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Gour Chandra Mandal

2026-05-06T15:51:25Z

CaitlinBecker07:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Gour Chandra Mandal
| office = Member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Manikchak Assembly constituency|Manikchak]]
| predecessor = Sabitri Mitra
| term_start = 2026
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| profession = Politician
}}
'''Gour Chandra Mandal''' is an Indian politician and member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. He was elected as a Member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Manikchak Assembly constituency|Manikchak]] constituency in the [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gour Chandra Mandal(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- MANIKCHAK(MALDA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/WestBengal2021/candidate.php?candidate_id=1887 |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gour Chandra Mandal(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- MANIKCHAK(MALDA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/WestBengal2026/candidate.php?candidate_id=466 |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gour Chandra Mandal, MANIKCHAK constituency, BJP, WestBengal Assembly Election 2026: Profile & Affidavit |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/candidates/WestBengal2026/gour-chandra-mandal-466/ |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mandal, Gour Chandra}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2026–2031]]

Parshvanath College of Engineering

2026-05-06T12:34:59Z

CaitlinBecker07: new the entry initial version.

{{Short description|College in India}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Parshvanath College of Engineering
| image = Logo of the Parshvanath Charitable Trust and the Parshvanath College of Engineering.jpg
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| motto =
| mottoeng =
| established = {{Start date|1994}}
| closed = {{End date|2012}}
| type = Private, undergraduate, Jain religious minority college of engineering
| academic_affiliation = [[University of Mumbai]]
| principal =
| head_label =
| head =
| academic_staff = 90
| administrative_staff = > 100
| students = > 1400
| undergrad = > 1400
| postgrad = 0
| doctoral = 0
| city = [[Kasarvadavali, Thane, Maharashtra]]
| country = India
| coor = {{Coord|19|16|05|N|72|58|03|E|type:edu|display= title}}
| campus = Urban, near forest cover of [[Sanjay Gandhi National Park]]
| accreditation = [[All India Council for Technical Education]], Directorate of Technical Education of Maharashtra state.
| website = {{URL|http://www.pctce.com|www.pctce.com}}
| logo = Banner (without logo) of the Parshvanath college of Engineering.png
}}

The '''Parshvanath College of Engineering'''<ref>[http://www.pctce.com Parshvanath College of Engineering |]. Pctce.com.</ref> was a private [[engineering college]] located in [[Kasarvadavali]], [[Thane district]] of [[Maharashtra]] state in India. It was established in 1994, and was managed by the Parshvanath Charitable Trust.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://pctce.com/abouttrust |title=About Trust {{!}} Parshvanath College of Engineering |access-date=22 June 2012 |archive-date=19 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120619005600/http://www.pctce.com/abouttrust |url-status=dead }}</ref> It was a [[Jain]] religious minority college (i.e., half of all seats are reserved for students from the Jain religious minority community). While it was functioning, it was affiliated to the [[University of Mumbai]] (a [[public university]] funded by the state government of Maharashtra),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mu.ac.in/colleges/ENGINEERING.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=17 May 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150218120312/http://www.mu.ac.in/colleges/ENGINEERING.pdf |archive-date=18 February 2015 }}</ref> was accredited by the [[All India Council for Technical Education]] (AICTE) of the [[Government of India]], and was recognised by the Directorate of Technical Education (DTE) of the state [[government of Maharashtra]].

It offered undergraduate education leading to the University of Mumbai's "[[Bachelor of Engineering]]" (B.E.) degree in any 1 of the following 6 disciplines: [[mechanical engineering]], [[instrumentation engineering]], [[computer engineering]], information technology, [[civil engineering]], and [[electronics engineering|electronics and telecommunication engineering]]. The ordinary duration of these undergraduate courses is four years.

In December 2012, following the conclusion of a case against the AICTE in the [[Supreme Court of India]], the college was closed down, and all students were transferred by the DTE to other engineering colleges of the University of Mumbai for the remainder of their courses.

==History==

The college was established in 1994 by the Parshvanath Charitable Trust, then managed by trustee Mr. Tekchand Shah. It offered instruction leading to the University of Mumbai's Bachelor of Engineering degree (four-year duration) in three disciplines: computer engineering, electronics and telecommunication engineering, and instrumentation engineering. The first batch of students graduated in 1998. New departments were subsequently started: mechanical engineering in 1996 (first batch graduating in 2000), information technology in 1999 (first batch graduating in 2003), and civil engineering in 2010 (first batch intended to graduate in 2014).<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.singheducation.co.in/City-Mumbai/Parshvanath-College-of-Engineering/ | title=Parshvanath College of Engineering in Mumbai | Singh Education}}</ref> All departments offered degrees of the University of Mumbai.

[[File:Entry view of Parshvanath College of Engineering.jpg|500 px|thumb|right|Entry view of the college.]]

The college shifted from its original, 4-storied campus on the west side of Ghodbunder Road to the newer, 5-storied campus on the east side, in 2008. Till 2012, the old campus was used as a polytechnic (named "M.M.J. Shah Polytechnic"), offering engineering diplomas (in the same branches as the degree college) of three-year duration to students who had completed class 10 of the [[Education in India|Indian school education system]]. The administrative and financial offices of both the degree college and the diploma polytechnic continued to be the same till 2010, housed in the old campus. In 2010, a transition was made, enabling each institution to have its separate office in its own campus. The diploma polytechnic was closed down in 2012.

The college had faced some issues in the past, as described separately in the "[[Parshvanath College of Engineering#Past and present issues|Issues]]" section of this article.

==Campus and location==
{{unreferencedsect|date=February 2026}}
The college's original campus was a 4-storied building on the west side of Ghodbundar Road, in Kasarvadavali. The new 5- and 6-storied campus of the engineering college is on the east side of Ghodbunder Road. The campus is set up on land belonging to the Jethalal Lakhamsi Charitable Trust, which has given it on lease to the Parshvanath Charitable Trust.<ref name="dnaindia1">[http://www.dnaindia.com/academy/report_aicte-move-leaves-students-in-the-lurch_1508523 AICTE move leaves students in the lurch – Academy – DNA]. ''Daily News and Analysis''.</ref>

From 2008 to 2012, the old campus housed a diploma polytechnic (named "M.M.J. Shah Polytechnic") that offered three-year engineering diplomas to students passing class 10.

[[Image:Pic of the 3-storied old campus of Parshvanath College of Engineering.jpg|right|thumb|Entry view of the old campus of the degree college (housed the diploma polytechnic from 2008 to 2012).]]

In 2012, the adjoining "Veermata Hiraben P. Shah College of Pharmacy" (also managed by the Parshvanath Charitable Trust and affiliated to the University of Mumbai) was closed down. Its 6-storied building then became a part of the campus of the Parshvanath College of Engineering.

The campus was [[Wi-Fi]] enabled. Surveillance was carried out through [[CCTV]] cameras in the laboratories and classrooms. Initially, a centralised [[air-conditioning]] system for the whole building was planned. Even AC ducts were installed in the ceilings. But the system never became completely operational. Ultimately, ceiling fans had to be installed in all the rooms. Air-conditioning units were installed wherever they were needed (e.g. computer labs, seminar halls, etc.)

Located in Kasarvadavali Naka on Ghodbunder Road, nearby places of interest include the shopping complex having [[HyperCity]] Mall, BIG MegaMart, [[McDonald's]] fast food restaurant, etc. Nearby, there are also commercial buildings (e.g. that of G-Corp), as well as many existing and under-construction residential areas.

Various small local shops and restaurants also exist nearby.

At some distance from Kasarvadavli, the natural forest cover of [[Sanjay Gandhi National Park]] starts growing. Parts of this forest cover, along with portions of the [[Vasai Creek]], can be seen while travelling on the [[Ghodbunder Road]].

==Admissions==

Admissions to the seats (not reserved for the Jain religious minority) of the first year of undergraduate engineering programs (for students completing class 12) were carried out via the Centralized Admissions Process (CAP) of the Directorate of Technical Education (DTE) of the state government of Maharashtra.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://pctce.com/feadmission |title=Admissions {{!}} Parshvanath College of Engineering |access-date=22 June 2012 |archive-date=20 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120620015031/http://www.pctce.com/feadmission |url-status=dead }}</ref> Scores of undergraduate engineering entrance examinations were used: 85% of CAP seats were filled using the Maharashtra Health-Technical Common Entrance Test ([[MHT-CET]]) scores, and the remaining 15% of CAP seats were filled using the All India Engineering/Architecture Entrance Examination ([[AIEEE]]).

Till the 2011 admissions, intake for each engineering branch was 60 students. (This intake is only for admissions to the first year of the four-year B.E. degree program. It does not include the direct admissions to the second year for students who have completed three-year engineering diplomas.)

The admissions to the seats reserved for the Jain religious minority were also carried out using scores of engineering entrance examinations, but they were privately managed by the college. The DTE did not manage them.

As it was a private college, it also had some "institute-level seats" which were filled in any manner as decided by the college management.

The college also had direct admissions to the second year of the engineering programs for students who complete a three-year engineering diploma, after completing class 10.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://pctce.com/dseadmission |title=Direct Second Year {{!}} Parshvanath College of Engineering |access-date=22 June 2012 |archive-date=20 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120620203224/http://www.pctce.com/dseadmission |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Departments==
The college had the following academic departments:<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://pctce.com/departments |title=Departments {{!}} Parshvanath College of Engineering |access-date=22 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120420143346/http://www.pctce.com/departments |archive-date=20 April 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Mechanical Engineering===

The department of mechanical engineering was established in 1996. It offered the Bachelor of Engineering degree in mechanical engineering.

Its facilities included CNC machines, Master CAM licensed copies of Ansys 6.4, I-ideas [[AutoCAD]]-2004 in the [[Computer-aided design|CAD]]/[[Computer-aided manufacturing|CAM]] laboratory setup, etc. The CAD/CAM aided lab had 25 systems connected with True colour Resolution monitors of 21 inches, Digital Plotter, Scanner.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://pctce.com/deptmech |title=Mechanical Engineering {{!}} Parshvanath College of Engineering |access-date=22 June 2012 |archive-date=25 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120525160843/http://www.pctce.com/deptmech |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The department laboratories included the following:
* CAD (computer-aided design) / CAM (computer-aided manufacturing) Lab.
* [[Heat and Mass Transfer]] lab.
* [[Fluid Mechanics]] Lab.
* [[Refrigeration]] and [[Air Conditioning]] Lab.
* [[Mechatronics]] Lab.
* [[Turbomachinery|Hydraulic Machinery]] Lab.
* Workshop and Machine Shop (initially in the basement, later transferred to the ground floor).
* [[Internal Combustion Engine]] Lab.
* [[Strength of materials]] lab (shared with the department of civil engineering).

<gallery>
File:Machine Shop at Parshvanath College of Engineering.jpg|Machine-Shop.
File:MT, MMM and CAM lab in PCoE.JPG|Lab for "Material Technology", "Computer Aided Manufacturing" and "Mechanical Measurements and Metrology".
File:Refrigeration and air-conditioning lab in PCoE.JPG|Refrigeration and Air-conditioning lab.
File:Fluid mechanics and Hydraulic machinery lab in PCoE.JPG|Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machinery lab.
File:Mechatronics lab at PCoE.JPG|Mechatronics lab.
File:HMT lab at PCoE.JPG|Heat and Mass Transfer lab.
</gallery>

===Electronics and Telecommunications Engineering===

[[File:An EXTC lab at PCoE.JPG|thumb|right|Control systems lab.]]
The department of electronics and telecommunication engineering was established in 1994. It offered the Bachelor of Engineering degree in electronics and telecommunication engineering. It was equipped with the following laboratories:<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://pctce.com/depttelecom |title=Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering {{!}} Parshvanath College of Engineering |access-date=22 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425221104/http://www.pctce.com/depttelecom |archive-date=25 April 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Television engineering and PCB lab.
* Power electronics and drives lab.
* Electronic circuit lab.
* Digital electronics and micro-processor lab.
* Control systems lab.
* Electrical networks lab.
* Communication lab.

===Information Technology===

The department of Information Technology was established in 1999. It offered the Bachelor of Engineering degree in Information Technology.

It housed a number of specialist laboratories to extend the general computing provision. The labs were equipped with specialist software such as Oracle, [[Microsoft Visual Studio]], [[Java (programming language)|Java]], the [[Adobe Creative Suite]] and many other key products. The main corporate operating system was [[Microsoft Windows]], but many labs had [[Linux]] installed as well. All labs provided free Internet access.

There was also a specialist networking lab that was equipped with more than 20 enterprise level network switches and routers, including wireless and [[VoIP]] devices. There was a dedicated security and software forensics laboratory. There were also many special-purpose facilities for embedded system development and robotics.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://pctce.com/deptit |title=Information Technology {{!}} Parshvanath College of Engineering |access-date=22 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120719091151/http://www.pctce.com/deptit |archive-date=19 July 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The following laboratories were managed by this department:
* Project / Research and Development Lab.
* Software Testing Lab.
* Computer Graphics and Image Processing Lab.
* Web Engineering Lab.
* Network Security Lab.
* System Software Lab.
* Database and Server Security Lab.
* Mobile Computing Lab.

===Computer Engineering===
[[File:A computer lab at PCoE.JPG|thumb|A computer lab.]]
The department of computer engineering was established in 1994, and it offered the Bachelor of Engineering degree in computer engineering.

The department had 400+ nodes and 12 servers all networked with [[Linux]], [[Microsoft Windows]] and NOVELL [[NetWare]].

===Instrumentation Engineering===
[[File:View 1 of process automation lab at PCoE.JPG|thumb|right|Process automation lab.]]
[[File:View 2 of process automation lab at PCoE.JPG|thumb|right|Process automation lab.]]
The department was established in 1994, and it offered an undergraduate course (Bachelor of Engineering in instrumentation engineering) with specialisation in process instrumentation, automation in energy & infrastructure, and power plant instrumentation.

It was equipped with laboratory facilities that included arenas like Signal Processing & Simulation, Process Automation, Biomedical instrumentation, Control, Analytical instrumentation, Digital Electronics and Embedded Systems, Electrical Technology and Instrumentation, Transducers & Measurement and Communication for academic development of students with Wi-Fi facility & separate departmental library.

The department also had a student section of the [[International Society of Automation]] (ISA).

The department had the following laboratories:<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://pctce.com/deptinstru |title=Instrumentation Engineering {{!}} Parshvanath College of Engineering |access-date=22 June 2012 |archive-date=22 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120222165449/http://www.pctce.com/deptinstru |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Control and Communication Lab
* Electronics and Signal Conditioning Lab
* Analytical Instrumentation Lab
* Biomedical Instrumentation Lab
* Transducers and Measurement Lab
* Process Automation Lab
* Instrumentation Software and Simulation Lab
* Digital electronics and Embedded System Lab
* Electrical Technology and Instrumentation Lab
* Power Electronics and Drives Lab

===Civil Engineering===
The department of civil engineering was the most recent department of the college. It was established in 2010. It offered the Bachelor of Engineering degree in civil engineering. The first batch of its students would have graduated in 2014, had the college continued functioning.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://pctce.com/deptcivil |title=Civil Engineering {{!}} Parshvanath College of Engineering |access-date=22 June 2012 |archive-date=4 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120704130247/http://www.pctce.com/deptcivil |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The department had the following laboratories:
* [[Engineering geology]] lab
* [[Soil mechanics]] lab
* Transportation lab
* [[Environmental engineering]] lab
* Concrete technology lab
* [[Building material]] and construction lab
* [[Strength of materials]] lab (shared with the department of mechanical engineering)

===Applied Sciences and Humanities===
[[File:Applied chemistry laboratory of the Parshvanath College of Engineering.JPG|right|thumb|Students at the applied chemistry laboratory of the college.]]

The department of applied sciences and humanities did not offer any degrees of its own. It supported the curriculum of other departments by offering courses in the following disciplines:
* [[Applied mathematics]] (first four or five semesters in each branch)
* [[Applied physics]] (first two semesters)
* [[Applied chemistry]] (first two semesters)
* [[Communication skills]] (second semester)
* Presentation and communication techniques (third semester of each branch)
* [[Environmental studies]] (fifth semester of each branch except civil engineering)

[[File:Part of the language lab of Parshvanath College of Engineering.jpg|right|thumb|Students at the language laboratory (for the subjects of "communication skills" and "presentation & communication techniques").]]

In the four-year Bachelor of Engineering curriculum of the University of Mumbai, the first year (i.e., the first two semesters) is common for all engineering majors. Thus, first-year students of the Parshvanath College of Engineering were managed by the department of applied sciences and humanities, rather than the departments of the engineering branches that they had taken admission in.

The department of applied sciences and humanities had the following laboratories:<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://pctce.com/deptappsci |title=Humanities & Applied Sciences {{!}} Parshvanath College of Engineering |access-date=22 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121205075112/http://pctce.com/deptappsci |archive-date=5 December 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Applied Chemistry Lab
* Applied Physics Lab
* [[Computer Programming]] Lab
* [[Engineering Mechanics]] Lab
* Language Lab (for the subjects of ''communication skills'' and ''presentation & communication techniques'')
* Basic [[Electrical Engineering|Electrical]] & [[Electronics Engineering]] Lab
* Sci Lab (for [[Scilab]] software taught in applied mathematics)

==Extra-curricular activities==
There were various clubs and societies formed by the students. Prominent among them was ''"Pehel"'', a society of students dedicated to [[social work]]. It was started in the academic year 2009–2010 by a group of first-year students and had organised several events for a social cause, e.g. [[blood donation]] camps, student activity days for municipality schools, donations to the underprivileged and homeless, etc.

The college also maintained a student council.

;Annual technology festival – ''Avishkar''
The college had an annual technology festival named ''"Avishkar"'' (meaning "invention" in [[Hindi]]). It included various technical events like robotic races, robotic soccer matches and wars, technical quizzes, [[Junkyard Wars]]-like competition, technology exhibitions, [[LAN]] gaming events, etc.
<gallery>
File: A robotics competition at PCoE's Avishkar 2012.JPG|A robotics competition at Avishkar 2012.
File:A civil engineering exhibition at PCoE's Avishkar 2012.JPG|A civil engineering exhibition at Avishkar 2012.
File:A technical exhibition at PCoE's Avishkar 2012..JPG|A technical exhibition at Avishkar 2012.
File:A LAN gaming event at PCoE's Avishkar 2012..JPG|A LAN gaming event at Avishkar 2012.
File:Junkyard Wars competition at PCoE's Avishkar 2012..JPG|A scene from the "Junkyard Wars" competition at Avishkar 2012.
</gallery>
;Annual cultural festival – ''Blitzkrieg''
The college also had an annual cultural festival named ''"Blitzkrieg"'' (meaning "lightning war" in German). It included various events like [[debates]], [[quizzes]], [[rangoli]]-making contest, slow-biking "race", picture-gathering contest named ''"Picomania"'' (inspired from reality TV shows like [[The Amazing Race]]), singing, [[competitive dance|dancing]] and drama competitions, student [[fashion shows]], etc.
In 2012, there were two editions of the festival: an intra-college version hosted in February, followed by an inter-college version hosted in March.
<gallery>
File:A performance at PCoE's Blitzkrieg 2012 dance competition.jpg|A performance at Blitzkrieg 2012 dance competition.
File:A performance at PCoE's Blitzkrieg 2012 drama competition.jpg|A performance at Blitzkrieg 2012 drama competition.
File:Fashion show at PCoE's Blitzkrieg 2012.JPG|Students' fashion show at Blitzkrieg 2012.
File:A performance at PCoE's Blitzkrieg 2012.JPG|A dance performance at Blitzkrieg 2012.
File:A debate competition at PCoE's Blitzkrieg 2011.jpg|A debate competition at Blitzkrieg 2011.
</gallery>

;College magazine – ''Zealous''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://pctce.com/zealous |title=Zealous 2012 – College Magazine {{!}} Parshvanath College of Engineering |access-date=22 June 2012 |archive-date=20 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120620204239/http://www.pctce.com/zealous |url-status=dead }}</ref>
In 2012, the work for the college magazine (named "Zealous") was initiated. It was envisioned to be a [[multilingual]] magazine, with student articles in 4 languages: English, [[Hindi]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]] and [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]. The first issue was expected in the academic year 2012–2013. Articles had already been submitted and selected, and most of the magazine was ready for publishing. However, due to the uncertainty over the matter of the college being allowed to function, the actual publishing and printing of the magazine never happened.

==Library==

The [[college library]] was equipped with 22843 books covering 5025 titles. It was spread over an area of about 400 square meters. The college was an associate member of INDEST AICTE Consortium, and had subscribed for 42 national and 21 international journals. The library was supported with on-line access for members.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pctce.com/library |title=Library {{!}} Parshvanath College of Engineering |website=pctce.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111031122735/http://www.pctce.com/library |archive-date=2011-10-31}}</ref>

The library had two reading rooms (one of which is air-conditioned), a reference section (for using books without taking them out of the library) and an internet surfing section for students and staff members.

Students could either take books for "reference" (returning them on the same day) or for "issue" (returning them after maximum duration of one week).

<gallery>
File:Old arrangement of library at the Parshvanath College of Engineering.jpg|Old library arrangement.
File:Library counter in Parshvanath College of Engineering.JPG|View from library counter.
File:Book shelves at PCoE library.JPG|Book shelves at the library.
File:Library reading room 2 in Parshvanath College of engineering.JPG|Reading room.
File:Reference section at PCoE library.JPG|Reference section at the library.
File:Internet access section at PCoE library.JPG|Internet access section at the library.
</gallery>

==Research and development cell==

The college had a [[research and development]] cell aimed to promote and encourage the research & development activities of the teaching staff.

The R&D cell consisted of the committee of members which included the Principal, Vice-Principal, Dean of R&D cell, Head of every department, and interested faculty members of the departments.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://pctce.com/rndcell |title=R&D Cell {{!}} Parshvanath College of Engineering |access-date=22 June 2012 |archive-date=23 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120423174123/http://www.pctce.com/rndcell |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Activities of the cell included:
* Undertaking of research projects of a group of faculty
* Undertaking of sponsored projects by industries as undergraduate projects
* Consultation offered by faculty members on problems faced by industries
* Organization of refresher courses for professionals from the industry
* Arranging lectures of experts from industry and funding agencies
* Recommending & forwarding for approval and financial aid from funding agencies for the project proposals submitted by faculty members

To improve the research and development orientation of faculty members as well as students, the decisions taken by the R&D cell included the following:
* To allow access to the laboratory after office hours so as to utilise the facilities optimally
* To allow access to library facilities after office hours on demand
* To grant funding for registering the participation in international or national engineering conferences and workshops

==Training and placement office==
The college had a training and placement office to provide right career guidance to the students and helping them in selecting a proper career track. The office regularly conducted soft skill workshops and pre-placement training programmes. Computer labs were available for conducting pre-placement tests for around 300 students at a time.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://pctce.com/tpocell |title=TPO Cell {{!}} Parshvanath College of Engineering |access-date=22 June 2012 |archive-date=20 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120620014042/http://www.pctce.com/tpocell |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Issues==
The college had faced some problems.

;Academic and other issues

Technical and cultural college festivals were not regularly held every year.

The academic situation in the college was about average. Like in most engineering colleges of the University of Mumbai, most of the emphasis was on theory exams that constitute "external assessment" of the curriculum. "Internal assessment" components like practicals, as well as out-of-the-classroom experiences like industrial visits, were sometimes neglected.
Many teaching staff members (including some heads of departments) possessed only [[bachelor's degrees]] in their disciplines. Only some had [[master's degrees]], and very few had doctorates.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pctce.com/compfaculty |title=Faculty {{!}} Parshvanath College of Engineering |website=pctce.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111031122704/http://www.pctce.com/compfaculty |archive-date=2011-10-31}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://pctce.com/itfaculty |title=Faculty {{!}} Parshvanath College of Engineering |website=pctce.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111031122902/http://www.pctce.com/itfaculty |archive-date=2011-10-31}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://pctce.com/telfaculty |title=Faculty {{!}} Parshvanath College of Engineering |website=pctce.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111031122948/http://www.pctce.com/telfaculty |archive-date=2011-10-31}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://pctce.com/instrfaculty |title=Faculty {{!}} Parshvanath College of Engineering |website=pctce.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111031122851/http://www.pctce.com/instrfaculty |archive-date=2011-10-31}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://pctce.com/mechfaculty |title=Faculty {{!}} Parshvanath College of Engineering |website=pctce.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111031122740/http://www.pctce.com/mechfaculty |archive-date=2011-10-31}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://pctce.com/civilfaculty |title=Faculty {{!}} Parshvanath College of Engineering |website=pctce.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120110074225/http://www.pctce.com/civilfaculty |archive-date=2012-01-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://pctce.com/facultyappsci |title=Faculty {{!}} Parshvanath College of Engineering |website=pctce.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111031122725/http://www.pctce.com/facultyappsci |archive-date=2011-10-31}}</ref>

;2010 – Strike of non-teaching staff; harassment case against vice-principal

[[File:2010 strike of non-teaching staff at the Parshvanath College of Engineering.png|500 px|thumb|right|The college during the 2010 strike by the non-teaching staff.]]

In 2010, the non-teaching staff organised a strike against the management (headed by then trustee of Parshvanath Charitable Trust – Mr. Tekchand Shah) for non-payment of their [[salaries]]. Due to the strike, classes were not held for several days. At the same time, the political party [[Maharashtra Navnirman Sena]]'s local branch also held a movement on college campus against then vice-principal and applied chemistry lecturer Mr. S. D. Shah for alleged [[harassment]] of some female students and staff members. The students also protested against certain aspects of the college that made student life difficult. For example: absence of basic facilities like ceiling fans in classrooms, canteen for the college, etc.; certain college rules like students not being allowed to wear [[T-shirts]] (and punishments like college IDs being confiscated, fines of Rs 100 or more being imposed on students not obeying these rules, or found loitering outside class during lecture/practical hours).<ref>{{cite web|title=Thane College bans T-shirts on campus |url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/article/2/201002162010021604350279347372720/Thane-College-bans-Tshirts-on-campus.html |access-date=4 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100219082237/http://www.mumbaimirror.com/article/2/201002162010021604350279347372720/Thane-College-bans-Tshirts-on-campus.html |archive-date=19 February 2010 }}</ref> The events led to the arrest (and later release on bail) of Mr. S. D. Shah,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110824032908/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-02-24/mumbai/28148602_1_girl-students-vice-principal-sexual-harassment Vice-principal of college in Thane arrested, classes hit]. ''The Times of India''. (24 February 2010).</ref> change of the PCT trustee from Mr. Teckchand Shah to Mr. Ashok Bhai Shah, and change of the college principal from Dr. Ram Reddy to Dr. Uttam D. Kolekar. In the transition process, the college was managed by the state government of Maharashtra. Mr. S. D. Shah has not been working in the college since his arrest.

Under the new management, the college's situation improved considerably, with all essential facilities being provided to the students and staff members. Inappropriate college rules (e.g. T-shirts not being allowed) were revoked.

;2010 admission hiccup

During the 2010 admissions, the college was initially not allowed to participate in the Centralized Admission Process (CAP) (of undergraduate engineering admissions in Maharashtra) managed by the Directorate of Technical Education (DTE) of Maharashtra state. However, after a special meeting of college management and staff representatives with the state's Higher and Technical Education minister Mr. Rajesh Tope, the college was subsequently allowed to participate in DTE's 2010 CAP from Round 2.

[[File:PCoE students at AICTE Regional Office in Mumbai.jpg|400 px|thumb|PCoE students and staff at AICTE's Mumbai Regional Office on 24 August 2012.]]

