindu nationalists, and said that she felt an unfair spotlight had been focused on her because she is Indian-American and grew up in a Hindu-Christian household.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bixby |first1=Ginny |title=History-making Lt. Gov-elect draws from Montgomery County roots |url=https://bethesdamagazine.com/2022/11/29/history-making-lt-gov-elect-draws-from-montgomery-county-roots/ |access-date=December 1, 2022 |work=[[Bethesda Magazine]] |date=November 29, 2022}}</ref>

In June 2023, during Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]]'s state visit to the United States, Miller tweeted a statement in support of efforts urging President [[Joe Biden]] to press Modi on the issue of [[Human rights in India|human rights]].<ref name="IndependentHindutva" /> At the invitation of President Biden,<ref>{{cite web|title=White House Releases State Dinner Guest List|date=June 22, 2023 |url=https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2023/06/22/white-house-releases-state-dinner-guest-list-2/|access-date=December 7, 2023}}</ref> she attended a [[White House]] dinner hosted in Modi's honor.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hussein |first1=Fatima |last2=Superville |first2=Darlene |title=India's Narendra Modi brings comedy game to White House dinner in his honor; Maryland Lt. Gov. Aruna Miller among guests |url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/politics/bs-md-pol-modi-miller-white-house-dinner-20230623-d5qkgihrfzamhjzghjwdm3d2oi-story.html |access-date=August 8, 2023 |agency=[[Associated Press]] |work=[[The Baltimore Sun]] |date=June 23, 2023}}</ref>

In July 2023, ''[[The Independent]]'' reported that party officials acting on behalf of Miller had retaliated against people who alleged she had ties to Hindutva, including an instance where a Democratic central committee member claimed that he was threatened by the chair to alter his vote supporting Susan Kerin, an activist who alleged Miller had ties to Hindutva. Another activist claimed that in 2018, he lost his job for criticizing Miller, and another claimed they lost their party position. Miller, in statements to ''The Independent'', denied these allegations and presented evidence disproving one of the claims.<ref name="IndependentHindutva">{{cite news |last1=Bowden |first1=John |title='Bullied, tailed home and run out of the state': The dramatic path to power in Maryland |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/aruna-miller-maryland-democrats-narendra-modi-b2382156.html |access-date=July 27, 2023 |work=[[The Independent]] |date=July 26, 2023}}</ref> The chair of the Montgomery County Democratic Central Committee, Saman Qadeer Ahmad, denied she threatened the committee member on his vote.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bixby |first1=Ginny |url= https://moco360.media/2023/08/07/moco-democratic-chairs-ouster-sought-over-claim-she-made-threat-invoking-lt-gov-miller/ |title=MoCo Democratic chair's ouster sought over claim she made threat invoking Lt. Gov. Miller |work=[[MoCo360]] |date=August 8, 2023 |access-date=August 8, 2023}}</ref>

== Political positions ==
=== Education ===
In 2013, Miller co-sponsored legislation that would require schools to start after [[Labor Day]]. In August 2016, Governor [[Larry Hogan]] released a statement that included a number of county legislators, including Miller, that supported his decision to move the state's school start date to after Labor Day.<ref name="Labor Day">{{cite news |last1=Tallman |first1=Douglas |title=Hogan Order Draws Fire from Teachers Union President, Some Lawmakers |url=https://bethesdamagazine.com/2016/08/31/hogan-order-draws-fire-from-teachers-union-president-some-lawmakers/ |access-date=September 4, 2022 |work=[[Bethesda Magazine]] |date=August 31, 2016}}</ref>

During the 2014 legislative session, Miller introduced legislation that would create a state study to review school start times and how sleep affected academic performance and school activities. The bill passed and was signed into law by Governor O'Malley on April 4.<ref>{{cite news |last1=St. George |first1=Donna |title=Teen sleep: State to study health issues and school start times |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/education/teen-sleep-state-to-study-health-issues-and-school-start-times/2014/04/04/aec97254-bc29-11e3-9a05-c739f29ccb08_story.html |access-date=September 4, 2022 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=April 4, 2014}}</ref> In 2016, Miller introduced legislation that would recognize school systems as "Orange Ribbon Schools" if they had elementary school classes starting after 8am and middle school classes after 8:30am. The bill passed and was signed into law by Governor Hogan.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Fleischman |first1=Sarah |title=New law recognizes school systems for 'healthy and safe' start times |url=https://www.somdnews.com/recorder/news/local/new-law-recognizes-school-systems-for-healthy-and-safe-start-times/article_c5161087-e24c-5236-86ed-25ed804c1397.html |access-date=September 4, 2022 |work=[[Maryland Independent]] |date=May 4, 2016}}</ref>

In 2018, Miller introduced legislation that would require high schools to offer at least one high-quality computer science course and encourages local school districts to integrate computer science into their earlier grades.<ref>{{cite web|title=HB218 Securing the Future: Computer Science Education for All|url=https://mgaleg.maryland.gov/2018RS/bills/hb/hb0281T.pdf|accessdate=February 27, 2018}}</ref>

=== Economy ===
In 2013, Miller was one of ten Maryland lawmakers named to the Maryland Business Climate Work Group designed to make recommendations and develop long-term plans to streamline business regulations, encourage business innovation, and develop public-private partnerships to finance infrastructure.<ref>{{cite web|title=Maryland Business Climate Workgroup|url=https://msa.maryland.gov/msa/mdmanual/06hse/html/com/defunct/sbusiness.html|accessdate=February 14, 2014}}</ref>

Miller encouraged strengthening economic and cultural development between Maryland and India<ref>{{cite web|title=India Abroad Report on Maryland Sister State |url=http://d1650628.u50.nozonenet.com/SisterState2.pdf |accessdate=April 26, 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402154258/http://d1650628.u50.nozonenet.com/SisterState2.pdf |archivedate=April 2, 2015 }}</ref> and accompanied Governor [[Martin O'Malley]] on a trade mission to India in 2011, which resulted in nearly $60 million in business deals for the state of Maryland.<ref>{{cite web|title=Governor O'Malley Announces Nearly $60 Million in Business Deals for Maryland, Touts Successful India Trade Mission|url=http://www.wbal.com/article/84268/3/OMalley-60-Million-In-Deals-On-India-Trip |date=December 12, 2011}}</ref> Delegate Miller took a lead role in working with the Office of the Secretary of State and the Department of Economic Development to coordinate the Governor's arrangements for his first stop to Hyderabad.<ref>{{cite web|title=Maryland Delegate Aruna Miller announces participation in Trade Mission |url=http://d1650628.u50.nozonenet.com/IndiaTradeMission.html |accessdate=November 26, 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402115849/http://d1650628.u50.nozonenet.com/IndiaTradeMission.html |archivedate=April 2, 2015 }}</ref>

During her first term as a state delegate, Miller introduced one of the early Maryland bills for paid family leave.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mgaleg.maryland.gov/2013RS/bills/hb/hb1335F.pdf|title=HB1335 Employment Short Term Disability Insurance for Pregnancy Requirement|access-date=February 8, 2013}}</ref>

In her second term, while serving as chair of the Oversight of Personnel Subcommittee, Miller was the floor leader for multiple bills expanding collective bargaining for employees.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Assembly debates collective bargaining for community college employees |url=https://www.capitalgazette.com/politics/ph-ac-cn-community-college-bargaining-0303-20160302-story.html |access-date=July 20, 2022 |website=Capital Gazette|date=March 2, 2016 }}</ref>

Miller stood in opposition to excluding nail salon workers from being eligible to receive unemployment benefits<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mgaleg.maryland.gov/mgawebsite/Search/Legislation?target=/2016rs/votes/house/1201.htm|title=Roll Call SB679 Nail Technicians Exemption From Unemployment Insurance |access-date=April 2, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mgaleg.maryland.gov/2016RS/bills/sb/sb0679T.pdf|title= SB679 Nail Technicians Exemption From Unemployment Insurance |access-date=March 18, 2016}}</ref>

In February 2018, Miller voted for a bill that would provide $5.6 billion in tax incentives to [[Amazon (company)|Amazon]] to build their [[Amazon HQ2|second headquarters]] in Montgomery County.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Peck |first1=Louis |title=Most of County's Annapolis Delegation Lines Up Behind Measure To Attract Amazon HQ |url=https://bethesdamagazine.com/2018/02/14/most-of-countys-annapolis-delegation-lines-up-behind-measure-to-attract-amazon-hq/ |access-date=September 4, 2022 |work=[[Bethesda Magazine]] |date=February 14, 2018}}</ref>

=== Environment ===
One of Miller's first actions after being elected to the Maryland General Assembly was to co-sponsor the Marcellus Shale Act of 2011,<ref>{{cite web | title = Marcellus Shale Safe Drilling Act of 2011 | url = http://167.102.242.144/smb/mgaleg.maryland.gov/google_docs%24/2011rs/bills_noln/hb/fhb0852.pdf | archive-url = http://www.webcitation.org/6HL6uPVQg?url=http://167.102.242.144/smb/mgaleg.maryland.gov/google_docs%24/2011rs/bills_noln/hb/fhb0852.pdf | url-status = dead | archive-date = June 13, 2013}}</ref> which laid the groundwork for the eventual passage of Maryland's fracking ban, which she co-sponsored.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mgaleg.maryland.gov/webmga/frmMain.aspx?pid=billpage&tab=subject3&id=hb1325&stab=01&ys=2017RS|title=HB1325 Oil and Natural Gas - Hydraulic Fracturing - Prohibition|access-date=June 6, 2018}}</ref>

In 2013, Governor [[Martin O'Malley]] appointed Miller as a commissioner to the [[Interstate Commission on the Potomac River Basin]] (ICPRB). The mission is to enhance, protect, and conserve the water and associated land resources of the Potomac River and its tributaries through regional and interstate cooperation. She served on the ICPRB until 2019.<ref>{{cite web|title=Maryland Manual On-Line |url=https://msa.maryland.gov/msa/mdmanual/08conoff/ltgov/html/msa15449.html|accessdate=October 15, 2024}}</ref>

=== Healthcare ===
In January 2012, Miller signed onto an amicus brief in the [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]] case of ''[[National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius]]'' supporting the [[Affordable Care Act]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sohr |first1=Nicholas |title=Maryland lawmakers support health care overhaul in Supreme Court fight |url=https://thedailyrecord.com/2012/01/16/maryland-lawmakers-support-health-care-overhaul-in-supreme-court-fight/ |access-date=September 4, 2022 |work=[[The Daily Record (Maryland)|The Daily Record]] |date=January 16, 2012}}</ref> During her 2018 House of Representatives campaign, Miller said she supported moving toward a [[single-payer healthcare]] system.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Peck |first1=Louis |title=District 6 Congressional Debate Is Largely Civil Affair, But With Some Swipes At Trone |url=https://bethesdamagazine.com/2018/05/04/district-6-congressional-debate-is-largely-civil-affair-but-with-some-swipes-at-trone/ |access-date=September 4, 2022 |work=[[Bethesda Magazine]] |date=May 4, 2018}}</ref>

=== Gun control ===
[[File:Moms Demand Action Advocacy Day - 1 30 2025 (54297020014).jpg|thumb|Miller speaks at a [[Moms Demand Action]] rally in Annapolis, 2025]]
In March 2018, Miller said that the gun control provisions included in Congress's $1.3 trillion spending bill "did not go far enough." That week, she unveiled a gun control plan that included expanded research, universal background checks, an assault weapons ban, and increasing the minimum age to buy a firearm.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Fritze |first1=John |title=Maryland congressional candidate calls for additional federal research on gun violence |url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/politics/bs-md-aruna-miller-guns-20180328-story.html |access-date=September 4, 2022 |work=[[The Baltimore Sun]] |date=March 28, 2018}}</ref>

=== Social issues ===
[[File:ERA Rally (53541189833).jpg|thumb|Miller speaks at an [[Equal Rights Amendment]] rally, 2024]]
During the 2012 legislative session, Miller voted for the [[Civil Marriage Protection Act]], a bill to legalize [[same-sex marriage in Maryland]].<ref>{{cite news |title=How the Md. House voted on same-sex marriage |url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/2012/02/18/how-the-md-house-voted-on-same-sex-marriage/ |access-date=December 15, 2023 |work=[[The Baltimore Sun]] |date=February 18, 2012}}</ref>

In August 2015, Miller called for the resignation of Maryland Housing Secretary [[Kenneth Holt]] after he claimed without evidence that parents were deliberately exposing their children to lead paint to get free housing.<ref>{{cite news |title=Housing department chief under fire for remarks |url=https://www.wbaltv.com/article/delegates-want-housing-department-chief-gone-after-crude-remarks/7095349 |access-date=December 23, 2023 |work=[[WBAL-TV]] |date=August 17, 2015 |language=en}}</ref>

=== National politics ===
Miller endorsed former Secretary of State [[Hillary Clinton]] for [[Hillary Clinton 2016 presidential campaign|president]] on April 9, 2016.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Fritze |first1=John |title=Hillary Clinton announces endorsements from Maryland women |url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/politics/bal-hillary-clinton-announces-endorsements-from-maryland-women-20160409-story.html |access-date=September 4, 2022 |work=[[The Baltimore Sun]] |date=April 9, 2016}}</ref> On April 17, 2019, Miller and the Indian American Impact group endorsed U.S. Senator from California [[Kamala Harris]] for president.<ref>{{cite news |title=Indian American Impact Fund endorses Kamala Harris for President |url=https://www.americanbazaaronline.com/2019/04/17/indian-american-impact-fund-endorses-kamala-harris-for-president-437159/ |access-date=September 4, 2022 |work=American Bazaar Online |date=April 17, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharma Rani |first1=Rikha |title=Are Indian-American Voters Ready to Embrace Kamala Harris? |url=https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2019/04/17/shes-a-black-woman-shes-an-indian-american-also-226656/ |access-date=September 4, 2022 |work=[[Politico]] |date=April 17, 2019}}</ref>

=== Opioid crisis ===
In March 2018, Miller said she supported studying alternative treatments, including [[ibogaine]] and [[marijuana]], to help patients wean themselves from opioids.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Fritze |first1=John |title=Opioid crisis takes central role in Maryland's most competitive House race |url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/politics/bs-md-sixth-opioids-20180302-story.html |access-date=September 4, 2022 |work=[[The Baltimore Sun]] |date=March 15, 2018}}</ref>

==Personal life==
[[File:Commanders V Eagles (53296342807).jpg|thumb|Miller and her husband David at a [[Washington Commanders]] game in October 2023]]
Miller is an adherent of [[Hinduism]] and swore her oath on the [[Bhagavad Gita]].<ref name="Bhagavad" /> In 1990, she moved to [[Montgomery County, Maryland]], where she married her college sweetheart, David Miller. Miller has three adult daughters, and her mother lives with the family in [[Darnestown, Maryland]].<ref name="Immigrant pasts" /><ref name="kammasworld.blogspot.com"/> She and her husband are [[vegetarians]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Robertson |first1=Marcella |title=Maryland Lt. Governor Aruna Miller attends White House State Dinner |url=https://www.wusa9.com/article/news/local/maryland/state-dinner-dc-aruna-miller/65-5acf572c-9902-409f-92fc-88d2d1fb4e31 |access-date=August 8, 2023 |work=[[WUSA-TV]] |date=June 23, 2023}}</ref>

Miller maintains her activism in community organizations and has served on the boards of [[Round House Theatre]], Montgomery Parks Foundation, Emerge Maryland, Madison House Autism Foundation, [[BlackRock Center for the Arts]] and the Montgomery County Public Schools Educational Foundation.

Miller is a graduate of Leadership Montgomery.<ref>{{Cite web |title= Leadership Montgomery Announces Core Class for 2012-2013|url=https://patch.com/maryland/collegepark/an--leadership-montgomery-announces-core-class-for-20f9761eb945|access-date=Oct 20, 2022 |website=patch.com |date=October 26, 2012 |language=en}}</ref>

==Electoral history==
{{Election box begin no change
| title = Maryland House of Delegates District 15 Democratic Primary Election, 2010<ref>{{cite web
| title = Official 2010 Gubernatorial Primary Election results for House of Delegates
| work = Maryland State Board of Elections
| url = https://elections.maryland.gov/elections/2010/results/Primary/gen_results_2010_1_01615.html }}</ref>
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
|party = Democratic Party (United States)
|candidate = '''[[Brian Feldman (politician)|Brian J. Feldman]]'''
|votes = 6,262
|percentage = 31.4
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
|party = Democratic Party (United States)
|candidate = '''[[Kathleen Dumais]]'''
|votes = 6,086
|percentage = 30.6
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
|party = Democratic Party (United States)
|candidate = '''Aruna Miller'''
|votes = 4,671
|percentage = 23.5
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
|party = Democratic Party (United States)
|candidate = [[David Fraser-Hidalgo]]
|votes = 1,755
|percentage = 8.8
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
|party = Democratic Party (United States)
|candidate = Lara Wibeto
|votes = 1,142
|percentage = 5.7
}}
{{Election box end}}
{{Election box begin no change
| title = Maryland House of Delegates District 15 Election, 2010<ref>{{cite web
| title = Official 2010 Gubernatorial General Election results for House of Delegates
| work = Maryland State Board of Elections
| url = https://elections.maryland.gov/elections/2010/results/General/gen_results_2010_2_01615.html }}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
|party = Democratic Party (United States)
|candidate = Kathleen Dumais
|votes = 23,476
|percentage = 20.7
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
|party = Democratic Party (United States)
|candidate = Brian J. Feldman
|votes = 23,120
|percentage = 20.4
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
|party = Democratic Party (United States)
|candidate = Aruna Miller
|votes = 21,353
|percentage = 18.9
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
|party = Republican Party (United States)
|candidate = Scott Graham
|votes = 15,298
|percentage = 13.5
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
|party = Republican Party (United States)
|candidate = Sylvia J. Darrow
|votes = 14,490
|percentage = 12.8
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
|party = Republican Party (United States)
|candidate = Matthew Mockerman
|votes = 13,477
|percentage = 11.9
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
|party = Libertarian Party (United States)
|candidate = Arvin Vohra
|votes = 1,910
|percentage = 1.7
}}
{{Election box write-in with party link no change
|votes = 54
|percentage = 0.0
}}
{{Election box end}}
{{Election box begin no change
| title = Maryland House of Delegates District 15 Election, 2014<ref>{{cite web
| title = Official 2014 Gubernatorial General Election results for House of Delegates
| work = Maryland State Board of Elections
| url = https://elections.maryland.gov/elections/2014/results/General/gen_results_2014_2_01615.html }}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
|party = Democratic Party (United States)
|candidate = Kathleen Dumais
|votes = 19,083
|percentage = 20.6
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
|party = Democratic Party (United States)
|candidate = Aruna Miller
|votes = 18,071
|percentage = 19.5
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
|party = Democratic Party (United States)
|candidate = David Fraser-Hidalgo
|votes = 17,324
|percentage = 18.7
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
|party = Republican Party (United States)
|candidate = Ed Edmundson
|votes = 12,913
|percentage = 13.9
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
|party = Republican Party (United States)
|candidate = Christine Thron
|votes = 12,825
|percentage = 13.8
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
|party = Republican Party (United States)
|candidate = Flynn Ficker
|votes = 12,355
|percentage = 13.3
}}
{{Election box write-in with party link no change
|votes = 86
|percentage = 0.1
}}
{{Election box end}}
{{Election box begin no change
| title = Maryland's 6th congressional district Democratic primary election, 2018<ref>{{cite web
| title = Official 2018 Gubernatorial Primary Election results for Representative in Congress
| work = Maryland State Board of Elections
| url = https://elections.maryland.gov/elections/2018/results/primary/gen_results_2018_1_00806.html }}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
|party = Democratic Party (United States)
|candidate = [[David Trone]]
|votes = 24,103
|percentage = 40.0
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
|party = Democratic Party (United States)
|candidate = Aruna Miller
|votes = 18,524
|percentage = 30.7
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
|party = Democratic Party (United States)
|candidate = [[Nadia Hashimi]]
|votes = 6,304
|percentage = 10.5
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
|party = Democratic Party (United States)
|candidate = [[Roger Manno]]
|votes = 6,257
|percentage = 10.4
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
|party = Democratic Party (United States)
|candidate = Andrew J. Duck
|votes = 2,949
|percentage = 4.9
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
|party = Democratic Party (United States)
|candidate = Chris Graves
|votes = 982
|percentage = 1.6
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
|party = Democratic Party (United States)
|candidate = George English
|votes = 650
|percentage = 1.1
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
|party = Democratic Party (United States)
|candidate = Christopher Hearsey
|votes = 531
|percentage = 0.9
}}
{{Election box end}}
{{Election box begin no change
| title = Maryland gubernatorial Democratic primary, 2022<ref>{{cite web |title=Official 2022 Gubernatorial Primary Election Results for Governor / Lt. Governor |url=https://elections.maryland.gov/elections/2022/primary_results/gen_results_2022_1.html |website=elections.maryland.gov |publisher=Maryland State Board of Elections |access-date=August 15, 2022 |date=July 19, 2022}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
| candidate = {{ubl|[[Wes Moore]]|Aruna Miller}}
| party = Democratic Party (United States)
| votes = 217,524
| percentage = 32.4
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| candidate = {{ubl|[[Tom Perez]]|Shannon Sneed}}
| party = Democratic Party (United States)
| votes = 202,175
| percentage = 30.1
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| candidate = {{ubl|[[Peter Franchot]]|Monique Anderson-Walker}}
| party = Democratic Party (United States)
| votes = 141,586
| percentage = 21.1
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| candidate = {{ubl|[[Rushern Baker]] ''(withdrawn)''|[[Nancy Navarro]] ''(withdrawn)''}}
| party = Democratic Party (United States)
| votes = 26,594
| percentage = 4.0
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| candidate = {{ubl|[[Doug Gansler]]|Candace Hollingsworth}}
| party = Democratic Party (United States)
| votes = 25,481
| percentage = 3.8
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| candidate = {{ubl|[[John King Jr.]]|Michelle Siri}}
| party = Democratic Party (United States)
| votes = 24,882
| percentage = 3.7
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| candidate = {{ubl|Ashwani Jain|LaTrece Hawkins Lytes}}
| party = Democratic Party (United States)
| votes = 13,784
| percentage = 2.1
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| candidate = {{ubl|Jon Baron|Natalie Williams}}
| party = Democratic Party (United States)
| votes = 11,880
| percentage = 1.8
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| candidate = {{ubl|[[Jerome Segal]]|Justinian M. Dispenza}}
| party = Democratic Party (United States)
| votes = 4,276
| percentage = 0.6
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| candidate = {{ubl|Ralph Jaffe|Mark Greben}}
| party = Democratic Party (United States)
| votes = 2,978
| percentage = 0.4
}}
{{Election box end}}
{{Election box begin
| title = [[2022 Maryland gubernatorial election|Maryland gubernatorial election, 2022]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Official 2022 Gubernatorial General Election Results for Governor / Lt. Governor |url=https://elections.maryland.gov/elections/2022/general_results/gen_results_2022_1.html |website=Maryland State Board of Elections |access-date=December 7, 2022}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| candidate = {{ubl|Wes Moore|Aruna Miller}}
| party = Democratic Party (United States)
| votes = 1,293,944
| percentage = 64.53
| change = +21.02
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = {{ubl|[[Dan Cox]]|Gordana Schifanelli}}
| party = Republican Party (United States)
| votes = 644,000
| percentage = 32.12
| change = -24.23
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = {{ubl|David Lashar|Christiana Logansmith}}
| party = Libertarian Party (United States)
| votes = 30,101
| percentage = 1.50
|change = +0.93
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = {{ubl|David Harding|Cathy White}}
| party = Working Class Party
| votes = 17,154
| percentage = 0.86
| change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = {{ubl|Nancy Wallace|Patrick Elder}}
| party = Green Party (United States)
| votes = 14,580
| percentage = 0.73
| change = +0.25
}}
{{Election box write-in with party link|
|votes = 5,444
|percentage = 0.27
|change = +0.19
}}
{{Election box total
| votes = 2,005,259
| percentage = 100.0
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing
|winner = Democratic Party (United States)
|loser = Republican Party (United States)
}}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[List of female lieutenant governors in the United States]]
* [[List of minority governors and lieutenant governors in the United States]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*[http://www.arunamiller.com Campaign website]
*[https://governor.maryland.gov/leadership/ltgovernor/Pages/default.aspx Lt. Governor Aruna Miller]
*[https://msa.maryland.gov/msa/mdmanual/08conoff/ltgov/html/msa15449.html MD Manual Aruna Miller Lt. Governor]
*[http://mgaleg.maryland.gov/webmga/frmMain.aspx?id=miller%20a&pid=sponpage&s=c01a&stab=02&tab=subject3&ys=2018rs Aruna Miller MGA Legislation]
*[https://msa.maryland.gov/msa/mdmanual/06hse/former/html/msa15449.html Aruna Miller Maryland General Assembly]
*[https://justfacts.votesmart.org/candidate/biography/127424/aruna-miller Profile] at [[Vote Smart]]
*{{C-SPAN|136232}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-ppo}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Susan Turnbull]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] nominee for [[Lieutenant Governor of Maryland]]|years=[[2022 Maryland gubernatorial election|2022]]}}
{{s-inc|recent}}
|-
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Boyd Rutherford]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Lieutenant Governor of Maryland]]|years=2023–present}}
{{s-inc}}
{{s-end}}

{{Maryland Women's Hall of Fame}}
{{Maryland statewide political officials}}
{{U.S. lieutenant governors}}
{{Lieutenant Governors of Maryland}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Miller, Aruna}}
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:21st-century American women politicians]]
[[Category:American people of Telugu descent]]
[[Category:American politicians of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Asian-American state legislators in Maryland]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:Lieutenant governors of Maryland]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Democratic Party members of the Maryland House of Delegates]]
[[Category:Missouri University of Science and Technology alumni]]
[[Category:Naturalized citizens of the United States]]
[[Category:People from Germantown, Maryland]]
[[Category:People from Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:People from Montgomery County, Maryland]]
[[Category:Women in Maryland politics]]
[[Category:Women state legislators in Maryland]]
[[Category:Candidates in the 2018 United States House of Representatives elections]]
[[Category:21st-century Hindus]]
[[Category:American Hindus]]
[[Category:2024 United States presidential electors]]
[[Category:21st-century members of the Maryland General Assembly]]
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]

Havelock Island

2026-04-09T18:02:00Z

Caleb78G9218343: adding details

{{short description|Island of the Andaman Islands}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox islands
| name = Havelock Island
| local_name = Swaraj Dweep
| image_name = [[File:Havelock, Andaman & Nicobar Islands.JPG|250px]]
| image_caption = A view of a beach in Havelock Island
| image_alt =
| map = India Andaman and Nicobar Islands
| map_alt =
| map_width = 250px
| map_caption = Location of Havelock Island
| coordinates = {{coord|11.96|N|93.00|E|region:IN-AN_type:isle_dim:50000_source:GNS-enwiki|display=inline,title}}
| etymology =
| location = [[Bay of Bengal]]
| archipelago = [[Andaman Islands]]
| waterbody = [[Indian Ocean]]
| total_islands = {{nowrap|1}}
| major_islands = {{hlist|Swaraaj Dweep}}
| area_km2 = 92.2
| area_footnotes =
| rank =
| length_km = 18
| width_km = 8
| coastline_km = 58.5
| elevation_m = 167
| elevation_footnotes =
| highest_mount = Yulutang
| country = {{flag|India}}
| country_admin_divisions_title = [[List of districts in India#Andaman and Nicobar (AN)|District]]
| country_admin_divisions = [[South Andaman district|South Andaman]]
| country_admin_divisions_title_1 = [[Island group]]
| country_admin_divisions_1 = [[Andaman Islands]]
| country_admin_divisions_title_2 = Island sub-group
| country_admin_divisions_2 = [[Ritchie's Archipelago]]
| country_admin_divisions_title_3 = [[Tehsils of India|Tehsil]]
| country_admin_divisions_3 = [[Ritchie's Archipelago|Ritchie's Archipelago Tehsil]]
| country_largest_city = Govinda Nagar
| population = 6,351{{citation needed|date=October 2016}}
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_rank =
| population_rank_max =
| density_km2 = 68.5
| density_rank =
| density_footnotes =
| ethnic_groups = [[Bengali people|Bengali]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| timezone1_DST =
| utc_offset1_DST =
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 744211<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.india-codes.com/pincodes/a-n-islands-pin-code |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140323224041/http://www.india-codes.com/pincodes/a-n-islands-pin-code |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 March 2014 |title=A&N Islands - Pincodes |date=22 September 2016 |access-date=22 September 2016}}</ref>
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 031928<ref>{{cite web |url=http://allcodesindia.in/stdcode/andaman+and+nicobar.php |publisher=allcodesindia.in |title=STD Codes of Andaman and Nicobar |access-date=23 September 2016 |archive-date=17 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017043815/http://allcodesindia.in/stdcode/andaman%2Band%2Bnicobar.php |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| website = {{URL|http://www.and.nic.in/}}
| additional_info = {{Infobox|child=yes
| label1 =
| data1 =
| label2 = Literacy | data2 = 84.4%
| label3 = Avg. summer temperature| data3 ={{convert|30.2|°C|°F}}
| label4 = Avg. winter temperature| data4 ={{convert|23.0|°C|°F}}
| label5 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]| data5 =1.2[[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| label7 = Census code| data7 = 35.639.0004
| label8 = Official languages| data8 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Hindi]], [[English language|English]]
}}
}}
'''Havelock Island''', officially known as '''Swaraj Dweep''' ({{translation|[[Swaraj|Independence]] Island}}),<ref>{{Cite news |agency=Press Trust of India |date=30 December 2018 |title='Bose, Shaheed and Swaraj,' PM gives new names to 3 Andaman islands |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/bose-shaheed-and-swaraj-pm-gives-new-names-to-3-andaman-islands-118123000418_1.html |access-date=9 July 2022}}</ref> is one of the largest islands in [[Ritchie's Archipelago]], to the east of [[Great Andaman]] within the [[Andaman Islands]]. It belongs to the [[South Andaman district|South Andaman]] administrative [[Districts of India|district]], part of the [[India]]n [[union territory]] of [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-VillageDirectory/Directory/short_code_rural_35.pdf |title=Village Code Directory: Andaman & Nicobar Islands |publisher=Census of India |access-date=16 January 2011}}</ref> The island is {{convert|41|km|0|abbr=on}} northeast of the capital city, [[Port Blair]].

==Etymology==
Havelock Island was previously named after a British [[Major-general (United Kingdom)|general]], [[Sir Henry Havelock]], who served in India.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Great Uprising in India, 1857-58: Untold Stories, Indian and British |first=Rosie |last=Llewellyn-Jones |publisher=Boydell & Brewer |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-84383-304-8 |page=168 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vcHQd-M5NsQC&pg=PA168}}</ref>

In December 2018, it was renamed, by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, as Swaraj Dweep as a tribute to [[Subhas Chandra Bose]]. Bose had hoisted the Indian flag at Port Blair on 30 December 1943 and proclaimed the Andaman and Nicobar Islands as [[Azad Hind|liberated from British rule]]. He had subsequently named [[Neil Island]] as Shaheed Dweep and [[Ross Island, South Andaman district|Ross Island]] was renamed as Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose Dweep as well.<ref name="2018RenameHT">{{cite news |author1=Ananya Bhardwaj |title=Andaman's most-visited islands to be renamed during PM Modi visit |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/3-andaman-islands-to-get-new-names/story-NC3sWdg8oHAP6sLyXDBEeI.html |access-date=31 December 2018 |work=Hindustan Times |date=25 December 2018 |language=en}}</ref>

==History==
Havelock Island is one of the few places that the administration of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands union territory of India has permitted and encouraged development of tourism, with a focus on promoting [[eco-tourism]].

Havelock Island avoided much of the devastation by the [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake]] and its resulting [[tsunami]] and there were no documented casualties.

There is a lighthouse at the northern point of the island, near Govinda Nagar, established in the year 2005.
<ref>{{cite web |title=Narcondam Island |url=http://www.dgll.nic.in/LightHouse.aspx?Consent_id=215&Module_id=16&LocationId=10&LangId=1 |access-date=18 October 2016 |publisher=Directorate General of Lighthouses and Lightships}} [https://www.flickr.com/photos/mandobaron/2069461429/]</ref>

==Geography==
The island belongs to the [[Ritchie's Archipelago]] and is located between [[Sir William Peel Island|Peel Island]] and [[Neil Island]].

==Administration==
Politically, Havelock Island is part of [[Port Blair]] ''[[Tehsils of India|taluk]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://andssw1.and.nic.in/ecostat/basicstatPDF2013_14/1.Demogrpahy.pdf |publisher=andssw1.and.nic.in |title=DEMOGRAPHIC – A&N ISLANDS |access-date=23 September 2016}}</ref>

==Demographics==
The island's population of 6,351 (as of 2011){{citation needed|date=March 2017}} consists of mainly [[Bengali people|Bengali]] settlers. Many of these settlers have East Bengali origin as these people were given settlement by the Indian government after the [[Partition of India]] in 1947.

The six villages are:
* Govinda Nagar 2,940
* Vejoy Nagar (inc. Kalapathar) 1,099
* Shyam Nagar 856
* Krishna Nagar 719
* Radha Nagar 637
* Road between Shyam Nagar and Krishna Nagar 100<ref>[http://ls1.and.nic.in/doef/images/Havelock.jpg Map]</ref>

==Beaches==
Radhanagar Beach on the western coast, also known as Number 7 Beach, is one of the most popular beaches on Havelock Island and was named "Best Beach in Asia" by ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' in 2004.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.time.com/time/asia/2004/boa/boa_soul_andaman.html |title=TIMEasia Magazine: Best of Asia - Best Beaches You Can Get to |access-date=19 January 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090123030227/http://www.time.com/time/asia/2004/boa/boa_soul_andaman.html |archive-date=23 January 2009 }}</ref> Radhanagar beach also bagged the prestigious blue flag certification in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Ravi Prakash |date=15 October 2020 |title=8 Indian beaches get prestigious Blue Flag certification. Check list here |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/best-indian-beaches-get-prestigious-blue-flag-certification-check-list-here-11602743882083.html |access-date=27 May 2023 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref> A Blue Flag beach is an eco-tourism model endeavouring to provide the tourists or beachgoers clean and hygienic bathing water, facilities, safe and healthy environment. Other notable beaches include Elephant Beach on the northwest coast and Vijay Nagar Beach (No. 5), Beach No. 3 and Beach No. 1 on the east coast. Kalapathar is another famous beach.<ref>[http://www.andamans.gov.in/images/havlockmap.jpg beaches map] - [https://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/100-best-beaches/index.html CNN]</ref>

To reach Elephant beach one needs to take a boat from Havelock Island jetty. Another way to reach Elephant beach is via trekking. The major 3 beaches at Havelock Island are namely Radhanagar Beach, Elephant Beach and Kalapathar beach.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Havelock Island Tourism - Detailed Travel Guide 2021 with Photos |url=https://www.experienceandamans.com/andaman-tourism/havelock |access-date=13 February 2021 |website=www.experienceandamans.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sarkar |first=Ajay |title=Top Must Do Attractions in Havelock Island |url=https://blueandamantour.com/destinations/havelock-island/ |website=Blue Andaman Tour}}</ref>

==Transportation==
The island can be reached from Port Blair by government-operated ferries and private cruises.<ref>{{cite news |author1=A & N Administration |title=Ferry Program for Neil, Havelock & Rangat |url=http://www.andaman.gov.in/web/guest/neilhavrangat |access-date=15 October 2013 |archive-date=20 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170520093624/http://www.andaman.gov.in/web/guest/neilhavrangat |url-status=dead }}</ref> There are also helicopter services.<ref>{{cite news |author1=A & N Administration |title=Helicopter Inter Island Schedule |url=http://www.andaman.gov.in/web/guest/helicopter-schedule |access-date=15 October 2013 |archive-date=20 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170520090314/http://www.andaman.gov.in/web/guest/helicopter-schedule |url-status=dead }}</ref> There are 2-3 government operating ferries in a day.

A local bus connects the jetty and villages on an hourly circuit.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=8KnLFpjEHpUC&dq=avis+island+mayabunder&pg=PA26 bus]</ref> Private ferries that sail to Havelock Island are Makruzz, Green Ocean, Nautika, Nautika Lite and ITT Majestic these cruises have different sailing time and schedule<ref>{{Cite web |last=Travel |first=RSR Tours & |date=9 April 2023 |title=Private Ferry Schedule in Andaman Islands |url=https://rsrtoursandtravel.com/home/andaman-ferry-booking/#schedule |access-date=27 May 2023 |website=RSR Tours and Travel |language=en-US}}</ref> from Port Blair to Havelock Island and from Neil Island to Havelock Island. The ferry sailing to Havelock Island is subject to weather conditions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ferry and Cruise Booking and Timing in Andaman in 2021 |url=https://www.experienceandamans.com/ferry |access-date=13 February 2021 |website=www.experienceandamans.com}}</ref>

Travelers typically take the ferry service from Port Blair to Havelock Island, Havelock Island to Neil Island (Shaheed Dweep) and Neil Island to Port Blair<ref>{{Cite web |title=Port Blair to Havelock Ferry |url=https://www.go2andaman.com/book-ferry/port-blair-to-havelock-ferry/}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Havelock Island, Mangrove trees in tropical sea, Andaman Islands.jpg|Mangrove trees, East side
File:Havelock Island, Tropical beach and tree, Andaman Islands.jpg|Trees on the beach, East side
File:Havelock Island, Canopy of tropical moist evergreen forest, Andaman Islands.jpg|Canopy of tropical rainforest
File:Havelock Island, Sunset at the beach, Andamans.jpg|Sunset on the beach
File:Radha Nagar Beach, Havelock Island.jpg|alt=Radha Nagar Beach|Radha Nagar Beach, Havelock Island
File:Radha Nagar beach, Havelock Island, Andamn, India- Sun set view.jpg|Radha Nagar Beach sunset view
File:Elephenta beach, Havelock Island, Andamn, India.jpg|Elephant Beach, Havelock Island
File:Kalapathar beach Havelock Island, Andaman, India.JPG|Kalapathar Beach
File:Promonant horticulture produce of Havelock, Andaman Island, India.jpg|Prominent horticulture produce of Havelock
File:Coral reef Elephant Beach ,Andaman 03.jpg|Coral reef Elephant Beach
File:Coral reef Elephant Beach ,Andaman 10.jpg|Coral reef Elephant Beach
File:Havelock Light House.jpg|Havelock Light House
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Havelock Island}}
{{Wikivoyage}}
{{Portal|India|Islands}}
* [https://www.andaman.gov.in/tourism/Swarajdweep Havelock Island (Swaraj Dweep)] at Andaman & Nicobar Tourism website

{{South Andaman district |state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in South Andaman district]]
[[Category:Ritchie's Archipelago]]
[[Category:Islands of South Andaman district]]
[[Category:Islands of the Andaman Sea]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
[[Category:Islands of India]]
[[Category:Populated places in India]]
[[Category:Islands of the Bay of Bengal]]

Aurai (community development block)

2026-04-06T10:48:15Z

Caleb78G9218343: creating new info

{{Short description|Community development block in Muzaffarpur district, Bihar, India}}
{{About|a block in [[Muzaffarpur district]], [[Bihar]], [[India]]|other uses|Aurai (disambiguation)}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Aurai
| settlement_type = [[Community development block in India|Community development block]]
| pushpin_map = Bihar#India
| coordinates = {{coord|26|19|06|N|85|33|55|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_type2 = Region
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]]
| subdivision_type3 = District
| subdivision_name3 = [[Muzaffarpur district]]
| parts_type = Villages
| parts = 107
| area_total_km2 = 198.86
| elevation_m = 55
| population_total = 290545
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 843312
}}

'''Aurai''' is a [[Community development block in India|community development block]] in [[Muzaffarpur district]] of [[Bihar]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Subdivision & Block |url=https://muzaffarpur.nic.in/about-district/administrative-setup/subdivision-blocks/ |publisher=District Muzaffarpur, Government of Bihar |access-date=2023-04-02}}</ref>

The administrative headquarters of the block is located in Aurai village. According to the [[2011 Census of India]], the total population of Aurai block was 290,545.<ref name="census2011">{{Cite web |title=Basic Population Figures of India, States, Districts, Sub-District and Village, 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=2023-04-02}}</ref>

== Geography ==
Aurai is located in the northeastern part of [[Muzaffarpur district]], [[Bihar]], [[India]]. It has an average elevation of 55 metres above sea level.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aurai topographic map, elevation, terrain |url=https://en-gb.topographic-map.com/map-mhr114/Auraiy/ |website=Topographic maps |language=en |access-date=2023-04-02}}</ref>

== Administrative divisions ==
In 2011, there are a total of 107 villages within Aurai Block. They are listed below:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Villages & Towns in Aurai Block of Muzaffarpur, Bihar |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/subdistrict/1207-aurai-muzaffarpur-bihar.html |access-date=2023-04-02 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=15em}}
* Adampur Nisf 1st
* Adampur Nisf 2nd
* Ahimanpur urf Selempur
* Alampur Simri
* Amnaur
* Anandpur Ghani
* Arazi Ghanshyampur
* Arazi Sohila Rampur Patti
* Asmanpur
* Atrah
* Aurai
* Babhangawan
* Bahuara
* Bahuarwa
* Baigna Jagir
* Baigna Nizamat
* Baijnathpur urf Imlia
* Balbhadarpur
* Banauli
* Bara Buzurg
* Bara Khurd
* Baram Jiwar Tara Jiwar
* Basant urf Bishunpur Umapat
* Basua urf Amaith
* Bedauli Asli
* Besi Baijnath
* Bhadai
* Bhado
* Bhalura
* Bharospatti urf Bharathpatti
* Bharthua
* Bishunath urf Bishunpur Gokhul
* Bishunpur Jagdish
* Borwara Garib
* Chainpur
* Chihuta
* Dakrawan urf Dagrawan
* Deokali Buzurg
* Deokali Khurd
* Deora Asli
* Dharampur
* Dharharwa urf Parri Dharharwa
* Dharopatti
* Dhasna
* Dih Jiwar
* Dih Jiwar
* Ekma
* Fatehpur Barauna
* Gangauli
* Gangauli
* Ghanshyampur
* Gopalpur
* Gopalpur Bishunpur
* Gopalpur urf Chandwara
* Gorai urf Askauli
* Halimpur
* Harpur
* Harpur Besi
* Haswara
* Inglish Chak
* Jagatpur
* Janarh Jiwajor Benipur
* Jhiktahi
* Jiusar
* Jogaulia
* Jonkikhurd urf Mathurapur Khurd
* Kalyanpur
* Kalyanpur
* Karhatti
* Khetalpur
* Kiratpur
* Kokilwara
* Kothia
* Madhopur
* Madhuban Besi
* Madhuban Partap
* Maheswara
* Mahisautha
* Mahrauli urf Madhauli
* Maksudpur
* Mathna urf Basua
* [[Mathurapur Buzurg]]
* Matihani
* Minapur
* Misraulia
* Narhar
* Naya Goan
* Paryag Chak
* Patori
* Pitaunjhia Jagarnath
* [[Raj Khand]]
* Rampur
* Rampur
* Rampur Az Rakbe
* Rasulpur
* Ratanpur
* Ratwara Bindwara Deoria
* Saghari
* Sarhanchia
* Shahila Balli
* Shahpur
* Shankarpur
* Sisauli
* Sohila Baijnath
* Sundarkhauli
* Tojaul
* Tulsi Anantpur
{{div col end}}

== Demographics ==
{{bar box
|title=Religion in Aurai (2011)
|titlebar=#F6F6F6
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percentage
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|85.29}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|14.20}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity]]|white|0.11}}
{{bar percent|[[Sikhism]]|darkkhaki|0.01}}
{{bar percent|Others|grey|0.39}}
}}

According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Aurai block had 62,286 households and a total population of 290,545. Of these, 153,987 were male and 136,558 were female. The overall literacy rate was 42.57%, including 49.64% among males and 34.61% among females.<ref name="census2011" />

== See also ==

* [[Muzaffarpur district]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Community development blocks in Muzaffarpur district]]

Kumar Barve

2026-04-02T20:40:36Z

Caleb78G9218343: adding a bio

{{short description|American politician|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{use mdy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Kumar P. Barve
| image = Delegate barve at the podium.jpg
| caption =
| office = Chair of the [[Maryland Public Service Commission]]
| term_start = January 12, 2026
| term_end =
| predecessor = Frederick Hoover
| successor =
| state_delegate1 = Maryland
| district1 = 17th
| term_start1 = January 9, 1991
| term_end1 = May 1, 2023
| predecessor1 = [[Mary H. Boergers]]
| successor1 = [[Ryan Spiegel]]
| birth_name = Kumar Prabhakar Barve
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1958|9|8}}
| birth_place = [[Schenectady, New York]], U.S.
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrat]]
| occupation = Financial officer
| majority =
| relations =
| spouse = Maureen Quinn
| children =
| footnotes =
| alma_mater = [[Georgetown University]] ([[Bachelor of Science|BS]])
| native_name_lang =
| native_name = कुमार प्रभाकर बर्वे
}}
'''Kumar Prabhakar Barve''' ({{Langx|mr|कुमार प्रभाकर बर्वे}}; born September 8, 1958) is an American politician who has served as the chair of the [[Maryland Public Service Commission]] since 2026. A member of the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]], he was a member of the [[Maryland House of Delegates]], representing district 17 in [[Montgomery County, Maryland|Montgomery County]], from 1991 to 2023. He was the first [[Indian Americans|Indian-American]] to be elected to a state legislature in the United States. From 2002 to 2015, Barve served as [[Majority Leader]] of the House of Delegates.

His legislative work focused largely on protecting the environment, improving health care, and the promotion of the high-tech industry in Maryland. In 2015, he was appointed to chair the House Environment and Transportation Committee, which oversees transportation, the environment, agriculture, ethics, and housing and real property law. He sponsored both the 1995 Health Access Act that place limits on HMOs for the first time and legislation that created the Technology Development Corporation of Maryland.{{citation needed|date=January 2024}}

He unsuccessfully ran for Congress in 2016 in [[Maryland's 8th congressional district]], losing the Democratic Primary to the eventual winner, State Senator [[Jamie Raskin]].

==Early life and education==
Barve was born on September 8, 1958, in [[Schenectady, New York]], to a [[Marathi people|Marathi]] father Prabhaker B. "Balu" and a Marathi-American mother Neera P. (née Gokhale) Barve.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Obituary information for Neera P. Barve |url=https://www.pumphreyfuneralhome.com/obituaries/obituary-listings?obId=4467391 |access-date=2025-07-07 |website=www.pumphreyfuneralhome.com |language=en-US}}</ref> His maternal grandparents moved from [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]] to Schenectady as his grandfather, Shankar Laxman Gokhale was a professor.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shen |first=Fern |date=1997-09-12 |title=REPRESENTING AMERICA'S INDIA |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1997/09/12/representing-americas-india/38dba4b8-d240-4b49-87e0-703b3c2767b1/ |access-date=2025-07-07 |work=The Washington Post |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> Shankar Gokhale was born in [[Wai, Maharashtra|Wai]], Maharashtra.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Grems-Doolittle Library Collections Blog |url=https://gremsdoolittlelibrary.blogspot.com/2013/01/ |access-date=2025-07-07 |website=gremsdoolittlelibrary.blogspot.com |language=en}}</ref>

The Barve family later moved to [[Maryland]], where he attended [[Paint Branch High School]] in [[Silver Spring, Maryland|Silver Spring]]. In 1980, Barve graduated from [[Georgetown University]]'s [[McDonough School of Business]] with a [[Bachelor of Science|B.S.]] degree in Accounting.<ref name="delegate">{{cite web |url=https://msa.maryland.gov/msa/mdmanual/06hse/former/html/msa12183.html |title=Kumar P. Barve, Maryland State Delegate |date=June 1, 2023 |access-date=July 7, 2023 |work=Maryland Manual On-Line |publisher=Maryland State Archives}}</ref>

==Legislative career==
Barve was first elected to the House of Delegates in 1990, finishing third in the contest for district 17's three seats behind incumbents [[Jennie M. Forehand]] and [[Mike Gordon (Maryland politician)|Mike Gordon]] but ahead of four other challengers.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://elections.maryland.gov/elections/1990/results_1990/pahod.html |title=1990 Gubernatorial Primary Election Results |website=elections.maryland.gov |publisher=Maryland State Board of Elections |date=June 14, 2001 |access-date=September 12, 2012}}</ref> As a result of his victory, Barve became the first Indian-American to serve in a state legislature.<ref>{{cite web |first=Sant |last=Singh |url=http://www.nriinternet.com/NRIpoliticians/USA/A_Z/B/Kimar_Bravo/index.htm |title=Kumar Barve is the first NRI to be elected as a state legislator in United States history |access-date=2009-08-15 |date=December 1, 2007 |website=NRIinternet.com}}</ref> He took office in January, 1991, and was appointed to the House Economic Matters Committee, which considers legislation related to business and labor policy and regulation.<ref name="delegate" />

After his first re-election in 1994, Barve rose in leadership with his appointment as chair of a subcommittee, first the Real Property subcommittee in 1995 and 1996, and later the Science and Technology Subcommittee from 1997 to 2003. Also in 1995, he was elected to chair the Montgomery County Delegation to Annapolis. Barve was re-elected in 1998, 2002, 2006, and 2010.<ref name="delegate" />

Following the election of a new Speaker, [[Michael E. Busch]], in 2003, Barve was appointed to serve as [[majority leader]], the leader of the Democratic majority and second in command to the Speaker. He served for two years on the Environmental Matters Committee before moving again to the Ways and Means Committee, where he oversaw tax policy as Chair of the Revenues Subcommittee from 2007 to 2010. In additional, he serves on a number of major joint committees, including the Legislative Policy Committee, Spending Affordability Committee, as chair of the Joint Information Technology and Biotechnology Committee, and as house chair of the Joint Committee on Transparency and Open Government.<ref name="delegate" />

In 2015, Barve left his post as majority leader to become chair of the renamed Environment and Transportation Committee. His appointment coincided with the election of a new Republican Governor, [[Larry Hogan]] and debate over a number of significant environmental issues. Among the significant pieces of legislation Barve's committee worked on in the first year of the new term were a moratorium and public health study on fracking, a major reform to the state's stormwater protection fee, and debate over regulations which will require farms to severely limit the phosphorus that runs from their lands into the Chesapeake Bay.<ref name="delegate" />

Barve's work as a legislator over the length of his career has focused on a broad range of issues. In 1995, he successfully sponsored the first state bill in the nation to regulate HMOs, the Maryland Health Access Act of 1995. The act allows health care patients to see doctors outside of the network of HMO providers, ensures that HMOs can't bar providers from sharing information if it jeopardizes patient care, and prohibits the use of financial incentives by HMOs that curtail and compromise care. He later co-sponsored the law that bars insurance companies based in Maryland from using pre-existing conditions to deny coverage.<ref name="IAFPE">{{cite web |url=http://www.iafpe.org/barve.html|title=Kumar Barve |website=Indian American Forum for Political Education |access-date=September 12, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120182035/http://www.iafpe.org/barve.html |archive-date=November 20, 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Barve has also worked extensively on the promotion of technology and of high tech businesses. He authored Maryland's version of the [[Uniform Computer Information Transactions Act]] (UCITA). The Act both affirms the intellectual-property rights of software developers and provides unprecedented consumer protections to purchasers of computer equipment. He sponsored legislation that created the Technology Development Corporation of Maryland, which promotes high-technology business development in Maryland.<ref name="IAFPE" />
In 1999, Barve's bill to define the powers of corporations in making certain gifts passed both houses and was signed by the governor.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://mgaleg.maryland.gov/1999rs/billfile/hb0154.htm |title=BILL INFO-1999 Regular Session-HB 154 |work=Maryland House of Delegates |date=2005-05-13 |access-date=2008-03-12}}</ref>

In the [[2008 United States presidential election|2008 presidential election]], Barve endorsed [[Barack Obama]] for president.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://blog.washingtonpost.com/annapolis/2008/02/a_wave_of_late_endorsements.html |title=A Wave of Late Endorsements |date=February 12, 2008 |access-date=2008-03-21 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |first=John |last=Wagner |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081012021719/http://blog.washingtonpost.com/annapolis/2008/02/a_wave_of_late_endorsements.html |archive-date=October 12, 2008}}</ref>

==Maryland Public Service Commission==
On April 6, 2023, Governor [[Wes Moore]] announced he would appoint Barve to the [[Maryland Public Service Commission]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kurtz |first1=Josh |title=Moore appoints Barve, veteran lawmaker, to the Public Service Commission |url=https://www.marylandmatters.org/2023/04/06/moore-appoints-barve-veteran-lawmaker-to-the-public-service-commission/ |access-date=April 6, 2023 |work=[[Maryland Matters]] |date=April 6, 2023}}</ref> He resigned from the Maryland House of Delegates on May 1, 2023.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Cox |first1=Erin |title=Nation's first Indian American state legislator to leave Md. House |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/dc-md-va/2023/04/28/kumar-barve-maryland-lawmaker/ |access-date=May 2, 2023 |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=April 28, 2023}}</ref> In January 2026, after Maryland Public Service Commission chairman Frederick Hoover announced that he would resign, Barve was named as the chair of the commission.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Overs |first1=Bria |last2=Willis |first2=Adam |title=As residents fume over utility bills, Maryland's top utility regulator steps down |url=https://www.thebanner.com/politics-power/state-government/maryland-public-service-commissioner-chair-steps-down-frederick-hoover-K66RSSTDM5D4PCTBOV7MCIAHW4/ |access-date=January 12, 2026 |work=[[The Baltimore Banner]] |date=January 12, 2026 |language=en}}</ref>

==Personal life==
In November 2007, Barve was cited by Gaithersburg Police for driving under the influence of alcohol while operating a vehicle.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.gazette.net/stories/113007/montnew135138_32374.shtml |title=Top state lawmaker accused of driving drunk in Gaithersburg |last=Murrett |first=Patricia |date=2007-11-30 |newspaper=[[The Gazette (Maryland)|The Gazette]] |access-date=2008-12-27}}</ref> On July 17, 2008, Barve pleaded guilty and received a probation before judgement, and suspension of all but $200 of a $1,000 fine.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://casesearch.courts.state.md.us/casesearch/inquiryDetail.jis?caseId=FE55532&loc=23&detailLoc=ODYTRAF |title=The State of Maryland vs Barve, Kumar Prabhakar |publisher=Maryland Judiciary |access-date=July 7, 2023}}</ref>

In 2008, it was reported that Barve and his wife were inappropriately receiving a Homestead Property Tax Credit on two properties that they had owned separately prior to their marriage. Barve indicated that he had assumed [[Anne Arundel County]] would delete the tax credit on the property his wife had owned prior to their marriage once the couple declared his residence in Gaithersburg to be their primary joint residence. While early reports were critical of Barve, the Associate Director of Assessments and Taxation for Maryland later told reporters than nothing improper had taken place, and that such errors had occurred repeatedly in cases where individuals owned homes and then later married. Barve pledged that he would re-pay any money that the couple did not pay earlier due to the error.<ref>{{cite news |last=Tallman |first=Douglas |date=2009-01-02 |title=Tax credit on residence of Barve, wife questioned |work=[[The Gazette (Maryland)|The Gazette]] |page=A-2}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|us-md-hs}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Mary H. Boergers]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Member of the [[Maryland House of Delegates]] from [[Maryland Legislative District 17]]|years=1991–2023}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Ryan Spiegel]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Barve, Kumar}}
[[Category:Asian-American state legislators in Maryland]]
[[Category:Democratic Party members of the Maryland House of Delegates]]
[[Category:McDonough School of Business alumni]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American politicians of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Politicians from Schenectady, New York]]
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:People from Gaithersburg, Maryland]]
[[Category:2012 United States presidential electors]]
[[Category:Candidates in the 2016 United States elections]]
[[Category:21st-century members of the Maryland General Assembly]]
[[Category:20th-century members of the Maryland General Assembly]]
[[Category:American people of Marathi descent]]

Stenaelurillus wandae

2026-03-30T15:14:17Z

Caleb78G9218343: new new data

{{Short description|Species of spider}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Stenaelurillus sp 3507.jpg
| image_caption = A spider of the ''[[Stenaelurillus]]'' [[genus]]
| taxon = Stenaelurillus wandae
| authority = [[Dmitri V. Logunov|Logunov]], 2020
}}

'''''Stenaelurillus wandae''''' is a [[species]] of [[jumping spider]] in the [[genus]] ''[[Stenaelurillus]]'' that lives in India. It was first described in 2020 by Dmitri Logunov. The spider is medium-sized, with a [[carapace]] between {{convert|2.95|and|3.35|mm|in|abbr=on}} long and an [[Opisthosoma|abdomen]] between {{convert|2.8|and|3.5|mm|in|abbr=on}} long. The female is larger than the male. The colouration differs between them too, with the male having two white stripes on the carapace while the female has a pattern formed of brown and white scales. The [[chelicerae]], [[Clypeus (arthropod anatomy)|clypeus]], legs, [[pedipalp]]s and [[spinnerets]] are generally yellow, although they may be yellow-brown on the male. The spider is distinguished from others in the area by the lack of a pocket in the [[epigyne]] of the female and the forked appendage, with different length tines, on the [[palpal bulb]] of the male.

==Taxonomy==
''Stenaelurillus wandae'' was first described by Dmitri Logunov in 2020.<ref name=wsc>{{cite web|author=World Spider Catalog|year=2023|title=''Stenaelurillus wandae'' Logunov, 2020|website=World Spider Catalog|publisher=Natural History Museum|place=Bern|url= https://wsc.nmbe.ch/species/58900/Stenaelurillus_wandae|version=24.0|access-date=3 April 2023}}</ref> It was placed in the [[genus]] ''[[Stenaelurillus]]'', first raised by [[Eugène Simon]] in 1886.{{sfn|Sudhin|Sen|Caleb|2023|page=124, 132}} The genus name relates to the genus name ''[[Aelurillus]]'', which itself derives from the Greek word for cat, with the addition of a Greek stem meaning narrow.{{sfn|Fernández-Rubio|2013|page=125}} The [[species]] is named after [[Wanda Wesołowska]], the Polish [[Arachnology|arachnologist]], in celebration of her 70th birthday.{{sfn|Logunov|2020|page=210}} The genus had been placed in the subtribe Aelurillina in the [[Tribe (biology)|tribe]] Aelurillini by [[Wayne Maddison]] in 2015, who listed the tribe in the [[Clade (biology)|clade]] Saltafresia.{{sfn|Maddison|2015|page=279}} Two years later, in 2017, it was grouped with nine other genera of jumping spiders under the name Aelurillines.{{sfn|Prószyński|2017|page=95}}

==Description==
The spider is medium-sized. The male has a yellow-brown [[carapace]] that measures {{convert|2.95|mm|in|abbr=on}} in length and {{convert|2.05|mm|in|abbr=on}} in width and is covered in scales forming a pattern of two white stripes along the top and yellow bands on the side. The [[Opisthosoma|abdomen]] is dark brown, {{convert|2.8|mm|in|abbr=on}} long and {{convert|2|mm|in|abbr=on}} wide, with yellow edges and greyish-yellow sides. The [[Spider vision|eye field]] is dark brown. The [[chelicerae]] is yellow and the [[Clypeus (arthropod anatomy)|clypeus]] is yellow-brown with white bristles. The [[spinnerets]] are brown, the legs are yellow and the [[pedipalp]]s are yellow, with a brown tint to some of the extemities. The [[palpal bulb]] is rounded and has distinctive appendages. The [[Palpal bulb|embolus]] is slightly curved and has a large elongated base. It has a long retrolateral tibial apophysis, which is distinctively fork-shaped and distinguishes the species from others in the genus. The spider is similar to ''[[Stenaelurillus furcatus]]'', which also has a long fork-like projection but the tines in this species are different lengths.{{sfn|Logunov|2020|page=210}} It also differs from other species in the area by its lack of a fringe.{{sfn|Marathe|Sanap|Joglekar|Caleb|2022|page=16}}

The female is similar to the male in shape but overall larger. The yellow carapace is {{convert|3.35|mm|in|abbr=on}} long and {{convert|2.28|mm|in|abbr=on}} wide and covered with brown and white scales. The abdomen has a length of {{convert|3.5|in|abbr=on}} and width of {{convert|2.8|mm|in|abbr=on}}. The chelicerae, clypeus, pedipalps, spinnerets and legs are all yellow. The [[epigyne]] is flat and has no pocket. The two copulatory openings are round and very close to each other. The insemination ducts are short, at the same depth as they are wide at the opening. The spider is unusual amongst ''Stenaelurillus'' species found in the region in that it lacks an epigynal pocket.{{sfn|Logunov|2020|pages=210, 212}}

==Distribution==
The species is [[Endemism|endemic]] to India.<ref name=wsc/> The [[holotype]] was identified based on a specimen collected in [[Odisha]] in 2014.{{sfn|Logunov|2020|page=212}} It was subsequently also found to live in [[Bihar]].{{sfn|Sudhin|Sen|Caleb|2023|page=132}}

==References==
===Citations===
{{Reflist|30em}}

===Bibliography===
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite journal | last=Fernández-Rubio | first=Fidel | title=La etimología de los nombres de las arañas (Araneae) | trans-title=The etymology of the names of spiders (Araneae) | journal=Revista ibérica de Aracnología | number=22 | pages=125–130 | issn=1576-9518 | year=2013 | language=ES}}
*{{cite journal | last=Logunov | first=Dmitri V. | year=2020 | title=Further notes on the genus ''Stenaelurillus'' Simon, 1885 from India (Araneae: Salticidae) | journal=Zootaxa | volume=4899 | number=1 | pages=201–214 | doi=10.11646/zootaxa.4899.1.11 | pmid=33756833 | s2cid=232339218 | url=http://publication.plazi.org/id/EE521E02D73FFFAAFFB2FFE3FFFDFFBE }}
*{{cite journal | last1=Maddison | first1=Wayne P. |title=A phylogenetic classification of jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae) | journal=The Journal of Arachnology | year= 2015 | volume=43 | number=3 | pages=231–292 | doi=10.1636/arac-43-03-231-292|s2cid=85680279 }}
*{{cite journal | last1=Marathe | first1=Kiran | first2=Rajesh | last2=Sanap | first3=Anuradha | last3=Joglekar | first4=John T. D. | last4=Caleb | first5=Wayne P. | last5=Maddison | year=2022 | title=Three new and notes on two other jumping spider species of the genus Stenaelurillus Simon, 1886 (Salticidae: Aelurillina) from the Deccan Plateau, India | journal=Zootaxa | volume=5125 | number=1 | pages=1–19| doi=10.11646/zootaxa.5125.1.1 | pmid=35391097 }}
*{{cite journal | last=Prószyński | first=Jerzy | year=2017 | title=Pragmatic classification of the World's Salticidae (Araneae) | journal=Ecologica Montenegrina | volume=12 | pages=1–133 | doi=10.37828/em.2017.12.1| doi-access=free }}
*{{cite journal | last1=Sudhin | first1=Puthoor Pattammal | first2=Souvik | last2=Sen | first3=John T. D. | last3=Caleb | year=2023 | title=Two new ''Stenaelurillus'' species (Araneae, Salticidae, Aelurillina) from Western Ghats, India | journal=Zoosystematics and Evolution | volume=99 | number=1 | pages=123–133 | doi=10.3897/zse.99.97985| doi-access=free }}
{{refend}}

{{taxonbar|from=Q106667450}}

[[Category:Arthropods of India]]
[[Category:Endemic fauna of India]]
[[Category:Salticidae]]
[[Category:Spiders described in 2020]]
[[Category:Spiders of the Indian subcontinent]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Dmitri V. Logunov]]

Varaha Cave Temple

2026-03-28T23:54:17Z

Caleb78G9218343: new a place

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
| image = vsvarahacave.jpg
| image_upright = 1.2
| caption =
| location = [[Mamallapuram]], [[Kanchipuram district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| part_of = Main complex of [[Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram]]
| criteria = {{UNESCO WHS type|(i), (ii), (iii), (vi)}}(i), (ii), (iii), (vi)
| ID = 249-001
| coordinates = {{coord|12|37|03|N|80|11|56|E|type:landmark|display=title, inline|format=dms}}
| year = 1984
| map_caption =
|WHS=|Criteria=}}
'''Varaha Cave Temple''' (i.e., '''Varaha Mandapa''' or the '''Adivaraha Cave'''<ref name="RingWatson2012"/>) is a rock-cut cave temple located at [[Mamallapuram]], on the [[Coromandel Coast]] of the Bay of Bengal in [[Kancheepuram District]] in [[Tamil Nadu]], India. It is part of the hill top village, which is {{Convert|4|km}} to the north of the main Mahabalipurm sites of rathas and the Shore Temple.<ref name="library">{{cite web
|url=http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/g/019pho000001003u02213000.html
|title=General view of the entrance to the Varaha Cave Temple, Mamallapuram
|publisher=British Library
|access-date=22 February 2013
|archive-date=21 May 2011
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521183718/http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/g/019pho000001003u02213000.html
|url-status=dead
}}</ref><ref name="Michell1977">{{cite book|author=George Michell|title=The Hindu Temple: An Introduction to Its Meaning and Forms|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ajgImLs62gwC&pg=PA81|access-date=7 February 2013|year=1977|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-53230-1|pages=81–}}</ref> It is an example of [[Indian rock-cut architecture]] dating from the late 7th century. The temple is one of the finest testimonial to the ancient [[Hinduism|Hindu]] rock-cut cave architecture, out of many such caves also called [[mandapa]]s. Part of the [[Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram]], the temple is a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]] as inscribed in 1984 under criteria i, ii, iii and iv.<ref name="UNESCO report">{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/archive/advisory_body_evaluation/249.pdf|title=UNESCO Site 249 – Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram|publisher=[[UNESCO World Heritage Site]]|date=1983-10-15|access-date=2009-05-18}}</ref> The most prominent sculpture in the cave is that of the [[Hindu god]] [[Vishnu]] in the incarnated form of a [[Varaha]] or boar lifting [[Bhudevi]], the mother earth goddess from the sea. Also carved are many mythical figures.<ref name=View>{{Cite web|url= http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/g/019pho000001003u02213000.html|title= General view of the entrance to the Varaha Cave Temple, Mamallapuram 10032213|access-date= 22 February 2013|publisher= Online Gallery of British Library|archive-date= 21 May 2011|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110521183718/http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/g/019pho000001003u02213000.html|url-status= dead}}</ref>

==Geography==
[[File:Varaha-mahabalipuram.jpg|thumb|The relief of Vishnu as Varaha lifting Bhudevi, the earth]]
{{Main|Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram}}
Varaha Cave Temple is located on the hills of Mahabalipuram town, {{Convert|4|km}} to the north of the main Mahabalipurm sites of rathas and Shore Temple, on the [[Coromandel Coast]] of the [[Bay of Bengal]] of the [[Indian Ocean]]. Now in the [[Kanchipuram district]], it is approximately {{convert|58|km}} from Chennai city (previously Madras) and about {{convert|20|miles}} from [[Chengalpattu]].<ref name="Ayyar1982">{{cite book|author=P. V. Jagadisa Ayyar|title=South Indian Shrines: Illustrated|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NLSGFW1uZboC&pg=PA157|access-date=7 February 2013|year=1982|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-0151-2|pages=157–}}</ref>

==History==
The cave reflects a transitional style of architecture in its columns mounted on seated lions and frescoes carved on the walls inside the cave which evolved during the rule of [[Pallava Dynasty|Pallava]] kings Mahendra Varman I and Narasimhavarman I known as Mamalla. This style was continued by Mamalla's son Parameshvaravarman I.<ref name="Jouveau-Dubreuil1994">{{cite book|author=G. Jouveau-Dubreuil|title=Pallava Antiquities – 2 Vols.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=itsryymCeLgC&pg=PA30|access-date=3 January 2013|date=1 December 1994|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-0571-8|pages=30–}}</ref> Historical research has also confirmed that Mahabalipuram town came to be established only after it was named after Mamalla and the caves and rathas are all attributed to his reign during the year 650 AD.<ref name="RingSalkin1995">{{cite book|author1=Trudy Ring|author2=Robert M. Salkin|author3=Sharon La Boda|title=Asia and Oceania: International Dictionary of Historic Places|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vWLRxJEU49EC&pg=PA912|access-date=7 February 2013|year=1995|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-884964-04-6|pages=912–}}</ref> It is the earliest known monument in Mahabalipuram though not the most visited due its hidden location.<ref name=Mantap>{{Cite web|url=http://puratattva.in/2010/08/04/mahabalipuram-the-workshop-of-pallavas-part-ii-44.html|title=Mahabalipuram – The Workshop of Pallavas – Part II|work=Adi-Varaha Perumal Cave Temple|access-date=23 February 2013|publisher=Puratatva.in|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120421061449/http://puratattva.in/2010/08/04/mahabalipuram-the-workshop-of-pallavas-part-ii-44.html|archive-date=21 April 2012|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The distinctive feature of the Pallava style is that the frontage of the cave has, without exception, finely carved columns mounted on lions in a sitting posture.<ref name=Two>{{Cite web|title= Two drawings of sculpture at Mamallapuram|access-date= 22 February 2013|publisher= Online Gallery of British Library|url= http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/other/019wdz000001764u00000000.html|archive-date= 4 March 2016|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160304220112/http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/other/019wdz000001764u00000000.html|url-status= dead}}</ref> The structure is part of the Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram, a UNESCO World Heritage Site inscribed in 1984.

==Architecture==
[[File:Rock Cut Varaha Temple Containing Varaha And Vamana Incarnation Of Vishnu - 3.jpg|thumb|Vishnu as Trivikrama taking the three strides]]
[[File:Rock Cut Varaha Temple Containing Varaha And Vamana Incarnation Of Vishnu (4).jpg|thumb|Gajalakshmi panel.]]
[[File:Varaha Mandapam, Pallava period, 7th century, Mahabalipuram (11) (37428423256).jpg|thumb|Durga Panel.]]

===Layout===
The temple is a small [[monolith]]ic rock-cut temple with a [[mandapa]] carved into the rock face of pink granite formations, dating from the 7th century.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.art-and-archaeology.com/india/mamallapuram/vct01.html|title=Mahabalipuram|publisher=Art and Archaeology|access-date=9 January 2013}}</ref> The cave is of smaller dimension and has a simple plan. The fluted columns separating the openings have cushion-shaped capitals and seated lions at the base. Certain [[Greco-Roman world|Greco-Roman architectural styles]] could also be discerned and the sitting statues are said to have likeness to the sitting styles seen in [[European architecture]], as against the Indian cross legged style. The style thus created at Mahabalipuram became a forerunner for South Indian style of architecture.<ref name="RingWatson2012">{{cite book|author1=Trudy Ring|author2=Noelle Watson|author3=Paul Schellinger|title=Asia and Oceania: International Dictionary of Historic Places|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vWLRxJEU49EC&pg=PA912|access-date=3 January 2013|date=12 November 2012|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-884964-04-6|pages=554–555, 912–}}</ref> The walls inside the cave have several striking mythological scenes carved in relief. Vishnu rescuing the earth, Vishnu taking three strides, Gaja Laksmi and Durga are all impressive panels carved in the Adivaraha Cave.<ref name="RingWatson2012"/>

===Features===
At the centre of the rear wall of the mandapa, opposite to the entrance, guardian figures are carved on either side of a shrine. Inside the mandapa, the walls have four large sculptured panels, good examples of naturalistic [[Pallava]] art. The side walls have carved sculpture panels of Vishnu as [[Trivikrama]] (Vamana) and northern panel, which is very large, depicts Vishnu in the form of [[Varaha]], the boar, lifting [[Bhudevi]], the earth goddess symbolically representing removal of ignorance of human beings. In this panel, Varaha has four hands, two arms carrying [[shankha]] and [[chakra]], which are shown towards the back and in one of the arms in the front he is carrying Bhudevi. There are no attendants fawning on him. However, the original panel has been plastered and painted.<ref name="library"/><ref name=Mantap/><ref name="View" /><ref name="Subburaj2006">{{cite book|author=V. Subburaj|title=Tourist Guide to Chennai|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wy9ZtMmsZmQC&pg=PA18|access-date=9 January 2013|date=1 December 2006|publisher=Sura Books|isbn=978-81-7478-040-9|page=18}}</ref>

The Gajalakshmi panel is on the rear wall which represents [[Gajalakshmi]], an aspect of [[Lakshmi]] - the goddess of prosperity. The religious significance of Gajalakshmi is well brought out in the panel. She is shown with her hand holding lotus flowers, fawned by four attendants, and carved in "perfect beauty and gracious countenance". Two royal elephants are filling the water vessels held by the attendants and one elephant is pouring water from the vessel on Lakshmi and the other is about to take the vessel from the maiden's hand to pour water over Lakshmi. The Durga panel, also on the rear wall, is indicative of victory over ignorance. The Trivikrama panel depicts Vishnu as the Lord of the three worlds. Another strikingly impressive panel is of Durga slaying the demon Mahishasura who is in an [[Anthropomorphism|anthropomorphic]] form of a human with a buffalo head; the scene is reminiscent of a battle between good and evil forces, with the side of Durga represented by the confident looking ''[[ganas]]'' advancing and the other side of Mahishasura with his army of ''[[asuras]]'' (demons) retreating. This scene is a new architectural depiction which is appreciated as to "enhance the drama and realism of the subject." The Brahma panel is carved with Brahma having three heads in ''sambhaga'' or standing posture.<ref name=Vara>{{Cite web|url=http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl2425/stories/20080104242506600.htm|title= Varaha Cave Temple|access-date=23 February 2013|publisher=Frontline, India's National Magazine, the publishers of The Hindu}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://www.wondermondo.com/Countries/As/India/TamilNadu/VarahaTemple.htm Varaha Cave Temple] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005092825/http://www.wondermondo.com/Countries/As/India/TamilNadu/VarahaTemple.htm |date=5 October 2016 }} by Wondermondo

{{Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Mahabalipuram]]
[[Category:Hindu cave temples in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Historic sites in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Dravidian architecture]]
[[Category:Indian architectural history]]
[[Category:Mahabalipuram]]
[[Category:7th-century Hindu temples]]
[[Category:Pallava architecture]]
[[Category:Varaha temples]]
[[Category:World Heritage Sites in India]]

LYF

2026-03-27T04:34:47Z

Caleb78G9218343:

{{short description|Line of consumer electronic smartphones from Jio}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Distinguish|Lyft}}
{{for|the Indian film|LYF: Love Your Father}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Jio LYF
| romanized_name =
| former_name = Reliance LYF
| logo = LYF vector logo.svg
| logo_size =
| logo_caption =
| type = [[Subsidiary]]
| founder = [[Mukesh Ambani]]
| defunct = {{End date and age|2019|df=yes}}
| area_served = India
| key_people = [[Mukesh Ambani]]
| industry = {{hlist|[[Smartphone]]|[[Consumer electronics]]}}
| products = {{hlist|[[Smartphone|Smartphones]]|[[Feature phone|Feature phones]]||[[Laptop]]s|[[Hotspot (Wi-Fi)|Hotspot]]}}
| owner = [[Reliance Industries]]
| num_employees =
| parent = [[Jio]]
| homepage =
| foundation = {{start date and age|df=y|2015|}}
| location_city = Mumbai, Maharashtra
| location_country = India
| alt =
| caption =
}}
'''Jio LYF''' (pronounced "life"), also known as '''LYF''', is an Indian brand of [[smartphone]]s, [[laptop]]s, [[consumer electronics]] developed by Jio and headquartered in [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India. It manufactures [[4G]]-enabled [[Voice over LTE|VoLTE]] smartphones which run on [[Android (operating system)|Android]].<ref>{{citation|title=Reliance Industries launches cellphone brand LYF, will sell 4G phone under it|date=16 October 2015|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/reliance-industries-launches-cellphone-brand-lyf-will-sell-4g-phone-under-it/articleshow/49414719.cms|work=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=14 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{citation|title=Reliance Jio Unveiled A 4G Device Under Lyf Brand|date=10 January 2016|url=http://www.gizmodo.in/indiamodo/Reliance-Jio-Unveiled-A-4G-Device-Under-Lyf-Brand/articleshow/50517335.cms|publisher=[[Gizmodo]] - India|access-date=10 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160213221332/http://www.gizmodo.in/indiamodo/Reliance-Jio-Unveiled-A-4G-Device-Under-Lyf-Brand/articleshow/50517335.cms|archive-date=13 February 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{citation|title=Reliance Jio unveils low-cost 4G mobile phones LYF|date=8 January 2016|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/article/industry/companies/reliance-jio-unveils-low-cost-4g-mobile-phones-lyf/190790/|work=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]|access-date=10 February 2016}}</ref> It is a subsidiary of Jio, the telecommunication arm of Reliance Industries.<ref>{{citation|title=Reliance Retail to source high-end VoLTE smartphones before Jio launch|date=10 March 2016|url=http://telecom.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/reliance-retail-to-source-high-end-volte-smartphones-before-jio-launch/51343363|work=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=14 March 2016}}</ref>

According to Counterpoint Research, LYF was the fifth largest smartphone player and second largest LTE phone supplier in India in 2016.<ref name="CRLYF1">{{citation |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2016-04-29/news/72704267_1_counterpoint-research-phone-market-market-share|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160516091821/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2016-04-29/news/72704267_1_counterpoint-research-phone-market-market-share|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 May 2016|last1=Mukherjee| first1=Writankar|date=29 April 2016| work=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=6 May 2016|title=Reliance Jio's Lyf becomes fifth largest smartphone player: Counterpoint Research}}</ref><ref name="CRLYF2">{{citation |url=http://www.indiatvnews.com/business/india-only-4-months-old-reliance-jio-s-lyf-claims-fifth-spot-in-smartphone-market-326688|date=30 April 2016| publisher=[[India TV]]|access-date=6 May 2016|title=Only 4 months old, Reliance Jio's Lyf claims fifth spot in smartphone market}}</ref><ref name="CRLYF3">{{citation |url=http://www.financialexpress.com/article/industry/tech/india-smartphone-market-up-23-pct-reliance-jios-lyf-becomes-second-largest-lte-phone-supplier/245784/|date=30 April 2016| work=[[The Financial Express (India)|Financial Express]]|access-date=6 May 2016|title=India smartphone market up 23 pct; Reliance Jio's Lyf becomes second largest LTE phone supplier}}.</ref>

== History ==
LYF was established in 2015 by the telecom operator, Jio. Marketed closely along with [[Jio]]'s 4G services, smartphones under the brand were slated to launch in November 2015.<ref>{{citation|title=RIL's 4G-enabled LYF smartphones coming in November|date=16 October 2015|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tech/tech-news/RILs-4G-enabled-LYF-smartphones-cggoming-in-November/articleshow/49416645.cms|work=[[The Times of India]] - Tech|access-date=10 February 2016}}</ref> In January 2016, it launched its first set of 4G-enabled smartphones named after the four [[Classical element|classical elements]]: Earth, Flame (Fire), Water, and Wind.<ref>{{citation|title= Lyf Flame 1, Lyf Wind 6 Dual-SIM 4G Smartphones Launched in India |date= 29 February 2016 |url= http://gadgets.ndtv.com/mobiles/news/lyf-flame-1-lyf-wind-6-dual-sim-4g-smartphones-launched-in-india-807945 |publisher= [[NDTV]] - Gadgets |access-date= 14 March 2016 |website= ndtv.com }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url= https://www.makemeidol.com/lyf-mobile-reliance/ |title= Lyf Mobile Reliance-All cheap and costlier phones of Lyf and all about Lyf ... |author= M.D. Srinivas |date= 2017-07-23 |work= Make Me IDOL |access-date= 2017-12-28 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Market==

In May 2016, international market tracker Counterpoint Research reported that LYF had become the fifth-largest smartphone producer in the Indian market, capturing a 7% share in the January–March quarter of the financial year 2015-16. It was the second-largest LTE phone supplier after [[Samsung Electronics|Samsung]], surpassing [[Micromax Informatics|Micromax]] and [[Lenovo]] during the quarter. "In first quarter of its inception, LYF instantly climbed to become one of the top five smartphone brands in India in terms of shipment volumes," Tarun Pathak, senior analyst at Counterpoint said in the report.<ref name=CRLYF1/> Reliance Digital had shipped around 1.7 million LYF branded smartphones in the first quarter of 2016.<ref name=CRLYF2/>

== Products ==
[[File:LYF WATER 2 Smartphone.JPG|180px|thumb|An image of LYF WATER 2 phone with [[In-plane switching|IPS]] display<ref>{{citation|url=https://www.mylyf.com/water-2|date=11 May 2016|website=MyLYF.com|access-date=11 May 2016|title=WATER 2 Smartphone|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410025928/https://www.mylyf.com/water-2|archive-date=10 April 2016}}</ref>]]
In October 2015, LYF tied up with domestic handset maker [[Intex Technologies|Intex]] to supply 4G handsets enabled with voice over LTE (VoLTE) feature.<ref>{{citation|title=Intex ties up with Reliance Jio to supply 4G handsets|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/technology/tech-news-technology/intex-ties-up-with-reliance-jio-to-supply-4g-handsets/|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=24 September 2015 }}</ref> In January 2016, it launched its first set of smartphones - LYF Earth 1, LYF Water 1, and LYF Water 2.<ref>{{citation|title=Reliance Jio 4G smartphones LYF Earth 1, LYF Water 1, LYF Water 2 now available|date=29 January 2016|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/technology/mobile-tabs/reliance-jio-4g-smartphones-lyf-earth-1-lyf-water-1-lyf-water-2-now-available/|work=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=11 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{citation|title=Reliance's LYF Water 2 Goes Official in India: specifications, features, price and availability|date=9 February 2016|url=http://gsminsider.com/2016/02/reliances-lyf-water-2-specifications-features-price-and-availability/|publisher=GSM Insider|access-date=10 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216113753/http://gsminsider.com/2016/02/reliances-lyf-water-2-specifications-features-price-and-availability/|archive-date=16 February 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{citation|last=Singh|first=Saurabh|title=Reliance Jio's Lyf Earth 1, Water 1 & Water 2 phones listed online, prices start at Rs.14,690|date=27 January 2016|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/technology/news/story/reliance-jios-lyf-earth-1-water-1-and-water-2-phones-listed-online-prices-start-at-rs-14-690-305735-2016-01-27|work=India Today|access-date=10 February 2016|archive-date=16 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216190329/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/technology/story/reliance-jios-lyf-earth-1-water-1-and-water-2-phones-listed-online-prices-start-at-rs-14-690/1/580618.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{citation|title=Reliance Lyf Flame 1 vs Xiaomi Redmi 2 vs Coolpad Note 3 Lite|date=10 February 2016|url=http://www.in.techradar.com/news/phone-and-communications/mobile-phones/Reliance-Lyf-Flame-1-vs-Xiaomi-Redmi-2-vs-Coolpad-Note-3Lite/articleshow/50916634.cms|publisher=[[TechRadar]] - India|access-date=10 February 2016}}</ref>

== Production ==
LYF smartphones are manufactured by Chinese handset maker [[ZTE|ZTE Corporation]], [[Intex Technologies|Intex]], as well as [[Original design manufacturer|ODM]]s like CK Telecom Limited, [[Wingtech]], and [[Wiko]].<ref>https://www.gadgetsnow.com/tech-news/ZTE-plans-manufacturing-unit-in-India/articleshow/52359068.cms ZTE plans manufacturing unit in India</ref> As of early 2016, it has been reported that 600 thousand smartphones have been supplied to LYF by ZTE.<ref name="1605GGS">[https://www.gadgetsnow.com/tech-news/ZTE-plans-manufacturing-unit-in-India/articleshow/52359068.cms ZTE plans manufacturing unit in India]</ref>

== Distribution ==
LYF phones are directly sold through its [[Reliance Retail|retail]] outlets.<ref>{{citation|title=Reliance Retail starts sale of its 4G LYF devices|date=28 January 2016|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/reliance-retail-starts-sale-of-its-4g-lyf-devices-116012801159_1.html|work=[[Business Standard]]|access-date=10 February 2016|agency=Press Trust of India }}</ref> In February 2016, LYF tied up with app-based delivery service [[Blinkit|Grofers]] and online retailer [[Amazon (company)|Amazon]] to deliver its phones to users.<ref>{{citation|title=Reliance Jio's LYF 4G smartphones now being delivered by Grofers|date=1 February 2016|url=http://www.in.techradar.com/news/phone-and-communications/mobile-phones/Reliance-Jios-LYF-4G-smartphones-now-being-delivered-by-Grofers/articleshow/50795076.cms|publisher=[[TechRadar]]|access-date=10 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{citation|title=Reliance Jio to launch 4 4G VoLTE LYF branded smartphones priced between Rs 4,000-Rs 25,000 in India|date=10 December 2015|url=http://www.bgr.in/news/reliance-jio-to-launch-4-4g-volte-lyf-branded-smartphones-priced-between-rs-4000-rs-25000-in-india/|publisher=BGR|access-date=11 March 2016}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Portal|Technology}}
*{{URL|https://www.mylyf.com/|Official site}}

{{Reliance Industries Limited}}
{{Electronics industry in India}}
{{Authority Control}}

[[Category:Reliance Retail]]
[[Category:Jio]]
[[Category:Mobile phone companies of India]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2015]]
[[Category:Consumer electronics brands]]
[[Category:Electronics companies of India]]
[[Category:Mobile phone manufacturers]]
[[Category:Indian brands]]
[[Category:2015 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Electronics companies established in 2015]]

Dow Chemical Company

2026-03-25T19:02:46Z

Caleb78G9218343: fix information to improve readability per standard format

{{Short description|American chemical company}}
{{Redirect-distinguish|Dow Inc.|Dow Jones & Company}}
{{Use American English|date=November 2025}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Dow Inc.
| logo = Dow Chemical Company logo.svg
| logo_size = 200px
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{ubl|{{NYSE|DOW}}|[[S&P 500]] component}}
[[DJIA]] component (2019–2024)
| founded = {{Start date and age|1897}} (original company) {{Start date and age|2019|04|01}} (current iteration)
| hq_location = [[Midland, Michigan]], U.S.
| founder = [[Herbert Henry Dow]]
| area_served = Worldwide
| key_people = {{ubl|[[Jim Fitterling]] ([[chairman]] and [[CEO]])|Jeff Tate ([[CFO]])}}
| industry = [[Chemical industry|Chemicals]]
| products = Chemicals, [[plastic]]s, performance chemicals, [[catalyst]]s, [[coating]]s, [[hydrocarbon exploration]]
| suppressfields = parent
| subsid = {{ubl|The Dow Chemical Company|[[Union Carbide]]|[[Rohm and Haas]]}}
| revenue = {{Decrease}} {{US$|39.97 billion|link=yes}} (2025)
| operating_income = {{Decrease}} {{US$|-1.70 billion}} (2025)
| net_income = {{Decrease}} {{US$|-2.62 billion}} (2025)
| assets = {{Increase}} {{US$|58.54 billion}} (2025)
| equity = {{nowrap|{{Decrease}} {{US$|16.01 billion}} (2025)}}
| owner = 
| num_employees = 34,600 (2025)
| website = {{URL|https://dow.com}}
| footnotes =<ref name="10-K">{{cite web|url=https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/29915/000175178826000018/dow-20251231.htm |title=Dow Inc. 2025 Annual Report (Form 10-K) |date=February 3, 2026 |publisher=[[U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission]] |website=sec.gov}}</ref>
}}
[[File:Bromine layer on the inner surface of the vial is thinner.jpg|thumb|[[Bromine]]]]
The '''Dow Chemical Company''' is an American [[multinational corporation]] headquartered in [[Midland, Michigan]], United States. The company was among the three [[List of largest chemical producers|largest chemical producers]] in the world in 2021.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cen.acs.org/business/finance/CENs-Global-Top-50-2022/100/i26 | title=C&EN's Global Top 50 chemical firms for 2022 | date=January 21, 2025 }}</ref> It is the [[operating subsidiary]] of '''Dow Inc.''', a publicly traded [[holding company]] incorporated under [[Delaware General Corporation Law|Delaware law]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://d18rn0p25nwr6d.cloudfront.net/CIK-0001751788/77c0c9c7-c56e-457d-ad96-664f7898325a.pdf |title=Form 10-K |format=see Part I |work=U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission |access-date=2023-11-06}}</ref>

With a presence in approximately 160 countries, it employs about 36,000 people worldwide.<ref name="10-K" /> Dow has been called the "chemical companies' chemical company",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=il&vol=app/2005/1031657&invol|title=Quote from John Tysse, Dow vice-president of sales and marketing|access-date=28 November 2007}}</ref> referring to its sales to other industries rather than sales made directly to end-use consumers. Dow is a member of the [[American Chemistry Council]].<ref>[https://businesswomen/news/home/20190401005899/en/Dow-completes-separation-DowDuPont] {{Dead link|date=February 2022|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>

In 2015, Dow and fellow chemical company, [[DuPont]], agreed to a corporate reorganization involving the merger of Dow and DuPont followed by a separation into three different entities. The plan commenced in 2017, when Dow and DuPont merged to form DowDuPont, and was finalized in April 2019, when the materials science division was spun off from DowDuPont and took the name of the Dow Chemical Company.<ref>{{cite press release |url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/dowdupont-completes-spin-off-of-dow-inc-300822253.html | title=DowDuPont Completes Spin-off of Dow Inc. | publisher=[[PR Newswire]] | date=1 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thestreet.com/investing/stocks/dow-inc-debuts-on-nyse-dow-jones-industrial-average-following-dowdupont-spinoff-14913873 | title=Dow Inc Debuts on NYSE, Dow Jones Industrial Average Following DowDuPont Spinoff | first=Martin | last=Baccardax | work=[[TheStreet.com]] | date=2 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.chron.com/business/energy/article/Dow-spin-off-to-emerge-as-major-chemical-company-13673148.php | title=Dow spin-off to emerge as major chemical company | first=Marissa | last=Luck | work=[[Houston Chronicle]] | date=8 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.barrons.com/articles/why-the-new-dow-spinoff-is-a-buy-dowdupont-also-looks-appealing-51553905612 | title=How the Dow Spinoff Could Unlock Value and Offer a Rich Dividend | first=Andrew | last=Bary | work=[[Barron's (newspaper)|Barron's]] | date=29 March 2019}}</ref>

== History ==
===Early history===
[[File:HDow1888.jpg|thumb|Founder [[Herbert Henry Dow]]]]

Dow was founded in 1897 by chemist [[Herbert Henry Dow]], who invented a new method of extracting the [[bromine]] that was trapped underground in [[brine]] at Midland, Michigan.<ref name="invent">{{cite web |url=http://www.invent.org/hall_of_fame/45.html | title=Hall of Fame Inventor Profile | publisher=National Inventors Hall of Fame | access-date=24 June 2006 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070421011844/http://www.invent.org/hall_of_fame/45.html | archive-date=21 April 2007 }}</ref> The company originally sold only [[bleach]] and [[potassium bromide]], achieving a bleach output of 72 tons a day in 1902.<ref name=":4" /> Early in the company's history, a group of [[Economy of the United Kingdom|British]] manufacturers tried to drive Dow out of the bleach business by cutting prices.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Armed Forces Chemical Journal |date=1956 |publisher=Armed Forces Chemical Association |pages=33 |language=en}}</ref> Dow survived by also cutting its prices and, although losing about $90,000 in income, began to diversify its [[product line]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.geo.msu.edu/geo333/dow.html | title=Dow Chemical | publisher=[[University of Michigan]] Department of Geography | access-date = 24 June 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060513202338/http://www.geo.msu.edu/geo333/dow.html  |archive-date = 13 May 2006}}</ref>

In 1905, German bromide producers began dumping bromides at low cost in the U.S. in an effort to prevent Dow from expanding its sales of bromides in Europe. Instead of competing directly for market share with the German producers, Dow bought the cheap German-made bromides and shipped them back to Europe. This undercut his German competitors.<ref>{{cite book |last=Brandt |first=E.N. |title=Growth Company: Dow Chemical's First Century |year=1997 |publisher=Michigan State University Press |location=East Lansing, Michigan |isbn=0-87013-426-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/growthcompanydow0000bran }}</ref> Even in its early history, Dow set a tradition of rapidly diversifying its product line. Within twenty years, Dow had become a major producer of [[agricultural]] chemicals, elemental [[chlorine]], [[phenol]] and other [[dye]]stuffs, and [[magnesium]] metal.{{Citation needed|date=April 2020}} Dow hired [[Charles J. Strosacker]], another [[Case Western Reserve University|Case]] alumni, in 1907.<ref name="LIFE">{{cite book |last1=Dalton |first1=Richard F |title=The life and legacy of Charles J. Strosacker |date=January 1, 1995 |publisher=Northwood University Press |isbn=0873590570 |pages=145 pages |edition=1st }}</ref>

[[File:Group portrait of Dow Chemical Company office staff - DPLA - 865ef87f140af4b4fb0d491e59570614.jpg|left|thumb]]
During [[World War I]], Dow supplied many war materials that the United States had previously imported from Germany. Dow produced [[magnesium]] for incendiary flares, [[Chlorobenzene|monochlorobenzene]] and [[phenol]] for explosives, and bromine for medicines and tear gas. By 1918, 90 percent of Dow's production was geared towards the war effort.<ref name="Wayback">{{cite web| title =Herbert Henry Dow 1866–1930| publisher =Chemical Heritage Foundation| year =2002|url=http://www.chemheritage.org/explore/hhdow/HerbertDow.htm| access-date =5 April 2007| url-status =dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070327060448/http://www.chemheritage.org/explore/hhdow/HerbertDow.htm| archive-date =27 March 2007}}</ref> At this time, Dow created the diamond logo that is still used by the company.<ref name="walkoffame">{{cite web|title=Herbert Henry Dow |publisher=Michigan Walk of Fame |url=http://www.michiganwalkoffame.com/dow.asp |access-date=5 April 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061103134319/http://www.michiganwalkoffame.com/dow.asp |archive-date=3 November 2006 }}</ref> After the war, Dow continued research in magnesium, and it developed refined automobile pistons that produced more speed and better fuel efficiency. The Dowmetal pistons were used heavily in racing vehicles, and the 1921 winner of the [[Indianapolis 500]] used the Dowmetal pistons in his vehicle.<ref name="Wayback" />

====Founder's death====
H. H. Dow died October 15, 1930, from [[cirrhosis]] of the liver<ref name="Profile">{{cite web|title=Herbert Henry Dow|url=https://www.sciencehistory.org/historical-profile/herbert-henry-dow|website=Science History Institute |date=June 2016 |access-date=21 March 2018}}</ref> while receiving treatment at the [[Mayo Clinic]] in Minnesota.<ref name="MDN">{{cite web |last1=Andrick |first1=Floyd |title=70 years later: Remembering the tragic loss of Willard Dow |url=https://www.ourmidland.com/news/article/70-years-laterRemembering-the-tragic-loss-of-13687300.php |website=ourmidland.com |date=March 14, 2019 |publisher=Midland Daily News |access-date=3 May 2025}}</ref> He had personally received over 90 patents<ref name="inventnow">{{cite web|title=Herbert Henry Dow |publisher=Invent Now |url=http://www.invent.org/hall_of_fame/45.html |access-date=April 5, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070421011844/http://www.invent.org/hall_of_fame/45.html |archive-date=April 21, 2007 }}</ref> and was awarded the [[Perkin Medal]] the January before his death.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1021/ie50242a002|title=Perkin Medal Award|journal=Industrial & Engineering Chemistry|volume=22|issue=2|pages=112|year=1930}}</ref>

===Diversification and expansion===
====Willard Dow====
[[Willard Dow]] was born in 1897, the year his father founded Dow Chemical. He was the oldest boy and his father required him to work in every department at the Midland plant to expand his knowledge of the company. In 1922, Willard was named a company director and became general manager of the Dow plant in 1926.<ref name=MDN/> When his father died, Willard was just 33, but he proved himself capable of successfully operating the company.<ref name=MDN/> Strosacker was appointed to Dow's board of directors.<ref name="ABT">{{cite web |title=Charles J. Strosacker |url=https://www.strosacker.org/about/ |website=strosacker.org |publisher=Charles J. Strosacker Foundation |access-date=28 June 2025}}</ref>
Dow invested heavily in research and development during the [[Great Depression]].<ref name=DOW/>

In the 1930s, Dow began producing plastic resins, which would grow to become one of the corporation's major businesses. Its first plastic products were [[ethylcellulose]], made in 1935, and [[polystyrene]], made in 1937.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=III |first=Kenneth E. Hendrickson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EdwsCgAAQBAJ&q=DOW%2C+polystyrene%2C+1937&pg=PA271 |title=The Encyclopedia of the Industrial Revolution in World History |date=25 November 2014 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=9780810888883 |pages=271 |language=en}}</ref>

=====Magnesium=====
In just eight months from 1940 to 1941, Dow built its first plant in [[Freeport, Texas]], to produce [[magnesium]] extracted from [[seawater]] rather than underground [[brine]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.chemicalonline.com/doc/dow-to-exit-magnesium-business-0001|title=Dow To Exit Magnesium Business|website=Chemicalonline.com|access-date=7 February 2020}}</ref> The Freeport plant is Dow's largest site, and the largest integrated chemical manufacturing site in the country.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.houstonchronicle.com/business/article/DowDuPont-opens-massive-plastics-plant-in-Freeport-12219576.php|title=DowDuPont opens massive plastics plant in Freeport|last=Blum|first=Jordan|date=22 September 2017|website=HoustonChronicle.com|language=en-US|access-date=7 February 2020}}</ref> The site grew quickly – with power, chlorine, caustic soda and ethylene also soon in production.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reliableplant.com/Read/10254/dow-to-build-new-production-facility-in-freeport,-texas|title=Dow to build new production facility in Freeport, Texas|website=Reliableplant.com|language=en|access-date=7 February 2020}}</ref> When Japan [[Attack on Pearl Harbor|attacked Pearl Harbor]] in December, the plant was the primary source of magnesium in the United States.<ref name="DOW">{{cite web |title=A Son Takes the Lead During Demanding Times |url=https://corporate.dow.com/en-us/about-dow/company/history/willard-dow.html |website=dow.com |publisher=Dow |access-date=3 May 2025}}</ref>
After the attack, the U.S. government asked Dow to step up its magnesium production. Dow doubled its capacity in Freeport, built a second plant in Velasco, Texas, and added two new plants on the shores of Lake Michigan and Lake Huron in Michigan. In 1942, a critical year in gaining air supremacy over Europe, Dow-operated plants produced 84 percent of the nation's magnesium output.<ref name=DOW/>
Magnesium was required to manufacture lightweight parts for [[aircraft]].<ref name=FREE>Herman, Arthur. ''Freedom's Forge: How American Business Produced Victory in World War II,'' pp. 118, 219, 312, 324–5, Random House, New York, NY. {{ISBN|978-1-4000-6964-4}}.</ref>
Growth of this business made Dow a strategic company during World War II.<ref name=FREE/>

=====Styrene=====
When the second world war began, access to natural rubber was essentially terminated. [[Polybutadiene]] was the [[synthetic rubber]] selected for use by the federal government. The product is made from [[Butadiene]] and [[Styrene]]. Dow was the only styrene producer in the United States.<ref name=DOW/>
In 1942, Dow agreed to provide the government with assistance to enable the U.S. to produce synthetic rubber during the war. Dow also operated several plants at the government's request to supply synthetic rubber to their armed forces.<ref name=DOW/>
Dow began its foreign expansion with the formation of Dow Chemical of Canada in [[Sarnia, Ontario]] to produce styrene for use in synthetic rubber.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thesarniajournal.ca/dow-chemical-was-big-part-of-sarnia-for-more-than-six-decades/|title=Dow Chemical was big part of Sarnia for more than six decades|date=30 December 2017|website=The Sarnia Journal|language=en-US|access-date=7 February 2020}}</ref>

=====Plastics & foam=====
Dow produced several plastics used by the military in World War II, such as Ethocel, foamed polystyrene (marketed as styrofoam), and [[Saran (plastic)|Saran]], later sold to consumers as Saran Wrap.<ref name=DOW/><ref name="SARAN">{{cite web |title=Ralph Wiley, Inventor of Saran |url=https://midlandacs100.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Brinewell001.pdf |website=midlandacs100.org |publisher=Dow Chemical Company |access-date=28 June 2025}}</ref>

=====Dow Corning=====
In 1943, Corning Glass Works (now [[Corning Inc.]]) and Dow formed [[Dow Corning]], established to explore [[silicone]] products for military use. Their first product was Dow Corning 4 Compound, an ignition-sealing compound that allowed airplanes to fly at high-altitudes. After the war, Dow Corning began producing products for civilian use and became the largest producer of silicone products in the world.<ref name=DOW/>

The Ethyl-Dow Chemical Co. plant at [[Kure Beach, North Carolina|Kure's Beach, NC]], the only plant on the East Coast producing [[bromine]] from seawater, was attacked by a German U-boat in 1942.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.starnewsonline.com/article/20110506/News/605069446|title=Kure Beach looks to remedy debris left from Dow Plant historic site|last=Bowen|first=Shannan|date=6 May 2011|website=Wilmington Star News|language=en|access-date=7 February 2020|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200428171132/https://www.starnewsonline.com/article/NC/20110506/News/605069446/WM|archive-date=28 April 2020}}</ref>

===Post War===
[[Carl Gerstacker]] was discharged from the Army in 1946 as a Major<ref>{{cite web |last1=Nelb |first1=Tawny |title=New documents show World War II contributions of Midland icon Carl A. Gerstacker |url=https://www.ourmidland.com/news/article/New-documents-show-World-War-II-contributions-of-15927047.php |website=ourmidland.com |publisher=Midland Daily News |access-date=15 May 2025}}</ref> and returned to Dow in Midland. He was a production engineer<ref name=REC/> before the war, but his military service provided experience in problem solving and managing the finances and operations of numerous facilities producing war material. He shifted to finance and accounting and ascended the corporate ladder quickly. He was added to
Dow's board of directors in 1948<ref name="LAT">{{cite web |title=Carl Gerstacker; Former Dow Chemical Chairman |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1995-05-01-mn-60939-story.html |website=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=May 1995 |access-date=5 May 2025}}</ref>

====Airplane crash====
Dow President and CEO [[Willard Dow]] died in an airplane crash on March 31, 1949. [[Leland Doan]] was named Dow president; Earl Bennett, father-in-law of Willard's brother ([[Alden B. Dow]]) became board chairman; general manager was Dr. Mark Putnam; Calvin Campbell was named secretary and Carl Gerstacker was selected as treasurer.<ref name="MDN"/>

====Leland Doan====
When Leland Doan became president of Dow in 1949, the world was evolving rapidly. One of Doan's first tasks was to reorganize the company and oversee its diversification and expansion. As war production changed to a normal economy, residential construction boomed. In 1960, almost two-thirds of Americans owned their homes.<ref name=BOOM/> As the consumer economy grew, so did the demand for household products. Dow had always sold products to other companies but recognized an opportunity and quickly developed a catalog of products for consumer use.<ref name=BOOM/>

Doan created Dow's biggest product diversification and expanded their markets. Department heads were given more authority, and he expanded his sales force and trained them to analyze their markets and the production process. A news release announced $25 million for expansion into plastic products. New facilities were planned for 1951 with a $100 million budget.<ref name="HBS">{{cite web |title=Leland I. Doan |url=https://www.hbs.edu/leadership/20th-century-leaders/details?profile=leland_i_doan |website=hbs.edu |publisher=President & Fellows of Harvard College |access-date=10 May 2025}}</ref>
Gerstacker was named vice-president in 1955 and joined Dow's executive committee the following year. He was named chairman of the board in 1960.<ref name="REC">{{cite web |title=Person record |url=https://mcfta.pastperfectonline.com/byperson?keyword=Gerstacker%2C%20Carl%20A. |website=pastperfectonline.com |publisher=Midland Center for the Arts |access-date=7 May 2025}}</ref>
Leland Doan reached Dow's mandatory retirement age in 1962 and stepped down. During his 13 years at the helm, employment at Dow more than doubled to 31,000 from 14,000, and sales soared to $890 million from $200 million.<ref name=ANN>{{cite web |title=Leland Doan Dies at 79 |url=https://aadl.org/node/83745 |website=aadl.org |publisher=Ann Arbor News |access-date=10 May 2025}}</ref><ref name="NYT">{{cite web |title=LELAND I. DOAN, 79, EX-DOWCHIEF, DIES |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/04/05/archives/leland-i-doan-79-exdowchief-dies-headed-chemical-company-in-major.html |website=[[The New York Times]] |date=April 5, 1974 |access-date=11 May 2025}}</ref>

====Ted Doan====
[[Ted Doan]] rapidly climbed the company ladder and followed his father, becoming president when he was 40 years old.<ref name=BOOM/>
Doan immediately integrated disparate company branches to create an efficient organization focused on growth and expansion outside the U.S.
His goal was to increase company earnings 10% each year.<ref name=PASS/> Dow sales surpassed $1 billion in 1964.<ref name="BOOM">{{cite web |title=The Post-War Boom |url=https://corporate.dow.com/en-us/about-dow/company/history/the-postwar-boom.html |website=corporate.dow.com |publisher=Dow |access-date=9 May 2025}}</ref>
Doan began an open-door policy for employees, placed higher emphasis on research, and held the attitude that their employees were the company's strength. Those policies continued after Doan's departure from Dow.<ref name="LEAD">{{cite web |last1=Marchlewski |first1=Kathie |title=Leader & friend |url=https://www.ourmidland.com/news/article/Leader-friend-7012239.php |website=ourmidland.com |date=May 18, 2006 |publisher=Midland Daily News |access-date=8 May 2025}}</ref>
Doan periodically visited the research labs at Dow and was always interested in the work of each employee.<ref name=LEAD/>

Troika is Russian term for a wagon pulled by a team of three horses abreast. Doan formed a management troika with Gerstacker responsible for finance and marketing, [[Ben Branch]] in charge of international business and manufacturing, and Doan managing everything else. The three met every other week on Monday mornings. Once each year they would retreat for a week to determine company strategy for the next year and evaluate all 300 senior managers. Upon their return personnel changes were effected.<ref name="PASS">{{cite web |title=Former Dow CEO Passes |url=https://www.agrimarketing.com/show_story.php?id=40632 |website=agrimarketing.com | publisher=Henderson Communications LLC. |access-date=9 May 2025}}</ref>

=====Overseas=====
When Dow realized that constructing manufacturing facilities in other countries created demand, they began producing plastics in Germany, Greece, Spain and Italy. The largest investment was in the [[Netherlands]], at [[Terneuzen]]. That chemical complex opened in 1965. Plants were also built in South America: Argentina and Colombia plus [[New Zealand]].<ref name="BOOM"/>
With extensive operations all around the world, Doan and his managers had a meeting in 1965 where they acknowledged the need to decentralize. They established a headquarters on every continent to manage business. Dow Europe, Dow Latin America and Dow Pacific were established in 1966.Technology centers were also established for 33 key products.<ref name=BOOM/>

=====Retirement=====
Doan stepped down from Dow in 1971 when global sales had achieved $2 billion<ref name=BOOM/> and Doan proclaimed that he and Dow were "healthy as horses".<ref name=PASS/> He believed that competent younger employees should be placed in senior positions because they have the new ideas and energy to advance the company. Doan and Gerstacker established a policy that presidents, CEOs and board chairpersons must relinquish their post at age of 60 and retire from the company at 65. The five-year period became known as "deceleration".<ref name="9780870136832 _p127">{{cite book |last1=Brandt |first1=E. N. |title=Chairman of the Board: A Biography of Carl A. Gerstacker |date=May 31, 2003 |publisher=Michigan STATE University Press |location=Lansing, Michigan |isbn=9780870136832 |page=127 |edition=1st}}</ref> It really wasn't "retirement" for him; he was only 48. He remained on Dow's board of directors and [[Dow Corning Corporation]]'s board until 1987.<ref name="MTU">{{cite web |title=Herbert Doan |url=https://www.mtu.edu/chemical/department/alumni/profiles/herbert-doan.html |website=mtu.edu |publisher=Michigan Technological University |access-date=9 May 2025}}</ref>

====Ben Branch====
In 1971, Ben Branch became president and CEO.<ref name="JOC">{{cite web |title=CARL GERSTACKER, EX-DOW CHIEF, DIES |url=https://www.joc.com/article/carl-gerstacker-ex-dow-chief-dies-5406962 |website=joc.com |publisher=Journal of Commerce |access-date=11 May 2025}}</ref>

In the post-war era, Dow began expanding outside of North America, founding its first overseas subsidiary in [[Economy of Japan|Japan]] in 1952, and in several other nations soon thereafter. Based largely on its growing plastics business, Dow opened a consumer products division, beginning with Saran wrap in 1953.<ref>{{Cite news|first=Richard|last=Halloran|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1975/10/16/archives/japan-shelves-dow-plan-for-two-chemical-plants-japan-shelves-dow.html|title=japan Shelves Dow Plan For Two Chemical Plants|date=16 October 1975|work=The New York Times|access-date=7 February 2020|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|url-access=limited}}</ref>

===Nuclear weapons===
From 1951 to 1975, Dow managed the [[Rocky Flats Plant]] near [[Denver, Colorado]]. Rocky Flats was a nuclear weapons production facility that produced [[plutonium]] triggers for [[hydrogen bomb]]s.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.denverpost.com/2018/05/02/rocky-flats-plutonium-exposure-lawsuit/|title=Rocky Flats may soon open for recreation, but the feds skipped a study on plutonium exposure and the risk it poses to cyclists and hikers, lawsuit says|date=2 May 2018|website=The Denver Post|language=en-US|access-date=7 February 2020}}</ref>

{{Main|Rocky Flats Plant}}

[[Contamination]] from fires and [[radioactive waste]] leakage plagued the facility under Dow's management. In 1957 a fire burned plutonium dust in the facility and sent radioactive particles into the atmosphere.<ref name=":0" />

The Department of Energy transferred management of the facility to [[Rockwell International]] in 1975.<ref name=":0" /> In 1990, nearby residents filed a class action lawsuit against Dow and Rockwell for environmental contamination of the area; the case was settled in 2017 for $375 million.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://denver.cbslocal.com/2017/05/02/rocky-flats-settlement/|title=Rocky Flats Reaches $375 Million Settlement|date=2 May 2017}}</ref> According to the Appellate Court, the owners of the 12,000 properties in the class-action area had not proved that their properties were damaged or they had suffered bodily injury.<ref>[http://www.ca10.uscourts.gov/opinions/08/08-1224.pdf ''Cook, et al. v. Rockwell International Corp., et al.''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016132320/http://www.ca10.uscourts.gov/opinions/08/08-1224.pdf |date=16 October 2014 }}, Nos. 08–1224, 08–1226 and 08-1239 (U.S. Court of Appeals, 10th Circuit 3 September 2010)</ref>

===Vietnam War: napalm and Agent Orange===
[[File:US-Huey-helicopter-spraying-Agent-Orange-in-Vietnam.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|[[U.S. Army]] helicopter spraying Agent Orange over agricultural land during the [[Vietnam War]]]]
The [[United States military]] used [[napalm]] bombs during the [[Vietnam War]] until 1973. Dow was one of several manufacturers who began producing the napalm B compound under government contract from 1965. After experiencing protests and negative publicity, the other suppliers discontinued manufacturing the product, leaving Dow as the sole provider. The company said that it carefully considered its position, and decided, as a matter of principle, "its first obligation was to the government".<ref name="NAP">[http://www2.vcdh.Virginia.edu/PVCC/mbase/docs/napalm.html "Napalm History"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006134128/http://www2.vcdh.virginia.edu/PVCC/mbase/docs/napalm.html |date=6 October 2011 }} Virginia Center for Digital History</ref> Despite a [[boycott]] of its products by anti-war groups and harassment of recruiters on some college campuses, Dow continued to manufacture napalm B until 1969.<ref name="NAP" />

{{Main|Agent Orange}}

[[Agent Orange]], a chemical [[defoliant]] containing [[Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins|dioxin]], was also manufactured by Dow in [[New Plymouth]], New Zealand, and Midland, Michigan, in the United States for use by the [[British military]] during the [[Malayan Emergency]] and the U.S. military during the Vietnam War. In 2005, a lawsuit was filed by Vietnamese victims of Agent Orange against Dow and [[Monsanto Company|Monsanto Co.]], which also supplied Agent Orange to the military. The lawsuit was dismissed.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.commondreams.org/headlines06/0605-03.htm | title=US won't compensate Vietnam's Agent Orange victims: official | date=6 June 2006 | publisher=AFP | access-date=28 November 2009 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070816152956/http://www.commondreams.org/headlines06/0605-03.htm | archive-date=16 August 2007 }}</ref> In 2012, [[Monsanto]] agreed to a $93 million settlement as a result of a case pursued by ex-Monsanto employees and citizens in the city of Nitro, WV. In 1949, a chemical plant in Nitro experienced an explosion that damaged a tank containing [[2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic acid|2,4,5-T]], one of the composites that is used in the production of Agent Orange. The settlement of the case included $9 million for the cleanup of affected homes in the area, and $84 million to cover the medical monitoring and treatment of people affected by the explosion, as well as legal costs for the claimants. No care has been given for the in state damage done by the Headquarters in Midland, Michigan, and they refuse to give the evidence to the community.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wvgazettemail.com/news/special_reports/supreme-court-affirms-monsanto-pollution-settlement-in-nitro/article_fc396ec8-c513-5da4-9cea-ddce214425a0.html|title=Supreme Court affirms Monsanto pollution settlement in Nitro|last=Ward|first=Ken Jr.|newspaper=[[Charleston Gazette-Mail]]|access-date=29 May 2018|language=en}}</ref>

===Dow Corning breast implants===
{{See also|Dow Corning breast implants controversy}}
A major manufacturer of silicone [[breast implants]], [[Dow Corning]] (Dow Chemical's Joint Venture with [[Corning Inc.]]) was sued for personal damages caused by ruptured implants. On 6 October 2005, all such cases pending in the District Court against the company were dismissed. A number of large, independent reviews of the scientific literature, including the [[Institute of Medicine]] in the [[United States]], have subsequently found that silicone breast implants do not cause breast cancers or any identifiable systemic disease.<ref name="nyt">{{cite news |first=Gina |last=Kolata |title=Panel Confirms No Major Illness Tied to Implants |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/06/21/us/panel-confirms-no-major-illness-tied-to-implants.html |quote=An independent panel of 13 scientists convened by the Institute of Medicine at the request of Congress has concluded that silicone breast implants do not cause any major diseases. |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=21 June 1999 |access-date=17 January 2023 |author-link= Gina Kolata |url-access=limited}}</ref><ref>{{cite book
| last = Colas
| first = André
|author2=Curtis, Jim
| year = 2004
| title = Biomaterials Science, Second Edition: An Introduction to Materials in Medicine
|url=http://www.dowcorning.com/content/publishedlit/52-1069-01.pdf
| publisher = Elsevier, Academic Press
| isbn = 978-0-12-582463-7
}}</ref>

===Bhopal disaster===
{{Main|Bhopal disaster}}

[[File:Dow Chemical banner, Bhopal, India.jpg|thumb|Dow Chemical banner in [[Bhopal]], [[India]], 2010]]
The Bhopal disaster occurred at a pesticide plant owned by Union Carbide India Ltd., a subsidiary of [[Union Carbide]], in 1984. A gas cloud containing methyl isocyanate and other chemicals spread to the neighborhoods near the plant where more than half a million people lived. The government of [[Madhya Pradesh]] confirmed 3,787 deaths related to the gas release. The leak caused 558,125 injuries, including 38,478 temporary partial injuries and approximately 3,900 severely and permanently disabling injuries.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.first14.com/bhopal-gas-tragedy-92-injuries-termed-minor-822.html|title=Bhopal Gas Tragedy: 92% injuries termed "minor"|access-date=26 June 2010|newspaper=First14 News|date=21 June 2010|author=AK Dubey|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100624104141/http://www.first14.com/bhopal-gas-tragedy-92-injuries-termed-minor-822.html|archive-date=24 June 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> Union Carbide was sued by the [[Government of India]] and agreed to an out-of-court settlement of US$470 million in 1989. Dow Chemical acquired Union Carbide in 2001. Activists want Dow Chemical to clean up the site which is now controlled by the state of [[Madhya Pradesh]].

===DBCP===
Until the late 1970s, Dow produced [[DBCP]] (1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane), a soil fumigant, and [[nematicide]], sold under the names the Nemagon and Fumazone. Plantation workers who alleged that they were sterilized or suffered other afflictions subsequently sued both Dow and [[Dole plc|Dole Foods]] in Latin American courts. The cases were marred by extensive fraud, including the falsification of test results and the recruitment of plaintiffs who had never worked at Dole plantations.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB125061508138340501 |title=Fraud by Trial Lawyers Taints Wave of Pesticide Lawsuits|newspaper=Wall Street Journal|date=20 August 2009|last1=Stecklow|first1=Steve}}</ref> While Nicaraguan courts awarded the plaintiffs over $600 million for damages, they have been unable to collect any payment from the defendants. A group of plaintiffs then sued in the United States, and, on 5 November 2007, they were awarded $3.2 million by a jury in Los Angeles. Dole and Dow vowed to appeal the decision.<ref>[https://www.latimes.com/news/printedition/california/la-me-dole6nov06,1,2105565.story?coll=la-headlines-pe-california "Dole must pay farmworkers $3.2 million"], John Spano, ''Los Angeles Times'', 6 November 2007.</ref> On 23 April 2009 the two cases against Dole and Dow were thrown out by a judge in Los Angeles due to fraud and extortion by lawyers in Nicaragua recruiting fraudulent plaintiffs to make claims against the company.<ref name="HallmanB-TAL-2009-4-27">Hallman, Ben. – [http://www.law.com/jsp/article.jsp?id=1202430211082&rss=newswire "Finding Plaintiffs Lawyers Committed Fraud, Judge Dismisses Tort Cases Against Dole and Dow Chemical"]. – ''[[The American Lawyer]]''. – 27 April 2009.</ref> The ruling casts doubt on $2 billion in judgments in similar lawsuits.<ref name="KeatingG-Forbes-2009-4-24">[https://www.forbes.com/feeds/reuters/2009/04/24/2009-04-24T052809Z_01_N21503396_RTRIDST_0_BANANAS-UPDATE-2.html] {{dead link|date=January 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

===Tax evasion===
In February 2013 a federal court rejected two tax shelter transactions entered into by Dow that created approximately $1 billion in tax deductions between 1993 and 2003. The court wrote that the transactions were "schemes that were designed to exploit perceived weaknesses in the tax code and not designed for legitimate business reasons". The schemes were created by [[Goldman Sachs]] and the law firm of [[King & Spalding]], and involved creating a partnership that Dow operated out of its European headquarters in Switzerland.<ref name="Forbes">{{cite web |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/robertwood/2013/02/27/dow-chemicals-1-billion-tax-shelter-stinks-says-court/ | title=Dow Chemical's $1 Billion Tax Shelter Stinks, Says Court | work=Forbes | date=27 February 2013 | access-date=23 March 2015 | last=Wood |first=Robert W.}}</ref><ref name="Department of Justice">{{cite press release |url=https://www.justice.gov/tax/2013/txdv13246.htm | title=Justice Department Prevails in Tax Shelter Case Involving $1 Billion in Tax Deductions | work=U.S Department of Justice | date=27 February 2013 | access-date=17 January 2023}}</ref> Dow stated that it had paid all tax assessments with interest. The case was against the Internal Revenue Service seeking a refund of the taxes paid.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/usa-tax-dow-idUSL1N0BRDUM20130227 |title=U.S. Justice Dept says wins $1 bln Dow Chemical tax shelter case |website=Reuters |date=27 February 2013 |access-date=17 January 2023}}</ref> The case was appealed to the 5th Circuit court, where Dow's claims were again rejected. Dow has petitioned for an [[en banc]] hearing by the 5th Circuit, arguing that the decision was contrary to established case law.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.law360.com/articles/591209/dow-urges-5th-circ-to-rehear-1b-tax-shelter-case |title=Dow Urges 5th Circ. To Rehear $1B Tax Shelter Case |website=Law360 |date=28 October 2014 |first=Khadijah M. |last=Britton |access-date=17 January 2023 |url-access=subscription}}</ref>

===Price fixing===
Dow Chemical was implicated in a price-fixing scheme that inflated the cost of [[polyurethane]] for customers. The U.S. Justice Department closed an investigation in 2007 without charges or recommendations, but a class-action civil lawsuit won at a jury trial in 2013. Dow settled the suit in 2016 for $835 million.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-court-dow-idUSKCN0VZ1KK|title=Dow Chemical settles price-fixing case after Justice Scalia's death|newspaper=Reuters|date=26 February 2016|last1=Pinto|first1=Anet Josline}}</ref>

===Recent mergers, acquisitions and reorganization===
====1990s – transition from geographic alignment to global business units====
In the early 1990s, Dow embarked on a major structural reorganization.<ref name="Geisst2009">{{cite book|author=Charles R. Geisst|title=Encyclopedia of American Business History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5dGig0fYlj8C&pg=PA121|date=1 January 2009|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-0987-9|pages=121–}}</ref> The former reporting hierarchy was geographically based, with the regional president reporting directly to the overall company president and CEO. The new organization combines the same businesses from different sites, irrespective of which region they belong (i.e. the vice president for Polystyrene is now in charge of these plants all over the world).<ref>{{cite book|title=CIO|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=agoAAAAAMBAJ|date=1 November 1998}}</ref><ref>Smith, Richard. "Creative destruction: capitalist development and China's environment." New Left Review (1997): 3–42.</ref><ref name="MBN">{{cite web|last1=Nordqvist|first1=Joseph|title=The Dow Chemical Co. – Company Information|url=http://marketbusinessnews.com/dow-chemical-co-company-information/26631|website=MBN|date=5 July 2014|access-date=6 October 2015}}</ref>

====DowBrands====
In 1998, [[S. C. Johnson & Son]] purchased Dow Chemical's DowBrands consumer products division, based in [[Indianapolis]]. The two business units included ''Home Food Management'' with [[Ziploc]], [[Saran (plastic)|Saran]] and Handi-Wrap; ''Home Care Products'' [[Fantastik]], [[Scrubbing Bubbles]] and Spray'N Wash.<ref>{{Citation | title = S.C. Johnson completes Dow acquisition | newspaper = Milwaukee Business Journal | date = January 23, 1998 |url=https://www.bizjournals.com/milwaukee/stories/1998/01/19/daily15.html | access-date = April 20, 2018}}</ref> The sale reflected a shift in Dow's business focus by concentrating on specialty and industrial materials.<ref>{{cite web |title=DowBrands sold to S.C. Johnson |url=https://adage.com/article/news/dowbrands-sold-s-c-johnson/21843/ |website=adage.com |publisher=Crain Communications |access-date=2 May 2025}}</ref>

====Union Carbide merger====
At the beginning of August 1999, Dow agreed to purchase [[Union Carbide Corporation|Union Carbide Corp.]] (UCC) for $9.3 billion in stock.<ref name="The Economist">{{cite news|title=Business this week|url=https://www.economist.com/news-summaries/1999/08/05/business-this-week|newspaper=The Economist|date=5 August 1999|access-date=6 October 2015}}</ref> At the time, the combined company was the second largest chemical company, behind DuPont.<ref name="CNN Money">{{cite web|title=Dow buying Union Carbide|url=https://money.cnn.com/1999/08/04/deals/dowchemical/|website=CNN Money|date=4 August 1999|access-date=6 October 2015}}</ref> This led to protests from some [[stockholder]]s, who feared that Dow did not disclose potential [[Legal liability|liabilities]] related to the Bhopal disaster.<ref name="Bloomberg liable">{{cite news|last1=Kripalani|first1=Manjeet|title=Dow Chemical: Liable for Bhopal?|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/bw/stories/2008-05-27/dow-chemical-liable-for-bhopal|newspaper=Bloomberg|date=28 May 2008|access-date=6 October 2015|url-access=limited}}</ref>

[[William S. Stavropoulos]] served as president and chief executive officer of Dow from 1995 to 2000, then again from 2002 to 2004.<ref name="Los Angeles Times William">{{cite web|title=What is the history of William S Stavropoulos and the latest information about William S Stavropoulos?|url=http://finance.latimes.com/what-is-the-history-of-william-s-stavropoulos-and-the-latest-information-about-william-s-stavropoulos/chfc/executive/william-s-stavropoulos/william-s-stavropoulos.htm|work=Los Angeles Times|access-date=6 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151006233429/http://finance.latimes.com/what-is-the-history-of-william-s-stavropoulos-and-the-latest-information-about-william-s-stavropoulos/chfc/executive/william-s-stavropoulos/william-s-stavropoulos.htm|archive-date=6 October 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> He relinquished his board seat on 1 April 2006, having been a director since 1990 and chairman since 2000. During his first tenure, he led the purchase of UCC, which proved controversial, as it was blamed for poor results under his successor as chief executive officer, Mike Parker.<ref name="WSJ results">{{cite news|last1=Warren|first1=Susan|title=Dow Chemical Replaces CEO, Citing Poor Financial Results|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB1039786818865909993|newspaper=Wall Street Journal|date=16 December 2002|access-date=6 October 2015|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Parker was dismissed and Stavropoulos returned from retirement to lead Dow.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.dow.com/corporate/2005/20051213a.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060218032214/http://news.dow.com/corporate/2005/20051213a.htm|title=Dow Corporate News: William Stavropoulos to Retire as Chairman of Dow; Andrew Liveris Elected Chairman Effective April 1, 2006|archive-date=18 February 2006}}</ref><ref name="Salmon2010">{{cite book|author=E. J. Salmon|title=The Rise and Fall of Corporate America|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R5fQV1A4B9cC&pg=PA275|date=28 September 2010|publisher=Trafford Publishing|isbn=978-1-4269-4062-0|pages=275–}}</ref>

==== 2006–2008 restructuring ====
On 31 August 2006, Dow announced that it planned to close facilities at five locations:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.dow.com/dow_news/corporate/2006/20060831g.htm | title=Dow Announces Plant Closures To Strengthen Competitive Position | publisher=The Dow Chemical Co. | date=31 August 2006 | access-date = 13 September 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061019144342/http://news.dow.com/dow_news/corporate/2006/20060831g.htm  |archive-date = 19 October 2006}}</ref>
* [[Sarnia, Ontario]] was Dow's first manufacturing site in Canada, located in the Chemical Valley area alongside other petrochemical companies.<ref name="CBCNews">{{cite web|title=Dow closing operations in Sarnia, Fort Saskatchewan|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/business/dow-closing-operations-in-sarnia-fort-saskatchewan-1.580276|website=CBCNews|access-date=7 October 2015}}</ref> In 1942, the Canadian government invited Dow to build a plant there to produce styrene (an essential raw material used to make [[synthetic rubber]] for World War II). Dow then built a polystyrene plant in 1947. In August 1985, the site accidentally discharged 11,000 litres of [[perchloroethylene]] (a dry cleaning solvent) into the [[St. Clair River]], which gained infamy in the media as "The Blob", and Dow Canada was charged by the Ministry of the Environment.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://lfpress.com/2015/07/16/its-been-30-years-since-the-discovery-of-an-infamous-chemical-puddle-in-the-st-clair-river|title=It's been 30 years since the discovery of an infamous chemical puddle in the St. Clair River|date=16 July 2015|website=lfpress.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sarniahistoricalsociety.com/story/history-of-the-chemical-industry-in-lambton-county/|title=History of the Chemical Industry in Lambton County – Sarnia Historical Society|website=Sarniahistoricalsociety.com}}</ref> Up to the early 1990s, Dow Canada's headquarters was located at the Modeland Centre, and a new three-story complex called the River Centre was opened up on the Sarnia site in 1993 to house Research and Development.<ref name="Bellamy2005">{{cite book|author=Matthew J. Bellamy|title=Profiting the Crown: Canada's Polymer Corporation, 1942–1990|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P_EKepreTcoC&pg=PA36|date=13 January 2005|publisher=McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP|isbn=978-0-7735-7238-6|pages=36–}}</ref> Since then, several plants (Dow terminology for a production unit) on the site have been dismantled, particularly the Basic Chemicals including Chlor Alkali unit whose closure was announced in 1991 and carried out in 1994 which affected nearly half of the site's employees. The Dow Canada headquarters were moved to [[Calgary, Alberta]] in 1996, and the Modeland Centre was sold to [[Lambton County]] and the City of Sarnia with Dow leasing some office space. The Dow Fitness Centre was donated to the [[YMCA]] of Sarnia-Lambton in 2003. The Sarnia Site's workforce declined from a peak of 1600 personnel in the early 1990s to about 400 by 2002.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite web |url=http://www.dow.com/canada/history/index.htm |title=Our History |access-date=8 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729224303/http://www.dow.com/canada/history/index.htm |archive-date=29 July 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In the late 1990s, land on the site was sold to [[TransAlta]] which built a natural gas power plant that begun operations in 2002 to supply electricity to the remaining Sarnia site plants and facilities, so that Dow could close its older less efficient steam plant (originally coal fired and later burning natural gas).<ref name="Roussel2012">{{cite book|author=Marc R. Roussel|title=A Life Scientist's Guide to Physical Chemistry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PaYhAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA136|date=5 April 2012|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-07994-6|pages=136–}}</ref> On 31 August 2006, Dow announced that the entire Sarnia site would cease operations at the end of 2008. The Sarnia site received their ethylene from a [[western Canada]] pipeline but [[BP]] representatives advised Dow that the pipeline supply should be suspended for safety, and the loss of an affordable supply for the low density polyethylene plant rendered the remaining plant operations non-competitive.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bhopal.net/sarnia-residents-shocked-at-news-dow-plant-closing/|title=Sarnia residents shocked at news Dow plant closing – International Campaign for Justice in Bhopal|website=Bhopal.net|date=4 September 2006 }}</ref> The Low-Density Polyethylene and Polystyrene units closed in 2006, followed by the Latex Unit in 2008, and finally the Propylene Oxide Derivatives Unit in April 2009. Dow afterward focused its efforts on the environmental remediation of the vacant site, which was sold to TransAlta.<ref name="ReferenceA" /> The former site has since been renamed the Bluewater Energy Park, with the River Centre remaining available for lease.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bluewaterenergypark.ca/rivercenter.php |title=Bluewater Energy Park – Bluewater River Centre – Industrial Land, Sarnia, Ontario |access-date=24 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825021008/http://www.bluewaterenergypark.ca/rivercenter.php |archive-date=25 August 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* One plant at its site in [[Barry, Vale of Glamorgan|Barry (South Wales)]], a triple string STR styrene [[polymer]] production unit. Integral in the company's development of the super high melt foam specific polymers & Styron A-Tech high gloss, high impact polymers.<ref name="ChemEurope">{{cite web|title=The Dow Chemical Company Plans to Close Polystyrene Plant at Barry, UK|url=http://www.chemeurope.com/en/news/49993/the-dow-chemical-company-plans-to-close-polystyrene-plant-at-barry-uk.html|website=ChemEurope.com|publisher=|access-date=|date =4 November 2005}}</ref>
* One plant at its site in [[Porto Marghera]] (Venice), Italy.<ref name="ICIS News">{{cite web|last1=Sinclair|first1=Neil|title=Dow rules out Eni purchase of Porto Marghera TDI|url=http://www.icis.com/resources/news/2006/09/21/1092643/dow-rules-out-eni-purchase-of-porto-marghera-tdi/|website=ICIS News|access-date=7 October 2015}}</ref>
* Two plants at its site in [[Fort Saskatchewan]], Alberta, Canada.<ref name="CBCNews" />

In 2006, Dow formed the Business Process Service Center (BPSC).