;2012 – Non-extension of AICTE approval, cases in courts, closing down of college

The [[All India Council for Technical Education]] (AICTE) attempted to de-recognize the college in the 2010–2011 academic year, after which the college management went to court seeking a stay on the order for a year. The college got the stay, and later also managed to get it extended for the academic year 2011–2012. However, when it tried to do the same for the 2012–2013 academic year, the [[Bombay High Court]] refused and upheld the AICTE's order in a ruling on 22 August 2012.<ref name="dnaindia1"/><ref>[http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/hc-dismisses-trust-plea-against-aicte-order-to-shut-engg-college/ :: HC dismisses trust plea against AICTE order to shut engg college ::]. indianexpress.com</ref> The [[AICTE]] had not granted the Extension of Approval to continue the undergraduate courses in the college,<ref>[http://dte.org.in/approvedinstitues/StaticPages/frmInstituteSummary.aspx?InstituteCode=3195 :: Directorate of Technical Education, Maharashtra State, Mumbai ::] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130301055133/http://dte.org.in/approvedinstitues/StaticPages/frmInstituteSummary.aspx?InstituteCode=3195 |date=1 March 2013 }}. Dte.org.in.</ref> (thus halting its first-year admissions in the DTE-managed CAP rounds of 2012) and had directed the college to shut down immediately, transferring the current students to other engineering colleges of the [[University of Mumbai]]. An "expert committee" of the AICTE visited the college for inspection on 6 August 2012, and after inspection it gave a "zero deficiency" report regarding the college infrastructure, facilities, etc. But even then, AICTE did not change its decision of derecognising the college. The Yuva Sena (youth wing of the [[Shiv Sena]] political party) protested the AICTE decision at the Mumbai regional office of the AICTE.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130615230113/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-28/mumbai/33449858_1_aicte-college-authorities-technical-education AICTE office vandalized over Thane college closure]. ''The Times of India''. (28 August 2012).</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120901002634/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Mumbai/Police-arrest-6-sena-activists-for-vandalism/Article1-921004.aspx Police arrest 6 sena activists for vandalism]. ''Hindustan Times'' (29 August 2012).</ref> A contentious issue in the matter of the college not being allowed to function was the college not possessing the required [[Certificate of occupancy|Occupancy Certificate]] from the [[Thane Municipal Corporation]]. But on 27 August 2012, the college obtained the Occupancy Certificate,<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Parshvanath-College-of-Engineering Parshvanath College of Engineering: Latest News, Videos, Photos]. ''The Times of India''.</ref> and then challenged the High Court ruling by appealing in the [[Supreme Court of India]].<ref>[http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_college-moves-sc-against-hc-order-to-shut-down_1734051 College moves SC against HC order to shut down – Mumbai – DNA]. ''Daily News and Analysis''.</ref> The hearing was expected on 29 August 2012, but it was postponed to 4 September 2012 due to late availability of the High Court order copy.<ref>[http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_1400-collegians-fate-still-undecided_1734861 1,400 collegians' fate still undecided – Mumbai – DNA]. ''Daily News and Analysis''.</ref> Classes, examinations and other works continued at the college till December 2012, when the Supreme Court issued its verdict in favour of AICTE.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://courtnic.nic.in/supremecourt/temp/sc%202608612p.txt | title=Disposed & Pending Case Status | access-date=4 May 2013 | archive-date=7 February 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150207084533/http://courtnic.nic.in/supremecourt/temp/sc%202608612p.txt | url-status=dead }}</ref> Thus, PCoE had to be closed down and all current students were transferred (by the Directorate of Technical Education of the state Government of Maharashtra) to other engineering colleges of the University of Mumbai. But the Supreme Court also imposed a fine of Rs 50,000 on AICTE for the delay of two years (2008–2009 and 2009–2010) in its initiative to investigate the case of the college (under the previous trustee Mr. Tekchand Shah) shifting campuses without following proper procedures.<ref>[https://archive.today/20130103091402/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-29/news/33474998_1_aicte-thane-college-s-s-mantha Informal classes on at Thane college after high court upholds withdrawal of approval by AICTE]. ''The Times of India''. (29 August 2012).</ref>

==Opening of new engineering college on the same campus==

The Parshvanath Charitable Trust (PCT) wanted to start, from the academic year 2014–205, a new engineering college named [[A. P. Shah Institute of Technology]],<ref>[http://www.apsit.org.in A. P. Shah Institute Of Technology |]. Apsit.org.in.</ref> affiliated to the University of Mumbai, on the same campus (on east side of Ghodbunder Road) where the Parshvanath College of Engineering once operated. To grant approval, the AICTE had sought, among other documents, a certificate in a particular format from the sub-divisional magistrate or collector or tehsildar. The format was the certification that "the land and the building are fit to be used for running a technical institution". But the tehsildar's office claimed that the land stood in the name of M/s Key Tech. It also stated that it was not the competent authority to issue a certificate as prescribed by the AICTE as per the rules. Since PCT failed to submit the required certificate, its application was rejected by the AICTE. PCT then moved the Bombay High Court. The court ruled in PCT's favour, saying that since the trust was not at fault for not producing the certificate, the AICTE should process its application without it. The trust was then asked to submit an affidavit stating the conditions in the certificate.<ref name="indiatimes1">{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Thane-college-back-in-new-avatar/articleshow_dc/19703980.cms|title = Thane college back in new avatar|website = [[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

But the Bombay High Court did not express any opinion on whether PCT has complied with all other conditions of setting up an institute. It has also clarified that "in the event of the AICTE finding that the petitioners have not complied with any of the requirements in the said certificate (in the affidavit), the approval, if granted, may be cancelled".<ref name="indiatimes1"/>

Eventually, PCT got all the required clearances, and opened the new college from the 2014–2015 academic year, admitting students to the first year.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.apsit.org.in/ | title=Home | APSIT}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:First floor entry at PCoE.JPG|View from first floor entry.
File:Central computing facility corridor in Parshvanath College of Engineering.jpg|Central computing facility corridor.
File:CAD computer lab in PCoE.JPG|A computer lab.
File:A seminar hall of PCoE.jpg|A seminar hall.
File:A classroom in Parshvanath College of Engineering.jpg|A classroom.
File:Corridor in Parshvanath College of Engineering.jpg|Corridor on the second floor.
File:Administrative office of the Parshvanath College of Engineering.jpg|Administrative office.
File:A drawing hall at PCoE.JPG|A drawing hall.
File:Boys' common room at PCoE.JPG|Boys' common room.
File:Canteen at PCoE.JPG|Canteen.
File:Parshvanath College of Engineering terrace - 2.JPG|A view from the college terrace.
File:View from terrace of Parshvanath College of Engineering - 2.JPG|Another view from the college terrace.
</gallery>

==See also==

{{Portal| Education}}
* [[A. P. Shah Institute of Technology]]
{{commons category|Parshvanath College of Engineering}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.pctce.com Official website of the Parshvanath College of Engineering.]

{{authority control}}


[[Category:Engineering colleges in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Affiliates of the University of Mumbai]]
[[Category:University of Mumbai]]
[[Category:Jain universities and colleges]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1994]]
[[Category:Education in Thane district]]
[[Category:1994 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges disestablished in the 21st century]]
[[Category:Educational institutions disestablished in 2012]]

Phondushastri Karande

2026-05-03T19:49:51Z

CaitlinBecker07: new some details v1

{{refimprove|date=April 2026}}
{{Short description|Reformist writer (1864–1946)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Phondushastri Karande
| birth_name = Ramchandra Vaman Karande
| birth_date = 1864
| birth_place = [[Marcel, Goa|Marcel]], [[Portuguese Goa]]
| death_date = {{death year and age|1946|1864}}
| death_place = Marcel, Portuguese Goa
}}
'''Ramchandra Vaman "Phondushastri" Karande''' (1864–1946) was a reformist writer and a litterateur.

==Early life==
Ramchandra Vaman Karande was born in 1864 in [[Marcel, Goa|Marcel]], [[Portuguese Goa]]. He was introduced to Vedic studies and medicine through his family tradition and eventually became an expert in these fields. He conducted deep studies into astrology, the technical aspects of religious rituals, and various scriptures ([[Dharmashastras]]). Since he was an expert in [[Sanskrit]], literature, rituals, [[Ayurveda]], and astrology, he earned the title of ''Shastri''.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999">{{cite wikisource |editor-first1=Tanaji |editor-last1=Halarnkar |editor-link1=Tanaji Halarnkar |first=Ramesh Sakharam |last=Barve |others= |title=Konkani Vishwakosh |trans-title=Konkani Encyclopaedia |wslink=Page:Konkani Viswakosh Vol1.pdf/375 |type= |edition= |series= |page=375 |volume=1 |year=1999 |publisher=[[Goa University]] |location=Goa |language=gom |wslanguage=gom }}</ref>

==Early work==
Most of Karande's writing was published in periodicals. Around 1894, he began writing on social issues for the Panjim-based weekly magazine ''Hitachintak''. He wrote under the pen name ''Dwiref''. He chose this name because his own name, Ramchandra, contains two 'R's (in Devanagari script, the letter 'Ra' is sometimes referred to as 'Reph'). Since the word Dwiref literally means a bumblebee (which has two 'R's in its Sanskrit name), he titled his collection of writings ''Gunjarav'' (''The Humming of a Bee''). He wrote under this name for forty years.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" /><ref name="MishraPressHistory04">{{Cite book |last=Mishra |first=Rekha |date=January 2004 |title=History of the Press in Goa |url=https://irgu.unigoa.ac.in/drs/bitstream/handle/unigoa/3905/mishra_r_2004.pdf |publisher=Goa University |pages=158–160}}</ref>

==''Satsang''==
While he contributed to many important Goan periodicals, his most significant literary contribution was through the magazine ''Satsang''. In 1901, when Shrinivas Lakhu Bhandare established a printing press in [[Cumbarjua]], Karande conceptualized starting a periodical from there.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" /> With support from Bhandare, [[Dada Vaidya]] and Ramchandra Waman Naik, Satsang was launched under Karande's editorship, where he wrote extensively. Karande's work was then compared to that of [[Vishnushastri Krushnashastri Chiplunkar]].<ref name="MishraPressHistory04" /> ''Satsang'' was published in [[Marathi language]] and focused on the lives of different [[Gaud Saraswat Brahmin]]s.<ref name="ParoboBahujan22">{{Cite book |last=Parobo |first=Parag D. |title=Construction of the Bahujan Samaj: Consciousness, Contestations and Assertions from the nineteenth century to post–Liberation Goa |url=https://irgu.unigoa.ac.in/drs/bitstream/handle/unigoa/6947/parobo_p_d_2022.pdf |date=June 2022 |publisher=Goa University |pages=88, 263}}</ref>

==Social reform and ideology==
Later, in Satsang, he began writing poetry under the pseudonym ''Toch Mee'' (It's me), though his prose was considered far superior to his poetry. He is often recognized as the first "stylist" writer in Marathi literature.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />

In 1908, Karande spoke at a public meeting at [[Mhamai Kamat House]] in Panaji. The result of this meeting was the founding of the [[Mushtifund Saunstha]] in Panaji for the education of the underprivileged.<ref name="ParoboBahujan22" />

In 1928, Karande established the Gomantak Sahitya Seva Mandal, for inclusion of Konkani words, phrases and proverbs in the Maharashtra–Shabdakosh.<ref name="ParoboBahujan22" />

Although he covered a wide range of subjects, his primary focus was the spread of education, a topic he wrote about with great passion. His writings often reflected his grief over India's lack of independence. His style was characterized by irony and satire, used to critique social ills, and subtle humour, making his reformist ideas more accessible.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />

Despite having a traditional education, he was a staunch reformist. He was a vocal advocate for women's education and held progressive views against the caste system, child marriage, and the prohibition of foreign travel (Paradeshgaman).<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />

His only published book is titled ''Kaivalyapur Mathacha Itihas'' (''History of the Kaivalyapur Monastery'').<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />

==Death==
Karande died in 1946 in Marcel.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Karande, Phondushastri}}
[[Category:1864 births]]
[[Category:1946 deaths]]
[[Category:Writers from Goa]]
[[Category:People from Portuguese India]]

Atanu Chakraborty

2026-05-02T01:44:00Z

CaitlinBecker07:

{{Short description|Chairman of HDFC Bank}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Atanu Chakraborty
| image =
| caption =
| office = Former [[Chairperson]] of [[HDFC Bank]]
| term_start = 3 July 2021
| term_end = March 18 2026
| predecessor = [[Shyamala Gopinath]]
| successor = Keki Mistry
| office1 = [[Secretary to Government of India|Economic Affairs Secretary]] of India
| appointer1 = [[Appointments Committee of the Cabinet]]
| predecessor1 = [[Subhash Chandra Garg]]
| successor1 = [[Ajay Seth]]
| term_start1 = July 2019
| term_end1 = April 2020
| office2 =
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| term_end2 =
| term_start2 =
| native_name =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1960|04|05}}<ref name=dob>{{Cite web |title=Civil List of IAS Officers |url=https://dtf.in/wp-content/files/Civil_List_of_IAS_Officers_-_Appendix_A_-_Combined_Gradation_List_of_IAS_Officers_appointed_on_the_result_of_annual_competitive_Exam._As_on_01.01.2014-civillist.ias.nic.in.htm |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=dtf.in}}</ref>
| birth_place =
| alma_mater = [[NIT Kurukshetra]] [[University of Hull]] [[ICFAI Business School Hyderabad]]
| occupation = [[Civil Servant]]
}}

'''Atanu Chakraborty''' (born 5 April 1960)<ref name=dob/> is a retired 1985 batch [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] officer of the [[Gujarat]] cadre, who served as the [[Chairman]] of [[HDFC Bank]] until 18th March 2026. He was appointed by the [[Reserve Bank of India]] in April 2021.<ref>{{cite news |title=RBI approves appointment of Atanu Chakraborty as part-time chairman of HDFC Bank |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/rbi-approves-appointment-of-atanu-chakraborty-as-part-time-chairman-of-hdfc-bank/article34390586.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=April 23, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/independent-directors-of-psus-not-just-psus-even-india-inc-likes-ias-on-board-as-director-7383486/|title=Not just PSUs, even India Inc likes IAS on board as director|date=2 July 2021}}</ref> He previously served as the [[Economic Affairs Secretary]] in [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]] [[Government of India]] until his retirement in April 2020.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Mishra |first=Asit Ranjan |date=2019-07-25 |title=Who is Atanu Chakraborty, the new economic affairs secretary? |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/who-is-atanu-chakraborty-the-new-economic-affairs-secretary-1564030011960.html |access-date=2025-11-25 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref> His participation in the economic policy making for India included Budget formulation, its passage in Parliament as well as fiscal management.<ref name=":2" />

== Education ==
He holds a degree [[BTech]] in Electronics and Communication engineering from the [[National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra]].<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Atanu Chakraborty • The Lakshmi Mittal and Family South Asia Institute |url=https://mittalsouthasiainstitute.harvard.edu/people/atanu-chakraborty/ |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=The Lakshmi Mittal and Family South Asia Institute |language=en-US}}</ref> He completed his post-graduate diploma in business finance ([[ICFAI Business School Hyderabad|ICFAI, Hyderabad]]) and an [[Master of Business Administration|MBA]] from the [[University of Hull]], [[United Kingdom]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name="financialexpress.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/economy/psu-disinvestment-time-for-big-and-small-strategic-sales-says-dipam-secretary-atanu-chakraborty/1635073/|title = PSU disinvestment: Time for big and small strategic sales, says DIPAM secretary Atanu Chakraborty| date=7 July 2019 }}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/economy/policy/as-the-new-economic-affairs-secretary-atanu-chakraborty-has-his-task-cut-out-4250511.html|title=As the new economic affairs secretary, Atanu Chakraborty has his task cut out|date=26 July 2019 }}</ref><ref>[https://www.hdfcbank.com/personal/about-us/overview/board-of-director The Board Of Directors Of HDFC Bank]</ref>

== Career ==
Atanu Chakraborty is a retired 1985-batch [[Indian Administrative Service]] officer belonging to the [[Gujarat]] cadre and has served in various positions for both the [[Government of India]] and the [[Government of Gujarat]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Gujarat Gas|url=https://www.gujaratgas.com/resources/downloads/3rd-annual-report-2014-15.pdf|website=www.gujaratgas.com|access-date=2025-11-27|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20230511191356/https://www.gujaratgas.com/resources/downloads/3rd-annual-report-2014-15.pdf|archive-date=2023-05-11}}</ref> He has held positions in the Ministries of Finance, Ports, Industries, Petroleum and Natural Gas, Labour, and Home.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> He also served on the Boards of state-owned enterprises.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/modi-effect-rivals-ril-ongc-team-up-to-share-infrastructure/article9918486.ece|title = Modi effect: Rivals RIL, ONGC team up for to east coast sharing infrastructure| date=22 October 2017 }}</ref>

In the Government of Gujarat, Chakraborty served as the Additional Chief Secretary of Industries and as Principal Secretary of the Finance Department.<ref name=":1" />

He was the chief executive of GSPC Group of companies, Gujarat State Fertilizers & Chemicals Limited (GSFC), GSFS Limited, and the Vice Chairman & CEO of Gujarat Maritime Board.<ref name=":1" /> He was also the CEO of Gujarat Alkalis and Chemicals Ltd (GACL). He has held the office of chief executive officer of Gujarat Infrastructure Development Board.<ref name=":1" /> This organisation manages the preparation and bidding of infrastructure projects, including preparing risks, sharing templates within the state of Gujarat.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=About GIDB|url=https://www.gidb.org/about-us-about-gidb|website=www.gidb.org|access-date=2025-11-27}}</ref> He also served as the chairperson of National Infrastructure and Investment Fund (NIIF). Chakraborty has held positions in the Ministry of Finance, Government of India.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> He held the posts of Secretary, DIPAM, and Secretary, Department of Economic Affairs.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /> Chakraborty managed economic policy, tax policy, and budget management for the state of Gujarat as Secretary to the Government of Gujarat. <ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-01-16/india-pitches-bigger-oil-resource-pie-in-bid-to-lure-investments | title=India Pitches Bigger Oil Resource Pie in Bid to Lure Investments | newspaper=Bloomberg.com | date=16 January 2018 }}</ref>

Chakraborty was an Independent Chairman on the Board of Yubi, formerly known as CredAvenue. He also Chairs the Boards of HDFC Bank Ltd, BAE (India) System Ltd.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/yubi-appoints-atanu-chakraborty-as-chairman/articleshow/94912048.cms | title=Yubi appoints Atanu Chakraborty as chairman | newspaper=The Economic Times | date=17 October 2022 | last1=Sarkar | first1=Brinda }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/money-and-banking/atanu-chakraborty-appointed-as-yubi-chairman/article66021740.ece | title=Yubi appoints Atanu Chakraborty as Independent Chairman of its Board | date=17 October 2022 }}</ref>

Atanu Chakraborty has served as India’s alternate Governor on the Board of [[World Bank]]. He was also a Member of the Central Board of Directors of the [[Reserve Bank of India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/banking/rbi-approves-reappointment-of-atanu-chakraborty-as-part-time-chairman-of-hdfc-bank-for-3-years/articleshow/109821313.cms?from=mdr|title=RBI approves reappointment of Atanu Chakraborty as part-time chairman of HDFC Bank for 3 years|date=3 May 2024}}</ref>

Atanu Chakraborty was appointed as the [[Economic Affairs Secretary|Union Economic Affairs Secretary]] by the [[Appointments Committee of the Cabinet]] (ACC) in July 2019. He was preceded by [[Subhash Chandra Garg]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/who-is-atanu-chakraborty-the-new-economic-affairs-secretary-1564030011960.html|title=Who is Atanu Chakraborty, the new economic affairs secretary?|date=25 July 2019}}</ref>

He has served as Secretary of the Department of Investment and Public Asset Management (DIPAM) in the [[Ministry of Finance (India)]] where he handled divestment of state-owned enterprises.<ref name="financialexpress.com"/>

Chakraborty has served as the [[Director General]] of [[Directorate General of Hydrocarbons]] (DGH) in the [[Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas|Ministry of Petroleum]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Govt-picks-GSPC-chief-Atanu-Chakraborty-as-DGH/articleshow/51128012.cms|title = Govt picks GSPC chief Atanu Chakraborty as DGH | Delhi News - Times of India|website = [[The Times of India]]| date=24 February 2016 }}</ref>

He also served as Managing Director of Gujarat State Financial Services Ltd.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.livemint.com/market/stock-market-news/atanu-chakraborty-front-runner-for-sebi-chief-post-11582784827792.html | title=Atanu Chakraborty front runner for Sebi top post | date=27 February 2020 }}</ref>

Chakraborty was the MD of [[Gujarat State Petroleum Corporation]], an Indian Oil & Gas company.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/gspc-group-appoints-atanu-chakraborty-as-md/article21032509.ece1 | title=GSPC Group appoints Atanu Chakraborty as MD | date=24 April 2015 }}</ref>

== Publications ==

# BOT Law in the State of [[Gujarat]]; India Infrastructure Report 2000; [[Oxford University Press]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Morris-Sebastian/publication/334194110_INDIA_INFRASTRUCTURE_REPORT_2001_-_ISSUES_IN_MARKET_STRUCTURE_AND_REGULATION/links/5d1c708792851cf440603ab0/INDIA-INFRASTRUCTURE-REPORT-2001-ISSUES-IN-MARKET-STRUCTURE-AND-REGULATION.pdf|title=India Infrastructure Report 2001|website=Research Gate|last=Chakraborty|first=Atanu}}</ref>
# Status of Gas in India’s Fuel Basket; [[Economic and Political Weekly|Economic & Political Weekly]], Vol.40, Issue no 14, 02 April 2005.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262125151_Status_of_Gas_in_India's_Fuel_Basket|title=Status of Gas in India's Fuel Basket|website=Research Gate|last=Atanu|first=Chakraborty}}</ref>
# Project Preparation – Cindrella of PSP (Private Sector Participation); India Infrastructure Report 2001; [[Oxford University Press]].<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite book|title=India Infrastructure Report 2001|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/_/3ORHAAAAYAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=Cinderella|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=2001|isbn=978-0-19-565634-3|language=en|first=Sebastian|last=Morris}}</ref>
# Tariff Setting in Gas Transmission; India Infrastructure Report 2004; Oxford University Press.
# Management of Contingent liabilities in Public Finances; Administrator, Volume 54, November 2013, Number 4, [[Lal Bahadur Shastri National Academy of Administration]].

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Ministry of Finance (India)}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chakraborty, Atanu}}
[[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1960 births]]

Kalugasalamoorthy temple

2026-04-30T21:48:08Z

CaitlinBecker07: new new place from scratch

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox temple
| name = Kalugasalamoorthy Temple
| image = Kazhugachalamurthi temple view (1).jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type = India Tamil Nadu
| map_caption = Location in [[Tamil Nadu]]
| coordinates = {{coord|9|08|58|N|77|42|11|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| other_names =
| proper_name =
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Thoothukudi district|Thoothukudi]]
| location = [[Kalugumalai]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = Kalugasalamoorthy ([[Murugan]])
| primary_deity_Godess =
| utsava_deity_God =
| utsava_deity_Godess=
| Direction_posture =
| Pushakarani =
| Vimanam =
| Poets =
| Prathyaksham =
| festivals=
| architecture = [[Dravidian architecture]], Rock cut
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
| creator =
| website = {{url|kalugumalaitemple.tnhrce.in/}}
}}

'''Kalugasalamoorthy Temple''' (or '''Kalugumalai Murugan temple''') in [[Kalugumalai]], a panchayat town in [[Kovilpatti taluk]], [[Thoothukudi district|Thoothukudi district]] in the South Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]], is dedicated to the Hindu god [[Murugan]]. Constructed in the [[Dravidian architecture|Dravidian style of architecture]], the temple is believed to have been expanded during the 18th century with the images excavated from Kalugumalai. The core temple has a rock-cut architecture exemplary of early Pandyan Art. The other portions of Kalugumalai houses the 8th century [[Kalugumalai Jain Beds]] and [[Vettuvan Koil]], an unfinished Shiva temple.

The temple has a gateway leading to a pillared hall and the sanctum. The temple is open from 5:30 am – 12:30 pm and 4:30 - 9 pm. Four daily rituals and many yearly festivals are held at the temple, of which the ten-day Vaikasi Visagam, 13-day Kanthasasti festival, ten-day Thaipoosam festival and the 13-day Panguni Uthiram festival being the most prominent. The temple is maintained and administered by the Hindu Religious and Endowment Board of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].

==Legend==
[[File:Kazhugachalamurthi temple (4).jpg|250px|left|thumb|Sculpture on the ceiling of the temple]]
As per [[Sthala purana|regional tradition]], the temple is associated with the [[Ramayana]]. [[Ravana]], the demon king, killed [[Jatayu]] the eagle as he attempted to prevent the abduction of [[Sita]], the consort of [[Rama]]. Rama performed the final rites for Jatayu, who informed Rama about the abduction before he died. Jatayu's brother [[Sampati]], also called Kalugumahamunivar in local tradition, was worried about the repercussions of not performing the final rites for his brother. Rama advised him to perform penance at Gajamukaparvatham and taking a holy dip in the tank. Ages passed by, and in the same region, Murugan pursued [[Surapadman]], another demon. Tarukasuran, the brother of Surapadman, was troubling the sages in the region. Murugan slew Tarukasuran and was resting at Kalugumalai. Sampati assisted Murugan and also indicated the hideout of Surapadman, whom Murugan slew subsequently. Pleased with his devotion, Murugan offered him salvation. The place came to be known as Kalugumalai since the sage Kalugumahamunivar resided here.<ref name="dinamalar"/>

==Architecture==
The temple is located in [[Kalugumalai]], a rockyhill in near [[Kovilpatti]], [[Thoothukudi district]] in southern [[Tamil Nadu]]. The sanctum of the temple is approached through a pillared hall near the gateway. The temple tank is located outside the temple. The sanctum is built in a rock-cut cave, which houses the image of Murugan in the form of Kazhugachalamurthi in seated posture. The sanctum faces West and the image of the presiding deity is {{convert|4|ft|abbr=on}} tall. The image is sported with six hands with one of them holding [[Vel]] (divine spear), his left leg over the shoulder of the peacock and right is left hanging. There are separate shrines of his consorts [[Valli]] facing South and [[Deivanai]] facing North. There is a separate shrine for Shiva and Parvathi and all the Parsvatah Devatas (attendant deities) associated with Shiva temples. Usually in Murugan temples, his vehicle peacock would be heading towards his right, but it is sported on to the left of Murugan in this temple. It is believed that [[Indra]], the king of celestial deities, appeared as peacock to worship Murugan. The image of the peacock is hence covered during the festivals.<ref name="dinamalar"/> The other portions of Kalugumalai houses the 8th century [[Kalugumalai Jain Beds]] and [[Vettuvan Koil]], an unfinished Shiva temple.<ref>{{cite news|title=Kazhugumalai deserves universal recognition|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/kazhugumalai-deserves-universal-recognition/article3740232.ece|publisher=The Hindu|date=8 August 2012|location=Tuticorin|accessdate=4 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=பல்நோக்குப் பார்வையில் முருகத் தத்துவம் II: Proceedings of the International Conference on Murugabhakthi 2014|publisher=Thirumurugan Thiruvakku Thirupeedam|year=2014|editor1-last=Virupa|editor1-first=Kumaresan|page=1047}}</ref>

==History and religious significance==
[[File:Kazhugachalamurthi temple (8).jpg|250px|thumb|Image of the temple tank]]
The images of the presiding deity was excavated from the Southwestern corner of [[Kalugumalai]]. The images were installed and the leading pillared halls were constructed during the 18th century.<ref name=official>{{cite web|title=Sthala Varalaru|url=http://www.kalugumalaitemple.tnhrce.in/kalakumalai_history.html|publisher= Hindu Religious and Endowment Board, [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|year=2015|accessdate=4 November 2015}}</ref> The temple finds mention in ''[[Kanthapuranam]]'', a work by [[Kachiappar]]. Kachiappar mentions that there are only three sacred temples of Murugan where he faces the South and this is the only temple where he faces south and also in seated posture.<ref name="dinamalar"/> The temple was under the control of Ettaiyapuram Zamindar under 1954. The Raja gifted the village to the temple and formed five streets around the temple to enable the temple car to pass easily. He also allocated a middle street for the temple priests. During the Panguni Uthiram festival procession, the elongated conflict between two castes in the region, namely, [[Nadars]] and [[Maravar]]s resulted in a riots, popularly called [[Kalugumalai riots of 1895]]. A total of ten people were killed, many injured and the temple car and other property in the region were destroyed.<ref>{{cite journal|title=
The Car and the Palanquin: Rival Accounts of the 1895 Riot in Kalugumalai, South India|jstor=313150|journal=Modern Asian Studies|volume=33|issue=1|publisher=Cambridge University Press|last=Good|first=Anthony|pages=23–65|doi=10.1017/s0026749x99003200|year=1999}}</ref> In modern times, the temple is maintained and administered by the Hindu Religious and Endowment Board of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].<ref name=official/>

==Festival==
{{Multiple image|caption_align=center|header_align=center
|align=left
| total_width = 350
| width1 = 5184| height1 = 3456
| width2 = 5184| height2 = 3456
|direction=horizontal
|image1=Vettuvan Kovil (3).jpg
|footer=Vettuvan Kovil and [[Kalugumalai Jain Beds]], both located in Kalugumalai, in the same hill
| footer_align = center
|image2=Kazhugumalai Jain beds (8).jpg
}}

The temple priests perform the ''[[puja (Hinduism)|pooja]]'' (rituals) during festivals and on a daily basis. There are weekly, monthly and fortnightly rituals performed in the temple. The temple is open from 5:30 am – 12:30 pm and 6 - 9 pm on all days except during festive occasions when it has extended timings. The major festivals of the temple include the ten-day Vaikasi Visagam celebrated during the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil]] month of ''Vaikasi'' (May - June), 13 day Kanthasasti festival, Ten day Thaipoosam festival celebrated during the Tamil month of ''Thai'' (January - February) and the 13 day Panguni Uthiram festival during ''Panguni'' (March - April).<ref name="dinamalar">{{cite web|title=Sri Kazhugachalamurthi Temple|publisher=Dinamalar |url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/New.php?id=525|year=2011|access-date=4 November 2015}}</ref> Kalugumalai was chosen in the plan to be included as a rural tourism site in Incredible India campaign by the Tourism Ministry of the [[Government of India]].<ref>{{cite news|title=14 more rural tourism sites to be ready|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1486464911.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409234949/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1486464911.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 April 2016|publisher=Hindustan Times|location=New Delhi, India|date=29 May 2008|accessdate=4 November 2015 }}</ref> As a part of the campaign the ministry allocated {{INR}}10 million to develop the infrastructure around the region in 2008. The tourist inflow to the town increased to 3,000 persons per month during 2009 from 400 per month during the previous years.<ref>{{cite news|title=Tourism shoots up in picturesque Tamil temple town|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1620483881.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018231131/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1620483881.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 October 2016|publisher=Hindustan Times|location=New Delhi, India|date=1 January 2009|accessdate=4 November 2015 }}</ref>

== Gallery ==
{{gallery
|File:Kazhugumalai temple.jpg
|File:Kazhugachalamurthi temple view (1).jpg
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Kazhugachalamurthi temple}}
{{Murugan temples}}

{{Pandya dynasty}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Thoothukudi district]]
[[Category:Murugan temples in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Rock-cut architecture of India]]
[[Category:Pandyan architecture]]
[[Category:Pandyan Empire]]
[[Category:Pandya dynasty]]

Shashwat Sachdev

2026-04-30T00:43:02Z

CaitlinBecker07: created entry.

{{Short description|Indian music composer}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shashwat Sachdev
| image = Shashwat on guitar.jpg
| caption = Sachdev in 2016
| alt =
| birth_name = Shashwat Sachdev
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1987|01|01|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Jaipur, India|Jaipur]], [[Rajasthan]]
| alma_mater = [[Symbiosis Law School]], Pune
| occupation = Music Composer, music producer, sound designer
| years active = 2017–present
| awards = [[National Film Awards]], [[Filmfare Award]], [[IIFA Award]]
}}

'''Shashwat Sachdev''' (born January 1, 1987) is an Indian music composer, producer, and sound designer known for his work in [[Hindi cinema]].<ref name="mid">{{cite web | last=Nambiar | first=Athulya | title=11 things to know about Dhurandhar music composer Shashwat Sachdev | website=Mid-day | date=2026-03-23 | url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/photo/11-things-to-know-about-dhurandhar-music-composer-shashwat-sachdev-110276/6 | access-date=2026-04-13}}</ref> He won the [[National Film Award for Best Music Direction|Best Background Music]] in the 66th [[National Film Awards]] for his score in ''[[Uri: The Surgical Strike]]'' (2019). He also won the 65th [[Filmfare R. D. Burman Award]] for best new and upcoming talent. Subsequently, he received acclaim for his contributions to the soundtracks of ''[[Dhurandhar (soundtrack)|Dhurandhar]]'' (2025) and ''[[Dhurandhar: The Revenge (soundtrack)|Dhurandhar: The Revenge]]'' (2026).<ref name="mid"/>

==Early life and education==
Sachdev was born in [[Jaipur, Rajasthan]], where his father is a doctor while his mother, is a Philosophy lecturer at the [[University of Rajasthan]], who had studied music. He started learning music when he was three years old, beginning with [[tabla]] for six months, followed by [[Hindustani classical]] vocals under Ustad Ramzan Khan, a [[sarangi]] exponent of the [[Sikar]] gharana for many years.<ref name="hol">{{cite web | last=Halve | first=Anushka | title=Shashwat Sachdev on Music for 'The Ba***ds' & 'Dhurandhar' | website=The Hollywood Reporter India | date=2025-10-08 | url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/features/interviews/the-bads-of-bollywood-and-dhurandhar-composer-shashwat-sachdev-talks-about-his-musical-vision | access-date=2026-04-13}}</ref><ref name="r077">{{cite web | title=Shashwat Sachdev: I'm Living My Father's Dream | website=Opinion Express | url=https://opinionexpress.in/shashwat-sachdev-im-living-my-fathers-dream#google_vignette | access-date=2026-04-13}}</ref> He then went on to train in the Western classical piano during his school days.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-09|title=Every genre of music has its own place: Shashwat Sachdev|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/music/every-genre-of-music-has-its-own-place-shashwat-sachdev/story-KukeyCktJGBcROclj89Z5N.html|access-date=2020-11-18|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref name="y741">{{cite web | last=Ramachandran | first=Naman | title='Dhurandhar' Composer Shashwat Sachdev on Building Bollywood's Biggest Duology: 'It Was Always One Emotional Journey, One Sonic Travel' | website=Variety | date=2026-04-10 | url=https://variety.com/2026/artisans/news/dhurandhar-composer-shashwat-sachdev-interview-1236713091/ | access-date=2026-04-13}}</ref> He studied law at [[Symbiosis Law School]], [[Pune]] for 5 years, before moving to Hollywood, Los Angeles in 2011 to start his career in music.<ref name="koi">{{cite web | last=Bhattacharya | first=Ahana | title=Phillauri's Music Composer Shashwat Sachdev In Conversation With Koimoi | website=Koimoi | date=2017-03-23 | url=https://www.koimoi.com/bollywood-news/phillauris-music-composer-shashwat-sachdev-in-conversation-with-koimoi/ | access-date=2026-04-13}}</ref>

==Career==
Shashwat started his career in 2011 in [[Hollywood, Los Angeles|Hollywood]], Los Angeles working on numerous projects before moving to India in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-03-24|title=Shashwat Sachdev: 'I'm going to be forever grateful to Anushka'|url=https://www.bizasialive.com/101709-2/|access-date=2020-11-18|website=BizAsia|language=en-GB}}</ref>

In 2017, he was chosen as the music composer for ''[[Phillauri (film)|Phillauri]]'', which starred [[Anushka Sharma]] and [[Diljit Dosanjh]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/music/anushka-sharmas-phillauri-music-composer-shashwat-sachdev-talks-about-his-bollywood-debut/articleshow/57817195.cms|title=Anushka Sharma's Phillauri Music Composer Shashwat Sachdev Talks About His Bollywood Debut|work=Mumbai Mirror|access-date=13 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-meet-the-brain-behind-the-soulful-songs-of-phillauri-shashwat-sachdev-2375490|title=Meet the brain behind the soulful songs of 'Phillauri' - Shashwat Sachdev|date=30 March 2017|website=DNA India|access-date=29 April 2019}}</ref>

In 2018, he composed four songs for ''[[Veere Di Wedding]],'' a Bollywood female buddy comedy film, directed by [[Shashanka Ghosh]]. The film starred [[Kareena Kapoor Khan]], [[Sonam Kapoor|Sonam Kapoor Ahuja]], [[Swara Bhaskar]] and Shikha Talsania. In the same year, he scored for [[Selection Day (TV series)|''Selection Day'']], an Indian [[List of original programs distributed by Netflix|Netflix Original]] sports [[web television]] series, based on [[Aravind Adiga]]'s 2016 [[Selection Day|novel of the same name]]. It was produced by [[Anil Kapoor]] and [[Anand Tucker]].

In 2019, he composed the music as well as the background score for ''[[Uri: The Surgical Strike]]'', an Indian [[action film]] written and directed by debutant [[Aditya Dhar]], and produced by [[Ronnie Screwvala]] under his banner RSVP Movies. The film, starring [[Vicky Kaushal]], is based on the 2016 [[2016 Indian Line of Control strike|Indian Army's surgical strikes on PoK]] in retaliation for the [[2016 Uri attack|Uri attack]]. The film's music received rave reviews.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/uri-music-review-apart-from-the-crowd/article25951422.ece|title='Uri' music review: Apart from the crowd|first=Vipin|last=Nair|newspaper=The Hindu |date=9 January 2019|access-date=29 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/reel/908626/uri-the-surgical-strike-music-review-shashwat-sachdevs-soundtrack-is-new-and-edgy|title='Uri: The Surgical Strike' music review: Shashwat Sachdev's soundtrack is new and edgy|first=Devarsi|last=Ghosh|date=9 January 2019|website=Scroll.in|access-date=29 April 2019}}</ref> His background score was also appreciated and released separately on popular demand.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/uri-background-score-made-into-an-album-now/405832|title=Uri Background Score Made Into an Album Now|date=24 January 2019|website=mid-day|access-date=29 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/uri---the-surgical-strike/eJdxFiQ3Q,w_|title=Uri - The Surgical Strike - All Songs - Download or Listen Free|work=JioSaavn|date=4 January 2019|access-date=29 April 2019}}</ref> Shashwat won the award for [[National Film Award for Best Music Direction|Best Background Music]] at the [[66th National Film Awards]] and the [[IIFA Award for Best Background Score]] at the [[21st IIFA Awards]] for ''Uri: The Surgical Strike''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kapadia |first=Prashant |title=Nominations for 21st Edition of NEXA IIFA Awards 2020 Announced |url=http://nationalheraldnews.com/nominations-for-21st-edition-of-nexa-iifa-awards-2020-announced/ |access-date=2020-06-03 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/national-film-award-list-of-winners-in-feature-film-category/article28968495.ece|title=National Film Award: List of Winners in Feature Film Category|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]|work=[[Business Line]]|date=9 August 2019 |language=en|access-date=2019-08-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/aug/09/uri-the-surgical-strike-bags-four-national-film-awards-vicky-kaushal-reacts-on-best-actor-win-13543.html|title=Uri - The Surgical Strike Bags Four National Film Awards; Vicky Kaushal Reacts on Best Actor Win|website=[[Cinema Express]]|access-date=2019-08-13}}</ref> He also won the 65th [[Filmfare R. D. Burman Award|Filmfare R.D. Burman Award]] for Best New and Upcoming Talent.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards/winners | title=Filmfare Awards Winners from 1953 to 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet The Man Behind Dhurandhar's Hit Music: Worked With Hans Zimmer, Composed 'Ghafoor', Won National Award For... |url=https://zeenews.india.com/photos/entertainment/meet-the-man-behind-dhurandhar-s-hit-music-worked-with-hans-zimmer-composed-ghafoor-won-national-award-for-2995966 |access-date=2026-01-17 |website=[[Zee News]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Winners of 65th Amazon Filmfare Awards 2020 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-2020/winners |access-date=2026-01-17 |website=[[Filmfare]] |language=en}}</ref>

In 2021, he released a production album titled ''Euphoria'' ''(And the Following Realities)'' under [[Extreme Music]]. The track "Dharma", from the album, won Best World Production Music 2021 and Shashwat himself won PRS Foundation The Best Newcomer 2021<ref>{{Cite web|title=Winners 2021|url=https://www.productionmusicawards.com/winners-2021/|access-date=2021-12-18|website=Production Music Awards|language=en-GB|archive-date=2021-12-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218113005/https://www.productionmusicawards.com/winners-2021/|url-status=dead}}</ref> in the Production Music Awards 2021 held in London on 12 December 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Production Music Awards|url=https://www.productionmusicawards.com/|access-date=2021-12-18|website=Production Music Awards|language=en-GB}}</ref>

In 2022, he worked on the soundtrack of the film ''[[Attack (2022 film)|Attack]],'' an Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[superhero film]] directed and co-written by Lakshya Raj Anand. The film produced by [[Jayantilal Gada]], John Abraham and Ajay Kapoor, starred [[John Abraham]] alongside [[Jacqueline Fernandez]] and [[Rakul Preet Singh]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-23 |title=Attack Trailer: John Abraham is 'Upgraded' to Desi Captain America, Saves India Yet Again |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/attack-trailer-john-abraham-jacqueline-fernandez-rakul-preet-singh-desi-captain-america-watch-7830822/ |access-date=2022-06-13 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

Shashwat, released independent music with a new label called IndieA Records launched in India with the intention to nurture and promote independent artists backed by [[Universal Music India]]. He dropped his first piece of music with them called "Awaara Ho".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-10 |title=Universal Music India Backs New Subsidiary Label, IndieA Records |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/universal-music-india-backs-new-subsidiary-label-indiea-records/ |access-date=2022-08-14 |website=Rolling Stone India |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Shashwat Sachdev Launches His New Single ''Awaara Ho'', Under Freshly Launched Music Label - IndieA Records |url=http://www.radioandmusic.com/entertainment/editorial/news/220812-shashwat-sachdev-launches-his-new-single-0 |access-date=2022-08-14 |website=radioandmusic.com |language=en}}</ref>

2024 saw his work on the soundtrack for the film [[Article 370 (film)|''Article 370'']], a [[Political fiction|political]] [[action thriller]] film directed by Aditya Suhas Jambhale, who co-wrote the film with [[Aditya Dhar]], Arjun Dhawan, and Monal Thaakar. Produced by [[Jyoti Deshpande]], Aditya Dhar, and Lokesh Dhar, the film stars [[Yami Gautam]], [[Priyamani]], Skand Thakur, Ashwini Kaul, [[Vaibhav Tatwawadi]], [[Arun Govil]], and [[Kiran Karmarkar]] in pivotal roles.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-01-21 |title='Article 370' Teaser: Yami Gautam Stars as an Intelligence Officer Fighting Terrorism in Kashmir |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/article-370-teaser-yami-gautam-stars-as-an-intelligence-officer-fighting-terrorism-in-kashmir/article67761898.ece |access-date=2024-03-07 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Shashwat worked as a featured artist on [[Hans Zimmer]] and [[James Everingham]]'s score for the 2025 BBC crime thriller ''[[Virdee]]'', based on AA Dhand's much-loved novels. The six-part series was adapted for the screen by AA Dhand and was produced by Magical Society for BBC One and BBC iPlayer.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC Announces Casting for New Crime Thriller Virdee |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/2024/virdee-casting-announcement |access-date=2024-03-07 |publisher=BBC |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-01 |title=Staz Nair Steps Into Lead Role in BBC's 'Virdee' Crime Thriller |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/hollywood/staz-nair-steps-into-lead-role-in-bbcs-virdee-crime-thriller-1503274556.html |access-date=2024-03-07 |website=The Statesman |language=en}}</ref> In August 2025, he composed the soundtrack for web series ''[[The Ba***ds of Bollywood]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Ghafoor' Was Just the Beginning for Shashwat Sachdev |url=https://www.esquireindia.co.in/entertainment/the-interview/shashwat-sachdev-bads-of-bollywood-ghafoor-interview |access-date=2026-01-17 |website=[[Esquire (magazine)|Esquire]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tagat |first=Anurag |date=2025-09-25 |title=Inside ‘The Ba***ds of Bollywood’s’ Raucous Soundtrack |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/bads-of-bollywoods-soundtrack-karan-aujla-diljit-dosanjh-aryan-khan/ |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=Rolling Stone India |language=en-US}}</ref> In December 2025, he worked on the [[Dhurandhar (soundtrack)|soundtrack]] of the film ''[[Dhurandhar]]''. His second collaboration with Aditya Dhar, after ''Uri: The Surgical Strike'', it received widespread acclaim, with its modern reinterpretations of nostalgic source material, and contributions from [[Hanumankind]], Reble, [[Diljit Dosanjh]], Simran Choudhary, [[Arijit Singh]] and [[Jasmine Sandlas]] among others, being highlighted as the main reason for its success.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tagat |first=Anurag |date=2025-12-11 |title=Inside the Making of 'Dhurandhar's Explosive Soundtrack |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/dhurandhar-soundtrack-shashwat-sachdev-fa9la/ |access-date=2026-01-17 |website=[[Rolling Stone India]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-12-19 |title=Inside Dhurandhar's Soundtrack: Shashwat Sachdev Breaks It Down |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/inside-dhurandhars-soundtrack-shashwat-sachdev-breaks-it-down/articleshow/126054635.cms |access-date=2026-01-17 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> ''[[India Today]]'' praised the creative reworking of retro melodies, calling the result "fresh, exciting, and tightly woven" into the film's contemporary action drama, resonating with audiences across generations.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Arya |first=Prachi |date=2025-12-08 |title=Old Melodies, New Mayhem: How Dhurandhar Gives Killer Twist to Retro Songs |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/old-melodies-new-mayhem-how-dhurandhar-gives-killer-twist-to-retro-songs-2832477-2025-12-08 |access-date=2026-01-17 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-04 |title=Dhurandhar Music Review: Ranveer Singh May Play Edgy Undercover Agent, This Album is a Hardworking Deskie at Best |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/dhurandhar-music-review-ranveer-singh-film-nostalgic-album-relies-heavily-genius-of-other-people-10399861/ |access-date=2025-12-17 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> He also composed the soundtrack for its 2026 sequel, ''[[Dhurandhar: The Revenge]].''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-25 |title=Exclusive: Shashwat Sachdev Talks Regrets in Dhurandhar & What He Would've Done Differently |url=https://www.mensxp.com/entertainment/bollywood/181354-exclusive-interview-shashwat-sachdev-dhurandhar-bads-of-bollywood-uri.html |access-date=2026-01-17 |website=[[MensXP]] |language=en-IN}}</ref> While publications like ''[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]'' praised the inclusion of retro iconic tracks in the soundtrack, and said that "the overall soundtrack is just a notch below [[Dhurandhar (soundtrack)|the former one]]", others like [[Mint (newspaper)|''mint'']], described it as being "darker, grittier and heavier than the former".<ref>{{cite web |first=Sajin|last=Shrijith|access-date=19 March 2026|title='Dhurandhar: The Revenge' review: A strong, worthy follow-up despite odd structural issues|url=https://www.theweek.in/review/movies/2026/03/19/dhurandhar-the-revenge-review-a-strong-worthy-follow-up-despite-odd-structural-issues.html|website=The Week}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhattacharya |first=Trisha |date=2026-03-18 |title=Dhurandhar 2 Album OUT: Grittier, darker and heavier than the first — and every single song earns it |url=https://www.livemint.com/entertainment/dhurandhar-2-album-out-grittier-darker-and-heavier-than-the-first-and-every-single-song-earns-it-11773774370274.html |access-date=2026-04-19 |website=[[Mint (newspaper)|mint]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Behera |first=Pritinanda |date=2026-03-23 |title=Dhurandhar 2 music: Baazigar to Tamma Tamma, love classics in the time of gore |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/dhurandhar-the-revenge-music-baazigar-o-baazigar-tamma-tamma-loge-love-classics-in-the-time-of-gore-2885052-2026-03-23 |access-date=2026-04-19 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref>

He is now set to compose the soundtrack of the [[Ram Charan]] production ''India House.''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Prakash |first=B. V. S. |date=2026-02-02 |title=Shashwat Signs ‘The India House’ As Composer |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/tabloid/hyderabad-chronicle/shashwat-signs-the-india-house-as-composer-1934475 |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='Dhurandhar' Composer Shashwat Sachdev To Make His Telugu Debut With 'The India House' |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/features/insight/dhurandhar-composer-shashwat-sachdev-to-make-his-telugu-debut-with-ram-charans-the-india-house |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter India]] |language=en}}</ref>

==Discography==

=== As composer ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Film
! Lyricist(s)
! Notes
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Phillauri (film)|Phillauri]]''
|rowspan=2|[[Anvita Dutt Guptan]]
| All songs except "Din Shagna Da" and "What's Up"
|-
| rowspan="2" |2018
|''[[Kaalakaandi]]''
|Composed title song
|-
| ''[[Veere Di Wedding]]''
|Anvita Dutt Gopalan, Raj Shekhar, Qaran, Rupin Pawha, White Noise, Shashwat Sachdev, [[Badshah (rapper)|Badshah]], [[Shellee]], [[Gaurav Solanki (writer)|Gaurav Solanki]]
|Composed four songs
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Uri: The Surgical Strike]]''
|[[Kumaar]]
|
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Attack: Part 1]]''
|Kumaar, Girish Nakod
|
|-
|2023
| ''[[Tejas (film)|Tejas]]''
|Kumaar
|
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2024
| ''[[Article 370 (film)|Article 370]]''
|Osho Jain, [[Sudhanshu Saria]], Kumaar, Shashwat Sachdev
|
|-
|''[[Kill (film)|Kill]]''
|Shashwat Sachdev, Sidhant Kaushal, Shekhar Astitwa
|Composed one song
|-
|''[[Ulajh]]''
|Kumaar, [[Jasmine Sandlas]], Sudhanshu Saria
|
|-
|rowspan=3|2025
|''[[Kesari Chapter 2]]''
|[[Irshad Kamil]], [[Sukhwinder Amrit]]
|All songs except for "Khumaari"; one remake
|-
|''[[The Ba***ds of Bollywood]]''
|Kumaar, Jasmine Sandlas, Akshat Verma, [[Vishal Dadlani]], [[Raja Kumari]], [[Aryan Khan]], [[Karan Aujla]], Shashwat Sachdev
|Composed nine songs
|-
|''[[Dhurandhar (soundtrack)|Dhurandhar]]''
|[[Irshad Kamil]], Kumaar, [[Reble]], [[Simran Choudhary]], [[Jasmine Sandlas]], Raj Ranjodh, [[Hanumankind]]
|
|-
|2026
|''[[Dhurandhar: The Revenge (soundtrack)|Dhurandhar: The Revenge]]''
|[[Irshad Kamil]], Kumaar, [[Reble]], [[Token (rapper)|Token]], [[Satinder Sartaaj]], [[Jasmine Sandlas]], [[Qveen Herby]]
|
|}

==== Original scores ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Film
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Uri: The Surgical Strike]]''
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Attack: Part 1]]''
|-
|2024
|''[[Article 370 (film)|Article 370]]''
|-
|rowspan=3|2025
|''[[Kesari Chapter 2]]''
|-
|''[[The Ba***ds of Bollywood]]''
|-
|''[[Dhurandhar]]''
|-
|2026
|''[[Dhurandhar: The Revenge]]''
|-
|}

=== Independent work ===
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
!Year
!Title
!Singer(s)
!Lyricist(s)
!Composer(s)
!Label
|-
|2019
|Kahaniya
|Madhubanti Bagchi
| rowspan="3" |Shashwat Sachdev
| rowspan="16" |Himself
| rowspan="3" |Independent
|-
| rowspan="2" |2020
|Maan Ja
| rowspan="2" |Himself
|-
|Roko Na
|-
| rowspan="5" |2021
|Machlo
|Romy
|[[Kumaar]]
| rowspan="5" |Malsons
|-
|Sha - Dobara
|Shreya Jain
|Shashwat Sachdev
|-
|Meri Jaan
|[[Jubin Nautiyal]]
|[[Raj Shekhar]]
|-
|Tenu Vekhan Da
|[[Shirley Setia]], Romy
|[[Kumaar]]
|-
|Sha - O Jaana
| rowspan="2" |Himself
|Shashwat Sachdev
|-
| rowspan="6" |2022
|Awaara Ho
| rowspan="8" |Shashwat Sachdev
| rowspan="8" |IndieA Records - [[Universal Music India|UMG]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-10 |title=Universal Music India Backs New Subsidiary Label, IndieA Records |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/universal-music-india-backs-new-subsidiary-label-indiea-records/ |access-date=2022-08-14 |website=Rolling Stone India |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|Baaton Baaton Main
|Anumita Nadesan
|-
|Paris London Amsterdam
|Aanchal Tyagi
|-
|Ek Ghar
|Himself
|-
|Awaara Ho - Dream Pop
|[[Shilpa Rao]]
|-
|Nazdeek Aa
| rowspan="2" |Himself
|-
| rowspan="2" |2023
|Tumhe Na Chahne Ko
|-
|Kaisi Jadugari
|[[Prateek Kuhad]]
|}

=== Albums ===
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
! Year
! Album
! Track(s)
!Label
|-
| rowspan="12" |2021
| rowspan="12" |''Euphoria'' ''(And the Following Realities)''
|The New Karma
| rowspan="12" |[[Extreme Music]]
|-
|Euphoria (Kaala Doriya)
|-
|Seeking Rapture
|-
|Blade
|-
|Delirious
|-
|Conqueror (Jugni)
|-
|Ecstacy (Ant Bahar)
|-
|Dharma
|-
|Bliss (Ahir Bhairav)
|-
|Brahman
|-
|Maya
|-
|Climax
|-
| rowspan="10" |2022
| rowspan="10" |''Shades of Cashmere''
|Blessing the Bride (Bai Sa)
| rowspan="10" |Extreme Music
|-
|Lone Poet (Aeri Aali)
|-
|Blissful Homecoming (Jhir Mir)
|-
|Rain Dance (Barsan Laagi)
|-
|Sweet Stranger (Mithiyan Mehman)
|-
|Love and Cloudburst (Baucharan)
|-
|Bittersweet Farewell (Jalalo Bilalo)
|-
|The Circle of Life (Madhaniyan)
|-
|A Life Worth Living (Kesariyo)
|-
|Greatest Happiness (Aj Din Shagna Da)
|}

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! Film
! Award
! Category
! Result
! Ref.
|-
! rowspan="3" scope="row" | ''[[Phillauri (film)|Phillauri]]''
| rowspan=3 | [[10th Mirchi Music Awards]]
|[[Mirchi Music Award for Upcoming Music Composer of The Year|Upcoming Music Composer of The Year]] for "Bajaake Tumba"
|{{nom}}
| rowspan=3 | <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/hindi-2017/nominations/|title=Nominations - Mirchi Music Awards 2017|website=MMAMirchiMusicAwards|access-date=13 March 2018}}</ref>
|-
|[[Mirchi Music Award for Upcoming Music Composer of The Year|Upcoming Music Composer of The Year]] for "Sahiba"
|{{nom}}
|-
| Best Song Engineer (Recording & Mixing) for "Naughty Billo"
|{{nom}}
|-
!rowspan=4 scope="row" |''[[Uri: The Surgical Strike]]''
|[[66th National Film Awards]]
|[[National Film Award for Best Music Direction]]
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/national-film-awards-2019-the-full-list-of-winners/article28931491.ece|title=National Film Awards 2019: Full list of winners{{!}} 'Andhadhun', 'Uri:The Surgical Strike' bag awards|date=9 August 2019|work=The Hindu|access-date=12 August 2019|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=2|[[65th Filmfare Awards]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Background Score|Best Background Score]]
|{{nom}}
|rowspan=2|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-2020/winners|title=Winners Of the 65th Amazon Filmfare Awards 2020|website=filmfare.com|access-date=20 February 2020}}</ref>
|-
|[[Filmfare R. D. Burman Award|R. D. Burman Award]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[21st IIFA Awards]]
|Best Background Score
|{{won}}
|
|-
!rowspan=3 scope="row"|''Euphoria (And The Following Realities)''
|rowspan=3|The Production Music Awards 2021
|Best World Music for "Bliss"
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nominations 2021|url=https://www.productionmusicawards.com/nominations-2021/|access-date=2021-12-18|website=Production Music Awards|language=en-GB|archive-date=2021-12-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218113011/https://www.productionmusicawards.com/nominations-2021/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|Best World Music for "Dharma"
|{{won}}
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Winners 2021|url=https://www.productionmusicawards.com/winners-2021/|access-date=2021-12-18|website=Production Music Awards|language=en-GB|archive-date=2021-12-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218113005/https://www.productionmusicawards.com/winners-2021/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|PRS Foundation Best Newcomer
|{{won}}
|-
!scope="row"|''[[Dhurandhar]]''
|[[Screen Awards]]
|Best Background Score
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-06 |title=Screen Awards 2026 full winners list: Dhurandhar dominates, Homebound is Best Film |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/screen-awards-2026-full-winners-list-ranveer-singh-dhurandhar-dominates-show-2892137-2026-04-06 |access-date=2026-04-07 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}
==External links==
* {{IMDb name|7417584}}

{{National Film Award Best Music Direction}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sachdev, Shashwat}}
[[Category:1987 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male composers]]
[[Category:Musicians from Jaipur]]
[[Category:Hindi film score composers]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards winners]]
[[Category:International Indian Film Academy Awards winners]]
[[Category:Best Background Score National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Indian record producers]]
[[Category:Indian male film score composers]]

P. Lalita Kumari

2026-04-29T04:39:46Z

CaitlinBecker07: new the bio basic info

{{Short description|Telugu poet and writer known for her feminist perspective}}
{{BLP sources|date=September 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}
{{Infobox writer 
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1950|11|27}}
| birth_place = [[Guntur]], Andhra Pradesh, India
| image = Writer_Volga_Photo.jpg
|image_size = 200px
| occupation = Writer, scriptwriter, lecturer
| pseudonym = Volga
| nationality = Indian
| years_active = 1986–present
| genre = [[Feminist]]
| notableworks = Vimukta ([[The Liberation of Sita]]), Sweccha
}}

'''Popuri Lalita Kumari''', popularly known by her pen name '''Volga''', is a [[Telugu language|Telugu]] poet and writer well known for her feminist perspective. She won the prestigious [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] in 2015 for her short story compilation 'Vimukta Kadha Samputi' in [[Telugu language|Telugu]]. Along with being a writer, she has also been a professor and head of scripting division in [[Telugu cinema|Tollywood]]. Her work initiated debates across the country about feminism, in times when the idea was hardly accepted. The [[Library of Congress]] has a collection of her most popular published works, including the English translations of selected short stories.<ref>{{Cite web |title=P. Lalita Kumari (Olga): The South Asian Literary Recordings Project (Library of Congress New Delhi Office) |url=https://www.loc.gov/acq/ovop/delhi/salrp/kumari.html |access-date=2024-12-14 |website=www.loc.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=says |first=Surajit Poddar |date=2019-09-05 |title=In conversation with Volga: Telugu literature, translations & more - Purple Pencil Project |url=https://www.purplepencilproject.com/interview-volga/ |access-date=2024-12-14 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Volga was born in [[Guntur]] on 27 November 1950. She completed her MA in Telugu literature from [[Andhra University]] in 1972.

==Career==
Volga after her MA joined as a Telugu professor at VSR & NVR College,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vsrnvr.ac.in/nvr/tel.html|title=VSR & NVR College|website=vsrnvr.ac.in|accessdate=21 April 2018}}</ref> [[Tenali]] between the period 1973 to 1986. Later, she worked in scripting division as a senior executive at [[Ushakiran Movies]] during 1986–1995. She later in 1991 joined Asmita Resource Centre for Women, a Telangana-based NGO which addresses women's issues, as its President and presently serving as the Chairman of the organization. She is also the member of the publication, Vamtinti Masi (Soot from the Kitchen), an editorial of Asimita Organization, which is an active member of Telugu Advisory council for National Book Trust of India.

===Author===
Volga had chosen her pseudonym because it was both the name of her deceased elder sister and the [[Volga|Volga river]], which according to her was the 'perfect mix of the personal and political' because of her self-described 'Leftist leanings'.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Supriya |date=20 January 2017 |title=The democratic space to disagree is shrinking in India: Telugu writer Volga |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/the-democratic-space-to-disagree-is-shrinking-in-india-telugu-writer-volga/story-JLL0uaiPD3jt3wBYsPa5FL.html |access-date=7 October 2024 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> Volga is known for her feminist literary works. Her novels, articles, poems portray women with modern, progressive ideologies. She while keeping the quality of work maintains the reality of characters, intact. All of her novels were written while she was a full-time employee, rather than fully dedicating her time to the novels. She published her first novel, Sahaja in 1986. The novel was a debatable topic among the newspaper columns. The immediate next year, 1987, her second novel Sveccha was published. These two novels speak how marriage binds a woman and shackles her freedom.