In December 2007, Dow announced a series of moves to revamp the company. A 4 December announcement revealed that Dow planned to exit the automotive sealers business in 2008 or 2009.<ref name="nytdec52007">{{cite news|title=Dow Chemical Job Cuts|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/05/business/05dow.html|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=5 December 2007|access-date=17 January 2023|agency=AP|url-access=limited}}</ref> Within several weeks, Dow also announced the formation of a joint venture, later named K-Dow, with Petrochemical Industries Co. (PIC), a subsidiary of [[Kuwait Petroleum Corporation]]. In exchange for $9.5 billion, the agreement included Dow selling 50-percent of its interest in five global businesses: polyethylene, polypropylene and polycarbonate plastics, and ethylenamines and [[ethanolamine]]s.<ref name="nytdec142007">{{cite news|title=Dow Chemical Gets Kuwaiti Partner|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=14 December 2007|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/14/business/worldbusiness/14chemical.html|access-date=17 April 2008|agency=AP|url-access=limited}}</ref> The agreement was terminated by PIC on 28 December 2008.<ref name="Ramady2013">{{cite book|author=Mohamed A. Ramady|title=Political, Economic and Financial Country Risk: Analysis of the Gulf Cooperation Council|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ftiGAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA102|date=19 October 2013|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-3-319-02177-5|pages=102–}}</ref>

=====Rohm & Haas Co. purchase=====
On 10 July 2008, Dow agreed to [[Buyout|purchase]] all of the [[Common stock|common equity]] interest of [[Rohm and Haas]] Co. for $15.4 billion, which equated to $78 per share.<ref name="Canadian Plastics">{{cite web|title=Dow signs agreement to acquire Rohm and Haas|url=http://www.canplastics.com/canplastics/dow-signs-agreement-to-acquire-rohm-and-haas/1000082758/|website=Canadian Plastics|date=14 July 2008|access-date=7 October 2015}}</ref> The buyout was financed with equity investments of $3 billion by [[Berkshire Hathaway Inc.]] and $1 billion by the [[Kuwait Investment Authority]].<ref name="Harvard Business Review">{{cite journal|last1=Gupta|first1=Raj|title=How I Did It: Rohm and Haas's Former CEO on Pulling Off a Sweet Deal in a Down Market|url=https://hbr.org/2010/11/how-i-did-it-rohm-and-haass-former-ceo-on-pulling-off-a-sweet-deal-in-a-down-market|journal=Harvard Business Review|date=November 2010|access-date=7 October 2015}}</ref> The purpose of the deal was to move Dow Chemical further into [[specialty chemicals]], which offer higher profit margins than the [[commodity|commodities]] market and are more difficult to enter for the competition.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}} The purchase was criticized by many on [[Wall Street]] who believed Dow Chemical overpaid (about a 75 percent premium on the previous day's market capital) to acquire the company; however, the high bid was needed to ward off competing bids from BASF.<ref name="NYT nocera">{{cite news|last1=Nocera|first1=Joe|title=Dow Imperiled by Its Deal for Rohm & Haas|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/07/business/07nocera.html|work=The New York Times|date=6 February 2009|access-date=17 January 2023|url-access=limited}}</ref> The transaction to purchase the outstanding interest of Rohm and Haas was closed on 1 April 2009.<ref name="Het Financieele Dagblad">{{cite web|last1=Verbraeken|first1=Hans|title=Dow Chemical beticht Turkse branchegenoot van spionage|url=http://fd.nl/ondernemen/1125704/dow-chemical-beticht-turkse-branchegenoot-van-spionage|website=Het Financieele Dagblad|access-date=12 November 2015}}</ref>

=====Accelerated implementation=====
On 8 December 2008, Dow announced that due to the [[2008 financial crisis]], it would accelerate job cuts resulting from its reorganization. The announced plan included closing 20 facilities, temporarily idling 180 plants, and eliminating 5,000 full-time jobs (about 11 percent of its work-force) and 6,000 contractor positions.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=80099&p=irol-eventDetails&EventId=2048018 | title=Dow Accelerates Implementation of its Transformational Strategy | date=8 December 2008}}</ref>

=====Strategy interruption=====
Citing the global [[recession]] that began in the latter half of 2008, the Kuwaiti government scuttled the K-Dow partnership on 28 December 2008.<ref>[http://www.freep.com/article/20081228/BUSINESS07/81228030] {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> The collapse of the deal dealt a blow to Dow CEO [[Andrew N. Liveris|Andrew Liveris]]' vision of restructuring the company to make it less [[Economic cycle|cyclical]]. However, on 6 January 2009 Dow Chemical announced they were in talks with other parties who could be interested in a major joint venture with the company.<ref name="Dow Confirms Commitment to Strat">{{cite web|url=http://news.dow.com/dow_news/corporate/2009/20090106a.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090112002749/http://news.dow.com/dow_news/corporate/2009/20090106a.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 January 2009|title=Dow Chemical Confirms Commitment to Transformational Corporate Strategy|date=6 January 2009}}</ref> Dow also announced they that it would be seeking to recover damages related to the failed joint venture from PIC.<ref name="Dow Confirms Commitment to Strat" />

After the K-Dow deal collapsed, some speculated that the company would not complete the Rohm & Haas transaction, as the cash from the former transaction was expected to fund the latter.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://biz.yahoo.com/rb/081229/business_us_rohm_dow_shares.html?.v=10|title=Yahoo Finance – Stock Market Live, Quotes, Business & Finance News}}</ref> The deal was expected to be finalized in early 2009 and was to form one of the nation's largest specialty chemicals firms in the U.S.<ref>[https://www.chicagotribune.com/business/chi-fri-dow-chemical-rohm-haas-jul11,0,3989958.story] {{Dead link|date=August 2018|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref><ref>Dow Chemical to Buy Rohm and Haas, Wall Street Journal, 11 July 2008, p.B1</ref><ref name="WSJ rohm">{{cite news|last1=Campoy|first1=Ana|title=Dow Chemical to Buy Rohm & Haas|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB121568954817042381|newspaper=Wall Street Journal|date=11 July 2008|access-date=7 October 2015}}</ref> However, on 26 January 2009 the company informed Rohm and Haas that it would be unable to complete the transaction by the agreed upon deadline.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.dow.com/dow_news/corporate/2009/20090126b.htm|title=Dow Chemical Confirms Rohm and Haas Acquisition Will Not Close On or Before January 27, 2009|date=26 January 2009|access-date=28 January 2009|archive-date=29 January 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090129084759/http://news.dow.com/dow_news/corporate/2009/20090126b.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Dow cited a deteriorated [[credit market]] and the collapse of the K-Dow Petrochemical deal as reasons for failing to timely close the merger. Around the same time, CEO Andrew Liveris said a first- time cut to the company's 97- year- old [[dividend policy]] was not "off the table". On 12 February 2009, the company declared a quarterly dividend of $0.15/share, down from $0.42 the previous quarter. The cut represented the first time the company had diminished its investor payout in the dividend's 97-year history.<ref name="The Street against">{{cite web|title=Against the Grain: Buy Dow Chemical!|url=http://www.thestreet.com/video/10464012/against-the-grain-buy-dow-chemical.html|website=The Street|access-date=7 October 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151005063403/http://www.thestreet.com/video/10464012/against-the-grain-buy-dow-chemical.html|archive-date=5 October 2015}}</ref><ref name="The Street">{{cite web|last1=Marvin|first1=Chuck|title=Dow Chemical Likely Glad Week's Over|url=http://www.thestreet.com/story/10464074/1/dow-chemical-likely-glad-weeks-over.html|website=The Street|date=13 February 2009 |access-date=7 October 2015}}</ref>

The transaction to purchase the outstanding interest of Rohm and Haas closed on 1 April 2009.<ref name="Reuters rohm">{{cite news|last1=James|first1=Steve|last2=Thomasch|first2=Paul|title=Dow Chem buys Rohm and Haas|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-rohmandhaas-idUSTRE53073720090402|website=Reuters|date=2 April 2009|agency=Reuters|access-date=7 October 2015}}</ref> After negotiating the sale of [[preferred stock]] with Rohm and Hass' two largest stockholders and extending their one-year [[bridge loan]] an additional year, the company purchased Rohm and Haas for $15 billion ($78 a share) on 9 March 2009.<ref>{{cite web |author=Christopher Hinton |url=http://articles.marketwatch.com/2008-07-10/news/30709557_1_rohm-haas-frank-mitsch-dow-chemical |title=Dow Chemical to buy Rohm & Haas for $15 billion – MarketWatch |publisher=MarketWatch |date=10 July 2008 |access-date=18 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130128115005/http://articles.marketwatch.com/2008-07-10/news/30709557_1_rohm-haas-frank-mitsch-dow-chemical |archive-date=28 January 2013 }}</ref>

====2007 dismissal of senior executives====

On 12 April 2007, Dow dismissed two senior executives for "unauthorized discussions with third parties about the potential sale of the company". The two figures are executive vice president [[Romeo Kreinberg]], and director and former [[Chief Financial Officer|CFO]] J. Pedro Reinhard. Dow claims they were secretly in contact with [[JPMorgan Chase]]; at the same time, a story surfaced in Britain's ''[[Sunday Express]]'' regarding a possible [[leveraged buyout]] of Dow. The two executives have since filed lawsuits claiming they were fired for being a threat to CEO Liveris, and that the allegations were concocted as a pretext.<ref>{{Cite news | title =Former Dow executives fight back | newspaper =[[Chemical and Engineering News]] | page =12 | date =14 May 2007 |url=http://pubs.acs.org/cen/news/85/i20/8520notw6.html }}</ref> However, in June 2008 Dow Chemical and the litigants announced a settlement in which Kreinberg and Reinhard dropped their lawsuits and admitted taking part in discussions "which were not authorized by, nor disclosed to, Dow's board concerning a potential LBO" and acknowledged that it would have been appropriate to have informed the CEO and board of the talks.<ref>{{Cite news | title =Case Closed | newspaper =[[Chemical and Engineering News]] | page =10 | date =19 June 2008 |url=http://pubs.acs.org/cen/news/86/i23/8623notw2.html }}</ref>

====2008 sale of zoxamide business====

In summer 2008, Dow sold its zoxamide business to Gowan Company. Included in the sale were the trademarks for a [[potato]] and [[grape]] [[fungicide]] called [[Gavel (fungicide)]]. It is employed by potato growers to control early and late [[potato blight]] and is also registered in [[Canada]] for control of [[downy mildew]] in [[grapes]], except in [[British Columbia]].<ref>[https://www.grainews.ca/daily/gowan-buys-dows-gavel-potato-fungicide grainews.ca: "Gowan buys Dow’s Gavel potato fungicide"], 18 July 2008</ref>

====2014 – New operating segments====
In the fourth quarter of 2014, Dow announced new operating segments in response to its previously announced leadership changes. The company stated it would give further support to its end-market orientation and increase its alignment to Dow's key value chains – ethylene and propylene.<ref name="Street Insider segments">{{cite web|title=Dow Chemical Announces Realignment of External Reporting Segments|url=http://www.streetinsider.com/Corporate+News/Dow+Chemical+(DOW)+Announces+Realignment+of+External+Reporting+Segments/10004841.html|website=Street Insider|access-date=7 October 2015}}</ref>

====U.S. Gulf Coast investments====
Several plants on the [[Gulf of Mexico|Gulf Coast]] of the US have been in development since 2013, as part of Dow's transition away from naphtha. Dow estimates the facilities will employ about 3000 people, and 5000 people during construction.<ref name="Construction Executive">{{cite web|last1=Pinch|first1=Lauren|title=Boom Days Ahead for Natural Gas Sector|url=http://www.constructionexec.com/Articles/tabid/3837/entryid/2905/boom-days-ahead-for-natural-gas-sector.aspx|website=Construction Executive|access-date=13 November 2015}}</ref> The plants will manufacture materials for several of its growing segments, including hygiene and medical, transportation, electrical and telecommunications, packaging, [[Durable good|consumer durables]] and sports and leisure.<ref name="Global Processing">{{cite web|title=Dow Chemical to Build Several Plants on US Gulf Coast|url=http://www.globalprocessingmag.com/dow-chemical-to-build-several-plants-on-us-gulf-coast/|website=Global Processing|access-date=16 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117031503/http://www.globalprocessingmag.com/dow-chemical-to-build-several-plants-on-us-gulf-coast/|archive-date=17 November 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Dow's new [[propene|propane dehydrogenation]] (PDH) facility in Freeport, Texas, was expected to come online in 2015, with a first 750000 [[tonne]] per year unit, while other units would become available in the future.<ref name="ICIS News epca">{{cite web|title=EPCA '14: Half of US PDH projects to be delayed or shelved – exec|url=http://www.icis.com/resources/news/2014/10/05/9826545/epca-14-half-of-us-pdh-projects-to-be-delayed-or-shelved-exec/|website=ICIS News|access-date=7 October 2015}}</ref><ref name="IHS Chemical Week">{{cite web|last1=Protti-Alvarez|first1=Francinia|last2=Boswell|first2=Clay|title=Ascend plans $1.2-billion PDH plant at Chocolate Bayou|url=http://www.chemweek.com/lab/Ascend-plans-$1-2-billion-PDH-plant-at-Chocolate-Bayou_50166.html|website=IHS Chemical Week|access-date=7 October 2015}}</ref> An ethylene production facility was expected to start up in the first half of 2017.<ref name="ChemicalsTechnology ethylene">{{cite web|title=Dow Chemical's Ethylene Production Plant, Freeport, Texas, United States of America|url=http://www.chemicals-technology.com/projects/dow-chemicals-ethylene-production-plant-freeport-texas/|website=ChemicalsTechnology|access-date=7 October 2015}}</ref><ref name="ChemicalsTechnology argentina">{{cite web|title=Dow Chemical to expand polyethylene and propylene production in Argentina|url=http://www.chemicals-technology.com/news/newsdow-chemical-to-expand-polyethylene-and-propylene-production-in-argentina-4441181|website=ChemicalsTechnology|access-date=7 October 2015}}</ref><ref name="The Motley Fool">{{cite web|last1=Chatsko|first1=Maxx|title=5 Things Dow Chemical Company Management Wants You to Know|url=http://www.fool.com/investing/general/2015/02/15/5-things-dow-chemical-company-management-wants-you.aspx|website=The Motley Fool|date=15 February 2015|access-date=7 October 2015}}</ref>

====Chlorine merger====
On 27 March 2015, Dow and [[Olin Corporation]] announced that the boards of directors of both companies unanimously approved a definitive agreement under which Dow will separate a significant portion of its chlorine business and merge that new entity with Olin in a transaction that will create an industry leader, with revenues approaching $7 billion.<ref name="NYT olin">{{cite news|last1=Gelles|first1=David|title=Dow Chemical to Merge Unit With Olin|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/28/business/dealbook/dow-chemical-to-merge-unit-with-olin.html|newspaper=The New York Times|date=27 March 2015|access-date=7 October 2015|url-access=limited}}</ref> Olin, the new partnership, became the largest chlorine producer in the world.<ref name="Forbes chlorine">{{cite web|last1=Fisher|first1=Daniel|title=Will $5B Sale Of Dow Chemical's Chlorine Business Silence Its Critics?|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/danielfisher/2015/03/27/dow-chemical-strikes-5b-deal-to-merge-chlorine-unit-with-olin/|work=Forbes|access-date=6 October 2015}}</ref>

====2015 merger and 2019 separation with DuPont====
{{Further|DuPont}}[[File:Andrew N. Liveris World Economic Forum 2013.jpg|thumb|[[Andrew N. Liveris]]]]
On 11 December 2015, Dow announced that it would merge with [[DuPont]], in an all-stock deal.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/antoinegara/2015/12/11/dow-and-dupont-merge-in-130b-deal-that-will-create-dowdupont-before-breaking-it-apart/|title=Dow And DuPont Merge In $130B Deal That Will Create DowDuPont, Before Breaking It Apart|last=Gara|first=Antoine|website=Forbes|date=11 December 2015|language=en|access-date=17 January 2023}}</ref> The combined company, which was known as [[DuPont|DowDuPont]], had an estimated value of $130 billion, was equally held by the shareholders of both companies, and maintained their respective headquarters in Michigan and Delaware.<ref name=":1" /> Within two years of the merger's closure, DowDuPont was set to split into three separate public companies, focusing on the agriculture, chemical, and specialty product industries.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Picker|first1=Leslie|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/12/business/dealbook/dow-chemical-and-dupont-merger.html|title=Dow Chemical and DuPont Set Merger and Plans to Split|date=11 December 2015|work=The New York Times|access-date=7 February 2020|last2=de la Merced|first2=Michael J.|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|url-access=limited}}</ref> Shareholders of each company held 50% of the combined company.<ref name="wp-dowdupont">{{cite news|title=Dow and DuPont, two of America's oldest giants, to merge in jaw-dropping megadeal|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/business/wp/2015/12/11/dow-and-dupont-two-of-americas-oldest-giants-to-merge-in-job-dropping-megadeal/|access-date=17 January 2023|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=11 December 2015|first=Drew|last=Harwell|url-access=limited}}</ref> In the new entity, Dow Chemical chief executive officer [[Andrew N. Liveris]] became executive chairman and DuPont chief executive officer [[Edward D. Breen]] became chief executive officer.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/business/2015/12/11/dupont-dow-chemical-merger/77137888/|title=Dow Chemical, DuPont reach deal on merger|date=11 December 2015|work=USA Today|first=Nathan|last=Bomey|access-date=17 January 2022}}</ref> In January 2017, the merger was pushed back a second time pending regulatory approvals.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.mlive.com/news/saginaw/2017/01/a_look_back_at_a_big_year_of_n.html|title=Dow takeover of Dow Corning, pending DuPont merger dominate 2016 business news|date=13 January 2017|website=mlive|language=en|access-date=17 January 2023|first=Heather|last=Jordan}}</ref>

The same day, Dow also announced that it had reached a deal to acquire [[Corning Incorporated]]'s stake in their joint venture [[Dow Corning]] for $4.8 billion in cash and a roughly 40% stake in [[Hemlock Semiconductor Corporation]].<ref name=":2" />

In 2019, DowDuPont de-merged, forming [[Dow Inc.]] The spin-off was completed on 1 April 2019, at which time Dow Inc. became an independent, publicly traded company, and the direct parent company of The Dow Chemical Company.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.barrons.com/articles/dowdupont-spinoff-dow-dupont-corteva-51556552428|title=DowDuPont Is Splitting Into 3 Companies. Here's Everything You Need to Know.|last=Root|first=Al|work=Barrons|date=30 April 2019|language=en-US|access-date=17 January 2023}}</ref>
Dow Corning became ''Dow Silicones Corporation'', a wholly owned subsidiary of Dow Chemical using the trade name ''DOWSIL''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dow Silicones Corporation |url=https://www.dnb.com/business-directory/company-profiles.dow_silicones_corporation.0728891a5e975125ddd23fd62e047fd5.html |website=dnb.com |publisher=Dun & Bradstreet, Inc |access-date=2 May 2025}}</ref>
Also in 2019 Dow employees won an Adhesives and Sealants Council Innovation Award for "UV Curable Primer that Enables Hard to Bond INFUSE Olefin Block Copolymer Midsole Foams in High Performance Footwear".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Innovation Awards – Adhesive and Sealant Council |url=https://www.ascouncil.org/innovation-awards |access-date=2023-08-10 |website=Ascouncil.org}}</ref>

===Focus on higher margin business===
Dow Chemical has begun to shed commodity chemical businesses, such as those making the basic ingredients for [[grocery bag]]s and plastic pipes, because their profit margins are relatively low. Dow is, as of 2015, focusing its resources on specialty chemicals that earn profit margins of at least 20%.<ref name="Forbes chlorine" /><ref name="WSJ makeover">{{cite news|last1=Cameron|first1=Doug|title=Dow Chemical Launches Makeover|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702303670804579233752006973342|newspaper=Wall Street Journal|date=3 December 2013|access-date=7 October 2015}}</ref>

=== Dioxin contamination ===
[[File:Saginawrivermap.png|thumb|right|250px|Watershed of the [[Tittabawassee River]], including [[Midland, Michigan|Midland]], site of the Dow Chemical works]]
{{See also|Dioxin controversy}}
Areas along Michigan's [[Tittabawassee River]], which runs within yards of Dow's main plant in [[Midland, Michigan|Midland]], were found to contain elevated levels of the cancer-causing chemical [[Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins|dioxin]] in November 2006. The dioxin was located in sediments two to ten feet below the surface of the river, and, according to ''[[The New York Times]]'', "there is no indication that residents or workers in the area are directly exposed to the sites".<ref name="barringer2">{{cite news|last=Barringer|first=Felicity|title=E.P.A. and Dow in Talks on Dioxin Cleanup at Main Factory|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=4 July 2007|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/04/us/04dioxin.html|access-date=17 April 2008|url-access=limited}}</ref> However, people who often eat fish from the river had slightly elevated levels of dioxin in their blood.<ref name="barringer2" /> In July 2007, Dow reached an agreement with the [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|Environmental Protection Agency]] to remove {{convert|50000|cuyd|m3}} of sediment from three areas of the riverbed and levees of the river that had been found to be contaminated.<ref name="barringer">{{cite news|last=Barringer|first=Felicity|title=Michigan: Dioxin Deal|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/18/us/18brfs-dioxin.html|date=18 July 2007|access-date=17 April 2008|url-access=limited}}</ref> In November 2008, Dow Chemical along with the [[United States Environmental Protection Agency]] and [[Michigan Department of Environmental Quality]] agreed to establish a [[Superfund]] to address dioxin cleanup of the Tittabawassee River, [[Saginaw River]] and [[Saginaw Bay]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ourmidland.com/articles/2008/11/12/local_news/1362469.txt|title=Superfund Alternative Site possible on Tittabawassee|date=11 November 2008|access-date=12 November 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120721171835/http://ourmidland.com/articles/2008/11/12/local_news/1362469.txt|archive-date=21 July 2012}}</ref>

=== Sale of herbicide business ===
In December 2015, Dow Chemicals agreed to sell part of its global [[herbicide]] business, which had reported falling sales for nearly a year. A portfolio of weed killers known as [[dinitroanilines]] was sold to privately held [[Gowan Company]], a family owned company located in [[Yuma, Arizona|Yuma]], [[Arizona]], which markets a variety of pesticides to the agricultural and horticultural industries.<ref name="prod">[https://www.producer.com/2015/12/dow-sells-popular-herbicides-treflan-and-edge-to-gowan/ producer.com: "Dow sells popular herbicides Treflan and Edge to Gowan"], 10 December 2015</ref> The global trademarks for [[Treflan (pesticide)]], which can be sprayed on field [[corn]], [[cotton]] and some fruit and vegetables, were included in the sale, as well as a formulation and packaging facility in [[Fort Saskatchewan]], [[Alberta]], Canada.<ref name="dg" /> [[Edge (pesticide)]], [[Team (pesticide)]], [[Bonalan (pesticide)]] and [[Sonalan (pesticide)]], intellectual property and labels for herbicides based on the molecules [[trifluralin]], [[benfluralin]] and [[ethalfluralin]] were also included in the sale. Annual grasses and small seeded broadleaf weeds can be controlled with these products in a wide range of crops including [[cotton]], [[beans]], [[canola]], [[cereals]], [[crucifers]], [[cucurbits]], and vegetables. Dinitroanilines, are also known as "[[DNA herbicides]]", and have been commercialised at least since 1970.<ref name="dg">{{cite web|title= Dow sells portfolio of herbicides amid consolidation drive|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-dow-herbicide-sale-idUSKBN0TK31920151201#ivg1thgv6Fx76wc1.97 |website=Reuters|date=2 December 2015}}</ref><ref>[https://www.dowagro.com/EN-US/NEWSROOM/PRESSRELEASES/2015/11/GOWAN-SALE dowagro.com: "Gowan Company, L.L.C. Agrees to Acquire Global DNA Business from Dow AgroSciences LLC"], 30 November 2015</ref>

== Products ==
[[Image:DowMidland.JPG|thumb|600px|Former Dow Chemical Corporate headquarters in Midland, Michigan]]
Dow is a large producer of plastics, including [[polystyrene]], [[polyurethane]], [[polyethylene]], [[polypropylene]], and synthetic [[rubber]]. It is also a major producer of [[ethylene oxide]], various [[acrylate]]s, [[surfactant]]s, and [[cellulose]] resins. It produces agricultural chemicals including the [[pesticide]] [[Lorsban]] and consumer products including [[Styrofoam]]. Some Dow consumer products, including [[Saran (plastic)|Saran]] wrap, [[Ziploc]] bags, and [[Scrubbing Bubbles]] were sold to [[S. C. Johnson & Son]] in 1997.<ref name="cnn">{{cite news |date=28 October 1997 |title=Dow sells consumer unit |publisher=CNN Money |url=https://money.cnn.com/1997/10/28/deals/dowbrands/ |access-date=13 December 2010}}</ref>

===Performance plastics===
Performance plastics make up 25% of Dow's sales,<ref name="autogenerated3">''Chemical and Engineering News'', Vol. 84, Issue 22 (29 May 2006), pp 10–15</ref> with many products designed for the [[automotive industry|automotive]] and [[construction industry|construction industries]]. The plastics include [[polyolefin]]s such as [[polyethylene]] and [[polypropylene]], as well as [[polystyrene]] used to produce Styrofoam insulating material. Dow manufactures [[epoxy]] resin intermediates including [[bisphenol A]] and [[epichlorohydrin]]. [[Saran (plastic)|Saran]] resins and films are based on [[polyvinylidene chloride]] (PVDC).

===Performance chemicals===
The Performance Chemicals (17 percent of sales) segment produces chemicals and materials for [[water purification]], [[pharmaceutical]]s, paper [[coating]]s, paints and advanced [[electronics industry|electronics]]. Major product lines include nitroparaffins, such as [[nitromethane]], used in the pharmaceutical industry and manufactured by Angus Chemical Company,<ref>{{cite web |title=Angus Chemical Co. |url=http://www.dow.com/angus/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060421023438/http://www.dow.com/angus/ |archive-date=21 April 2006 |access-date=26 June 2006 |publisher=The Dow Chemical Co.}}</ref> a wholly owned subsidiary of The Dow Chemical Co. Important polymers include Dowex [[ion-exchange resin]]s, [[acrylyl group|acrylic]] and polystyrene [[latex]], as well as [[Carbowax]] [[polyethylene glycol]]s. Specialty chemicals are used as starting materials for production of agrochemicals and pharmaceuticals.

===Water purification===
Dow Water and Process Solutions (DW&PS) is a [[Strategic business unit|business unit]] which manufactures Filmtec reverse osmosis membranes which are used to purify water for [[Potable|human use]] in the Middle East. The technology was used during the [[2000 Summer Olympics]] and [[2008 Summer Olympics]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Dow's Filmtec to help manage ME water needs |url=http://www.tradearabia.com/news/ENV_148211.html |access-date=26 August 2008 |publisher=Trade Arabia}}</ref> The DW&PS business unit remained with DowDuPont following the April 2019 spin-off.

===Agricultural sciences===
Until June 2019, [[Dow AgroSciences]] produced a range of [[insecticide]]s (such as [[Lorsban]]), [[herbicides]] and [[fungicide]]s, and also sold seed for [[genetically modified plants]].<ref name="uschina1">{{cite news |last1=Tomson |first1=Bill |date=24 May 2017 |title=US-China agreement spurs cautious optimism from seed companies |publisher=Agri Pulse |url=https://www.agri-pulse.com/articles/9283-us-china-agreement-spurs-cautious-optimism-from-seed-companies |access-date=24 May 2017}}</ref> Dow AgroSciences sold seeds commercially under the following brands: Mycogen ([[grain corn]], [[silage corn]], [[sunflower]]s, [[alfalfa]], and [[sorghum]]), Atlas ([[soybean]]), PhytoGen ([[cotton]]) and Hyland Seeds in Canada (corn, soybean, alfalfa, [[navy bean]]s and [[wheat]]). The Dow AgroSciences business unit was spun off into [[Corteva|Corteva Inc]], in June 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Goodbye, DuPont Pioneer and Dow AgroSciences; Hello, Corteva|url=https://www.dtnpf.com/agriculture/web/ag/crops/article/2018/02/26/goodbye-dupont-pioneer-dow-hello|access-date=2021-01-14|website=DTN Progressive Farmer|language=en-US}}</ref>

===Basic plastics===
Basic plastics (26 percent of sales) end up in everything from [[diaper]] liners to beverage [[bottle]]s and oil tanks. Products are based on the three major polyolefins – [[polystyrene]] (such as Styron resins), [[polyethylene]] and [[polypropylene]].

===Basic chemicals===
Basic chemicals (12 percent of sales) are used internally by Dow as raw materials and are also sold worldwide. Markets include dry cleaning, paints and coatings, snow and ice control and the food industry. Major products include ethylene glycol, [[sodium hydroxide|caustic soda]], [[chlorine]], and [[vinyl chloride]] monomer (VCM, for making [[PVC]]). [[Ethylene oxide]] and [[propylene oxide]] and the derived alcohols [[ethylene glycol]] and [[propylene glycol]] are major feedstocks for the manufacture of plastics such as [[polyurethane]] and [[polyethylene terephthalate|PET]].

===Hydrocarbons and energy===
The Hydrocarbons and Energy operating segment (13 percent of sales) oversees energy management at Dow.<ref name="autogenerated3" /> Fuels and oil-based raw materials are also procured. Major feedstocks for Dow are provided by this group, including [[ethylene]], [[propylene]], [[1,3-butadiene]], [[benzene]] and [[styrene]].

===Hand sanitizer===
In March 2020, during the [[COVID-19 pandemic|Coronavirus outbreak]], Dow expanded its European [[hand sanitizer]] production, providing the product free to hospitals.<ref>{{cite web |last=Lingle |first=Mark |date=23 April 2020 |title=Dow and Ineos Make Hand Sanitizer to Fight COVID-19 |url=https://www.plasticstoday.com/business/dow-and-ineos-make-hand-sanitizer-fight-covid-19/200836127062725 |access-date=30 March 2020 |website=Plastics Today}}</ref>

== Finances ==
{| class="wikitable floatright"
|+Sales by business (2023)<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Dow Inc.: Shareholders Board Members Managers and Company Profile {{!}} US2605571031 {{!}} MarketScreener |url=https://www.marketscreener.com/quote/stock/DOW-INC-56727683/company/ |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=Marketscreener.com |language=en}}</ref>
!Business
!share
|-
|Packaging and Specialty Plastics
|51.9%
|-
|Industrial Intermediates and Infrastructure
|28.1%
|-
|Performance Materials and Coatings
|19.0%
|-
|Corporate
|1.0%
|}

{| class="wikitable floatright"
|+Sales by region (2023)<ref name=":3" />
!Business
!share
|-
|United States
|34.4%
|-
|Europe, Middle East, Africa and India
|32.6%
|-
|Asia Pacific
|18.5%
|-
|Latin America
|11.6%
|-
|Canada
|2.9%
|}
For the fiscal year 2023, Dow Chemicals reported earnings of US$0.6 billion, with an annual revenue of US$44.9 billion. Dow Chemicals shares traded at over $67 per share, and its market capitalization was valued at over US$121.1 billion in September 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.macrotrends.net/stocks/charts/DWDP/dow-chemical/revenue|title=Dow Chemical Revenue 2006–2018 {{!}} DWDP|website=Macrotrends.net|access-date=28 October 2018}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable float-left" style="text-align: right;"
!Year
!Revenue in million USD$
!Net income in million USD$
!Total Assets in million USD$
|-
|2016
|48,158
|4,318
|79,511
|-
|2017
|43,730
|465
|79,940
|-
|2018
|49,604
|4,641
|83,699
|-
|2019
|42,951
|(1,359)
|60,524
|-
|2020
|38,542
|1,216
|61,470
|-
|2021
|54,968
|6,279
|62,990
|-
|2022
|56,902
|4,558
|60,603
|-
|2023
|44,622
|578
|57,967
|-
|2024
|42,964
|1,116
|57,312
|}

==Environmental record==

[[File:"Caution- Radioactive Materials" sign at Uravan townsite near San Miguel River, Colorado.jpg|thumb|Superfund site in [[Uravan, Colorado|Uravan]]]]
In 2003, Dow agreed to pay $2 million, the largest penalty ever in a pesticide case,<ref>{{Cite web
| title = Dow AgroSiences agrees to pay $2M to state over pesticide ads
| work = Albany Business Review
| access-date = 8 March 2015
| date = 15 December 2003
|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/albany/stories/2003/12/15/daily3.html?page=all
}}</ref> to the state of New York for making illegal safety claims related to its pesticides. The New York Attorney General's Office stated that Dow AgroSciences had violated a 1994 agreement with the State of New York to stop advertisements making safety claims about its pesticide products. Dow stated that it was not admitting to any wrongdoing, and that it was agreeing to the settlement to avoid a costly court battle.<ref>{{cite web |title=Company News – Dow Chemical Unit to Pay $2 Million Penalty for Ads |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=16 December 2003 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/12/16/business/company-news-dow-chemical-unit-to-pay-2-million-penalty-for-ads.html |access-date=6 March 2015 |agency=AP |url-access=limited}}</ref><ref name="New York State Attorney General Office ">{{cite press release|url=http://www.ag.ny.gov/press-release/dow-subsidiary-pay-2-million-making-false-safety-claims-pesticide-ads | title=Dow Subsidiary To Pay $2 Million For Making False Safety Claims In Pesticide Ads | work=New York State Office of the Attorney General | date=15 December 2003 | access-date=17 January 2023}}</ref>

From 2019–2023, Dow's chemical plants had multiple unauthorised pollutant releases, including in Louisiana, United States,<ref>{{cite web | title=LDEQ records show frequent emergencies at Dow Plaquemine facility • Louisiana Illuminator | date=July 27, 2023 |url=https://lailluminator.com/2023/07/27/ldeq-records-show-frequent-emergencies-at-dow-plaquemine-facility/ }}</ref> and The Netherlands, where independent journalists found the rivers were "already heavily polluted"..<ref>{{cite web | title=Tata Steel and Dow discharge toxic substances violating European water directives | NL Times | date=October 8, 2023 |url=https://nltimes.nl/2023/10/08/tata-steel-dow-discharge-toxic-substances-violating-european-water-directives }}</ref> Some of these releases caused explosions at the plants. After a chemical release due to a rail crash involving Dow rail cars, the rail operator was held solely liable for the pollutant cleanup.<ref>{{cite web | title=Norfolk Southern to pay over $500M for cleanup, rail safety after East Palestine derailment | website=[[Politico]] | date=May 23, 2024 |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2024/05/23/norfolk-southern-pay-cleanup-rail-safety-east-palestine-derailment-00159670 }}</ref>

According to the [[United States Environmental Protection Agency]] (EPA), Dow has some responsibility for 96 of the United States' [[Superfund]] [[toxic waste]] sites.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rosenfeld |first1=Paul E. |title=Risks of Hazardous Wastes |last2=Feng |first2=Lydia |date=2011-03-22 |publisher=William Andrew |isbn=978-1-4377-7843-4}}</ref> One of these, a former UCC uranium and vanadium processing facility near [[Uravan, Colorado]], is listed as the sole responsibility of Dow.<ref>{{cite web|date=8 September 2004|title=Uravan Uranium|url=http://www.epa.gov/region08/sf/sites/co/uravan.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040908170056/http://www.epa.gov/region08/sf/sites/co/uravan.html|archive-date=8 September 2004|access-date=28 February 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uravan.com/UnionCarbidead.htm |title=Union Carbide ad |publisher=Uravan.com |date=20 February 2000 |access-date=28 February 2012}}</ref> The rest are shared with numerous other companies. Fifteen sites have been listed by the EPA as finalized (cleaned up) and 69 are listed as "construction complete", meaning that all required plans and equipment for cleanup are in place.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.publicintegrity.org/superfund/Company.aspx?act=10312|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071022062729/http://www.publicintegrity.org/superfund/Company.aspx?act=10312|url-status=dead|title=Center for Public Integrity|archive-date=22 October 2007}}</ref>

In 2022, Dow was the top water polluter<ref>{{cite web | title=Toxic 100 Water Polluters Index: 2024 Report, based on 2022 data |url=https://peri.umass.edu/index-edition/toxic-100-water-polluters-index-2024-report-based-on-2022-data/ }}</ref> and 12th highest air polluter<ref>{{cite web | title=Toxic 100 Air Polluters: 2024 Report, based on 2022 data |url=https://peri.umass.edu/index-edition/toxic-100-air-polluters-index-2024-report-based-on-2022-data/ }}</ref> in the US, weighted by population toxic exposure, by the University of Massachusetts.<ref>{{cite web | title=New Measures Identify Worst Polluting U.S. Corporations | date=December 18, 2024 |url=https://peri.umass.edu/publication/new-measures-identify-worst-polluting-u-s-corporations/ }}</ref> In 2023, Dow was the 33rd highest carbon greenhouse polluter in the US, having produced 0.2% of total greenhouse emissions.<ref>{{cite web | title=Greenhouse 100 Polluters Index: 2025 Report, based on 2023 data |url=https://peri.umass.edu/index-edition/greenhouse-100-polluters-index-2025-report-based-on-2023-data/ }}</ref>

In 2007, the chemical industry trade association – the American Chemical Council – gave Dow an award of 'Exceptional Merit' in recognition of longstanding energy efficiency and conservation efforts. Between 1995 and 2005, Dow reduced energy intensity (BTU per pound produced) by 22 percent. This is equivalent to saving enough electricity to power eight million US homes for a year.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.csrwire.com/press_releases/25925-Dow-Wins-2006-ACC-Responsible-Care-Energy-Efficiency-Award|title=Dow Wins 2006 ACC Responsible Care Energy Efficiency Award|website=Csrwire.com}}</ref> The same year, Dow subsidiary, Dow Agrosciences, won a United Nations Montreal Protocol Innovators Award for its efforts in helping replace methyl bromide – a compound identified as contributing to the depletion of the ozone layer. In addition, Dow Agrosciences won an EPA "Best of the Best" Stratospheric Ozone Protection Award.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.seedtoday.com/articles/Dow_Agrosciences_Wins_UN_Award_for_Methyl_Bromide_Alternative-48678.html |title=Dow Agrosciences Wins UN Award for Methyl Bromide Alternative |publisher=Seed Today |date=21 September 2007 |access-date=28 February 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822133638/http://www.seedtoday.com/articles/Dow_Agrosciences_Wins_UN_Award_for_Methyl_Bromide_Alternative-48678.html |archive-date=22 August 2011 }}</ref> The [[United States Environmental Protection Agency]] (EPA) named Dow as a 2008 [[Energy Star]] Partner of the Year for excellence in energy management and reductions in [[greenhouse gas emissions]].<ref>[http://news.moneycentral.msn.com/ticker/article.aspx?Feed=PR&Date=20080314&ID=8341331&Symbol=DOW] {{dead link|date=September 2017|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>

In April 2019, the company was added to the [[Dow Jones Industrial Average]] (DJIA).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dow Set to Join Dow Jones Industrial Average |url=https://press.spglobal.com/2019-03-26-Dow-Set-to-Join-Dow-Jones-Industrial-Average |access-date=2026-01-21 |website=News Release Archive |language=en}}</ref>

In December 2022, the company was added to the [[Dow Jones Sustainability Indices|Dow Jones Sustainability World Index]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.esgtoday.com/dow-jones-sustainability-indices-results-announced-walmart-disney-in-starbucks-ups-out/ |first1=Mark |last1=Segal |website=ESG Today | title=Dow Jones Sustainability Indices Results Announced: Walmart, Disney in, Starbucks, UPS Out | date=12 December 2022 }}</ref>

===Carbon footprint===
Dow Chemical Company reported Total [[carbon footprint|CO2e emissions]] (Direct + Indirect) for the twelve months ending 31 December 2020 at 33,100 Kt (+700/+2.2% y-o-y)<ref name ="Dow Chemical Company Total CO2e emissions for 2020Q4">{{Cite web |title=Dow Chemical Company's Sustainability Report for 2020Q4 |publisher=Dow |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210703022624/https://corporate.dow.com/documents/about/066-00338-01-2020-esg-report.pdf |url=https://corporate.dow.com/documents/about/066-00338-01-2020-esg-report.pdf|archive-date=3 July 2021 }} [https://analytics.exerica.com/App/Name/Dow%20Chemical%20Company/Total%20CO2e%20Emissions%20-%20Location-Based%20Scope%201%20%2b%20Scope%202/2020Q4/12 Alt URL]</ref> and plans to reduce emissions 15% by 2030 from a 2019 base year.<ref name ="Dow Chemical Company Total CO2e emissions for 2020Q4"/>

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Dow's annual Total CO2e Emissions – Location-Based Scope 1 + Scope 2 (in kilotonnes)
|-
! Dec 2018 !! Dec 2019 !! Dec 2020
|-
| 36,000<ref name ="Dow Chemical Company Total CO2e emissions for 2020Q4"/> || 32,400<ref name ="Dow Chemical Company Total CO2e emissions for 2020Q4"/> || 33,100<ref name="Dow Chemical Company Total CO2e emissions for 2020Q4"/>
|}

==Leadership==
===Board of Directors===
The final [[board of directors]] of The Dow Chemical Co. were, prior to the closing of the merger with DuPont on 1 September 2017:<ref name="Directors">{{cite web|title=Board of Directors|url=http://www.dow.com/en-us/investor-relations/corporate-governance/leadership/board-of-directors|website=Dow|access-date=30 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313193153/http://www.dow.com/en-us/investor-relations/corporate-governance/leadership/board-of-directors|archive-date=13 March 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Ajay Banga]] – former president and CEO, [[MasterCard]]<ref name="dow.com">[http://www.dow.com/investors/corpgov/leader/board.htm Board of Directors]. Dow.com. Retrieved on 17 August 2013.</ref>
* [[Jacqueline Barton]] – chemistry professor, [[California Institute of Technology]]<ref name="dow.com"/>
* [[James A. Bell]] – former president and CFO, [[Boeing]]<ref name="dow.com"/>
* [[Richard K. Davis]] – chairman of the board and chief executive officer of U.S. Bancorp<ref name="Davis2015">{{cite web|title=Richard K. Davis|url=http://www.dow.com/en-us/investor-relations/corporate-governance/leadership/richard-davis|website=Dow|access-date=30 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170317131821/http://www.dow.com/en-us/investor-relations/corporate-governance/leadership/richard-davis|archive-date=17 March 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Jeff Fettig]] – chairman and CEO, [[Whirlpool Corporation|Whirlpool Corp.]]<ref name="dow.com"/>
* [[Jim Fitterling]] – chairman and CEO, [[Dow Inc.]]<ref name="dow.com"/>
* [[Andrew N. Liveris]] – former chairman and CEO, The Dow Chemical Co.<ref name="dow.com"/>
* [[Mark Loughridge]] – former chief financial officer, IBM<ref name="Loughridge2015">{{cite web|title=Mark Loughridge|url=http://www.dow.com/en-us/investor-relations/corporate-governance/leadership/mark-loughridge|website=Dow|access-date=30 March 2017}}</ref>
* [[Raymond J. Milchovich]] – lead director of Nucor and former chairman and CEO of Foster Wheeler AG<ref name="Milchovich2015">{{cite web|title=Raymond J. Milchovich|url=http://www.dow.com/en-us/investor-relations/corporate-governance/leadership/raymond-milcovich|website=Dow|access-date=30 March 2017}}</ref>
* [[Steve Miller (automotive industry executive)|Robert S. (Steve) Miller]] – International Automotive Components (IAC) Group<ref name="Miller2015">{{cite web|title=Robert S. (Steve) Miller|url=http://www.dow.com/en-us/investor-relations/corporate-governance/leadership/robert-miller|website=Dow|access-date=30 March 2017}}</ref>
* [[Paul Polman]] – CEO [[Unilever]] PLC and Unilever<ref name="dow.com"/>
* [[Dennis H. Reilley]] – former chairman [[Covidien]] Ltd.<ref name="dow.com"/>
* [[James Ringler]] – vice chairman, Illinois Tool Works Inc.<ref name="dow.com"/>
* [[Ruth G. Shaw]] – former president and CEO, [[Duke Energy|Duke Energy Corp.]]<ref name="dow.com"/>
The ten members of the [[board of directors]] of today's iteration of Dow are:<ref name="Dow.com">{{cite web |title=Board of Directors |url=https://investors.dow.com/en/corporate-governance/board-of-directors/default.aspx |access-date=1 May 2020 |website=Dow}}</ref><ref name="Bloomberg">{{cite web |title=Company Overview of Dow Inc. | date=28 June 2023 |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=9830660 |publisher=[[Bloomberg L.P.]]}}</ref>
* [[Samuel R. Allen]] – chairman and former CEO, [[Deere & Company]]
* [[Ajay Banga]] – president & CEO [[MasterCard]]
* [[Jacqueline Barton]] – chemistry professor, [[California Institute of Technology]]
* [[James A. Bell]] – former president and CFO [[Boeing]]
* [[Wesley G. Bush]] – chairman, [[Northrop Grumman]]
* [[Richard K. Davis]] – chairman and CEO of U.S. [[Bancorp]]; [[Make-A-Wish]] chairman
* [[Jeff Fettig]] – former chairman and CEO, [[Whirlpool Corporation|Whirlpool Corp.]]
* [[Jim Fitterling]] – Dow Inc. chairman and CEO
* [[Jacqueline Hinman]] – former chairman, president and CEO of [[CH2M Hill]]
* Jill S. Wyant – [[Executive vice president|EVP]] and president of global regions, [[Ecolab, Inc.]]
* [[Daniel W. Yohannes]] – former U.S. Ambassador to the [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]]

===Presidents===
* [[Herbert Henry Dow]] 1897–1930
* [[Willard Dow|Willard H. Dow]] 1930–1949
* [[Leland Doan]] 1949–1962
* [[Ted Doan]] 1962–1971
* [[Ben Branch]] 1971–1976
* [[Zoltan Merszei]] 1977–1978
* [[Paul F. Oreffice]] 1979–1987
* [[Frank Popoff]] 1987–1995
* [[William S. Stavropoulos]] 1995–2000
* Mike Parker 2000–2002
* [[William S. Stavropoulos]] 2002–2004
* [[Andrew N. Liveris]] 2004–2018
* [[Jim Fitterling]] 2018–present

==Major sponsorships==
In July 2010, Dow became a worldwide partner of the [[Olympic Games]]. The sponsorship extended until 2020.<ref name="sponsor">{{cite news|title=Dow signs as top-tier Olympics sponsor|url=http://www.espn.com/olympics/news/story?id=5386391|access-date=20 May 2017|agency=[[Associated Press]]|work=[[ESPN]]|date=16 July 2010}}</ref><ref name="sponioc">{{cite web|last1=International Olympic Committee|title=Dow Chemical Company joins the top Programme|url=https://www.olympic.org/news/the-dow-chemical-company-joins-the-top-programme|publisher=Olympic.org|access-date=20 May 2017|date=16 July 2010|quote=The agreement positions Dow as an official Worldwide Olympic Partner and the official Chemistry company for the Olympic Movement through to 2020...}}</ref>

In September 2004, Dow obtained the naming rights to the Saginaw County Event Center in [[Saginaw]], [[Michigan]]; the center is now called the [[Dow Event Center]]. The [[Saginaw Spirit]] (of the [[Ontario Hockey League]]) plays at the center, which also hosts events such as [[professional wrestling]], live theater, and concerts.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dow.com/facilities/namerica/michigan/outreach/eventcenter.htm | title=The Dow Event Center | publisher=The Dow Chemical Co. | access-date = 27 June 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060427104235/http://www.dow.com/facilities/namerica/michigan/outreach/eventcenter.htm  |archive-date = 27 April 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.doweventcenter.com/ | title=Welcome to the Dow Event Center | publisher=Dow Event Center | access-date = 27 June 2006}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Graff |first=Gary |date=17 June 2021 |title=Bob Seger rocks Saginaw as Final Tour resumes |url=https://www.theoaklandpress.com/2019/01/04/bob-seger-rocks-saginaw-as-final-tour-resumes/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190301074528/https://www.theoaklandpress.com/entertainment/bob-seger-rocks-saginaw-as-final-tour-resumes/article_be8f3232-1020-11e9-81d0-2b105b420c31.html |archive-date=1 March 2019 |access-date=28 February 2019 |website=The Oakland Press |language=en}}</ref>

In October 2006, Dow bought the naming rights to the stadium used by the [[Great Lakes Loons]], a [[Midwest League|Single-A]] [[minor league baseball]] team located in its hometown of [[Midland, Michigan]]. The stadium is called [[Dow Diamond]]. The Dow Foundation played a key role in bringing the Loons to the city.

In 2010, Dow signed a $100m (£63m) 10-year deal with the [[International Olympic Committee]] and agreed to sponsor the £7m Olympic Stadium wrap.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/olympics/9138932/London-2012-Olympics-David-Cameron-backs-Dow-Chemicals-sponsorship-of-Games.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/olympics/9138932/London-2012-Olympics-David-Cameron-backs-Dow-Chemicals-sponsorship-of-Games.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Dow Chemical Co.|access-date=31 May 2012 | newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|first=Jacquelin|last=Magnay|date=12 March 2012}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

Since 2014 Dow also sponsors [[Austin Dillon|Austin Dillon's]] #3 [[Chevrolet]] for [[Richard Childress Racing]] in the [[NASCAR Cup Series]].

==Major collaborations==
===Lab Safety Academy===
On 20 May 2013, Dow launched the Dow Lab Safety Academy, a website that includes a large collection of informational videos and resources that demonstrate best practices in laboratory safety.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://cen.acs.org/articles/91/web/2013/05/Dow-Unveils-Lab-Safety-Website.html |title=Dow Chemical Unveils Safety Website |access-date=17 June 2013 |newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]]}}</ref> The goal of the website is to improve awareness of safety practices in academic research laboratories and to help the future chemical workforce develop a safety mindset. As such, the Dow Lab Safety Academy is primarily geared toward university students. However, Dow has made the content open to all, including those already employed in the chemical industry. The Dow Lab Safety Academy is also available through the Safety and Chemical Engineering Education program, an affiliate of [[American Institute of Chemical Engineers]] (AIChE); and [[The Campbell Institute]], an organization focusing on environment, health and safety practices.

The Dow Lab Safety Academy is one component of Dow's larger laboratory safety initiative launched in early 2012, following a report from the U.S. Chemical Safety Board<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.csb.gov/videos/experimenting-with-danger/|title=Experimenting With Danger |access-date=17 June 2013 | work=U.S Chemical Safety Board}}</ref> that highlighted the potential hazards associated with conducting research at chemical laboratories in academic institutions. Seeking to share industry best practices with academia, Dow partnered with several U.S. research universities to improve safety awareness and practices in the departments of chemistry, chemical engineering, engineering and materials. Through the pilot programs with [[U.C. Santa Barbara]] (UCSB), [[University of Minnesota]], and [[Pennsylvania State University]], Dow worked with graduate students and faculty to identify areas of improvement and develop a culture of laboratory safety.

===Nature conservancy===
In January 2011, The [[Nature Conservancy]] and The Dow Chemical Co. announced a collaboration<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nature.org/about-us/working-with-companies/companies-we-work-with/dow/corporate-partners-dow-intro.xml|title=Nature Conservancy and Dow announce collaboration|access-date=27 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140920154131/http://www.nature.org/about-us/working-with-companies/companies-we-work-with/dow/corporate-partners-dow-intro.xml|archive-date=20 September 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> to integrate the value of nature into business decision-making. Scientists, engineers, and economists from The Nature Conservancy and Dow are working together at three pilot sites (North America, Latin America, and TBD<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nature.org/newsfeatures/pressreleases/the-nature-conservancy-and-dow-announce-collaboration-pilot-site-in-brazil.xml|title=Nature Conservancy and Dow announce collaboration pilot sites in Brazil|access-date=27 June 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121201102716/http://www.nature.org/newsfeatures/pressreleases/the-nature-conservancy-and-dow-announce-collaboration-pilot-site-in-brazil.xml|archive-date=1 December 2012}}</ref>) to implement and refine models that support corporate decision-making related to the value and resources nature provides. Those [[ecosystem services]] include water, land, air, oceans and a variety of plant and animal life. These sites will serve as a “living laboratories”, to validate and test methods and models so they can be used to inform more sustainable business decisions at Dow and hopefully influence the decision-making and business practices of other companies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dow.com/sustainability/change/nature_conserv.htm|title=The Economics of Ecosystems|access-date=27 June 2013}}</ref>

== Part-owned companies ==
Companies part-owned by Dow include:<ref name=10-K/>
* EQUATE Petrochemical Co. K.S.C.C.
* The Kuwait Olefins Company K.S.C.C.
* The Kuwait Styrene Company K.S.C.C.
* Map Ta Phut Olefins Company Limited
* SCG-DOW Group
* Sadara Chemical Company
* Dow Toray Co., Ltd. (joint venture with [[Toray Industries]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jp.dow.com/content/dam/corp/documents/about/01-4529-01-dow-toray-fast-facts.pdf|title=Dow Toray Fast Facts|website=Jp.dow.com|access-date=28 July 2025}}</ref>

==Notable employees==

* [[George Becker (labor leader)|George Becker]], former vice president of the [[AFL–CIO]], and president of the [[United Steelworkers]]; worked at Dow's aluminum rolling mill in [[Madison, Illinois]], where he was a shop steward.<ref>{{cite web |title=Former Steelworker President George Becker Dies |publisher=United Steelworkers |date=5 February 2007 |url=http://www.usw.ca/media/news/releases?id=0399 |access-date=24 December 2014 |archive-date=12 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150312201056/http://www.usw.ca/media/news/releases?id=0399 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Buddy Burris]], professional football player with the [[Green Bay Packers]]; worked for Dow following his football career.<ref>{{cite web |title=Paul 'Buddy' Burris |publisher=Norman Transcript |url=http://www.normantranscript.com/obituaries/paul-buddy-burris/article_d70a4e04-261b-5d85-bcf8-2033f2a0e5a1.html?mode=jqm |access-date=1 December 2014}}</ref>
* [[Norman F. Carnahan]], chemical engineer; worked at Dow's [[Plaquemines Parish, Louisiana]] division from 1965 to 1968.<ref>{{cite web |title=Norman Carnahan |publisher=Acadian Museum |url=http://www.acadianmuseum.com/legends.php?viewID=250 |access-date=1 December 2014}}</ref>
* [[Sven Trygve Falck]], Norwegian engineer, businessperson and politician; Dow engineer in Texas from 1967 to 1970.<ref>{{cite web |title=Falck, Sven Trygve ( 1943– ) |publisher=Stortinget |url=https://www.stortinget.no/no/Representanter-og-komiteer/Representantene/Representantfordeling/Representant/?perid=SVFA |access-date=1 December 2014}}</ref>
* [[Larry Garner]], Louisiana blues musician; worked at Dow's [[Baton Rouge, Louisiana]] facility.<ref>{{cite web |last=Dahl |first=Bill |title=Artist Biography |publisher=AllMusic |url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/larry-garner-mn0000128186/biography |access-date=1 December 2014}}</ref>
* [[Bettye Washington Greene]], first African-American female chemist employed at Dow; began working in 1965 at the E.C. Britton Lab.
* [[Alexandre Hohagen]], vice president for Latin America and US Hispanics at [[Facebook]]; former public relations manager for Dow Chemical Brazil.<ref>{{cite web |title=Alexandre Hohagen – Regional Managing Director for Latin America |url=https://sites.google.com/site/gps20brazil/executive-bios-1 |access-date=1 December 2014}}</ref>
* [[Zdravko Ježić]], Olympic silver medalist; worked for Dow in Texas on the development of urethane and oxide polymers.<ref>{{cite web |last=Trinajsti |first=Nenad |title=Zdravko Pusko Ježić |publisher=Croatica Chemica Acta |date=January 2005 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/27188521}}</ref>
* [[Claude-André Lachance]], youngest person elected to the [[House of Commons of Canada]] (prior to 2011); director of public affairs for Dow Canada.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dow Chemical Canada Inc / Claude-Andre Lachance, Director, Public Affair |publisher=Office of the Commissioner of Lobbying of Canada |date=5 September 2014 |url=https://ocl-cal.gc.ca/app/secure/orl/lrrs/do/vwRg;jsessionid=00017wAOfHS1-vrAgGAmQou2sS5:-91IL?regId=479812&cno=448 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222101744/https://ocl-cal.gc.ca/app/secure/orl/lrrs/do/vwRg%3Bjsessionid%3D00017wAOfHS1-vrAgGAmQou2sS5%3A-91IL?regId=479812&cno=448 |archive-date=22 December 2015}}</ref>
* [[Ray McIntire]], inventor of [[Styrofoam]]; began working for Dow in 1940 and became a research director.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ray Mcintire, 77, Chemist Who Invented Styrofoam By Accident |work=Chicago Tribune |date=4 February 1996 |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/1996/02/04/ray-mcintire-77-chemist-who-invented-styrofoam-by-accident/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225023709/https://www.chicagotribune.com/1996/02/04/ray-mcintire-77-chemist-who-invented-styrofoam-by-accident/ |archive-date= Dec 25, 2024 }}</ref>
* [[Fred McLafferty]], chemist who pioneered the technique of [[gas chromatography-mass spectrometry]]; began working at Dow's organic chemistry research laboratory in Midland, Michigan in the 1950s.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Yu |first=Kate |title=Man of the Masses |journal=LCGC Europe |publisher=LCGC |date=1 February 2013 |volume=2 |issue=26 |pages=86–90 |url=http://www.chromatographyonline.com/man-masses |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730001532/http://www.chromatographyonline.com/man-masses |archive-date= Jul 30, 2020 }}</ref>
* [[John Moolenaar]], member of the [[Michigan Senate]] and [[Michigan House of Representatives]]; worked as a chemist for Dow.<ref>{{cite web |last=Tower |first=Mark |title=Sen. John Moolenaar Defeats Paul Mitchell in 4th District Congressional Republican Primary Race |publisher=mlive |date=6 August 2014 |url=http://www.mlive.com/news/saginaw/index.ssf/2014/08/4th_district_in_congress_race.html}}</ref>
* [[George Andrew Olah]], recipient of 1994 [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]]; employed at Dow's Sarnia, Canada, plant in the late 1950s.<ref>{{cite web |title=George A. Olah – Biographical |publisher=Nobel Foundation |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1994/olah-bio.html |access-date=1 December 2014}}</ref>
* [[Joseph Overton]], political scientist who developed the [[Overton window]] concept; worked for Dow as an electrical engineer, quality specialist, and project manager.<ref>{{cite web | title = Mackinac VP Overton Killed in Plane Crash | publisher = The Heartland Institute | date = September 1, 2003 |url=https://heartland.org/opinion/mackinac-vp-overton-killed-in-plane-crash/}}</ref>
* [[Forrest Parry]], inventor of the [[magnetic stripe card]]; worked for Dow in the 1950s.<ref>{{cite web |last=Sherratt |first=Gerald R. |title=Cedar City Native Invented the Credit Card |publisher=Iron County Today |date=6 October 2011 |url=http://ironcountytoday.com/bookmark/15943181-Cedar-City-native-invented-the-credit-card |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018042128/http://ironcountytoday.com/bookmark/15943181-Cedar-City-native-invented-the-credit-card |archive-date=18 October 2015}}</ref>
* [[Roy A. Periana]], American [[organometallic chemist]]; worked for Dow at Midland, Michigan.<ref>{{cite web |title=Roy A. Periana |publisher=Scripps Research Institute |url=http://www.scripps.edu/periana/profile.html |access-date=1 December 2014}}</ref>
* [[Abu Ammaar Yasir Qadhi]], conservative American Islamic cleric; worked for Dow after obtaining a chemical engineering degree from the [[University of Houston]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Munahid |first=Ahmad |title=Abu Ammaar Yasir Qadhi: The Sign of Inspiration for Muslim Youth |publisher=Islamic Scholars Worldwide |date=23 April 2012 |url=http://islamicscholarsbd.blogspot.ca/2012/04/abu-ammaar-yasir-qadhi-sign-of.html}}</ref>
* [[Abraham Quintanilla Jr.]], singer-songwriter; former shipping clerk at Dow's Freeport, Texas facility.<ref>{{cite news |last=Mitchell |first=Rick |date=25 March 2005 |title=In Life, She Was the Queen of Tejano Music. In Death, the 23-Year-Old Singer Became a Legend |url=https://www.chron.com/news/article/In-life-she-was-the-queen-of-Tejano-music-In-1649090.php |work=Houston Chronicle}}</ref>
* [[Sheldon Roberts]], semiconductor pioneer who helped found [[Silicon Valley]]; former technical researcher at Dow.<ref>{{cite web |title=C. Sheldon Roberts '48 |publisher=Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute |url=http://rpi.edu/president/bot/roberts.html |access-date=1 December 2014}}</ref>
* [[Alexander Shulgin]], chemist and pharmacologist credited with introducing the drug [[MDMA]] ("ecstasy") to psychologists in the late 1970s; worked for Dow in the 1960s, where he invented [[Mexacarbate|Zectran]], the first biodegradable insecticide.<ref>{{cite web |last=Brown |first=Ethan |title=Chemist Alexander Shulgin, Who Inspired 'Psychonauts' Movement, Dead at 88 |publisher=Al Jazeera America |date=4 June 2014 |url=http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2014/6/4/chemist-alexandershulgindeadat88.html}}</ref>
* [[Mary P. Sinclair]], environmental activist; former technical researcher at Dow.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mary P. Sinclair |work=Midland Daily News |date=15 January 2011 |url=http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/ourmidland/obituary.aspx?n=mary-p-sinclair&pid=147810822&fhid=12907}}</ref>
* [[Huimin Zhao]], Centennial Endowed Chair of Chemical and Bio-Molecular Engineering at the [[University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign]]; project leader at Dow's Industrial Biotechnology Laboratory.<ref>{{cite web |title=Huimin Zhao |publisher=John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation |url=http://www.gf.org/fellows/17337-huimin-zhao |access-date=1 December 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150205064449/http://www.gf.org/fellows/17337-huimin-zhao |archive-date=5 February 2015}}</ref>
*

== See also ==
* [[LyondellBasell]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Ray H. Boundy, J. Lawrence Amos. (1990). ''A History of the Dow Chemical Physics Lab: The Freedom to be Creative''. M. Dekker. {{ISBN|0-8247-8097-3}}.
* E. Ned Brandt. (2003). ''Growth Company: Dow Chemical's First Century''. Michigan State University Press. {{ISBN|0-87013-426-4}} [https://www.eh.net/page/289/?s=US+S&P_500_Index%5Bb5918_com%5D online book review]
* Don Whitehead and Max Dendermonde. (1968). ''The Dow Story: The History of the Dow Chemical Co''. McGraw-Hill. {{ISBN|90-800099-9-7}}.

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Official website|https://www.dow.com}}
{{Finance links
| name = Dow Inc.
| symbol = DOW
| reuters = DOW.N
| bloomberg = DOW:US
| sec_cik = 29915
| yahoo = DOW
| google = DOW:NYSE
}}
* [https://digital.sciencehistory.org/collections/zs25x847n Dow Chemical Company Historical Image Collection] [[Science History Institute]] Digital Collections (An extensive collection of photographs and slides depicting the facilities, operations, and products of The Dow Chemical Company, primarily dating from the second half of the 20th century).
* [https://digital.sciencehistory.org/collections/b2773v77g Advertisements from the Dow Chemical Historical Collection] [[Science History Institute]] Digital Collections (An extensive collection of domestic print advertisements, leaflets, posters, and other ephemera for various brands of The Dow Chemical Company, primarily taken from magazines published between 1921 and 1993).