==Literary works==
Lalita Kumari has penned and translated around 50 publications. The most popular ones are listed below:

{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible" style="font-size:90%"
|- align="text-align:center;"
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Name
! scope="col" | Type of work
! scope="col" | Notes

|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 1983 || Athadu, Aame, Manam || Literary Criticism || style="text-align: center;" | A review of a novel by Uppala Lakshmana Rao on nationalist struggle
|-
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 1984 || Agnes Smedley's Stories || Translation to Telugu || style="text-align: center;" |
|-
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 1985 || [[Daughter of Earth]] || Translation to Telugu || style="text-align: center;" |
|-
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 1986 || Sahaja || Novel || style="text-align: center;" |
|-
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 1987 || Sweccha || Novel || style="text-align: center;" |
|-
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 1988 || Kanneeti Kerataala Vennela || Novel || style="text-align: center;" |
|-
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 1989 || Three Generations || Translation to Telugu || style="text-align: center;" | Short story by [[Alexandra Kollontai]]
|-
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 1989 || Maanavi || Novel || style="text-align: center;" |
|-
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 1989 || Maku Godalu Levu || Edited Work || style="text-align: center;" | Collection of essays
|-
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 1990 || [[Letter to a Child Never Born]] || Translation to Telugu || style="text-align: center;" | Novel by [[Oriana Fallaci]]
|-
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 1990 || Aakasamlo Sagam || Novel || style="text-align: center;" |
|-
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 1992 || Rajakiya Kathalu || Short story collection || style="text-align: center;" |
|-
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 1993 || Gulabeelu || Novel || style="text-align: center;" |
|-
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 1993 || Neeli Meghalu || Edited Work || style="text-align: center;" |
|-
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 1993 || Neeli Meghalu || Edited Work || style="text-align: center;" |
|-
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 1994 || Nurella Chalam || Edited Work || style="text-align: center;" | Critical essays on the works of [[Gudipati Venkata Chalam|Chalam]], whose centenary was celebrated in 1994
|-
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 1994 || Saramsam || Co-edited work || style="text-align: center;" | A report about the struggle of the women in [[Andhra Pradesh]] against liquor.
|-
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 1994 || Widows|| Translation to Telugu || style="text-align: center;" | Novel by [[Ariel Dorfman]]
|-
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 1995 || Sarihaddulu Leni Samdhyalu || Co-edited work || style="text-align: center;" | Collection of essays
|-
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 1995 || Prayogam || Short story collection || style="text-align: center;" |
|-
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 1995 || Vallu Aaruguru || Play || style="text-align: center;" |
|-
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 2001 || Charitra Swaralu || Play || style="text-align: center;" |
|-
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| Not known || [[Woman at Point Zero]] || Translation to Telugu || style="text-align: center;" | Arabic novel by [[Nawal El Saadawi]]
|-
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 2016 || [[The Liberation of Sita]] || Novel || style="text-align: center;" |
|-

|}

Lalita Kumari wrote articles that were published in journals and newspapers, mostly regarding feminism. She became the first person to introduce western feminists, [[Feminist Movement]], [[First-Wave Feminism]] and [[Second Wave Feminism]] to Telugu readership.

==Awards and honors==
{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible" style="font-size:90%"
|- align="text-align:center;"
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Notes

|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 1987 || Sweccha || Best Novel Award || style="text-align: center;" |
|-
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 1990 || Aakasamlo Sagam || Best Novel Award || style="text-align: center;" |
|-
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 1993 || Sweccha || Award in recognition for effort in women's causes || style="text-align: center;" |
|-
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 1998 || Todu || Nandi Award (Best Story Writer) || style="text-align: center;" | Awarded by the Government of Andhra Pradesh
|-
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 1999 || NA || Best Woman Writer || style="text-align: center;" | Awarded by Telugu University
|-
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 2009 || NA || Suseela Narayana Reddy Award || style="text-align: center;" |
|-
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 2013 || NA || Kandukuri Veerasalingam Literary Award || style="text-align: center;" |
|-
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 2014 || NA || Lok Nayak Foundation Award<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.loknayakfoundation.com/past-winners.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150218183408/http://loknayakfoundation.com/past-winners.html|url-status=usurped|archive-date=18 February 2015|title=Loknayak Foundation|website=www.loknayakfoundation.com|accessdate=21 April 2018}}</ref> || style="text-align: center;" |
|-
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 2015 || Vimuktha || [[Sahitya Akademi Award]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 December 2015 |title=Feminist Volga Wins Sahitya Akademi Award |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2015/Dec/18/feminist-volga-wins-sahitya-akademi-award-854985.html |access-date=14 October 2024 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>|| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
*[http://vsrnvr.ac.in/nvr/tel.html]
*[http://www.bhaavana.net/volga/ids/volga.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220820030122/http://bhaavana.net/volga/ids/volga.html |date=20 August 2022 }}
*[http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/People-Were-Angry-With-my-Writing-Volga/2015/12/19/article3184504.ece1] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160915002956/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/People-Were-Angry-With-my-Writing-Volga/2015/12/19/article3184504.ece1 |date=15 September 2016 }}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20151222132707/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/Feminist-Volga-Wins-Sahitya-Akademi-Award/2015/12/18/article3183580.ece]
*[https://www.loc.gov/acq/ovop/delhi/salrp/kumari.html]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumari, P. Lalita}}
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Telugu women writers]]
[[Category:Telugu writers]]
[[Category:Women writers from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Guntur]]
[[Category:Writers from Guntur district]]
[[Category:Poets from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian women poets]]
[[Category:Novelists from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian feminist writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:Indian women dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Dramatists and playwrights from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Telugu]]
[[Category:20th-century pseudonymous writers]]
[[Category:Pseudonymous women writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women novelists]]

Aamir Rashadi Madni

2026-04-28T18:09:26Z

CaitlinBecker07:

{{Short description|Indian politician and Islamic cleric}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Maulana Aamir Rashadi Madni
| image = [[File:Maulana Aamir Rashadi Madni.jpg|250px]]
| caption =
| office = National President of [[Rashtriya Ulama Council]]
| order =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| party = [[Rashtriya Ulama Council]]
| title =
|
| website = www.ulamacouncil.org
| profession = Educationists, Politician, Islamic Cleric
| alma_mater = [[Islamic University of Madinah]], [[Jameatur Rashad]]
}}
'''Aamir Rashadi Madni''' is an Indian politician, cleric and educator.<ref>{{Cite web|title=''साध्वी प्रज्ञा का जो दर्द है, वही बेकुसूर मुसलमानों का भी''|url=https://www.jansatta.com/elections/maulana-aamir-rashadi-claimed-that-there-is-no-saffron-or-islamic-terrorism-but-government-terrorism-in-the-country/1006267/|access-date=2021-09-07|website=Jansatta|date=8 May 2019 |language=hi}}</ref> He is a graduate from [[Islamic University of Madinah|Madinah University]]. At present he runs various educational institutions in Azamgarh, Uttar Pradesh under the patronage of [[Madarsa Jameatur Rashad|Jameatur Rashad]] and also does social work. He is also the founder and national president of a political party ''[[Rashtriya Ulama Council]] (RUC)''<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.ulamacouncil.org/ourleader.html | title= Official website of Rashtriya Ulama Council }}</ref> which has a strong hold specially in Uttar Pradesh and is working in 14 other states of India like Delhi, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Tamil Nadu. The party has participated in general and assembly elections in many of these states.<ref>{{cite news |title=RUC will fight 2022 Elections with Peace Party |url=https://smart.livehindustan.com/lucknow/news/up-assembly-elections-2022-doctor-ayyub-peace-party-and-maulana-aamir-rashadi-madni-national-olma-council-president-formed-united-democratic-alliance-81632211603735.html |publisher=Hindustan Hindi}}</ref>

[[File:Maulana Aamir Rashadi Madni (President Rashtriya Ulama Council)..jpg|200px|left|thumb|Maulana Aamir Rashadi Madni, President of Rashtriya Ulama Council]]
Rashtriya Ulama Council or RUC was founded as a "Public Movement" against the backdrop of the Batla House encounter in Azamgarh district of Uttar Pradesh. Maulana Aamir Rashdi is the founder President of RUC.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-03-30|title=RUC chief Madani to contest against Mulayam in Azamgarh|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/politics/ruc-chief-madani-to-contest-against-mulayam-in-azamgarh/|access-date=2021-09-07|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> As Maulana quotes, "For 66 years, Muslims have been a mere vote bank for political parties, just the way dalits are. Others attract Muslims votes by instilling the fear of Sangh (RSS) or BJP or Modi, as is the case now. It is high time Muslims created their political leadership."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/mulayam-and-modi-are-the-same-amir-rashadi-madni/story-iOSnbOotatpPCj4iPdpm5J.html|title = Mulayam and Modi are the same: Amir Rashadi Madni|date = 11 May 2014}}</ref> He has even fought the 2014 Loksabha Elections from Azamgarh against Mulayam singh Yadav, the founder of Samajwadi Party stating that it's a fight for justice.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Khan|first=Atiq|date=2014-03-30|title=In taking on Mulayam, I'll fight injustice to Muslims: Maulana|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/in-taking-on-mulayam-ill-fight-injustice-to-muslims-maulana/article5849525.ece|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Maulana is known for his statements in favour of the marginalized sections of the society specially the Minorities and other oppressed classes.<ref>{{Cite news|title=यूपी की वारदात की असल दोषी सपा सरकार, गुमराह कर रहे आजम खान : उलेमा काउंसिल|work=NDTVIndia|url=https://ndtv.in/india-news/ulema-council-criticisex-mulayam-singh-yadav-says-azam-is-misleading-1229864|access-date=2021-09-07}}</ref> He has led many mass movements on Muslim Reservation, Illegal detention of the Innocents, Article 341, Triple Talaq.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-08-24|title=Supreme Court agrees to hear triple talaq law, but...|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-supreme-court-agrees-to-hear-triple-talaq-law-but-2784339|access-date=2021-09-07|website=DNA India|language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.facebook.com/AamirRashadiMadni/ Facebook]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Madni, Aamir Rashadi}}
[[Category:1961 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Islamic University of Madinah alumni]]

Dalapathi (2018 film)

2026-04-27T00:00:39Z

CaitlinBecker07: Creating First Pg First Draft

{{short description|2018 film directed by Prashant Raj}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Dalapathi
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| director = [[Prashant Raj]]
| producer = Naveen Raj
| writer = M S Ramesh [dialogues]
| story = Chandru
| screenplay = Prashanth Raj
| starring = [[Prem (Kannada actor)|Prem]] [[Kriti Kharbanda]].
| music = [[Charan Raj (composer)|Charan Raj]]
| cinematography = Santhosh Rai Pathaje
| editing = C Ravichandran
| studio = Nimma Cinima Pride Films Karma Bros
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2018|04|13}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
}}

'''''Dalapathi''''' is a 2018 Indian [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]] language film written and directed by [[Prashant Raj]]. It stars [[Prem (Kannada actor)|Prem]] and [[Kriti Kharbanda]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/dalapathi-has-all-the-elements-that-my-fans-and-i-were-looking-for-prem/articleshow/63696008.cms|title=Dalapathi has all the elements that my fans and I were looking for: Prem|date=11 April 2018|last=Joy|first=Prathibha|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/dalapathi-takes-viewers-on-a-journey-across-karnataka/articleshow/63712620.cms|title=Dalapathi takes viewers on a journey across Karnataka|date=12 April 2018|work=The Times of India}}</ref>

==Cast==

*[[Prem (Kannada actor)|Prem]] as Ram
*[[Kriti Kharbanda]] as Vaidhehi
*[[Sharath Lohitashwa]] as Adhipathi
*[[Chikkanna]]
*[[Padmaja Rao]]
*[[Krishi Thapanda]]
*[[Sanketh Kashi]]
*[[Srinivas Prabhu]]

== Soundtrack ==
The songs are composed by [[Charan Raj (composer)|Charan Raj]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/watch-prem-kriti-and-chikkkanna-in-wah-re-wah-today/articleshow/63681153.cms|title=Watch Prem, Kriti and Chikkanna in Wah Re Wah today|date=11 April 2018|last=Joy|first=Prathibha|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| all_writing =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Early Morning
| length1 = 4:17
| lyrics1 = [[Pavan Wadeyar]]
| extra1 = [[Vijay Prakash]] [[Eesha Suchi]], Raksha
| title2 = Gunu Gunuguva
| length2 = 3:56
| lyrics2 = [[Kaviraj (lyricist)|Kaviraj]]
| extra2 = [[Sanjith Hegde]], Sinduri
| title3 = Wah Re Wah
| length3 = 4:21
| lyrics3 = Kaviraj
| extra3 = Vijay Prakash, Sinduri (Backing vocals: Sri Raksha Achar, Eesha Suchi Rachitha, Harsha Ranjini)
| title4 = Yaarige Beku
| length4 = 2:55
| lyrics4 = Prashant Raj
| extra4 = Sri Raksha Achar
| title5 = Ishq Dishq
| length5 = 3:50
| lyrics5 = Kaviraj
| extra5 = [[Chandan Shetty]]
| title6 = Dalapthi Title Song
| length6 = 3:50
| lyrics6 = Professor Krishne Gowda
| extra6 = [[Ananya Bhat]] (Backing vocals: Sri Raksha Achar, Eesha Suchi Rachitha, Harsha Ranjini) 
| total_length =
}}

==Reception==

''The Times of India'' gave 2.5 out of 5 stars praising the cinematographer and the dialogues and scenes in the film.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/dalapathi/movie-review/63745613.cms |title=Movie Review by TOI |date=2018-04-13 |work=Times of India |access-date=2019-09-19}}</ref> Similarly, ''The New Indian Express'' gave 2.5 criticizing the climax and the flow.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2018/apr/13/dalapathi-movie-review-a-twisted-tale-1801172.html |title=Movie Review by Indian Express |date=2018-04-13 |work=The New Indian Express |access-date=2019-09-19}}</ref>

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|13716638}}

[[Category:2018 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2018 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Prashant Raj]]

{{2010s-Kannada-film-stub}}

Siege of Vijayanagara

2026-04-26T16:26:59Z

CaitlinBecker07: created post.

{{Short description|Military campaign of the Bahmanis in 1423}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Siege of Vijayanagara
| place = [[Vijayanagara]], present day [[Karnataka]]
| partof = [[Bahmani–Vijayanagar War (disambiguation)|Bahmani–Vijayanagar Wars]]
| image = File:Panaromic view of the natural fortification and landscape at Hampi.jpg
| caption = Natural fortress of Vijayanagara
| date = 1423
| coordinates = {{coord|15|20|04|N|76|27|44|E}}
| map_type = Karnataka#India
| territory = All the lands captured by Vijayanagara at [[Bahmani-Vijayanagar War (1418-1420)|1420]] recaptured by the Bahmanis
| result = Bahmani victory
| combatant1 = [[Bahmani Sultanate]]
| combatant2 = [[Vijayanagara Empire]] [[Recherla Nayakas|Velama Chiefs]]
| commander1 = [[Ahmad Shah I Wali|Ahmad Shah Bahmani]]
| commander2 = [[Vira Vijaya]]{{POW}} Linga
| strength1 = 40,000 horsemen<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=Connolly |first1=Peter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aLYoDAAAQBAJ |title=The Hutchinson Dictionary of Ancient and Medieval Warfare |last2=Gillingham |first2=John |last3=Lazenby |first3=John |date=2016-05-13 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-93674-7 |page=6 |language=en |quote="In 1423, with an army of 40,000 horsemen, he (Ahmad) defeated a million-strong Hindu army on the river Tungabhadra."}}</ref>
| strength2 = 1,000,000<ref name=":0" />
| casualties1 = Unknown
| casualties2 = 20,000 massacred by sect, sects unknown.
}}

The '''siege of Vijayanagara''' or '''Bahmani–Vijayanagara war of 1423''' was a military campaign by the [[Bahmani Sultanate]] in the [[Deccan Plateau]], led by [[Ahmad Shah I Wali]], against the [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagara empire]], ruled by [[Veera Vijaya Bukka Raya|Vira Vijaya Bukka Raya III]], beginning in 1423 in present-day [[Karnataka]]. The campaign resulted in a victory for the Bahmanis, leading to the recapture of all of the Sultanate's territories that had fallen into the hands of Vijayanagara during the war of 1420.

After their triumph in the [[Bahmani–Vijayanagar War (1417–1419)|war with the Bahmanis in 1420]], the Vijayanagara empire carried out a massacre of the civilian population, violating the treaty signed between them during the [[Bahmani–Vijayanagar War (1362–1367)|war of 1367]]. Following the coronation of Ahmad Shah Wali after the death of his brother [[Taj ud-Din Firuz Shah|Tajuddin Firuz Shah]], Ahmad sought revenge for his brother's defeat by assembling an army. Vira Vijaya, the king of Vijayanagara, opposed them with a vast army, supported by [[Recherla Nayakas|Velama Chiefs]]. However, they were repelled from Tungabhadra, and at one point, the Vijayanagara king was taken as a prisoner of war, though he later managed to escape.

Ahmad Shah retaliated by massacring the Vijayanagara population, seeking retribution for their actions in the earlier war. This led to the Vijayanagara ruler seeking peace, which he achieved by paying a large indemnity as a tribute and returning the lands taken from the Bahmanis in the war of 1420.

== Background ==
{{Main|War of the Goldsmith's Daughter|Bahmani–Vijayanagar War (1417–1419)}}
[[File:Ahmed Shah Al Wali Bahamani.jpg|thumb|Ahmad Shah I Wali]]

During the [[Bahmani–Vijayanagar War (1417–1419)|Bahmani-Vijayanagara war of 1419]], the majority of [[Bahmani Sultanate|Bahmani]] territories were safeguarded by [[Ahmad Shah I Wali|Ahmad Shah Wali]], the brother of [[Taj ud-Din Firuz Shah|Tajuddin Firuz Shah]], the Bahmani ruler.{{Sfn|Watson|1964|p=186}} Following the war's failure, Firuz, weakened by illness and burdened by his own shortcomings and the stark contrast with Ahmad's successful defense of the kingdom, came to a stark realization. He understood increasingly that neither he nor his son Hassan could effectively govern the Sultanate without Ahmad's support. Consequently, he delegated more and more of the state affairs to his brother.{{Sfn|Watson|1964|p=188}}

In 1413, a great saint, [[Bande Nawaz|Hazrat Gesu Daraz]], arrived in the capital of the Bahmanis, [[Kalaburagi|Gulbarga]] from [[Delhi]] and began to attract a large following to his place of retreat near the fort on the western side. An inevitable conflict arose between the Firuz and the saint, as Firuz, despite his scholarly knowledge, began to question the saint's intellectual worth. As tensions escalated, the saint relocated to the spot where his tomb now stands, a couple of miles from his khanqah. Meanwhile, Firuz's brother, Ahmad, recognized the spiritual and moral influence wielded by the saint and endeavored to garner favor with his disciples.{{Sfn|Nizami|1982|p=982}}

=== Fall of Firuz Shah ===
[[File:Portrait of Bande Nawaz, a Sufi saint from India.jpg|thumb|Portrait of Gesu Daraz]]

The close relationship between the saint and Ahmad sparked jealousy among Firuz's entourage, leading them to scheme against Ahmad. Two courtiers, Hoshiyar Ainul Mulk and Bidar Nizamul Mulk, advised the Sultan to blind Ahmad in order to eliminate him as a threat. Ahmad learned of this plot and discreetly left the capital with his trusted companion, Khalaf Hasan of [[Basra]], accompanied by only 400 horsemen.{{Sfn|Sherwani|1985|pp=166-167}}

However, Ahmad soon found himself supported by an army of more than twenty thousand soldiers. In any case, there were individuals of influence around Firuz who had not aligned themselves with Ahmad and opted to resist forcefully. Ahmad gathered his supporters, comprising a majority of the army, and advanced towards Gulbarga. This led to a sporadic civil war, which the devastated country could scarcely sustain.{{sfn|Watson|1964|p=188}} Khalaf Hasan devised a clever strategy: he gathered four hundred [[Ox|oxen]] from the local [[Banjara|banjaras]] and drove them directly into the enemy's camp. Under the cover of night, he launched a surprise attack on the Bahmani royal army, with real cavalry support from the rear. The army of Bahmani was overwhelmed by the stampede of its own elephants, and Ahmad emerged victorious, marching towards the capital.{{sfn|Nizami|1982|p=983}}

Firuz, realizing the gravity of the situation, met Ahmad five miles outside the city. There was no fighting, as a significant portion of the royal army had defected to Ahmad's side on the battlefield. On 22 September 1422, the gates of the capital were opened for Ahmad. In a poignant moment, Firuz accepted the changed circumstances and led his victorious brother to the throne room. There, he ceremoniously fastened the sword of state to Ahmad's waist and assisted him in taking his seat on the [[Turquoise Throne|turquoise throne]].{{sfn|Nizami|1982|p=983}}{{sfn|Watson|1964|pp=188-189}}

The emotional confrontation between the two brothers culminated in a heartfelt embrace, with Firuz overcome with tears. Burhan-i Ma’asir vividly depicts the poignant scene as follows:{{sfn|Sherwani|1985|p=168}}

{{Quote|text=Ahmad: Your Majesty, I did all this for no other reason but to save my life. Firoz: God be praised that the Kingdom is going to the rightful man. It was my fault that having a brother like you I tried to hand over the kingdom to a less worthy person. My last desire is that you should treat your nephew Hasan Khan with kindness as befits a man like you and regard my progeny with the love similar to that which I bear for you.|author=Sayyid Ali Tabataba'i|title=Burhan-i Ma'asir|source={{sfn|Sherwani|1985|pp=168-169}}}}

Following these events, Firuz passed away within two weeks on 28 September 1422. Ahmad demonstrated great consideration for his nephew Hassan, with whom rumors suggested he had been negotiating even during the conflict. Despite advice from Ahmad's ministers, particularly Gesu daraz, urging the new Sultan to either confine the young prince strictly in prison or have him executed, Ahmad took a different approach. He appointed Hassan to a senior command in the army and granted him his father's palace at Firuzabad along with a generous estate. Additionally, he permitted Hassan to enjoy activities such as hunting and leisure in the vicinity, provided he sought permission before leaving. Hassan opted for these privileges over the challenging task of restoring the Sultanate's fallen fortunes, which demanded a focus on matters of war. During his uncle's reign, Hassan contentedly spent his time in quiet pursuits, accompanied by his wives, scholars, and horses.{{sfn|Watson|1964|pp=190-191}} After his succession to the throne, Ahmad Shah moved the Bahmani capital from [[Kalaburagi|Gulbarga]] to [[Bidar]], making Firuz the last ruler of the Bahmanis of Bidar.{{Sfn|Nizami|1982|p=983}}

=== Struggles at Vijayanagara===
This internal conflict within the Bahmani Sultanate may have appeared to present [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagara]] with an opportune moment to dismantle the Sultanate entirely. However, the Vijayanagara Empire was not in a position to capitalize on it. In the same year, 1422, the Palace of Vijayanagara was also embroiled in internal turmoil. It is possible that [[Deva Raya II]]'s return from his campaigns north of the Krishna was prompted by awareness of the impending power struggle in Vijayanagara, thereby inadvertently aiding the Bahmanis. Additionally, Ahmad's cautious bid to seize the throne from his brother may have been influenced by the unfolding events in Vijayanagara, presenting him with an opportune moment. Alternatively, this convergence of events may simply have been one of the unpredictable twists of history.{{sfn|Watson|1964|p=191}}

== Prelude==
[[File:Raichur Doab.jpg|Bahmani-Vijayanagara border|thumb]]

After the significant loss of civilian lives in the [[Bahmani–Vijayanagar War (1362–1367)|Bahmani-Vijayanagara war of 1367]], both Vijayanagara and Bahmani rulers recognized the need to minimize civilian casualties in future conflicts. They agreed to a treaty aimed at protecting innocent civilians during wars between them, which was signed by [[Mohammed Shah I|Muhammad Shah I]] and [[Bukka Raya I]].{{Sfn|Allan|1964|p=172}} This policy of avoiding harm to civilians was followed by Firuz Shah during his [[Bahmani–Vijayanagar War (1398)|conflict with Vijayanagara]] in 1398.{{Sfn|Haig|1928|p=389}} The policy was breached by Vijayanagara, as following [[Deva Raya I|Deva Raya]]'s triumph in the [[Bahmani–Vijayanagar War (1417–1419)|war of 1420]], he massacred the local Bahmani population, thus violating the treaty. In response, Ahmad Shah sought to avenge the massacre of non-combatants, which was the primary reason for launching the campaign.{{Sfn|Allan|1964|p=282}} Therefore, Ahmad was determined to seek retribution for his brother's defeat during the final years of his reign.{{Sfn|Sherwani|1985|p=198}}
=== Preparations of the Bahmanis ===
Ahmad focused primarily on strengthening the army, a task he was well-versed in. In addition to bolstering the royal forces and mobilizing troops from provincial governors and local tributary chiefs, he actively recruited mercenaries from across the [[Muslim world|Islamic world]]. However, he was unwilling to delay striking at Vijayanagara until his forces were fully reinforced. He and his advisors believed it was imperative to act while the Empire was experiencing disorganization at the highest levels.{{Sfn|Watson|1964|pp=197–198}}

Ahmad meticulously defined the status and authority of the kingdom's high-ranking officials more than his predecessors. Each provincial governor held the rank of commander of 2000 horse, although the size of their provincial troops was not limited to this number. When Ahmad went to war, these forces were augmented by significant contingents from the prominent [[Fief|fief-holders]].{{Sfn|Haig|1928|p=396}} Following a display of strength towards his northern frontier, which repelled a force that had invaded the Deccan from [[Gujarat]], Ahmad led a march with 40,000 horse to confront Vira Vijaya.{{Sfn|Allan|1964|p=282}}

===Preparations of the Vijayanagara===
Feeling the weight of his isolation, Bukka III, the ruler of Vijayanagara, wisely recognized the need for assistance and dispatched messengers to [[Recherla Nayakas|Anapota Velama]] of [[Telangana]] for aid. In response, Anapota sent his forces, likely under the command of Linga, to support Vijayanagara, his southern neighbor.{{Sfn|Sherwani|1985|p=198}} Vira Vijaya, aided by the Velamas of Telangana, commanded an army, comprising nearly a million infantry and gunners, to the southern bank of the [[Tungabhadra River]]. His intention was to block the passage of the Bahmanis.{{sfn|Haig|1928|p=397}}
== The campaign ==
[[File:Hampi, Tungabhadra River, India.jpg|Tungabhadra river|thumb]]
Ahmad advanced to the northern bank of the river and, after forty days of unsuccessful attempts to entice the enemy into crossing, decided to take the offensive. During the night, a division of 10,000 men was dispatched upstream to cross the river above the enemy's camp. Their mission was to create a diversion by launching an attack on the enemy's left flank or rear.{{Sfn|Haig|1928|p=396}} Ahmad anticipated a decisive engagement, but the Vijayanagara forces chose not to engage in battle and instead retreated to their own territories.{{Sfn|Sherwani|1985|p=198}} The Vijayanagara ruler sought refuge in the [[Sugarcane plantation|sugarcane plantations]]. As the Bahmanis were harvesting the sugarcane for themselves and their horses, Vira Vijaya, fearing capture, stealthily slipped out and hid himself among the standing crop. Some of the Bahmani troops stumbled upon him, mistaking him for a gardener tasked with carrying the sugarcane. Unaware of his true identity as the Vijayanagara king, they took him into custody.{{Sfn|Allan|1964|p=282}}{{Sfn|Haig|1928|p=396}}

As the main Bahmani army commenced crossing the river, the leaderless Vijayanagara host, already under attack from the division that had captured their king, began to scatter in retreat. While the Bahmanis looted the camp, the Vijayanagara king managed to escape. However, feeling exhausted and demoralized, he opted not to attempt rallying his army and instead joined them in their flight back to Vijayanagara.{{Sfn|Allan|1964|p=282}}

The Vijayanagaris now had cause to regret their violation of the humane treaty between Muhammad I and Bukka I, as never before in a long series of wars had either army exhibited the ferocity displayed by Ahmad's troops in this campaign. Although not naturally inclined towards cruelty, Ahmad's temper was inflamed by the atrocities committed by the Vijayanagara troops following the disastrous campaign of Pangul in 1420, and he sought to exact his revenge. Avoiding a siege of Vijayanagara, which was deemed an unprofitable endeavor, he led his forces through the kingdom, massacring men and enslaving women and children.{{Sfn|Haig|1928|p=397}} An account of the massacre was meticulously kept, and whenever the tally of victims reached 20,000, Ahmad would pause to commemorate the event. On one such occasion, while he was out hunting, a group of enemy soldiers ambushed him. His bodyguard bravely held their ground until reinforcements arrived, driving off the Vijayanagara troops. Impressed by the valiant defense put up by the foreign archers of his guard, Ahmad ordered the principal foreign officer in his service, known as Malik Tujjär, to raise a corps of three thousand of them. This decision would ultimately have a profound and enduring impact on the history of Muslims in the Deccan.{{Sfn|Allan|1964|p=283}}

Throughout his campaign, Ahmad engaged in the destruction of [[Hindu temple|temples]] and the slaughter of cows, aiming to inflict maximum harm on the natural affections, patriotism, and religious sentiments of the Vijayanagaris. In March 1423, he paused by an artificial lake to observe the festival of the [[Nowruz|Nauruz]] and celebrate his own exploits. During a hunting excursion, he pursued an antelope relentlessly, leading him twelve miles from his camp where he encountered a body of five or six thousand enemy horsemen. In the ensuing fierce attack, half of his immediate bodyguard of 400 men were killed, but Ahmad managed to find refuge in a cattle-fold. There, his 200 foreign archers held off the Vijayanagara attackers for some time, despite the partial destruction of the enclosure wall. However, aid arrived unexpectedly when a loyal officer, ‘Abd-ul-Qadir, led two or three thousand royal guards in search of Ahmad, and they swiftly engaged the Vijayanagara forces. The Vijayanagara troops initially stood their ground, but after inflicting casualties on their assailants, they eventually fled, leaving a thousand of their own dead on the battlefield.{{Sfn|Haig|1928|pp=397-398}} After this, Ahmad himself marched towards Vijayanagara, and the Vijayanagara King, seeing the sufferings of his people, sued for peace accepting the terms offered by Ahmad Shah.{{sfn|Allan|1964|p=284}}
== Aftermath==
Ahmad dispatched a messenger to the Vijayanagara King, stipulating that one of the conditions for peace would be the delivery of all arrears of tribute, loaded onto the backs of elephants from the Vijayanagara stables. This procession was to be led by the Crown Prince of Vijayanagara himself, with bands playing in front. The Raya promptly complied, and when the procession reached the Sultan's camp, it was received with great pomp by the Bahmani nobles and escorted to the king's presence. The king then adorned the Crown Prince of Vijayanagara with royal robes and a bejeweled dagger, and bestowed upon him Arab and Turkish horses, elephants, greyhounds, and three falcons. After these ceremonial gestures, the king escorted the Crown Prince back towards the [[Krishna River]], bidding him farewell.{{Sfn|Sherwani|1985|p=201}} Vira Vijaya then returned the Doab and other territories had taken from the Bahmani Sultanate in the war of 1420.{{Sfn|Watson|1964|p=199}}

== Citations ==
{{Reflist}}
== Sources ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |last=Majumdar |first=Ramesh Chandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TP7HAAAAIAAJ |title=An Advanced History of India: The Delhi sultanate and the Mughul empire |date=1949 |publisher=Macmillan |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Watson |first=Adam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-qUeAAAAMAAJ |title=The War of the Goldsmith's Daughter |date=1964 |publisher=Chatto & Windus |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Haig |first=W |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=94qOZORGURcC |title=The Cambridge History of India: Turks and Afghans, edited by W. Haig |date=1928 |publisher=University Press |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Allan |first=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pMSFAAAAIAAJ |title=The Cambridge Shorter History of India |date=1964 |publisher=S. Chand |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Sherwani |first=Haroon Khan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3kIeAAAAMAAJ |title=The Bahmanis of the Deccan |date=1985 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Sarma |first=P. Sree Rama |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TmhuAAAAMAAJ |title=A History of Vijayanagar Empire |date=1992 |publisher=Prabhakar Publications |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Nizami|first=Khāliq Aḥmad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Y8tzwEACAAJ |title=A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat, A.D. 1206-1526|date=1982 |publisher=People's Publishing House |language=en}}
{{refend}}

[[Category:Battles involving the Vijayanagara Empire]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Bahmani Sultanate]]
[[Category:Looting in India]]

National Academy of Medical Sciences

2026-04-25T21:40:54Z

CaitlinBecker07: added new info...