{{Dow Chemical Company}}
{{S&P 500 companies}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Dow Chemical Company| ]]
[[Category:Dow Inc.]]
[[Category:1897 establishments in Michigan]]
[[Category:Chemical companies established in 1897]]
[[Category:American companies established in 1897]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:Re-established companies]]
[[Category:National Medal of Technology recipients]]
[[Category:Terneuzen]]
[[Category:Midland, Michigan]]
[[Category:Bhopal disaster]]
[[Category:Former components of the Dow Jones Industrial Average]]

List of water deities

2026-03-22T23:45:56Z

Caleb78G9218343: expand layout additionally

{{Short description|none}}
[[File:Gaziantep Zeugma Museum Water gods mosaic 8199.jpg|thumb|300px|Water god in an ancient Roman mosaic. [[Zeugma Mosaic Museum]], [[Gaziantep]], Turkey]]
A '''water deity''' is a [[deity]] in [[mythology]] associated with [[Water and religion|water]] or various [[Body of water|bodies of water]]. Water deities are common in mythology and were usually more important among civilizations in which the sea or ocean, or a great river was more important. Another important focus of worship of water deities has been springs or [[holy well]]s.

As a form of [[animal worship]], [[whale]]s and [[snake]]s (hence [[dragon]]s) have been regarded as godly deities throughout the world (as are other animals such as [[turtle]]s, fish, crabs, and [[shark]]s). In Asian lore, whales and dragons sometimes have connections.<ref>{{cite periodical |author=謝婧 |author2=下園知弥 |author3=宮崎克則 |year=2015 |script-title=ja:明清時代の中国における鯨資源の利用 |url=http://www.seinan-gu.ac.jp/museum/wp-content/uploads/2015/publish/kiyou3.pdf |script-periodical=ja:西南学院大学博物館研究紀要第3号 |pages=9–14 |publisher=[[Seinan Gakuin University]] |access-date=2016-01-16}}</ref> [[Serpent (symbolism)|Serpents are also common as a symbol]] or [[Snake worship|as serpentine deities]], sharing many similarities with dragons.

== Africa ==

=== Akan ===
*[[Bosompo]], primordial embodiment of the oceans <ref>African Religion defined: A Systematic Study of Ancestor Worship among the Akan
</ref>
*[[Abena Mansa]], sea goddess associated with gold <ref>African Religion defined: A Systematic Study of Ancestor Worship among the Akan
</ref>
*[[Ashiakle]], goddess of the treasures at the bottom of the ocean
*[[Tano (Ta Kora)]], god of the Tano river
*Bia, god of the Bia river
*Birim, goddess of the [[Birim river]]
*Bosomtwe, antelope god of the [[Bosomtwe river]]
*Ayensu, god of the [[Ayensu river]]<ref>African Religion defined: A Systematic Study of Ancestor Worship among the Akan</ref>
*Densu, three headed god of the [[Densu river]], often represented as red, and having a bad temper <ref>African Religion defined: A Systematic Study of Ancestor Worship among the Akan</ref>

=== Bantu ===
* [[Bunzi]], goddess of rain, rainbow and waters.
* Chicamassichinuinji, king of oceans.
* Funza, goddess of waters, twin phenomenon and malformations in children. Wife of Mbumba.
* [[Jengu]], [[Sawabantu languages|Sawabantu]] water spirits
* Kalunga, [[Bantu peoples|Bantu]] Supreme Creator
* Kimbazi, goddess of sea storms.
* Kuitikuiti, serpent god of Congo river.
* Lusunzi, god of spring and waters.
* [[Mamba Muntu]], goddesses of waters and sexuality.
* Makanga.
* Mbantilanda.
* Mbumba, rainbow serpent of terrestrial waters and warriors.
* Mboze.
* [[Bunzi|Mpulu Bunzi]], [[Kongo religion|Bakongo]] god of rain and waters.
* [[Nyami Nyami]], [[Tonga people (Zambia and Zimbabwe)|Batonga]] river spirit
* [[Simbi]], [[Kongo religion|Bakongo]] ancestral water spirits

=== Dahomey ===
* [[Erzulie]], goddess of sweet water, beauty, and love.

=== Dogon ===
*[[Nommos]], amphibious spirits that are worshipped as ancestors.

=== Egyptian ===
*[[Anuket]], goddess of the Nile and nourisher of the fields.
*Bairthy, goddess of water, was depicted with a small pitcher on her head, holding a long spear-like sceptre.
*[[Hapi (Nile god)|Hapi]], god of the annual flooding of the Nile.
*[[Heh (god)|Heh]], frog headed god of the primordial waters.
*[[Heqet]], wife of Khnum, also with the head of a frog.
*[[Khnum]], god of the source of the Nile.
*[[Nephthys]], goddess of rivers, death, mourning, the dead, and night.
*[[Nu (mythology)|Nu]], uncreated god, personification of the primordial waters.
*[[Osiris]], god of the dead and afterlife; originally a god of water and vegetation.
*[[Satet]], goddess of the Nile River's floods.
*[[Sobek]], god of the Nile river, is depicted as a crocodile or a man with the head of a crocodile.
*[[Tefnut]], goddess of water, moisture, and fertility.
*[[Wadj-wer]], personification of the Mediterranean Sea or represented the lagoons and lakes in the northernmost Nile Delta.

=== Ewe / Fon ===
*[[Agwé]], a sea loa.
*[[Clermeil]], a river loa.
*[[Mami Wata]], a water loa.
*[[Pie (loa)|Pie]], a lake and river loa.

=== Lugandan ===
* [[Sezibwa]], goddess of the [[Sezibwa River]].

=== Serer ===
*[[Mindiss]] (or Mindis) is not a deity in [[Serer religion]], but a [[pangool]] with goddess–like attributes. She is a female protector of the [[Fatick Region]]. Offerings are made in her name at the [[Sine River|River Sine]]. She appears to humans in the form of a [[manatee]],<ref>Kalis, Simone, ''Médecine traditionnelle, religion et divination ches les Seereer Siin du Sénégal'' –La connaissance de la nuit, [[L'Harmattan]] (1997), p. 123, {{ISBN|2-7384-5196-9}}</ref> She is one of the best known ''fangool'' (singular of ''pangool''). She possess the attributes of a typical ''water fangool'', yet at the same time, she is a ''blood fangool''.<ref>[[Henry Gravrand|Gravrand, Henry]], ''La Civilisation Sereer – ''[[Pangool]]'', vol.2, Les Nouvelles Editions Africaines du Senegal, (1990), p. 327, {{ISBN|2-7236-1055-1}}''</ref> The Senegalese Ministry of Culture added the ''Mbind Ngo Mindiss'' site to its list of monuments and historic sites in [[Fatick]]. It is the site where offerings are made, situated on the [[Inlet|arms of the sea]] which bears her name, in the [[Kingdom of Sine|Sine]].<ref>REPUBLIC DU SENEGAL, SECRETARIAT GENERAL DU GOUVERNMENT (JOURNAL OFFICIEL) : ''MINISTERE DE LA CULTURE ET DU PATRIMOINE HISTORIQUE CLASSE'', ''ARRETE MINISTERIEL n° 2711 mcphc-dpc en date du 3 mai 2006'', [http://www.jo.gouv.sn/spip.php?article4607]</ref>

=== Yoruba ===
* [[Oshun]], an [[orisha]] of fresh "sweet" waters and the [[Osun River]].
* [[Olokun]], an ocean orisha. In [[Yoruba religion]] they are the deity of all waters.
* [[Yemoja]], originally the orisha of the Ogun River (largest river in [[Yorubaland]]) but became the orisha over the sea waves by way of the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade. In some traditional myths she aided [[Ọbatala]] with the creation of humans.
*[[Olosa]], consort of Olokun, orisha over lagoons.
*[[Ọya]], orisha of storms and the [[Niger River]].
*[[Oba (orisha)|Oba]], orisha of the Oba River.
*[[Yewa]], orisha of the Yewa River.
*Otin, orisha of the [[Otin River]].
*[[Yemòó]], original wife of Ọbatala and orisha over waters and maternity. Said to be the original form of most female water orishas.

=== Igbo ===
* Nmuo Mmiri or Nne Mmiri, The Water goddess.

== Asia-Pacific and Oceania ==

=== East Asia ===

==== Taoism and Chinese folk religion ====
[[File:鹿港新祖宮「慶端陽活動」.jpg|thumb|[[Chinese folk religion|Chinese]] sea goddess [[Mazu (goddess)|Mazu]]]]
*[[Three Great Emperor-Officials|Emperor the Water Official (shuǐguān)]]
*[[Xiang River goddesses|Ehuang & Nuying]], goddesses of the Xiang River.
*[[Gonggong]], red-haired dragon with the head of a man and water god who, together with his associate Xiang Yao, is responsible for the great floods.
*[[Hebo]], god of the [[Yellow River]].
*[[Longmu]], goddess of the Xijiang River in the Lingnan area.
*[[Mazu (goddess)|Mazu]], goddess of the sea and protector of seafarers.
*[[Shuimu]], goddess of the water.
*[[Shui Wei Sheng Niang|Shui Wei Niang]], goddess of the water.
* Shuidexianjun (水德星君)
*[[Tam Kung]], sea deity worshiped in Hong Kong and Macau with the ability to forecast weather.
*[[Honorable Kings of the Water Immortals]] (''Shuixian Zunwang'').
**Han Ao or [[Lu Ban]], the inventors.
** [[Qu Yuan]], [[Wu Zixu]], and [[Xiang Yu]], famous suicides lost in rivers.
** [[Yu the Great]], tamer of China's Great Flood.
*[[Dragon King]]s of the Four Seas.
**[[Ao Kuang]], Dragon King of the Eastern Sea.
** Ao Qin, Dragon King of the Southern Sea.
** Ao Run, Dragon King of the Western Sea.
** Ao Shun, Dragon King of the Northern Sea.

==== Japanese ====
{{See also|List of legendary creatures from Japan}}
*[[Ebisu (mythology)|Ebisu]], god of fortunes and fishery, often being referred to marine [[megafauna]]s such as whales and [[whale shark]]s (hence being also called "Ebisu-shark").<ref>{{Cite book |author=村上健司編著 |title=日本妖怪大事典 |publisher=角川書店 |year=2005 |isbn=978-4-04-883926-6 |series=Kwai books |page=182}}</ref><ref name="大藤1955">{{Cite book |author=大藤時彦他 |title=綜合日本民俗語彙 |publisher=平凡社 |others=柳田國男監修 |year=1955 |editor=民俗学研究所編 |volume=第2巻 |page=763}}</ref>
*Hanzaki Daimyojin, gigantic [[Japanese giant salamander]] and master of the water.
*[[Kuraokami]], one of Suijin.
*[[Mizuchi]], [[Japanese dragon]] and sea god.
*[[Ōyamatsumi]], god of mountains, sea and war.
*[[Ryūjin]] or [[Watatsumi]], Japanese dragon and tutelary deity of the sea.
*[[Suijin]], [[Shinto]] god of water.
*[[Sumiyoshi sanjin]], god of ocean and sailing.
*[[Susanoo-no-Mikoto|Susanoo]], Shinto god of storms and the sea.
*[[Watatsumi]], dragon king and ocean god.
*[[Yamata no Orochi]], serpentine monster but also regarded as an incarnation of violent river.

'''[[Ainu people|Ainu]]'''
*[[Amemasu]], monster in the lakes.
*[[Rep-un-kamuy]], god of the sea, often referring to [[orca]].

==== Korean ====
*[[Korean dragon|Imoogi]] or Imugi, giant serpents of Korean folklore which later become true dragons.
*[[Munmu of Silla|King Munmu]], a king who wished to become a dragon before his death to protect Korea from the [[Sea of Japan|Donghae]].
*[[Yongwang (deity)|Yongwang]], an undersea deity believed to determine the fortunes of fishermen and sailors.

=== South Asia ===
==== Hindu ====
In Hindu culture, each water body is worshipped as a form of God. Hence, the rivers are worshipped as goddesses and the ocean is worshipped as a god.

[[File:Varunadeva.jpg|thumb|Varuna, the Lord of All the Water Bodies]]

*[[Ap (water)|Ap]], group of water goddesses.
*[[Matsya]], avatar of [[Vishnu]] in piscine form
*[[Apam Napat]], god of fresh water, such as in rivers and lakes.
*[[Danu (Hinduism)|Danu]], goddess of primordial waters, mother of [[Vritra]] and the [[Danavas]].
*[[Makara (Hindu mythology)|Makara]], mystical creature of waters.
*[[Varuna]], the God of the ocean and rains and water.
*[[Indra]], King of the Gods, God of weather, and bringer of rain, thunderstorms and clouds.
*[[Saptasindhu]], the seven holy rivers of India, namely:
**[[Ganges in Hinduism|Ganga]], the Goddess of the Ganges River.
**[[Yami|Yamuna]], the Goddess of the Yamuna River.
**[[Saraswati]], the divine Goddess of knowledge and wisdom who was personified as a river that dried up in ancient times.
**[[Indus]], also called Sindhu. The river is considered the eldest daughter of the Himalaya mountains.
**[[Narmada]], the river Goddess often worshipped as a deity and daughter of Lord [[Shiva]].
**[[Godavari]], the longest river of South India. The river is also considered as Dakshina Ganga aka South(ern) Ganga.
**[[Lopamudra|Kaveri]], a river of South India, worshipped by people as a goddess who was previously incarnated as [[Lopamudra]], the wife of Sage [[Agastya]].
*Rivers such as [[Tapati|Tapi]], also known as Tapati, is worshipped as a daughter of the sun god, [[Surya]].
*The river [[Krishna]], worshipped as Krishnaveni Devi/Krishna Mai, is considered to be Lord [[Vishnu]] born as a river.
*[[Tungabhadra]], a tributary of Krishna, is worshipped as a goddess. The river is also known as Pampa.
*[[Pamba River]] and [[Suvarnamukhi]] [[River]] flowing past the holy temple towns of [[Sabarimala]] in Kerala and [[Tirupati]] and [[Srikalahasti]] in Andhra Pradesh, respectively.
*The river [[Brahmaputra]] is the only river to have a male personification, whose name means "son of Brahma", the creator.
*[[Mariamman]], regional goddess of the rain and medicine

==== Meitei ====
*[[Wangbren]], the Sea God who holds storm, rain and disaster .
*[[Poubi Lai]], the giant dragon who ruled its tyranny in the [[Loktak lake]].
*[[Irai Leima]], the Goddess of water and aquatic life.
* Ngāreima, goddess of fish
* Thongjarok Lairembi of Thongjaorok River
* Iril Lairembi of Iril River
* Imphal Turel Lairembi of Imphal River
* Kongba Turel Lairembi of Kongba River
* [[Loktak Ima]] of Loktak Lake
* Pumlenpat Lairembi of Pumlenpat Lake

=== Southeast Asia ===

[[File:Magwayen.jpg|thumb|Magwayen]]

==== Filipino ====
{{Main|List of Philippine mythological figures}}
*Sirinan: the Isnag spirit of the river<ref>Vanoverbergh, M. (1941). The Isneg Farmer. Catholic Anthropologist Conference. Vol. III, No. 4.</ref>
*Limat: the Gaddang god of the sea<ref>Lumicao-Lora, M. L. (1984). Gaddang Literature. New Day Publishers.</ref>
*Oden: the Bugkalot deity of the rain, worshiped for its life-giving waters<ref>Wilson, L. L. (1947). Ilongot Life and Legends. Southeast Asia Institute.</ref>
*Ocean Deity: the Ilocano goddess of the ocean whose waters slammed the ediface of salt being built by Ang-ngalo and Asin, causing the sea's water to become salty<ref>Yabes, L. Y. (1958). Folklore Studies Vol. 17: The Adam and Eve of the Ilocanos. Nanzan University.</ref>
*Gods of the Pistay Dayat: Pangasinense gods who are pacified through the Pistay Dayat ritual, where offerings are given to the spirits of the waters who pacify the gods<ref>Andico, F. L. The Lowland Cultural Community of Pangasinan. National Commission for Culture and the Arts.</ref>
*Anitun Tauo: the Sambal goddess of win and rain who was reduced in rank by Malayari for her conceit<ref>Jocano, F. L. (1969). Philippine Mythology. Quezon City: Capitol Publishing House Inc.</ref>
*Sedsed: the Aeta god of the sea<ref>Noche, D. (2019). A reclamation of one's heritage. Manila Standard.</ref>
*Apûng Malyari: the Kapampangan moon god who lives in Mt. Pinatubo and ruler of the eight rivers<ref>Nicdao, A. (1917). Pampangan Folklore. Manila.</ref>
*Lakandanum: variant of the Kapampangan Naga, known to rule the waters<ref>Nicdao, A. (1917). Pampangan Folklore. Manila.</ref>
*[[Bathala]]: the Tagalog supreme god and creator deity, also known as Bathala Maykapal, Lumilikha, and Abba; an enormous being with control over thunder, lightning, flood, fire, thunder, and earthquakes; presides over lesser deities and uses spirits to intercede between divinities and mortals<ref>Jocano, F. L. (1969). Philippine Mythology. Quezon City: Capitol Publishing House Inc.</ref>
*Anitun Tabu: the Tagalog goddess of wind and rain and daughter of Idianale and Dumangan<ref>Jocano, F. L. (1969). Philippine Mythology. Quezon City: Capitol Publishing House Inc.</ref>
*Lakapati: the Tagalog hermaphrodite deity and protector of sown fields, sufficient field waters, and abundant fish catch<ref>San Buenaventura, P. (1613). Vocabulario de Lengua Tagala.</ref>
*Amanikable: the Tagalog god of the sea who was spurned by the first mortal woman; also a god of hunters<ref>Demetrio, F. R., Cordero-Fernando, G., & Zialcita, F. N. (1991). The Soul Book. Quezon City: GCF Books.</ref>
*Amansinaya: the Tagalog goddess of fishermen<ref>Demetrio, F. R., Cordero-Fernando, G., & Zialcita, F. N. (1991). The Soul Book. Quezon City: GCF Books.</ref>
*Haik: the Tagalog god of the sea who protects travelers from tempests and storms<ref>Souza, G. B., Turley, J. S. (2016). The Boxer Codex: Transcription and Translation of an Illustrated Late Sixteenth-century Spanish Manuscript Concerning the Geography, Ethnography and History of the Pacific, South-East Asia and East Asia. Brill.</ref>
*Bulan-hari: one of the Tagalog deities sent by Bathala to aid the people of Pinak; can command rain to fall; married to Bitu-in<ref>Eugenio, D. L. (2013). Philippine Folk Literature: The Legends. Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press</ref>
*Makapulaw: the Tagalog god of sailors<ref>Pardo, F. (1686–1688). Carte [...] sobre la idolatria de los naturales de la provincia de Zambales, y de los del pueblo de Santo Tomas y otros cicunvecinos [...]. Sevilla, Spain: Archivo de la Indias.</ref>
*Great Serpent of Pasig: a giant Tagalog serpent who created the Pasig river after merchants wished to the deity; in exchange for the Pasig's creation, the souls of the merchants would be owned by the serpent<ref>Edited by Alejandro, R. G., Yuson, A. A. (2000). Pasig: River of Life. Unilever Philippines.</ref>
*Quadruple Deities: the four childless naked Tau-buid Mangyan deities, composed of two gods who come from the sun and two goddesses who come from the upper part of the river; summoned using the paragayan or diolang plates<ref>Kikuchi, Y. (1984). Mindoro Highlanders: The Life of the Swidden Agriculturists. New Day Publishers.</ref>
*Afo Sapa: the Buhid Mangyan owner of rivers<ref>NewCAPP (2014). The ties that bind: The Buhid Mangyan People of Mindoro, their Sacred Lands and Medicine Mountain. Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Global Environment Facility, and UNDP.</ref>
*Apu Dandum: the Hanunoo Mangyan spirit living in the water<ref>Servano, M. R. Mangyan. DLSU LITERA.</ref>
*Tubigan: the Bicolano god of the water<ref>Beyer, H. O. (1923). Ethnography of the Bikol People. vii.</ref>
*Dagat: the Bicolano goddess of the sea<ref>Beyer, H. O. (1923). Ethnography of the Bikol People. vii.</ref>
*Bulan: the Bicolano moon god whose arm became the earth, and whose tears became the rivers and seas<ref>Arcilla, A. M. (1923). The Origin of Earth and of Man. Ethnography of the Bikol People, vii.</ref>
*Magindang: the Bicolano god of fishing who leads fishermen in getting a good fish catch through sounds and signs<ref>Realubit, M. L. F. (1983). Bikols of the Philippines. A.M.S. Press.</ref>
*Onos: the Bicolano deity who freed the great flood that changed the land's features<ref>Castaño, F. J. (1895). un pequeño fragmento inedito en verso.</ref>
*Hamorawan Lady: the Waray deity of the Hamorawan spring in Borongan, who blesses the waters with healing properties<ref>Piccio, B. (2016). The Legend of the Miraculous Lady in White Lurking in Eastern Samar's Hamorawan Spring. Choose Philippines.</ref>
*Maka-andog: an epic Waray giant-hero who was friends with the sea spirits and controlled wildlife and fish; first inhabitant and ruler of Samar who lived for five centuries; later immortalized as a deity of fishing<ref>Hart D. V., Hart H. C. (1966). Maka-andog: A Reconstructed Myth from Eastern Samar, Philippines. The Journal of American Folklore</ref>
*[[Magwayen]]: the Visayan goddess who rules over the oceans as her kingdom; mother of Lidagat; wife of Kaptan<ref>Miller, J. M. (1904). Philippine folklore stories. Boston, Ginn.</ref>
*Magauayan: the Bisaya sea deity who fought against Kaptan for eons until Manaul intervened<ref>Hill, P. (1934). Philippine Short Stories. Manila: Oriental Commercial Company.</ref>
*Lidagat: the Bisaya sea deity married to the wind; daughter of Maguayan<ref>Miller, J. M. (1904). Philippine folklore stories. Boston, Ginn.</ref>
*Bakunawa: the Bisaya serpent deity who can coil around the world; sought to swallow the seven "Queen" moons, successfully eating the six, where the last is guarded by bamboos<ref>Buyser, F. (1913). Mga Sugilanong Karaan</ref>
*Makilum-sa-tubig: the Bisaya god of the sea<ref>Jocano, F. L. (1969). Philippine Mythology. Quezon City: Capitol Publishing House Inc.</ref>
*Kasaray-sarayan-sa-silgan: the Bisaya god of streams<ref>Jocano, F. L. (1969). Philippine Mythology. Quezon City: Capitol Publishing House Inc.</ref>
*Magdan-durunoon: the Bisaya god of hidden lakes<ref>Jocano, F. L. (1969). Philippine Mythology. Quezon City: Capitol Publishing House Inc.</ref>
*Santonilyo: a Bisaya deity who brings rain when its image is immersed at sea<ref>San Agustín, G. (1998). Conquistas de las Islas Filipinas, 1565–1615 (Spanish Edition): Bilingual ed edition. San Agustin Museum.</ref>
*Magyawan: the Hiligaynon god of the sea<ref>Loarca, Miguel de. (1582) 1903. Relation of the Filipinas Islands. In Blair and Robertson, The Philippine Islands 5.</ref>
*Manunubo: the Hiligaynon and Aklanon good spirit of the sea<ref>Loarca, Miguel de. (1582) 1903. Relation of the Filipinas Islands. In Blair and Robertson, The Philippine Islands 5.</ref>
*Launsina: the Capiznon goddess of the sun, moon, stars, and seas, and the most beloved because people seek forgiveness from her<ref>Cruz-Lucero, R., Pototanon, R. M. (2018). Capiznon. With contributions by E. Arsenio Manuel. In Our Islands, Our People: The Histories and Cultures of the Filipino Nation, edited by Cruz-Lucero, R.</ref>
*Kapapu-an: the Karay-a pantheon of ancestral spirits from whom the supernatural powers of shamans originated from; their aid enables specific types of shamans to gush water from rocks, leap far distances, create oil shields, become invisible, or pass through solid matter<ref>Magos, Alicia P. 1978. "The Ma-aram in a Kiniray-a Society." Master's thesis, University of the Philippines, Diliman.</ref>
*Neguno: the Cuyonon and Agutaynen god of the sea that cursed a selfish man by turning him into the first shark<ref>Malay, P. C. (1957). The First Shark. Weekly Women's Magazine.</ref>
*Polo: the benevolent Tagbanwa god of the sea whose help is invoked during times of illness<ref>CCP Encyclopedia of Philippine Art: Peoples of the Philippines (1994). Cultural Center of the Philippines.</ref>
*Diwata Kat Sidpan: a deity who lives in the western region called Sidpan;<ref>Filipino Heritage: The metal age in the Philippines (1977). Manila: Lahing Pilipino Pub.</ref> controls the rains<ref>Fox, R. B. (1982). Religion and Society Among the Tagbanuas of Palawan Island, Philippines. Manila: National Museum</ref>
*Diwata Kat Libatan: a deity who lives in the eastern region called Babatan;<ref>Filipino Heritage: The metal age in the Philippines (1977). Manila: Lahing Pilipino Pub.</ref> controls the rain<ref>Fox, R. B. (1982). Religion and Society Among the Tagbanuas of Palawan Island, Philippines. Manila: National Museum</ref>
*Tagma-sa-Dagat: the Subanon god of the sea<ref>Jocano, F. L. (1969). Philippine Mythology. Quezon City: Capitol Publishing House Inc.</ref>
*Tagma-sa-uba: the Subanon god of the rivers<ref>Jocano, F. L. (1969). Philippine Mythology. Quezon City: Capitol Publishing House Inc.</ref>
*Diwata na Magbabaya: simply referred as Magbabaya; the good Bukidnon supreme deity and supreme planner who looks like a man; created the earth and the first eight elements, namely bronze, gold, coins, rock, clouds, rain, iron, and water; using the elements, he also created the sea, sky, moon, and stars; also known as the pure god who wills all things; one of three deities living in the realm called Banting<ref>Unabia, C. C. (1986). THe Bukidnon Batbatonon and Pamuhay: A Socio-Literary Study. Quezon City : UP Press.</ref>
*Dadanhayan ha Sugay: the evil Bukidnon lord from whom permission is asked; depicted as the evil deity with a human body and ten heads that continuously drools sticky saliva, which is the source of all waters; one of the three deities living in the realm called Banting<ref>Unabia, C. C. (1986). THe Bukidnon Batbatonon and Pamuhay: A Socio-Literary Study. Quezon City : UP Press.</ref>
*Bulalakaw: the Bukidnon guardian of the water and all the creatures living in it<ref>Unabia, C. C. (1986). THe Bukidnon Batbatonon and Pamuhay: A Socio-Literary Study. Quezon City : UP Press.</ref>
*Python of Pusod Hu Dagat: the gigantic Bukidnon python living at the center of the sea; caused a massive flood when it coiled its body at sea<ref>Esteban, R. C., Casanova, A. R., Esteban, I. C. (2011). Folktales of Southern Philippines. Anvil Publishing.</ref>
*Bulalakaw: the Talaandig deity who safeguards the creatures in the rivers; the lalayon ritual is offered to the deity<ref>Global ICCA Database: Igmale'ng'en sacred forests of Portulin, Mindanao, Philippines. Indigenous Peoples' and Community Conserved Areas and Territories Consortium.</ref>
*Tagbanua: the Manobo god of rain<ref>Jocano, F. L. (1969). Philippine Mythology. Quezon City: Capitol Publishing House Inc.</ref>
*Yumud: the god of water<ref>Jocano, F. L. (1969). Philippine Mythology. Quezon City: Capitol Publishing House Inc.</ref>
*Pamulak Manobo: the Bagobo supreme deity and creator of the world, including the land, sea, and the first humans; throws water from the sky, causing rain, while his spit are the showers<ref>Benedict, L. W. (1913). Bagobo Myths. Journal of American Folklore, pp. 26 (99): 13–63.</ref>
*Eels of Mount Apo: two giant Bagobo eels, where one went east and arrived at sea, begetting all the eels of the world; the other went west, and remained on land until it died and became the western foothills of Mount Apo<ref>Esteban, R. C., Casanova, A. R., Esteban, I. C. (2011). Folktales of Southern Philippines. Anvil Publishing.</ref>
*Fon Eel: the Blaan spirit of water<ref>Cole, M. C. (1916). Philippine Folk Tales. Chicago: A. C. McClurg and Company.</ref>
*Fu El: the T'boli spirit of water<ref>Cudera, R. B., Razon, B. C., Millondaga, K. J. I. (2020). Cultural and ecological significance of Odonata (Insecta) to the T'boli of Lake Sebu, Mindanao, Philippines. Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity.</ref>
*Fu El Melel: the T'boli spirit of the river<ref>Cudera, R. B., Razon, B. C., Millondaga, K. J. I. (2020). Cultural and ecological significance of Odonata (Insecta) to the T'boli of Lake Sebu, Mindanao, Philippines. Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity.</ref>
*Segoyong: the Teduray guardians of the classes of natural phenomena; punishes humans to do not show respect and steal their wards; many of them specialize in a class, which can be water, trees, grasses, caves behind waterfalls, land caves, snakes, fire, nunuk trees, deers, and pigs<ref>Wood, G. L. (1957). Philippine Sociological Review Vol. 5, No. 2: The Tiruray. Philippine Sociological Society.</ref>
*Tunung: the Maguindanao spirits who live in the sky, water, mountain, or trees; listens to prayers and can converse with humans by borrowing the voice of a medium; protects humans from sickness and crops from pests<ref>Williams, M. S. (1997). Philippine Sociological Review Vol. 45, No. 1/4: Causality, Power, and Cultural Traits of the Maguindanao. Philippine Sociological Society.</ref>
*Tonong: divine Maranao spirits who often aid heroes; often lives in nonok trees, seas, lakes, and the sky realm<ref>Talaguit, C. J. N. (2019). Folk-Islam in Maranao Society. History Department, De La Salle University – Manila.</ref>
*Umboh Tuhan: also called Umboh Dilaut, the Sama-Bajau god of the sea and one of the two supreme deities; married to Dayang Dayang Mangilai<ref>Hussin, H., Santamaria, M. C. M. (2008). Dancing with the ghosts of the sea: Experiencing the Pagkanduli ritual of the Sama Dilaut (Bajau Laut) in Sikulan, Tawi-Tawi, Southern Philippines. JATI: Jurnal Jabatan Pengajian Asia Tenggara Fakulti Sastera Dan Sains Sosial</ref>
*Umboh Kamun: the Sama-Bajau totem of mantis shrimp<ref>Tangan, L. (2011). Exploration into Sama Philosophy: Omboh.</ref>
*Sumangâ: the Sama-Bajau spirit of sea vessels; the guardian who deflects attacks<ref>Stacey, N. (2007). Boats to Burn: Bajo fishing activity in the Australian fishing zone. Canberra, Australia: ANU E Press.</ref>

==== Indonesian ====
*[[Dewi Danu]], Balinese Hindu water goddess.
*[[Dewi Lanjar]], Javanese Queen of the North Sea.
*[[Nyai Roro Kidul]], Javanese Queen of the South Sea (Indian Ocean).

==== Cambodia ====
*[[Yeay Mao]], a [[neak ta]] divinity in Khmer Buddhism that is the patron guardian of sailors, travelers, and hunters.

==== Vietnamese ====
* [[Động Đình Quân]], [[Kinh Dương Vương]]'s father-in-law, grandfather of Lạc Long Quân, he was a Long Vương who lived in [[Dongting Lake]].
* [[Lạc Long Quân]], he is the ancestor of the Vietnamese people and is also one of the top Long Vươngs under the Water Palace.
* [[Bát Hải Long Vương]] or Vua Cha Bát Hải Động Đình, he is a Long Vương and also the father of [[Mẫu Thoải]]. He is the son of [[Lạc Long Quân]] and one of the heads of the Water Palace.
* [[Đông Hải Long Vương]], was the 25th son of Lạc Long Quân and [[Âu Cơ]] who ruled the whole Bồ Sào region, ruled the Red River, gathered people scattered because of floods to re-explore the hamlets, and kept quiet villages throughout the delta form Ngã ba Hạc to the sea estuary.
* [[Mẫu Thoải]], the head goddess of all rivers, lakes and seas. She governs water and all things related to water.
* [[Long Vương]], the Long Vương is a common name for the gods who rule over the sea and ocean.
* [[Tô Lịch Giang Thần]], god of [[Tô Lịch River]].
* [[Hà Bá]], the god who manages the rivers (note that each river has its own governing god, and each person's power may be less or more powerful than Hà Bá).
* [[Bà Thủy]], goddess has the same function as Hà Bá
* [[Cá Ông]], this god often appears in the form of large fish (such as whales, dolphins, sperm whales,...) to help ships that have accidents due to weather at sea.
* [[Độc Cước]], god of protection for the people of the sea.
* [[Thuồng Luồng]] or Giao Long, They can be water monsters, they can also be water gods.

=== Western Asia and Central Asia ===

=== Armenian ===
*[[Astłik]], goddess of water sources.
*[[Tsovinar (goddess)|Tsovinar]], goddess of seas and storms.

=== Canaanite ===
* [[Yam (god)]], god of the sea.
* [[Asherah]] ([[Goddess]]), goddess of water, fertility, mother goddess, queen of gods and heaven.
* [[Atargatis]], fertility goddess tied to fish and identified with a mermaid figure.
* Marah, goddess of water, Anat's twin sister being described as benevolent.

=== Hebrew ===
* [[Leviathan]], sea serpent.

=== Hittite ===
*[[Aruna (Hittite mythology)|Aruna]], god of the sea.

=== Mesopotamian ===
* [[Abzu]], god of fresh water, father of all other gods.
* [[Enbilulu]], god of rivers and canals.
* [[Enki]], god of water and of the river [[Tigris]].
* [[Kulullû]], the "fish man", monster servant of [[Marduk]].
* [[Marduk]], god associated with water, vegetation, judgment, and magic.
* [[Nammu]], goddess of the primeval sea.
* [[Nanshe]], goddess of the [[Persian Gulf]], justice, prophecy, fertility and fishing.
* [[Tiamat]], goddess of salt water and chaos, also mother of all gods.
* [[Sirsir]], god of mariners.

=== Ossetia ===
*[[Donbettyr]], master of all waters.

=== Iranic and Zoroastrian ===
*[[Ahurani]], Ahurani is a water goddess from ancient Persian mythology who watches over rainfall as well as standing water.
*[[Anahita]], the divinity of "the Waters" ([[Aban]]) and associated with fertility, healing, and wisdom.
*[[Apam Napat]], the divinity of rain and the maintainer of order.
*[[Haurvatat]], the [[Amesha Spenta]] associated with water, prosperity, and health in post-Gathic Zoroastrianism.
*[[Tishtrya]], [[Zoroastrian]] benevolent divinity associated with life-bringing rainfall and fertility.

=== Turkic ===
* [[:tr:Talay|Talay]], god of ocean.

=== Polynesian ===
==== Fijian ====
*[[Dakuwaqa]], a shark god.
*[[Daucina]], god of seafaring.

==== Hawaiian ====
*[[Kamohoalii]], shark god.
*[[Kanaloa]] or [[Tangaroa]], god of the ocean and magics and underworld with forms of [[cephalopod]].
*[[Nāmaka]], sea goddess.
*[[Nanaue]], another shark god.
*[[Ukupanipo]], shark god who controls the amount of fish close enough for the fisherman to catch.

==== Māori ====
*[[Ikatere]], a fish god, the father of all the sea creatures including mermaids.
*[[Kiwa (mythology)|Kiwa]], a guardian of the sea.
*[[Rongomai]], a whale god.
*[[Ruahine]], an eel god.
*[[Taniwha]], deities or [[monster]]s (often take forms resembling dragons).
*[[Tangaroa]], god of the sea.
*[[Tawhirimātea]], god of the weather, rain, storms and wind
*[[Tinirau]], a guardian of the sea.
*[[Tohora]] ([[Māori mythology|Maori]] name for [[southern right whale]]s), the great whale who saved legendary hero [[Paikea]], famously known as the [[Whale Rider]], (also the Maori name for [[humpback whale]]s) from drowning and carried him to land. This led to the creation of New Zealand.

==== Samoan ====

==== ''other island nations'' ====
*[[Agunua]], serpentine god of the sea of [[Solomon Islands]].
*[[Ayida-Weddo]], serpentine spirit among several island nations.

[[Cook Islands]]
*Tangaroa, God of the Ocean and Seas
*Momoke, fair maidens, said to be water spirits with skin as pale as milk. These 'white ones' approach those on land during the night, emerging from deep pools of water to collect food or to seduce men before returning to the water depths. It is said that the Momoke come from an underwater nation, though some have said that this watery kingdom is also 'Avaiki'; paradise, heaven and the source of all of creation.

==== Aboriginal Australian ====
*[[Eingana]], mother of all.
*[[Rainbow Serpent]]s, creators of [[dreamtime]].
*[[Ungud]], serpent god bring fortunes.
*[[Wirnpa]], creator of rain.
*[[Yurlungur]], the copper serpent.

== Europe ==

=== Baltic ===
==== Lithuanian ====
*[[Bangpūtys]], god of sea and storm.
*[[Laumė]], goddess of wild spaces, including waters.

=== Celtic ===
*[[Belisama]], goddess of lakes and rivers, fire, crafts, and light.
*[[Grannus]], a god associated with spas, the sun, fires and healing thermal and mineral springs.
*[[Nantosuelta]], river goddess of fire, the earth, healing, and fertility.<ref>{{cite web |date=11 February 2012 |title=Goddess Nantosuelta |url=https://journeyingtothegoddess.wordpress.com/2012/02/11/goddess-nantosuelta/}}</ref>
*[[Nodens]], god associated with healing, the sea, hunting and dogs.
*[[Damona]], water goddess associated with healing and rivers
*[[Selkie]], a mythological creature associated with seals.

==== Gaulish ====
*[[Acionna]], a water goddess/[[genius loci]] of the [[Orleanais]] region and the [[Essonne (river)|Essonne]].
*[[Condatis]], god of the [[River Wear]] and healing.
* Segeta, goddess of the [[Loire]].
*[[Sequana]], goddess of the [[River Seine]].
*[[Souconna (mythology)|Souconna]], goddess of the [[Saône]].
*[[Sirona (goddess)|Sirona]], a goddess associated with healing springs.
*[[Coventina]], a goddess of springs, wells and fresh water from Britain and Roman Gaul.
*[[Nehalennia|Nehelennia]], a Belgiian Gaulish goddess of the sea, sailors and trading.

==== Irish ====
*[[Brigid]], a goddess sometimes associated with water and where three streams join (relating to her being a [[Triple Goddess]]).<ref>[https://druidry.org/resources/brigid-2 Brigit - The Order of Bards, Ovates and Druids]</ref>
*[[Boann]], goddess of the [[River Boyne]].
*[[Danu (Irish goddess)|Danu]] (Dana), Continental Celtic river goddess. Her Irish variation was an ancestor/mother goddess.
*[[Manannán mac Lir]], god of the sea.
*[[Lí Ban]], water goddess.
*[[Lir]], god of the sea.
*[[Sinann]], goddess of the [[River Shannon]].

==== Welsh ====
*[[Dylan Eil Ton]], god of the sea
*[[Llŷr]], god of the sea.

==== Lusitanian ====
* [[Bandua]], theonym associated with fountains.
* [[Duberdicus]], god of the sea and rivers.
* [[Durius]], personification of the [[Douro]] river.

=== Germanic ===
====Ancient====
{{see also|Wetlands and islands in Germanic paganism}}
*[[Ægir]], personification of the sea.
*[[Freyr]], god of rain, sunlight, fertility, life, and summer.
*[[Nehalennia]], goddess of the [[North Sea]].
*[[Nerthus]], mostly an earth goddess, but is also associated with lakes, springs, and [[Holy well|holy waters]].
*[[Nine Daughters of Ægir]], who personify the characteristics of waves.
*[[Neck (water spirit)|Nix]], water spirits who usually appear in human form.
*[[Njörðr]], god of the sea, particularly of [[seafaring]].
*[[Rán]], sea goddess of death who collects the drowned in a net, wife of Ægir.
*[[Rhenus Pater]], god of the [[Rhine]] river
*Rura, goddess of the [[Rur (river)|Rur]] river
*[[Sága]], wisdom goddess who lives near water and pours Odin a drink when he visits.

==== English folklore ====
[[File:Father Thames outside Ham House.jpg|thumb|right|Late 18th-century statue of Father Thames by [[John Bacon (sculptor, born 1740)|John Bacon]] the elder at [[Ham House]], near [[Richmond, London|Richmond]], London]]
*[[Father Thames]], human manifestation and/or guardian of the [[River Thames]] that flows through Southern England, while his ancient worship is obscure, he has become a popular symbol of the river in modern times, it being the subject of the song "Old Father Thames" and the model of several statues and reliefs scattered around [[London]].<ref>{{cite web |date=31 July 2015 |title=Who Is Old Father Thames? |url=https://londonist.com/2015/07/who-was-old-father-thames |website=Londonist |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Davy Jones' Locker|Davy Jones]], the [[Devil]] of the seas in Western [[Piracy|piratical lore]].
*[[Tiddy Mun]], a bog deity once worshiped in Lincolnshire, England who had the ability to control floods.

====Scandinavian folklore====
* [[Sjörå]], female lake spirits in Swedish folklore

=== Greek ===
{{Main|Greek sea gods}}
* [[Achelous]], Greek river god.
* [[Hecatonchires|Aegaeon]], god of violent sea storms and ally of the Titans.
*[[Alpheus (mythology)|Alpheus]], river god in Arcadia.
* [[Amphitrite]], sea goddess and consort of Poseidon and thus queen of the sea.
* [[Anapus]], river god of eastern Sicily.
* [[Asopus]], river god in Greece
* [[Asterion (god)|Asterion]], river-god of [[Argos, Peloponnese|Argos]]
* [[Brito-Martis]], the goddess Brito-Martis is always depicted in arms.
* [[Brizo]], goddess of sailors.
* [[Carcinus (mythology)|Carcinus]], a giant crab who allied itself with the Hydra against Heracles. When it died, Hera placed it in the sky as the constellation [[Cancer (constellation)|Cancer]].
* [[Ceto]], goddess of the dangers of the ocean and of sea monsters.
* [[Charybdis]], a sea monster and spirit of whirlpools and the tide.
* [[Cymopoleia]], a daughter of Poseidon and goddess of giant storm waves.
* [[Doris (Oceanid)|Doris]], goddess of the sea's bounty and wife of Nereus.
* [[Dynamene]] sea nymph and daughter of Nereus, associated with the power and might of ocean waves.
* [[Eidothea (Greek myth)|Eidothea]], prophetic sea nymph and daughter of Proteus.
* [[Electra (Oceanid)|Electra]], an Oceanid, consort of [[Thaumas]].
* [[Enipeus (deity)|Enipeus]], a river god
* [[Eurybia (mythology)|Eurybia]], goddess of the mastery of the seas.
*[[Galene (mythology)|Galene]] (Γαλήνη), goddess of calm seas.
* [[Glaucus]], the fisherman's sea god.
* [[Gorgons]], three monstrous sea spirits.
** [[Euryale (Gorgon)|Euryale]]
** [[Medusa]]
** [[Stheno]]
* The [[Graeae]], three ancient sea spirits who personified the white foam of the sea; they shared one eye and one tooth between them.
* [[Hippocampus (mythology)|Hippocampi]], the horses of the sea.
* The [[Ichthyocentaurs]], a pair of centaurine sea-gods with the upper bodies of men, the lower fore-parts of horses, ending in the serpentine tails of fish.
*[[Kymopoleia]], daughter of Poseidon and goddess of violent sea storms.
* [[Leucothea]], a sea goddess who aided sailors in distress.
* [[Nerites (mythology)|Nerites]], watery consort of Aphrodite and/or beloved of Poseidon.
* [[Nereus]], the old man of the sea, and the god of the sea's rich bounty of fish.
* [[Nymph]]s
** [[Naiad]]es, freshwater nymphs.
** [[Nereid]]es, sea nymphs.
** [[Oceanid]]es, nymphs of freshwater sources.
* [[Oceanus]], Titan god of the Earth-encircling river Okeanos, the font of all the Earth's fresh water.
* [[Palaemon (mythology)|Palaemon]], a young sea god who aided sailors in distress.
* [[Phorcys]], god of the hidden dangers of the deep.
* [[Pontus (mythology)|Pontus]], primeval god of the sea, father of the fish and other sea creatures.
* [[Poseidon]], Olympian god of the sea and king of the sea gods; also god of flood, drought, earthquakes, and horses. His Roman equivalent is [[Neptune (mythology)|Neptune]].
* [[Proteus]], a shape-shifting, prophetic old sea god, and the herdsman of Poseidon's seals.
* [[Psamathe (Nereid)|Psamathe]], goddess of sand beaches.
* [[River gods (Greek mythology)|River gods]], deities of rivers, fathers of Naiads, brothers of the Oceanids, and as such, the sons of Oceanus and Tethys.
* [[Scylla]], a sea monster, later authors made up a backstory of her being a Nereid transformed into a monster due to Circe's jealousy.
* The [[Telchines]], sea spirits native to the island of Rhodes; the gods killed them when they turned to evil magic.
* [[Tethys (mythology)|Tethys]], Titan goddess of the sources fresh-water, and the mother of the [[River gods (Greek mythology)|rivers]], springs, streams, fountains and clouds.
* [[Thalassa (mythology)|Thalassa]], primordial goddess of the sea.
* [[Thaumas]], god of the wonders of the sea and father of the [[Harpies]] and the rainbow goddess [[Iris (mythology)|Iris]].
* [[Thetis]], leader of the Nereids who presided over the spawning of marine life in the sea, mother of Achilles.
* [[Triteia]], daughter of Triton and companion of Ares.
* [[Triton (mythology)|Triton]], fish-tailed son and herald of Poseidon.
* [[Triton (mythology)#Tritons|Tritones]], fish-tailed spirits in Poseidon's retinue.
* [[Aspidochelone]], colossal sea monster from the medieval bestiary ''[[Physiologus]]''.

=== Slavic ===
*[[Morana (goddess)|Morana]], a goddess associated with the winter, death and rebirth. Death and the afterlife itself are tightly connected to the bodies of water, while the effigy of Morana is thrown into a river at the end of winter so it can carry her away.
*[[Mokosh]], a [[mother goddess]] associated with wetness.
*[[Rusalka]] a type of water spirit connected to floods and death.
*[[Vodyanoy]], a water spirit often drowning people and collecting their souls.
*[[Bolotnik]], a dangerous spirit of muddy waters and swamps.
*[[Topielec]] and utopce, spirits of people who were killed by Topielec (or who died drowning) and who now stay in the body of water where they died.
*[[Slavic dragon|Zmej or smok]], a snake or dragon, often dangerous and living in or controlling a body of water.

=== Illyrian ===
* [[Bindus (Illyrian god)|Bindus]], Illyrian deity equated to Poseidon

=== Uralic ===
'''Finnish'''
*[[Ahti]], god of the depths and fish.
*[[Iku-Turso (creature)|Iku-Turso]], a malevolent sea monster.
*[[Ved-ava|Vedenemo]], a goddess of water.
*[[Vellamo]], the wife of Ahti, goddess of the sea, lakes, and storms.

== Americas ==

=== Central America and the Caribbean ===
'''Lencan'''

* Ilangipuca, goddess of fertility, earth, and all bodies of water

==== Mexico ====
* [[Atlaua]], god of water, archers, and fishermen.
* [[Chalchiuhtlicue]], goddess of water, lakes, rivers, seas, streams, horizontal waters, storms, and baptism.
* [[Opochtli]], god of fishing and birdcatchers.
* [[Tlāloc]], god of water, fertility, and rain.
* [[Tlaloque]], a group of rain, water, and mountain gods.

==== Mayan ====
*[[Kukulcan]], god of the seas.

==== Pech ====

* Kaeki Kaska, goddess of the lakes, rivers, and the fish

==== Taíno ====
* [[Atabey (goddess)]], Mother goddess of fresh water and fertility. Female counterpart of the god [[Yúcahu]].

=== North America ===

==== Inuit ====
*[[Aipaloovik]], an evil sea god associated with death and destruction.
*[[Alignak]], a lunar deity and god of weather, water, tides, eclipses, and earthquakes.
*[[Arnapkapfaaluk]], a fearsome sea goddess.
*[[Idliragijenget]], god of the ocean.
*Kanajuk, the scorpionfish god and husband of the goddesses Nuliajuk and Isarraitaitsoq.
*[[Nootaikok]], god who presided over icebergs and glaciers.
*[[Nuliajuk]] and Isarraitaitsoq, goddesses of the sea's depths and its creatures among the Netsilik Inuit.
*[[Sedna (mythology)|Sedna]], goddess of the sea and its creatures.

=== South America ===
==== Tupi-Guarani (Brazilian Myth) ====
*[[:pt:Lenda do boto|Boto]], A deity that is capable of impregnating unmarried women.
*[[Amanasy]], Goddess of the rain and frogs.
*[[Iara (mythology)|Iara]], Guardian of the water and of the [[Amazon River]].
*[[Ipupiara]], Guardian of the sea.
*[[Luruaçu]], Goddess of the storms.
*[[Tupã (mythology)|Tupã]], God of the thunder, weather, storms and clouds.

==== Incan ====
*[[Inca mythology|Amaru]], a colossal winged dragon-like celestial deity that can manipulate all the elements of nature.
*[[Mama Qucha]], goddess of water, lakes, rivers, seas, streams, ponds, rain, thunderstorms, and all sources of water.
*[[Pariacaca (god)|Pariacaca]], god of water, winds, and rainstorms.
*[[Paricia]], god who sent a flood to kill humans who did not respect him adequately.
*[[Inca mythology|Tunupa]], god of fire, volcanoes, the sky and water.

==== [[Panche people|Panche]]/[[Muisca]] ====
*[[Mohan (legendary)|Mohan]], a mischievous entity associated with rivers, lakes and water in general.

==See also==
{{Commons category|Water deities}}
* [[Ekendriya]]
* [[Holy wells]]
* [[Nature worship]]
* [[Sea monster]]
* [[Water spirit]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{List of mythological figures by region}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Water deities|*]]
[[Category:Lists of deities|Water deities]]

2.0 (film)

2026-03-22T15:04:06Z

Caleb78G9218343: adjust page per standard format after review

{{Short description|2018 Indian sci-fi action film by Shankar}}
{{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = 2.0 film poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[S. Shankar|Shankar]]
| producer = [[Allirajah Subaskaran ]]
| screenplay = Shankar
| story = Shankar
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogues by
| data1 = [[B. Jeyamohan]] [[Madhan Karky]]
}}
| writer =
| starring = {{ Plainlist|
*[[Rajinikanth]]
*[[Akshay Kumar]]
*[[Amy Jackson]]
}}
| music = [[A. R. Rahman]]
| cinematography = [[Nirav Shah]]
| editing = [[Anthony (film editor)|Anthony]]
| studio = [[Lyca Productions]]
| distributor = {{Unbulleted list|[[Lyca Productions]]|[[Dharma Productions]]|NVR Cinema LLP|[[AA Films]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 June 2017 |title=2.0: Rajinikanth, Akshay Kumar film's Hindi version bought by AA Films for Rs 80 crore? |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/2-0-rajinikanth-akshay-kumar-film-hindi-version-bought-by-aa-films-for-rs-80-crore-4704202/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223202423/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/2-0-rajinikanth-akshay-kumar-film-hindi-version-bought-by-aa-films-for-rs-80-crore-4704202/ |archive-date=23 December 2018 |access-date=27 November 2017 |work=The Indian Express |location=New Delhi |language=en-IN}}</ref>}}
| released = {{Film date|2018|11|29|df=yes|ref1=<ref name="R Date">{{cite news |date=11 July 2018 |title=Rajinikanth and Akshay Kumar starrer 2.0 to hit screens on November 29, 2018 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/2-0-movie-release-date-rajinikanth-akshay-kumar-5254093/ |url-status=live |archive-url=hhttps://web.archive.org/web/20180712032719/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/2-0-movie-release-date-rajinikanth-akshay-kumar-5254093/ |archive-date=12 July 2018 |access-date=7 November 2018 |newspaper=[[Indian Express]]}}</ref>}}
| runtime = 147 minutes<ref name="Runtime">{{Cite web |title=2.0 |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/2-0-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc00mda1mjc |access-date=22 November 2018 |work=[[British Board of Film Classification]]}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = {{Estimation}} {{INR|link=yes}}400–600 [[crore]]{{efn|Budget estimates of ''2.0'' vary. Director [[S. Shankar]] said the budget stands between {{INR}}400–450 [[crore]]<ref>{{cite magazine |date=23 November 2018 |title=Shankar reveals budget of Rajinikanth's 2.0 and it will blow your mind |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/director-shankar-2-0-budget-rajinikanth-akshay-kumar-1394579-2018-11-23 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210145240/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/director-shankar-2-0-budget-rajinikanth-akshay-kumar-1394579-2018-11-23 |archive-date=10 February 2022 |access-date=25 April 2022 |magazine=[[India Today]]}}</ref> while actor [[Rajnikanth]] stated it to be {{INR|600}} crore.<ref>{{cite web |date=4 November 2018 |title=Rajinikanth on Shankar's 2.0: Started film with a budget of Rs 300 cr but investment has now doubled |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/rajinikanth-on-shankars-2-0-started-film-with-a-budget-of-rs-300-cr-but-investment-has-now-doubled-5500701.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220424145748/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/rajinikanth-on-shankars-2-0-started-film-with-a-budget-of-rs-300-cr-but-investment-has-now-doubled-5500701.html |archive-date=24 April 2022 |access-date=25 April 2022 |website=Firstpost}}</ref> ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' revealed the overall budget as ₹400 crore.<ref>{{cite web |date=26 October 2018 |title=REVEALED: The Real Budget of the Rajinikanth – Akshay Kumar starrer 2.0 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/revealed-real-budget-rajinikanth-akshay-kumar-starrer-2-0/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302184312/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/revealed-real-budget-rajinikanth-akshay-kumar-starrer-2-0/ |archive-date=2 March 2023 |access-date=3 March 2023 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> ''[[NDTV]]''<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 November 2018 |title=Rajinikanth And Akshay Kumar's 2.0 Has Reportedly Recovered Rs 370 Crore Out Of 500 Already |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/rajinikanth-and-akshay-kumars-2-0-has-reportedly-recovered-rs-370-crore-out-of-500-already-1952280 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302184310/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/rajinikanth-and-akshay-kumars-2-0-has-reportedly-recovered-rs-370-crore-out-of-500-already-1952280 |archive-date=2 March 2023 |access-date=2 March 2023 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref> and ''[[WION]]''<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 September 2018 |title='2.0' teaser: Flying phones, giant crow & Chitti; Rajini-Akshay film is high on tech |url=https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/20-teaser-flying-phones-a-gigantic-crow-and-chitti-the-robot-rajinikanth-akshay-film-is-high-on-tech-165372 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302184310/https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/20-teaser-flying-phones-a-gigantic-crow-and-chitti-the-robot-rajinikanth-akshay-film-is-high-on-tech-165372 |archive-date=2 March 2023 |access-date=2 March 2023 |website=WION |language=en-us}}</ref> reported the budget to be ₹500 crore. Whereas ''[[The Times of India]]''<ref>{{cite news |title='2.0' box office collection update: The S. Shankar directorial starring Rajinikanth finishes a little under Rs 186 crore |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/box-office/2-0-box-office-collection-update-the-s-shankar-directorial-starring-rajinikanth-finishes-a-little-under-rs-186-crore/articleshow/67669686.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302184314/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/box-office/2-0-box-office-collection-update-the-s-shankar-directorial-starring-rajinikanth-finishes-a-little-under-rs-186-crore/articleshow/67669686.cms |archive-date=2 March 2023 |access-date=3 March 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]] |quote=The S. Shankar directorial is also touted as the most expensive Indian film ever made, with a budget of over Rs 500 crore.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=3 November 2020 |title='Darbar' to 'Kabali': Reported budget of the last five films of Superstar Rajinikanth |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/darbar-to-kabali-reported-budget-of-the-last-five-films-of-superstar-rajinikanth/photostory/79021168.cms?picid=79021281 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013053347/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/darbar-to-kabali-reported-budget-of-the-last-five-films-of-superstar-rajinikanth/photostory/79021168.cms?picid=79021281 |archive-date=13 October 2022 |access-date=13 October 2022 |work=[[The Times of India]] |quote='2.0' was made on a budget of Rs 570 crore, and the film was simultaneously made in 2D and 3D.}}</ref> and ''[[News 18]]'',<ref name=n18 /> estimated it as ₹500–570 crore. ''[[Zee Media Corporation|Zee Business]]'' reported the budget to be ₹500–600 crore.<ref>{{cite web |date=28 November 2018 |title=2.0 box office collection: Rajinikanth, Akshay Kumar movie set to grab Rs 25-Rs 30 crore on opening day |url=https://www.zeebiz.com/india/news-20-box-office-collection-rajinikanth-akshay-kumar-movie-set-to-grab-rs-25-rs-30-crore-on-opening-day-73427 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302184315/https://www.zeebiz.com/india/news-20-box-office-collection-rajinikanth-akshay-kumar-movie-set-to-grab-rs-25-rs-30-crore-on-opening-day-73427 |archive-date=2 March 2023 |access-date=2 March 2023 |website=[[Zee Media Corporation|Zee Business]]}}</ref> ''[[The Indian Express]]'' estimated that the budget was more than ₹540 crore.<ref>{{cite web |date=2 October 2018 |title=Making of 2.0: Rajinikanth-Akshay Kumar starrer promises to be a modern-day epic |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/rajinikanth-akshay-kumar-2-0-making-special-effects-5382264/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019130705/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/rajinikanth-akshay-kumar-2-0-making-special-effects-5382264/ |archive-date=19 October 2022 |access-date=19 October 2022 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> Other estimates include ₹543 crore by ''[[The News Minute]]'',<ref>{{cite web |date=6 December 2018 |title='2.0' strikes gold at box-office, grosses over Rs 500 crore in 1 week |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/20-strikes-gold-box-office-grosses-over-rs-500-crore-1-week-92882 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019131046/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/20-strikes-gold-box-office-grosses-over-rs-500-crore-1-week-92882 |archive-date=19 October 2022 |access-date=19 October 2022 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref> ''[[Filmfare]]''<ref>{{cite web |title=Rajinikanth and Akshay Kumar's 2.0 has earned Rs 490 crores already |url=https://m.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/rajinikanth-and-akshay-kumars-20-has-earned-rs-490-crores-already-31363.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020063831/https://m.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/rajinikanth-and-akshay-kumars-20-has-earned-rs-490-crores-already-31363.html |archive-date=20 October 2022 |access-date=20 October 2022 |website=[[Filmfare]]}}</ref> and ''[[Zee News]]'';<ref>{{cite web |date=10 September 2018 |title=Rajinikanth and Akshay Kumar's 2.0: Makers spend over Rs 543 crore on VFX! |url=https://zeenews.india.com/regional/rajinikanth-and-akshay-kumars-2-0-makers-spend-over-rs-543-crore-on-vfx-2139951.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020063834/https://zeenews.india.com/regional/rajinikanth-and-akshay-kumars-2-0-makers-spend-over-rs-543-crore-on-vfx-2139951.html |archive-date=20 October 2022 |access-date=20 October 2022 |website=[[Zee News]]}}</ref> ₹550 crore by ''[[India Today]]''<ref>{{cite web |date=11 September 2018 |title=VFX work in 2.0 starring Rajinikanth and Akshay Kumar cost Rs 550 crore? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/vfx-work-in-2-0-starring-rajinikanth-and-akshay-kumar-cost-rs-550-crore-1337646-2018-09-11 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928055802/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/vfx-work-in-2-0-starring-rajinikanth-and-akshay-kumar-cost-rs-550-crore-1337646-2018-09-11 |archive-date=28 September 2022 |access-date=28 September 2022 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> and ''[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]]''.<ref>{{cite web |date=3 December 2018 |title=2.0 Box Office Collection: Rajinikanth, Akshay Kumar film makes a mark in US; earns Rs 24 crore in 4 days |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/trends/story/2point0-box-office-collection-rajinikanth-akshay-kumar-film-makes-mark-us-earns-rs-24-crore-in-4-days-119884-2018-12-03 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928060152/https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/trends/story/2point0-box-office-collection-rajinikanth-akshay-kumar-film-makes-mark-us-earns-rs-24-crore-in-4-days-119884-2018-12-03 |archive-date=28 September 2022 |access-date=28 September 2022 |website=[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]]}}</ref> ''[[International Business Times]]'', ''[[DNA India]]'',<ref>{{cite web |title=RRR, 2.0, Brahmastra, Adipurush: Expensive Indian films that cost over Rs 300 crore |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/photo-gallery-from-rrr-to-prithviraj-9-most-expensive-movies-that-crossed-a-budget-of-rs-300-crores-or-more-2954513/20-2954517 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924054414/https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/photo-gallery-from-rrr-to-prithviraj-9-most-expensive-movies-that-crossed-a-budget-of-rs-300-crores-or-more-2954513/20-2954517 |archive-date=24 September 2022 |access-date=24 September 2022 |website=[[DNA India]]}}</ref> and ''[[Mashable]] India''<ref>{{cite web |date=16 August 2022 |title='RRR' To 'Pushpa: The Rise'; 7 Most Expensive South Indian Movies |url=https://in.mashable.com/entertainment/36807/rrr-to-pushpa-the-rise-7-most-expensive-south-indian-movies |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221016074554/https://in.mashable.com/entertainment/36807/rrr-to-pushpa-the-rise-7-most-expensive-south-indian-movies |archive-date=16 October 2022 |access-date=16 October 2022 |website=[[Mashable]] India}}</ref> stated that the budget was ₹570 crore. ''[[GQ India]]'',<ref>{{cite web |date=31 May 2022 |title=Baahubali to RRR: 7 most expensive South films ever made |url=https://www.gqindia.com/entertainment/content/baahubali-to-rrr-7-most-expensive-south-films-ever-made |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924053324/https://www.gqindia.com/entertainment/content/baahubali-to-rrr-7-most-expensive-south-films-ever-made |archive-date=24 September 2022 |access-date=24 September 2022 |website=[[GQ India]] |quote=2.0 was made on a lavish budget of Rs 600 crore.}}</ref> ''[[Cinema Express]]'',<ref>{{cite web |date=3 December 2018 |title=Lyca Productions says 2.0 grosses Rs 400 crore worldwide |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2018/dec/03/lyca-productions-says-20-grosses-400-crores-worldwide-9050.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924111323/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2018/dec/03/lyca-productions-says-20-grosses-400-crores-worldwide-9050.html |archive-date=24 September 2022 |access-date=24 September 2022 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> ''[[The New Indian Express]]'',<ref>{{cite web |date=4 November 2018 |title=Rajinikanth's 2.0 has recovered Rs 370 crore already? |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/Nov/23/rajinikanths-20-has-recovered-rs-370-crore-already-1902323.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221017112914/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/nov/23/rajinikanths-20-has-recovered-rs-370-crore-already-1902323.html |archive-date=17 October 2022 |access-date=16 October 2022 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> and ''[[The Hindu]]''<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pillai |first1=Sreedhar |date=28 November 2018 |title=Rajinikanth's 2.0: Why it is a big deal |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/20-the-buzz-about-the-rajinikanth-akshay-kumar-film/article25613646.ece/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221016121111/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/20-the-buzz-about-the-rajinikanth-akshay-kumar-film/article25613646.ece/amp/ |archive-date=16 October 2022 |access-date=16 October 2022 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> mentioned the budget as ₹600 crore.}}
| gross = {{Estimation}} {{INR}}699.89–800 [[crore]]{{efn|''2.0''{{'s}} reported worldwide grosses vary between ₹699.89 crore (''[[Box Office India]]''<ref name="Box Office India">{{Cite web |title=Top Grossers All Formats Worldwide Gross |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/all_format_worldwide_gross.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181109234559/https://www.boxofficeindia.com/all_format_worldwide_gross.php |archive-date=9 November 2018 |access-date=1 October 2023 |publisher=Box Office India}}</ref>) – ₹723 crore (''[[Hindustan Times]]''<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mathur |first=Abhimanyu |date=28 August 2025 |title=Coolie earns ₹500 crore at box office: Where Rajinikanth starrer stands on list of highest grossing Indian films ever |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/coolie-earns-500-crore-at-box-office-where-rajinikanth-starrer-stands-on-list-of-highest-grossing-indian-films-ever-101756364511082.html |access-date=1 September 2025 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref>) – ₹800 crore (''[[India Today]]''<ref name="India Today">{{Cite news |title=Before 'Jailer', here's a look at top 7 highest-grossing films of Rajinikanth |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/before-jailer-heres-a-look-at-top-7-highest-grossing-films-of-rajinikanth-2417510-2023-08-08 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240828091047/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/before-jailer-heres-a-look-at-top-7-highest-grossing-films-of-rajinikanth-2417510-2023-08-08 |archive-date=28 August 2024 |access-date=8 August 2023 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref>)}}
}}

'''''2.0''''' is a 2018 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[science-fantasy]] [[action film]]<ref name="Runtime" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=27 November 2018 |title=Shankar: '2.0' is a full-fledged action entertainer, it's not a high concept sci-fi film |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/shankar-2-0-is-a-full-fledged-action-entertainer-it-s-not-a-high-concept-sci-fi-film-news-tamil-sl1kFTieciffe.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181127124653/http://www.sify.com/movies/shankar-2-0-is-a-full-fledged-action-entertainer-it-s-not-a-high-concept-sci-fi-film-news-tamil-sl1kFTieciffe.html |archive-date=27 November 2018 |access-date=11 April 2022 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> directed by [[S. Shankar|Shankar]] who co-wrote the film with [[B. Jeyamohan]] and [[Madhan Karky]]. Produced by [[Subaskaran Allirajah|Subaskaran]] under the banner of [[Lyca Productions]]. As the second instalment in the [[Enthiran (film series)|''Enthiran'' film series]], ''2.0'' is a [[Standalone film#Standalone sequel|standalone sequel]] to ''[[Enthiran]]'' (2010), featuring [[Rajinikanth]] in a [[dual role|triple role]] as Vaseegaran, [[Chitti (character)|Chitti]] the Robot and Kutti, alongside [[Akshay Kumar]] as Pakshi Rajan (in his [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] debut) and [[Amy Jackson]]. [[Sudhanshu Pandey]], [[Adil Hussain]], [[Kalabhavan Shajohn]], and [[Ishari K. Ganesh|K. Ganesh]] appear in supporting roles. The soundtrack is composed by [[A. R. Rahman]], with lyrics written by [[Madhan Karky]] and [[Na. Muthukumar]]. The film follows the conflict between Chitti, the once dismantled [[humanoid robot]], and Pakshi Rajan, a vengeful [[List of avian humanoids|avian human]], who seeks vengeance upon cell phone users to prevent the death of birds due to [[Wireless device radiation and health|cellphone radiation]].

Production began in 2015, with [[principal photography]] conducted at [[AVM Studios]] later that year. The first schedule was filmed at EVP World. Scenes were primarily shot in India, particularly in [[Chennai]]'s [[Madras Boat Club]] and [[Delhi]]'s [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Delhi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]. Filming was completed by August 2017. The film is the first in [[Indian cinema]] to be natively shot in [[3D film|3D]], which was done by cinematographer [[Nirav Shah]]. [[Legacy Effects]] made their return to construct prosthetic makeup and animatronics, with [[visual effects]] supervised by [[V. Srinivas Mohan]]. Editing was handled by [[Anthony (film editor)|Anthony]] and production design was conducted by [[T. Muthuraj]].

''2.0'' was released worldwide in both 3D and conventional format on 30 November 2018, along with its [[Hindi]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]] dubbed versions. The film received mixed reviews, with praise towards the direction, performances of Rajinikanth and Akshay Kumar, visual effects, action sequences, soundtrack and social message, although the screenplay received criticism. The film faced scientific criticism too, with [[Audubon]] society censuring this film for propagating this misinformation regarding the impact of mobile phone towers on birds, in an article debunking this misinformation.<ref name="audubon">{{cite web |last1=Rousseau |first1=Steve |date=14 January 2020 |title=No, 5G Radio Waves Do Not Kill Birds |url=https://www.audubon.org/news/no-5g-radio-waves-do-not-kill-birds |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200116135651/https://www.audubon.org/news/no-5g-radio-waves-do-not-kill-birds |archive-date=16 January 2020 |access-date=14 July 2024 |website=[[Audubon]]}}</ref> Indian scientists and wildlife experts, too, called out the conspiracy theory, which forms the core idea of the film.<ref name="experts-differ">{{cite web |date=30 November 2018 |title=Rajini film imply radiation harms birds, experts differ |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/rajni-movie-20-does-cell-phone-705685.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209114156/https://www.deccanherald.com/india/rajni-movie-20-does-cell-phone-705685.html |archive-date=9 December 2023 |access-date=14 July 2024 |website=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref> ''2.0'' became the [[List of Indian films of 2018#Box office collection|highest-grossing Indian film of 2018]] and [[List of highest-grossing Tamil films|highest-grossing Tamil film of all time]].{{efn|''[[Hindustan Times]]'' reported a gross of 615.74 crore.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=Karthik |date=12 November 2019 |title=Bigil beats Enthiran to emerge as 5th highest grossing south Indian film |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/bigil-beats-rajinikanth-s-enthiran-to-emerge-as-5th-highest-grossing-south-indian-film/story-Fh8HldjIc7zFjQETSVtYQM.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221018064230/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/bigil-beats-rajinikanth-s-enthiran-to-emerge-as-5th-highest-grossing-south-indian-film/story-Fh8HldjIc7zFjQETSVtYQM.html |archive-date=18 October 2022 |access-date=30 May 2023 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Box Office India]]'',<ref name="BOI">{{Cite web |title=2.0 Final Collections All Formats |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=4721 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302192345/https://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=4721 |archive-date=2 March 2023 |access-date=2 March 2023 |website=Box Office India}}</ref> and ''[[Times of India]]'',<ref>{{Cite news |title='2.0' final box office collection all format: The Rajinikanth starrer helmed by S. Shankar is the sixth highest grossing Indian film ever |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/box-office/2-0-final-box-office-collection-all-format-the-rajinikanth-starrer-helmed-by-s-shankar-is-the-sixth-highest-grossing-indian-film-ever/articleshow/67989955.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713075951/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/box-office/2-0-final-box-office-collection-all-format-the-rajinikanth-starrer-helmed-by-s-shankar-is-the-sixth-highest-grossing-indian-film-ever/articleshow/67989955.cms |archive-date=13 July 2021 |access-date=6 December 2020 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> reported the collections to be ₹655 crore. ''[[Pinkvilla]]'' mentioned the worldwide gross as ₹665 crore.<ref name=PV /> ''[[News 18]]''<ref name="n18">{{Cite web |date=16 September 2023 |title=Rajinikanth-starrer Jailer Beats This Shah Rukh Khan Film At Malaysian Box Office |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/rajinikanth-starrer-jailer-beats-this-shah-rukh-khan-film-at-malaysian-box-office-8579929.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920035202/https://www.news18.com/movies/rajinikanth-starrer-jailer-beats-this-shah-rukh-khan-film-at-malaysian-box-office-8579929.html |archive-date=20 September 2023 |access-date=16 September 2023 |website=News18}}</ref> and ''[[The Indian Express]]'' <ref>{{cite news |date=22 August 2023 |title=Jailer box office collection Day 12: Rajinikanth's film maintains steady progress, aims for title of 'highest-grossing Tamil film of all time' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/jailer-box-officer-collection-day-12-rajinikanths-film-maintains-steady-progress-8903155 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230825200423/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/jailer-box-officer-collection-day-12-rajinikanths-film-maintains-steady-progress-8903155/ |archive-date=25 August 2023 |access-date=10 September 2023 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>''mentioned the worldwide gross to be ₹723 crore. [[India Today]]'',<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=K |first1=Janani |date=4 April 2022 |title=Jr NTR, Ram Charan's RRR beats Rajinikanth's 2.0's lifetime collection in 10 days |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/jr-ntr-ram-charan-s-rrr-beats-rajinikanth-s-2-0-s-lifetime-collection-in-10-days-1933121-2022-04-04 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718084507/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/jr-ntr-ram-charan-s-rrr-beats-rajinikanth-s-2-0-s-lifetime-collection-in-10-days-1933121-2022-04-04 |archive-date=18 July 2023 |access-date=10 September 2023 |magazine=[[India Today]]}}</ref> ''[[DNA India]]'',<ref>{{Cite news |title=KGF Chapter 2 box office collection: Yash's film beats Rajinikanth's 2.0 to become 7th highest-grossing Indian film |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-kgf-chapter-2-box-office-collection-yash-film-beats-rajinikanth-20-to-become-7th-highest-grossing-indian-2948241 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425022433/https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-kgf-chapter-2-box-office-collection-yash-film-beats-rajinikanth-20-to-become-7th-highest-grossing-indian-2948241 |archive-date=25 April 2022 |access-date=25 April 2022 |work=[[DNA India]]}}</ref> and ''[[The Print]]''<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 April 2022 |title='RRR' surpasses Aamir Khan's 'PK', Rajnikanth's '2.0' box office collection |url=https://theprint.in/features/rrr-surpasses-aamir-khans-pk-rajnikanths-2-0-box-office-collection/902647/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221110073050/https://theprint.in/features/rrr-surpasses-aamir-khans-pk-rajnikanths-2-0-box-office-collection/902647/ |archive-date=10 November 2022 |access-date=4 April 2022 |work=[[The Print]] |agency=ANI}}</ref> reported the figures to be ₹800 crore.}}<ref name="2.0second">{{Cite web |title=Top All Time India Grossers All Formats – 2.0 Second |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=4535 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190301063740/https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=4535 |archive-date=1 March 2019 |access-date=25 December 2019 |website=Box Office India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=2.0 All India Update – Crosses 400 Crore NETT |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=4533 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225173636/https://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=4533 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |access-date=25 December 2019 |website=Box Office India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Pillai |first=Sreedhar |date=26 December 2022 |title=Explained {{!}} How did Tamil cinema fare at the box-office this year? |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/explained-how-did-tamil-cinema-fare-at-the-box-office-this-year/article66280827.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403215927/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/explained-how-did-tamil-cinema-fare-at-the-box-office-this-year/article66280827.ece |archive-date=3 April 2023 |access-date=3 March 2023 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |quote=PS:1 is the second-highest all-time Tamil theatrical gross worldwide, after Rajinikanth's 2.0 (2018).}}</ref><ref name="PV">{{Cite web |date=26 November 2022 |title=Ponniyin Selvan worldwide closing box office collections; Biggest Tamil film of all time |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/ponniyin-selvan-worldwide-closing-box-office-collections-biggest-tamil-film-of-all-time-1200676 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126125420/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/ponniyin-selvan-worldwide-closing-box-office-collections-biggest-tamil-film-of-all-time-1200676 |archive-date=26 November 2022 |access-date=3 March 2023 |website=[[Pinkvilla]] |language=en |quote=Overall, Ponniyin Selvan is the second highest-grossing film ever from Kollywood, just behind 2.0 which grossed Rs. 508 crores in India and Rs. 665 crores worldwide in 2018.}}</ref> It also ranks among [[List of highest-grossing Indian films#Highest-grossing films|highest-grossing Indian films]].{{efn|name="2.0"|''2.0''{{'s}} reported worldwide grosses vary between ₹699.89 crore (''[[Box Office India]]''<ref name="Box Office India" />) – ₹800 crore (''[[India Today]]''<ref name="India Today" />)}} ''2.0'' is the first Tamil film and the second Indian film, after [[Baahubali 2: The Conclusion|''Baahubali 2: The Conclusion'']], to gross over {{INR|100 crore}} on the opening day.<ref name="worldwide" /> 2.0 grossed over US$100 million worldwide, becoming the first Tamil film to achieve this feat.<ref>{{cite web |date=20 January 2019 |title=Indian Film Star Rajinikanth Basks In Box Office Success With Back-To-Back Hits |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/anuraghunathan/2019/01/20/indian-film-star-rajinikanth-basks-in-box-office-success-with-back-to-back-hits/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421122321/https://www.forbes.com/sites/anuraghunathan/2019/01/20/indian-film-star-rajinikanth-basks-in-box-office-success-with-back-to-back-hits/ |archive-date=21 April 2023 |access-date=16 January 2026 |website=Forbes |publisher=Forbes Media LLC |quote=His science fiction film 2.0 … has already crossed the $100 million mark.}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web |title=2.0 total box office collection: Rajinikanth film flies past 100-million-dollar mark worldwide |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/2-0-total-box-office-collection-rajinikanth-film-flies-past-100-million-dollar-mark-worldwide-1418848-2018-12-28 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181229051702/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/2-0-total-box-office-collection-rajinikanth-film-flies-past-100-million-dollar-mark-worldwide-1418848-2018-12-28 |archive-date=29 December 2018 |access-date=15 January 2026 |website=India Today}}</ref>

2.0 was nominated for the Golden Reel Award in the Feature Film – Foreign sound editing category by the Motion Picture Sound Editors (MPSE) at their 66th annual ceremony.<ref>{{cite web |date=19 January 2019 |title=Rajinikanth's '2.0' nominated for Golden Reel Award for sound editing |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/rajinikanths-2-0-nominated-for-golden-reel-award-for-sound-editing/articleshow/67598781.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260116044111/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/rajinikanths-2-0-nominated-for-golden-reel-award-for-sound-editing/articleshow/67598781.cms |archive-date=16 January 2026 |access-date=16 January 2026 |work=The Times of India |publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd. |quote=Rajinikanth's '2.0' directed by Shankar has been nominated for sound editing in the 'Feature Film – Foreign' category at the Motion Picture Sound Editors’ Golden Reel Awards.}}</ref>

== Plot==
Eight years after the events of the [[Enthiran|first film]], Dr Vaseegaran creates an [[Android (robot)|android humanoid assistant]] named Nila, which he introduces to a group of college students while reminiscing about Chitti, his previous creation, which he had to dismantle after the robot had gone on a murderous rampage. Shortly afterwards, all the cell phones in the city fly into the sky causing a public panic. A council of politicians and scientists discusses the phenomenon, with Vaseegaran suggesting reactivating Chitti. However, a council member named Dhinendra Bohra opposes the idea, as Chitti killed his father.

The cell phones swarm and kill several people, forcing the [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Home Minister]] to allow Vaseegaran to reactivate Chitti. An upgraded Chitti fights the giant bird-shaped swarm as it wreaks havoc in the city. Chitti runs out of power and recharges on a space station. The swarm tries to follow, but the station's antennas repel it.

Chitti and Vaseegaran confirm that a concentrated mass of negatively charged ions with electromagnetic properties powers the phones, which the positively charged ions streaming from the antennas repelled. Vaseegaran builds a photon synthesizer and uses it to neutralise the charge of the bird with Chitti's help. The defeated phones take the form of a deceased ornithologist, Pakshi Rajan. Chitti converses with Pakshi and learns about Pakshi's past.

Pakshi was a passionate ornithologist who had a bird sanctuary at his house. He protested the excessive use of mobile phones, alleging that high-frequency [[electromagnetic radiation]] from cell sites threatens avian life. However, he lost all attempts to warn the public about the harmful effects of cell phone radiation on birds, which led to many of his birds dying. He reported it to some people in the cell phone industry, but they disregarded the matter intentionally. Deeply frustrated, Pakshi hanged himself to death from a cell tower. His aura, combined with the auras of the deceased birds, turned into a vengeful aura made of negative energy that can control cell phones with electromagnetic radiation.

Sympathizing with Pakshi, Chitti tries to convince him not to harm the public, but Pakshi refuses, wanting to avenge the deaths of his birds. Chitti captures and contains Pakshi, earning praise from the country. The government commissions Vaseegaran to produce more robots to support the army. Angered at Chitti's victory, Dhinendra sneaks into the AIRD institute and releases Pakshi's aura from the containment circuit, which possesses Vaseegaran and causes chaos again. Chitti confronts a possessed Vaseegaran but refuses to harm him, allowing Pakshi to disassemble Chitti and fly away, converting himself into an [[avian humanoid]]. On Vaseegaran's orders, Nila retrieves the red chip that had caused Chitti to go on a rampage eight years ago. Nila restores Chitti and embeds the red chip in it after reprogramming it to make Chitti target only Pakshi and not the public. Pakshi traps thousands of people in a football stadium using cell phones and kills Dhinendra by focusing radiation from cell towers. Chitti, with an army of robots, arrives and fights Pakshi but eventually loses power. Pakshi creates bird [[Unmanned aerial vehicle|drones]] to attack, but before he can kill the people in the stadium, Chitti's small robot, Kutti "3.0", intervenes. Hundreds of such micro-bots latch onto all the cell phone structures (including Pakshi's wings made of cell phones) and destroy them by exploding themselves.

After they free an injured Vaseegaran from possession, they lead Pakshi's aura to the space station, where he is fully absorbed and destroyed along with the station. Vaseegaran recovers in a hospital and suggests reducing and controlling cell phone radiation to protect living beings, and the Home Minister promises to take action. Chitti and Nila leave with the other robots to serve the government. In a post-credits scene, Vaseegaran's phone transforms into Kutti 3.0, calling itself his grandson.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Rajinikanth]] in a triple role as
** [[Enthiran|Dr. Vaseegaran]]
** [[Chitti (character)|Chitti]]
** Kutty<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/2-0-movie-review-shankars-story-is-pedestrian-but-vfx-rajinikanth-and-akshay-kumar-carry-the-day-5637441.html |title=2.0 movie review: Shankar's story is pedestrian; but VFX, Rajinikanth and Akshay Kumar carry the day |last=Pillai |first=Sreedhar |date=29 November 2018 |work=Firstpost |access-date=2 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181202150258/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/2-0-movie-review-shankars-story-is-pedestrian-but-vfx-rajinikanth-and-akshay-kumar-carry-the-day-5637441.html |archive-date=2 December 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Akshay Kumar]] as Pakshi Rajan<ref>{{cite magazine | url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/news/143498-actor-jayaprakash-talks-about-2point0-movie-experience.html | title='2.0'ல ஷங்கரே டப்பிங் பேசியிருந்தா படம் வேற லெவல்ல இருந்திருக்கும்!" – நடிகர் ஜெயபிரகாஷ் | trans-title=Actor Jayaprakash talks about 2.0's movie experience | date=30 November 2018 | magazine=[[Ananda Vikatan]] | language=ta | access-date=3 December 2018 | archive-date=1 December 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181201125253/https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/news/143498-actor-jayaprakash-talks-about-2point0-movie-experience.html | url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Amy Jackson]] as Nila<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/270918/raveena-ravi-bags-role-in-film-on-cop-common-man-bonding.html|title=Raveena Ravi bags role in film on cop-common man bonding|date=27 September 2018|access-date=3 December 2018|newspaper=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|first=Anupama|last=Subramanian|archive-date=27 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327140605/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/270918/raveena-ravi-bags-role-in-film-on-cop-common-man-bonding.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Adil Hussain]] as Home Minister S. Vijay Kumar<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Adil-Hussain-has-a-role-in-2-0/articleshow/52054145.cms |title=Adil Hussain has a role in 2.0 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=1 May 2016 |access-date=25 November 2016 |archive-date=19 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200719174806/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Adil-Hussain-has-a-role-in-2-0/articleshow/52054145.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Sudhanshu Pandey]] as Dhinendra "Dhina" Bohra<ref>{{cite web |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/rajinikanth-sir-is-truly-a-god-in-human-form-says-sudhanshu-pandey/articleshow/66863927.cms |title=Rajinikanth sir is truly a god in human form, says Sudhanshu Pandey |newspaper=[[Mumbai Mirror]] |date=29 November 2018 |access-date=3 December 2018 |first=Trisha |last=Chakravorty |archive-date=25 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125104714/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/rajinikanth-sir-is-truly-a-god-in-human-form-says-sudhanshu-pandey/articleshow/66863927.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Kalabhavan Shajohn]] as R. S. Vaira Moorthy, Minister of Telecommunications<ref name="Shajon" />
* [[Mayilsamy]] as Balu, Vaira Moorthy's PA
* [[Ishari K. Ganesh]] as Jayanth Kumar
* [[Kaizaad Kotwal]] as Manoj Lulla
* [[Anant Mahadevan]] as the meeting head
* [[Michael Muthu]] as a police officer
* [[Avijit Dutt]] as Dr. Sam
;Uncredited
* [[Sanchana Natarajan]] as a student<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/most-desirable-women/sanchana-natarajan/articleshow/61795449.cms|title=Sanchana Natarajan|date=16 February 2018|work= The Times of India}}</ref>
* [[Maya S. Krishnan]] as a student<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/Sharing-screen-space-with-the-Superstar/article16693596.ece|title=Madurai girl Maya S. Krishnan talks about her acting experience with Superstar Rajinikanth in 2.0|first=T.|last=Saravanan|work=The Hindu|date=24 November 2016|via=www.thehindu.com|access-date=11 September 2025|archive-date=25 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161125153345/http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/Sharing-screen-space-with-the-Superstar/article16693596.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Priya Prince as Pakshi Rajan's mother
* Mayur Bansiwal as Pakshi Rajan's father
* Mathew Varghese as a doctor
* Murali Satagopan as a student
* [[Savitha Reddy]] as [[Enthiran|Sana Vaseegaran]]{{efn|Originally portrayed by [[Aishwarya Rai]], voice cameo|name="LO"}}
}}

== Production ==
=== Development ===
[[File:Enthiran sequel 2.0 set photo.jpg|thumb| ''2.0''{{'s}} cast and crew including actors Rajinikanth, Akshay Kumar, Amy Jackson, director S. Shankar, producer [[Allirajah Subaskaran]] and music director A. R. Rahman.|left]]
The commercial success of ''Enthiran'' (2010) prompted the makers of the film to immediately consider making a sequel. By March 2011, the original film's cinematographer, [[Rathnavelu]], revealed that initial pre-production work on a sequel had begun with the same technical team.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/others/news-interviews/Rajinikant-to-star-in-Robot-sequel/articleshow/7786112.cms|title=Rajinikant to star in Robot sequel|work=The Times of India|access-date=11 December 2015|archive-date=23 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223202439/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/others/news-interviews/Rajinikant-to-star-in-Robot-sequel/articleshow/7786112.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> S. Shankar, the director of ''Enthiran'', moved on to work on ''[[Nanban (2012 film)|Nanban]]'' (2012) and ''[[I (2015 film)|I]]'' (2015) and planned to reunite with the same producers as the original was released, with Shankar revealing that he was unsure if the film "will happen at all" during an interview in 2014.<ref name="shankarhin">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/an-exclusive-interview-with-director-shankar/article6491753.ece|title=Shankar and I|first=Sudhir|last=Srinivasan|newspaper=The Hindu|date=11 October 2014|access-date=11 December 2015|archive-date=23 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223202445/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/an-exclusive-interview-with-director-shankar/article6491753.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> While finishing the production of ''I'', Shankar drafted the scripts of three more feature films, including a sequel to ''Enthiran''.<ref name="shankarhin" />

Pre-production work for the film had reportedly started in June 2015 with [[Lyca Productions]] deciding to finance the project. Along with Shankar and Rajinikanth, composer A. R. Rahman and editor [[Anthony (film editor)|Anthony]] remained on the development team for the sequel, while [[Jeyamohan]] was added to write the [[screenplay]]. Shankar also began briefing the film's art director [[T. Muthuraj]] and visual effects supervisor [[V. Srinivas Mohan]] about their involvement in the film.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Enthiran-2-pre-production-work-begins/articleshow/47850228.cms|title=Enthiran 2 pre-production work begins?|work=The Times of India|access-date=11 December 2015|archive-date=23 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223202509/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Enthiran-2-pre-production-work-begins/articleshow/47850228.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Shankar had initially inquired about [[K. V. Anand]]'s availability. This was before Nirav Shah joined the technical team as a cinematographer in mid-2015 and visited specialist studios in the United States to research filming methods for 3D shoots.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/why-shankar-s-20-could-be-watershed-moment-3d-films-india-92381|title=Why Shankar's '2.0' could be a watershed moment for 3D films in India|date=28 November 2018|website=Thenewsminute.com|access-date=30 November 2018|archive-date=16 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190216131235/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/why-shankar-s-20-could-be-watershed-moment-3d-films-india-92381|url-status=live}}</ref>

Jeyamohan finished work on the script of the film in September 2015 and revealed that the story would be a direct continuation of the 2010 film, with filming only set to start following the completion of Rajinikanth's commitments in ''[[Kabali]]'' (2016). The original film's screenplay writer, Madhan Karky, helped Jeyamohan on some of the more technical dialogue in the script.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Enthiran-sequel-to-start-filming-by-the-end-of-this-year/articleshow/48773748.cms|title=Enthiran sequel to start filming by the end of this year|work=The Times of India|last1=Sidhardhan|first1=Sanjith|access-date=11 December 2015|archive-date=23 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223202532/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Enthiran-sequel-to-start-filming-by-the-end-of-this-year/articleshow/48773748.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> While the film does include characters and references to events from its predecessor, it is primarily a [[Standalone film#Standalone sequel|standalone sequel]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.in/2018/11/29/shankar-s-2-0-is-a-visual-feast-that-should-have-been-in-3d_a_23604399/|title=Shankar's '2.0' Is A Visual Feast That Should Be Watched in 3D|first=Karthik|last=Keramalu|newspaper=[[HuffPost]]|date=29 November 2018|access-date=3 December 2018|archive-date=3 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181203152037/https://www.huffingtonpost.in/2018/11/29/shankar-s-2-0-is-a-visual-feast-that-should-have-been-in-3d_a_23604399/|url-status=live}}</ref> Unadjusted for inflation, ''2.0'' was the [[List of most expensive Indian films|most expensive Indian film]] at the time of its release.<ref name="no film">{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/2.0-is-set-to-go-where-no-Indian-film-has-gone-before/article16738922.ece|title=2.0 is set to go where no Indian film has gone before|work=The Hindu|access-date=13 May 2017|archive-date=26 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226025747/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/2.0-is-set-to-go-where-no-Indian-film-has-gone-before/article16738922.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
[[File:Amy Jackson as female humanoid Robot in 2.0 (film).jpg|right|thumb|Amy Jackson plays Nila, a feminine humanoid robot.]]
Shankar held initial discussions with [[Kamal Haasan]], [[Aamir Khan]], and then [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]] about portraying a further role, though none of the three actors signed on to appear in the film.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/rajinikanth-vikram-may-team-up-for-enthiran-2/|title=Rajinikanth, Vikram may team up for 'Enthiran 2'|date=5 July 2015|work=The Indian Express|access-date=11 December 2015|archive-date=23 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223202525/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/rajinikanth-vikram-may-team-up-for-enthiran-2/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/No-truth-in-Aamir-Khan-being-Rajinikanths-villain/articleshow/38545332.cms|title=No truth in Aamir Khan being Rajinikanth's villain|work=The Times of India|access-date=11 December 2015|archive-date=23 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223202450/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/No-truth-in-Aamir-Khan-being-Rajinikanths-villain/articleshow/38545332.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Subsequently, the team held talks with Hollywood actor [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]] for the role, who agreed to work on the film for a record remuneration.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/arnold-schwarzenegger-in-enthiran-2/article7780413.ece|title=Arnold Schwarzenegger in 'Enthiran 2' ?|agency=Indo-Asian News Service|newspaper=The Hindu|date=19 October 2015|access-date=11 December 2015|archive-date=23 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223202547/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/arnold-schwarzenegger-in-enthiran-2/article7780413.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/arnold-schwarzenegger-to-play-villain-in-rajinikanths-enthiran-2/20151028.htm|title=Arnold Schwarzenegger to play villain in Rajinikanth's Enthiran 2?|date=28 October 2015|work=Rediff|access-date=11 December 2015|archive-date=23 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223202425/https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/arnold-schwarzenegger-to-play-villain-in-rajinikanths-enthiran-2/20151028.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thread/entertainment-variety/article7780302.ece|title=Robots, humans and Rajni|author=T.K. Rohit|newspaper=The Hindu|date=19 October 2015|access-date=11 December 2015|archive-date=23 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223202530/https://www.thehindu.com/thread/entertainment-variety/article7780302.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The makers however opted against signing Schwarzenegger due to contract issues.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 October 2017 |title=2.0: Director Shankar reveals why Arnold Schwarzenegger turned down Rajinikanth-starrer |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/2-0-shankar-why-arnold-schwarzenegger-turned-down-rajinikanth-starrer-4907556/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171026154641/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/2-0-shankar-why-arnold-schwarzenegger-turned-down-rajinikanth-starrer-4907556/ |archive-date=26 October 2017 |access-date=28 October 2025 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> In late November 2015, Rajinikanth also travelled to Los Angeles to meet the film's producers and complete costume trials and initial motion capture effects work for the film.<ref name="lavisit">{{cite web |url= http://www.sify.com/movies/endhiran-2-to-start-rolling-soon-news-tamil-pmbl4Kdacehgh.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20151202101209/http://www.sify.com/movies/endhiran-2-to-start-rolling-soon-news-tamil-pmbl4Kdacehgh.html |url-status= dead |archive-date= 2 December 2015 |title= Endhiran-2 to start rolling soon! |work= Sify}}</ref> After further negotiations with actors including [[Hrithik Roshan]] and [[Neil Nitin Mukesh]], the makers signed on Akshay Kumar to portray the role for which Schwarzenegger was initially considered.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Akshay-Kumar-plays-the-villain-in-Robot-2/articleshow/50203162.cms|title=Akshay Kumar plays the villain in 'Robot 2'|work=The Times of India|access-date=18 December 2015|last1=Iyer|first1=Meena|archive-date=26 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226025736/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Akshay-Kumar-plays-the-villain-in-Robot-2/articleshow/50203162.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

In September 2016, [[Malayalam]] actor [[Kalabhavan Shajohn]] confirmed that he had tried out for a role in the film after Shankar was impressed with his performance in ''[[Drishyam]]'' (2013) and had signed him on.<ref name="Shajon">{{cite news|last=Ipe|first=Ann|title=I couldn't refuse this cop role: Kalabhavan Shajohn|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/120916/i-couldnt-refuse-this-cop-role-kalabhavan-shajohn.html|access-date=12 September 2016|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=12 September 2016|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225173650/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/120916/i-couldnt-refuse-this-cop-role-kalabhavan-shajohn.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Filming===
[[File:Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium CWG opening ceremony.jpg|thumb|The [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Delhi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]] in [[New Delhi]], where a battle scene during a [[association football|football]] tournament was filmed.|left]]
An official launch event was to be held on 12 December 2015, coinciding with Rajinikanth's birthday. However, the team chose to avoid publicity as a result of the [[2015 South Indian floods]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Rajinikanths-Enthiran-2-postponed-indefinitely/articleshow/50106237.cms|title=Rajinikanth's Enthiran 2 postponed indefinitely|work=The Times of India|archive-date=26 February 2025|access-date=12 August 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250226050548/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Rajinikanths-Enthiran-2-postponed-indefinitely/articleshow/50106237.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> On the first day of the shoot, a scene featuring Rajinikanth and several dwarf actors was shot at the erected set, while the team's principal cast and crew also assembled for a photoshoot.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Robots-dwarves-and-Rajini-The-set-of-2-0/articleshow/50218605.cms|title=Robots, dwarves and Rajini: The set of 2.0|work=The Times of India|access-date=18 December 2015|last1=Balachandran|first1=Logesh|archive-date=20 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151220222819/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Robots-dwarves-and-Rajini-The-set-of-2-0/articleshow/50218605.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

Akshay began shooting for the film in Chennai at the beginning of March 2016 and took part in a schedule held at the EVP Film City studio in Chennai. A set of a mobile phone store was built on-site, while night scenes involving robotic equipment and military tanks were also canned.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Military-tanks-and-mobile-phone-crisis-in-2-0/articleshow/51208802.cms |title=Military tanks and mobile phone crisis in 2.0 |website=The Times of India |date=2 March 2016 |access-date=25 November 2016 |archive-date=7 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170207082408/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Military-tanks-and-mobile-phone-crisis-in-2-0/articleshow/51208802.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The team subsequently moved to Delhi in order to hold a forty-five-day schedule, continuing on from the same scenes with military tanks that were shot in Chennai.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/2-0-team-to-shoot-in-Delhi-cricket-stadium/articleshow/51267523.cms |title=2.0 team to shoot in Delhi cricket stadium |website=The Times of India |date=6 March 2016 |access-date=25 November 2016 |archive-date=27 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127142237/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/2-0-team-to-shoot-in-Delhi-cricket-stadium/articleshow/51267523.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Subsequently, the team filmed sequences at [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Delhi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]] depicting an [[Indian Super League]] match between [[Chennaiyin FC]] and [[Mumbai City FC]], with hundreds of junior artists recruited to act as supporters. Actors [[Amitabh Bachchan]] and [[Abhishek Bachchan]] visited the film's set at the stadium with the media reporting that the pair were set to make cameo appearances, though the claim was later denied by the team.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/rajinikanth-akshay-kumar-to-shoot-football-sequence-for-2-0-at-jln-stadium/ |title=Rajinikanth, Akshay Kumar to shoot football sequence for 2.0 at JLN stadium |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |date=18 March 2016 |access-date=25 November 2016 |archive-date=18 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018230303/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/rajinikanth-akshay-kumar-to-shoot-football-sequence-for-2-0-at-jln-stadium/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Shankar-meets-Amitabh-and-Abhishek-in-Delhi/articleshow/51481786.cms |title=Shankar meets Amitabh and Abhishek in Delhi |website=The Times of India |date=21 March 2016 |access-date=25 November 2016 |archive-date=5 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405103736/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Shankar-meets-Amitabh-and-Abhishek-in-Delhi/articleshow/51481786.cms? |url-status=live }}</ref> Rajinikanth then joined the team in Delhi at the end of March to continue shooting for the project, with the climax sequences being filmed. Action scenes incorporating robotic equipment were filmed throughout early April in Delhi, with cinematographer Nirav Shah using [[helicam]]s to capture sequences involving the three lead actors.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/tamil-superstar-rajnikanth-joins-20-team-in-new-delhi/article8413293.ece |title=Tamil superstar Rajnikanth joins 2.0 team in New Delhi |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=30 March 2016 |access-date=25 November 2016 |archive-date=29 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529054405/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/tamil-superstar-rajnikanth-joins-20-team-in-new-delhi/article8413293.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Climax-done-2-0-team-to-resume-shoot-in-Chennai/articleshow/52009637.cms |title=Climax done, 2.0 team to resume shoot in Chennai |website=The Times of India |date=28 April 2016 |access-date=25 November 2016 |archive-date=2 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502155108/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Climax-done-2-0-team-to-resume-shoot-in-Chennai/articleshow/52009637.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

During the shoot at the studios, the visual effects designer Srinivas Mohan digitally converted a green screen sequence into locations including the [[Red Fort]] and the [[Parliament House (India)|Parliament]] from Delhi after the team were unable to secure shooting permission there.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/enthiran-2-0-akshay-kumar-to-demolish-red-fort-and-parliament-15622-2016-06-22 |title=Enthiran 2.0: Akshay Kumar to demolish Red Fort and Parliament in the upcoming sci-fi flick? : Regional cinema, News |website=India Today |date=22 June 2016 |access-date=25 November 2016 |archive-date=18 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018215757/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/enthiran-2-0-akshay-kumar-to-demolish-red-fort-and-parliament/1/698062.html |url-status=live }}</ref> By June 2016, Shankar revealed that after one hundred days of shooting, scenes including the climax and two major action sequences had been completed and that the film was fifty per cent complete.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/50-per-cent-of-20-completed-shankar/article8746672.ece |title=50 per cent of 2.0 completed: Shankar – Chennai |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=19 June 2016 |access-date=25 November 2016}}</ref> [[Adil Hussain]] and Kalabhavan Shajohn began their work in the film during July 2016 in Chennai, while the rest of the cast were given an extended break after Rajinikanth fell ill.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/adil-hussain-joins-2-o-sets-news-tamil-qhnjFWdaabejc.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160718201252/http://www.sify.com/movies/adil-hussain-joins-2-o-sets-news-tamil-qhnjFWdaabejc.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 July 2016 |title=Adil Hussain joins '2.0' sets |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=25 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Rajinikanth-to-resume-shoot-of-2-0/articleshow/53707689.cms |title=Rajinikanth to resume shoot of 2.0 |website=The Times of India |date=15 August 2016 |access-date=25 November 2016 |archive-date=28 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160928234600/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Rajinikanth-to-resume-shoot-of-2-0/articleshow/53707689.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Following his illness and subsequent recovery, Rajinikanth returned to the sets of the film in early October after a break of close to four months. He shot for scenes alongside Amy Jackson in Chennai, where he was featured fighting huge birds created using animatronic technology with actor [[Riyaz Khan]] also joining the cast, but eventually he was not included in the final cast of the film. Soon after the schedule finished in early October, Shankar revealed that the film was two-thirds complete, following one hundred and fifty days of shooting.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/rajnikanths-robot-2-0-shooting-wrapped-amy-jackson-shares-pics-3076822/ |title=Rajinikanth's Robot 2.0 shooting wrapped, Amy Jackson shares pics |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |date=11 October 2016 |access-date=25 November 2016 |archive-date=22 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161122091415/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/rajnikanths-robot-2-0-shooting-wrapped-amy-jackson-shares-pics-3076822/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Another schedule began in early November at EVP Film City in Chennai with all of the lead cast and continued throughout the month.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/shankar-resumes-shooting-2-o-at-evp-city-news-tamil-qlekn5hjcgcjj.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161120214938/http://www.sify.com/movies/shankar-resumes-shooting-2-o-at-evp-city-news-tamil-qlekn5hjcgcjj.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 November 2016 |title=Shankar resumes shooting '2.o' at EVP city |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=25 November 2016}}</ref> All filming was completed except for one song that featured a set erected in Chennai. Jackson was given ten days of practice by choreographer [[Bosco–Caesar|Bosco]]. Filming was completed in August 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/rajinikanth-and-akshay-kumar-s-2-0-bts-video-features-spectacular-3d-technology/story-zgN3lIxFhsHys4FfsxcH7N.html|title=2.0 making of video: Superstar Rajinikanth, Akshay Kumar talk about shooting in 3D directly|date=7 October 2017|work=hindustantimes.com/|access-date=7 October 2017|archive-date=8 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008032601/http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/rajinikanth-and-akshay-kumar-s-2-0-bts-video-features-spectacular-3d-technology/story-zgN3lIxFhsHys4FfsxcH7N.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.top10cinema.com/article/43335/rajinikanth-amy-to-sizzle-in-a-song-with-3d-impact|title=Rajinikanth-Amy to sizzle in a song with 3D impact|date=19 July 2017|work=Top 10 Cinema|access-date=20 July 2017|language=en-US|archive-date=22 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422034039/https://top10cinema.com/article/43335/rajinikanth-amy-to-sizzle-in-a-song-with-3d-impact|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/200717/rajinikanth-and-amy-jackson-to-shake-a-leg.html|title=Rajinikanth and Amy Jackson to shake a leg|date=20 July 2017|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|access-date=20 July 2017|archive-date=20 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170720051829/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/200717/rajinikanth-and-amy-jackson-to-shake-a-leg.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Principal photography was concluded on 22 October 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/amy-jackson-2-0-enthiran-rajinikanth-4901085/|title=It's a wrap for Rajinikanth-Akshay Kumar's 2.0, set for grand audio launch|date=22 October 2017|website=Indianexpress.com|access-date=25 October 2017|archive-date=25 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171025014359/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/amy-jackson-2-0-enthiran-rajinikanth-4901085/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Music==
{{main|2.0 (soundtrack)}}
[[A. R. Rahman]] composed the film's soundtrack and score, during the pre-production works of the film, in December 2015. Recording of the songs took place for nearly four years. In an interview with Archana Chandhok on [[Zee Tamil]], [[Rajinikanth]] revealed that director Shankar wanted to make ''2.0'' without any songs.<ref name="firstpost">{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/rajinikanth-on-working-with-akshay-kumar-in-shankars-magnum-opus-hes-the-real-hero-and-villain-of-2-0-5542021.html|title=Rajinikanth on working with Akshay Kumar in Shankar's magnum opus: He's the real hero and villain of 2.0|date=13 November 2018|website=Firstpost|access-date=12 December 2018|archive-date=9 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009125236/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/rajinikanth-on-working-with-akshay-kumar-in-shankars-magnum-opus-hes-the-real-hero-and-villain-of-2-0-5542021.html|url-status=live}}</ref> However, Rahman was still not convinced and felt that an album should have a minimum of four songs to provide listeners with a wholesome experience.<ref name="firstpost"/>

A promotional music event for the film was held at [[Burj Al Arab]], [[Dubai]] on 27 October 2017, in a grand manner. And on the same day, two tracks from the film, "Endhira Logathu Sundhariye" and "Rajaali" were released, in Tamil and dubbed versions in Telugu and Hindi<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/robcain/2017/10/26/heres-why-the-audio-launch-for-rajinis-2-0-is-the-highest-stakes-promo-in-indian-movie-history/|title=Why Audio Launch For Rajini's '2.0' Is The Highest-Stakes Promotion in Indian Movie History|last=Cain|first=Rob|website=Forbes|language=en|access-date=2 October 2019|archive-date=9 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009125236/https://www.forbes.com/sites/robcain/2017/10/26/heres-why-the-audio-launch-for-rajinis-2-0-is-the-highest-stakes-promo-in-indian-movie-history/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Madhan Karky]] and [[Na. Muthukumar]] provided the lyrics for the songs in Tamil. The third track, "Pullinangal" was included in the part of the soundtrack album on 6 November 2018.

The film score was released on 29 June 2019.<ref>{{Citation|title=2.0 – Original Sound Track {{!}} Rajinikanth, Akshay Kumar, Amy Jackson {{!}} Shankar {{!}} A.R. Rahman|date=29 June 2019|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KH9_XiWauz4|language=en|access-date=22 September 2019|archive-date=9 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009125808/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KH9_XiWauz4|url-status=live}}</ref> Recording of the original score began in London and Rahman's Los Angeles studios in 2016.<ref name="firstpost"/> Unlike previous projects, Rahman began finalising the original background score six months back prior to release because he felt that the scenes were very heavy and it needed a lot of work.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/nov/27/ar-rahmans-20-background-score-is-like-listening-to-batman-or-spidermans-bgm-shankar-1903931.html|title=AR Rahman's '2.0' background score is like listening to Batman or Spiderman's BGM: Shankar|website=The New Indian Express|date=27 November 2018|access-date=12 December 2018|archive-date=15 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215223214/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/nov/27/ar-rahmans-20-background-score-is-like-listening-to-batman-or-spidermans-bgm-shankar-1903931.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Scientific accuracy ==
The film's premise of sparrows (and other birds) dying because of electromagnetic radiation from mobile phone towers, is a popular urban legend in India, which can be easily debunked by the fact that sparrows thrive in old parts of big cities with lots of nesting spaces and crevices, despite the high mobile phone tower concentration in those areas.<ref name="fc-birdwatcher" />

Asad Rahmani, who headed the Indian parliamentary panel to study the impact of communication towers on wildlife including birds and bees, called out the film, saying, "There is no scientific proof between electromagnetic radiation and absence of sparrows".<ref name="experts-differ" />

Steve Rousseau, writing for [[Audubon]] society, pointed out the impact of this film in spreading the falsehood linking radio waves and bird population decline. He mentioned that this film drove traffic to YouTube channels dedicated to conspiracy theories, which were actively spreading this pseudo-scientific theory.<ref name="audubon" />

In addition to the core idea of the film being based on pseudoscience, many of the facts and representations in the film, are inaccurate. Pakshi Rajan through his speeches and actions, seems like a bird trafficker or charlatan, rather than an ornithologist.<ref name="fc-birdwatcher">{{cite web |last1=Aravind AM |date=29 November 2023 |title=Straight out of WhatsApp University: A birdwatcher's reading of Shankar's 2.0 |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/tamil-features/straight-out-of-whatsapp-university-a-birdwatchers-reading-of-shankars-20-rajinikanth-jigarthanda-doublex-akshay-kumar |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201221814/https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/tamil-features/straight-out-of-whatsapp-university-a-birdwatchers-reading-of-shankars-20-rajinikanth-jigarthanda-doublex-akshay-kumar |archive-date=1 December 2023 |access-date=15 July 2024 |website=[[Film Companion]]}}</ref>
*[[Arctic tern]], which does not visit India, is mentioned as a regular visitor to [[Vedanthangal Bird Sanctuary]] in India.<ref name="fc-birdwatcher" />
*Pakshi Rajan mentions that the [[jacobin cuckoo]] brings [[Monsoon of India|monsoon rains to India]], and claims that, if jacobin cuckoo skips migration to India the monsoon fails that year in India. While the bird's migration to North India happens before the monsoon, the birds can not impact the monsoon.<ref name="fc-birdwatcher" />
*Pakshi Rajan does not even know what scientific name is, as he says jacobin cuckoo is the scientific name.<ref name="fc-birdwatcher" />
*Common Indian birds that should be present in the geographical location of the film, are missing in the film. However, the birds that we see in the film are exotic birds such as [[toucan]]s, [[macaw]]s and [[Crane (bird)|cranes]], kept in cages by Pakshi Rajan.<ref name="fc-birdwatcher" />

== Marketing and release ==
In November 2016, it was revealed that ''2.0'' was scheduled for release during [[Diwali]] on 18 October 2017.<ref name="reveal">{{cite news |last1=Chakravorty |first1=Trisha |date=23 November 2016 |title='2.0' and 'Golmaal 4' 2017 Diwali clash: Here's what trade pundits have to say |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/2-0-and-Golmaal-4-2017-Diwali-clash-Heres-what-trade-pundits-have-to-say/articleshow/55584625.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223202602/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/2-0-and-Golmaal-4-2017-Diwali-clash-Heres-what-trade-pundits-have-to-say/articleshow/55584625.cms |archive-date=23 December 2018 |access-date=25 November 2016 |work=[[Mumbai Mirror]]}}</ref> In April 2017, Raju Mahalingam, the film's former producer, announced that the film's release had been postponed to 25 January 2018 citing better incorporation of visual effects.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 April 2017 |title=Rajinikanth's '2.o' postponed to January next year |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2017/04/22/rajinikanth-enthiran-2-postponed-to-january.html |access-date=25 April 2025 |website=[[Onmanorama]] |agency=[[IANS]]}}</ref> The release date was later moved to 14 April 2018.<ref name="April2018">{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/2-0-release-postponed-to-april-2018-will-clash-with-mahesh-babu-allu-arjuns-films-4239741.html|title=2.0 release postponed to April 2018; will clash with Mahesh Babu, Allu Arjun's films|work=Firstpost|date=3 December 2017|access-date=3 December 2017|archive-date=23 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223202428/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/2-0-release-postponed-to-april-2018-will-clash-with-mahesh-babu-allu-arjuns-films-4239741.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The release date was once again moved to 27 April 2018 but instead ''[[Kaala (2018 film)|Kaala]]'' took that spot resulting in another delay of the film.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/rajinikanth-kaala-release-date-27-april|title=Rajinikanth's '2.0' Pushed as 'Kaala' Gets 27 April Release|work=The Quint|access-date=13 February 2018|archive-date=23 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223202606/https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/rajinikanth-kaala-release-date-27-april|url-status=live}}</ref> The making video of the film was revealed on 25 August 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/entertainment/2-0-making-video-goes-massively-viral-this-is-what-rajinikanth-akshay-kumar-are-doing-behind-the-scenes/826066/|title=2.0 making video goes massively viral; this is what Rajinikanth, Akshay Kumar are doing behind the scenes|date=26 August 2017|work=The Financial Express|access-date=1 September 2017|language=en-US|archive-date=23 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223202454/https://www.financialexpress.com/entertainment/2-0-making-video-goes-massively-viral-this-is-what-rajinikanth-akshay-kumar-are-doing-behind-the-scenes/826066/|url-status=live}}</ref> The film, which contains approximately 1,000 visual effects shots according to producers, was delayed numerous times while the [[computer-generated imagery]] (CGI) work was being completed by numerous effects studios.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/variety/20-getting-delayed-because-of-computer-graphics-work-rajinikanth/article10006622.ece|title=2.0 getting delayed because of computer graphics work: Rajinikanth|work=@businessline|access-date=13 February 2018|archive-date=23 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223202556/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/variety/20-getting-delayed-because-of-computer-graphics-work-rajinikanth/article10006622.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The film was finally slated to be released in cinemas on 29 November 2018.<ref name="thenewsminute_84533">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/it-s-official-rajinikanth-s-20-release-date-has-been-announced-84533|title=It's official! Rajinikanth's '2.0' release date has been announced|date=10 July 2018|work=The News Minute|access-date=13 July 2018|archive-date=23 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223202507/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/it-s-official-rajinikanth-s-20-release-date-has-been-announced-84533|url-status=live}}</ref>

The teaser of ''2.0'' was released on [[Ganesh Chaturti]], 13 September 2018, in both 3D and 2D.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/2-0-teaser-rajinikanth-and-akshay-kumars-ganesh-chaturthi-treat-do-not-blink-1915801|title=2.0 Teaser: Rajinikanth And Akshay Kumar's Ganesh Chaturthi Treat. Do. Not. Blink|website=Ndtv.com|access-date=14 September 2018|archive-date=12 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190812004519/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/2-0-teaser-rajinikanth-and-akshay-kumars-ganesh-chaturthi-treat-do-not-blink-1915801|url-status=live}}</ref> Its 2D teaser video has been viewed over 32 million times in 24 hours.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/the-rajinikanth-effect-2-0-teaser-gets-blockbuster-welcome-32-million-views-in-24-hours-1916413|title=The Rajinikanth Effect: 2.0 Teaser Gets Blockbuster Welcome – 32 Million Views in 24 Hours|publisher=NDTV|author=Divya Goyal|date=14 September 2018|access-date=15 September 2018|archive-date=12 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190812005339/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/the-rajinikanth-effect-2-0-teaser-gets-blockbuster-welcome-32-million-views-in-24-hours-1916413|url-status=live}}</ref> The film topic was trended and top searched queries on [[Google Trends]] for a week. Google India also marked the moment with a special animated tribute celebrating the film’s massive search popularity.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/trending/trending-in-india/2-0-teaser-memes-rajinikanth-akshay-kumar-google-trends-5358187/|title=Google India's animated clip features Rajinikanth and Akshay Kumar as 2.0 meme-fest continues|work=Indian Express|date=15 September 2018|access-date=16 September 2018|archive-date=16 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916144859/https://indianexpress.com/article/trending/trending-in-india/2-0-teaser-memes-rajinikanth-akshay-kumar-google-trends-5358187/|url-status=live}}</ref> But the teaser did not mention the release date. According to the source, "There may be a lot of VFX work left in the film and they do not want to delay things too much. This is why, the makers Lyca Productions seem to have put out the teaser so that they can keep the audiences busy."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/170918/20-faces-release-date-issues.html|title=2.0 faces release date issues|work=Deccan Chronicle|date=17 September 2018|access-date=19 September 2018|archive-date=19 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919021509/https://deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/170918/20-faces-release-date-issues.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In addition to its original language, the film will be released in 14 other languages with dubbed versions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/rajinikanth-akshay-kumar-2-0-beats-baahubali-2-record-to-release-in-15-languages-4685942/|title=Rajinikanth, Akshay Kumar's 2.0 beats Baahubali 2's record, to release in 15 languages|date=2 June 2017|work=Deccan Chronicle|access-date=7 June 2017|archive-date=23 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223202545/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/rajinikanth-akshay-kumar-2-0-beats-baahubali-2-record-to-release-in-15-languages-4685942/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/120817/20-sold-out-for-a-record-price.html|title=2.0 sold out for a record price|date=12 August 2017|access-date=5 June 2024|archive-date=12 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512182004/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/120817/20-sold-out-for-a-record-price.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/rajinikanth-starrer-2-0-to-release-in-15-languages/articleshow/58929818.cms |title=Rajinikanth starrer '2.0' to release in 15 languages |last=S R |first=Shajini |date=31 May 2017 |work=The Times of India |access-date=3 November 2017 |archive-date=23 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223202442/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/rajinikanth-starrer-2-0-to-release-in-15-languages/articleshow/58929818.cms%20 |url-status=live }}</ref> The film has recovered approximately {{INRConvert|370|c|year=2018|mode=historical}} from satellite, digital and music rights.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/exclusive-rajinkanth-akshay-kumars-2-0-earns-rs-370-crores-even-release/|title=Exclusive: Rajinikanth – Akshay Kumar's 2.0 earns Rs. 370 crores even before release|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=23 November 2018|access-date=3 December 2018|archive-date=4 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181204005728/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/exclusive-rajinkanth-akshay-kumars-2-0-earns-rs-370-crores-even-release/|url-status=live}}</ref> This includes, but is not limited to, about {{INRConvert|110|c|year=2018|mode=historical}} for satellite to [[Zee Tamil]] and digital rights and {{INRConvert|50|c|year=2018|mode=historical}} for digital rights, the latter sold to [[Amazon Prime Video]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/dd3Aw0xFzDwK2NoNrqLB7O/Why-Zees-Rs110-crore-satellite-rights-deal-for-Rajinikanth.html|title=Why Zee's Rs 110 crore satellite rights deal for Rajinikanth's '2.0' comes as a surprise|publisher=Live Mint|author=Lata Jha|date=16 March 2018|access-date=3 December 2018|archive-date=4 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181204005656/https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/dd3Aw0xFzDwK2NoNrqLB7O/Why-Zees-Rs110-crore-satellite-rights-deal-for-Rajinikanth.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Ahead of the film's release, the [[Cellular Operators Association of India]] (COAI) lodged a complaint, demanding that the [[Central Board of Film Certification]] (CBFC) certificate of the film be revoked for "promoting anti-scientific attitudes towards mobile phones and cellular networks".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/rajinikanths-2-0-in-trouble-after-cell-companies-lodge-complaint-demand-cbfc-certificate-to-be-revoked-5625891.html|title=Rajinikanth's 2.0 in trouble after cell companies lodge complaint, demand CBFC certificate to be revoked|work=First Post|date=27 November 2018|access-date=3 December 2018|archive-date=23 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190823232931/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/rajinikanths-2-0-in-trouble-after-cell-companies-lodge-complaint-demand-cbfc-certificate-to-be-revoked-5625891.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The organisation alleged the producers "falsely depicting mobile phones and mobile towers as harmful to living creatures and the environment including birds and human beings".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/nov/27/rajinikanth-shankars-20-in-trouble-cellular-operators-association-file-complaint-against-filmmake-1904032.html|title=Rajinikanth-Shankar's 2.0 in trouble: Cellular operators association file complaint against filmmakers|work=Indian Express|date=27 November 2018|access-date=3 December 2018|archive-date=3 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181203202734/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/nov/27/rajinikanth-shankars-20-in-trouble-cellular-operators-association-file-complaint-against-filmmake-1904032.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/complaint-against-rajinikanth-s-20-falsely-depicting-mobile-phones-92333|title=Rajinikanth's '2.0' for 'falsely depicting mobile phones'|publisher=News Minute|date=27 November 2018|access-date=3 December 2018|archive-date=4 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181204005717/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/complaint-against-rajinikanth-s-20-falsely-depicting-mobile-phones-92333|url-status=live}}</ref> Meanwhile, a Lyca Productions spokesperson said, "We are under no obligation to toe the line and the film does not hunt or defames{{sic}} anyone."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/rajinikanths-2-0-against-unregulated-growth-of-mobile-services-coai-objections-bogus-production-house-1955059.html|title=Rajinikanth's 2.0 Against Unregulated Growth of Mobile Services, COAI Objections Bogus: Producers|publisher=News 18|author=Anu Parthiban|date=29 November 2018|access-date=3 December 2018|archive-date=4 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181204005726/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/rajinikanths-2-0-against-unregulated-growth-of-mobile-services-coai-objections-bogus-production-house-1955059.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In China, the film released on 6 September 2019. It was said to be released by HY Media in 10,000 theatres with 56,000 screenings, which includes 47,000 3D screenings, which is the largest release ever for an Indian film in the country in May 2019,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/2point0-2-0-china-release-rajinikanth-akshay-kumar-5478614/|title=Rajinikanth's ''2.0'' all set to hit screens in China|date=5 December 2018|access-date=5 December 2018|newspaper=The Indian Express|author=A. Kameshwari|place=New Delhi|archive-date=28 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328065726/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/2point0-2-0-china-release-rajinikanth-akshay-kumar-5478614/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=चीन में 56 हजार स्क्रीन्स पर 'रजनी सर' की 2.0, टूट सकते हैं सारे बॉक्स ऑफिस रिकॉर्ड |url=https://aajtak.intoday.in/story/akshay-kumar-rajinikanth-magnum-opus-2-0-to-release-in-china-on-this-date-poster-gets-leaked-tmov-1-1090166.html |access-date=4 June 2019 |work={{Lang|hi-latn|[[Aaj Tak]]}} |date=4 June 2019 |language=hi |archive-date=4 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190604163857/https://aajtak.intoday.in/story/akshay-kumar-rajinikanth-magnum-opus-2-0-to-release-in-china-on-this-date-poster-gets-leaked-tmov-1-1090166.html |url-status=live }}</ref> with a [[Standard Chinese|Mandarin]] dub and subtitles,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/south-gossip/article/rajinikanth-akshay-kumar-s-2-0-to-release-in-china-in-may-19-to-be-widest-3d-release-for-a-foreign-film/326097|website=[[Times Now]]|publisher=[[The Times Group]]|title=Rajinikanth, Akshay Kumar's 2.0 to release in China in May '19, to be widest 3D release for a foreign film|first=Amman|last=Khurana|date=5 December 2018|access-date=5 December 2018|archive-date=5 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181205083254/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/south-gossip/article/rajinikanth-akshay-kumar-s-2-0-to-release-in-china-in-may-19-to-be-widest-3d-release-for-a-foreign-film/326097|url-status=live}}</ref> but the release was delayed to 6 September 2019 and released in about 48,000 screens.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/rajinikanth-and-akshay-kumar-starrer-2-0-to-hit-the-theatres-in-china-on-september-06/articleshow/71001588.cms|title=Rajinikanth and Akshay Kumar starrer '2.0' to hit the theatres in China on 6 September|work=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=6 September 2019|archive-date=6 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190906084016/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/rajinikanth-and-akshay-kumar-starrer-2-0-to-hit-the-theatres-in-china-on-september-06/articleshow/71001588.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/rajinikanth-akshay-kumar-s-2-0-finally-releases-in-china-sets-box-office-on-fire-1596117-2019-09-06|title=Rajinikanth-Akshay Kumar's 2.0 finally releases in China, sets box office on fire|magazine=India Today|language=en|access-date=6 September 2019|archive-date=6 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190906102438/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/rajinikanth-akshay-kumar-s-2-0-finally-releases-in-china-sets-box-office-on-fire-1596117-2019-09-06|url-status=live}}</ref> A dubbed [[Russian language|Russian]]-language version of the film will also release in Russia on 25 July 2019.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rajinikanth's '2.0' all set to release in China and Russia |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/rajinikanth-s-20-all-set-release-china-and-russia-103259 |access-date=10 June 2019 |work=[[The News Minute]] |date=8 June 2019 |archive-date=20 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190620171236/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/rajinikanth-s-20-all-set-release-china-and-russia-103259 |url-status=live }}</ref>

An [[Action video game|action mobile video game]], ''Chhota Rajini Robot 2.0 Game'', was released as a [[tie-in]] for the film by Mobi2Fun.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 November 2018 |title=Chhota Rajini Robot 2.0 Game |url=https://apps.apple.com/us/app/chhota-rajini-robot-2-0-game/id1384356826 |website=[[AppStore]] |access-date=30 April 2024 |archive-date=30 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240430095625/https://apps.apple.com/us/app/chhota-rajini-robot-2-0-game/id1384356826 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Reception ==
=== Critical response ===
{{Rotten Tomatoes prose|score=55|count=20|average=5.5|consensus=|ref=yes |access-date=24 July 2022}}

====India ====
''2.0'' received mixed reviews from critics in India.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/2-0-box-office-collection-day-1-rajinikanth-akshay-kumar-5470611/lite/ |title=2.0 box office collection Day 1: The Hindi version of Rajinikanth's film earns Rs 20.25 crore |work=Indian Express |date=30 November 2018 |access-date=30 November 2018 |archive-date=30 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181130122722/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/2-0-box-office-collection-day-1-rajinikanth-akshay-kumar-5470611/lite/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/box-office/2-0-box-office-collection-day-1-rajinikanth-and-akshay-kumars-film-off-to-a-magnificent-start/articleshow/66878646.cms|title='2.0' box-office collection Day 1: Rajinikanth and Akshay Kumar's film off to a magnificent start|work=The Times of India|access-date=30 November 2018|archive-date=23 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190823044927/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/box-office/2-0-box-office-collection-day-1-rajinikanth-and-akshay-kumars-film-off-to-a-magnificent-start/articleshow/66878646.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Taran Adarsh]] gave the film five stars out of five and applauded Shankar as "a visionary... He hits the ball out of the park this time. Akshay Kumar is fantastic, while Rajinikanth is the boss".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/taran_adarsh/status/1068023059087413248|title=taran adarsh on Twitter|publisher=[[Twitter]]|access-date=30 November 2018|archive-date=14 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414093655/https://twitter.com/taran_adarsh/status/1068023059087413248|url-status=live}}[[Wikipedia:SPS|{{sup|[''self-published'']}}]]</ref> A critic for ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' gave it four and a half stars out of five and similarly commended Shankar, "[His] direction is highly effective and he proves once again why he's one of our best filmmakers. He doesn't get overwhelmed by the technology available and makes correct use of it".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/2-0/critic-review/2-0-movie-review/|title=2.0 review by Bollywood Hungama|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=29 November 2018|access-date=29 November 2018|archive-date=4 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191104200807/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/2-0/critic-review/|url-status=live}}</ref> S Subhakeerthana of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave it four stars out of five: "Shankar has raised the bar in filmmaking in terms of visualisation, grandeur, and every frame of his fascinates you as a viewer".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/2-0-movie-review-rating-rajinikanth-5471174/|title=2.0 movie review: A brilliant cinematic extravaganza|work=Indian Express|author=S Subhakeerthana|date=29 November 2018|access-date=2 December 2018|archive-date=27 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327102425/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/2-0-movie-review-rating-rajinikanth-5471174/|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]]''{{'}}s Ramesh Bala gave it four stars out of five, and found Kumar to be the film's spotlight: "He has rocked both as Birdman and as a normal man in an emotional flashback".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://businesstoday.in/story/2-0-audience-reactions-critics-call-it-a-cinematic-marvel-fans-perform-aarti-for-rajinikanth-film/1/295734.html|title=2.0 audience reactions: Critics call it a cinematic marvel, fans perform aarti for Rajinikanth's film|publisher=BusinessToday|date=29 November 2018|access-date=29 November 2018}}</ref>