{{Short description|Indian medical organisation}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = National Academy of Medical Sciences (India)
| native_name =
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| status =
| purpose = To foster academic excellence in Medicine
| headquarters = NAMS House
| location = Ansari Nagar, [[New Delhi]]
| coordinates = {{coord|28.3359|N|77.1312|E}}
| region_served = India
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| leader_title = President
| leader_name = Dr. Sarin S. K., MD, DM, FAMS
| leader_title2 = Honorary Secretary
| leader_name2 = Dr. Umesh Kapil, MD, FAMS
| leader_title3 = Treasurer
| leader_name3 = Dr. Rani Kumar, MD, FAMS
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| former_name = Indian Academy of Medical Sciences
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}}
'''National Academy of Medical Sciences (India)''', better known by its acronym, '''NAMS''', is a non-constitutional, non-statutory advisory body to the Government in matters related to National Health Policy and Planning and as a promoting agency for [[continuing medical education]] (CME) for medical and health professionals.<ref name="From Physiology and Chemistry to Biochemistry">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4CaQ3-x3LXMC&q=national+academy+of+medical+sciences+(nams)&pg=PA171 | title=From Physiology and Chemistry to Biochemistry | publisher=Pearson Education India | author=D. P. Burma | year=2011 | pages=171 of 531 | isbn=9788131732205 | access-date=19 March 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328233300/https://books.google.ae/books?id=4CaQ3-x3LXMC&pg=PA171&lpg=PA171&dq=national+academy+of+medical+sciences+(nams)&source=bl&ots=H_AWS5hGyQ&sig=_e6RXvmkwS2rPDTImjq2Lb-qoyI&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiazK7vxMrLAhUFSBQKHXGfBCI4ChDoAQgZMAA#v=onepage&q=national%20academy%20of%20medical%20sciences%20(nams)&f=false | archive-date=28 March 2016 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="About NAMS">{{cite web | url=http://www.nams-india.in/about.php?n=intro | title=About NAMS | publisher=NAMS | date=2016 | access-date=18 March 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160320002239/http://www.nams-india.in/about.php?n=intro | archive-date=20 March 2016 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref> It is a part of the ''[[Inter Academy Medical Panel]]'' (IAMP), a global network of medical academies.<ref name="IAMP Members">{{cite web | url=http://iamp-online.org/members/list/ | title=IAMP Members | publisher=Inter Academy Medical Panel | date=2016 | access-date=19 March 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319185430/http://iamp-online.org/members/list/ | archive-date=19 March 2016 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref> The Academy is headquartered at NAMS House, at Ansari Nagar, neighbouring the [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi|AIIMS]] and the [[Indian Council of Medical Research|ICMR]] House, along Mahatma Gandhi Marg, in the Indian capital of [[New Delhi]].<ref name="Contact Us">{{cite web | url=http://www.nams-india.in/contact.php | title=Contact Us | publisher=NAMS | date=2016 | access-date=18 March 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160320002341/http://www.nams-india.in/contact.php | archive-date=20 March 2016 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref>

== Genesis ==
The National Academy of Medical Sciences originated as the Indian Academy of Medical Sciences, a registered society, on 21 April 1961, for the promotion of medical education and research in India.<ref name="About NAMS" /> The academy, housed in NAMS House, New Delhi, started functioning when [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], the then Prime Minister of India inaugurated the institution on 19 December 1961. In 1963, the inaugural convocation was held at [[Vigyan Bhavan]], [[New Delhi]] when [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]] addressed the gathering. The Academy re-branded itself as the National Academy of Medical Sciences (India) on 16 November 1979.

== Governance ==
The Academy is governed by a council that is made up of 22 Indian medical professionals who are selected from the community. It is headed by a President and Vice President, and a Treasurer assists them in financial matters.<ref name="About NAMS" /> Mukund S. Joshi is the incumbent president and Sanjay Wadhwa and Manorama Berry serves as the vice president and treasurer, respectively.<ref name="Office Bearers">{{cite web | url=http://www.nams-india.in/about.php?n=officebearers | title=Office Bearers | publisher=NAMS | date=2016 | access-date=March 19, 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160320002326/http://www.nams-india.in/about.php?n=officebearers | archive-date=20 March 2016 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref> The council members include many notable medical personalities such as [[P. K. Dave]], [[Saroj Chooramani Gopal]] and [[Mohan Kameswaran]], among others.<ref name="List Of Council Members">{{cite web | url=http://www.nams-india.in/about.php?n=councilmembers | title=List Of Council Members | publisher=NAMS | date=2016 | access-date=March 19, 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160320002235/http://www.nams-india.in/about.php?n=councilmembers | archive-date=20 March 2016 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref>

== Activities ==
One of the principal activities of NAMS is promoting medical education through [[continuing medical education]] (CME) programmes for the junior scientists and medical professionals.<ref name="From Physiology and Chemistry to Biochemistry" /> The Academy provides opportunities, on a regular basis, for the aspirants to undergo training at various centres of excellence. It conducts symposia and workshops on various medical topics where medical professionals and researchers are exposed to modern medical methodologies and practices and encourages them to join the stream as members of the Academy.<ref name="About NAMS" /> On successful performance at the entry examination conducted by the [[National Board of Examinations]], the examinees are awarded the [[Diplomate of National Board]] title (formerly MNAMS).<ref name="Notification">{{cite web | url=http://www.natboard.edu.in/dnb_matter.php?notice_id=4 | title=Notification | publisher=National Board of Examinations | date=2016 | access-date=March 19, 2016 | archive-date=Namscon2014">{{cite web | url=http://namscon2014.com/pages/about-us.php | title=Namscon2014 | publisher=Namscon | date=2016 | access-date=March 19, 2016 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160320064104/http://namscon2014.com/pages/about-us.php | archive-date=March 20, 2016 }}</ref> Further, it acts as an advisory body to the Government of India in matters related to National Health Policy and Planning.<ref name="About NAMS" />

== Emeritus Professors ==
The academy honors academics with notable service profile and achievements with the title of ''Emeritus Professor''.<ref name="Directory Of Emeritus Professors">{{cite web | url=http://www.nams-india.in/about.php?n=directory | title=Directory Of Emeritus Professors | publisher=NAMS | date=2016 | access-date=18 March 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328064542/http://www.nams-india.in/about.php?n=directory | archive-date=28 March 2016 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref> The following is a list of ''Emeritus Professor'' title holders:

{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
* [[Daya Kishore Hazra]]
* [[Jasbir Singh Bajaj]]
* M. Berry
* Shivinder Singh Gill
* M. K. Bahn
* C. S. Bhaskaran
* C. Shyamala Bhasakaran
* R. V. Bhatt
* M. S. Boparai
* Kamal Buckshee
* [[Ranjit Roy Chaudhury]]
* [[Jagjit Singh Chopra]]
* [[Kirpal Singh Chugh]]
* T. D. Chugh
* [[P. K. Dave]]
* [[M. G. Deo]]
* S. S. Deshmukh
* [[Nirmal Kumar Ganguly|N. K. Ganguly]]
* [[B. K. Goyal]]
* [[J. S. Guleria]]
* O. P. Gupta
* [[S. Kameswaran]]
* B. M. L. Kapur
* [[Narayana Panicker Kochupillai]]
* [[Ramachandra Datatraya Lele]]
* [[Jitendra Nath Pande]]
* [[Sunkara Balaparameswara Rao]]
* [[G. S. Sainani]]
* C. P. Sawhney
* K. N. Sharma
* Shridhar Sharma
* Gurmohan Singh
* [[K. K. Talwar]]
* [[Prakash Narain Tandon]]
* S. P. S. Teotia
* S. N. Wadhwa
* [[N. H. Wadia]]
{{div col end}}

== Journal of the Academy ==
The Academy publishes a quarterly journal, the ''Annals of the National Academy of Medical Sciences (India)'',<ref name="Annals of the National Academy of Medical Sciences (India)">{{cite journal | url=http://annals-nams.in/index.php/annals | title=Annals of the National Academy of Medical Sciences (India) | journal=Annals of the National Academy of Medical Sciences (India) | issn=2454-5635 | access-date=19 March 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151113050549/http://annals-nams.in/index.php/annals | archive-date=13 November 2015 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref> which provides a platform for researchers, educationists and education administrators to publish their works.<ref name="Ann Natl Acad Med Sci">{{cite web | url=https://www.researchgate.net/journal/0379-038X_Annals_of_the_National_Academy_of_Medical_Sciences_India | title=Ann Natl Acad Med Sci | date=2016 | access-date=19 March 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160327163929/https://www.researchgate.net/journal/0379-038X_Annals_of_the_National_Academy_of_Medical_Sciences_India | archive-date=27 March 2016 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="Vol 51, No 1 & 2 (2015)">{{cite journal | url=http://annals-nams.in/index.php/annals/issue/view/7/showToc | title=Vol 51, No 1 & 2 (2015) | journal=Annals of the National Academy of Medical Sciences (India) | year=2015 | volume=51 | issue=1 | issn=2454-5635 | access-date=19 March 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328074025/http://annals-nams.in/index.php/annals/issue/view/7/showToc | archive-date=28 March 2016 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref> Sanjeev Misra is the editor while V. Mohan Kumar and [[Mohan Kameswaran]] serve as the Associate Editor and Assistant Editor respectively and they are assisted by an Editorial Board and a team of editorial assistants.<ref name="Editorial Team">{{cite web | url=http://annals-nams.in/index.php/annals/about/editorialTeam | title=Editorial Team | publisher=NAMS | date=2016 | access-date=19 March 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328040323/http://annals-nams.in/index.php/annals/about/editorialTeam | archive-date=28 March 2016 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref>

== Awards and Prizes ==
The Academy has instituted six annual awards for contributions in the fields of research, service, publication and academics.<ref name="NAMS Awards">{{cite journal | url=http://lrsitbrd.nic.in/IJTB/Year%201990/July%201990/July%201990%20n.pdf | title=NAMS Awards | journal=Ind. J. Tub. | year=1990 | volume=37 | issue=171 | access-date=19 March 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060823044504/http://lrsitbrd.nic.in/IJTB/Year%201990/July%201990/July%201990%20n.pdf | archive-date=23 August 2006 | url-status=dead | df=dmy-all }}</ref>
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* '''Dr. S. S. Misra Memorial Award'''<ref name="Awards and recognition">{{cite web | url=http://www.rmrc.res.in/aboutAwards.html | title=Awards and recognition | publisher=Regional Medical Research Centre | date=2016 | access-date=19 March 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160327033132/http://www.rmrc.res.in/aboutAwards.html | archive-date=27 March 2016 | url-status=dead | df=dmy-all }}</ref>
The award recognizes excellence in research by a student below the age of 40 years and is open to unpublished work in the field of biomedical science. Established in 1974, in honour of one of the founder fellows of the Academy, the award carries a bronze medal and a cash prize.

* '''Sir Shriram Memorial Award'''<ref name="Awards and Fellowship">{{cite web | url=http://www.sushrut.org/profile/awards_felloships.pdf | title=Awards and Fellowship | publisher=Sushrut | date=2016 | access-date=19 March 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331180940/http://www.sushrut.org/profile/awards_felloships.pdf | archive-date=31 March 2016 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref>
The award was instituted by an endowment from ''Shriram Foundation'', carrying a bronze medal and cash prize, and is awarded for the best unpublished work on community health and medicine, medical education and hospital administration during a period of three years preceding the award.

* '''Dr. R. M. Kasliwal Award'''<ref name="Highlights of your department/unit">{{cite web | url=http://www.bhu.ac.in/ims/hospital/units/surgery/highlights.htm | title=Highlights of your department/unit | publisher=Banaras Hindu University | date=2016 | access-date=19 March 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150612011018/http://www.bhu.ac.in/ims/hospital/units/surgery/highlights.htm | archive-date=12 June 2015 | url-status=dead | df=dmy-all }}</ref>
Founded by a Fellow of the Academy, the award is open to the best field work on diseases related to colon. The scrutiny is based on a submitted paper by the aspirant on the work done by him in India.

* '''Dr. Vimla Yirmani Award'''<ref name="Notes and News">{{cite journal | url=http://lrsitbrd.nic.in/IJTB/Year%201991/July%201991/july%201991%20M.pdf | title=Notes and News | journal=Ind .J. Tub. | year=1991 | volume=38 | pages=174 | access-date=19 March 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331214002/http://lrsitbrd.nic.in/IJTB/Year%201991/July%201991/july%201991%20M.pdf | archive-date=31 March 2016 | url-status=dead | df=dmy-all }}</ref>
This is another award founded by a fellow of the Academy, which recognizes the work done in India in the field of ''physical and or psycho-sociological rehabilitation of neurologically and or mentally afflicted people''. The award consists of a bronze medal and cash prize.

* '''Shriram Travel Fellowship Scheme'''<ref name="Notes and News" />
This is a fellowship open to the faculty of an Indian educational institution for advanced learning at another Indian institution. The fellowship is awarded on the basis of nominations received from the heads of institutions in India.

* '''Shyam Lal Saxena Memorial Award'''<ref name="Welcome to MERFish">{{cite web | url=http://www.merfish.org/ | title=Welcome to MERFish | publisher=MERFish | date=2016 | access-date=19 March 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322062655/http://www.merfish.org/ | archive-date=22 March 2016 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref>
Awarded to the best work, published or unpublished, by a researcher, in the field of biomedical engineering and carries a bronze medal and cash prize.
{{div col end}}

Besides these awards, two annual orations ''NAMS Oration'' and Dr. K. L. Wig Oration,<ref name="DMCH doctor awarded ‘Dr K L Wig Oration 2014-2015’">{{cite web | url=http://www.dailypost.in/regions/daily-ludhiana/50679-dmch-doctor-awarded-dr-k-l-wig-oration-2014-2015 | title=DMCH doctor awarded 'Dr K L Wig Oration 2014-2015' | publisher=Daily Post | date=27 October 2015 | access-date=16 March 2016 }}{{dead link|date=February 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
have also been instituted by the Academy.<ref name="NAMS Oration">{{cite web | url=http://web.tnmgrmu.ac.in/index.php/dental/436-newsaevents/2717 | title=NAMS Oration | publisher=The Tamil Nadu Dr. M. G. R. Medical University | date=2016 | access-date=19 March 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160329072105/http://web.tnmgrmu.ac.in/index.php/dental/436-newsaevents/2717 | archive-date=29 March 2016 | url-status=dead | df=dmy-all }}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Indian National Science Academy]]
* [[Indian Academy of Sciences]]
* [[National Academy of Sciences, India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web | url=http://www.iamp-online.org/node/64 | title=National Academy of Medical Sciences(India) | publisher=Inter Academy Medical Panel | work=IAMP Profile | date=2016 | access-date=19 March 2016}}
* {{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oLQ6aktCp3c&index=3&list=PL7U8qKlegO_kx3-qJ4SMUaeaeiWf4EBmu | title=Dr R M Kasliwal Award | publisher=NAMSCON 2014 | work=[[YouTube]] video | date=27 October 2014 | access-date=19 March 2016}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:National Academy of Medical Sciences}}
[[Category:National academies of sciences]]
[[Category:National academies]]
[[Category:1961 establishments in Delhi]]
[[Category:Scientific organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Scientific organizations established in 1961]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Delhi]]
[[Category:Science and technology in India]]
[[Category:Medical education in India]]
[[Category:Continuing education]]

Behror Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T07:21:34Z

CaitlinBecker07: new new post - done

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Rajasthan State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Behror
| map_image = Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan-62-Behror.svg
| mla = [[Jaswant Singh Yadav]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| district = [[Kotputli-Behror district|Kotputli-Behror]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Alwar Lok Sabha constituency|Alwar]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:237305}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/all_files/full-statistical-reports/rajasthan/2023/Detailed_Results.pdf |title=State Election,2023 to the legislative assembly of Rajasthan |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 12 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2029|1}}
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 62
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = [[Baljeet Yadav]]
| incumbent_image = File:Dr. Jaswant Singh.jpg
}}
'''Behror Assembly constituency''' is one of the 200 [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Rajasthan]] state in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |website=Election Commission of India |date=26 November 2008 |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref><ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=https://ceorajasthan.nic.in/map/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP.pdf |title=New Assembly Constituencies |website=ceorajasthan.nic.in |date=25 January 2006| access-date=12 February 2021}}</ref>

It is part of [[Kotputli-Behror district|Kot-Behror]] district and [[Alwar district|Alwar]] Lok Sabha Constituency.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!Picture
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|1951
|Ramji Lal Yadav
|
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|1957
|Chander Singh
|
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|1962
|[[Ghasi Ram Yadav]]
|
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|1967
|A. Lal
|
|{{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
|1972
|[[Ghasi Ram Yadav]]
|
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|1977
|Bhawani Singh
|
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|1980
|rowspan="2"| Rao Sujan Singh
|rowspan="2"|
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|1985
|
|-
|1990
| Mahi Pal Yadav
|
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|1993
|Rao Sujan Singh
|
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|1998
|rowspan="2" | [[Karan Singh Yadav| Rao Karan Singh]]
|rowspan="2"|
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|2003
|-
|2004 (By poll)
| [[Mahant Chandnath]]
| [[File:MP Alwar Rajasthan.jpg|50x50px]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|rowspan="2" | [[Jaswant Singh Yadav| Rao Jaswant Singh]]
|rowspan="2" | [[File:Dr. Jaswant Singh.jpg|50x50px]]
|-
|[[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|-
|[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
| [[Baljeet Yadav]]
|[[File:Baljeet Yadav portrait.jpg|80x50px]]
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|[[Jaswant Singh Yadav|Rao Jaswant Singh]]
|[[File:Dr. Jaswant Singh.jpg|50x50px]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Behror<ref name="election2023"/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Jaswant Singh Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:70400}}
|percentage = 40.03
|change = +16.57
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Janata Sena
|candidate = Baljeet Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:53177}}
|percentage = 30.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Sanjay Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:46668}}
|percentage = 26.54
|change = -5.35
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Hardan Singh Gurjar
|votes = {{formatnum:2612}}
|percentage = 1.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1091}}
|percentage = 0.62
|change = -0.15
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:17223}}
|percentage = 9.79
|change = +7.41
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:175866}}
|percentage = 74.11
|change = -0.29
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Independent
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|Rajasthan Legislative Assembly Election, 2018]]: Behror<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9645-statistical-data-of-rajasthan-la-2018/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan LA 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Baljeet Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:55160}}
|percentage = 34.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Ramchandra Yadav
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:51324}}
|percentage = 31.89
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Mohit Yadav
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:37755}}
|percentage = 23.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Jasram
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:12433}}
|percentage = 7.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1246}}
|percentage = 0.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:3836}}
|percentage = 2.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:160937}}
|percentage = 74.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Alwar district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan}}

{{coord|27.89|76.29|display=title}}

[[Category:Alwar district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Politics of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Rajasthan]]

Patel Nagar Assembly constituency

2026-04-18T23:43:50Z

CaitlinBecker07: new initial stub w/ refs

{{Short description|Constituency of the Delhi legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Patel Nagar
| state = [[Delhi]]
| district = [[New Delhi]]
| loksabha_cons = [[New Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|New Delhi]]
| reservation = SC
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 24
| mla = [[Pravesh Ratn]]
| party = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
}}
'''Patel Nagar''' is one of the seventy constituencies in the [[Delhi Legislative Assembly]] located in northern India. It is part of the [[New Delhi Lok Sabha constituency]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Delhi Assembly Election 2020 - State Wise and Party Wise Results |url=https://www.elections.in/delhi/assembly-constituencies/patel-nagar.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1993 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
| Mewa Ram Arya
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1998 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Ramakant Goswami]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=3|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2003 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|-
| [[2008 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| [[Rajesh Lilothia]]
|-
| [[2013 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
| [[Veena Anand]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=4|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|-
| [[2015 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
| [[Hazari Lal Chauhan]]
|-
| [[2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
| [[Raaj Kumar Anand]]
|-
|[[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|[[Pravesh Ratn]]
|-
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2025 ===
{{Election box begin|
title=[[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2025]]: Patel Nagar<ref name="Delhi Assembly Elections Results 2025 - Patel Nagar">{{cite news |title=Delhi Assembly Elections Results 2025 - Patel Nagar |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenFeb2025/candidateswise-U0524.htm |access-date=12 March 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=8 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250312065916/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenFeb2025/candidateswise-U0524.htm |archive-date=12 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Patel Nagar Constituency Election Results 2025">{{cite news |title=Patel Nagar Constituency Election Results 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/delhi/constituency-show/patel-nagar |access-date=12 March 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=8 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250312065927/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/delhi/constituency-show/patel-nagar |archive-date=12 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Aam Aadmi Party|candidate=[[Pravesh Ratn]]|votes=57,512|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Raaj Kumar Anand]]|votes=53,463|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Krishna Tirath]]|votes=4654|percentage=3.96|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=772|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=4049|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,17,370|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
| winner = Aam Aadmi Party
| loser =
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2020"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2020]]: [[Patel Nagar]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Aam Aadmi Party
| candidate = Raaj Kumar Anand
| votes = 73,463
| percentage = 60.81
| change = +1.76
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Pravesh Ratn]]|votes=42,528|percentage=35.20|change=+5.85}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Krishna Tirath]]|votes=3,382|percentage=2.80|change=-6.43}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Pradeep Kumar Rawal|votes=674|percentage=0.56|change=-0.10}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the above]]|votes=767|percentage=0.63|change=+0.13}}
{{Election box majority|votes=30,935|percentage=25.61|change=-4.09}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,20,890|percentage=61.00|change=-7.13}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Aam Aadmi Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 2020"/>

=== 2015 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2015"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2015 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2015]]: [[Patel Nagar]]<ref name="Hazari Lal Chauhan AAP candidate from New Delhi won by 34638 votes: Constituency wise Delhi Election Results">{{cite news |title=Hazari Lal Chauhan AAP candidate from New Delhi won by 34638 votes: Constituency wise Delhi Election Results |url=https://www.india.com/news/india/hazari-lal-chauhan-aap-candidate-from-new-delhi-won-by-34638-votes-constituency-wise-delhi-election-results-276964/ |access-date=12 March 2025 |work= |date=10 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250312073611/https://www.india.com/news/india/hazari-lal-chauhan-aap-candidate-from-new-delhi-won-by-34638-votes-constituency-wise-delhi-election-results-276964/ |archive-date=12 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Aam Aadmi Party
| candidate = [[Hazari Lal Chauhan]]
| votes = 68,868
| percentage = 59.05
| change = +21.14
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = [[Krishna Tirath]]
| votes = 34,230
| percentage = 29.35
| change = -2.46
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Rajesh Lilothia]]
| votes = 10,766
| percentage = 9.23
| change = -15.15
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = [[Veena Anand]]
| votes = 1,051
| percentage = 0.90
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Alok Nanadan
| votes = 772
| percentage = 0.66
| change = -4.28
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = None of the above
| candidate = [[None of the above]]
| votes = 469
| percentage = 0.40
| change = -0.57
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 34,638
| percentage = 29.70
| change = +23.60
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 1,16,645
| percentage = 68.13
| change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Aam Aadmi Party
| loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
| swing = +21.14
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 2015"/>

=== 2013 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2013"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2013 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2013]]: [[Patel Nagar]]<ref>[http://eciresults.ap.nic.in/ConstituencywiseU0567.htm?ac=24 Assembly Elections December 2013 Results, Election Commission of India]</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Aam Aadmi Party
| candidate = [[Veena Anand]]
| votes = 38,899
| percentage = 37.91
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate =Poornima Vidyarthi
| votes = 32,637
| percentage = 31.81
| change = -7.73
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Rajesh Lilothia]]
| votes = 25,016
| percentage = 24.38
| change = -26.05
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Mangal Sain
| votes = 5,069
| percentage = 4.94
| change = -2.90
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = None of the above
| candidate =[[None of the Above]]
| votes = 993
| percentage = 0.97
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 6,262
| percentage = 6.10
| change = -4.79
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 1,02,650
| percentage = 65.96
| change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Aam Aadmi Party
| loser = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 2013"/>

=== 2008 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2008"/> <section end="Assembly Election 2008"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2008 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2008]]: Patel Nagar<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2008/stats_DL_2008.pdf 2008 Election Commission of India]</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Rajesh Lilothia]]
| votes = 44,022
| percentage = 50.43
| change = -9.61
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = [[Anita Arya]]
| votes = 34,516
| percentage = 39.54
| change = -5.43
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Madan Lal
| votes = 6,846
| percentage = 7.84
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Sunil Pawar
| votes = 665
| percentage = 0.76
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Desh Bhakt Party
| candidate = Ghanshyam Morwal
| votes = 487
| percentage = 0.56
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Dr Banarasi Dass
| votes = 186
| percentage = 0.21
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Madan Lal
| votes = 166
| percentage = 0.19
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Rita
| votes = 130
| percentage = 0.15
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Puran Chand Gautam
| votes = 97
| percentage = 0.11
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian Justice Party
| candidate = Dayanand
| votes = 91
| percentage = 0.10
| change = -0.72
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Kiran Kumar
| votes = 84
| percentage = 0.10
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 9,506
| percentage = 10.89
| change = -15.04
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 87,290
| percentage = 56.5
| change = +5.00
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| swing = -9.61
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2003===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2003"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2003 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2003]]: Patel Nagar<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_NOV_2003/StatisticalReports_DEL_Nov2003.pdf 2003 Election Commission of India]</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Rama Kant Goswami
| votes = 32,833
| percentage = 60.04
| change = +12.66
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Mahesh Chadha
| votes = 18,657
| percentage = 34.11
| change = -3.13
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Asha
| votes = 1,043
| percentage = 1.91
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian Federal Democratic Party
| candidate = Brijesh Kumar Singh
| votes = 860
| percentage = 1.57
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Sudesh Chug
| votes = 535
| percentage = 0.98
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian Justice Party
| candidate = Chandu Lal
| votes = 446
| percentage = 0.82
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Saleem
| votes = 179
| percentage = 0.33
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Dinesh Kumar
| votes = 136
| percentage = 0.25
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 14,176
| percentage = 25.93
| change = +15.79
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 54,689
| percentage = 51.50
| change = +1.18
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| swing = +12.66
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2003"/>

===1998===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 1998"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[1998 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 1998]]: Patel Nagar<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-DEL98.pdf 1998 Election Commission of India]</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Rama Kant Goswami
| votes = 26,135
| percentage = 47.38
| change = +6.53
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Mewa Ram Arya
| votes = 20,541
| percentage = 37.24
| change = -7.61
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Dilvinder Singh
| votes = 5,861
| percentage = 10.63
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Vinita
| votes = 1,630
| percentage = 2.95
| change = +0.92
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Kiran Kapoor
| votes = 370
| percentage = 0.67
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)
| candidate = Santosh Chawla
| votes = 144
| percentage = 0.26
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
| candidate = Sandeep Saxena
| votes = 138
| percentage = 0.25
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Om Prakash Trehan
| votes = 101
| percentage = 0.18
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Chandu Lal
| votes = 95
| percentage = 0.17
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Jai Bhagwan Gupta
| votes = 57
| percentage = 0.10
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Suresh Kumar
| votes = 55
| percentage = 0.10
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Dwarika Prasad
| votes = 35
| percentage = 0.06
| change = -0.15
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 5,594
| percentage = 10.06
| change = +6.06
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 55,162
| percentage = 50.32
| change = -11.49
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
| swing = -6.53
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 1998"/>

===1993===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 1993"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[1993 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 1993]]: Patel Nagar<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatRep_DL_93.pdf 1993 Election Commission of India]</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Mewa Ram Arya
| votes = 24,058
| percentage = 44.85
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Manohar Arora
| votes = 21,911
| percentage = 40.85
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Janata Dal
| candidate = Braham Prakash
| votes = 3,717
| percentage = 6.93
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Mahender Pratap
| votes = 1,090
| percentage = 2.03
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Mansa Ram
| votes = 1,052
| percentage = 1.96
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Darshan Lal Arora
| votes = 294
| percentage = 0.55
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Anil Chauhan
| votes = 236
| percentage = 0.44
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Madan Lal
| votes = 194
| percentage = 0.36
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Sardar Madan Singh
| votes = 145
| percentage = 0.27
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Ram Nath Deepak
| votes = 121
| percentage = 0.23
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Dwarka Prasad
| votes = 115
| percentage = 0.21
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = G S Jogi
| votes = 103
| percentage = 0.19
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Pradeep Kumar
| votes = 102
| percentage = 0.19
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Gulshan Anand
| votes = 89
| percentage = 0.17
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Jai Kishan
| votes = 85
| percentage = 0.16
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Shyam Lal
| votes = 65
| percentage = 0.12
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Sunil Kumar
| votes = 63
| percentage = 0.12
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Safaraj Ahamad
| votes = 51
| percentage = 0.10
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Ghanshyam Banerjee
| votes = 37
| percentage = 0.07
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Jitender Jeet
| votes = 33
| percentage = 0.06
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Rajinder
| votes = 27
| percentage = 0.05
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Veena Chhokar
| votes = 23
| percentage = 0.04
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Mohinder Singh
| votes = 21
| percentage = 0.04
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Mahesh
| votes = 10
| percentage = 0.02
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 2,147
| percentage = 4.00
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 53,642
| percentage = 61.81
| change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 1993"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of New Delhi}}
{{coords|28.654|77.168|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Delhi]]
[[Category:Delhi Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Politics of Delhi]]
[[Category:New Delhi district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1993]]
[[Category:1993 establishments in Delhi]]

Khetri Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:27:52Z

CaitlinBecker07: new a entry added tags

{{Short description|Constituency of the Rajasthan legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Khetri
| map_image = Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan-31-Khetri.svg
| mla = [[Dharmpal Gurjar]]
| latest_election_year = 2023
| party = [[Bhartiya Janata Party]]
| established = 1951
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| district = [[Jhunjhunu district|Jhunjhunu]]
| type = SLA
| reservation = None
| constituency_no = 31
}}

'''Khetri Assembly constituency''' is one of [[List of constituencies of Rajasthan Vidhan Sabha|constituencies]] of [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] in the [[Jhunjhunu Lok Sabha constituency]].

[[Khetri Nagar|Khetri]] assembly constituency is considered as [[gurjar]] dominant . The numbers of gurjar voters in this area is 35% (80 thousand) of total voters .

==Towns and villages in the constituency==
Babai, Barau, Basai, Beelwa, Charawas, Dada Fatehpura, Dalelpura, Dudhwa Nanglia, Gadrata, Gorir, Gotthra, Hardiya, Jasrapur, Kalota, Kankariya, Kharkhara, Khetri, Loyal, Madhogarh, Mandri, Manota Jatan, Manota Kalan, Mehada, Jatuwas, Jasrapur, Nagli Saledisingh, Nalpur, Nanglia Gujarwas, Nanuwali Bawari, Norangpura, Papurana, Rajota, Rasoolpur, Ravan, Sefraguwar, Shimla, Shyampura, Sihor, Tatija, Thathwadi, Tiba, Tyonda and more.<ref name="election2008">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order 2008]</ref>

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year!!Name!!colspan=2|Party
|-
| 1951 || [[Raghubirsingh]] || {{Full party name with color|Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad}}<ref name="election1951">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_Raj.pdf 1951 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
| 1957 || [[Shish Ram Ola]]|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<ref name="election1957">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Rajasthan_1957.pdf 1957 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
| 1962 ||[[Shish Ram Ola]]<ref name="election1962">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Rajasthan_1962.pdf 1962 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
| 1967 || [[R Singh]] || {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party|rowspan=2}}<ref name="election1967">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Rajasthan%201967.pdf 1967 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
| 1972 || [[Ramji Lal]]<ref name="election1972">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_RJ_72.pdf 1972 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
| 1977 || [[Mala Ram]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<ref name="election1977">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Rajasthan.pdf 1977 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
| 1980 || Mala Ram || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}<ref name="election1980">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Rajasthan.pdf 1980 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
| 1985 || Mala Ram<ref name="election1985">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%201985%20Rajasthan.pdf 1985 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
| 1990 || [[Hajari Lal]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<ref name="election1990">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_RJ_90.pdf 1990 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
| 1993 || [[Jitendra Singh (politician, born 1946)|Jitendra Singh]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<ref name="election1993">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatRep_RJ_93.pdf 1993 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
| 1998 || [[Jitendra Singh (politician, born 1946)|Jitendra Singh]]<ref name="election1998">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-RAJ98.pdf 1998 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
| 2003 || [[Data Ram]]|| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<ref name="election2003">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_NOV_2003/StatisticalReports_RAJ_Nov2003.pdf 2003 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
| 2008 || [[Jitendra Singh (politician, born 1946)|Jitendra Singh]]|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<ref name="election2008-1">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2008/Stats_report_RJ2008.pdf 2008 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
| 2013 || [[Pooranmal Saini]] || {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|-
| 2018 || [[Jitendra Singh (politician, born 1946)|Jitendra Singh]]|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web|title=Khetri Assembly constituency (Rajasthan): Full details, live and past results|url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2018/rajasthan/khetri-election-result-s20a031/|access-date=2021-07-19|website=News18}}</ref>
|-
|[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|[[Dharmpal Gurjar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Khetri<ref name="election2023">{{Cite web |title=Rajasthan General Legislative Election 2023|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/rajasthan-legislative-election-2023-including-statistical-report |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>

}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Dharmpal
|votes = {{formatnum:70597}}
|percentage = 41.82
|change = +5.12
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Manoj Ghumaria
|votes = {{formatnum:61483}}
|percentage = 36.42
|change = +13.46
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Manisha
|votes = {{formatnum:27981}}
|percentage = 16.57
|change = -20.75
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Pooranmal Saini
|votes = {{formatnum:4964}}
|percentage = 2.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1013}}
|percentage = 0.6
|change = -0.3
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:9114}}
|percentage = 5.4
|change = +4.78
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:168825}}
|percentage = 74.09
|change = +0.26
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Khetri<ref name=election2018 name="election2018-1">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9645-statistical-data-of-rajasthan-la-2018/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan LA 2018 |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 12 February 2021}}</ref><ref name="election2018"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Dr Jitendra Singh
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:57153}}
|percentage = 37.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Dharmpal
|votes = {{formatnum:56196}}
|percentage = 36.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Pooranmal Saini
|votes = {{formatnum:35166}}
|percentage = 22.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1373}}
|percentage = 0.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:957}}
|percentage = 0.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:153136}}
|percentage = 73.83
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== See also ==
* [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)]]

{{Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Coord|28.00|75.78|display=title}}

[[Category:Jhunjhunu district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Politics of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Rajasthan]]

Pradeep Kumar Panigrahy

2026-04-11T19:48:04Z

CaitlinBecker07: new new bio more to come.

{{Short description|Member of the Lok Sabha}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image =
| spouse = Sujata Panigrahy
| children = 2
| education = Master in Law
| occupation = Advocate
| parents = Somnath Panigrahy (father) Sari Panigrahy (mother)
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| constituency = [[Berhampur Lok Sabha constituency|Berhampur]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]](2024-Present), [[Biju Janata Dal]] (2009-2023)
| term_start = 4 June 2024
| predecessor = [[Chandra Sekhar Sahu]]
}}

'''Pradeep Kumar Panigrahy''' (born 3 April 1963) is an [[Indian politician]] from [[Gopalpur, Odisha]]. He is as a Member of Parliament from [[Berhampur Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="Party changers {{!}} Shifting hues">{{cite news |date=13 July 2024 |title=Party changers {{!}} Shifting hues |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-party-changers-shifting-hues-2565842-2024-07-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250302190555/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-party-changers-shifting-hues-2565842-2024-07-13 |archive-date=2 March 2025 |access-date=22 March 2025 |publisher=India Today |language=en}}</ref> He belongs to [[Bharatiya Janata Party, Odisha|Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Pradeep Kumar Panigrahy Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Leading, Trailing |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/pradeep-kumar-panigrahy-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-leading-trailing-8918737.html |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Berhampur, Odisha Lok Sabha Election Results 2024 Highlights: Pradeep Panigrahy wins race with 513102 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha/story/berhampur-odisha-lok-sabha-election-results-2024-live-updates-clse-2547884-2024-06-04 |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | date=2024-06-04 |title=Berhampur Election Result 2024 Live Updates: BJP's Pradeep Kumar Panigrahy Is Leading This Lok Sabha Seat
|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/berhampur-election-result-2024-live-updates-counting-of-votes-odisha-lok-sabha-seat-latest-news |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref>

Pradeep Panigrahi was expelled from BJD for anti-people activities in 2022<ref name="BJD expels MLA, Odisha vigilance suspects links with 'corrupt' IFS officer and his son">{{cite news |title=BJD expels MLA, Odisha vigilance suspects links with 'corrupt' IFS officer and his son |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/bjd-expels-mla-odisha-vigilance-suspects-links-with-corrupt-ifs-officer-and-his-son/articleshow/79479117.cms |access-date=24 March 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=29 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250324162258/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/bjd-expels-mla-odisha-vigilance-suspects-links-with-corrupt-ifs-officer-and-his-son/articleshow/79479117.cms |archive-date=24 March 2025}}</ref> and later he joined BJP in the presence of party state president Manmohan Samal in Bhubaneswar on 21 February 2024.<ref name="Odisha: Expelled BJD MLA and ex-minister Pradeep Panigrahy joins BJP">{{cite news|title=Odisha: Expelled BJD MLA and ex-minister Pradeep Panigrahy joins BJP|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/odisha-expelled-bjd-mla-and-ex-minister-pradeep-panigrahy-joins-bjp-101708518192511.html|accessdate=24 March 2025|publisher=Hindustan Times|date=21 February 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250324161420/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/odisha-expelled-bjd-mla-and-ex-minister-pradeep-panigrahy-joins-bjp-101708518192511.html|archivedate=24 March 2025}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{18th LS members from Odisha}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Panigrahy, Pradeep Kumar}}
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Odisha]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Biju Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:1963 births]]
{{improve categories|date=June 2024}}

{{Odisha-BJP-politician-stub}}

Stop! (2004 film)

2026-04-11T02:44:47Z

CaitlinBecker07: created a details.

{{short description|Indian Hindi-language romantic drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Stop!
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name = 
| director = Ajai Sinha
| writer = Raghuveer Shekawat (dialogues)
| screenplay = Isshan Trivedi
| story = Sanjay Pathak
| based_on = 
| producer = Laxman Bhatia
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Gauri Karnik]]
* [[Ishitta Arun]]
* Rocky Bhatia
* [[Tejaswini Kolhapure]]
* Kiran Jhanjhani
* [[Harsh Chhaya]]
* [[Ali Asgar (actor)|Ali Asgar]]
* [[Dia Mirza]]
}}
| narrator =
| cinematography = Chirrantan Das
| editing = Sanjay Sankla
| music = [[Vishal–Shekhar]]
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2004|11|5|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Stop!''''' is a 2004 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[romantic drama film]] directed by Ajai Sinha and starring [[Gauri Karnik]], [[Ishitta Arun]], Rocky Bhatia, [[Tejaswini Kolhapure]], Kiran Jhanjhani, [[Harsh Chhaya]], [[Ali Asgar (actor)|Ali Asgar]] and [[Dia Mirza]].

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Gauri Karnik]] as Pooja
* [[Ishitta Arun]] as Sonia
* Rocky Bhatia as Om
* [[Tejaswini Kolhapure]] as Tina
* Kiran Jhanjhani as Rohit
* [[Harsh Chhaya]] as Vivek Malhotra
* [[Ali Asgar (actor)|Ali Asgar]] as Rahul
* [[Himani Shivpuri]] as Mrs. A. Mehra
* [[Dia Mirza]] as Shama
* [[Om Puri]] as Anand Mehra (friendly appearance)
* [[Suzanne Bernert]] as Suzanne
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Vishal–Shekhar]] with lyrics by [[Kumaar]], Panchhi Jalonvi and [[Vishal Dadlani]].

== Reception ==
[[Taran Adarsh]] of ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' rated the film 1/5 stars and wrote, "On the whole, ''STOP!'' has precious little to offer in terms of content".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/stop/critic-review/stop-movie-review/|title=Stop! Review 1/5 | Stop! Movie Review | Stop! 2004 Public Review | Film Review|first=Taran|last=Adarsh|author-link=Taran Adarsh|work=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=5 November 2004}}</ref> Patcy N of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' wrote, "If you want to see a big banner production with superstars, Stop! isn't for you. But if you're in the mood for light, enjoyable fare, it is a decent one-time watch".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/nov/05stop.htm|title='Stop' is surprisingly decent|website=[[Rediff.com]]|date=5 November 2004}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|0832365}}

[[Category:2004 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vishal–Shekhar]]
[[Category:2004 Indian films]]
[[Category:2004 romantic drama films]]

M. P. Kamaraj

2026-04-07T23:23:29Z

CaitlinBecker07: added post...

{{Infobox officeholder
| name = M. P. Kamaraj
| image =
| image size =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1961|6|17|df=y}}
| birth_place = Mecheri
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office1 = Member of the Legislative Assembly, Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly
| constituency1 = [[Taramangalam Assembly constituency|Taramangalam]]
| term_start1 = 2001
| term_end1 = 2006
| predecessor1 = [[P. Govindan]]
| successor1 = [[P. Kannan]]
| office2 =
| constituency2 =
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| successor2 =
| term_start3 =
| term_end3 =
| term_start4 =
| term_end4 =
| party = [[Pattali Makkal Katchi]]
| spouse =
| alma_mater =
| relations =
| children =
| profession = Lawyer
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| website =
}}

'''M. P. Kamaraj''' is an [[Indian politician]] and a former [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Member of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]. He hails from [[Mecheri]] town in the [[Salem district]]. A lawyer by profession, Kamaraj holds [[Bachelor of Arts]] (B.A.) and [[Bachelor of Laws]] (L.L.B.) degrees. Representing the [[Pattali Makkal Katchi]] (PMK) party, he contested and won the [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] from the [[Taramangalam Assembly constituency]].<ref>Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly "WHO'S WHO Twelfth Assembly 2001. Chennai-600009: Legislature Assembly Secretariat, Chennai-600009. April 2002. p. 248-249.</ref>

==Electoral Performance==
===2001===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Taramangalam<ref>{{cite web |title = Statistical Report on General Election 2001 |url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf |date = 12 May 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=M. P. Kamaraj |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=67,012 |percentage=56.09% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Ammasi |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=41,554 |percentage=34.78% |change=12.21% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Vaithinathan |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,983 |percentage=2.50% |change=-4.41% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Murugan |party=Independent politician |votes=2,509 |percentage=2.10% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Govindaraj |party=Independent politician |votes=2,032 |percentage=1.70% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Lakshimannan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,928 |percentage=1.61% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Srinivasan |party=Lok Jan Shakti Party |votes=421 |percentage=0.35% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. M. Govindan |party=Independent politician |votes=410 |percentage=0.34% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Govindan |party=Independent politician |votes=317 |percentage=0.27% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Annadurai |party=Independent politician |votes=302 |percentage=0.25% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=25,458 |percentage=21.31% |change=-0.31% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,19,468 |percentage=61.01% |change= -5.73% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,95,838 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Pattali Makkal Katchi |loser=Pattali Makkal Katchi |swing= 11.91% }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kamaraj, M.P.}}
[[Category:Pattali Makkal Katchi politicians]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2001–2006]]
[[Category:1961 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Cicindela aurofasciata

2026-04-05T22:31:51Z

CaitlinBecker07: Creating The Pg Added Tags

{{short description|Species of beetle}}
{{Speciesbox
|image = Cicindela_aurofasciata.jpg
|genus = Cicindela
|species = aurofasciata
|authority = [[Pierre François Marie Auguste Dejean|Dejean]], 1831
}}

'''''Cicindela aurofasciata''''', sometimes called the '''gold cross'''<ref>{{cite book|author=Wood, JG|year=1883|title=Insects abroad|publisher=[[Longmans, Green & Co.]]|url=https://archive.org/stream/insectsabroadbei00wooduoft#page/15/mode/1up|page=15}}</ref>, is a species of [[tiger beetle]] endemic to [[India]]. It usually occurs in open grass dominated habitats and varies in size between 12 and 14 mm long. It is closely related to ''[[Cicindela goryi]]'' which was treated as a subspecies.

The larval stages build angular turrets.<ref>Shivashankar, T., Kumar, A.R.V., Veeresh, G.K., Pearson, D.L. 1988 Angular turret-building behavior in a larval tiger beetle species from South India (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae). Coleopterists Bulletin 42 (1), pp. 63-68</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q1763280}}

[[Category:Cicindela|aurofasciata]]
[[Category:Beetles described in 1831]]
[[Category:Endemic fauna of India]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Pierre François Marie Auguste Dejean]]

{{Cicindela-stub}}

St. Peter's School, Mumbai

2026-04-02T09:56:28Z

CaitlinBecker07: created a entry

{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{original research|date=September 2024}}
{{Short description|Private school in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India}}{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}{{Infobox school
| name = St. Peter's School
| logo = SPS logo.png
| motto = [[Latin]]: ''Esse Quam Videri''
| motto_translation = To be rather than to seem
| address = Shivdas Champsey Marg, [[Mazagaon]],
| city = [[Mumbai]]
| state = [[Maharashtra]],
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|18|58|3.72|N|72|50|25.1952|E|display=inline,title|region:IN-MH_type:edu}}
| schooltype = [[Private school|Private]] [[Unaided educational institution|unaided]]
| established = {{Start date and age|1874}}
| founders = [[Society of St John the Evangelist|The Cowley Fathers]]
| principal = Mr. Eugene J. D'Monte
| teaching_staff = 262
| grades = [[K-12|K-10]]
| enrollment = 5166
| language = [[English language|English]]
| houses = {{color box|blue}} St. Andrew {{color box|green}} St. James {{color box|yellow}} St. Matthew {{color box|red}} St. Thomas {{color box|orange}}
St. Paul {{color box|purple}} St. John {{color box|aqua}} St. Luke {{color box|#F46133}} St. Mark
| publication = ''The School Calendar''
| website = {{URL|https://stpetersschool.net.in/|stpetersschool.net.in}}
}}

'''St. Peter's School, Mumbai''', or '''St. Peter's School I.C.S.E.''' is a [[Private school|private]] [[Unaided educational institution|unaided]] school, located in [[Mazagaon]], [[Mumbai]], in the state of [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]. It is affiliated with the [[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education|ICSE]] school syllabus and has [[English language|English]] as its primary language of instruction.

== History ==
The school was founded in 1874 by the [[Society of St John the Evangelist|Cowley Fathers]]. The school originated as a [[List of choir schools|choir school]] for members of St. Peter's Church, which had previously been established in 1858 with funds donated by Mr. Shepherd, on land provided by the [[Government of India|Government]]. A few poor children were also taken into care by the Fathers at this time, marking the start of an essential aspect of the Fathers' mission in Mumbai.{{fact|date=June 2025}}

'''St. Peter's Girls' High School''' in [[Byculla]] was established on 16 August 1875. In June of 1876, a few boys were admitted to the school.{{fact|date=June 2025}}

On 1 March 1878, a compact boys' school was founded in rented premises in Mazagaon, and funds were obtained for a new structure under the railway bridge next to [[Dockyard Road railway station]]. The [[Government of India|Government]] provided half of the funding for this new school building, with the remaining coming from St. Peter's Church parishioners and well-wishing individuals. The new structure was officially opened in October 1879 on the grounds of St. Peter's Church.{{efn|name=calendar|This information is listed in ''The School Calendar''.}}

In 1905 the site of St. Peter’s Church was claimed by the [[Mumbai Port Trust]] to allow for the extension of the [[Mumbai Port Trust Railway|Port Trust Railway]] and the [[Harbour line (Mumbai Suburban Railway)|Harbour Railway Line]]. A new site at the junction of Dockyard Road and Belvedere Road was granted by the [[Government of India|Government]] and the present St. Peter’s Chapel was built in 1907 and finished in 1908.

On 19 January 1910, '''St. Peter's High School for Boys and Girls''' was officially inaugurated on the school's parapet.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of the school |url=https://stpetersschool.net.in/history-of-the-school/ |access-date=9 February 2024 |website=St. Peter's School Mumbai |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Academics ==
The school has two sessions, one morning and one [[afternoon]]. The morning school being from 7:00 A.M. to 11:50 A.M., and the afternoon school being from 12:10 P.M. to 5:00 P.M. The school year consists of two terms, from March to August, and from September to February. The course of school studies extends from the Preparatory Class to Class 10. It is designed to prepare students for the [[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education|ICSE]] Examination, conducted by the [[Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations]].{{efn|name=calendar}} The school recently had its 150-year anniversary at the beginning of 2024.

=== Awards ===
As per the Education Today - India School Merit Awards 2022, St. Peter's School ranked ninth nationwide, third statewide, and second citywide.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=St. Peter's School, India School Rankings 2022 |url=https://educationtoday.co/Ranking/ranking-detail?url=india-school-rankings-2022&merit=Indias-Top-20-ICSE-Schools&school=StPetersSchool-MazagaonMumbaiMaharashtra |access-date=24 February 2024 |website=EducationToday |language=en}}</ref> The school also ranked first nationwide under the category of 'India's Top ICSE Schools Parameter Wise - Holistic Education' as per Education Today - India School Merit Awards 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=St. Peter's School, India School Rankings 2023 |url=https://educationtoday.co/Ranking/ranking-detail?url=india-school-rankings-2023&merit=Indias-Top-ICSE-Schools-Parameter-Wise&school=StPetersSchool-MazagaonMumbaiMaharashtra |access-date=24 February 2024 |website=EducationToday |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 December 2023 |title=St. Peter's School Tops ICSE Parameter for 'Holistic Education' in India |url=https://gallinews.com/st-peters-school-tops-icse-parameter-for-holistic-education-in-india/ |access-date=24 February 2024 |website=GalliNews India |language=en-US}}</ref>

== School organizations ==
All students are assigned to a [[House system|house]]. There were four houses until St. Paul and St. John were added, and then St. Luke and St. Mark were added.<ref>{{Cite web |title=House Masters/Mistresses |url=https://www.stpetersschool.net.in/academics/house-masters-mistresses |url-status=live |access-date=March 9, 2026 |website=St. Peter's School, Mumbai}}</ref>

* St. Andrew (blue)
* St. James (green)
* St. Matthew (yellow)
* St. Thomas (red)
* St. Paul (orange)
* St. John (purple)
* St. Luke (fluorescent blue)
* St. Mark (rust)

St. Paul and St. John were added in 2017, resulting in the splitting of the morning and afternoon sections' houses. The morning had the original four, whereas the afternoon had the newly introduced ones. St. Luke and St. Mark were announced in 2019 but were added to the school in 2022 due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|COVID-19 pandemic]]. They now serve as the third and fourth houses in the afternoon section.{{Efn|name=calendar}}

== Principals ==
The following individuals have served as principal of the school:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ex-Principals |url=https://stpetersschool.net.in/elementor-474/ |access-date=9 February 2024 |website=St. Peter's School Mumbai |language=en-US}}</ref>

{| {{Table|sort}}
!Ordinal
!Officeholder
!Term start
!Term end
!Time in office
|-
| align="center" |{{nts|1}}
|Father R. L. Page
| align="center" |1874
| align="center" |1890
| align="right" |{{age in years|1874|1890}} years
|-
| align="center" |{{nts|2}}
|Father J. W. Biscoe
| align="center" |1890
| align="center" |1896
| align="right" |{{age in years|1890|1896}} years
|-
| align="center" |{{nts|3}}
|Father A. E. Tovey
| align="center" |1896
| align="center" |1903
| align="right" |{{age in years|1896|1903}} years
|-
| align="center" |{{nts|4}}
|Father A. F. Langmore
| align="center" |1903
| align="center" |1911
| align="right" |{{age in years|1903|1911}} years
|-
| align="center" |{{nts|5}}
|Father T. E. Tovey
| align="center" |1911
| align="center" |1918
| align="right" |{{age in years|1911|1918}} years
|-
| align="center" |{{nts|6}}
|Father W. B. O'Brien
| align="center" |1918
| align="center" |1930
| align="right" |{{age in years|1918|1930}} years
|-
| align="center" |{{nts|7}}
|Father B. D. Wilkins
| align="center" |1931
| align="center" |1932
| align="right" |{{age in years|1931|1932}} years
|-
| align="center" |8
|Father C. W. Withworth
| align="center" |1933
| align="center" |1949
| align="right" |{{age in years|1933|1949}} years
|-
| align="center" |9
|Father H. E. W. Slade
| align="center" |1949
| align="center" |1955
| align="right" |{{age in years|1949|1955}} years
|-
| align="center" |10
|Mr. M. W. Duthie
| align="center" |1955
| align="center" |1965
| align="right" |{{age in years|1955|1966}} years
|-
| align="center" |11
|Mr. Cecil Julian Olliver
| align="center" |1965
| align="center" |1982
| align="right" |{{age in years|1965|1982}} years
|-
| align="center" |12
|Mr. E. G. Myall
| align="center" |1982
| align="center" |2001
| align="right" |{{age in years|1982|2001}} years
|-
| align="center" |13
|Mr. Dornford F. S. Garrett
| align="center" |2001
| align="center" |2006
| align="right" |{{age in years|2001|2006}} years
|-
| align="center" |14
|Mr. Jayant Biswas
| align="center" |2006
| align="center" |2008
| align="right" |{{age in years|2006|2008}} years
|-
| align="center" |15
|Mr. Brian N. Robbins
| align="center" |2008
| align="center" |2013
| align="right" |{{age in years|2008|2013}} years
|-
| align="center" |16
|Mr. Eugene J. D'Monte
| align="center" |2013
| align="center" |2026
| align="right" |{{age in years|2013|2026}} years
|-
| align="center" |'''17'''
|'''Mrs. Gloria Stephens'''
| align="center" |'''2026'''
| align="center" |'''incumbent'''
| align="right" |'''{{age in years|2026|2026}} years'''
|}
== Notable alumni ==
=== Business and economics ===
* [[Merzin Tavaria]] – Chief Creative Director and Co-founder of Prime Focus

=== Literature ===
* [[Ayaz Memon]] – journalist, columnist, author, and former lawyer

=== Performing arts ===
* [[Salim–Sulaiman|Salim Merchant]] – singer, songwriter
* [[Salim–Sulaiman|Sulaiman Merchant]] – singer, songwriter
* [[Kunal Ganjawala]] – singer, songwriter{{efn|name=calendar}}

==See also==
* [[List of educational institutions in Mumbai#Schools|List of schools in Mumbai]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}{{Jesuit Schools of India|state=collapsed}}
[[Category:Catholic secondary schools in India]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1875]]
[[Category:1875 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Christian schools in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Mumbai]]
[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Jesuit secondary schools in India]]
[[Category:Schools in Colonial India]]

Azad Hind Manch

2026-03-30T15:10:30Z

CaitlinBecker07:

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox Indian political party|name=Azad Hind Manch|colorcode=red|ideology=[[Marxism]] [[Scientific Socialism]]
|split=[[All India Forward Bloc]]
|position=[[Left-wing]]
|eci=
|headquarters=Prashant Dasgupta Bhavan Garia, Kolkata 700084
|flag=
|foundation=21 June 2022
|dissolution=18 October 2022
|merged=
[[Indian National Congress]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/former-forward-bloc-mla-swims-against-tide-joins-congress/cid/1892674|title=Former Forward Bloc MLA swims against tide, joins Congress|publisher=|date=18 October 2022|access-date=30 March 2026}}</ref> and [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/north-bengal/former-mla-ali-imran-ramz-joins-congress/cid/1377699|title=ভিক্টর লড়াকু নেতা, মানছেন ফব নেতৃত্বও|publisher=Anandabazar|date=18 October 2022|access-date=30 March 2026}}</ref>
}}