Writing for ''[[Hindustan Times]]'', [[Raja Sen]] rated ''2.0'' three and a half stars out of five, terming Rajinikanth as "smarter than a smartphone" and counted him and Kumar among the film's strengths.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/2-0-robot-enthiran-review-rating-rajinikath-akshay-kumar-movie/story-iZCIPVlsKfKlfuR1Sl4bcN.html|title=2.0 movie review: Rajinikanth, Akshay Kumar's film is smarter than a smartphone|date=29 November 2018|website=Hindustantimes.com|access-date=29 November 2018|archive-date=15 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190815151737/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/2-0-robot-enthiran-review-rating-rajinikath-akshay-kumar-movie/story-iZCIPVlsKfKlfuR1Sl4bcN.html|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic for the [[Indo-Asian News Service]] also gave three and a half stars out of five and wrote, "Unlike most science-fiction films, ''2.0'' takes the commercial route to entertain, thus does come across as illogical at places, but that's what makes it insanely fun".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/bollywood/2-0-movie-review-an-insanely-illogically-fun-science-fiction-extravaganza-2159727.html/amp|title=2.0 movie review: An insanely, illogically fun science-fiction extravaganza – Bollywood News|website=zeenews.india.com|access-date=30 November 2018|archive-date=29 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181129194002/http://zeenews.india.com/bollywood/2-0-movie-review-an-insanely-illogically-fun-science-fiction-extravaganza-2159727.html/amp|url-status=live}}</ref> Devesh Sharma of ''[[Filmfare]]'' also gave three and a half stars out of five.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/reviews/bollywood-movies/movie-review-20_-31416.html|title=Movie Review: 2.0|website=Filmfare.com|access-date=30 November 2018|archive-date=30 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181130202153/https://www.filmfare.com/reviews/bollywood-movies/movie-review-20_-31416.html|url-status=live}}</ref> M. Suganth of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave it three stars out of five; he stated that there is a sense of "just going through the motions in the first half," but found that the action sequences and chemistry between the leads helped keep the film enjoyable for most of its run-time.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/2-0/movie-review/66858163.cms|title=2.0 MOVIE REVIEW|last=Suganth|first=M|date=28 November 2018|work=The Times of India|access-date=28 November 2018|archive-date=1 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181201004006/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/2-0/movie-review/66858163.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Writing for ''Film Companion'', [[Anupama Chopra]] also gave the film three stars out of five: "''2.0'' is visually overpowering – the VFX are mostly first-rate – but the screenplay doesn't offer the seamless mix of romance, drama and comedy [as the predecessor]".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/2-0-movie-review-anupama-chopra/amp/|title=2.0 is a sensory overload that becomes too exhausting|date=29 November 2018|website=Filmcompany.in|access-date=29 November 2018|archive-date=30 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181130031751/https://www.filmcompanion.in/2-0-movie-review-anupama-chopra/amp/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Janani K, film critic for ''[[India Today]]'', gave ''2.0'' three stars out of five and appreciated the film's theme, but felt it could be better presented, writing, "Though it is a much-need{{sic}} message, it could have been explained in an intriguing manner rather than the pedantic treatment it gets".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/robot-2-0-movie-review-rajinikanth-akshay-kumar-1398694-2018-11-29|title=2.0 Movie Review: Rajinikanth and Akshay Kumar glide through predictable film|website=India Today|date=29 November 2018|access-date=29 November 2018|archive-date=7 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507190034/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/robot-2-0-movie-review-rajinikanth-akshay-kumar-1398694-2018-11-29|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Rajeev Masand]] also gave it three stars out of five.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rajeevmasand.com/reviews/our-films/victory-of-vision/|title=Victory of vision – Rajeev Masand – movies that matter : from bollywood, hollywood and everywhere else|website=Rajeevmasand.com|access-date=30 November 2018|archive-date=30 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181130130938/https://www.rajeevmasand.com/reviews/our-films/victory-of-vision/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Shubhra Gupta]] of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave the film two stars out of five, describing it as "dull as ditchwater in the first half, perking up a little in the second, with a half-way watchable Akshay Kumar, and a Rajinikanth coming into his own right towards the end, for a bit".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/2point0-movie-review-rajinikanth-2-0-rating-5470610/|title=2.0 movie review: Not worth all the sound and fury|date=29 November 2018|website=Indianexpress.com|access-date=29 November 2018|archive-date=18 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190618090320/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/2point0-movie-review-rajinikanth-2-0-rating-5470610/|url-status=live}}</ref> Pragati Saxena of ''[[National Herald]]'' concurred with Gupta and criticised the pace and dullness of the film.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/films/20-review-shankar-should-focus-more-on-story-than-technology-it-is-a-543-crore-dud|title=Shankar should focus more on story than technology, it is a 543 crore dud|work=National Herald|author=Pragati Saxena|date=29 November 2018|access-date=29 November 2018|archive-date=30 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181130071500/https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/films/20-review-shankar-should-focus-more-on-story-than-technology-it-is-a-543-crore-dud|url-status=live}}</ref> Writing for ''[[News18]]'', Rohit Vats also rated two stars out of five and criticised the writing, opining, "[Shankar's] characters haven't evolved the way the world around them has".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/2-0-movie-review-akshay-kumars-birdman-meets-rajinikanths-transformer-in-ultron-space-1954525.html|title=2.0 Movie Review: Akshay Kumar's Birdman Meets Rajinikanth's Transformer in Ultron Space|website=News18.com|date=29 November 2018|access-date=30 November 2018|archive-date=18 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190618175744/https://www.news18.com/amp/news/movies/2-0-movie-review-akshay-kumars-birdman-meets-rajinikanths-transformer-in-ultron-space-1954525.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Saibal Chatterjee]] of ''[[NDTV]]'' also gave two stars out of five and said, "Bunkum is bunkum no matter how big the bucks behind it are".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/2-0-movie-review-despite-rajinikanth-and-akshay-kumar-bunkum-is-bunkum-2-stars-out-of-5-1955215|title=2.0 Movie Review: Despite Rajinikanth And Akshay Kumar, Bunkum Is Bunkum|website=Ndtv.com|access-date=30 November 2018|archive-date=11 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190811205301/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/2-0-movie-review-despite-rajinikanth-and-akshay-kumar-bunkum-is-bunkum-2-stars-out-of-5-1955215|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'' rated the film 47 out of 100.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/146566-point-0-movie-review|title=சினிமா விமர்சனம் {{!}} 2.0 - Movie Review|magazine=[[Ananda Vikatan]]|date=6 December 2018|access-date=8 August 2022|archive-date=8 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808062224/https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/146566-point-0-movie-review|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Overseas ====
Simon Abrahams of ''[[RogerEbert.com]]'' gave the film three and a half stars out of four and stated, "Against all reason–against all common sense–''2.0'' works, and in a big, big way".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/20-2018|website=RogerEbert.com|title=2.0|access-date=2 December 2018|archive-date=1 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181201121922/https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/20-2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Shilpa Jamkhandikar of ''[[Reuters]]'' wrote, "This film certainly has the look and feel of a big-ticket Hollywood production, and that alone is worth the price of the ticket".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2pointo-robot-rajinikanth-pakshi/movie-review-2-0-idUSKCN1NY209|title=Movie Review: 2.0|first=Shilpa|last=Jamkhandikar|newspaper=Reuters|access-date=30 November 2018|date=29 November 2018|archive-date=30 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181130155127/https://www.reuters.com/article/2pointo-robot-rajinikanth-pakshi/movie-review-2-0-idUSKCN1NY209|url-status=live}}</ref> Kumar Shyam of ''[[The National (Abu Dhabi)|The National]]'' gave it three and a half stars out of five and wrote, "''2.0'' is a very clever spectacle not to be missed for its sheer audacity and scale".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/film/film-review-2-0-shouldn-t-be-missed-for-its-sheer-scale-and-audacity-1.797689|title=Film review: 2.0 shouldn't be missed for its sheer scale and audacity|first=Kumar|last=Shyam|date=30 November 2018|newspaper=[[The National (Abu Dhabi)|The National]]|access-date=2 December 2018|archive-date=3 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181203010908/https://www.thenational.ae/arts-culture/film/film-review-2-0-shouldn-t-be-missed-for-its-sheer-scale-and-audacity-1.797689|url-status=live}}</ref> Rafael Motamayor of ''[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]]'' wrote, "2.0's biggest draw is its impressive use of visual effects, and the film doesn't waste a moment to showcase its budget". He felt "[t]he effects [were] detailed enough to stand against a $200 million-dollar American blockbuster".<ref name="polygon">{{cite web|url=https://www.polygon.com/2018/12/3/18124278/2-0-review-superhero-movie-india-most-expensive-film|title=2.0, India's most expensive film ever, is pure superhero spectacle|first=Rafael|last=Motamayor|publisher=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]]|access-date=4 December 2018|date=3 December 2018|archive-date=4 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181204004215/https://www.polygon.com/2018/12/3/18124278/2-0-review-superhero-movie-india-most-expensive-film|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Box office ===
''2.0'' was released in about 6900 screens in India and over 2000 screens overseas.<ref name="2.0five">{{Cite web |title=2.0 All India Day Five Update – Maintains Very Well – Box Office India |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=4491 |access-date=25 December 2019 |website=boxofficeindia.com |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225173655/https://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=4491 |url-status=live }}</ref> On its opening day, ''2.0'' earned about {{INRConvert|80|c|year=2018|mode=historical}} gross collection in India (all versions), which was the second highest ever for an Indian film after ''[[Baahubali 2: The Conclusion]]'' (2017)'s {{INRConvert|154|c|year=2017|mode=historical}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=India Top Opening Day All Formats – 2.0 Second – Box Office India |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=4476 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225173645/https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=4476 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |access-date=30 November 2018 |website=boxofficeindia.com}}</ref> This was around {{INR}}64 crore [[Net income|nett]].<ref name="day2nett">{{cite web |date=1 December 2018 |title=2.0 Second Day All India Business |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=4478 |access-date=1 December 2018 |publisher=[[Box Office India]] |archive-date=1 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181201222745/https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=4478 |url-status=live }}</ref> Its worldwide gross was over {{INRConvert|100|c|year=2018|mode=historical}}, which was also the second highest worldwide collection for an Indian film on its first day after ''Baahubali 2''.<ref name="worldwide">{{cite web |title=2.0 box office collection crosses Rs 100 crore on opening day |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/2-0-box-office-collection-crosses-rs-100-crore-on-opening-day-1399665-2018-11-30 |access-date=30 November 2018 |website=India Today |date=30 November 2018 |archive-date=1 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001152541/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/2-0-box-office-collection-crosses-rs-100-crore-on-opening-day-1399665-2018-11-30 |url-status=live }}</ref> On its second day, the film went on to be number one at the Australian box office.<ref name="day2overseas">{{cite news |date=1 December 2018 |title=2.0 box office collection day 2 early estimates: Rajinikanth-Akshay Kumar's film holds well; earns Rs 19 crore |publisher=[[Times Now]] |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/box-office/article/2-0-box-office-collection-day-2-early-estimates-rajinikanth-akshay-kumars-film-holds-well-earns-rs-19-crore/323971 |archive-date=1 December 2018 |access-date=1 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181201093335/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/box-office/article/2-0-box-office-collection-day-2-early-estimates-rajinikanth-akshay-kumars-film-holds-well-earns-rs-19-crore/323971 |url-status=live }}</ref> In Malaysia, the film had an all-time highest opening for any Tamil film at that time.<ref name="day2overseas" /> On its second day, the film earned around {{INR}}45 crore nett in India.<ref name="day2nett" /> The all-India business of ''2.0'' increased to {{INR}}56–57 crore nett on Saturday (the third day) owing to positive word-of-mouth in North India, while the collections in South India saw a minor drop.<ref name="day3allindia">{{cite web |date=2 December 2018 |title=2.0 All India Three Day Business |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=4482 |publisher=[[Box Office India]] |access-date=2 December 2018 |archive-date=2 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181202202646/https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=4482 |url-status=live }}</ref> Its all-India total increased to {{INR}}165.5 crore nett.<ref name="day3allindia" /> On its third day, the film earned around {{INRConvert|290|c|year=2018|mode=historical}} worldwide in all languages, including {{INRConvert|85|c|year=2018|mode=historical}} from overseas markets.<ref>{{cite web |date=2 December 2018 |title=2.0 Worldwide Box Office Collection: Rajinikanth, Akshay Kumar's film earns Rs 290 crore in 3 days |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/regional-cinema-2-0-worldwide-box-office-collection-rajinikanth-akshay-kumar-s-film-earns-rs-290-crore-in-3-days-488737 |access-date=11 December 2018 |publisher=[[India TV]] |archive-date=3 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181203130034/https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/regional-cinema-2-0-worldwide-box-office-collection-rajinikanth-akshay-kumar-s-film-earns-rs-290-crore-in-3-days-488737 |url-status=live }}</ref>

At the American box office, the film surpassed the lifetime business of Rajinikanth's previous film ''[[Lingaa]]'' (2014) in just two days.<ref name="day2overseas" /> The film debuted at number 11 at the American box office, earning $4.09 million.<ref name="overseas creed">{{cite news |last=Chauhan |first=Gaurang |date=7 December 2018 |title=2.0 triumphs over Hollywood as Rajinikanth beats Sylvester Stallone at the overseas box office |work=Times Now |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/box-office/article/2-0-triumphs-over-hollywood-as-rajinikanth-beats-sylvester-stallone-at-the-overseas-box-office/327379 |access-date=7 December 2018}}</ref> The screen count was increased from 20 to 75 in Pakistan on its second day to meet the demand.<ref name="day2overseas" /> 2.0 grossed US$14.75{{nbsp}}million ({{INR}}1.03{{nbsp}}billion) in first five days in overseas markets.<ref name="2.0five" /> On its fourth day, a Sunday, business picked up over India, which led the film to accumulate an opening weekend collection of around {{INRConvert|400|c|year=2018|mode=historical}}, the highest amount earned by any film in the week of 29 November to 2 December, ahead of ''[[Fantastic Beasts: The Crimes of Grindelwald]]'' (2018).<ref name="thenewsminute_84533" /><ref name="Box office worldwide day4">{{cite web |date=3 December 2018 |title=2.0 box office collection: Rajinikanth-Akshay's film earns Rs 400 crore worldwide |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/rajinikanth-2-0-collects-rs-400-crore-worldwide-5475561/ |work=The Indian Express |access-date=3 December 2018 |archive-date=3 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181203082350/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/rajinikanth-2-0-collects-rs-400-crore-worldwide-5475561/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Collections in India, discounting overseas, were {{INRConvert|291|c|year=2018|mode=historical}} gross ({{INR}}229 crore nett) in all languages.<ref name="boiday4">{{cite web |date=3 December 2018 |title=2.0: All India – Overseas – Worldwide Update |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=4486 |access-date=3 December 2018 |publisher=Box office India |archive-date=26 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926091131/https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=4486 |url-status=live }}</ref> This pushed it ahead of ''Enthiran'', which was the previous highest-grossing film from [[Tamil cinema]] with an earning of {{INR}}205 crore nett in India.<ref name="boiday4" />{{efn|While the Telugu-Tamil bilinguals ''[[Baahubali: The Beginning]]'' (2015) and ''[[Baahubali 2: The Conclusion]]'' (2017) crossed ''Enthiran''{{'}}s earnings, they were produced in [[Telugu cinema]].}} In its four-day opening weekend, the film opened at number one at the [[United Arab Emirates]] box office, earning $2.5 million, ahead of ''[[Creed II]]'' (2018).<ref name="overseas creed" />

On its fifth day, the film earned around ₹451 crore (US$56 million) worldwide in all languages, including ₹114 crore (US$16 million) from international markets.<ref name="Box office worldwide day5">{{cite web |date=4 December 2018 |title=2.0 box office collection: Rajinikanth movie is a massive success overseas too |url=https://www.zeebiz.com/india/news-20-box-office-collection-rajinikanth-movie-is-a-massive-success-overseas-too-74218 |publisher=[[Zee Business]] |access-date=4 December 2018 |archive-date=5 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181205003246/https://www.zeebiz.com/india/news-20-box-office-collection-rajinikanth-movie-is-a-massive-success-overseas-too-74218 |url-status=live }}</ref> In North India, its Hindi version earned around ₹111 crore (US$16 million).<ref>{{cite web |author=Nilanjana Basu |date=4 December 2018 |title=2.0 (Hindi) Box Office Collection Day 5: Rajinikanth's Film Shoots Past 100 Crore, Will Be Akshay Kumar's Biggest Hit |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/2-0-hindi-box-office-collection-day-5-rajinikanths-film-shoots-past-100-crore-will-be-akshay-kumars-1957493 |access-date=4 December 2018 |publisher=NDTV |archive-date=4 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181204075724/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/2-0-hindi-box-office-collection-day-5-rajinikanths-film-shoots-past-100-crore-will-be-akshay-kumars-1957493 |url-status=live }}</ref> Along with the sixth day business of {{INR}}24 crore nett, the film earned {{INR}}282.31 crore nett in India. It did record business in the southern Indian states of [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Kerala]].<ref>{{cite web |date=5 December 2018 |title=2.0 All India Day Six Business |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=4494 |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=5 December 2018 |archive-date=6 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181206001724/https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=4494 |url-status=live }}</ref> By the end of seven days, the film earned {{INRConvert|480|c|year=2018|mode=historical}} worldwide, which included {{INRConvert|362|c|year=2018|mode=historical}} in India and US$15{{nbsp}}million ({{INR}}1.18{{nbsp}}billion) in overseas markets.<ref name="2.0seven">{{Cite web |title=2.0 Week One All India GROSS – Hindi Markets Set For 50% – Box Office India |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=4498 |access-date=25 December 2019 |website=boxofficeindia.com |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225173652/https://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=4498 |url-status=live }}</ref> The extended first week worldwide collection was {{INRConvert|520|c|year=2018|mode=historical}}.<ref name="week 1 total">{{cite web |author=Gaurang Chauhan |date=6 December 2018 |title=Rajinikanth's 2.0 joins the big league; enters Rs 500 crore club at the worldwide box office in just 7 days |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/box-office/article/rajinikanth-and-akshay-kumars-2-0-joins-the-big-league-enters-rs-500-crore-club-at-the-worldwide-box-office-in-just-7-days/326727 |access-date=6 December 2018 |publisher=Times Now |archive-date=6 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181206083456/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/box-office/article/rajinikanth-and-akshay-kumars-2-0-joins-the-big-league-enters-rs-500-crore-club-at-the-worldwide-box-office-in-just-7-days/326727 |url-status=live }}</ref> The film has grossed over {{INRConvert|800|c|year=2018|mode=historical}}.<ref name="India Today" />

=== Home media ===
Zee News reported that ''2.0'' was Zee Tamil’s highest-rated movie premiere ever, with a rating of 722 points.<ref>{{cite web
|title= 2.0 makes history as Zee Tamil's highest rated movie premiere |url=https://zeenews.india.com/regional/2-0-makes-history-as-zee-tamils-highest-rated-movie-premiere-channel-ranks-as-7th-most-watched-channel-in-the-country-2197711.html}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Recipient(s) and nominee(s)
!Result
!Ref.
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2018
| rowspan="4" | [[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards]]
| Best Cinematographer
| [[Nirav Shah]]
| {{won}}
| rowspan="4" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/147306-ananda-vikatan-awards-2018|title=ஆனந்த விகடன் சினிமா விருதுகள் 2018 – திறமைக்கு மரியாதை|website=www.vikatan.com|date=3 January 2019|access-date=31 January 2020|archive-date=2 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502063612/https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/147306-ananda-vikatan-awards-2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| Best Makeup Artist
| [[Banu (make-up artist)|Banu]] A. R. Abdul Razzaq [[Legacy Effects]]
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Animation and Visual Effects
|[[V. Srinivas Mohan]] [[S. Shankar|Shankar]]
| {{won}}
|-
| Talk of the Town
| ''2.0''
| {{won}}
|}

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
*{{Mojo title}}
*{{IMDb title}}
*{{Bollywood Hungama movie}}
*{{facebook|2Point0movie}}

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Qurbaan Hua

2026-03-15T21:23:33Z

Caleb78G9218343:

{{short description|Indian television series}}
{{Cleanup rewrite|date=August 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Qurbaanhua2.jpg
| caption =
| genre = [[Drama]]
| creator = Sonali Jaffer Amir Jaffer
| writer = Sameer Garud Shilpa Jathar Gaurav Sharma Zaheer Shaikh
| director = Sumit kumar sodani
| creative_director = Ajay Bhardwaj Yakshi Burathoki
| presenter =
| starring = [[Rajveer Singh (actor)|Rajveer Singh]] [[Pratibha Ranta]]<ref>{{cite news |title=SBB संग कुर्बान हुआ की चाहत का स्पेशल डे आउट |url=https://aajtak.intoday.in/karyakram/video/qurbaan-hua-chahat-actress-pratibha-ranta-special-dayout-with-sbb-tmov-1-1171467.html |work=[[Aaj Tak]] |date=13 March 2020 |language=hi}}</ref>
| theme_music_composer =
| open_theme = ''Qurbaan Hua''
| country = India
| language = Hindi Urdu
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 363
| producer = Sonali Jaffer Amir Jaffer
| cinematography =
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
| company = Full House Media
| first_aired = {{start date|df=y|2020|02|25}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=y|2021|09|17}}
| channel = [[Zee TV]]
}}

'''''Qurbaan Hua''''' ({{Translation|sacrificed}}) is an Indian Hindi-language [[drama]] television series which broadcast on [[Zee TV]] and on [[ZEE5]] before the TV telecast.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bizasialive.com/zee-tv-to-launch-new-weekday-fiction-qurbaan-hua-in-february/|title=ZEE TV to launch new weekday fiction 'Qurbaan Hua' in February|website=Biz Asia|date=28 January 2020|access-date=30 January 2020}}</ref> It was produced by Full House Media of Sonali Jaffer and Amir Jaffer.

The show premiered on 25 February 2020 in the 10 PM timeslot and replaced ''[[Ishq Subhan Allah]]'' to another timeslot of 10:30 PM. But after the beginning of the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], on 14 December 2020, show time slot was changed to 10:30 PM. The show replaced ''Ram Pyaare Sirf Hamare''. 10 PM slot was allotted to ''[[Kyun Rishton Mein Katti Batti]]''

The serial was cancelled on September 17, 2021 due to low TRP ratings.

==Plot==
The story revolves around Neel and Chahat and their mad desire to destroy each other's families. Neelkanth "Neel" Bhatt Dhyani is a famous chef who comes from a Hindu Brahmin family. He has a hatred towards his father, the strict Vyas Ji, because he was not present when Neel's mother was on her death bed. But he loves his sister Saraswati. Chahat Rahil Baig is a happy-go-lucky girl who looks after her father, Dr Rahil Baig. Saraswati's husband, Alekh, cheats on her, which she discovers. She goes to the hospital of Chahat's father and dies on the operation table. Alekh blames Rahil Baig, and thus Neel starts to hate him and Chahat. Rahil suddenly disappears, and Chahat vows to find him. She and Neel have a fake marriage and stay in Neel's house. Since Vyas Ji hates Muslims, Neel tells him that Chahat is Hindu, just like him, and they both hide this fact from the family members.

Now both Neel and Chahat want to find Dr Baig for different reasons. Neel wants to send Rahil to jail for killing his sister, and Chahat wants to find and send her father out of the city to save him from Neel. Moreover, the duo faces problems created by Alekh, Godambari (Neel's aunt) and Naveli (Neel's cousin-sister). While creating so, Neel and Chahat come closer to each other, and they forget their enmity. Soon, they come across Gazala Rahil Baig, Chahat's stepmother. She is cruel and wicked and has been holding Rahil hostage. Chahat tries to take her father from her but fails. Neel also joins in her quest. Soon, Neel faces an accident and is presumed dead, leaving Chahat heartbroken. To make matters worse, Alekh decides to marry her. But on the marriage day, a stranger arrives, claiming to be Neel. The stranger's face has many stitches, and only Chahat refuses to believe that he is Neel. Soon, the new Neel gains everyone including Vyas Ji's trust that he is Neel. Chahat is happy to be with Neel, and they fall in love. Later, Neel finds Chahat's father and presents him to her. But instead of being happy, she scolds him and tells Neel that he is behind Neel's accident and shows him the video. Later, fearing that Chahat's Muslim identity will be exposed, Neel asks her to leave him. Heartbroken, Chahat leaves Neel and comes across Kashmira, Neel's girlfriend. She becomes trouble for Neel and Chahat and tries to expose Chahat to get Neel back. Later, Kashmira kidnaps Chahat and calls Neel to an unknown place. Neel goes there and finds Chahat in an unconscious state and tries to wake her up. Soon, Chahat reveals to Neel that it was her and Kashmira's plan to make him return to her.

Later, everyone in Neel's house learns that Chahat is a Muslim. Gazala takes Chahat away and plans to marry Rehmat, an older man, who tells her that he would help in her political career, whereas Vyas Ji decides to have Neel marry Kashmira. At Chahat's wedding, Neel escapes and tries to stop it but is beaten up by Gazala's goons and left to die but is saved by some men. Elsewhere, Chahat pretends to have consumed poison. Zubeida Baig, Chahat's Badi Ammi (paternal grandmother), comes. She plans to stay there till Chahat gets married, unaware of Gazala's evil intentions. On her father's telling, Chahat decides to run away but is stopped by Neel, disguised as a Muslim man. He introduces himself as Qasim, and Zubeida gives him the job of Chahat's bodyguard. Later they marry, but Vyas Ji refuses to accept Chahat as his daughter-in-law. The rest of the story goes to show as to whether Vyas Ji will accept Chahat or continue troubling her and Neel.

Chahat becomes pregnant with Neel's child. She wears a bomb coat and falls in the river to make Neel believe she died. After months, Neel sees Chahat in labour and thinks she deceived him as he sees Sahil calling himself Chahat's husband. Actually, Sahil saved Chahat, and he stayed all these months with Chahat during her pregnancy. Chahat is rushed to the hospital and gives birth to twins - a girl and a boy. Neel takes the newborn boy when he sees Sahil selling the baby to someone.

'''7 years later'''

Neel stays with his son Shlok and Chahat with her daughter Dua. Shlok is religious and kind-hearted but naive, Dua is mischievous, bold and caring. Chahat and Neel both arrive with Dua and Shlok, respectively, for a tournament in Shimla. Shlok and Chahat meet and form a friendly bond. And eventually, Shlok starts to consider Chahat his mother, calling her masi, whereas Neel and Dua meet and dislike each other. Chahat meets Vyas Ji in a disabling mental condition and decides to learn the truth about the latter's condition. During a race, Alaknanda makes Dua fall and let Shlok win, but Dua discovers this and hides in the car with Neel to Devprayag.

==Cast==
===Main===
* [[Karan Jotwani]] (before plastic surgery) / [[Rajveer Singh (Actor)|Rajveer Singh]] (after plastic surgery) as Neelkanth "Neel" Bhatt Dhyani: Vyasji's son; Saraswati's brother; Naveli's cousin; Chahat's husband; Shlok and Dua's father (2020–2021)
* [[Pratibha Ranta]] as Chahat Baig Bhatt Dhyani: Rahil and Zeenat's daughter; Gazala's step-daughter; Akram's step-sister; Neel's wife; Shlok and Dua's mother (2020–2021)
* Vidhaan Sharma as Shlok Bhatt Dhyani: Neel and Chahat's son; Dua's twin brother; Kripa's cousin (2021)
* Kisha Arora as Dua Bhatt Dhyani: Neel and Chahat's daughter; Shlok's twin sister; Kripa's cousin (2021)

===Recurring===
* [[Sonali Nikam]] as Saraswati Bhatt Dhyani Nautiyal: Vyasji's daughter; Neel's sister; Naveli's cousin; Alekh's wife; Kripa's mother. (2020) (Dead)
* [[Nishad Vaidya]] as Alekh Nautiyal: Saraswati's widower; Kripa's father; Naveli's ex-husband (2020–2021)
* [[Parakh Madan]] as Gazala Baig: Rahil's second wife; Akram's mother; Chahat's step-mother; Shlok and Dua's step-grandmother. (2020–2021)
* Shrey Pareek as Sahil: Chahat's former friend; Dua's foster father (2020–2021) (Dead)
* Aayam Mehta as
** Madhavanand "Vyasji" Bhatt Dhyani: Agam and Jamunaprasad's brother; Saraswati and Neel's father; Kripa, Shlok and Dua's grandfather. (2020–2021)
** Agam Bhatt Dhyani: Madhavanand and Jamunaprasad's brother. (2021)
* Nitin Bhasin as Jamunaprasad Bhatt Dhyani: Madhavanand and Agam's brother; Godambhari's husband; Naveli's father (2020–2021)
* Neelam Pathania as Godambhari Bhatt Dhyani: Jamunaprasad's wife; Naveli's mother (2020–2021)
* [[Alisha Parveen Khan]] as Naveli Bhatt Dhyani: Jamunaprasad and Godambhari's daughter; Neel and Saraswati's cousin; Alekh's ex-wife; Bhupendra's wife (2020–2021)
* MD Patel as Bhupendra: Neel's friend; Naveli's second husband. (2020–2021)
* Sanjay Gurbaxani as Dr. Rahil Baig: Zubeida's son; Zeenat's widower; Gazala's husband; Chahat's father; Akram's step-father; Shlok and Dua's grandfather (2020-2021) (Dead)
* Unknown as Zeenat Baig: Rahil's first wife; Chahat's mother; Shlok and Dua's grandmother (2020) (Dead)
* Muhammed Lunat as Akram Baig: Gazala's son; Rahil's step-son; Chahat's step-brother (2020)
* Mamta Luthra as Zubeida Baig: Rahil's mother; Chahat's grandmother; Akram's step-grandmother; Shlok and Dua's great-grandmother (2021)
* [[Tanya Sharma]] as Kashmira "Mira" Awashti: Neel's ex-girlfriend (2020–2021)
* Sapna Devalkar as Alaknanda: Chahat's namesake sister; Shlok's foster mother; Neel's ex-fiancée (2021)
* [[Akhil Akkineni]] as Alaknanda's friend (2021)
* Devtosh Mukherjee as Nikhil Khurana (2020-2021)
* [[Bellamkonda Sreenivas]] as Vijay (2021)
* [[Ayaz Ahmed]] as Zain Siddiqui (2021)

==Production==

The production and airing of the show was halted indefinitely in late March 2020 due to the COVID-19 outbreak in India.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=12 May 2020|title=Television Industry in a Slump With the Lockdown|url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/tv/television-industry-experiencing-slowdown-with-the-lockdown|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=[[The Quint]]}}</ref> Because of the outbreak, the filming of television series and films was halted on 19 March 2020 and expected to resume on 1 April 2020 and the series was last broadcast on 20 March 2020 when the remaining episodes were aired.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=15 March 2020|title=Coronavirus outbreak: Film and television shootings to stop till March 31|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/coronavirus-outbreak-film-and-television-shootings-to-stop-till-march-31-1655773-2020-03-15|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=COVID-19 impact: TV industry braces for loss as production stalled|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/covid-19-impact-tv-industry-braces-for-loss-as-production-stalled-11584938268645.html|last=|first=|date=23 March 2020|website=Live Mint|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Entertainment industry welcomes Maharashtra govt's move to resume filming projects|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/entertainment-industry-welcomes-maharashtra-govts-move-to-resume-filming-projects/1851923|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=[[Outlook India]]}}</ref> The filming resumed on 28 June 2020 and airing to resume on 14 July 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=29 June 2020|title='Kumkum Bhagya', 'Guddan Tumse Na Ho Payega' among shows back with new episodes from July 13|url=https://zeenews.india.com/television/kumkum-bhagya-guddan-tumse-na-ho-payega-among-shows-back-with-new-episodes-from-july-13-2292591.html|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=Zee News}}</ref>

In August 2021, Zee Entertainment Enterprises Limited aired the promo of the show on [[Zee Anmol]] and announced the date of its Re-run on [[Zee Anmol]]. The show get 8pm slot from 17 August 2021.<ref>https://www.instagram.com/p/CSCfV5qDu6E/ {{Self-published source|date=August 2022}}</ref> The show will air under title of ''Tera Mera Nata Koii''.

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=11867686}}
* [https://www.zee5.com/tvshows/details/qurbaan-hua/0-6-2501 Qurbaan Hua] on [[Zee5]]

[[Category:2010s Indian television series]]
[[Category:2020 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Television series about Islam]]

Chinna Thambi

2026-03-15T16:45:55Z

Caleb78G9218343: small fix

{{for|the television series|Chinna Thambi (TV series)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Chinna Thambi
| image = Chinna Thambi.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[P. Vasu]]
| writer = P. Vasu
| producer = Balu
| starring = [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]] [[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]]
| cinematography = Ravinder
| editing = P. Mohanraj
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| studio = Malar Combines
| released = {{film date|1991|4|12|df=y}}
| runtime = 138 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Chinna Thambi''''' ({{translation|Little Brother}}) is a 1991 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic drama|romantic musical drama]] film written and directed by [[P. Vasu]]. The film stars [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]] as the titular character, an uneducated village simpleton and [[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]] as Nandini, a [[Homeschooling and alternative education in India|homeschooled]] wealthy girl. [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]], [[Radha Ravi]], [[Uday Prakash (actor)|Uday Prakash]], Rajeshkumar, and [[Goundamani]] play supporting roles. The music was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]], and the film released on 12 April 1991.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 April 2021 |title='சின்னதம்பி' வெளியாகி 30 ஆண்டுகள்: குஷ்பு நெகிழ்ச்சி |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/658079-khushboo-tweet-about-chinnathambi.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412063333/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/658079-khushboo-tweet-about-chinnathambi.html |archive-date=12 April 2021 |access-date=22 June 2021 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref>

The film was remade in [[Kannada]] as ''[[Ramachaari]]'' (1991), [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''[[Chanti (1992 film)|Chanti]]'' (1992) and [[Hindi]] as ''[[Anari (1993 film)|Anari]]'' (1993). The film was one of Prabhu's biggest blockbusters and completed a 356-day run in 9 screens and 100-day run in 47 screens.

== Plot ==
The film starts with the birth of a baby girl, Nandini, in a rich family on outskirts of [[Erode]]. Her three elder brothers throw a feast in honour of her. The young son of the local singer (who had died) is brought in to sing for the event. The three brothers raise Nandini like their own child as their parents had died. At the age of five, an astrologer predicts that Nandini will bring much happiness to the family, but she will marry a person of her choice and not of her brothers' choosing. This angers the brothers, and to prevent this from happening, they raise Nandhini within the confines of the house. She is [[Homeschooling and alternative education in India|homeschooled]], and when she does go out, all the men are warned to hide from Nandini and that seeing her will be met with dire consequences.

Nandini soon reaches puberty. The few males allowed around her are the service staff and her bodyguards. Meanwhile, the boy who sang, Chinna Thambi, grows up to be a naïve and gullible simpleton with a heart of gold. He is raised by his widowed mother Kannamma. He does not go to school and spends his time singing and entertaining the people of the village.

One day the bodyguards get into a fight with Chinna Thambi, who defeats them. Impressed with Thambi's naivete and fighting skills, the brothers hire him to be Nandini's bodyguard and butler. Nandini meanwhile starts to resent her lack of freedom. She coerces Thambi to show her the village without her brothers' knowledge. Thambi complies with her wishes and shows her the village, which results in Nandini falling ill. Thambi is blamed for Nandini getting sick and is beaten up by the brothers. Nandini, who has just started to like Thambi, feels guilty for being the reason for him getting thrashed. She shares her medicine with Thambi, who inadvertently equates Nandini to his mother, as being the few people who truly care for him. This incident brings them closer together emotionally.

One day, a factory worker is punished for leering at Nandini. He plots to kill her at the inauguration of the new factory owned by her brothers. Thambi overhears the plot, and in a desperate attempt to save Nandini, lunges at her and inadvertently feels her up in public. Nandini does not mind and defends Thambi by arguing that he would not do something like that in public without good reason. But her brothers are enraged and beat Thambi to the point that they almost kill him. Nandini stops them and gives him a chance to explain. When Thambi explains the situation, they hang their heads in shame. Thambi quits his job on the spot, despite Nandini's silent apology.

At night, Nandini meets Thambi and apologises and perhaps convince him to come back to the job. Thambi refuses to come back as he does not want to put up with the violent nature of her brothers. She thinks if Thambi marries her, they will not be able to manhandle him. She convinces Thambi to tie a mangalsutra around her neck, which will protect him from her brothers. Thambi, without realising the sanctity of the act, does as told and does not realise that he is now married to her.

Thambi comes back to work and is given a higher level of respect by the brothers for saving Nandini's life. Nandini too starts emulating her sisters-in-law in taking care of her husband. This makes Thambi nervous, but he still remains clueless. Her change in behaviour is noticed by her sisters-in-law, who urge the brothers to get Nandini married off before she brings shame to the family. Nandini, realising that they are trying to get her married off, tries to make Thambi understand that they are already married. Thambi refuses to understand and runs away to his mother, who upon learning what has happened, pulls him out of denial. She sends him away in an attempt to protect him.

The brothers come to know what has happened and torture Kannamma to get her to reveal where her son is hiding. She is saved in time by her son, who almost kills the brothers. The wives of the brothers stop him from killing them and ask him to save Nandini, who has now resorted to self-destruction upon hearing the torturous acts of her brothers. Thambi rushes back to save his wife and revives her with his singing. Nandini runs towards him and they embrace, with her brothers finally supporting their relationship.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]] as Chinna Thambi
** [[Shakthi Vasudevan|Master Shakthi]] as Young Chinna Thambi
* [[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]] as Nandhini
* [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] as Kannamma
* [[Radha Ravi]] as Rathnavelu, Nandhini's first elder brother
* Rajeshkumar as Shanmugavelu, Nandhini's second elder brother
* [[Uday Prakash (actor)|Uday Prakash]] as Sakthivelu, Nandhini's third elder brother
* [[Goundamani]] as Cook Kandhasamy<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 August 2019 |title=Goundamani sends legal notice to Sixer team, demands removal of his photo and dialogues |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/aug/29/goundamani-sends-legal-notice-to-sixer-team-demands-removal-of-his-photo-and-dialogues-13964.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211016130654/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/aug/29/goundamani-sends-legal-notice-to-sixer-team-demands-removal-of-his-photo-and-dialogues-13964.html |archive-date=16 October 2021 |access-date=9 September 2023 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>
* [[Sulakshana (actress)|Sulakshana]] as Lakshmi, Rathnavelu's Wife
* Yuvasree as Meena, Shanmugavelu's Wife
* [[Pandu (actor)|Pandu]] as Lingam
* [[Oru Viral Krishna Rao]] as Muniyandi
*Anuja as Sundari
* Marthandam as an insane man<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 October 2016 |title='Movies may come and go, art will always be there for me' |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2016/oct/13/movies-may-come-and-go-art-will-always-be-there-for-me-1527293.html |url-status=live |access-date=20 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120043822/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2016/oct/13/movies-may-come-and-go-art-will-always-be-there-for-me-1527293.html |archive-date=20 November 2023}}</ref>
}}

== Production ==
P. Vasu asked his then 7-year old son Sakthi to play the younger version of Prabhu's character, and he immediately agreed.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 January 2017 |title=P. Vasu Talks About 'Sivalinga' And Goundamani's Actions In 'Mannan' Which Made Rajini Go For 21 Takes |url=http://www.iflicks.in/News/2017/01/03132247/P-Vasu-Talks-About-Sivalinga-and-Rajini-Mannan.vpf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210622054701/http://www.iflicks.in/News/2017/01/03132247/P-Vasu-Talks-About-Sivalinga-and-Rajini-Mannan.vpf |archive-date=22 June 2021 |access-date=22 June 2021 |website=Iflicks}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 April 2021 |title=Actress Khushbu Sundar reminisces 30 years of Chinna Thambi, calls it a 'cult' |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/article/actress-khushbu-sundar-reminisces-30-years-of-chinna-thambi-calls-it-a-cult/744234 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412134119/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/article/actress-khushbu-sundar-reminisces-30-years-of-chinna-thambi-calls-it-a-cult/744234 |archive-date=12 April 2021 |access-date=22 June 2021 |website=[[Times Now]]}}</ref> Khushbu joined the film at Vasu's insistence.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 April 2021 |title=30 Years of 'Chinna Thambi': Khushbu goes nostalgic about her biggest blockbuster |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/30-years-of-chinna-thambi-khushbu-goes-nostalgic-about-her-biggest-blockbuster-news-tamil-vemgSofichbig.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415125333/https://www.sify.com/movies/30-years-of-chinna-thambi-khushbu-goes-nostalgic-about-her-biggest-blockbuster-news-tamil-vemgSofichbig.html |archive-date=15 April 2021 |access-date=22 June 2021 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Vasu was initially sceptical about casting Manorama as Prabhu's mother as he believed people would compare it to her vastly different role in Vasu's previous film ''[[Nadigan]]'' (1990), but Manorama remained confident it would not happen.<ref>{{Cite news |last=K R |first=Manigandan |date=12 October 2015 |title=Lesser Known Side of a Comical Genius |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2015/Oct/12/lesser-known-side-of-a-comical-genius-828268.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216060130/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2015/Oct/12/lesser-known-side-of-a-comical-genius-828268.html |archive-date=16 February 2024 |access-date=16 February 2024 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> The filming was held at [[Gobichettipalayam]].<ref name="ie">{{Cite news |last=Prasad |first=Ayyappa |date=28 August 1992 |title=Gobi glamour catching |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19920828&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=4 March 2019 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=7 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chinnathambi Tamil Film LP Vinyl Record by Ilayaraja |url=https://mossymart.com/product/chinnathambi-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraja/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210622081901/https://mossymart.com/product/chinnathambi-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraja/ |archive-date=22 June 2021 |access-date=22 June 2021 |website=Mossymart}}</ref> The song "Nee Engey En Anbe" is set to the [[Carnatic raga]] [[Keeravani]],{{sfn|Sundararaman|2007|p=147}} as is "Poovoma Oorgolam".{{sfn|Sundararaman|2007|p=155}} Ilaiyaraaja composed all the songs within 35 minutes.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kamath |first=Sudhish |author-link=Sudhish Kamath |date=4 September 2012 |title=The Maestro's Magic continues |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/the-maestros-magic-continues/article3856269.ece |url-status=live |access-date=31 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210622081415/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/the-maestros-magic-continues/article3856269.ece |archive-date=22 June 2021}}</ref> The song "Kuyila Pudichu" is set in [[Mayamalavagowla]] raga.<ref>{{cite web |last=ராமானுஜன் |first=டாக்டர் ஜி. |date=1 June 2018 |title=ராக யாத்திரை 07: மாரியம்மனும் மரிக்கொழுந்தும் |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/131917-07.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019035612/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/131917-07.html |archive-date=19 October 2022 |access-date=27 February 2024 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref> All of them were chartbusters.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 September 2012 |title=Raaja's 35-minute track record |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/did-you-know-/Raajas-35-minute-track-record/articleshow/16335972.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120919192150/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/did-you-know-/Raajas-35-minute-track-record/articleshow/16335972.cms |archive-date=19 September 2012 |access-date=28 September 2012 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The film proved to be a breakthrough for playback singer [[Swarnalatha]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ashok Kumar |first=S. R. |date=8 May 2009 |title=My first break – Swarnalatha |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/my-first-break-swarnalatha/article3021458.ece |url-status=live |access-date=31 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150517060208/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/my-first-break-swarnalatha/article3021458.ece |archive-date=17 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Aishwarya |first=S. |date=12 September 2010 |title=Playback singer Swarnalatha passes away |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/Playback-singer-Swarnalatha-passes-away/article15911512.ece |url-status=live |access-date=22 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227203407/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/Playback-singer-Swarnalatha-passes-away/article15911512.ece |archive-date=27 December 2016}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! Song !! Singer(s) !! Lyricist !! Length
|-
| "Thooliyile Ada Vantha I" || [[K. S. Chithra]] || rowspan=2|[[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] || 2:40
|-
| "Thooliyile Ada Vantha II" || [[Mano (singer)|Mano]] || 4:38
|-
| "Poovoma Oorgolam" || [[Swarnalatha]], [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] || [[Gangai Amaran]] || 4:44
|-
| "Ada Uchcham Thala" || [[Mano (singer)|Mano]] || rowspan=2 | Vaali || 4:58
|-
| "Kuyila Pudichchu" || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] || 4:46
|-
| "Arachcha Santhanam" || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] || rowspan=2|Gangai Amaran || 4:52
|-
| "Nee Engey En Anbe" || [[Swarnalatha]] || 5:04
|-
| "Thooliyile Ada Vantha III" || [[Mano (singer)|Mano]] || Vaali || 1:52
|}

== Reception ==
''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote, "The conflicts are generated in such a way as to excite the sentiments of lay audiences".<ref>{{Cite news |last=NKS |date=12 April 1991 |title=Chinnathambi |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19910412&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=13 November 2017 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=7 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
''Chinna Thambi'' won the [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Film]] which met with criticism from ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]''.<ref name="stateawards">{{Cite magazine |last=பிரியன் |date=15 November 1992 |title=சின்ன தம்பி சிறந்த படமா? |trans-title=Chinna Thambi, best film? |url=https://archive.org/download/kalki1992-11-15/kalki1992-11-15.pdf |access-date=10 May 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=1–2 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Award
! Category
! Nominee
! {{abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
|rowspan=7|[[Cinema Express Awards]]
|[[Cinema Express Award for Best Film – Tamil|Best Tamil Film]]
|K. Balu
|rowspan=7 style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 February 1992 |title='Chinnathambi' Bags ''Cinema Express'' Award |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=VZBlAAAAIBAJ&sjid=lJ4NAAAAIBAJ&pg=1432,722114&dq=cinema+express&hl=en |access-date=4 October 2013 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=3 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
|-
|[[Cinema Express Award for Best Director – Tamil|Best Tamil Director]]
|[[P. Vasu]]
|-
|[[Cinema Express Award for Best Actress – Tamil|Best Tamil Actress]]
|[[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]]
|-
|Best Tamil Comedian
|[[Goundamani]]
|-
|Best Tamil Male Playback Singer
|[[Mano (singer)|Mano]]
|-
|Best Tamil Female Playback Singer
|[[Swarnalatha]]
|-
|Best Tamil Choreographer
|D. K. S. Babu
|-
|Film Fans Association Awards
|Best Lyricist
|[[Gangai Amaran]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 June 1992 |title=Kamal adjudged best actor for role in ''Guna'' |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19920622&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=12 September 2023 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=3 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
|-
|[[Filmfare Awards South]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Tamil|Best Tamil Film]]
|K. Balu
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{Cite magazine |date= |title=39th Annual Filmfare Awards Nite |url=https://archive.org/details/39thAnnualFilmfareTamilBestDirectorFilmMusic |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170208065721/https://archive.org/details/39thAnnualFilmfareTamilBestDirectorFilmMusic |archive-date=8 February 2017 |access-date=15 March 2022 |magazine=[[Filmfare]] |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=7 |[[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]]
|[[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Film|Best Film (First Place)]]
|K. Balu
|rowspan=7 style="text-align:center;"| <ref name="stateawards"/> <ref>{{Cite news |date=30 October 1992 |title=Chinnathambi bags six awards |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19921030&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=14 February 2021 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=3 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
|-
|[[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
|[[P. Vasu]]
|-
|[[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor in Lead Role]]
|[[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]]
|-
|[[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actress|Best Actress in Lead Role]]
|[[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]]
|-
|[[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]]
|[[Mano (singer)|Mano]]
|-
|[[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]]
|[[Swarnalatha]]
|-
|[[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Choreographer|Best Choreographer]]
|D. K. S. Babu
|}

== Remakes ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Film
! Language
!{{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
| 1991
| ''[[Ramachaari]]''
| [[Kannada]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=S. Shiva |date=2 June 2011 |title=Waiting with hope |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/waiting-with-hope/article2071069.ece |url-status=live |access-date=31 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200821120753/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/waiting-with-hope/article2071069.ece |archive-date=21 August 2020}}</ref>
|-
| 1992
| ''[[Chanti (1992 film)|Chanti]]''
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sri |date=15 July 2010 |title=Interview: Ravi Raja Pinisetty |url=http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/stars/interview_ravirajapinishetty2010_2.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101231093834/http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/stars/interview_ravirajapinishetty2010_2.php |archive-date=31 December 2010 |access-date=31 October 2020 |website=[[Telugucinema.com]] |page=2}}</ref>
|-
| 1993
| ''[[Anari (1993 film)|Anari]]''
| [[Hindi]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Devesh |date=25 June 2020 |title=Filmfare Recommends: Top 10 Films of Karisma Kapoor |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/filmfare-recommends-top-10-films-of-karisma-kapoor-41788.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024171658/https://www.filmfare.com/features/filmfare-recommends-top-10-films-of-karisma-kapoor-41788.html |archive-date=24 October 2020 |access-date=31 October 2020 |website=[[Filmfare]]}}</ref>
|}

== Legacy ==
''Chinna Thambi'' became a major breakthrough for Prabhu and Khushbu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sundaram |first=Nandhu |date=21 October 2016 |title=A Silver Toast To The Golden Year Of Tamil Cinema |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/a-silver-toast-to-the-golden-year-of-tamil-cinema/297311 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200924180647/https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/a-silver-toast-to-the-golden-year-of-tamil-cinema/297311 |archive-date=24 September 2020 |access-date=22 June 2021 |website=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]}}</ref> They became one of the most successful lead pairs in Tamil cinema of the 1990s through this film.<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 February 1992 |title=South Indian Film Scene |pages=12 |work=[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=KR |first=Manigandan |date=14 February 2018 |title=Prabhu and Khushboo, blockbuster pair of the 1990s – Valentine's Day special |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2018/feb/14/11046 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200102001511/https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2018/feb/14/11046 |archive-date=2 January 2020 |access-date=22 June 2021 |website=Cinestaan}}</ref> The success of the film also led the director, actor and actress to collaborate in another project ''[[Kizhakku Karai]]'' (1991) the following year.<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 September 1991 |title=Kizhakku Karai |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19910927&printsec=frontpage |access-date=16 June 2015 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=5 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> After the release, Vasu was conferred "Navarasa Director" award by Amudha Surabhi Kalai Mandram, Madurai.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 February 2006 |title=Conferring titles on actors, with a difference |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/conferring-titles-on-actors-with-a-difference/article3172583.ece |url-status=live |access-date=31 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210622081422/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/conferring-titles-on-actors-with-a-difference/article3172583.ece |archive-date=22 June 2021}}</ref>

Khushbu said in 2006, "I am still around only because of ''Chinna Thambi''. None of us imagined it would become the kind of cult film it did. I remember director P. Vasu, hero Prabhu and I were very skeptical about the film while shooting. It was a bold subject at the time, and we thought it would either be a huge flop or a huge hit".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ajith Kumar |first=P.K. |date=27 October 2006 |title=The sign of a winner |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/the-sign-of-a-winner/article3231128.ece |url-status=live |access-date=31 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227132512/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/the-sign-of-a-winner/article3231128.ece |archive-date=27 December 2016}}</ref> Prabhu recalled, "People still talk about ''Chinna Thambi'' [...] I still remember my father’s words after the show. "Just as I got a [[A. Bhimsingh|Bhimbsingh]], you've got Vasu", he said".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=5 September 2008 |title=Shifting stance |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/shifting-stance/article3023292.ece |url-status=live |access-date=31 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227131854/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/shifting-stance/article3023292.ece |archive-date=27 December 2016}}</ref>

== In popular culture ==
After the film's success, Gobichettipalayam became a shooting hub for many films.<ref name="ie" /> Vasu alluded to ''Chinna Thambi'' in his later film ''[[Mannan (film)|Mannan]]'' (1992), in which Krishnan ([[Rajinikanth]]) and Muthu ([[Goundamani]]) would be seen rushing in the crowd to buy tickets to watch the film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=L M |first=Kaushik |title=The real beneficiaries from Vishwaroopam's ban |url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-articles/the-real-beneficiaries-from-vishwaroopams-ban-vishwaroopam-kamal-haasan.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160214095608/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-articles/the-real-beneficiaries-from-vishwaroopams-ban-vishwaroopam-kamal-haasan.html |archive-date=14 February 2016 |access-date=23 December 2014 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Sundararaman |title=Raga Chintamani: A Guide to Carnatic Ragas Through Tamil Film Music |publisher=Pichhamal Chintamani |year=2007 |edition=2nd |oclc=295034757 |orig-date=2005}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{P. Vasu}}
{{Filmfare Award for Best Film – Tamil}}

[[Category:1991 Indian films]]
[[Category:1991 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1991 films]]
[[Category:1991 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films about singers]]
[[Category:Films directed by P. Vasu]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Films shot in Gobichettipalayam]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Anuraj Manohar

2026-03-15T14:59:06Z

Caleb78G9218343: creating new details

{{Short description|Indian film director}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Anuraj Manohar
| native_name =
| image = File:Anuraj Manohar.jpg
| caption = Anuraj Manohar
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1989|03|03}}
| birth_place = [[Payyannur]], [[Kannur district|Kannur]], [[Kerala]], India
| occupation = Film director
| awards =
| spouse = Shyamili Sasidharan
| yearsactive = 2019 – present
}}
'''Anuraj Manohar''' is an Indian film director who predominantly works in [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam films]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=M|first=Mukesh Venu|date=2019-05-01|title=Driven by love for cinema|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/010519/driven-by-love-for-cinema.html|access-date=2021-09-18|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Harshak |date=2024-02-24 |title=Anuraj Manohar about the revival of Malayalam cinema |url=https://flowersoriginals.com/2024/02/anuraj-manohar-about-the-revival-of-malayalam-cinema/ |access-date=2025-03-30 |website=flowersoriginals.com |language=en-US}}</ref> He is mostly known for directing ''[[Ishq (2019 film)|Ishq]]'' (2019) <ref>{{cite web |date=12 October 2019 |title=14 Malayalam films selected for screening at IFFK 2019 |url=https://onlookersmedia.in/latestnews/14-malayalam-films-selected-screening-iffk-2019/}}</ref> and ''[[Narivetta|Narivetta]]'' (2025).
== Career ==
Anuraj worked as an assistant director for the films ''[[Pramani]]'' (2010), ''[[The Thriller]]'' (2010), [[Grandmaster (2012 film)|''Grandmaster'']] (2012), ''[[Pullikkaran Staraa]]'' (2017), ''[[Kuttanadan Marpappa]]'' (2018), [[Bonsai (2018 film)|''Bonsai'']] (2018).

== Filmography ==

=== As director ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year !! Title !! Ref
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Ishq (2019 film)|Ishq]]'' ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 May 2019 |title=shq moview review: A tense drama powered by strong performances-newindianexpress |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2019/May/18/a-tense-drama-powered-by-strong-performances-1978295.html |access-date=2019-05-18 |website=newindianexpress |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2025 || ''[[Narivetta]]'' ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=IANS |date=2025-01-22 |title=First look of Tovino-starrer ‘Narivetta’ released |url=https://www.mangalorean.com/first-look-of-tovino-starrer-narivetta-released/ |access-date=2025-03-30 |website=Mangalorean.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Madhu |first=Vignesh |date=2023-07-22 |title=Tovino Thomas and Anuraj Manohar to join for a political thriller? |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/Jul/22/tovino-thomas-and-anuraj-manohar-to-join-for-a-political-thriller-45879.html |access-date=2025-03-30 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|nm9652572}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Manohar, Anuraj}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Malayalam film directors]]
[[Category:People from Kannur district]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Film directors from Kannur district]]
[[Category:1988 births]]
{{Authority control}}{{India-film-director-stub}}

Rashmi Sarkar

2026-03-15T04:14:43Z

Caleb78G9218343: starting first entry added tags

{{short description|Indian professor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
'''Rashmi Sarkar''', MD, FAMS is an Indian professor of [[dermatology]] at the [[Lady Hardinge Medical College]], part of the [[Delhi University]], New Delhi, India. She was born in Lucknow, India and is from Chandigarh, India. She did her MBBS from Dayanand Medical College, Ludhiana and MD Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology from Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh. She is a teacher in Dermatology for last 25 years. Also known globally for her publications on Pigmentary Disorders especially melasma and Pediatric dermatology.She is known, along with [[Margaret Lartey]], for her work in dismissing myths and misinformation about skin care and disease. She has worked globally in many Dermatology societies including the International Society of Dermatology (ISD), Women's Dermatologic Society(WDS), Skin of Color Society(SOCS), International League of Dermatological Societies (ILDS) as Board of Directors. She was the first woman Secretary General and second woman President in Indian Association of Dermatologists', Venereologist s and Leprologists(IADVL), the second largest Dermatology association in the world. She ranks in the top 2 percent scientists in Dermatology in Harvard ranking list for single year citation for 2024.She is the Founder President of Indian Women's Dermatologic Association (IWDA) and Founder of Pigmentary Disorders Society (PDS).<ref name=BBC>{{cite web |title=BBC World Service - The Conversation, Beauty and the skin |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/w3ct1p8w |website=BBC |access-date=14 October 2024}}</ref><ref name=Pollock2021>{{cite journal |last1=Pollock |first1=Samara |last2=Taylor |first2=Susan |last3=Oyerinde |first3=Oyetewa |last4=Nurmohamed |first4=Sabrina |last5=Dlova |first5=Ncoza |last6=Sarkar |first6=Rashmi |last7=Galadari |first7=Hassan |last8=Manela-Azulay |first8=Mônica |last9=Chung |first9=Hae Shin |last10=Handog |first10=Evangeline |last11=Kourosh |first11=A. Shadi |title=The dark side of skin lightening: An international collaboration and review of a public health issue affecting dermatology |journal=International Journal of Women's Dermatology |date=March 2021 |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=158–164 |doi=10.1016/j.ijwd.2020.09.006 |pmid=33937483 |pmc=8072511 |language=en |issn=2352-6475}}</ref><ref name=Dermatology>{{cite web |title=Indian dermatologist uses networking to unite physicians around the world |url=https://www.dermatologytimes.com/view/indian-dermatologist-uses-networking-unite-physicians-around-world |website=Dermatology Times |access-date=14 October 2024 |language=en |date=1 July 2012}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite web |title=Curriculum vitae: Rashmi Sarkar |url=https://ilds.contentfiles.net/media/documents/Rashmi_Sarkar_CV_updated.pdf}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sarkar, Rashmi}}
[[Category:Indian women academics]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women medical doctors]]
[[Category:Indian dermatologists]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Lucknow]]

{{India-med-bio-stub}}

Onkar Raut

2026-03-15T03:09:27Z

Caleb78G9218343: starting basic entry w/ infobox

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Short description|Indian actor (born 1990)}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Onkar Raut
| birth_name = Onkar Manomilan Raut
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1990|08|09}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| education = [[D. G. Ruparel College of Arts, Science and Commerce|D. G. Ruparel College]] ([[Bachelor of Commerce|B.com]])
| alma_mater =
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|comedian}}
| known_for = [[Maharashtrachi Hasyajatra]]
| relatives = [[Raja Mayekar]] (grandfather)
}}

'''Onkar Raut''' (born 9 August 1990) is an Indian actor known for his work in [[Marathi language]] comedy Television Show [[Maharashtrachi Hasyajatra]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-20 |title='महाराष्ट्राची हास्यजत्रा' फेम ओंकार राऊतनं खरेदी केली नवी कोरी कार, सचिन तेंडुलकरशी आहे खास कनेक्शन |url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/television/maharashtrachi-hasyajatra-fame-onkar-raut-buy-brand-new-car-on-sachin-tendulkar-birthday-a-a592/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113171853/https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/television/maharashtrachi-hasyajatra-fame-onkar-raut-buy-brand-new-car-on-sachin-tendulkar-birthday-a-a592/ |archive-date=2023-11-13 |access-date=2023-11-13 |website=[[Lokmat]] |language=mr}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2023-05-23 |title=Actor Onkar Raut Buys New Car, Check The Sachin Tendulkar Connection Here |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/actor-onkar-raut-buys-new-car-check-the-sachin-tendulkar-connection-here-7895503.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113171852/https://www.news18.com/movies/actor-onkar-raut-buys-new-car-check-the-sachin-tendulkar-connection-here-7895503.html |archive-date=2023-11-13 |access-date=2023-11-13 |website=[[News18]] |language=en}}</ref> He is featured in the Marathi films such as ''[[Timepass (film)|Timepass]]'', ''[[Luckdown Be Positive]]'', ''[[Timepass 3]]''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2022-09-16 |title=प्रसाद ओकच्या नवीन चित्रपटात 'महाराष्ट्राची हास्यजत्रा'मधील 'हा' अभिनेता झळकणार |url=https://www.loksatta.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/3132290/maharashtrachi-hasyajatra-fame-onkar-raut-will-play-role-in-prasad-oak-new-film-sutaka-photos-kak-96/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113171852/https://www.loksatta.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/3132290/maharashtrachi-hasyajatra-fame-onkar-raut-will-play-role-in-prasad-oak-new-film-sutaka-photos-kak-96/ |archive-date=2023-11-13 |access-date=2023-11-13 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref> Raut also acted in [[ZEE5]] series ''Kaale Dhande'', starring [[Mahesh Manjrekar]], [[Sanskruti Balgude]] and [[Shubhankar Tawde]] in the lead roles.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=महाराष्ट्राची हास्यजत्रातील ओंकार राऊतनं दिली गुड न्यूज, सोशल मीडियावर केली पोस्ट |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/television-news/maharashtrachi-hasya-jatra-fame-onkar-raut-buy-new-car-special-connection-with-sachin-tendulkar-birthday/articleshow/100377198.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113171852/https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/television-news/maharashtrachi-hasya-jatra-fame-onkar-raut-buy-new-car-special-connection-with-sachin-tendulkar-birthday/articleshow/100377198.cms |archive-date=2023-11-13 |access-date=2023-11-13 |website=[[Maharashtra Times]] |language=mr}}</ref> Along with [[Prarthana Behere]], he will be seen in the lead role in [[Prasad Oak]]'s film ''Sutka''.<ref name=":0" />

== Early life and education ==
Onkar Raut was born and brought up in [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]. He is originally from [[Malvan]]. He completed his [[Bachelor of Commerce|B.com]] degree from [[D. G. Ruparel College of Arts, Science and Commerce|D. G. Ruparel College]] in Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Onkar Raut{{!}}Marathi Celebs.com |url=https://www.facebook.com/marathicelebscom/posts/name-onkar-raut-date-of-birth-9th-august-1990-filmography-timepass-lagin-ghai-sa/927759470702336/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202175951/https://www.facebook.com/marathicelebscom/posts/name-onkar-raut-date-of-birth-9th-august-1990-filmography-timepass-lagin-ghai-sa/927759470702336/ |archive-date=2023-12-02 |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=[[Facebook]]}}</ref>

== Career ==
Onkar Raut started his career with drama. He made his debut on the [[silver screen]] with the 2014 film ''[[Timepass (film)|Timepass]]''. He has also acted in television series. The role played in the serial ''[[Freshers (Indian TV series)|Freshers]]'' was appreciating. He played a pivotal role in the [[ZEE5]] web series ''Kale Dhande'' released in 2019. In 2022, he reprised his role in ''[[Timepass 3]]'' from previous film. Also featured in ''[[Luckdown Be Positive]]'', alongside [[Ankush Chaudhari]] and [[Prajakta Mali]]. Now he is working on ''Sutka'' film which will be directed by [[Prasad Oak]].<ref name=":0" />

== Filmography ==
=== Films ===
{{Pending films key}}
{{Small|Note: All movies are in Marathi, unless mentioned.}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Year
!Film
!Role
!Refs
|-
|2014
|''[[Timepass (film)|Timepass]]''
|Kombadya
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
| rowspan="2" |2022
|''[[Luckdown Be Positive]]''
|Sanju
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=लकडाउन |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/luck-down-be-positive/moviereview/89889080.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221215155322/https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/luck-down-be-positive/moviereview/89889080.cms |archive-date=2022-12-15 |access-date=2023-11-13 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Timepass 3]]''
|Kombadya
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Timepass 3 Movie Review: A decent watch if 'timepass' at the cinema is what you're looking at |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/timepass-3/movie-review/93213430.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-11-13 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|2025
|[[Inspector Zende|''Inspector Zende'']]
|Patekar
|
|-
|{{TBA}}
|{{Pending film|Sutka}}
|{{TBA}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-15 |title=Prasad Oak : पीरियड फिल्म्समधून होणार प्रसाद ओकची 'सुटका'...! अभिनेत्याने केली मोठी घोषणा |url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/marathi-cinema/director-prasad-oak-new-movie-sutka-swapnil-joshi-prarthana-behere-in-lead-role-a590/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113173717/https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/marathi-cinema/director-prasad-oak-new-movie-sutka-swapnil-joshi-prarthana-behere-in-lead-role-a590/ |archive-date=2023-11-13 |access-date=2023-11-13 |website=Lokmat |language=mr}}</ref>
|}

=== Web series ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
!Refs
|-
|2019
|''Kaale Dhande''
|Sam
|[[ZEE5]] original series
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-18 |title=Kaale Dhande |url=https://broadband.forum/threads/kaale-dhande.193845/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113172935/https://broadband.forum/threads/kaale-dhande.193845/ |archive-date=2023-11-13 |access-date=2023-11-13 |website=India Broadband Forum |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Kaale Dhande |url=https://www.ottplay.com/show/kaale-dhande/51d2cc051335a |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113171852/https://www.ottplay.com/show/kaale-dhande/51d2cc051335a |archive-date=2023-11-13 |access-date=2023-11-27 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Refs
|-
|2016–2017
|''[[Freshers (Indian TV series)|Freshers]]''
|Dhaval Mithbavkar
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Freshers 2: The Cast Of Popular Marathi TV Serial Teases Fans With A Hint Of A New Season |url=https://www.spotboye.com/marathi/marathi-news/freshers-2-the-cast-of-popular-marathi-tv-serial-teases-fans-with-a-hint-of-a-new-season/61124a5fe002610f0167819c |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113174636/https://www.spotboye.com/marathi/marathi-news/freshers-2-the-cast-of-popular-marathi-tv-serial-teases-fans-with-a-hint-of-a-new-season/61124a5fe002610f0167819c |archive-date=2023-11-13 |access-date=2023-11-13 |website=[[SpotboyE]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2017–2019
|''[[Phulpakharu (TV series)|Phulpakhru]]''
|Rocky
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Telly world:'फुलपाखरू' मालिकेमध्ये ओंकार राऊतची एन्ट्री, वैदेही देणार खुलेआम चॅलेंज |url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/news/bol-mb-iftm-onkar-raut-in-serial-phulpakhru-5831404-pho.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220527150510/https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/news/BOL-MB-IFTM-onkar-raut-in-serial-phulpakhru-5831404-PHO.html |archive-date=2022-05-27 |access-date=2023-11-27 |website=[[Divya Marathi]]}}</ref>
|-
|2022–present
|''[[Maharashtrachi Hasyajatra]]''
|Contestant
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-02-10 |title=Is something brewing between Maharashtrachi Hasya Jatra fame Onkar Raut and Priyadarshini Indalkar? here's a look at their recent pictures |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/is-something-brewing-between-maharashtrachi-hasya-jatra-fame-onkar-raut-and-priyadarshini-indalkar-heres-a-look-at-their-recent-pictures/articleshow/97795723.cms |access-date=2023-11-13 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb name|id=6219448}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raut, Onkar}}
[[Category:Indian actors]]
[[Category:Marathi actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors in Marathi cinema]]
[[Category:Marathi comedians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian comedians]]
[[Category:D. G. Ruparel College alumni]]
[[Category:Male actors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:1990 births]]

Vey Dharuvey

2026-03-06T06:42:58Z

Caleb78G9218343: new a pg

{{short description|Indian action film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Vey Dharuvey poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Naveen Reddy D
| writer = Naveen Reddy D
| producer = Deva Raj Pothuru
| starring = {{ubl|[[Sairam Shankar]]|Yasha Shivakumar|[[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]]|Deva Raj Pothuru}}
| cinematography = Satish Mutyala
| editing = S. B. Uddhav
| music = [[Bheems Ceciroleo]]
| studio = Sai Teja Entertainments
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2024|03|15|df=y}}
| runtime = 127 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
}}

'''''Vey Dharuvey''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[action film]] written and directed by Naveen Reddy D, produced by Deva Raj Pothuru under Sai Teja Enteretainments. The film stars [[Sairam Shankar]],<ref>{{cite news |title= Vey Dharuvey Review: A Reasonably Good Blend Of Romance, Justice, And Comedy
|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/telugu/vey-dharuvey-review-a-reasonably-good-blend-of-romance-justice-and-comedy-review-108531935|access-date=16 March 2024|work=Times now news|date=15 March 2024 |language=en}}</ref> Yasha Shivakumar, [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]], and Deva Raj Pothuru. Music was scored by [[Bheems Ceciroleo]] with cinematography by Stish Mutyala and editing by S.B. Uddhav.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sakshipost.com/news/entertainment/vey-dharuvey-review-282182|title=Vey Dharuvey Review|date=15 March 2024|website=Sakshi Post}}</ref>

==Plot==
Under duress from his family, Shankar, a young guy from [[Karimnagar]], relocates to [[Hyderabad]] in quest of work. He gets seduced by Shruti in Hyderabad, but when he learns a startling fact, his feelings for her take an unexpected turn.