'''Azad Hind Manch''' ({{translation}} Free Indian Platform) was an organization of rebels from the [[Forward Bloc]] who have resigned or been expelled from the party for questioning the "undemocratic functioning" and ideological deviations of the leadership.<ref>{{Cite web |title=একতরফা সিদ্ধান্তে দলীয় পতাকা থেকে উধাও কাস্তে-হাতুড়ি! ভাঙনের মুখে ফরওয়ার্ড ব্লক |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/kolkata/flag-change-row-engulfs-forward-block-as-sickle-hammer-removed/ |access-date=2022-10-07 |website=sangbadpratidin |language=bn}}</ref> On 21 June 2022, the Azad Hind Manch was formed under the leadership of [[Ali Imran Ramz]] and other rebels.<ref>{{Cite web |last=সংবাদদাতা |first=নিজস্ব |title=Forward Bloc {{!}} Forward Bloc: নেতৃত্বকে কাঠগড়ায় তুলে দলের বাইরে ভিক্টরেরা |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/rebellion-in-forward-bloc-over-party-flag-change/cid/1351910 |access-date=2022-10-07 |website=www.anandabazar.com |language=bn}}</ref>

"The red flag with the image of a leaping tiger with a hammer and sickle is the original flag" is which they will carry forward.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-21 |title=ফরওয়ার্ড ব্লকে পতাকা বিদ্রোহ, ভিক্টরদের সাসপেন্ড করল পার্টি, আজ কী দেখবে কলকাতা Forward Bloc Protest At Kolkata |url=https://www.thewall.in/news/state/forward-bloc-protest-at-kolkata/ |access-date=2022-10-07 |language=en-US}}</ref> They have called for an ideological struggle against the "imposition" of the absurd doctrine of "Subhasvad" on the party workers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=AIFB Flag Controversy : নেতাজির আদর্শ মেনে পতাকায় বদল মানল না ফরওয়ার্ড ব্লকের বিক্ষুব্ধরা |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/bengali/west-bengal/city/kolkata/forward-bloc-flag-controversy-on-83rd-foundation-day/wb20220622201432435435241 |access-date=2022-10-07 |website=ETV Bharat News|date=22 June 2022 |language=bn}}</ref>

==Activities==
*'''On 22 June''', when the Forward Bloc called for the hoisting of the new flag, rebels celebrated the foundation day of the AIFB with the original flag in about 10 districts of the state.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Apromeya Datta |date=2022-06-21 |title=ফরওয়ার্ড ব্লকে পতাকা বিদ্রোহ, ভিক্টর–সহ পাঁচ রাজ্য কমিটির নেতা সাসপেন্ড |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/bengal/kolkata/forward-block-suspended-five-leaders-due-to-flag-agitation-31655793008797.html |access-date=2022-10-08 |website=Hindustantimes Bangla |language=bn}}{{dead link|date=February 2026|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
*'''On 25 June''', a civil protest march called by the [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]] in [[Calcutta]] demanding the release of [[Teesta Setalvad]] did not show any front-line leaders of the Forward Bloc, but the 'Azad Hind Manch' of rebels led by [[Ali Imran Ramz|Ali Imran Ramz (Victor)]] arrived there to join it. Victor told [[Biman Bose]] that they want to continue with the Left Front.<ref>{{Cite web |last=সংবাদদাতা |first=নিজস্ব |title=Teesta Setalvad {{!}} Teesta Shetalvad: তিস্তার মুক্তি চেয়ে পথে নামল বামেরা |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/left-on-the-streets-protesting-the-arrest-of-teesta-shetalvad/cid/1353082 |access-date=2022-10-07 |website=www.anandabazar.com |language=bn}}</ref>
*'''On 22 July''', they held a memorial meeting for [[Barun Mukherji (politician)|Dr. Barun Mukherji]] who died on 10 July at Bharat Sabha Hall. AHM leader Sudip Banerjee said "''We think there are two main reasons behind the formation of Azad Hind Manch. First, integrity of leadership and second, ideals. Dr. Barun Mukherjee is our leader in both these matters. His integrity is unquestionable. Which today's leadership does not even have a drop.''"<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-25 |title=দলের আগেই ফরওয়ার্ড ব্লক নেতার স্মরণ সভা বিক্ষুব্ধদের, চড়ছে পারদ |url=https://bengali.news18.com/news/kolkata/forward-bloc-leaders-ashok-ghosh-birthday-celebration-sdg-855740.html |access-date=2022-10-08 |website=News18 Bengali |language=bn}}</ref>
*'''On 29 July''', although earlier Azad Hind Manch meetings were held in various districts, the first meeting was held at the district office of the Forward Bloc in [[Chakulia, Uttar Dinajpur|Chakulia]], the base of rebel leader [[Ali Imran Ramz|Victor]].{{fact|date=July 2024}}
*'''On 30 July''', AHM participated in the 'Chor Dharo Jail Bharo' program with the CPIM in Chankulia.{{fact|date=July 2024}}
*'''On 12 September''', under the banner of the Bankura Area Committee, the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] along with the Azad Hind Manch organized a joint anti-corruption deputation in the panchayat with massive crowds.{{fact|date=July 2024}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:2022 establishments in India]]
[[Category:All India Forward Bloc]]
[[Category:Left-wing politics in India]]
[[Category:Marxist parties in India]]
[[Category:Defunct political parties in West Bengal]]

Kaduna

2026-03-27T14:26:42Z

CaitlinBecker07: formatting fix

{{Short description|Capital city of Kaduna State, Nigeria}}
{{Use Nigerian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| settlement_type = 
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
| photo1a = Lugard Hall, Kaduna. Parliamentary house of assembly Capital of North Region.jpg
| photo2a = River Kaduna 14.jpg
| photo2b = Kaduna Culumns 02.jpg
| photo3a = Hassan Usman Katsina House.jpg
| photo3b =
| photo4a =
| photo4b =
| color = white
| size = 275
| spacing = 2}}
| image_caption = '''Clockwise from top:''' Lugard Hall, the [[Kaduna River]], columns in honour of [[Elizabeth II]]'s state visit, and entrance of [[Hassan Usman Katsina]] House
| imagesize =
| image_flag =
| flag_size =
| image_seal =
| seal_size =
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| shield_size =
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| image_map =
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| pushpin_map = Nigeria
| pushpin_label_position = bottom
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Nigeria
| coordinates = {{coord|10|31|23|N|7|26|25|E|region:NG|display=inline}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[File:Flag of Nigeria.svg|25px]] [[Nigeria]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States of Nigeria|State]]
| subdivision_type2 =
| subdivision_type3 =
| subdivision_type4 =
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kaduna State]]
| subdivision_name2 =
| subdivision_name3 =
| subdivision_name4 = 
| established_title = 
| established_date =
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| established_date2 =
| established_title3 = 
| established_date3 = 
| government_footnotes =
| government_type =
| leader_title = [[List of Governors of Kaduna State|Governor]]
| leader_name = [[Uba Sani]]
| leader_title1 = Deputy Governor
| leader_name1 = [[Hadiza Balarabe]]
| unit_pref =
| area_footnotes =
| area_magnitude =
| area_total_km2 = 431
| area_total_sq_mi =
| area_land_km2 = 
| area_land_sq_mi =
| area_water_km2 =
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| area_water_percent =
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| area_blank1_title =
| area_blank1_km2 =
| area_blank1_sq_mi = 
| population_total = 760,084
| population_as_of = 2006 census
| population_footnotes = <ref>Summing the 2 LGAs Kaduna North/South as per {{cite web|url=http://www.nigerianstat.gov.ng/nbsapps/Connections/Pop2006.pdf |title=Legal Notice on Publication of the Details of the Breakdown of the National and State Provisional Totals 2006 Census |author=Federal Republic of Nigeria Official Gazette |date=15 May 2007 |access-date=2007-05-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305101910/http://www.nigerianstat.gov.ng/nbsapps/Connections/Pop2006.pdf |archive-date= 5 March 2012 }}</ref>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_density_sq_mi =
| population_urban =
| population_density_urban_km2 =
| population_density_urban_sq_mi =
| population_metro =
| population_density_metro_km2 =
| population_density_metro_sq_mi =
| population_rank = [[List of Nigerian cities by population|8th]]
| population_blank1_title = Ethnicities
| population_blank1 = {{hlist|[[Gbagyi]]| [[Adara people|Adara]]| [[Hausa people|Hausa]]| [[Atyap people|Atyap]]-[[Bajju people|Bajju]]| [[Ham people|Ham]]| [[Yoruba people|Yoruba]]| [[Fulani]]| [[Kanuri people|Kanuri]]| [[Marghi]]| [[Nupe people|Nupe]]| [[Igbo people|Igbo]]}}
| population_density_blank1_km2 =
| population_density_blank1_sq_mi = 
| population_blank2_title = Religions
| population_blank2 =
| population_note = 
| demographics_type1 = [[GDP|GDP (PPP, 2015 int. Dollar)]]
| demographics1_footnotes =
| demographics1_title1 = Year
| demographics1_info1 = 2023
| demographics1_title2 = Total
| demographics1_info2 = $9.7 billion<ref name="TelluBase">{{cite web|url=https://tellusant.com/repo/tb/tellubase_factsheet_nga.pdf|publisher=Tellusant|title=TelluBase—Nigeria Fact Sheet (Tellusant Public Service Series)| access-date = 2024-01-11}}</ref>
| demographics1_title3 = Per capita
| demographics1_info3 = $8,200
| elevation_m = 250
| website = {{URL|http://www.kdsg.gov.ng}}
| footnotes =
| image_dot_map =
| dot_mapsize =
| dot_map_caption =
| dot_x =
| dot_y =
| leader_title2 =
| leader_name2 =
| leader_title3 =
| leader_name3 =
| leader_title4 =
| leader_name4 =
| timezone = [[Central European Time|CET]]
| utc_offset = +1
| timezone_DST = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]]
| utc_offset_DST = +1
| blank_name = [[Köppen climate classification|Climate]]
| blank_info = [[Tropical savanna climate|Aw]]
}}
[[File:Kaduna City Center 23.jpg|thumb|Kaduna City Center]]
'''Kaduna''' {{Audio|LL-Q56475 (hau)-Eunice Ameh-kaduna.wav|Listen|help=no}} is the capital city of [[Kaduna State]], and the former political capital of [[Northern Region, Nigeria|Northern Nigeria]]. It is located in north-western [[Nigeria]], on the [[Kaduna River]]. It is a trade center and a major transportation hub as the gateway to northern states of [[Nigeria]], with its rail and important road network.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-01 |title=Kaduna - Abuja Train Schedule & Ticket Prices (August 2023) {{!}} Nigerian Price |url=https://nigerianprice.com/kaduna-abuja-train/ |access-date=2023-08-22 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Encyclopedia Britannica {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/ |access-date=2023-07-05 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>

The population of Kaduna was put at 760,084 as of the 2006 Nigerian census.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kaduna (State, Nigeria) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location |url=https://citypopulation.de/en/nigeria/admin/NGA019__kaduna/ |access-date=2023-07-05 |website=citypopulation.de}}</ref> Rapid urbanization since 2005 has created an increasingly large population, and as of 2024, the city has an estimated population of 1.2 million people.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kaduna Population 2024 |url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/kaduna-population |access-date=2025-02-06 |website=worldpopulationreview.com}}</ref>

==Etymology==
The word ''Kaduna'' is said to be a corruption of the Hausa word for "crocodiles", ''Kadduna'' in the [[Hausa language]] (''kaduna'' being the plural form).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Kaduna-Nigeria|title=Kaduna {{!}} Location, History, & Facts|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2019-07-28}}</ref> Another version of the etymology of the name proposes a link to the [[Gbagyi language|Gbagyi]] word/name 'Odna', meaning 'river'.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Fundamentals of the Gbagyi Language|last=Shekwo|first=Joseph Amali|publisher=Centre for Adult Education and Extension Services, Ahmadu Bello University|year=1979|location=Zaria|ol=2795890M|oclc=11043184|url=https://openlibrary.org/books/OL2795890M/Fundamentals_of_the_Gbagyi_language}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Kaduna Panorama Digital Photography 17.jpg|thumb|sultan road Kaduna state ]]
Kaduna was founded by [[British Empire|British]] colonists in 1900.<ref>Toyin Falola, Ann Genova, Matthew M. Heaton, ''Historical Dictionary of Nigeria'', Rowman & Littlefield, USA, 2018, p. 217</ref> The first British governor of Northern Nigeria, Sir [[Frederick Lugard, 1st Baron Lugard|Frederick Lugard]], chose the present site for development due to its proximity to the [[Lagos-Kano Railway]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Kaduna|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Kaduna-Nigeria|access-date=13 November 2016|website=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> It became the capital of Nigeria's former [[Northern Region, Nigeria|Northern Region]] in 1917,<ref>{{cite book|last=Fletcher|first=Banister |author2=Dan Cruickshank |title=[[Sir Banister Fletcher's a History of Architecture]] |year=1996|chapter=Africa|publisher=Architectural Press|isbn= 0-7506-2267-9|page=1466}}</ref> and retained this status until 1967. The city is still influential as the headquarters of various political, military and cultural organizations, especially in Northern Nigeria.<ref>{{Cite web |last=opeinfobase |date=2022-11-01 |title=Economic Profile Of Kaduna State: Statistics And Key Challenges |url=https://infomediang.com/kaduna-state-economic-profile/ |access-date=2024-04-23 |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 1976, when the General [[Murtala Muhammed|Murtala Mohammed]] administration created seven new states in Nigeria, North Central State, with capital at Kaduna, was renamed Kaduna State. It was made up of the two colonial period Provinces of [[Zaria]] and [[Katsina (city)|Katsina]]. When in 1991, the number of states in the country was increased from twenty-one to thirty, Katsina Province became Katsina State, while the old Zaria Province became the new Kaduna State. There are twenty-three local government areas (LGAs) in the state, although the number of ethnic groups is much larger.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=U. |first=Aleazu |date=1986 |title=Nigeria: After 25 years |journal=Nigeria |volume=2}}</ref>

== Economy ==
[[File:Beautiful View of River Kaduna.jpg|thumb| Beautiful Imagery of River Kaduna ]]
[[File:River Kaduna and Old Railway Bridge, Another View.jpg|thumb|River Kaduna and Old Railway Bridge.|left|156x156px]]

=== Industries ===
Kaduna is a major industrial center in Northern Nigeria, manufacturing products like [[textile]]s, [[machinery]], [[steel]], [[aluminum]], [[petroleum]] products and [[Bearing (mechanical)|bearings]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kaduna Town in Kaduna Nigeria Guide |url=https://www.nigeriagalleria.com/Nigeria/States_Nigeria/Kaduna/History-of-Kaduna-in-Kaduna-State.html |access-date=2023-07-05 |website=www.nigeriagalleria.com}}</ref> However, the textile industry has been in decline due to recent Chinese imports and factory closures caused by years of neglect across many administrations. Other light manufactures include: [[plastics]], [[pharmaceuticals]], [[leather]] goods, furniture, and televisions.<ref name=":1" /> [[Agriculture]] is also a major industry in Kaduna, and as such, the Bank of Agriculture has its headquarters in the city.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nigeria's Bank of Agriculture - financing farmers|url=https://www.sukfin.com/knowledge/bank-of-agriculture/|access-date=2020-05-30|website=SukFin|language=en-US}}</ref> Some main agricultural exports include: cotton, peanuts, sorghum, and ginger.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Lagassé|first1=Paul|url=https://archive.org/details/columbiaencyclop00laga|chapter=Kaduna|date=January 2000|title=Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia|publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=9780787650155|edition=6th|access-date=13 November 2016|url-access=registration}}</ref> Kaduna also has a branch of the [[Nigerian Stock Exchange]].<ref name=":1" /> [[Automobile manufacturing]] also remains an important part of Kaduna's economy.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Kaduna|url=https://citiesintransition.net/fct-cities/kaduna/|access-date=13 November 2016|website=The Forum for Cities in Transition|archive-date=14 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114084037/https://citiesintransition.net/fct-cities/kaduna/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Peugeot Automobiles Nigeria has an [[assembly plant]] in Kaduna.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Peugeot Nigeria {{!}} Motion & Emotion|url=https://www.peugeotnigeria.com/|access-date=2019-08-01|website=www.peugeotnigeria.com|language=en}}</ref> Kaduna Refining and Petrochemical Company (KRPC), one of Nigeria's four main [[oil refineries]] is located in Kaduna. It is supplied by a pipeline from the [[Niger Delta]] oil fields.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Kaduna Refining and Petrochemical Company (KRPC)|url=https://www.nnpcgroup.com/Refining/Pages/KRPC.aspx|access-date=2019-08-01|website=www.nnpcgroup.com|archive-date=27 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190627142425/https://www.nnpcgroup.com/Refining/Pages/KRPC.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref>

A 2009 [[World Bank]] survey states that Kaduna is one of the top six cities with the highest [[unemployment]]. 20% of the population was estimated to be unemployed.<ref name=":0" />

== Sports and tourism ==
There is a large [[racecourse]] named [[Murtala Square|Murtala Mohammed Square]], approximately {{convert|1|mi|km|order=flip}} in perimeter, inside which is found the [[Kaduna Polo Club]]. [[Kaduna Golf Club]] is also located within the Kaduna [[Central Business District|CBD]]. Other sports facilities include the [[Ahmadu Bello Stadium]] and [[Ranchers Bees Stadium]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kaduna Polo Club Murtala Muhammed Square - Kaduna - WorldPlaces |url=https://nigeria.worldplaces.me/view-place/39131649-kaduna-polo-club-murtala-muhammed-square.html |access-date=2023-07-05 |website=nigeria.worldplaces.me |language=en}}</ref> The city boasts of several tourist attractions some of which are:

* Kaduna National Museum
* Jaji Military Cantonment
* Kajur Castle <ref>{{Cite web |title=10 Best Things to do in Kaduna |url=https://www.tripadvisor.com/Attractions-g676697-Activities-Kaduna_Kaduna_State.html |access-date=July 3, 2024 |website=Trip Advisors}}</ref>

== Infrastructure ==
The infrastructure network in the city was upgraded by the administration of Governor [[Nasir Ahmad el-Rufai|Nasir el-Rufai]] with an underpass, flyover structures and streetlight facilities. Kaduna has an inland dry port.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kaduna Inland Dry Port (KIDP)|url=http://kadunainlanddryport.net/|access-date=2019-07-28|website=Kaduna Inland Dry Port|language=en-US}}</ref> The Nigerian military has several formations and institutions in the city including the [[Nigerian Defence Academy]],<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|date=2020-10-10|title=PHOTOS: Passing -out parade of Nigerian Defence Academy, Kaduna|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/10/photos-passing-out-parade-of-nigerian-defence-academy-kaduna/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2021-06-28|newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-US}}</ref> and the Air Force Institute of Technology.

== Airport ==
The city is served by [[Kaduna Airport|Kaduna International Airport]]. The airport commenced operations in 1982.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-02-06|title=Kaduna Airport|url=https://www.faan.gov.ng/kaduna-airport/|access-date=2021-06-25|website=Federal Airports Authority of Nigeria|language=en|archive-date=4 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210604055003/https://www.faan.gov.ng/kaduna-airport/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Nigerian Air Force maintains a presence in the city.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Airports - Farringdon Jets |url=https://farringdonjets.com/category/airports/page/2/ |access-date=2023-09-16 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Nigerian Air Force conducts search, rescue exercise along Kaduna-Abuja highway |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/more-news/434602-nigerian-air-force-conducts-search-rescue-exercise-along-kaduna-abuja-highway.html?tztc=1 |access-date=3 January 2021|newspaper=[[Premium Times]]}}</ref>

== Railways ==
[[File:River Kaduna 4.jpg|thumb|Railway overhead bridge in kaduna state]]
[[File:River Kaduna 2.jpg|thumb|The surrounding of River kaduna bridge]]
[[File:River Kaduna 6.jpg|thumb|Maize farming beside RAILWAY in kaduna state]]
Kaduna is also on the route of the planned [[Lagos–Kano Standard Gauge Railway]], which has been completed between the national capital of [[Abuja]] and Kaduna. Trains for [[Abuja]] depart from the [[Rigasa Railway Station]] in Kaduna.<ref name="muhammad2016">{{cite news|last1=Muhammad|first1=Hamisu|date=23 July 2016|title=A memorable trip on the Abuja-Kaduna train|url=http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/news/general/a-memorable-trip-on-the-abuja-kaduna-train/156469.html|newspaper=[[Daily Trust]]}}</ref> Kaduna is an important junction on Nigeria's [[Rail transport in Nigeria|Cape gauge railway network]]. At Kaduna, a branch line connects the [[Lagos]]–Nguru Railway to the [[Port Harcourt]]–Maiduguri railway.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lagos-Kano train service to begin full operation August 13 |date=8 August 2021 |url=https://gazettengr.com/lagos-kano-train-service-to-begin-full-operation-august-13/ |publisher=Peoples Gazette |access-date=4 August 2024}}</ref>

== Education ==
[[File:Kaduna State Polytechnic 02.jpg|thumb|'''Kaduna Polytechnic''']]
Kaduna is popularly known as the centre of learning, as evident from the numerous educational institutions located in the state. Tertiary Institutions in Kaduna city include:
[[File:Kaduna State University 62.jpg|thumb|Kaduna state University building]]
*[[Kaduna State University]]<ref>{{Cite news|title=Nigeria federal, state universities latest update on school resumption date|work=BBC News Pidgin|url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/tori-54078885|access-date=2021-06-28}}</ref>
*[[Nigerian Defence Academy]] (NDA), Kaduna<ref name=":2" />
*[[Greenfield University]] Kaduna<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-05-30|title=Kaduna govt confirms release of abducted Greenfield University students|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/05/kaduna-govt-confirms-release-of-abducted-greenfield-university-students/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2021-06-28|newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-US}}</ref>
*[[National Open University of Nigeria]], Kaduna Study Center
* [[Air Force Institute of Technology (Nigeria)|Air Force Institute of Technology]], Kaduna<ref>{{Cite news|last=Makinwa|first=Ekaete|date=2021-02-16|title=List of federal universities in Nigeria and their school fees 2021/2022|url=https://www.legit.ng/1095689-list-federal-universities-nigeria-school-fees-20212022.html|access-date=2021-06-28|newspaper=[[Legit.ng]]|language=en}}</ref>
*[[National Teachers Institute]] (NTI), Kaduna<ref>{{Cite news|date=2017-04-27|title=Why we are extending registration for new intakes ―NTI boss|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/extending-registration-new-intakes-―nti-boss/|access-date=2021-06-28|newspaper=[[Nigerian Tribune]]|language=en-GB}}</ref>
* School of Midwifery Kaduna<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-03-06|title=Accreditation: Kaduna College of Nursing seeks govt. support|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/03/accreditation-kaduna-college-of-nursing-seeks-govt-support/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2021-06-28|newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-US}}</ref>
*[[Kaduna Polytechnic]] (1968), Kaduna<ref>{{Cite news|date=2018-10-05|title=FG Releases List Of Top 10 Nigerian Polytechnics|url=https://thewhistler.ng/fg-releases-list-of-top-10-nigerian-polytechnics/|access-date=2021-06-28|newspaper=[[The Whistler (newspaper)|The Whistler]]|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2018-08-19|title=List of Federal Polytechnic in Nigeria|url=https://www.pulse.ng/communities/student/nigerian-tertiary-institutions-list-of-federal-polytechnic-in-nigeria/0wxl8fb|access-date=2021-06-28|newspaper=[[Pulse Nigeria]]|language=en}}</ref>
*National Board for Islamic and Arabic studies<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-04-21|title=We are not responsible for staff salary ― National Arabic Board|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/we-are-not-responsible-for-staff-salary-―-national-arabic-board/|access-date=2021-06-28|newspaper=[[Nigerian Tribune]]|language=en-GB}}</ref>
*Kaduna Business School<ref>{{Cite news|date=2018-05-24|title=NUC releases names of 58 illegal universities in Nigeria (FULL LIST)|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/269560-nuc-releases-names-of-58-illegal-universities-in-nigeria-full-list.html|access-date=2021-06-28|language=en-GB|newspaper=[[Premium Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2018-05-25|title=58 fake universities operating at the moment in Nigeria, says NUC|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/05/58-fake-universities-operating-moment-nigeria-says-nuc/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2021-06-28|newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-US}}</ref>
*Dialogue Institute Kaduna<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.manpower.com.ng/company/590/dialogue-computer-institute-kaduna | title=Dialogue Computer Institute, Kaduna }}</ref>
*Institute of Ophthalmology, [[National Eye Centre]], Kaduna.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-05-23|title=National Eye Centre shutdown 80% services- The Nation Nigeria Newsa|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/national-eye-centre-shutdown-80-services/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2021-06-28|newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Administrative Areas ==

Administration of the state started with the concept of Provincial Administration and Native/Local Authority systems. However, in 1976 the Mohammed Administration introduced the Local Government Area system (LGA) which delegated some responsibilities to the elected/appointed councillors. With each successive Federal Military Administration, the number of the LGAs in Kaduna State increased from fourteen in the early 1980s to the present twenty-three in 1998. In each LGA, smaller units such as districts and wards, are recognised.<ref name=":3" />

== Places of worship ==
Among the [[places of worship]], there are churches and mosques.<ref>J. Gordon Melton, Martin Baumann, ‘‘Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices’’, ABC-CLIO, USA, 2010, p. 2107</ref> [[Sultan Bello Mosque]] is the biggest and a central mosque in Kaduna. There are also churches: [[Church of Nigeria]] ([[Anglican Communion]]), [[Presbyterian Church of Nigeria]] ([[World Communion of Reformed Churches]]), [[Nigerian Baptist Convention]] ([[Baptist World Alliance]]), [[Evangelical Church Winning All]], [[Living Faith Church Worldwide]], [[Redeemed Christian Church of God]], [[Assemblies of God]], [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Kaduna]] ([[Catholic Church]]), [[Mountain of Fire and Miracles Ministries]], Universal Reformed Christian Church (Protestant Church).<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kaduna police arrest kidnappers' gang leader linked to Catholic church attack |date=23 March 2024 |url=https://punchng.com/kaduna-police-arrest-kidnappers-gang-leader-linked-to-catholic-church-attack/ |access-date=23 March 2024|newspaper=[[The Punch]]}}</ref>

==Climate==
<div style="width:100%;">

[[File:Hayin Amina RGS, effects of erosion 023.jpg|thumb|Erosion Rigasa Kaduna ]]
[[File:Hayin Amina RGS, effects of erosion 007.jpg|thumb|climate issues. Kaduna, igabi]]

The Kaduna region has a tropical climate. The summers have a lot more rain than the winters do. The predominant climate in this area is categorised as Aw by the Köppen-Geiger scale. Kaduna's yearly mean temperature is 25.2 °C, or 77.4 °F. A total of 39.3 inches or 998 mm of precipitation falls per year.