His connection to Fly Consultants CEO Satya Harishandra Prasad and his brother Banu is established by this disclosure, which sets off a sequence of events that serve as the main plot point. The remainder of the novel follows Shankar as he works through these revelations and pursues justice.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
*[[Sairam Shankar]] as Shankar
*Yasha Shivakumar as Shruti
*[[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]] as Banu
*Deva Raj Pothuru as Satya Harishandra Prasad
*[[Satyam Rajesh]] as Shankar's friend
*[[Posani Krishna Murali]] as Lawyer
*[[Prudhvi Raj]] as Puli Parasuram
*[[Y. Kasi Viswanath]] as Shankar's father
*[[Chammak Chandra]]
*[[Prabhas Sreenu]]
*[[Hebah Patel]] (special appearance in a song)
}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt26745202}}

[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:2024 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films set in Hyderabad, India]]

Indian WhatsApp lynchings

2026-03-06T05:36:46Z

Caleb78G9218343: page edit

{{Short description|Type of violence in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}

{{Infobox event
| type = [[Moral panic]], [[mass hysteria]], [[lynchings]], mob violence
| cause = [[Fake news]] spread via [[social media]], especially [[WhatsApp]]
| reported property damage =
| inquiries =
| deaths = ≥ 23
| arrests = ≥ 600
}}

The '''Indian WhatsApp lynchings''' are a spate of mob-related violence and killings following the spread of rumours, primarily relating to [[child abduction]] and [[organ harvesting]], via [[WhatsApp]]. The spate of lynchings commenced in May 2017 with the killing of seven men in [[Jharkhand]], but did not become a matter of national attention until the beginning of the following year. Fake messages customised with locally specific details are circulated along with real videos attached to fake messages or claims.

In almost all of the lynching locations, no child abductions had been recorded in the previous three months.<ref name=":15">{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/murderous-mob-lynching-incidents-in-india-dhule-whatsapp-rumour-5247741/|title=Murderous mob — 9 states, 27 killings, one year: And a pattern to the lynchings|date=15 July 2018|work=The Indian Express|access-date=27 July 2018|archive-date=11 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511171607/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/murderous-mob-lynching-incidents-in-india-dhule-whatsapp-rumour-5247741/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The majority of the attacks have occurred deep within the interior regions of villages. The lynch mobs included men, women and children. In some cases the mobs were composed largely of illiterate or poorly educated men that were unemployed or working as day labourers as well as being under the influence of alcohol at the time of the attack.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/murderous-mob-lynchings-accused-whatsapp-rumour-investigation-child-lifting-5249318/|title=An Express Investigation Part 2: Look who all make up the murderous lynch mob|date=15 July 2018|work=The Indian Express|access-date=27 July 2018|archive-date=27 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727145941/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/murderous-mob-lynchings-accused-whatsapp-rumour-investigation-child-lifting-5249318/|url-status=live}}</ref> In at least some of the cases, prime instigators have used child-abduction fears to stir up violence and settle old scores.

== Responses ==
The [[Government of India|Indian Government]] does not track public lynchings and there are no official statistics from the [[Indian Crime Records Bureau]] regarding their occurrence across India.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.firstpost.com/tech/news-analysis/blaming-whatsapp-for-deaths-due-to-lynchings-has-shielded-govt-accountability-4703481.html|title=Blaming WhatsApp for Deaths due to Lynchings has Shielded Government Accountability|last=Gupta|first=Apar|date=10 July 2018|work=Tech2|access-date=31 July 2018|archive-date=31 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180731100324/https://www.firstpost.com/tech/news-analysis/blaming-whatsapp-for-deaths-due-to-lynchings-has-shielded-govt-accountability-4703481.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Media coverage over the killings and efforts to debunk fake news have also been concentrated in English- and Hindi-language media, with little attention given to local-language reporting.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thesplicenewsroom.com/indian-fact-checkers-fake-news/|title=India's fight against fake news has a problem: More needs to be done on regional languages.|last=Milko|first=Victoria|date=10 July 2010|work=The Splice Newsroom|access-date=28 July 2018|archive-date=26 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326135824/https://www.splicemedia.com/|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 4 July 2018, WhatsApp offered $50,000 in funding for researchers to develop technological and social ideas to prevent the spread of fake news.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/07/04/india-calls-whatsapp-help-end-spate-lynchings-sparked-rumours/|title=WhatsApp offers $50,000 for ideas to stop fake news spread as India orders it to take action over lynchings|date=4 July 2018|work=The Telegraph|access-date=30 July 2018|archive-date=30 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180730160553/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/07/04/india-calls-whatsapp-help-end-spate-lynchings-sparked-rumours/|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 10 July 2018, WhatsApp launched a newspaper advertising campaign warning against fake news and announced changes for Indian users of the platform that labels forwarded messages as such.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jul/13/fake-news-whatsapp-ads-india-mob-lynchings|title='Fake news often goes viral': WhatsApp ads warn India after mob lynchings|last=Rahman|first=Shaikh Azizur|date=13 July 2018|work=The Guardian|access-date=30 July 2018|archive-date=30 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180730170619/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jul/13/fake-news-whatsapp-ads-india-mob-lynchings|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Notable cases ==
=== 2018 Karbi Anglong lynching ===
{{Main|2018 Karbi Anglong lynching}}
The 2018 Karbi Anglong lynching occurred when two men who were visiting the Kangthilangso waterfall to search for ornamental fish stopped their vehicle to ask villagers for directions. A mob of inebriated villagers suspected them to be child abductors and attacked them with machetes, bamboo poles and wood. The two men succumbed to their injuries before they could be taken to a hospital. A video was circulated of the two men covered in blood and begging for mercy.

=== 2020 Palghar mob lynching ===
{{Main|2020 Palghar mob lynching}}
On 16 April 2020, a [[Vigilantism|vigilante group]] lynched two Hindu [[Sadhu]]s and their drivers in [[Gadchinchale|Gadchinchale Village]], [[Palghar district|Palghar District]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]. The incident was fuelled by WhatsApp rumours about thieves operating in the area during the [[COVID-19 lockdown in India|nationwide lockdown]] due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|COVID-19 pandemic]]. The vigilante group of villagers had mistaken the three passengers for thieves and killed them.<ref name="Reuters">{{cite news |title=Police arrest 110 people over lynching in western India |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-crime/police-arrest-110-people-over-lynching-in-western-india-idUSKBN2222HT?il=0 |access-date=23 April 2020 |work=Reuters |date=20 April 2020 |language=en |archive-date=12 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612135704/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-crime/police-arrest-110-people-over-lynching-in-western-india-idUSKBN2222HT?il=0 |url-status=live }}</ref> The policemen who intervened were also attacked, with four policemen and a senior police officer getting injured.<ref name="India Today">{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/3-men-lynched-in-maharashtra-on-suspicion-of-being-robbers-1668027-2020-04-17|title=3 men lynched in Maharashtra on suspicion of being robbers|author=Divyesh Singh|date=April 17, 2020|magazine=India Today|language=en|access-date=2020-04-21|archive-date=21 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200421173603/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/3-men-lynched-in-maharashtra-on-suspicion-of-being-robbers-1668027-2020-04-17|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="DNA" />

By 20 April, more than 100 villagers had been arrested by the Maharashtra police on charges of murder of the three men.<ref name=":1freepressjournal">{{Cite web|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/no-muslims-among-101-accused-for-palghar-sadhu-lynching-maha-home-minister-anil-deshmukh|title=No Muslims among 101 accused for Palghar sadhu lynching: Maha Home Minister Anil Deshmukh|website=Free Press Journal|language=en|access-date=2020-04-22|archive-date=26 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200426030928/https://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/no-muslims-among-101-accused-for-palghar-sadhu-lynching-maha-home-minister-anil-deshmukh|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/palghar-lynching-india-arrests-110-suspends-police-officers-rumor-fuelled-slayings-3-men/|title=110 arrested over latest deadly lynch mob attack in India|website=www.cbsnews.com|date=20 April 2020 |language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-22|archive-date=22 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200422015111/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/palghar-lynching-india-arrests-110-suspends-police-officers-rumor-fuelled-slayings-3-men/|url-status=live}}</ref> After the incident, rumours were spread to stoke [[Religious violence in India|religious tension]].<ref name="BBC" /> On 22 April, Maharashtra Home Minister [[Anil Deshmukh]] posted a complete list of people arrested, and said that none of the people arrested were Muslims.<ref name=":1freepressjournal" /><ref name=":22">{{Cite web|url=https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/pune/others/palghar-mob-lynching-anil-deshmukh-releases-list-of-101-people-arrested/articleshow/75288323.cms|title=Palghar mob lynching: Anil Deshmukh releases list of 101 people arrested|date=April 22, 2020|website=Pune Mirror|language=en|access-date=2020-04-22|archive-date=12 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200512185458/https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/pune/others/palghar-mob-lynching-anil-deshmukh-releases-list-of-101-people-arrested/articleshow/75288323.cms|url-status=dead}}</ref> The government said that both the attackers and the victims were of the same religion.<ref name="BBC">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-52350728|title=More than 100 arrested over India lynching|date=2020-04-20|work=BBC News|access-date=2020-04-20|language=en-GB|archive-date=11 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611035427/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-52350728|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="DNA">{{cite news |title=Palghar Lynching: Maha govt warns against floating 'communal angle', says attackers and victims were of 'same religion' |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-palghar-lynching-maha-govt-warns-against-floating-communal-angle-says-attackers-and-victims-were-of-same-religion-2821742 |access-date=23 April 2020 |work=DNA India |date=20 April 2020 |language=en |archive-date=26 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200426090611/https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-palghar-lynching-maha-govt-warns-against-floating-communal-angle-says-attackers-and-victims-were-of-same-religion-2821742 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== List of attacks and lynchings ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
! style="width: 9%;" | Date
! style="width: 15%;" | Victims
!Location
!State
! style="width: 5%;" {{vert header|Deaths}}
! {{vert header|stp=1|Injuries}}
! {{vert header|stp=1|Arrests}}
!Circumstances
|-
|May 12, 2017
|Two men
|[[Jadugora]], [[East Singhbhum district]]
|[[Jharkhand]]
|2
|
|
|Two people in Jadugora were beaten to death and as many injured by a mob on suspicion of being child abductors.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Bhattacharya|first=Ravik|date=22 May 2017|title=Jharkhand lynching: Amid WhatsApp rumours, tribals stopped school, outdoors for kids|work=The Indian Express|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/jamshedpur-amid-whatsapp-rumours-stoked-fears-tribals-stopped-school-outdoors-for-kids-jharkhand-lynching-non-tribal-clash-4666068/|access-date=3 June 2020|archive-date=3 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603022025/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/jamshedpur-amid-whatsapp-rumours-stoked-fears-tribals-stopped-school-outdoors-for-kids-jharkhand-lynching-non-tribal-clash-4666068/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-

|{{dts|2017-05-17}}

|Unidentified man

|Shobhapur village, Kolhan

|[[Jharkhand]]

|1
|
|
|One man was beaten to death on suspicion of being a child abductor.<ref name=":9" />
|-

|{{dts|2017-05-17}}

|Two unidentified men

|Sosomoli village

|[[Jharkhand]]

|2
|
|
|Two men were beaten to death on suspicion of being child abductors.<ref name=":9">{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/fyi/story/lynching-hindu-muslim-mob-violence-kashmir-jharkhand-984791-2017-06-27|title=Politics of lynching, the new normal in India|last=Surendran|first=Vivek|date=27 June 2017|work=India Today|access-date=27 July 2018|archive-date=27 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727115148/https://www.indiatoday.in/fyi/story/lynching-hindu-muslim-mob-violence-kashmir-jharkhand-984791-2017-06-27|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|{{dts|2018-04-10}}
|Rukmani (female, 65), Chandrasekaran (male, 34), Mohan Kumar (male, 34), Venkatesan (51), Gajendran
|[[Athiyur|Athimur]], [[Tiruvannamalai district|Tiruvannamalai]]
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|1
|3
|42<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=https://thewire.in/media/a-whatsapp-rumour-a-fake-video-lead-to-lynching-and-deaths-in-tamil-nadu|title=WhatsApp Rumours, Fake Videos Lead to Lynching and Deaths in Tamil Nadu|last=Karthikeyan|first=Divya|date=25 May 2018|work=The Wire|access-date=27 July 2018|archive-date=27 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727115210/https://thewire.in/media/a-whatsapp-rumour-a-fake-video-lead-to-lynching-and-deaths-in-tamil-nadu|url-status=live}}</ref>
|65 year old Rukmani and her family were travelling from Chennai to visit the family temple when they stopped to ask an elderly lady for directions. Whilst stopping, they gave chocolates to local children. The lady told the rest of the village that they must be child traffickers. A mob of 200 gathered, stripped the family and beat them,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/tn-horror-mob-mistakes-65-year-old-woman-child-trafficker-lynches-her-death-81010|title=TN horror: Mob mistakes 65-year-old woman for child trafficker, lynches her to death|last=Jayarajan|first=Sreedevi|date=10 May 2018|work=The News Minute|access-date=27 July 2018|archive-date=11 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180511030225/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/tn-horror-mob-mistakes-65-year-old-woman-child-trafficker-lynches-her-death-81010|url-status=live}}</ref> killing Rukmani, critically injuring the other three and overturning their vehicle. Police were present but unable to stop the violence until an ambulance arrived.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://thelogicalindian.com/news/tamil-nadu-mob-65-yr-old-woman-child-trafficker/|title=Tamil Nadu: Mob Of 200 Lynches To Death 65-Yr-Old Woman Mistaking Her For A Child Trafficker|date=10 May 2018|work=The Logical Indian|access-date=27 July 2018|archive-date=27 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727114926/https://thelogicalindian.com/news/tamil-nadu-mob-65-yr-old-woman-child-trafficker/|url-status=live}}</ref> Videos taken of the attack were circulated and used to identify perpetrators.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/puducherry/23-men-arrested-for-lynching-65-year-old-chennai-woman/articleshow/64115348.cms|title=23 men arrested for lynching 65-year-old Chennai woman|date=11 May 2018|work=The Times of India|access-date=27 July 2018|archive-date=13 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180813195320/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/puducherry/23-men-arrested-for-lynching-65-year-old-chennai-woman/articleshow/64115348.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Claims that 52 children in the district had been abducted were circulating on WhatsApp prior to the lynching.<ref name=":3" /> Police commenced an awareness campaign against fake news in the days following the attack.
|-
|{{dts|2018-04-29}}
|1 man (30s)
|[[Gudiyatham|Parasuramapatti, Gudiyatham]], [[Vellore district|Vellore]]
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|1
|
|
|A 30 year old Hindi-speaking migrant worker was suspected of being a child-abductor and beaten to death.<ref name=":2" /> Police commence a public awareness campaign.
|-
|{{dts|2018-05-11}}
|Ganesh (30s)
|[[Tiruvallur district|Tiruvaller]], [[Chennai]]
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|1
|
|20<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/tamil-nadu-two-lynched-to-death-in-24-hours-how-fake-whatsapp-messages-spread-panic/1163520/|title=Tamil Nadu: Two lynched to death in 24 hours; how fake WhatsApp messages spread panic|date=11 May 2018|work=Financial Express|access-date=27 July 2018|archive-date=27 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727114942/https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/tamil-nadu-two-lynched-to-death-in-24-hours-how-fake-whatsapp-messages-spread-panic/1163520/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|A mentally-ill man who had been seen roaming the streets for several months was attacked by 90 villagers who accused him of being a child kidnapper. They broke his nose, gouged out an eye, and hung him from a bridge near Pulicat Lake.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/false-whatsapp-messages-child-abduction-trigger-violence-tn-killing-two-81074|title=False Whatsapp messages on child abduction trigger violence in TN, killing two|last1=Thirumurthy|first1=Priyanka|date=11 May 2018|work=The News Minute|last2=Jayarajan|first2=Sreedevi|access-date=27 July 2018|archive-date=19 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719133456/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/false-whatsapp-messages-child-abduction-trigger-violence-tn-killing-two-81074|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/mob-justice-on-chennai-streets-two-men-lynched-within-24-hours-for-alleged-child-theft-345176.html|title=Mob Justice On Chennai Streets, Two Men Lynched Within 24 Hours For Alleged Child Theft|last=Selvaraj|first=A.|date=11 May 2018|work=Indian Times|access-date=27 July 2018|archive-date=27 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727145532/https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/mob-justice-on-chennai-streets-two-men-lynched-within-24-hours-for-alleged-child-theft-345176.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The cause was fake videos and messages circulating via WhatsApp.
|-
|{{dts|2018-05-17}}
|Uttam Kumar Verma (male), Ganesh Kumar Gupta (male), Vikas Verma (25), Gautam Verma (27), elderly woman (80s)
|Nagadih
|[[Jharkhand]]
|4
|
|
|Two brothers working for the [[Swachh Bharat Mission|Swachh Bharat]] campaign and a friend were beaten to death by tribals in front of their 80-year-old grandmother. Their older brother sustained injuries in the attack. Police failed to rescue them, with witnesses accusing them of standing and watching. WhatsApp rumours were blamed for the attack.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/lynched-by-mob-in-jharkhand-over-kidnap-rumours-4664595/|title=Seven lynched by mob in Jharkhand over kidnap rumours|last=Bhattacharya|first=Ravik|date=20 May 2017|work=The Indian Express|access-date=27 July 2018|archive-date=27 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727114939/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/lynched-by-mob-in-jharkhand-over-kidnap-rumours-4664595/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/jharkhand-lynching-community-leaders-activists-blame-curse-of-social-media/story-dJxy4KwljyhiOKFUGGxkNJ.html|title=Jharkhand lynching: Community leaders, activists blame 'curse of social media'|last=Murty|first=B Vijay|date=22 May 2017|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=27 July 2018|archive-date=27 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727115300/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/jharkhand-lynching-community-leaders-activists-blame-curse-of-social-media/story-dJxy4KwljyhiOKFUGGxkNJ.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Angry villagers torched two police vehicles.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/six-persons-lynched-in-two-separate-incidents-in-jharkhand-following-suspicion-of-child-lifting-3457408.html|title=Six persons lynched in two separate incidents in Jharkhand following suspicion of child-lifting|date=19 May 2017|work=First Post|access-date=27 July 2018|archive-date=27 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727125032/https://www.firstpost.com/india/six-persons-lynched-in-two-separate-incidents-in-jharkhand-following-suspicion-of-child-lifting-3457408.html|url-status=live}}</ref> It was reported that the grandmother was also beaten and died later.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/anatomy-of-a-lynching-how-fake-forwards-create-killer-mobs/articleshow/64612041.cms|title=Anatomy of a lynching: How fake forwards create killer mobs|date=16 June 2018|work=The Times of India|access-date=27 July 2018|archive-date=25 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180825034553/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/anatomy-of-a-lynching-how-fake-forwards-create-killer-mobs/articleshow/64612041.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/jharkhand/4-year-ri-for-12-in-rajnagar-lynching-245426|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727114937/https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/jharkhand/4-year-ri-for-12-in-rajnagar-lynching-245426|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 July 2018|title=4-year RI for 12 in Rajnagar lynching|date=17 July 2018|work=The Telegraph}}</ref>
|-
|{{dts|2018-06-08}}
|Bharat Sonavne (male), Shivaji Shinde (male), and 7 other men
|Chandgaon, Vaijapur taluka
|[[Maharashtra]]
|2
|7
|400
|Two men were beaten to death and seven others were injured, one of them critically, after a mob of villagers attacked them with wooden sticks after receiving social media messages about a gang of robbers in the area.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/whatsapp-rumour-triggers-lynching-of-2-men-in-maharashtras-aurangabad-1777717.html|title=WhatsApp Rumour Triggers Lynching of 2 Men in Maharashtra's Aurangabad|date=13 June 2018|work=News 18|access-date=27 July 2018|archive-date=27 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727145534/https://www.news18.com/news/india/whatsapp-rumour-triggers-lynching-of-2-men-in-maharashtras-aurangabad-1777717.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-

|{{dts|2018-07-01}}

|2 men, 2 women, 1 child

|Malegaon

|[[Maharashtra]]

|0
|4

|
|A family of daily wage labourers were accused by a teenager of being child abductors and set upon by surrounding crowd. All five were rescued by police. The crowd attacked police and overturned a police vehicle. The four are critically injured in hospital.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/5-lynched-in-dhule-4-battered-in-malegaon-fake-whatsapp-message-haunts-maharashtra-now-1797399.html|title=5 Lynched in Dhule, 4 Battered in Malegaon: Fake WhatsApp Message Haunts Maharashtra Now|date=2 July 2018|work=News 18|access-date=27 July 2018|archive-date=27 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727082117/https://www.news18.com/news/india/5-lynched-in-dhule-4-battered-in-malegaon-fake-whatsapp-message-haunts-maharashtra-now-1797399.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Cause believed to be fake videos originating in Karnataka.<ref name=":20">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/webqoof/fake-video-from-karnataka-leads-to-malegaon-mob-attack-lynching|title=How A Video From Karnataka Spurred A Mob Attack In Malegaon|last=Niranjakumar|first=Nivedita|date=3 July 2018|work=The Quint|access-date=27 July 2018|archive-date=27 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727115154/https://www.thequint.com/news/webqoof/fake-video-from-karnataka-leads-to-malegaon-mob-attack-lynching|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|July 1, 2018
|Dadarao Bhosale, Bharat Bhosale, Aappa Ingole, Bharat Malve and Raju Bhosale<ref>{{Cite web|last=Shantha|first=Sukanya|date=5 July 2018|title=State Apathy, Not WhatsApp Rumours, Behind Victimisation of Maharashtra's Nomadic Tribe|url=https://thewire.in/rights/maharashtra-lynching-nath-panthi-davari-gosavi|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200420111227/https://thewire.in/rights/maharashtra-lynching-nath-panthi-davari-gosavi|archive-date=20 April 2020|access-date=2021-02-09|website=The Wire}}</ref>
|Rainpada village, [[Dhule district]]
|[[Maharashtra]]
|5
|
|
|5 people belonging to the nomadic community Nath Panthi Davari Gosavi were lynched to death on the suspicion of being child traffickers. Rumours on social media suggested that child abductors were active in the area.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-07-04|title=Fuelled by WhatsApp rumours, Dhule mob wanted to burn bodies of 'child abductors'|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/furious-dhule-mob-wanted-to-burn-bodies-of-child-abductors-after-beating-them-to-death/story-pqH4MFa8YRc9ofxJLPgWOK.html|access-date=2021-02-09|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-date=14 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214134002/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/furious-dhule-mob-wanted-to-burn-bodies-of-child-abductors-after-beating-them-to-death/story-pqH4MFa8YRc9ofxJLPgWOK.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|{{dts|2018-07-16}}
|Mohammed Azam (28), Salham Eid Al Kubasi, Noor Mohammed, 1 other man
|[[Bidar district]]
|[[Karnataka]]
|1
|3
|32<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/india-child-kidnapping-rumours-whatsapp-angry-mob-karnataka-hyderabad-a8449441.html|title=2,000-strong mob kill engineer over child-kidnapping rumours in India's latest lynching|last=Busby|first=Mattha|date=16 July 2018|work=Independent|access-date=27 July 2018|archive-date=27 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727123407/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/india-child-kidnapping-rumours-whatsapp-angry-mob-karnataka-hyderabad-a8449441.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/hyd-man-lynched-death-after-mob-k-taka-accuses-him-being-child-abductor-84769|title=Hyd man lynched to death after mob in K'taka accuses him of being a child abductor|last=Ram|first=Theja|date=14 July 2018|work=The News Minute|access-date=27 July 2018|archive-date=27 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727145823/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/hyd-man-lynched-death-after-mob-k-taka-accuses-him-being-child-abductor-84769|url-status=live}}</ref>
|An IT worker named Mohammed Azam was visiting a relative with three friends when they saw some children in the village to whom they gave Qatari chocolates. Villagers, suspecting them to be child-snatchers, turned hostile. The group fled in their car, but residents called ahead to the village of Murki and blocked the road. The car flipped into a ditch and the men dragged them out of the vehicle{{Original research inline|date=January 2019}} and beat them with sticks and stones. By the time the police arrived, Azam was dead and the others had sustained critical injuries.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/google-techie-s-lynching-in-karnataka-how-an-act-of-kindness-turned-deadly-118071500351_1.html|title=Google techie's lynching in Karnataka: How an act of kindness turned deadly|date=16 July 2018|work=Business Standard|access-date=27 July 2018|archive-date=26 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726042352/https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/google-techie-s-lynching-in-karnataka-how-an-act-of-kindness-turned-deadly-118071500351_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Eight policemen were injured, two seriously.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/he-looked-like-a-terrorist-how-a-drive-in-rural-india-ended-in-a-mob-attack-and-a-lynching/story-48MpOGGkqjbDwgv3eigOwJ.html|title='He looked like a terrorist': How a drive in Karnataka ended in mob lynching|date=30 July 2018|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=30 July 2018|archive-date=30 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180730102755/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/he-looked-like-a-terrorist-how-a-drive-in-rural-india-ended-in-a-mob-attack-and-a-lynching/story-48MpOGGkqjbDwgv3eigOwJ.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-

|{{dts|2018-07-19}}

|1 woman (25)

|Bhosh village, Morwa, [[Singrauli district|Singrauli]]

|[[Madhya Pradesh]]

|1
|
|14

|Following the circulation of WhatsApp messages a group of tribal men suspected a homeless, mentally-disabled woman, attacking her with sticks, rods and a pick-axe. Her body was dumped in the jungle, but found shortly afterwards by the police.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2018/jul/23/mentally-challenged-homeless-woman-lynched-by-mob-over-child-lifting-rumours-in-madhya-pradesh-1847404.html|title=Mentally challenged homeless woman lynched by mob over child lifting rumours in Madhya Pradesh|date=23 July 2018|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=27 July 2018|archive-date=27 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727115001/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2018/jul/23/mentally-challenged-homeless-woman-lynched-by-mob-over-child-lifting-rumours-in-madhya-pradesh-1847404.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|{{dts|2020-04-18}}
|Sushil Giri Maharaj (35), Nilesh Telgane (35), and Chikane Maharaj Kalpavrikshgiri (70)
|[[Palghar]]
|[[Maharashtra]]
|3
|
|110
| See [[2020 Palghar mob lynching]]. Three men who were driving to a funeral during coronavirus lockdown were lynched by the vigilante group on the suspicion of being thieves after rumours were floated in the area.<ref name="Reuters" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/3-killed-by-mob-in-maharashtras-palghar-over-rumours-of-organ-harvesting-2214013|title=3 Men Brutally Killed By Mob In Maharashtra's Palghar, Police Arrest 110|date=18 April 2020|work=NDTV|access-date=19 April 2020|archive-date=19 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200419000417/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/3-killed-by-mob-in-maharashtras-palghar-over-rumours-of-organ-harvesting-2214013|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

== See also ==
* [[Cow vigilante violence in India]]
* [[WhatsApp University]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2017 crimes in India]]
[[Category:2018 in India]]
[[Category:Murder in India]]
[[Category:Lynching deaths in India]]
[[Category:WhatsApp]]
[[Category:Cybercrime in India]]
[[Category:2017 murders in India]]
[[Category:2018 murders in India]]
[[Category:Moral panic]]
[[Category:Fake news in India]]
[[Category:May 2017 in India]]
[[Category:Meta Platforms criticism and controversies]]

Vyttila flyover

2026-03-04T06:44:52Z

Caleb78G9218343: new a entry

{{Short description|Flyover in Kerala}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{infobox bridge
| name = Vyttila flyover
| native_name= വൈറ്റില മേൽപ്പാലം
| native_name_lang=ml
| maint = [[National Highways Authority of India|NHAI]]
| map =
| map_alt =
| map_notes =
| length = {{cvt|700|m|ft}}
| open = {{start date|2021|01|09|df=y}}
| carries = {{jct|country=IND|NH|66}}
| location = [[Vyttila]], [[Kerala]], India
}}

'''Vyttila flyover''' is a [[Overpass|flyover]], that is a part of the [[National Highway 66 (India)|NH 66]] in [[Kerala]], India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vytilla flyover: A chaotic mess |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2021/jun/30/vytilla-flyover-achaoticmess-2323177.html |access-date=2023-06-05 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> The six lane flyover runs above the [[Vyttila|Vyttila junction]] in [[Kochi]], which is one of the busiest junctions in the state.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-01-09 |title=Vytilla flyover thrown open for public in Kochi |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/vytilla-flyover-thrown-open-for-public-in-kochi/articleshow/80184057.cms |access-date=2023-06-05 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Overview==
[[File:Vyttila-schematic2.jpg|thumb|Vyttila is one of the most busiest junctions of Kerala state]]
On 11 December 2017, [[List of chief ministers of Kerala|Chief Minister]] [[Pinarayi Vijayan]] inaugurated the construction of the Vyttila flyover. Its construction was completed at a cost of Rs 85.9 crore and was opened to public in January 2021. It was built by Sreedhanya Construction based in [[Thiruvananthapuram]] under the supervision of state PWD department and [[National Highways Authority of India|National Highway Authority of India]]. The total length of the six lane flyover is 717 meters and is eight meters high.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ഭാരപരിശോധന പൂർത്തിയായി; പുതുവർഷ സമ്മാനമായി വൈറ്റില, കുണ്ടന്നൂർ പാലങ്ങൾ ഉടൻ തുറക്കും |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/local-news/ernakulam/kochi-vyttila-and-kundanoor-bridges-will-be-opened-soon/articleshow/80042810.cms |access-date=2023-06-05 |website=Samayam Malayalam |language=ml}}</ref> Two spans of 40 meters are installed on the vehicular side of the Vyttila junction.The pillar of [[Kochi Metro|Kochi Metro Rail]] is placed at a height of 16 meters in the middle of the flyover.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-01-09 |title=Year after opening of flyover, traffic snarls worsen at Kochi's Vyttila Junction |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/year-after-opening-of-flyover-traffic-snarls-worsen-at-vyttila-junction/article38208927.ece |access-date=2023-06-05 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The area beneath the flyover has been built in a way so that vehicles heading towards [[Alappuzha]]-[[Thrippunithura|Thripunithura]], [[Kadavanthra|Kadavanthura]]-Thripunithura, and Alappuzha-Vyttila can be controlled using traffic light system.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Daily |first=Keralakaumudi |title=When construction of two flyovers was completed govt got Rs 15 crore, no toll to bother people; when dream project of Kochi is realised…… |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=469131&u=when-construction-of-two-flyovers-was-completed-the-govt-got-rs-15-crore-no-toll-to-bother-the-people-when-the-dream-project-of-kochi-is-realised%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6-469131 |access-date=2023-06-05 |website=Keralakaumudi Daily |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Kundannoor flyover]]
*[[Edappally flyover]]
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Ernakulam district}}

[[Category:NH bypasses in Kerala]]
[[Category:National highways in Kerala|66]]
[[Category:Roads in Ernakulam district]]
[[Category:2021 establishments in Kerala]]
[[Category:Bridges completed in 2021]]
[[Category:Bridges and flyovers in Kochi]]

Kumbaari

2026-03-03T02:27:07Z

Caleb78G9218343: adding new data!

{{Multiple issues|{{No plot|date=January 2024}}
{{Citation style|date=January 2024}}}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name =
| image = Kumbaari.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Kevin Joseph
| writer = Kevin Joseph
| producer = Kumaradhas
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Vijay Vishwa]]
* Naleef Gea
* Mahana Sanjeevi
* [[John Vijay]]
}}
| cinematography = Prasad Arumugam
| editing = T. S. Jay
| music = Jeyprakas Jayden Prithivy
| studio = Royal Enterprises
| distributor = 9V Studios
| released = {{film date|2024|1|5|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Kumbaari''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film directed by Kevin Joseph and produced by Kumaradhas. The film stars [[Vijay Vishwa]] and Mahana Sanjeevi.{{cn|date=January 2024}}

== Cast ==

* [[Vijay Vishwa]]
* Naleef Gea
* Mahana Sanjeevi
* [[John Vijay]]
* [[Saravanan (actor)|Paruthiveeran Saravanan]]
* [[Chaams]]
* [[Jangiri Madhumitha]]
* [[Senthi Kumari]]
* [[Kadhal Sukumar]]

== Production ==
The film was produced by Kumaradhas under the banner of Royal Enterprises. The cinematography was done by Prasad Arumugam, while editing was handled by T.S.Jai.{{Citation needed|date=August 2025}}

== Reception ==
''[[Times Now]]'' critic gave 3 out of 5 star and noted that, "The film not only showcases the talent of its cast and crew but also is a poignant exploration of human emotions".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-05 |title=Kumbaari Movie Review: A Promising Tale of Friendship and Sibling Love |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/tamil/kumbaari-movie-review-a-promising-tale-of-friendship-and-sibling-love-review-106558637 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107145818/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/tamil/kumbaari-movie-review-a-promising-tale-of-friendship-and-sibling-love-review-106558637 |archive-date=2024-01-07 |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref> [[Dina Thanthi]] gave it a positive review.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Whats-App-Image-2024-01-06-at-00-02-20-968d2d95 hosted at ImgBB |url=https://ibb.co/sC4JyM4 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107145930/https://imgbb.com/sC4JyM4 |archive-date=2024-01-07 |access-date=2024-01-06}}</ref>''[[Thinaboomi]]'' critic stated "On the whole, Kumari is a film that enjoys nature scenes."<ref>{{Cite web |title='கும்பாரி' விமர்சனம் |url=https://thinaboomi.com/2024/01/09/217868.html |access-date=2024-05-08 |website=தின பூமி |language=ta}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=tt28677912}}
[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2024 Tamil-language films]]

Patharpratima (community development block)

2026-03-02T16:33:30Z

Caleb78G9218343: starting new data from scratch

{{Short description|Community Development Block in West Bengal, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Patharpratima
| native_name =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[Community development block|Community Development Block]]
| image_skyline =
| image_map = Patharpratima in South 24 Parganas (West Bengal).svg
| mapsize = 300
| map_caption = Location of Patharpratima community development block in South 24 Parganas district
| coordinates = {{coord|21.7941|N|88.3555|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Emblem of West Bengal (Banglarmukh) before 2018.png}} [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of West Bengal|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Presidency division|Presidency]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of West Bengal|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[South 24 Parganas]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[List of subdivisions of West Bengal|Subdivision]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Kakdwip subdivision|Kakdwip]]
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Ramganga, Patharpratima|Ramganga]]
| leader_title = [[Gram panchayat|Gram Panchayats]]
| leader_name = Achintyanagar, Banashyamnagar, Brajaballavpur, Dakshin Gangadharpur, Dakshin Raipur, Digambarpur, Durbachati, G Plot, Gopalnagar, Herambagopalpur, Laksmijanardanpur, Patharpratima, Ramganga, Sridharnagar, Srinarayanpur Purnachandrapur
| leader_title1 = [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituencies]]
| leader_name1 = [[Mathurapur Lok Sabha constituency|Mathurapur]]
| leader_title2 = [[List of constituencies of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha constituencies]]
| leader_name2 = [[Patharpratima Assembly constituency|Patharpratima]]
| total_type = Total
| area_total_km2 = 484.47
| area_footnotes =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 331,823
| population_footnotes =
| population_urban =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Demographics
| demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| demographics1_info1 = 82.11 per cent
| demographics1_title2 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| demographics1_info2 = 959 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| demographics_type2 = Languages
| demographics2_title1 = Official
| demographics2_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<ref name="wblangoff">{{cite web|title=Fact and Figures|url=https://wb.gov.in/portal/web/guest/facts-and-figures;jsessionid=JzdD9RHb7aMY5esZPtcsIVLy|website=Wb.gov.in|access-date=5 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=Nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=5 July 2019|page=85|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| demographics2_title2 = Additional official
| demographics2_info2 = [[English language|English]]<ref name="wblangoff"/>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| website = {{URL|https://s24pgs.gov.in/}}
}}

'''Patharpratima''' is a [[community development block]] that forms an administrative division in [[Kakdwip subdivision]] of [[South 24 Parganas|South 24 Parganas district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and union territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Geography==
[[File:South 24 Parganas Tehsil Map (en).svg|thumb]]
Patharpratima CD block is located at {{coord|21.7941|N|88.3555|E|format=dms|}}. It has an average elevation of {{convert|4|m}}.

Patharpratima CD block is bounded by [[Mathurapur I]] and [[Mathurapur II]] CD blocks in the north, [[Sundarbans]] forests in the east, [[Bay of Bengal]] in the south, [[Namkhana (community development block)|Namkhana]], [[Kakdwip (community development block)|Kakdwip]] and [[Kulpi (community development block)|Kulpi]] CD blocks in the west.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/1917_PART_B_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: South 24 Parganas, Series 20, Part XII B | work= Map of South 24 Parganas with CD block HQs and Police Stations (on the fourth page) |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 11 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/westbengal/tehsil/south-24-parganas.html|title = South Twenty-four Parganas | work= CD block/ tehsil map|publisher= Maps of India | access-date = 11 October 2019}}</ref>

[[South 24 Parganas district]] is divided into two distinct physiographic zones: the marine-riverine delta in the north and the marine delta zone in the south. As the sea receded southwards, in the sub-recent [[Period (geology)|geological period]], a large low-lying plain got exposed. Both [[Tide|tidal]] inflows and the rivers have been depositing sediments in this plain. The periodical collapse of both the natural [[levee]]s and man-made embankments speed up the process of filling up of the depressions containing [[brackish water]] wetlands. The marine delta in the south is formed of interlacing tidal channels. As non-saline water for irrigation is scarce, agriculture is [[monsoon]] dominated. Some parts of the wetlands are still preserved for raising fish.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas | work = Chapter 1 South 24 Parganas: An Overview, p 9-12 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009 | access-date = 1 April 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Patharpratima CD block has an area of 484.47 km2. It has 1 [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|panchayat samity]], 15 [[gram panchayat]]s, 187 gram sansads (village councils), 92 [[mouza]]s and 87 inhabited villages, as per the ''District Statistical Handbook'', South Twenty-four Parganas. [[Patharpratima#Police station|Patharpratima]], [[Dhola, Kulpi#Police station|Dholahat]] and [[Gobardhanpur#Police station|Gobardhanpur Coastal]] police stations serve this CD Block.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 South 24 Parganas | work = Table No. 2.1, 2.2 | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 11 October 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Headquarters of this CD block is at [[Ramganga, Patharpratima|Ramganga]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.wbpublibnet.gov.in/node/2155 | title = BDO Offices under South 24 Parganas District | publisher = West Bengal Public Library Network, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 11 October 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181003083629/http://www.wbpublibnet.gov.in/node/2155 | archive-date = 3 October 2018 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Patharpratima CD block has 241.9 km of embankments, the 2nd highest among the thirteen [[Sundarban]] CD blocks. Breaches in these embankments varied from 5.9 km in 2002-03 to 18.8 km in 2005-06. Embankments raised along rivers are of critical importance for the safety of lives and protection of crops, against daily tides and tidal surges. Technologically the embankment structures are weak and there is need of proper drainage of accumulated rain water through sluice gates. Crude cuts in embankments for drainage of accumulated rain water and channels built for providing water to large fisheries ({{transliteration|bn|bheris}}) also add to the hazards. Cyclones and tropical depressions are regular threats.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas | work = Intro: pp 218-221, Chapter 7.4: Vulnerability to Natural Disasters | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009 | access-date = 7 April 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

[[Gram panchayat]]s of Patharpratima CD block/[[panchayat samiti]] are: Achintyanagar, Banashyamnagar, Brajaballavpur, Dakshin Gangadharpur, Dakshin Raipur, Digambarpur, Durbachati, G Plot, Gopalnagar, Herambagopalpur, Laksmijanardanpur, Patharpratima, Ramganga, Sridharnagar and Srinarayanpur Purnachandrapur.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://s24pgs.gov.in/s24p/page.php?nm=Blocks |title= Blocks and Gram Panchayats in South 24 Parganas| publisher = South 24 Parganas District Administration |access-date = 1 April 2016}}</ref>

==Demographics==
===Population===
As per the [[2011 Census of India]], Patharpratima CD block had a total population of 331,823, all of which were rural. There were 169,422 (51%) males and 162,401 (49%) females. Population below 6 years was 42,021. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] numbered 76,163 (22.95%) and [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 2,640 (0.80%).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= 2011 census: West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 23 March 2016}}</ref>

As per the [[2001 Census of India]], Patharpratima CD block had a total population of 288,259, out of which 147,518 were males and 140,741 were females. Patharprtima CD block registered a population growth of 17.37 per cent during the 1991-2001 decade. Decadal growth for [[South 24 Parganas]] district was 20.89 per cent. Decadal growth in [[West Bengal]] was 17.84 per cent. [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|Scheduled Castes]] at 72,402 formed around one-fourth the population. [[Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 3,670.<ref name=handbook>{{cite web | url =http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title =District Statistical Handbook – 2010-11 – South 24 Parganas | work =South 24 Parganas at a glance, Tables 2.2, 2.4 (b), 4.5 | publisher =Bureau of Applied Economics and Statistics, Government of West Bengal | access-date =3 April 2016 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | archive-date =21 January 2019 | url-status =dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_18.htm |title=Provisional Population Totals, West Bengal. Table 4 |access-date=2011-01-20 |work=Census of India 2001 – South 24 Parganas |publisher=Census Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110719041523/http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_18.htm |archive-date=19 July 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm |title=Provisional Population Totals, West Bengal. Table 4 |access-date=2011-01-20 |work=Census of India 2001 |publisher=Census Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927041813/http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm |archive-date=27 September 2007 }}</ref>

Large villages (with 4,000+ population) in Patharpratima CD block (2011 census figures in brackets): Dakshin Gangadharpur (13,738), Bhajna (5,307), Srinarayanpur (5,098), Taranagar (4,425), Purna Chandrapur (4,099), Dakshin Durgapur (5,722), Dakshin Raypur (9,858), Indra Narayanpur (4,120), Digambarpur (6,577), Ramganga (4,118), Paschim Surendra Nagar (6,378), Gopalnagar Dakshin (5,059), Gopalnagar Uttar (4,492), Durgagobindopur (4,326), Madhab Nagar (5,615), Paschim Dwarkapur (4,097), Baradapur (4,356), Kishorinagar (4,177), Dakshin Lakshminarayanpur (4,379), Dakshin Shibganj (5,828), Chhoto Banashyam Nagar (5,124), Sibnagar (5,666), Banashyam Nagar (5,347), Achintya Nagar (6,181), Lakshmi Janardanpur (4,567), Kuemuri (5,096), Purba Surendranagar (5,130), Heramba Gopalpur (6,672), Dakshin Kashinagar (5,454), Purba Sripatinagar (4,077), Paschim Sripatinagar (6,342), Upendra Nagar (4,915), Rakhalpur (6,076), Sridhar Nagar (7,625), Rakshaskhali (4,729), Kshetra Mohanpur (5,589), Brojoballabpur (6,671), Gobindapur Abad (6,226), Dakshin Surendraganj (4,350), Indrapur (5,335) and Sitarampur (4,388).<ref name=census2011/>

Other villages in Patharpratima CD block include (2011 census figures in brackets): Durbachati (3,830).<ref name=census2011/>

===Literacy===
As per the 2011 census, the total number of literates in Patharpratima CD block was 237,955 (82.11% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 131,063 (88.54% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 106,892 (75.40% of the female population over 6 years). The [[Literacy#Gender disparities|gender disparity]] (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 13.14%.<ref name=census2011/>

As per the [[2011 Census of India]], literacy in [[South 24 Parganas]] district was 77.51<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.census2011.co.in/district.php |title = District Census 2011 |publisher= Population Census 2011 | access-date = 24 January 2016}}</ref> Literacy in [[West Bengal]] was 77.08% in 2011.<ref name=literacy>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/india/Final_PPT_2011_progresstables.pdf | title= Provisional population tables and annexures| work= Census 2011:Table 2(3) Literates and Literacy rates by sex |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 9 February 2016}}</ref> Literacy in [[India]] in 2011 was 74.04%.<ref name=literacy/>

As per the [[2001 Census of India]], Patharpratima CD block had a total literacy of 72.77 per cent for the 6+ age group. While male literacy was 84.30 per cent female literacy was 60.64 per cent. [[South 24 Parganas district]] had a total literacy of 69.45 per cent, male literacy being 79.19 per cent and female literacy being 59.01 per cent.<ref name=handbook/>

See also – [[List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate]]

{{Literacy in CD Blocks of South 24 Parganas district|collapsible=y}}

===Language===
{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Patharpratima CD block (2011)<ref name="languages"/>
|label1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value1 = 99.76 |color1 = orchid
|label2 = [[Hindi]] |value2 = 0.21 |color2 = orange
|label3 = [[Urdu]] |value3 = 0.02 |color3 = green
|label4 = Others |value4 = 0.01 |color4 = grey
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, 99.76% of the population spoke [[Bengali language|Bengali]], 0.21% [[Hindi]] and 0.02% [[Urdu]] as their first language.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10226/download/13338/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1900.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

===Religion===
{{bar box
|title=Religion in Patharpratima CD block (2011)<ref name="religion"/>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in West Bengal|Hinduism]]|darkorange|88.91}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in West Bengal|Islam]]|green|10.72}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.37}}
}}

In the [[2011 Census of India]], Hindus numbered 295,027 and formed 88.91% of the population in Patharpratima CD block. Muslims numbered 35,566 and formed 10.72% of the population. Others numbered 1,230 and formed 0.37% of the population.<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11396/download/14509/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> In 2001, Hindus and Muslims made up 90.43% and 9.31% of the population respectively.

The proportion of Hindus in South Twenty-four Parganas district has declined from 76.0% in 1961 to 63.2% in 2011. The proportion of Muslims in South Twenty-four Parganas district has increased from 23.4% to 35.6% during the same period. Christians formed 0.8% in 2011.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf|title = District Census Handbook South Twentfour Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Pages 52-53: Religion| publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal | access-date = 5 October 2018}}</ref>

==Rural poverty==
As per the ''[[Human Development Report]]'' for South 24 Parganas district, published in 2009, in Patharpratima CD block the percentage of households [[Below Poverty Line|below poverty line]] was 49.13%. The poverty rates were very high in the [[Sundarbans settlements]] with all thirteen CD blocks registering poverty ratios above 30% and eight CD blocks had more than 40% of the population in the BPL category. The Sundarban region remains the most backward region in terms of quality of life. As per rural household survey in 2005, the proportion of households in South 24 Parganas with poverty rates below poverty line was 34.11%, way above the state and national poverty ratios.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas |work= Pages 42-43, Chapter 3.8: Poverty Scenario in South 24 Parganas | publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 23 September 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Economy==
===Livelihood===
{{Pie chart
|caption= '''Livelihood in Patharpratima CD block'''
|value1 = 24.07
|label1 = Cultivators
|value2 = 49.09
|label2 = Agricultural labourers
|value3 = 3.12
|label3 = Household industries
|value4 = 23.72
|label4 = Other Workers}}

In Patharpratima CD block in 2011, amongst the class of total workers, cultivators numbered 33,944 and formed 24.07%, agricultural labourers numbered 69,222 and formed 49.09%, household industry workers numbered 4,396 and formed 3.12% and other workers numbered 33,439 and formed 23.72%.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf|title = District Census Handbook South Twentyfour Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Table 33: Distribution of Workers by Sex in Four Categories of Economic Activity in Sub-district 2011 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 24 September 2019}}</ref> Total workers numbered 141,001 and formed 42.49% of the total population, and non-workers numbered 190,822 and formed 57.51% of the population.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf|title = District Census Handbook South Twentyfour Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Table 30: Number and percentage of Main workers, Marginal workers and Non workers by Sex, in Sub-districts, 2011 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 24 September 2019}}</ref>

The ''District Human Development Report'' points out that in the blocks of region situated in the close proximity of the Kolkata metropolis, overwhelming majority are involved in the non-agricultural sector for their livelihood. On the other hand, in the Sundarban region, overwhelming majority are dependent on agriculture. In the intermediate region, there is again predominance of the non-agricultural sector. Though the region is not very close to Kolkata, many places are well connected and some industrial/ economic development has taken place.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas |work= Page 69, Chapter 4.3: Occupational Diversification | publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 23 September 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Note: In the census records a person is considered a cultivator, if the person is engaged in cultivation/ supervision of land owned by self/government/institution. When a person who works on another person's land for wages in cash or kind or share, is regarded as an agricultural labourer. Household industry is defined as an industry conducted by one or more members of the family within the household or village, and one that does not qualify for registration as a factory under the [[Factories Act,1948, India|Factories Act]]. Other workers are persons engaged in some economic activity other than cultivators, agricultural labourers and household workers. It includes factory, mining, plantation, transport and office workers, those engaged in business and commerce, teachers, entertainment artistes and so on.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf |title = District Census Handbook South Twentyfour Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Census Concepts and Definitions, Page 31 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 28 December 2017}}</ref>

===Infrastructure===
There are 87 inhabited villages in Patharpratima CD block, as per the ''District Census Handbook'', South Twenty-four Parganas, 2011. 100% villages have power supply. 86 villages (98.85%) have drinking water supply. 46 villages (52.57%) have post offices. 82 villages (94.25%) have telephones (including landlines, public call offices and mobile phones). 13 villages (14.94%) have pucca (paved) approach roads and 26 villages (29.89%) have transport communication (includes bus service, rail facility and navigable waterways). 7 villages (8.05%) have agricultural credit societies and 11 villages (12.64%) have banks.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, South Twentyfour Parganas, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Page 111, Table 36: Distribution of villages according to availability of different amenities, 2011 | publisher = Directorate of Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 26 September 2019}}</ref>

===Agriculture===
South 24 Parganas had played a significant role in the [[Tebhaga movement]] launched by the [[Communist Party of India]] in 1946. Subsequently, ''[[Operation Barga]]'' was aimed at securing tenancy rights for the peasants. In Patharpratima CD block, 14,660.14 acres of land was acquired and vested. Out of this 8,604.22 acres or 56.89% of the vested land was distributed among the peasants. The total number of patta (document) holders was 13,264.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas | work = (1) Chapter 1.2, South 24 Parganas in Historical Perspective, pages 7-9 (2) Chapter 3.4, Land reforms, pages 32-33 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009 | access-date = 3 November 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

According to the ''District Human Development Report'', agriculture is an important source of livelihood in South Twentyfour Parganas district. The amount of cultivable land per agricultural worker is only 0.41 hectare in the district. Moreover, the irrigation facilities have not been extended to a satisfactory scale. Agriculture mostly remains a mono-cropped activity.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas |work= Pages 28-30, Chapter 3.2: Sectoral Composition of Output | publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 23 September 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

As per the ''District Census Handbook'', the saline soil of the district is unfit for cultivation, but the non-salty lands are very fertile. While rice is the main food crop, jute is the main cash crop.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, South Twentyfour Parganas, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Page 21: Agriculture | publisher = Directorate of Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 26 September 2019}}</ref>

In 2013-14, there were 156 fertiliser depots, 15 seed stores and 7 [[Public distribution system|fair price shops]] in Patharpratima CD block.<ref name=handbook2014>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 South 24 Parganas | work = Table No. 16.1, 18.1, 18.3, 20.1, 21.2, 4.4, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3 – arranged as per use | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 27 September 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

In 2013–14, Patharpratima CD block produced 77,077 tonnes of [[Rice#Ecotypes and cultivars|Aman paddy]], the main winter crop, from 3,372 hectares, 3,772 tonnes of Boro paddy (spring crop) from 1,223 hectares, 4,214 tonnes of wheat and 1,276 tonnes of potatoes from 38 hectares. It also produced pulses and oilseeds.<ref name=handbook2014/>

===Pisciculture===
In Patharpratima CD block, in 2013-14, net area under effective pisciculture was 5,805 hectares, engaging 41,452 persons in the profession, and with an approximate annual production of 109,125 quintals.<ref name=handbook2014/>

Pisciculture is an important source of employment in South 24 Parganas district. As of 2001, more than 4.5 lakh people were engaged in Pisciculture. Out of this 2.57 lakhs were from the 13 blocks in the Sundarbans.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas |work= Pages 76, Chapter 4.5.2: Non-agriculture, (i) Pisciculture | publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 23 September 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

===Banking===
In 2013-14, Patharpratima CD block had offices of 6 commercial banks and 6 [[Regional Rural Bank|gramin banks]].<ref name=handbook2014/>

===Backward Regions Grant Fund===
South 24 Parganas district is listed as a backward region and receives financial support from the [[Backward Regions Grant Fund]]. The fund, created by the Government of India, is designed to redress regional imbalances in development. As of 2012, 272 districts across the country were listed under this scheme. The list includes 11 districts of West Bengal.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | title = Backward Regions Grant Funds: Programme Guidelines | publisher = Ministry of Panchayati Raj, Government of India | access-date = 22 September 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171030225317/http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | archive-date = 30 October 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=84879 | title= Backward Regions Grant Fund| work= Press Release, 14 June 2012 |publisher= Press Information Bureau, Government of India | access-date = 22 September 2019}}</ref>

==Transport==
Patharpratima CD block has 43 ferry services and 2 originating/ terminating bus routes. The nearest railway station is 44 (forty-four) km from the block headquarters.<ref name=handbook2014/>

==Education==
In 2013-14, Patharpratima had 218 primary schools with 17,360 students, 20 middle schools with 2,875 students, 14 high schools with 5,920 students and 25 higher secondary schools with 18,281 students. Patharpratima CD block had 1 general degree college with 979 students, 610 institutions for special and non-formal education with 25,568 students.<ref name=handbook2014/>

See also – [[Education in India]]

As per the 2011 census, in Patharpratima CD block, amongst the 87 inhabited villages, all villages had schools, 78 villages had two or more primary schools, 55 villages had at least 1 primary and 1 middle school and 39 villages had at least 1 middle and 1 secondary school.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf| title = District Census Handbook, South 24 Parganas, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Page 931-932, Appendix I A: Villages by number of Primary Schools and Appendix I B: Villages by Primary, Middle and Secondary Schools | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 2 October 2019}}</ref>

[[Patharpratima Mahavidyalaya]] was established at [[Patharpratima]] in 2001.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.patharpratimamahavidyalaya.in/ | title = Patharpratima Mahavidyalaya | publisher = PM | access-date = 26 October 2019}}</ref>

==Healthcare==
In 2014, Patharpratima CD block had 1 rural hospital, 3 primary health centres and 7 NGO/ private nursing homes with total 93 beds and 13 doctors (excluding private bodies). It had 65 family welfare subcentres. 3,815 patients were treated indoor and 66,575 patients were treated outdoor in the hospitals, health centres and subcentres of the CD block.<ref name=handbook2014/>

As per 2011 census, in Patharpratima CD block, 3 villages had primary health centres, 61 villages had primary health subcentres, 8 villages had maternity and child welfare centres, 3 villages had veterinary hospitals, 43 villages had medicine shops and out of the 87 inhabited villages 6 villages had no medical facilities.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, South Twentyfour Parganas, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Pages 927-929, Appendix I: Summary showing total number of villages having Educational, Medical and other amenities – C.D.Block level | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 4 October 2019}}</ref>

Madhabnagar Rural Hospital at Madababnagar, with 30 beds, is the major government medical facility in Patharpratima CD block. There are [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centres]] at Gadamathurpur (with 10 beds), Brajballavpur (with 15 beds) and Indrapur (with 10 beds).<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | title =Health & Family Welfare Department | work =Health Statistics – Rural Hospitals | publisher =Government of West Bengal | access-date =1 November 2019 | archive-date =8 October 2022 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20221008143352/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | url-status =dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/BPHC.pdf | title =Health & Family Welfare Department | work =Health Statistics – Block Primary Health Centres | publisher =Government of West Bengal | access-date =1 November 2019 | archive-date =16 August 2020 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20200816074737/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/BPHC.pdf | url-status =dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/PHC.pdf | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics – Primary Health Centres | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 1 November 2019 | archive-date = 21 April 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180421215645/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/PHC.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{portal|Islands}}
{{Reflist}}

{{South 24 Parganas}}
{{South 24 Parganas topics}}
{{Sundarbans CD Blocks}}
{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}

[[Category:Community development blocks in South 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:Islands of India]]
[[Category:Populated places in India]]
[[Category:Islands of the Bay of Bengal]]

Saunla

2026-02-19T15:32:07Z

Caleb78G9218343: new a pg

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Saunla
| native_name = सौंला
| settlement_type = Village
| coordinates = {{coord|30.3859|N|78.6482|E|display=inline,title}}
| pushpin_map = India Uttarakhand#India
| pushpin_label_position= right
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttarakhand, India
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = Uttarakhand
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = Tehri Garhwal
| subdivision_type3 = Tehsil
| subdivision_name3 = Ghansali
| subdivision_type4 = Block
| subdivision_name4 = Bhilangana
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_ha = 104.61
| population_total = 379
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2= auto
| timezone1 = IST
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = PIN
| postal_code = 249155
}}

'''Saunla''' is a village located in the [[Tehri Garhwal district]] of [[Uttarakhand]], [[India]]. According to the [[2011 Census of India|2011 Census]], the village has a population of 379 people living in 84 households.<ref name="census2011">{{cite web |title=Saunla Population - Tehri Garhwal, Uttarakhand |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/42823-saunla-uttarakhand.html |access-date=15 October 2023 |publisher=Census of India |page=242}}</ref>

== Geography ==
Saunla is situated in the Garhwal Himalayas and is part of the [[Ghansali]] Tehsil.<ref name="census2011" />

== Demographics ==
Based on the 2011 Census, the village has a total population of 379 people, with 153 males and 226 females. The literacy rate of the village is 76.49%.<ref name="census2011"/>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== See also ==
* [[Bhilangana]]
* [[Ghansali]]
* [[Tehri Garhwal district]]

[[Category:Villages in Tehri Garhwal district]]

{{Uttarakhand-geo-stub}}

Leesha Eclairs

2026-02-08T09:23:01Z

Caleb78G9218343: starting data

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Leesha Eclairs
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress}}
| years_active = 2016–present
| relatives =
}}

'''Leesha Eclairs''' is an Indian television and film actress who has primarily worked in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] productions.

== Career ==
Leesha Eclairs completed her studies at [[Ethiraj College for Women]], before taking up acting.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/040217/sirika-vidalama-a-comedy-film-in-the-offing.html |title=Sirika Vidalama – a comedy film in the offing |first=Janani |last=K |date=4 February 2017 |website=Deccan Chronicle |access-date=3 November 2019 |archive-date=3 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191103021247/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/040217/sirika-vidalama-a-comedy-film-in-the-offing.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In late 2016, she was simultaneously working on seven film projects. The most prominent of the seven, and her first release, was ''[[Balle Vellaiyathevaa]]'' (2016), where she portrayed the daughter of the antagonist in the film.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Newbie-actress-has-seven-films-in-hand/articleshow/55239060.cms |title=Newbie actress has seven films in hand! |newspaper=The Times of India |date=16 January 2017 |first=M |last=Suganth |access-date=1 July 2020 |archive-date=26 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200326043922/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Newbie-actress-has-seven-films-in-hand/articleshow/55239060.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Other ventures included the unreleased horror ''[[My Dear Lisa]]'' opposite [[Vijay Vasanth]], and the comedy drama ''Sirikka Vidalama'' alongside [[Nithin Sathya]]. She has also appeared among an ensemble cast in the social drama ''[[Podhu Nalan Karudhi]]'' (2019), portraying the love interest of [[Santhosh Prathap]]'s character.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2019/feb/07/podhu-nalan-karudhi-movie-review-a-disjointed-and-uninteresting-public-interest-message-1935728.html |title='Podhu Nalan Karudhi' movie review: A disjointed and uninteresting public interest message |website=The New Indian Express |access-date=3 November 2019 |archive-date=31 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731011513/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2019/feb/07/podhu-nalan-karudhi-movie-review-a-disjointed-and-uninteresting-public-interest-message-1935728.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://southscope.in/actress-leesha-gallery/ |title=Actress Leesha: Gallery - SouthScope |date=4 October 2016 |access-date=3 November 2019 |archive-date=3 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191103021248/http://southscope.in/actress-leesha-gallery/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/actress-leesha-updates-about-her-upcoming-projects.html |title=Actress Leesha updates about her upcoming projects |date=3 October 2016 |website=Behindwoods |access-date=3 November 2019 |archive-date=3 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191103021248/https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/actress-leesha-updates-about-her-upcoming-projects.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In October 2018, Leesha's first television series ''[[Kanmani (TV series)|Kanmani]]'' began airing on Sun TV. The series featured her in the lead role, and Leesha shot scenes in Georgia and India for the project.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/tv-actress-shambhavi-to-feature-in-kanmani/articleshow/67838808.cms |title=TV actress Shambhavi to feature in 'Kanmani' |website=The Times of India |date=4 February 2019 |access-date=3 November 2019 |archive-date=31 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731011506/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/tv-actress-shambhavi-to-feature-in-kanmani/articleshow/67838808.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2022, Leesha was seen in [[Sathyasiva]]'s bilingual period film ''[[1945 (2022 film)|1945]]'', where she portrays a traditional South Indian girl. In the romantic drama ''Priyamudan Priya'', she appears in the titular role.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/leesha-has-her-hands-full/articleshow/62970820.cms |title=Leesha has her hands full |website=The Times of India |date=19 February 2018 |access-date=3 November 2019 |archive-date=4 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200404024323/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/leesha-has-her-hands-full/articleshow/62970820.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.kollywoodzone.com/boxoffice/2018/02/leesha-eclairs-busy/ |title=Leesha Eclairs is very busy |first=Kollywood |last=Zone |date=21 February 2018 |access-date=3 November 2019 |archive-date=3 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191103021249/https://www.kollywoodzone.com/boxoffice/2018/02/leesha-eclairs-busy/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Filmography ==
=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Name
! Role
! Language
!class="unsortable"|Notes
|-
| 2018 - 2020 || ''[[Kanmani (TV series)|Kanmani]]'' || Soundarya Kannan || Tamil ||
|}

=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Language
! class="unsortable"|Notes
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Balle Vellaiyathevaa]]'' || Priya || rowspan="2" | Tamil ||
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Podhu Nalan Karudhi]]'' || Napoleon's love interest ||
|-
| 2022 || ''[[1945 (2022 film)|1945]]'' || Poorvi || Telugu Tamil ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2023 || ''[[Priyamudan Priya]]'' || Priya || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Jawan (film)|Jawan]]'' || Kalee's PA || Hindi ||
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|8682330}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Eclairs, Leesha}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil television]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Actresses from Chennai]]

Kalamandalam Rajan

2026-02-07T23:17:53Z

Caleb78G9218343: adding a pg!

{{Short description|Indian Kathakali exponent}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kalamandalam Rajan
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = 1931
| birth_place = Ezhikkara, [[North Paravur]], [[British India]]
| occupation = Kathakali exponent
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|2012|6|14|1931|1}}
| death_place = [[Thrippunithura]], [[Ernakulam district]]
| spouse = Sulochana
| parents = Sreedhara Panikar, Kochukuttiamma
| children = 1
| awards = [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]], Kerala Kalamandalam award, [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi]] Gurupooja award
}}
'''Kalamandalam Rajan''' was a [[Kathakali]] exponent from [[Kerala]], India. He has received the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award 2009, Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Gurupooja award 2006.

==Biography==
Kalamandalam Rajan was born in 1931 at Ezhikkara, [[North Paravur]] in [[Ernakulam district]] of Kerala to Sreedhara Panikar of Nellipuzha house in [[Aroor]] and Kochukuttyamma of Ezhikkara Kadakkara Erappath house.<ref name="Indian Express">{{cite news |title=Kalamandalam Rajan passes away |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2012/jun/14/kalamandalam-rajan-passes-away-377220.html |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |access-date=2022-01-17 |archive-date=2022-01-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117090048/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2012/jun/14/kalamandalam-rajan-passes-away-377220.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="kathakali">{{cite web |title=ശ്രീ കലാമണ്ഡലം രാജന്‍ മാസ്റ്റര്‍ - ഒരു അനുസ്മരണം {{!}} Remembering Kalamandalam Rajan {{!}} കഥകളി.ഇൻഫൊ {{!}} Kathakali.info {{!}} കളിയറിവുകളുടെ തിരമൊഴി {{!}} The internet Kathakali hangout |url=https://kathakali.info/ml/article/Remembering_Kalamandalam_Rajan |website=kathakali.info |access-date=2022-01-17 |archive-date=2022-01-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117090044/https://kathakali.info/ml/article/Remembering_Kalamandalam_Rajan |url-status=live }}</ref> After school, he studied and paracticed dance. During this period, he saw Kalamandalam Krishnan Nair Ashan performing Poothanamoksham Kathakali.<ref name="kathakali"/> Seeing that performance, Rajan decided to learn Kathakali.<ref name="kathakali"/> He joined [[Kerala Kalamandalam]] in 1955 and studied kathakali under noted kathakali artists like [[Kalamandalam Padmanabhan Nair]], [[Kalamandalam Ramankutty Nair]], [[Keezhpadam Kumaran Nair]] and [[Vazhenkada Kunchu Nair]].<ref name="Hindu">{{cite news |author=Staff Reporter |title=Kalamandalam Rajan passes away |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/kalamandalam-rajan-passes-away/article3527280.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=14 June 2012 |language=en-IN |access-date=17 January 2022 |archive-date=18 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118182705/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/kalamandalam-rajan-passes-away/article3527280.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Indian Express"/> in 1965 he joined [[RLV College of Music and Fine Arts|Tripunithura RLV college]] as an assistant dance master in kathakali and retired from there as head of the Fine Arts Section.<ref name="Hindu"/> In 1985 he was re-appointed as visiting Professor in the same institution.<ref name="Akademi"/>

In Kathakali Rajan was expert in ''pacha'', ''kathi'' and ''minukku'' roles.<ref name="Hindu"/> His performances as Bahuka, Nala and Dharmaputra have been critically acclaimed.<ref name="Akademi">{{cite web |title=Kalamandalam Rajan |url=https://www.sangeetnatak.gov.in/public/uploads/awardees/docs/Kalamandalam_Rajan.pdf |publisher=[[Sangeet Natak Akademi]] |access-date=2022-01-17 |archive-date=2022-01-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118182700/https://www.sangeetnatak.gov.in/public/uploads/awardees/docs/Kalamandalam_Rajan.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> He had performed in many stages India and abroad with Margi Kathakali Vidyalayam, Thiruvananthapuram, and was part of the Kathakali Festival conducted by [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]] in [[New Delhi]] in 1993.<ref name="Hindu"/>

He died on 14 June 2012, at the age of 81 at his house in [[Thrippunithura]], Ernakulam district.<ref name="Hindu"/>

==Family==
He and his wife Sulochana had one daughter.<ref name="Hindu"/>

==Awards and honors==
*[[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] 2009<ref name="Hindu"/>
*[[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi]] Gurupooja award 2006<ref name="Hindu"/>
*Kalamandalam Krishnan Nair Memorial Award 2001<ref name="Akademi"/>
*Kalamandalam Karunakaran Smaraka Award 2007<ref name="Akademi"/>
*Pattikkamthodi Ravunni Menon Memorial Kathakali Award bestowed by Kerala Kalamandalam 2008<ref name="Akademi"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Sangeet Natak Akademi Award Winners of Kerala}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajan, Kalamandalam}}
[[Category:1931 births]]
[[Category:2012 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dancers]]
[[Category:Dancers from Kerala]]
[[Category:Kathakali dancers]]
[[Category:People from Ernakulam district]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Indian male dancers]]

K. R. Srinivasa Iyengar

2026-02-07T23:14:13Z

Caleb78G9218343: expand details per standard format further and improved wording per sources

{{Use Indian English|date=July 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = K. R. Srinivasa Iyengar
| image = KRSrinivasaiyengar.jpg
| birth_date = 17 April 1908
| birth_place = Sattur, Tamil Nadu, India
| death_date = 15 April 1999
| death_place = Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| citizenship = India
| fields = English
| workplaces = [[Andhra University]]
| alma_mater =
| doctoral_advisor =
| academic_advisors =
| doctoral_students =
| notable_students =
| known_for = Indian Writing in English
| author_abbrev_bot =
| author_abbrev_zoo =
| influences =
| influenced =
| awards = [[List of Sahitya Akademi fellows|Sahitya Akademi Fellowship]]
| signature = 
| signature_alt =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Kodaganallur Ramaswami Srinivasa Iyengar''' (1908–1999), popularly known as '''K. R. Srinivasa Iyengar''', was an Indian writer in English, former vice-chancellor of [[Andhra University]]. He was given the prestigious [[List of Sahitya Akademi fellows|Sahitya Akademi Fellowship]] in 1985.

==Career==
Srinivasa Iyengar was born on 17 April 1908. He joined the Department of English in the [[Andhra University]] which was started in 1947.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.andhrauniversity.info/arts/english/index.html |title=Department of English at Andhra University. |access-date=19 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090511010834/http://www.andhrauniversity.info/arts/english/index.html |archive-date=11 May 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> On 30 June 1966, he became the vice-chancellor of the [[Andhra University]] and continued till 29 November 1968. The Department of English, one of the oldest in the University, was carved out of the Department of Modernity European Languages. He then served as vice-president of Sahitiya Akadami from 1969 to 1977, and then its acting president from 1977 to 1978. He has served as a member of the Press Council of India, the Board of Governors of the Indian Institute of Advanced Study, Simla from 1970 to 1979 and the CIEFL (Hyderabad) and on the executive of the P. E. N., All India Centre. He was conferred with D. Litt degrees (honoris causa) by Andhra and Sri Venkateswara Universities. His work ''On the Mother'' received the Sahitiya Akadami annual award in 1980.<ref name="Manavalan_CompendiumOfKuralTrans">{{cite book
| last = Manavalan
| first = A. A.
| title = A Compendium of ''Thirukural'' Translations in English
| publisher = Central Institute of Classical Tamil
| volume = 4 vols.
| date = 2010
| location = Chennai
| language = English
| isbn = 978-81-908000-2-0
}}</ref>

His lectures in Indian Writing in English at the [[University of Leeds]] were turned into the book, ''Indian Writing in English''.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080213235102/http://www.hindu.com/2007/12/11/stories/2007121155610800.htm Prof. Iyengar’s contribution recalled]</ref>

Iyengar in October 1972, gave a series of six lectures on [[Sri Aurobindo]]'s [[Savitri (book)|Savitri]] at the [[Indian Institute of Advanced Study]], [[Shimla|Simla]] covering the following themes: the Yogi and the Poet; the Savitri Legend; Aswapati the Forerunner; Savitri and Satyavan; Savitri's Yoga; Dawn to greater Dawn.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.savitrithelightofthesupreme.org/blog/_archives/2009/4/5/4143930.html |title=Savitri: the light of the Supreme blog |access-date=19 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728000308/http://www.savitrithelightofthesupreme.org/blog/_archives/2009/4/5/4143930.html |archive-date=28 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Iyengar wrote extensively on British, American and Commonwealth literatures, comparative aesthetics, and the spiritual heritage of India. He has authored more than 40 books.<ref name="Manavalan_CompendiumOfKuralTrans"/>

==Literary works==
* [[Lytton Strachey]] (1938)
* Indo-Anglian Literature (1943)
* Literature and authorship in India (1943)
* The Indian contribution to English literature (1945)
* [[Sri Aurobindo]] - Biography (1945)<ref>Complete book of Sri Aurobindo Biography at scribd.</ref>
* [[Gerard Manley Hopkins]], the man and the poet (1948)
* On the Mother (1952)
* [[Shakespeare]] (1964)
* Education and the new India (1967)
* Indian Writers in Council<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=bjus23Wrz5EC&q=K.+R.+Srinivasa+Iyengar Complete book of Indian Writers in Council at Google Books.]</ref>
* Leaves from a Log: Fragments of a Journey.
* [[Rabindranath Tagore]] (1965)
* Mainly academic talks to students and teachers (1968)
* [[Guru Nanak]] - A Homage (1973)
* Indian Writing in English (1983)
* Australia helix (1983)
* [[Sitayana]] (1987)
* English translation of the [[Tirukkural]] (1988)
* Saga of seven mothers (1991)
* Krishna-geetam (1994)

==See also==
* [[Tirukkural translations into English]]
* [[List of translators into English]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071214105302/http://www.hindu.com/2007/12/11/stories/2007121155610800.htm ]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080310013703/http://www.hindu.com/2008/03/07/stories/2008030759350300.htm ]

{{Tirukkural}}
{{Sahitya Akademi Award for English}}
{{SahityaAkademiFellowship}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Srinivasa Iyengar, K. R.}}
[[Category:1908 births]]
[[Category:1999 deaths]]
[[Category:Writers from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in English]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Fellowship]]
[[Category:Vice chancellors of the University of Madras]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Andhra University]]
[[Category:Indian literary historians]]
[[Category:People from Virudhunagar district]]
[[Category:Vice-chancellors of Andhra University]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian biographers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:English-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Tamil–English translators]]
[[Category:Translators of the Tirukkural into English]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian translators]]
[[Category:Academics of the University of Leeds]]

Arvind Virmani

2026-02-04T20:48:00Z

Caleb78G9218343: add references after review and added references

{{Short description|Indian economist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Arvind Virmani
| image = File:Chief Economic Advisor, Dr. Arvind Virmani, in New Delhi on December 16, 2008.jpg
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1949|06|22}}
| office = Full time member of [[NITI Aayog]]
| nationality = [[India]]n
| alma_mater = [[Delhi University]] ([[BSc]]) [[California Institute of Technology|Caltech]] (BS) [[Harvard University]] ([[Master of Arts|MA]], [[PhD]])
| profession = [[Economist]]
| office2 = 13th [[Chief Economic Adviser to the Government of India]]
| term2 = 2007 - 2009
| termstart1 = 16 November 2022
| predecessor2 = [[Ashok K Lahiri]]
| successor2 = [[Kaushik Basu]]
}}

'''Arvind Virmani''' (born 22 June 1949) is an Indian [[economist]] and full time Member of [[NITI Aayog]]. He was appointed India's representative to the [[International Monetary Fund]] in 2009. Prior to that, he was the [[Chief Economic Adviser to the Government of India|Chief Economic Advisor to the Government of India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oneindia.com/2007/07/13/arvind-virmani-appointed-chief-economic-adviser-to-finance-min-1184317987.html |title=Arvind Virmani appointed Chief Economic Adviser to Finance Min - Oneindia News |publisher=Oneindia |date=2007-07-13 |access-date=2020-05-09}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Virmani’s parents moved to Delhi’s Jhandewalan area after Partition. He attended [[St. Columba's School, Delhi|St.Columba's School]], Delhi in his childhood. Once he turned 11, his father decided to send him to [[The Doon School|Doon School]]. He graduated with a degree in [[Physics]] from the [[St. Stephen's College, Delhi]] and studied Electronics and Economics at [[California Institute of Technology]], following which, he received MA and PhD in economics from [[Harvard University]] under the supervision of [[Kenneth Arrow]] in 1975.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Author Details |url=https://www.academicfoundation.org/index.php?route=product/author_details&author_id=454 |access-date=2023-04-05 |website=www.academicfoundation.org}}</ref><ref name=BS20110823>{{cite news |url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/lunchbs-arvind-virmani/446629/ |title=Lunch with BS: Arvind Virmani Professor of reform |first=A. K. |last=Bhattacharya |date=23 August 2011 |work=Business Standard|accessdate=12 July 2012}}</ref>

== Career ==
After receiving a doctorate from Harvard, Virmani moved to [[New York University]] for a teaching assignment. He returned to India around the end of Indira Gandhi’s [[The Emergency (India)|Emergency rule]] in 1977. He had two job offers. One, he was shortlisted for Reader at the [[Delhi School of Economics]] and the other a job with the [[World Bank]]. After consulting with [[Ashok Lahiri]], who was second on the panel of shortlisted candidates for the Reader job at DSE, Virmani opted for the latter. After spending nearly 10 years as Senior Economist at World Bank, Virmani returned to India in 1987. He served the government from 1987 in senior positions in the [[Ministry of Finance (India)|finance ministry]] and the [[Planning Commission (India)|Planning Commission]] for over two decades. He worked on various economic policy papers during the 1990s that led to various reforms. He has been an advisor to the [[Government of India|Indian Government]] at the highest levels, including as [[Planning Commission (India)|Principal Advisor, at the Planning Commission]] and Chief [[Economic Advisory Council|Economic Advisor]] at, the [[Finance minister|Ministry of Finance]].[1] During his period as the [[Chief Economic Advisor to the Government of India]], Virmani wrote the [[Economic survey of India|Economic Survey of India]] (2008-2009). In 2009, he was appointed as India's representative in the [[International Monetary Fund|International Monetary Fund (IMF)]], a position often considered to be a reward for bureaucrats coming close to retirement and that has three years of office. He served as a member of the Technical Advisory Committee of the [[Reserve Bank of India|RBI]] on Monetary Policy from February 2013 to August 2016.<ref name="BS20110823" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Arvind Virmani - CV |url=https://sites.google.com/site/drarvindvirmani/about-me/-CV |access-date=2023-02-04 |website=sites.google.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/arvind-virmani-gets-plum-imf-job/512934/ |title=Arvind Virmani gets plum IMF job |work=The Indian Express|date=4 September 2009 |accessdate=12 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2022-11-16 |title=Govt appoints Arvind Virmani as full-time member of NITI Aayog |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/Economy/govt-appoints-arvind-virmani-as-full-time-member-of-niti-aayog/article66143473.ece |access-date=2023-02-17 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Dr Arvind Virmani |url=https://www.niti.gov.in/dr-arvind-virmani |website=NITI Aayog}}</ref>

He was also a Member of the Board of EXIM Bank, Chairman of, Board of Trustees in [[SBI Mutual Fund]], Director of [[Life Insurance Corporation|Life Insurance Corporation of India]] (LIC), Member of the [[SEBI]] Appellate Tribunal and Depositories Act Appellate Tribunal, Director of [[Punjab National Bank]], [[Allahabad Bank]] and Member of the Board of Trustee in [[Unit Trust of India]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" />

He is the founder of EGROW Foundation, a non-profit, multi-disciplinary public policy organisation engaged in independent, high-quality research in the areas of macroeconomic policy, public welfare, national security and diplomacy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About {{!}} EGROW Foundation |url=https://egrowfoundation.org/about/ |access-date=2023-02-17 |website=egrowfoundation.org}}</ref><ref name=":1" />

He was appointed a full-time member of [[NITI Aayog]] in November 2022<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-16 |title=From UPA govt's CEA to PM Modi's NITI Aayog member: Who is Arvind Virmani? |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/from-upa-govt-s-cea-to-pm-modi-s-niti-ayog-member-who-is-arvind-virmani-122111601131_1.html |access-date=2023-04-03 |website=www.business-standard.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Publications ==
He has published several articles in the areas of [[Macroeconomics]] growth and finance, International trade & Tariffs and International relations.<ref name=":1" /> ''From Uni-polar To Tri polar World: Multi-polar Transition Paradox'',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.academicfoundation.com/n_detail/607.asp |title=Academic Foundation - Indian Economy: Books, Documents, Reports |access-date=24 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120423185544/http://academicfoundation.com/n_detail/607.asp |archive-date=23 April 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ''Propelling India From Socialist Stagnation To Global Power''.<ref>{{cite book|author=Your name here |title=Propelling India from Socialist Stagnation to Global Power: Volume 1: Growth Process (1): Virmani, Arvind: 9788171885305: Amazon.com: Books |year=2006 |isbn=8171885306 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/budget_archive/es2008-09/esmain.htm Economic Survey 2008-2009]
* {{cite web|title=Most widely held works by Arvind Virmani|url=https://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n84160512/|publisher=[[WorldCat]]}}
*{{Commons category-inline|Arvind Virmani}}

{{Ministry of Finance (India)}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Virmani, Arvind}}
[[Category:21st-century Indian economists]]
[[Category:Indian atheists]]
[[Category:Indian diplomats]]
[[Category:The Doon School alumni]]
[[Category:California Institute of Technology alumni]]
[[Category:Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Chief Economic Advisers to the Government of India]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]
[[Category:1949 births]]
[[Category:Indian economists]]
[[Category:NITI Aayog members]]

Ration card (India)

2026-02-04T05:31:31Z

Caleb78G9218343: starting new article more to come

{{Short description|Ration Card}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2014}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2016}}
{{Politics of India}}
'''Ration cards''' are an official document issued by [[State governments of India|state governments in India]] to households that are eligible to purchase subsidised food grain from the [[Public distribution system|Public Distribution System]] under the [[National Food Security Act, 2013|National Food Security Act]] (NFSA). They also serve as a common form of identification for many Indians.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dfpd.nic.in/index.htm|title=Department of Food and Public Distribution, India|website=Dfpd.nic.in|access-date=2016-06-11}}</ref>

Under the NFSA, all state governments in India have to identify households that are eligible to receive subsidised food grain from the Public Distribution System and provide them with ration cards. There are two types of ration cards under NFSA:<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://dfpd.nic.in/fgAvAHcAcgBpAHQAZQByAGUAYQBkAGQAYQB0AGEALwBQAG8AcgB0AGEAbAAvAE0AYQBnAGEAegBpAG4AZQAvAEQAbwBjAHUAbQBlAG4AdAAvAA==/1_43_1_NFS-Act-English.pdf|title=National Food Security Act|last=Government of India}}</ref>
[[File:West_Bengal_digital_ration_card_(frontside).jpg|thumb|West Bengal digital ration card]]
[[File:Himachal_Pradesh_ration_card_model.jpg|thumb|Model of Himachal Pradesh Digital Ration card]]
[[File:Kerala_E-Ration_card_model.jpg|thumb|Model of E-Ration card issued by Kerala civil supplies department]]
[[File:Tamil_nadu_smart_ration_card_specimen.jpg|thumb|Model of smart ration card issued by Tamil Nadu civil supplies and consumer protection department]]
* '''Priority Household (PHH) ration cards''' are issued to households that meet the eligibility criteria set by their state government. Each priority household is entitled to 5 kilograms of food grain ''per member'' per month.
* '''Antyodaya Anna Yojana (AAY)''' '''ration cards''' are issued to the "poorest of poor" households. Each AAY household is entitled to 35 kilograms of food grain per month.

'''"One Nation, One Ration Card"''' is an [[Aadhaar]]-based national ration card portability scheme to ensure food security for all, including internal migrants within India, under which beneficiaries can purchase subsidised food anywhere in India. For example, a migrant worker can obtain his share of food at his current/migrant destination location while his family can obtain their share at their source/native home location.

== History ==


Before the NFSA was enacted, there were three types of ration cards:

<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.prsindia.org/administrator/uploads/general/1388728622~~TPDS%20Thematic%20Note.pdf|title=Functioning of the Public Distribution System: An Analytical Report|last=PRS Legislative Research}}</ref>

* [[Above Poverty Line]] (APL) ration cards were issued to households living above the poverty line (as estimated by the [[Planning Commission (India)|Planning Commission]]). These households received {{cvt|15|kg}} of food grain (based on availability) per month.
* [[Below Poverty Line (India)|Below Poverty Line]] (BPL) ration cards were issued to households living below the poverty line. These households received {{cvt|25|-|35|kg}} of food grain.
* [[Antyodaya Anna Yojana]] (AAY) ration cards were issued to the "poorest of poor" households. These households received {{cvt|35|kg}} of food grain.

==National ration card portability ==

''"One Nation, One Ration Card"'', introduced in 2018, is the Aadhaar-based national ration card portability scheme to ensure food security for all including internal migrants within India. It used beneficiary's Aadhaar card for the online verification of the beneficiary. It enables migrant workers and their family members to access PDS benefits from any Fair Price Shop anywhere in the country, thus ensuring the food security through the inter-state portability of ration cards. By March 2021, 20 states have already joined the scheme and the rest were in the process of migrating to this scheme.<ref name=one1/>

Earlier "Annavitran Portal" maintained data of distribution of foodgrains through E-PoS devices within a state, which allows a migrant worker or his family to obtain food from PDS Public Distribution System) outside their district but within their state. Now, "Integrated Management of Public Distribution System" (IM-PDS) portal has been introduced, which will work in combination with Annavitran Portal to enable the inter-state portability of ration cards under which migrant worker can buy his/her share of food in their migrant destination location, and the rest of his/her family members can buy subsidised foodgrains from their FPS (Food Provision Store) back home. This prevents leakages, fraud, and enhances the implementation of FPS ([[National Food Security Act, 2013]]). PoS (Point of Sales) machines have been installed across all FPSs and in the country and Annavitran Portal has been seeded with Aadhaar.<ref name=one1>[https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/one-nation-one-ration-card-system-explained-6410179/ What is 'One Nation, One Ration Card'?], Indian Express, 16 May 2020.</ref>

==Ration card application Process==

Section 10 (1a and 1b) of the [[National Food Security Act, 2013|National Food Security Act]] requires [[State governments of India|states governments]] to identify households to be covered under priority and AAY categories within a year from the commencement of NFSA and place the list of identified eligible households in the public domain.<ref name=":0" /> After the enactment of NFSA, all state governments developed a set of eligibility criteria to identify households for issuing ration cards. Based on this eligibility criteria, new ration cards were issued. In some states (such as [[Bihar]] and [[Madhya Pradesh]]), the state governments used existing data (such as the [[Socio Economic and Caste Census 2011|Socio-Economic Caste Census]]) to identify households and issue new ration cards. In other states (such as [[Chhattisgarh]] and [[Odisha]]), eligible households had to apply for new ration cards through a self-declaration process.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ims.ids.ac.uk/sites/ims.ids.ac.uk/files/documents/NFSA-LWP.pdf|title=India's National Food Security Act: Early Experiences|last=Puri|first=Raghav}}</ref>

==Elimination of fake ration cards==
On March 1, 2000, the Planning Commission identified 6.52 crore BPL(Below poverty line) families, including 2.43 crore Antyodaya Anna Yojana families, at the 1993-94 poverty line threshold, for the Central Government's Targeted Public Distribution Scheme. However, in 2009, the number of BBL ration cards was issued by the State Government and Union Territories was 10.96 crore.<ref>{{Cite web | title=Archived copy | url=https://sansad.in/getFile/annex/218/Au961.pdf?source=pqars | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250131025524/https://sansad.in/getFile/annex/218/Au961.pdf?source=pqars | archive-date=2025-01-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title=Archived copy | url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5964831e40f0b60a44000154/NFSA-LWP.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190725091130/https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5964831e40f0b60a44000154/NFSA-LWP.pdf | archive-date=2019-07-25}}</ref>

By linking ration cards with Aadhaar cards, 5.8 crore fake ration cards have been eliminated<ref>{{Cite web | title=Digitisation drive transforms PDS system; 5.8 crore fake ration cards eliminated: Govt - The Economic Times | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/digitisation-drive-transforms-pds-system-5-8-crore-fake-ration-cards-eliminated-govt/articleshow/115482695.cms?from=mdr | access-date=2025-08-14 | website=economictimes.indiatimes.com | date=20 November 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title=Govt digitisation drive removes 58 million fake ration cards from PDS {{!}} India News - Business Standard | url=https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/govt-digitisation-drive-removes-5-8-million-fake-ration-cards-from-pds-124112000601_1.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241121103507/https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/govt-digitisation-drive-removes-5-8-million-fake-ration-cards-from-pds-124112000601_1.html | access-date=2025-08-14 | archive-date=2024-11-21}}</ref> and 20.4 crore BBL ration cards are in regular use.<ref>{{Cite web | title=Press Release:Press Information Bureau | url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2074977 | access-date=2025-08-14 | website=pib.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title=Ration Card Dashboard | url=https://nfsa.gov.in/public/nfsadashboard/PublicRCDashboard.aspx | access-date=2025-08-14 | website=nfsa.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title=Press Release:Press Information Bureau | url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2086345 | access-date=2025-08-14 | website=pib.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title=Ration card portability gains traction in 2023; records 28 cr transactions in 11 months - The Economic Times | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/ration-card-portability-gains-traction-in-2023-records-28-cr-transactions-in-11-months/articleshow/106325752.cms?from=mdr | access-date=2025-08-14 | website=economictimes.indiatimes.com | date=27 December 2023 }}</ref>

Earlier, prior to the digitisation, many problems with the PDS ration system exist, there are millions of ineligible and fraudulent ration cards;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/30-lakh-bogus-ration-cards-could-derail-scheme/articleshow/20868498.cms |title=30 lakh bogus ration cards could derail scheme |website=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=2013-07-02 |access-date=2016-06-11}}</ref> at the same time, millions of poor families have no ration card.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/They-Face-Extreme-Poverty-but-have-APL-Ration-Cards/2014/02/21/article2068517.ece#.UzU_U_mSySo |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221090733/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/They-Face-Extreme-Poverty-but-have-APL-Ration-Cards/2014/02/21/article2068517.ece#.UzU_U_mSySo |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 February 2014 |title=They Face Extreme Poverty, but have APL Ration Cards |newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=2014-02-21 |access-date=2016-06-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/the-right-to-ration-cards-113071300663_1.html |title=The right to ration cards | Business Standard Column |website=Business-standard.com |access-date=2016-06-11}}</ref> PDS shop owners in collusion with government officials diverted the subsidized food supply and petroleum to the [[black market]]. Card numbers are inflated by those held under false or duplicate names, in the names of dead or fake people .<ref>{{cite web |last=Barbhuiya |first=Md Arya |date=26 December 2022 |title=Ration Card Apply Process |url=https://assamnaukri.com/assam-ration-card-online-check-online-apply-2023/ |access-date=27 August 2023 |website=AssamNaukri.com}}</ref><ref name=autogenerated2>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Aadhaar-link-needed-to-control-subsidy-leakage-Moily/articleshow/29027442.cms |title=Aadhaar link needed to control subsidy leakage |website=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=2014-01-19 |access-date=2016-06-11}}</ref>

Following initiatives have been taken to weed out the fake ration card and to prevent fraud.

===Aadhaar-enabled beneficiary===

The bank accounts and ration cards of eligible beneficiaries are linked to their [[Aadhaar]] numbers. A bank account can be enabled as AeBA by seeding (linking) it with an Aadhaar number. Seeding makes mapping information stored on the [[NPCI]] payment gateway that facilitates the subsidy payment. Seeding helps identify genuine and eligible beneficiaries and prevents duplicate and non-existent persons from registering.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.npci.org.in/aboutus.aspx |title=National Payments Corporation of India |website=Npci.org.in |access-date=2016-06-11}}</ref> Users can link a bank account as self-service option through [[Automated teller machine|ATM]] kiosks, the Internet, bank websites, telephone, or by providing a copy of the Aadhaar letter to a bank.

Prior to Aadhaar, the issues plaguing and derailing social security programs in India were caused by corrupt officials and middlemen manipulating paper records and stand-alone databases of social security services. Due to lack of a unique identifier like Aadhaar, stand-alone databases cannot detect and eliminate duplicate or fraudulent beneficiaries. The most common [[modus operandi]] adopted to inflate the beneficiary list is by inserting duplicate entries, non-existent names, and the names of dead and non-eligible people. Attempts are then made to steal the social security benefits money, depriving genuine claimants.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uidai.gov.in/UID_PDF/Front_Page_Articles/Strategy/Exclusion_to_Inclusion_with_Micropayments.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=28 March 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150514080428/http://uidai.gov.in/UID_PDF/Front_Page_Articles/Strategy/Exclusion_to_Inclusion_with_Micropayments.pdf |archive-date=14 May 2015 }}</ref><ref name=autogenerated3>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-21/mumbai/40708660_1_bogus-ration-cards-two-crore-cards-bureaucrat |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130803121539/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-21/mumbai/40708660_1_bogus-ration-cards-two-crore-cards-bureaucrat |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-08-03 |website=[[The Times of India]] |title=India News, Latest Sports, Bollywood, World, Business & Politics News |access-date=2016-06-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/aadhar-helps-weed-out-fake-ration-cards-in-andhra/1046671/ |title=Aadhar helps weed out fake ration cards in Andhra |newspaper=[[Indian Express]] |date=2012-12-18 |access-date=2016-06-11}}</ref>

===Aadhaar-enabled DBT===
{{main | Direct Benefit Transfer | l1= Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) }}

Aadhaar-enabled service delivery (AeSD) prevents corruption in retail by [[Direct Benefit Transfer|directly crediting benefit]] money into the beneficiary's bank account; this is called Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT). It eliminates middlemen and fraudulent, ineligible beneficiaries. In this way, Aadhaar saves billions of rupees of public money annually and enables poor people access to social security benefits.

Various financial and other services are being Aadhaar-enabled, called Aadhaar-enabled Service Delivery (AeSD), in a phased manner.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Aadhaar-must-deliver-all-subsidy-perks-Montek/articleshow/17918950.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111055154/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-07/india/36191631_1_cash-transfer-ambitious-direct-cash-montek-singh-ahluwalia |url-status=live |archive-date=2013-11-11 |website=[[The Times of India]] |title=India News, Latest Sports, Bollywood, World, Business & Politics News |date=7 January 2013 |access-date=2016-06-11}}</ref> By 1 January 2014, half of India (289 districts across various states) had been covered by DBT for subsidized LPG. By August 2013, 6.3 million duplicate LPG connections were detected by Aadhaar and were cancelled. The national government saved $1 billion on reduced imports by mid-2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Drive-against-cooking-gas-misuse-helps-government-save-1-billion-in-imports/articleshow/24130548.cms |title=Drive against cooking gas misuse helps government save $1 billion in imports |website=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=2013-10-14 |access-date=2016-06-11}}</ref>

===Aadhaar-enabled eligibility check===

Applicant eligibility is checked by comparing the service delivery database with other databases. For example, PDS kerosene eligibility is checked by comparing the PDS database with the LPG database. The subsidy on kerosene allocation is reduced if the LPG subsidy is detected for that household.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-29/madurai/39600367_1_ration-bogus-cards-palakkarai |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140112032528/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-29/madurai/39600367_1_ration-bogus-cards-palakkarai |url-status=dead |archive-date=2014-01-12 |website=[[The Times of India]] |title=India News, Latest Sports, Bollywood, World, Business & Politics News |access-date=2016-06-11}}</ref>

Ration card eligibility is cross-checked with other related, Aadhaar-linked databases. This approach is designed to improve the [[audit trail]], add efficiency and prevent corruption. It results in direct benefit access for eligible people and annually saves billions of rupees from corruption.<ref name=autogenerated3 /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/over-13-lakh-fake-old-age-pension-beneficiaries/158135-60-118.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207200437/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/over-13-lakh-fake-old-age-pension-beneficiaries/158135-60-118.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-12-07 |title=Over 13 lakh fake old age pension beneficiaries - News18 |website=Ibnlive.in.com |date=2011-06-10 |access-date=2016-06-11}}</ref> Tangible benefits became visible from 2014; a report by [[UBS]] published in January 2014 showed Aadhaar DBT can save 1.2% of GDP.

The finance minister informed the Parliament during Vote on Account that as of 31 January 2014, under DBT ₹33 billion for 21 million LPG subsidy and ₹6.28 billion (628 crores) have been transferred for various social programs in 5.4 million transactions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-02-18/news/47413178_1_aadhaar-lpg-beneficiaries |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140310195057/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-02-18/news/47413178_1_aadhaar-lpg-beneficiaries |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 March 2014 |title=Vote on Account 2014: Govt committed to Aadhaar; Rs 3,370 cr transferred to LPG beneficiaries - timesofindia-economictimes |website=Articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com |access-date=2016-06-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/government-fully-committed-to-aadhaar/article5699113.ece |title=Government fully committed to Aadhaar |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=2014-02-17 |access-date=2016-06-11}}</ref>

===e-Ration Card Services===

With the help of e-Ration service, applicants can obtain ration cards and check their costs and food grain availability online. This will help end the corrupt practice of holding back rations and ensure cards reach the needy. Aadhaar card holders can apply for e-ration cards. The [[Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution|Department of Food Supplies and Consumer Affairs]] website provides eligibility details for the food security plan. This service was first introduced in Delhi.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-and-current-affairs/story/indias-first-e-ration-service-launched-by-delhi-cm-arvind-kejriwal-246195-2015-03-28 |title=India's first e-ration card service launched by Delhi CM Arvind Kejriwal : Art and Culture |website=Indiatoday.intoday.in |date=2015-03-28 |access-date=2016-06-11}}</ref> Later this has been followed by the state Governments of Tamil Nadu, Kerala

==Impact of AADHAR based technology in fraud prevention ==

===National summary: 2018-2021 1.29 cr fake cards eliminated===

Between 2018 and March 2021 3-year period, at least 1.29 crore (12.9 million) fake ration cards were eliminated based on the biometric enabled AADHAR card seeding of the ration card database which had several times more beneficiaries as each ration card has several family members on it. Seeding ration cards with AADHAR ensured uniqueness of beneficiaries in Public Distribution System (PDS). Nation-wide 92% ration cards, have bee seeded with at least one member of the household's AADHAR number. Number of fake ration cards weeded out were 93,78,789 in [[Uttar Pradesh]], 20,37,947 in [[Maharashtra]], followed by [[Madhya Pradesh]] (3,54,535), [[Haryana]] (2,91,926), [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] (2,87,474), [[Delhi]] (2,57,886) and [[Assam]] (1,70,057). 19,410 actions were taken against FPS licenses which were either suspended, cancelled, sent show-cause notices, or FIRs lodged by States/UTs, this included 13,905 in Uttar Pradesh, 3,139 in [[Kerala]], etc.<ref name=zee1>[https://zeenews.india.com/india/1-29-crore-ration-cards-cancelled-deleted-across-india-in-past-3-years-most-in-up-and-maharashtra-govt-2379595.html 1-29 crore ration cards cancelled deleted across india in past 3 years most in UP and maharashtra govt], Zee News, 28 July 2021</ref>

===PDS ration in Andhra Pradesh===

Ration cards and corresponding bank accounts of the heads of families (HoF) have been linked with Aadhaar Numbers of family members to prevent retail corruption.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eindia.eletsonline.com/2012/aadhaar-enabled-public-distribution-system-civil-supplies-departmentgovernment-of-andhra-pradesh/ |title=eINDIA 2012 » INDIA'S LARGEST ICT EVENT » Aadhaar Enabled Public Distribution System – Civil Supplies Department, Government of Andhra Pradesh |website=Eindia.eletsonline.com |date=2012-10-22 |access-date=2016-06-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=K. V. Kurmanath |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/info-tech/aadhaar-pds-database-link-to-help-ap-plug-loopholes/article4171521.ece |title=Aadhaar, PDS database link to help AP plug loopholes | Business Line |website=Thehindubusinessline.com |access-date=2016-06-11}}</ref> When a beneficiary buys rations from a PDS shop, their eligibility is authenticated through an Aadhaar KYC handheld device. The PDS computer system reads out the quantity eligibility and balance of each item in the local language. After purchase, the balance quantities for that month are read out. The buyer pays the open market rate to the PDS shop. A computer prints a receipt showing all items purchased, balance items, money paid and subsidy amount. The subsidy amount is credited to the beneficiary's bank account under the DBT program.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/277447/andhra-pradesh-links-pds-aadhaar.html |title=Andhra Pradesh links PDS to Aadhaar card |website=Deccanherald.com |date=2012-09-08 |access-date=2016-06-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/aadhaarbased-pds-is-yielding-good-results-in-east-godavari/article3967378.ece |title=Aadhaar-based PDS is yielding good results in East Godavari - ANDHRA PRADESH |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=2012-10-05 |access-date=2016-06-11}}</ref> Because the PDS computer system is connected to a central server, beneficiaries can buy ration items from any PDS shop. The system is flexible and provides access and options to the public that was not seen before in PDS.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/aadhaarlinked-biometric-device-to-replace-plan-for-smart-cards-at-ration-shops/article4509641.ece |title=Aadhaar-linked biometric device to replace plan for smart cards at ration shops |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=2013-03-15 |access-date=2016-06-11}}</ref>

The state government is preparing to replace about 1,29,00,000 ration cards with the new AP rice card. According to Food and Civil Supplies Andhra Pradesh, around 18 lakh beneficiaries have been found suspicious. The beneficiary for the new AP Ration Card has been identified by a volunteer through door-to-door survey. Now the beneficiary has been identified as the beneficiary will get the YSR Rice Card. While submitting application for Ration Card in Andhra pradesh, Form D1 needs to be submitted to the nearest rationing office.

=== m-Ration Mitra in Madhya Pradesh ===

M-Ration Mitra is a smartphone application that allows people to register for Ration cards through mobile phones, which essentially fast tracks the whole process exponentially. This is primarily done to make sure that those below the Poverty Line do not have to wait for the procedures before getting access to food grains. Through the M-Ration Mitra application, consumers can avail food grains at ration shops and can also receive notification regarding the status of the POS machine in ration shops. They can even receive the address of the nearest ration shops and the benefits of the M-Ration card can be availed by anyone in the family. The M-Ration Mitra also serves as a consumer complaint forum, which will allow consumers to complain about the closure of shops, short-weighing, or non-distribution of certain food items.

==See also==

; Ration card related topics
* [[India Stack]]
*[[Public distribution system (India)]]
*[[National Food Security Act, 2013]]
*[[Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Anna Yojana]]
*[[Aadhaar]]
*[[Aadhaar-enabled service delivery]]
*[[Direct Benefit Transfer]]
*[[Subsidies]]
*[[Public welfare in India]]

; Common man empowerment related topics
* [[DigiLocker]] (easier access to online identity proof and services)
* [[Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana]] (affordable housing for all)
* [[Saubhagya scheme|Saubhagya electrification scheme]] (electrification of all houses)
* [[Swachh Bharat Abhiyan|Swachh Bharat]] (toilet for all houses)
* [[Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana|Ujjwala Yojana]] (clean cooking gas connections for all)

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== State Wise Ration Card Print ==

* [https://rationcardstatuscheck.in/state-wise-ration-card-print/ State wise Ration Card Print Portal]

==External links==

* [http://pdsportal.nic.in PDS Portal of India]

{{Indian Identity Documents}}
{{Government Schemes in India}} Government

[[Category:Government schemes in India]]
[[Category:Identity documents of India]]
[[Category:Welfare in India]]

Sri Padmavathi Medical College for Women

2026-01-29T01:11:23Z

Caleb78G9218343:

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
{{Notability|org|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox University
|name = SVIMS - Sri Padmavathi Medical College for Women
|native_name =
|native_name_lang = te
|image_name =
|image_size =
|caption =
|latin_name =
|motto =
|tagline =
|established = {{start date and age|2014}}
|type = [[Medical College]]
|endowment =
|staff =
|faculty =
|president =
|provost =
|principal = Dr. Usha Kalawat
|rector =
|chancellor =
|vice_chancellor =
|director =
|dean =
|head_label =
|head =
|students =
|undergrad = 175 per year
|postgrad =
|doctoral =
|profess =
|city = [[Tirupati]]
|state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
|country = [[India]]
|campus = Urban
|free_label =
|free =
|colors =
|colours =
|mascot =
|fightsong =
|nickname =
|affiliations = [[Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences]], [[National Medical Commission|NMC]]
|footnotes =
|website =
|address =
|publictransit =
|telephone =
|coor =
|logo =
}}

'''SVIMS - Sri Padmavathi Medical College for Women''' is a medical college dedicated for women in [[Tirupati]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref name=SPMC1>{{cite news|title=After 2 years, Sri Padmavathi Medical College gets its own building|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2017/jul/13/after-2-years-sri-padmavathi-medical-college-gets-its-own-building-1627995.html|access-date=13 July 2017|work=New Indian Express|date=13 July 2017}}</ref> This college is managed by [[Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences]] (SVIMS) University. The college was established in the year 2014. It has 150 seats.<ref>{{cite news|title=SVIMS to conduct its own counselling|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/SVIMS-to-conduct-its-own-counselling/article14429756.ece|accessdate=13 July 2017|work=The Hindu|date=18 June 2016|language=en-IN}}</ref> It is the only affiliated medical college of [[Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences]] University.

==See also==
*[[Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Tirupati topics}}

{{coord missing|Andhra Pradesh}}

[[Category:Women's universities and colleges in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Medical colleges in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Tirupati]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 2014]]
[[Category:2014 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]

{{AndhraPradesh-university-stub}}

INS Pratap

2026-01-18T07:28:58Z

Caleb78G9218343: adding new pg

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox ship
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
|image=
|image_caption=
}}

|section2={{Infobox ship/career
|hide_header=
|country=
|flag= {{Navy|India}}
|name= INS ''Pratap''
|namesake=
|ordered=
|builder=
|laid_down=
|launched=
|acquired=
|commissioned= 17 February 1976
|decommissioned= 17 May 1996
|in_service=
|out_of_service=
|struck=
|reinstated=
|honours=
|fate=
|status=
|notes=
}}

|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics
|hide_header=
|header_caption=
|class= [[Chamak class missile boat]]
|type=
|displacement= 245 tons (full load)<ref name=in-chamak>{{cite web|url=http://indiannavy.nic.in/missile_chamak.htm |title=Surface Ships of Indian Navy |accessdate=2012-04-24 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619082432/http://indiannavy.nic.in/missile_chamak.htm |archivedate=2009-06-19 }}</ref>
|length= 38.6 meters
|beam= 7.6 meters
|draught=
|draft=
|propulsion=
|speed= 37+ knots
|range=
|complement= 30
|sensors=
|armament=*4 × [[SS-N-2]]A Styx AShM
*1 × [[SA-N-5]] SAM
*2 × AK-230 30mm guns
|armor=
|aircraft=
|aircraft_facilities=
|notes=
}}
}}

'''INS ''Pratap'' (K92)''' (''Glory'')<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA&oldid=72127949|title=प्रताप|date=18 March 2023|via=Wiktionary}}</ref> was a [[Chamak class missile boat]] of the [[Indian Navy]].<ref name=in-chamak/><ref name=br-osa-II>{{cite web|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/Ships/Past/89-Osa-II-Class.html |title=Bharat-Rakshak.com :: NAVY - Osa II Class |accessdate=2009-08-10 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100209025043/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/Ships/Past/89-Osa-II-Class.html |archivedate=2010-02-09 }}</ref>

==References==
<references/>

{{Chamak-class missile boat}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pratap (K92)}}
[[Category:Fast attack craft of the Indian Navy]]
[[Category:1976 ships]]

Wanihama

2025-11-27T12:00:45Z

Caleb78G9218343:

{{Short description|Village In Jammu and Kashmir}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Wanihama
| native_name = Weainhoam (وٲنؠ ہوم)
| nickname =
| native_name_lang = ks
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Jammu and Kashmir#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jammu and Kashmir, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|Union territory]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Jammu and Kashmir|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Budgam district|Budgam]]
| subdivision_type3 = Tehsil
| subdivision_name3 = Beerwah
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = Panchayat
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 771
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| blank1_name_sec1 = Sex Ratio
| blank1_info_sec1 = 394[[female|♀]]/ 377[[male|♂]]
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Urdu]], [[Hindi]], [[English language|English]]<ref name="OfficialLang">{{cite web |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2020/222037.pdf |title=The Jammu and Kashmir Official Languages Act, 2020 |publisher=The Gazette of India|date=27 September 2020 |access-date=27 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Parliament passes JK Official Languages Bill, 2020 | work=Rising Kashmir | date=23 September 2020 | url=http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 | access-date=30 May 2021 | archive-date=24 September 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924141909/http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
| demographics1_title2 =
| demographics1_info2 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 193401
| registration_plate = JK04
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Wanihama''' or '''Weainhoam''' is a village in the [[tehsil]] of [[Beerwah, Jammu and Kashmir|Beerwah]], [[Budgam district|Budgam]] district, [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Census of India: Search Details|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=516|access-date=2021-08-01|website=censusindia.gov.in}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Jammu and Kashmir}}
{{Budgam district}}

{{coord missing|Jammu and Kashmir}}

[[Category:Villages in Budgam district]]

{{JammuKashmir-geo-stub}}

Kori Kambla

2025-10-23T19:18:28Z

Caleb78G9218343: adding new details!

{{Short description|Agricultural festival in Tulunadu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
'''Kori Kambla''' is a distinct [[agriculture]]-based celebration in [[Tulu Nadu|Tulunadu]]. This refers to a kind of collective ploughing and planting on a fixed day for the enelu ([[Tulu language|Tulu]]: ''ಏಣೆಲ್'') cultivation. A general race of buffaloes is known as kori (kando korune)<ref>Viveka Rai, B.A., Yadhupathi Gowda, Rajashree (Eds.), Puttubalakeya Paaddanagalu (Mangalagangothri, 2004), p. 53</ref> [[Kambala]]. It highlights the principle of cooperation in cultivation which, in turn, helped in moulding the community life of the people of Tulunadu. It is a collectively executed task in which every household participates with men and animals. Celebrated in the traditional way in the household family here every year. The villagers and the Guttinamane family celebrates the ritual with pomp and gaiety.

== History ==
=== Pookare ===
[[File:Pookare Kambala1 - Kinyaguttu Kondana 25 Nov 2018 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Pookare]]
The rituals are observed during ploughing of the land are known as 'kandada kori'<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tulu-research.blogspot.com/2013/04/314-mooltana-alades-in-tulunadu.html|title=TuLu Research & Studies: 313. Mooltāna Alades in Tulunadu|first=Ravindra|last=Mundkur|date=30 April 2013}}</ref> in Tulu Language. Before sowing is undertaken, it's a custom to place a pillar (known as 'pookare kamba')<ref>Amritha Someshwara, Tulu Paaddana Samputa, op.cit., p.79.</ref> in the middle of the paddy field. The placing of the stone pillar symbolises marriage, with land being the bride and pillar/pole, the groom.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/lavalavk/languages/tulu/-/articleshow/28479389.cms|title = ತುಳು ಚಾವಡಿ-ತುಳುವೆರೆನ ಬೆನ್ನಿ ಸಂಸ್ಕೃತಿದ ತೇರ್-ಪೂಕರೆ}}</ref>

The pookare pillar is made of [[Areca nut|arecatree]]. On the previous day of pookare,<ref>Sundara Kenaje, Bathada Loka, op.cit., p.49.</ref> an areca tree is felled and placed on the upper part of the field. From this tree, members of the carpenter community prepare the pookare pillar. A long pillar is scraped and chopped off smoothly and the nile is
assembled into it and the nele placed at the bottom is known as thottilu nele. The remaining niles{{typo help inline|reason=similar to miles|date=September 2020}} are assembled into it in a triangular shape. Later, the tender areca flowers are placed on the top by the members of the Poojary community. Members of the barber community decorate it with different types of flowers like chendu, pade, kepala, and other types of flowers and later the ‘mudi’ made of ‘hongare’ tree is placed on the eery {{?}} top by the carpenter. After completing the pookare, the carpenters hand it over to the pookare carriers.<ref>Poovappa Kaniyoor, Pookare Mattu Itatra Janapadeeya Lekhanagalu, op.cit., p.46.</ref>

=== Bootha in Kori Kambala ===
During this agriculture based ritual, deities such as Urava, Erubanta, Nagabhoota and Bermer<ref>Dr. Indira Hegde, Tuluvas Original Abode ‘Adi Alade’: Tradition and Transformation, Navakaranataka, Bangalore,2012,p.408</ref> are invoked and worshipped. Prominent god of Kambala tradition is Naga Bermer. The coming together of bhutas ‘Naga’ and ‘Bermer’ led to the creation of Naga Bermer.

==== Urava and Erubanta ====
Erubanta and Urava are from the same family and known as sub-deities of Naga Bermer. According to Tulu-English dictionary,<ref>Manner, A., Paaddanolu, op.cit., p.62.</ref> Urave means a 'man who ploughs' and Eru means a 'bull'. So now we know the reason behind the worship ''Eru banta''<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/131824|hdl=10603/131824|title=Illakulu-aitihasikate pradeshikate mattu aradhana swaroopa|journal=University|date=13 June 2007|last1=Gowda|first1=Poovappa}}</ref> During the ritual, right after the main deities are worshipped, the makeup is altered slightly to make way for the worship of the sub-deities. In Uruv and Eru banta has no ''Paddana'' chanting formally paddana is chanting for all Daiva Kola . ''Paddana'' singing of the kabitha and ural Celling of stories and proverbs.
[[File:Kori Kambala at Kenya Guttu, near Kondana, Mangalore, on 26.11.2018 (13) (cropped).jpg|thumb|Urava Daiva]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Commons category|Kori Kambala}}

{{Culture of Tulunadu}}
[[Category:Tulu Nadu]]
[[Category:Culture of Mangalore]]
[[Category:Culture of Tulu Nadu]]

Curling in India

2025-10-19T12:07:50Z

Caleb78G9218343: Added The Pg From Scratch - done

{{Infobox sport overview
| title = Curling in India
| image =
| caption =
| union = Curling Federation of India
| country = India
| sport = Curling
| noncountry =
| nickname =
| first =
| registered =
| clubs =


| national_list =
| club_list =
| intl_list =

| Name =

| match =
| league =

| fan_org =
}}
'''India''' is considered an emerging country in the sport of '''curling'''.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Media |first1=World Curling |title=Indian teams make their mark on World Curling ice |url=https://worldcurling.org/2022/12/india/ |website=World Curling |access-date=17 June 2024 |date=31 December 2022}}</ref> The country's men's team finished second in the B-Division of the [[2022 Pan Continental Curling Championships]]. India's mixed doubles team also won silver at the 2022 [[Kazakhstan Curling Cup WCT Mixed Doubles]] [[World Curling Tour]] event.<ref>{{cite news |title=Indian mixed doubles curling team finished runners-up in WCT; medal winners felicitated |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/92165600.cms |access-date=17 June 2024 |work=The Times of India |date=12 June 2022}}</ref>

Due to the cold weather and presence of snow and ice, [[Gulmarg]] is the site of the annual National Curling Championships.<ref>{{cite news |title=Meet the Indians who want to become curling champions |url=https://lifestyle.livemint.com/news/talking-point/meet-the-indians-who-want-to-become-curling-champions-111667297114047.html |access-date=17 June 2024 |work=Mintlounge |date=2 November 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

Curling was played in [[Gulmarg]] as part of the [[Khelo India Winter Games]] 2023.<ref>{{cite news |title=Khelo India Winter Games a great spectacle for J&K, Ladakh: L-G Sinha |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/khelo-india-winter-games-a-great-spectacle-for-jk-ladakh-l-g-sinha/article67794389.ece |access-date=17 June 2024 |work=The Hindu |date=30 January 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Excelsior |first1=Daily |title=Logo And Mascot For Khelo India Winter Games 2024 Launched |url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/logo-and-mascot-for-khelo-india-winter-games-2024-launched/ |access-date=17 June 2024 |work=Daily Excelsior |date=30 January 2024}}</ref>

==National championships==
* 1st National Curling Championship, 2021–22, Gulmarg<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rafiyah |first1=Syeda |title=Ice curling gaining popularity in Kashmir |url=https://risingkashmir.com/ice-curling-gaining-popularity-in-kashmir/ |access-date=17 June 2024 |work=Rising Kashmir |date=29 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Curling Nationals: J&K clinch team gold in men’s section, Andhra top women’s category |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/curling-nationals-jk-clinch-team-gold-in-mens-section-andhra-top-womens-category/articleshow/88858820.cms |access-date=17 June 2024 |work=The Times of India |date=12 January 2022}}</ref>
* 2nd National Curling Championship, 2022–23, Gulmarg<ref>{{cite news |last1=Desk |first1=GK Web |title=Second National Curling Championship kickstarts at Gulmarg |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/kashmir/second-national-curling-championship-kickstarts-at-gulmarg/ |access-date=17 June 2024 |work=Greater Kashmir |date=6 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Kashmir |first1=Rising |title=Second National Curling Championship concludes at Gulmarg |url=https://risingkashmir.com/second-national-curling-championship-concludes-at-gulmarg/ |access-date=17 June 2024 |work=Rising Kashmir |date=9 January 2023}}</ref>
* 2nd National Floor Curling Championship, 2023, Itanagar<ref>{{cite news |title=2nd National Floor Curling Championship {{!}} Arunachal & Andhra teams lauded by CM for winning maximum medals |url=https://arunachalobserver.org/2023/05/30/2nd-national-floor-curling-championship-arunachal-andhra-teams-lauded-by-cm-for-winning-maximum-medals/ |access-date=17 June 2024 |work=Arunachal Observer |date=29 May 2023}}</ref>
* 3rd National Curling Championship, 2023–24, Gulmarg<ref>{{cite news |title=Religare Supported 3rd National Curling Championship Culminates at Gulmarg |url=https://thekashmirhorizon.com/2024/01/10/religare-supported-3rd-national-curling-championship-culminates-at-gulmarg/ |access-date=17 June 2024 |work=The Kashmir Horizon}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Arunachal's Curling team clinches 11 silver medals at National Curling Championships held in Gulmarg |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/sport/story/arunachals-curling-team-clinches-11-silver-medals-at-national-curling-championships-held-in-gulmarg-743507-2024-01-09 |access-date=17 June 2024 |work=India Today NE |date=9 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Sport in India}}

[[Category:Winter sports in India]]
[[Category:Curling by country]]

{{India-sport-stub}}

Inner Ring Road, Chennai

2025-10-19T04:17:55Z

Caleb78G9218343: enhanced intro and added references per sources

{{Short description|Transportation corridor encircling the city of Chennai}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox road
| country = IND
| type = SH
| route = 2
| map = Chennai IRR.svg
| length_km = 25.2
| length_round =
| length_ref =
| established =
| direction_a = North
| terminus_a = SH 104 in [[Manali, Chennai|Manali]]
| junction = [[National Highway 5 (India)|NH 5]] in [[Madhavaram, Chennai|Madhavaram]] [[National Highway 205 (India)|NH 205]] at [[Padi Junction]] SH 112 in [[Thirumangalam, Chennai|Thirumangalam]] [[National Highway 4 (India)|NH 4]] at [[Koyambedu Junction]] [[SH 113]] in [[Vadapalani]] [[National Highway 32 (India)|NH 32]] at [[Kathipara Junction]]
| direction_b = South
| terminus_b = [[Rajiv Gandhi Salai|SH 49A]] in [[Thiruvanmiyur]]
| previous_type =
| previous_route =
| next_type =
| next_route =
| name = Inner Ring Road, Chennai
| maint = [[Department of Highways and Minor Ports (Tamil Nadu)|Highways Department, Tamil Nadu]]
}}

The '''Inner Ring Road''' ('''IRR'''), also known as '''Jawaharlal Nehru Salai''' or '''100-Feet road''' or '''State Highway 2''', is a major transportation corridor encircling the city of '''[[Chennai]]'''. It was developed by the [[Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority]] (CMDA). It is 25.2 km long with three distinct arms viz., Northern arm, Central arm and Southern arm, connecting SH 49A ([[Rajiv Gandhi Salai]]) in [[Tiruvanmiyur]], Velachery main road at Vijayanagar, [[National Highway 32 (India)|NH 32]] (GST road) at [[Kathipara Junction|Kathipara]], [[National Highway 4 (India)|NH 4]] at [[Koyambedu Junction|Koyambedu]], [[NH 205]] at [[Padi Junction|Padi]], [[National Highway 5 (India, old numbering)|NH 5]] at [[Madhavaram Junction|Madhavaram]] and joining SH 104 (TPP Road) at [[Manali, Chennai|Manali]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/07/10/stories/2006071013900400.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060715142406/http://www.hindu.com/2006/07/10/stories/2006071013900400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 July 2006 |work=[[The Hindu]] |title=Waiting for completion of work on Inner Ring Road |date=10 July 2006 }}</ref>

==Details of the corridor==
The IRR is a 6-lane road with three arms. The northern arm of IRR starts from [[Padi Junction]] and joins SH 104 (TPP) near [[Manali, Chennai|Manali]]. It connects NH5 at [[Madhavaram Junction]]. The central arm extends from [[Kathipara Junction]] and ends at [[Padi Junction]]. It connects NH 32 at [[Kathipara Junction]], NH4 at [[Koyambedu Junction]] and NH 205 at [[Padi Junction]]. The northern and central arms together form State Highway 2. The southern arm of IRR extends from IT corridor in the form of Taramani Link Road and joins NH 32 at [[Officers Training Academy]] before ending at Kathipara Junction.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/05/15/stories/2008051559560300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080522160357/http://www.hindu.com/2008/05/15/stories/2008051559560300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 May 2008 |title=Inner Ring Road southern extension taking shape |author=R. Srikanth |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=15 May 2008}}</ref> The [[Chennai RBTW]] is being planned along the Taramani Link Road.

==See also==
{{Portal|India}}
* [[Transport in Chennai]]

==References==
{{Commons category|Inner Ring Road, Chennai}}
{{reflist}}

{{Chennai Topics}}
{{Roads of Chennai}}
{{Transport in Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Roads in Chennai]]
[[Category:Urban road transit in Chennai]]
[[Category:Ring roads in India]]

Kainakary Thankaraj

2025-10-18T17:35:15Z

Caleb78G9218343: adding pg!

{{Short description|Indian actor (1946–2022)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kainakary Thankaraj
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1946|10|18|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Kainakary]], [[Travancore]] present day Alappuzha district, [[Kerala]], [[India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2022|4|3|1946|10|18|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Keralapuram]], Kerala, India
| birth_name =
| othername = Kainakari Thankaraj
| occupation = Actor
| yearsactive = 1977–2022
}}

'''Kainakary Thankaraj''' (18 October 1946 – 3 April 2022) was an Indian actor, who worked in the [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam movie industry]] and Malayalam Drama Theater Industry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Film-theatre actor Kainakari Thankaraj passes away |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2022/04/03/actor-kainakari-thankaraj-passes-away.html |access-date=2025-05-26 |website=Film-theatre actor Kainakari Thankaraj passes away |language=en}}</ref>

==Life and career ==
Kainakary, son of playwright Krishnankutty Bhagavathar, was born on 18 October 1946 in [[Kainakary]], [[Travancore]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=നാടക, സിനിമാ നടന്‍‌ കൈനകരി തങ്കരാജ് അന്തരിച്ചു|url=https://www.manoramanews.com/news/breaking-news/2022/04/03/kainakary-thankaraj-passes-away-03.html|access-date=2022-04-03|website=Manorama News|date=3 April 2022 |language=ml}}</ref> He began acting at 13 and worked with several theater committees, including [[Kerala People's Arts Club]]. His film debut was in [[Aanappaachan]] (1978) alongside [[Prem Nazir]], leading to roles in over 35 films.

Thankaraj started acting in plays while in school, becoming a popular face in amateur theatre alongside Nedumudi Venu, Faasil and Alleppey Ashraf. His first professional play was Changanasserry Geetha. He was part of many professional theatre collectives, including Kottayam National Theaters, Chalakkuddy Saradhi and KPAC. In 1995, he founded Kainakary Theaters and later formed a theatre troupe named Ambalappuzha Aksharajwala with late actor Thilakan.<ref name="death">{{Cite web|title=Ee Ma Yau fame Kainakary Thankaraj passes away at the age of 77|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/ee-ma-yau-fame-kainakary-thankaraj-passed-away-7851852/|access-date=2022-04-05|website=indianexpress.com|date=4 April 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

Kainakary died on 3 April 2022 at his home in Velamkonam, [[Keralapuram]], after prolonged suffering with liver-related issues.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Noted Malayalam actor Kainakari Thankaraj passes away|url=https://www.mixindia.com/noted-malayalam-actor-kainakari-thankaraj-passes-away/|access-date=2022-04-03|website=mixindia.com|date=3 April 2022 |language=en}}</ref> He was 75.

==Selected filmography ==
{{More citations needed|date=May 2025}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 1977 || ''[[Achaaram Ammini Osharam Omana]]'' || Police officer ||<ref name="death"/>
|-
| 1978 || ''[[Aanappaachan]]'' || Shankaran ||<ref name="death"/>
|-
| 1980 || ''[[Agni Kshethram]]'' || ||
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Annan Thambi]]'' || ||
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Amen (2013 film)|Amen]]'' || Chali Pappan ||<ref name="death"/>
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Iyobinte Pusthakam]]'' || ||<ref name="death"/>
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2018 || ''[[Ee.Ma.Yau.]]'' || Valiyathuparambil Vavachan Mesthiri ||<ref name="death"/>
|-
| ''[[Iblis (film)|Iblis]]'' || Great Grandfather ||<ref name="death"/>
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2019 || ''[[Lucifer (2019 Indian film)|Lucifer]]'' || Sakhaavu Nedumpally Krishnan ||<ref name="death"/>
|-
| ''[[Ishq (2019 film)|Ishq]]'' || Murugan ||<ref name="death"/>
|-
| ''[[Vaarikkuzhiyile Kolapathakam]]'' || Kattuthara Vakkachan ||<ref name="death"/>
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2021 || ''[[Home (2021 film)|Home]]'' || Appachan ||<ref name="death"/>
|-
| ''[[Orilathanalil]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Mohan Kumar Fans]]'' || ||<ref name="death"/>
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Padavettu]]'' || ||<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-11-20 |title=Nivin Pauly starrer 'Padavettu' gets an OTT release date |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/nivin-pauly-starrer-padavettu-gets-an-ott-release-date/articleshow/95634900.cms |access-date=2024-03-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Nanpakal Nerathu Mayakkam]]'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mammootty calls Nanpakal Nerathu Mayakkam politically relevant, says 'we may digress from our paths but..' |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/mammootty-calls-nanpakal-nerathu-mayakkam-politically-relevant-says-we-may-digress-from-our-paths-but-2323209-2023-01-18 |access-date=2023-01-18 |website=India Today |date=18 January 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|id=5593270|name=Kainakary Thankaraj}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thankaraj, Kainakary}}
[[Category:1946 births]]
[[Category:2022 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors from Alappuzha]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Actors from Alappuzha district]]

{{India-film-actor-1940s-stub}}

Divya Gopinath

2025-08-22T12:45:11Z

Caleb78G9218343: Added First Article V1

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Divya Gopinath
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Eloor]], [[Kochi]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| other_names =
| alma_mater = [[St. Xavier's College for Women, Aluva]]
| occupation = Actress
| years_active =
| known_for =
| spouse = Jubith Namradath
| parents = K. N. Gopinath (father) C.P. Ushadevi (mother)
}}
'''Divya Gopinath''' is an Indian actress who works in [[Malayalam film industry|Malayalam films]]. She made her debut in the film ''[[Kammatipaadam]]'' (2016).<ref>{{Cite web |last=cris |date=2017-05-15 |title=Balancing cinema and theatre |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/150517/balancing-cinema-and-theatre.html |access-date=2024-09-15 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref> She has since played roles in films such as ''[[Ayaal Sassi]]'' (2017),<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-05-11 |title=Trailer of Sreeenivasan's Ayaal Sassi goes viral; Over 4.5 lakh people watch trailer within 24 hours after uploading |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/trailer-of-sreeenivasans-ayaal-sassi-goes-viral-over-4-5-lakh-people-watch-trailer-within-24-hours-after-uploading/articleshow/58624871.cms |access-date=2024-09-15 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> [[Virus (2019 film)|''Virus'']] (2019), and ''[[Anjaam Pathiraa]]'' (2020).

==Personal life==
Divya was born in [[Eloor]], Kochi. She has attended Thrissur School of Drama and Fine Arts and has a [[Master of Commerce]] from [[St. Xavier's College for Women, Aluva]]. She is married to director Jubith Namradath.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Daily |first=Keralakaumudi |title=Director Jubith gets married to actor Divya Gopinath |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=683769&u=love-blossoms-director-jubith-gets-married-to-actor-divya-gopinath-683769 |access-date=2024-09-15 |website=Keralakaumudi Daily |language=en}}</ref> She is also a member of [[Women in Cinema Collective]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=TNIE |first=Team |date=2024-09-06 |title=Actor Divya Gopinath: WCC is not a collective to oppose men |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/interviews/2024/Sep/06/actor-divya-gopinath-wcc-is-not-a-collective-to-oppose-men |access-date=2024-09-15 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

Divya was allegedly sexually assaulted by actor [[Alencier Ley Lopez]] on the set of ''[[Aabhaasam]]''.<ref name="kammatipaadam">{{Cite news |date=2019-02-25 |title=#MeToo: I need a public apology from Alencier : Divya Gopinath |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/metoo-i-need-a-public-apology-from-alencier-divya-gopinath/articleshow/68024324.cms |access-date=2024-09-15 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name="5amPathira">{{Cite news |date=2019-11-11 |title=#MeToo: All I wanted was a safe work atmosphere, I'm enjoying it now: Divya Gopinath |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/metoo-all-i-wanted-was-a-safe-work-atmosphere-im-enjoying-it-now-divya-gopinath/articleshow/72002866.cms |access-date=2024-09-15 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Kammatipaadam]]'' || Paranki Majeed's wife ||
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Ayaal Sassi]]'' || Sreelatha ||
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Aabhaasam]]'' ||The Muslim bride||
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Virus (2019 film)|Virus]]'' || Geetha ||
|-
| 2020 || ''[[Anjaam Pathiraa]]'' || SI Preethi Pothuval ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2022||''[[Village Cricket Boy]]''||Mother||Short film
|-
| ''[[19(1)(a)]]'' || Manager ||
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Thuramukham (2023 film)|Thuramukham]]'' || ||
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|nm8905300}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gopinath, Divya}}
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:1993 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Kochi]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]

Khalil Uddin Mazumder

2025-07-09T10:57:54Z

Caleb78G9218343:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}

'''Khalil Uddin Mazumder''' is an Indian politician from [[Assam]]. He was elected to the [[Assam Legislative Assembly]] from [[Katigorah (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Katigorah]] in the [[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election]] as a member of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Khalil Uddin Mazumder(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- KATIGORA(SILCHAR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate|url=https://myneta.info/Assam2021/candidate.php?candidate_id=613|access-date=2021-06-20|website=myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Khalil Uddin Mazumder {{!}} Assam Assembly Election Results Live, Candidates News, Videos, Photos|url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/assam/khalil-uddin-mazumder-katigora-candidate-s03a015c001/|access-date=2021-06-20|website=News18}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mazumder, Khalil Uddin}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Assam]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 2021–2026]]

{{Assam-INC-politician-stub}}