Due to its proximity to the equator, Kaduna's summers are difficult to characterise. January, February, March, May, June, July, August, September, October, November, and December are the finest months to travel.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kaduna climate: Temperature Kaduna & Weather By Month - Climate-Data.org |url=https://en.climate-data.org/africa/nigeria/kaduna/kaduna-539/ |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=en.climate-data.org}}</ref>{{Weather box
|location = Kaduna (1991-2020, extremes 1951-1965 & 1991-2020))
|metric first = Yes
|single line = Yes
|Jan record high C = 38.0
|Feb record high C = 40.0
|Mar record high C = 40.0
|Apr record high C = 43.0
|May record high C = 39.3
|Jun record high C = 35.0
|Jul record high C = 36.0
|Aug record high C = 33.0
|Sep record high C = 33.4
|Oct record high C = 37.7
|Nov record high C = 36.4
|Dec record high C = 36.2
|year record high C =
|Jan high C = 31.3
|Feb high C = 34.1
|Mar high C = 36.2
|Apr high C = 36.1
|May high C = 33.1
|Jun high C = 30.5
|Jul high C = 29.0
|Aug high C = 28.3
|Sep high C = 29.9
|Oct high C = 31.6
|Nov high C = 32.9
|Dec high C = 31.6
|year high C = 32.1
|Jan mean C = 23.4
|Feb mean C = 26.2
|Mar mean C = 28.7
|Apr mean C = 29.6
|May mean C = 27.7
|Jun mean C = 25.8
|Jul mean C = 24.8
|Aug mean C = 24.4
|Sep mean C = 25.1
|Oct mean C = 25.8
|Nov mean C = 24.9
|Dec mean C = 23.4
|year mean C = 25.8
|Jan low C = 15.5
|Feb low C = 18.3
|Mar low C = 21.3
|Apr low C = 23.1
|May low C = 22.2
|Jun low C = 21.0
|Jul low C = 20.6
|Aug low C = 20.4
|Sep low C = 20.2
|Oct low C = 19.9
|Nov low C = 16.8
|Dec low C = 15.2
|year low C = 19.6
|Jan record low C = 9.0
|Feb record low C = 8.9
|Mar record low C = 15.0
|Apr record low C = 14.7
|May record low C = 16.7
|Jun record low C = 15.6
|Jul record low C = 16.7
|Aug record low C = 16.7
|Sep record low C = 15.6
|Oct record low C = 13.3
|Nov record low C = 10.0
|Dec record low C = 9.4
|year record low C = 8.9
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 0.0
|Feb precipitation mm = 0.4
|Mar precipitation mm = 11.2
|Apr precipitation mm = 41.5
|May precipitation mm = 124.7
|Jun precipitation mm = 184.8
|Jul precipitation mm = 254.4
|Aug precipitation mm = 335.3
|Sep precipitation mm = 280.7
|Oct precipitation mm = 92.0
|Nov precipitation mm = 0.0
|Dec precipitation mm = 0.0
|year precipitation mm = 1325.0
|unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 0.0
|Feb precipitation days = 0.1
|Mar precipitation days = 0.8
|Apr precipitation days = 3.4
|May precipitation days = 9.7
|Jun precipitation days = 12.9
|Jul precipitation days = 14.8
|Aug precipitation days = 17.5
|Sep precipitation days = 16.4
|Oct precipitation days = 7.1
|Nov precipitation days = 0
|Dec precipitation days = 0
|year precipitation days = 82.8
|Jan humidity = 40.1
|Feb humidity = 33.9
|Mar humidity = 38.0
|Apr humidity = 58.5
|May humidity = 74.9
|Jun humidity = 81.6
|Jul humidity = 85.1
|Aug humidity = 87.4
|Sep humidity = 85.2
|Oct humidity = 77.8
|Nov humidity = 59.1
|Dec humidity = 48.6
|year humidity = 64.2
|Jan sun = 279.0
|Feb sun = 262.7
|Mar sun = 266.6
|Apr sun = 243.0
|May sun = 241.8
|Jun sun = 216.0
|Jul sun = 155.0
|Aug sun = 120.9
|Sep sun = 171.0
|Oct sun = 248.0
|Nov sun = 285.0
|Dec sun = 294.5
|year sun = 2783.5
|Jand sun = 9.0
|Febd sun = 9.3
|Mard sun = 8.6
|Aprd sun = 8.1
|Mayd sun = 7.8
|Jund sun = 7.2
|Juld sun = 5.0
|Augd sun = 3.9
|Sepd sun = 5.7
|Octd sun = 8.0
|Novd sun = 9.5
|Decd sun = 9.5
|yeard sun = 7.6
| source 1 = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]]<ref name="WMONormals">{{cite web
|url = https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/4.4/data/0-data/Region-1-WMO-Normals-9120/Nigeria/CSV/Kaduna_65019.csv
|title = World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020 — Kano
|publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
|access-date = January 7, 2024}}</ref>
|source 2 = [[Deutscher Wetterdienst]] (sun 1951-1965)<ref name = DWD>
{{cite web
| url = http://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_650190_kt.pdf
| title = Klimatafel von Kaduna / Nigeria
| work = Baseline climate means (1961-1990) from stations all over the world
| publisher = Deutscher Wetterdienst
| language = de
| access-date = 14 July 2016}}</ref>
}}</div>

== Notable people==
{{div col}}


* [[Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab]], the "underwear bomber" suspect of the terrorist arson attempt on [[Northwest flight 253]] in December 2009, grew up here.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/17/world/africa/17abdulmutallab.html | work=The New York Times | first=Adam | last=Nossiter | title=Lonely Trek to Radicalism for Terror Suspect | date=2010-01-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title="Underwear Bomber" Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab Pleads Guilty|url=https://www.fbi.gov/detroit/press-releases/2011/underwear-bomber-umar-farouk-abdulmutallab-pleads-guilty|access-date=2021-06-28|website=FBI|language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Childress|first=Sarah|date=2010-01-11|title=Ghana Probes Visit by Bomb Suspect|language=en-US|work=Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB126261251907114813|access-date=2021-06-28|issn=0099-9660}}</ref>
* [[Nabil Abdulrashid]], British-Nigerian comedian
* [[Efe Ambrose]], [[association football|footballer]] who played for the [[Nigeria national football team]] was born and raised here<ref name="goal.com"/><ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-06-10|title=Brazil 2014: Profiling Nigeria's defenders {{!}} Premium Times Nigeria|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/sports/162503-brazil-2014-profiling-nigerias-defenders.html|access-date=2021-06-28|language=en-GB}}</ref>
* [[Tijani Babangida]], footballer who played [[Winger (association football)|winger]] with Ajax<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-08-01|title=Tijani Babangida opens up on Zidane encounter in Champions League tie|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/08/tijani-babangida-opens-up-on-zidane-encounter-in-champions-league-tie/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2021-06-28|newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Alao|first=Seyi|date=2020-09-25|title=NFF, CAF and Ajax celebrates Tijani Babangida at 47|url=https://www.brila.net/nff-caf-and-ajax-celebrates-tijani-babangida-at-47/|access-date=2021-06-28|website=Latest Sports News In Nigeria|language=en-US}}</ref>
*[[Celestine Babayaro]], footballer who played mainly in the [[Premier League]]<ref name="goal.com">{{Cite web|title=What's in the Kaduna water? New Roma starlets join long line of impressive talents out of northern Nigeria {{!}} Goal.com|url=https://www.goal.com/en-ng/news/4079/features/2016/06/27/24973092/something-in-the-kaduna-water-new-roma-starlets-join-long|access-date=2021-06-28|website=www.goal.com}}</ref>
*[[Sunday Bada]], athlete
*[[Mamman Daura]], elder statesman
*[[David Egbo]], footballer
*[[Michael Eneramo]], footballer
*[[Fiona Fullerton]], British actress and former [[Bond girl]]
*[[Leke James]], footballer<ref>{{Cite web|title=Leke James eager for Middle East experience after completing Al Qadsiah move {{!}} Goal.com|url=https://www.goal.com/en-ke/news/leke-james-eager-for-middle-east-experience-after-completing/1wdfn6s8tc7k81e7f91pmutje4|access-date=2021-06-28|website=www.goal.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-07-17|title=What more does Leke James need to do to get Super Eagles call-up?|url=https://scorenigeria.com.ng/what-more-does-leke-james-need-to-do-to-get-super-eagles-call-up/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814114349/https://scorenigeria.com.ng/what-more-does-leke-james-need-to-do-to-get-super-eagles-call-up/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=August 14, 2020|access-date=2021-06-28|website=Score Nigeria|language=en-US}}</ref>
*[[Hassan Katsina]], elder statesman.
*[[Zamani Lekwot]], statesman<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-08-18|title=SOUTHERN KADUNA KILLINGS: KDSG has questions to answer — Zamani Lekwot|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/08/southern-kaduna-killings-kdsg-has-questions-to-answer-zamani-lekwot/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2021-06-28|newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-01-03|title=Outsiders caused Southern Kaduna crises, Lekwot declares|url=https://guardian.ng/news/outsiders-caused-southern-kaduna-crises-lekwot-declares/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2021-06-28|newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|language=en-US}}</ref>
*[[Ahmed Makarfi]], politician<ref>{{Cite news|date=2019-07-16|title=Senator Makarfi loses father|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/senator-makarfi-loses-father/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2021-06-28|newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]|language=en-US}}</ref>
*[[Magaji Muhammed]], politician and elder statesman.
*[[Umaru Mutallab]], Nigerian business mogul
*[[Sam Oye]] (born 1974), pastor
*[[Dahiru Sadi]], footballer<ref>{{Cite news|last=Ayeni|first=Olawale|date=2020-11-11|title=Kaduna Marathon Gets 6 Goodwill Ambassadors|url=https://leadership.ng/kaduna-marathon-gets-6-goodwill-ambassadors/|access-date=2021-06-28|newspaper=[[Leadership (newspaper)|Leadership]]|language=en-GB}}</ref>
*[[Namadi Sambo]], politician<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-01-14|title=Ex-Kaduna Speaker Jumare dies - The Nation Newspaper|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/ex-kaduna-speaker-jumare-dies/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2021-06-28|newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]|language=en-US}}</ref>
*[[Shehu Sani]], politician<ref>{{Cite news|date=2018-05-10|title=Senator reacts to Gov El-Rufai's outbursts, curses|url=https://www.pulse.ng/news/local/shehu-sani-senator-reacts-to-gov-el-rufais-outbursts-curses/34p1yqg|access-date=2021-06-28|newspaper=[[Pulse Nigeria]]|language=en|archive-date=28 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628080349/https://www.pulse.ng/news/local/shehu-sani-senator-reacts-to-gov-el-rufais-outbursts-curses/34p1yqg|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2018-05-04|title=El-Rufai: The three senators representing Kaduna are useless|url=https://www.thecable.ng/el-rufai-the-three-senators-representing-kaduna-are-useless|access-date=2021-06-28|newspaper=[[TheCable]]|language=en-US}}</ref>
*[[Uba Sani]], politician<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-12-31|title=Uba Sani gives hope to Kaduna Central in 2021|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/12/uba-sani-gives-hope-to-kaduna-central-in-2021/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2021-06-28|newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Simeh|first=Chamba|date=2020-11-08|title=Kaduna cheers as Uba Sani picks legislative excellence award|url=https://www.blueprint.ng/kaduna-cheers-as-uba-sani-picks-legislative-excellence-award/|location=Abuja, Nigeria|access-date=2021-06-28|newspaper=[[Blueprint (newspaper)|Blueprint]]|language=en-US}}</ref>
*[[Shehu Musa Yar'Adua|Shehu Musa Yaradua]], politician and elder statesman
*[[Ibrahim Zakzaky]], Islamic preacher
*[[Adam A. Zango]], [[Kannywood]] actor, musician, singer and dancer.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-12-12|title=Angry youth stone, abuse Adam Zango at Kaduna Musical Festival {{!}} Premium Times Nigeria|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/195035-angry-youth-stone-abuse-adam-zango-at-kaduna-musical-festival.html|access-date=2021-06-28|language=en-GB}}</ref>
*[[Talib Zanna]] (born 1990), basketball player in the [[Israel Basketball Premier League]],
*[[Eddy Wata]], [[Eurodance]] artist.

{{div col end}}

== See also ==
* [[Railway stations in Nigeria]]
* [[Kaduna State]]
*[[National Ear Care Centre]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category-inline|Kaduna}}

{{Coord|10|31|N|7|26|E|region:NG_type:city(1652844)|display=title}}
{{Cities in Nigeria}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Kaduna| ]]
[[Category:State capitals in Nigeria]]
[[Category:Populated places in Kaduna State]]
[[Category:Cities in Nigeria]]
[[Category:1900 establishments in Africa]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1900]]

Hindustan Times

2026-03-26T21:28:29Z

CaitlinBecker07: further refine references as per guidelines for clarity

{{short description|Indian daily newspaper}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}

{{Infobox newspaper
| name = Hindustan Times
| motto = ''First Voice. Last Word.''
| logo = [[File:Hindustan Times logo.svg|frameless]]
| image = [[File:Hindustan Times cover 03-28-10.jpg|225px|border]]
| caption = ''Hindustan Times'' (New Delhi edition) front page on 26 July 2024
| type = Daily [[newspaper]]
| owners = [[HT Media Ltd]]
| chief_editor = Sukumar Ranganathan
| format = [[Broadsheet]]
| launched = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1924||}}
| language = [[English language|English]]
| sister_newspapers = ''[[Hindustan Dainik]]'' ''[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]''
| headquarters = Lotus Tower, Block A, Friends Colony East, New Friends Colony, [[New Delhi]], Delhi 110025
| publishing_country = [[India]]
| circulation = 606,018 daily<ref name=ABCIND>{{cite web | url=https://www.exchange4media.com/media-print-news/abc-h1-2025-print-circulation-up-277-but-patchy-uneven-reality-beneath-the-topline-148159.html| title= Highest Circulated Daily Newspapers (language wise) | publisher= [[Audit Bureau of Circulations (India)|Audit Bureau of Circulations]] | access-date= 28 July 2023 | archive-date= 28 July 2023 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230728074928/http://www.auditbureau.org/files/JD%202022%20Highest%20Circulated%20(across%20languages).pdf | url-status= live }}</ref>
| circulation_date = April 2023
| oclc = 231696742
| ISSN = 0972-0243
| website = {{Official URL}}
| political_position =
}}

'''''Hindustan Times''''' is an Indian [[English language|English]]-language [[daily newspaper]] based in [[Delhi]]. It is the flagship publication of [[HT Media]] Limited, an entity controlled by the [[Birla family]], and is owned by [[Shobhana Bhartia]], the daughter of [[K. K. Birla]].<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/archive/print/2006/02/18/stories/2006021815040900.htm Nominated to Rajya Sabha – NATIONAL]. The Hindu. Retrieved 27 December 2018.</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Paradise Papers: Hindustan Times Group set up firm in Bermuda, showed Rs 7 cr loss |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/paradise-papers-shobhna-bhartia-hindustan-times-appleby-bermuda-firm-4925776/ |access-date=6 June 2018 |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=7 November 2017 |archive-date=23 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223130122/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/paradise-papers-shobhna-bhartia-hindustan-times-appleby-bermuda-firm-4925776/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://caravanmagazine.in/media/history-repeating-shobhana-bhartias-hindustan-times|title=History repeating at Shobhana Bhartia's Hindustan Times|last=Dev|first=Atul|date=December 2018|website=[[The Caravan]]|url-access=subscription|access-date=21 January 2020|archive-date=16 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220316185834/https://caravanmagazine.in/media/history-repeating-shobhana-bhartias-hindustan-times|url-status=live}}</ref>

It was founded by [[Sunder Singh Lyallpuri]], founder-father of the [[Akali movement]] and the [[Shiromani Akali Dal]], in Delhi and played integral roles in the [[Indian independence movement]] as a nationalist daily.<ref name="Pandey2001">{{cite book|author=Gyanendra Pandey|title=Remembering Partition: Violence, Nationalism and History in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZdLhnFet4w4C&pg=PA97|access-date=13 October 2018|date=22 November 2001|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-00250-9|pages=97–|archive-date=23 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223130122/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZdLhnFet4w4C&pg=PA97|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.htmedia.in/?page_id=7|title=About Us |website=HT Media |access-date=25 September 2017|archive-date=7 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107064343/http://www.htmedia.in/?page_id=7|url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/03/05/world/indian-leader-faces-a-test-at-the-polls.html |url-access=subscription |title=Indian Leader Faces a Test at the Polls|last=Hazarika|first=Sanjoy|date=5 March 1995|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=29 May 2015|location=India; Maharashtra State (India); Gujarat (India)|archive-date=7 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107064344/https://www.nytimes.com/1995/03/05/world/indian-leader-faces-a-test-at-the-polls.html%20|url-status=live}}</ref>

''Hindustan Times'' is one of the [[List of newspapers in India by circulation|largest newspapers in India by circulation]]. According to the [[Audit Bureau of Circulations (India)|Audit Bureau of Circulations]], it has a circulation of 993,645 copies {{As of|2017|11|lc=y}}.<ref name=ABCIND /> The Indian Readership Survey 2014 revealed that ''HT'' is the second-most widely read English newspaper in India after ''[[The Times of India]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Indian Readership Survey (IRS) 2014 |url=http://www.mruc.net/sites/default/files/IRS%202014%20Topline%20Findings_0.pdf |publisher=Newswatch.in |date=30 June 2010 |access-date=16 October 2007 |archive-date=18 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171118152927/http://www.mruc.net/sites/default/files/IRS%202014%20Topline%20Findings_0.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> It is popular in [[North India]], with simultaneous editions from [[New Delhi]], [[Mumbai]], [[Lucknow]], [[Patna]], [[Chandigarh]] and [[Ranchi]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2024}}

The print location of [[Nagpur]] was discontinued from September 1997, and that of [[Jaipur]] from June 2006. ''HT'' launched a youth daily, ''HT Next'', in 2004. The Kolkata edition was launched in early 2000, and that of Mumbai on 14 July 2005. Other sister publications of ''Hindustan Times'' are ''[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]'' (English business daily), ''[[Hindustan Dainik|Hindustan]]'' (Hindi daily), ''Nandan'' (monthly children's magazine) and ''Kadambani'' (monthly literary magazine). It also has a children's version like other newspapers. The media group owns a radio channel, [[Fever 104 FM|Fever 104.0 FM]], an education-related company, Studymate, and organises an annual Luxury Conference that has featured speakers like designer [[Diane von Fürstenberg]], shoemaker [[Christian Louboutin]], [[Gucci]] CEO [[Robert Polet]] and [[Cartier (jeweler)|Cartier]] MD Patrick Normand.{{Citation needed|date=August 2024}}

== History ==
[[File:Hindustan Times 1999 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|left|A 1999 stamp dedicated to the 75th anniversary of ''Hindustan Times'']]
S Mangal Singh Gill (Tesildar) and S. Chanchal Singh (Jandiala, Jalandhar) were made in charge of the newspaper. [[Madan Mohan Malaviya]] and [[Tara Singh (activist)|Tara Singh]] were among the members of the Managing Committee. The Managing Chairman and Chief Patron was Master Sunder Singh Lyallpuri.{{Citation needed|date=August 2024}}

According to Prem Shankar Jha, who wrote an official history of the newspaper in 1999, most of the early funding of the paper, therefore, came from Sikhs in Canada. When financial troubles started in the early years, the Akalis approached two interested potential buyers from the nationalist movement. These were Motilal Nehru and Madan Mohan Malaviya, and ultimately Malviya bought the ''Hindustan Times''. In fact, Malviya had to take out a loan of Rs. 40,000 with the help of Lala Lajpat Rai in order to finance the paper. In 1928, Gandhi chose a new editor, [[K. M. Panikkar]], for the paper. By that time, the paper was running into financial troubles again; [[G. D. Birla]] underwrote some expenses and ultimately assumed ownership.<ref name="auto">{{cite web|last=Dev|first=Atul|title=History repeating at Shobhana Bhartia's Hindustan Times|url=https://caravanmagazine.in/media/history-repeating-shobhana-bhartias-hindustan-times|website=The Caravan|access-date=20 August 2019|archive-date=16 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220316185834/https://caravanmagazine.in/media/history-repeating-shobhana-bhartias-hindustan-times|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Devdas Gandhi]], son of [[Mahatma Gandhi]], was inducted into the editors' panel, and was later appointed editor.<ref>{{cite news|title=Shobhana Bhartia wants to benchmark HT with the best in the world|url=http://m.businesstoday.in//story/ht-group-shobhana-bhartia-in-most-powerful-business-women/1/188386.html|access-date=18 March 2014|newspaper=[[Business Today (business magazine)|Business Today]]|date=14 October 2012|archive-date=18 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140318154237/http://m.businesstoday.in//story/ht-group-shobhana-bhartia-in-most-powerful-business-women/1/188386.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The opening ceremony was performed by Mahatma Gandhi on 26 September 1924. The first issue was published from Naya Bazar, [[Delhi]] (now Swami Sharda Nand Marg). It contained writings and articles from [[C. F. Andrews]] and [[Cattamanchi Ramalinga Reddy]], among others.{{Citation needed|date=August 2024}}

K. M. Panikkar, also known as Sardar Panikkar, launched the ''Hindustan Times'' as a serious nationalist newspaper. As an Oxonian, historian and litterateur, Panikkar strived to make the paper broader than an Akali sheet. He became the editor and funds flowed freely from Akali patrons. He exerted himself strenuously, but the paper made very little headway. In two years, Panikkar could not take the print order any higher than 3,000. By then the Akali movement appeared to lose steam and funds dried up. The paper was saved from an untimely demise when [[Madan Mohan Malaviya|Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya]] stepped in to realise his vision of a newspaper in Delhi.<ref>{{cite book| last=George| first=T. J. S. |author-link=T. J. S. George| title=Lessons in Journalism| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PNx0PgAACAAJ| year=2007| publisher=Viva Books Private Limited| isbn=978-81-309-0788-8}}</ref>

It has its roots in the [[Indian independence movement]] of the first half of the twentieth century and even faced the noted "''Hindustan Times'' Contempt Case (August–November, 1941)" at [[Allahabad High Court]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Hindustan Times Contempt Case (August–November, 1941) |year=2007 |publisher=READ BOOKS |isbn=978-1-4067-6748-3 |page=283 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XtYhsX39MKQC&pg=PA316 |access-date=22 September 2016 |archive-date=23 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223130127/https://books.google.com/books?id=XtYhsX39MKQC&pg=PA316 |url-status=live }}</ref> It was edited at times by many important people in India, including [[Devdas Gandhi]], Sri Mulgaonkar, [[B. G. Verghese|B.G. Verghese]] and [[Khushwant Singh]]. [[Sanjoy Narayan]] was editor in chief of the paper from 2008 to 2016.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dev |first1=Atul |title=History repeating at Shobhana Bhartia's Hindustan Times |url=https://caravanmagazine.in/media/history-repeating-shobhana-bhartias-hindustan-times |access-date=2 December 2021 |work=The Caravan |date=1 December 2018 |language=en |quote=In 2008, ... next editor hired was Sanjoy Narayan ... he lasted eight years |archive-date=16 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220316185834/https://caravanmagazine.in/media/history-repeating-shobhana-bhartias-hindustan-times |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Ownership ==
[[File:Hindustan Times House New Delhi.jpg|thumb|Hindustan Times House, [[New Delhi]]]]
The Delhi-based ''Hindustan Times'' is part of the KK Birla Group and managed by [[Shobhana Bhartia]], daughter of the industrialist [[Krishna Kumar Birla]] and granddaughter of [[Ghanshyam Das Birla]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shobhana Bhartia: Inheriting, And Transforming HT Media |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/marwari-power/shobhana-bhartia-inheriting-and-transforming-ht-media/37355/1 |date= Mar 13, 2014 |first1=Deepak |last1=Ajwani |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=Forbes India |language=en}}</ref> HT Media Limited is a subsidiary of The Hindustan Times Limited which is a subsidiary of Earthstone Holding (Two) Limited. The KK Birla Group owns a 69 percent stake in HT Media, currently valued at {{INR}} 834 crore. When Shobhana Bhartia joined ''Hindustan Times'' in 1986, she was the first female chief executive of a national newspaper. Shobhana has been nominated as a Rajya Sabha MP from Congress Party.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Biswas |first=Sayantani |date=2024-02-13 |title=From MJ Akbar to Rajeev Chandrasekhar: Here are 9 journalists nominated to RS |url=https://www.livemint.com/politics/from-mj-akbar-to-rajeev-chandrasekhar-here-are-9-journalists-nominated-to-rajya-sabha-11707718692168.html |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=mint |language=en |archive-date=1 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240301161807/https://www.livemint.com/politics/from-mj-akbar-to-rajeev-chandrasekhar-here-are-9-journalists-nominated-to-rajya-sabha-11707718692168.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Along with ''Hindustan Times'', [[HT Media]] owns Desimartini, [[Fever 104 FM]], [[Hindustan Times Telugu]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Telugu News, తెలుగు వార్తలు, తెలుగు న్యూస్, తాజా వార్తలు – Hindustan Times Telugu |url=https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/ |publisher=telugu.hindustantimes.com |access-date=30 November 2022 |archive-date=30 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130144357/https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> and the newspaper ''[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]''.<ref>{{cite web |first1=Regina |last1=Anthony |first2=Priyanka |last2=Mehra |title=HT Media's net arm buys social networking site Desimartini.com |url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/8Vzfp4uoQWWMh3lMBtV2aN/HT-Media8217s-net-arm-buys-social-networking-site-Desimar.html |website=Livemint |access-date=26 February 2020 |date=21 November 2007 |archive-date=27 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027133814/https://www.livemint.com/Companies/8Vzfp4uoQWWMh3lMBtV2aN/HT-Media8217s-net-arm-buys-social-networking-site-Desimar.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Reception ==
In The Brand Trust Report 2012, ''Hindustan Times'' was ranked 2971st among India's most trusted brands and subsequently, according to the Brand Trust Report 2013, ''Hindustan Times'' was ranked 434th among India's most trusted brands. In 2014 however, ''Hindustan Times'' was ranked 360th among India's most trusted brands according to the Brand Trust Report 2014, a study conducted by Trust Research Advisory, a brand analytics company.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.trustadvisory.info/allindia_2014.html |title= All India brand trust ranking 2014 (top 1200 brands) |access-date=29 May 2015 |publisher=Trust Advisory |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150502221904/http://www.trustadvisory.info/allindia_2014.html |archive-date=2 May 2015}}</ref>

After the [[2016 Indian Line of Control strike|2016 LoC strike]] in September, Shobhna Bhartia reportedly had started getting calls from the PM's office and from Amit Shah, and attention came to be focused on the Hate Tracker, a crowd-sourced database on the ''Hindustan Times'' website that recorded hate crimes in India which was launched under recently appointed editor Bobby Ghosh.<ref name="auto"/> Ghosh left the newspaper abruptly afterwards and ''[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]'' reported that he was asked to leave the newspaper after [[Shobhana Bhartia]] met Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] recently. Hindustan Times's general Counsel Dinesh Mittal rejected the report and said Bobby Ghosh left for personal reasons.<ref name="thewire">{{cite news|title=Hindustan Times Editor's Exit Preceded by Meeting Between Modi, Newspaper Owner|url=https://thewire.in/178102/hindustan-times-bobby-ghosh-narendra-modi-shobhana-bhartia/ |first1=Anuj |last1=Srivas |access-date=25 September 2017|newspaper=The Wire|date=25 September 2017|archive-date=25 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170925065451/https://thewire.in/178102/hindustan-times-bobby-ghosh-narendra-modi-shobhana-bhartia/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2017, the ''[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]'' magazine<ref>{{cite news|title=Under close watch|url=http://www.frontline.in/cover-story/under-close-watch/article9456570.ece |first1=Akshay |last1=Deshmane |access-date=24 April 2018|newspaper=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]|date=20 January 2017|archive-date=28 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180728041634/https://www.frontline.in/cover-story/under-close-watch/article9456570.ece|url-status=dead }}</ref> published a report which stated that ''Hindustan Times''{{'}} editor [[Shishir Gupta]] was colluding with the government after releasing emails to [[Amit Shah]]. ''Hindustan Times'' rejected claims of collusion and said that the emails were a request for comment.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2017/01/06/hts-defence-of-the-frontline-story-isnt-convincing |website=newslaundry |title=HT's defence of the Frontline story isn't convincing|date=6 January 2017|access-date=11 September 2021|archive-date=11 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210911123054/https://www.newslaundry.com/2017/01/06/hts-defence-of-the-frontline-story-isnt-convincing|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[The Indian Express]]'' also published a report in 2017 stating that Hindustan Times Limited was linked to an offshore entity called Go4i.com, of which Bhartia and her son Priyavat were listed as directors.<ref name="auto" />

== Columnists ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=September 2021}}
* [[Barkha Dutt]] – journalist and [[NDTV]] Group editor, writes a fortnightly column
* [[Karan Thapar]] – President of Infotainment Television, television commentator and interviewer, a weekly columnist ("Sunday Sentiments")
* [[Indrajit Hazra]] – novelist and senior editor at ''Hindustan Times'', writes the weekly column "Red Herring"
* [[Sonal Kalra]] – author and editor of ''HT City'', the daily entertainment and lifestyle supplement of ''Hindustan Times'', writes the weekly column "A Calmer You"
* [[Samar Halarnkar]] – [[editor-at-large]], writes on a variety of issues and also runs a food blog on the ''Hindustan Times'' website
* [[Anirban Mahapatra]] – writes a popular science column

==See also==
* [[List of newspapers in India by circulation]]
* [[List of newspapers in the world by circulation]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Official website}}

{{Newspapers in India}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Hindustan Times| ]]
[[Category:1924 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Asian news websites]]
[[Category:English-language newspapers published in India]]
[[Category:National newspapers published in India]]
[[Category:Newspapers published in Delhi]]
[[Category:Newspapers published in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Newspapers published in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Newspapers published in Patna]]
[[Category:Newspapers established in 1920]]

Sainthia (community development block)

2026-03-26T10:06:56Z

CaitlinBecker07: brief fixed information per standard format and cleaned formatting

{{Infobox settlement
|official_name = Sainthia
|other_name =
|native_name =
|nickname =
|settlement_type = Community development block
|motto =
|image_skyline =
|imagesize =
|image_caption =
|image_flag =
|flag_size =
|image_seal =
|seal_size =
|image_map = File: Sainthia in Birbhum (West Bengal).svg
|mapsize =
|map_caption = Location in West Bengal
|pushpin_map =
|pushpin_label_position =right
|pushpin_mapsize=
|pushpin_map_caption =
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
|subdivision_type1 = [[States of India|State]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[Districts of India|District]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Birbhum district|Birbhum]]
|subdivision_type3 = Parliamentary constituency
|subdivision_name3 = [[Birbhum (Lok Sabha constituency)|Birbhum]]
|subdivision_type4 = Assembly constituency
|subdivision_name4 = [[Sainthia (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sainthia]]
|leader_title =
|leader_name =
|established_title =
|established_date =
|area_magnitude =
|unit_pref = Metric
|area_footnotes =
|area_total_km2 = 304.39
|area_land_km2 =
|population_as_of = 2011
|population_footnotes =
|population_note =
|population_total = 195,349
|population_density_km2 = auto
|timezone = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|utc_offset = +5.30
|coordinates = {{coord|23|49|38|N|87|42|07|E|display=inline}}
|elevation_footnotes =
|elevation_m =
|elevation_ft =
|postal_code_type = PIN
|postal_code =
|area_code =
|blank_name = Literacy Rate
|blank_info = 72.33 per cent
|website = http://birbhum.nic.in/
|footnotes =
}}

'''Sainthia''' is a [[Community development block in India|community development block]] that forms an administrative division in [[Suri Sadar subdivision]] of [[Birbhum district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Overview==
Birbhum district is physiographically a part of the ancient [[Rarh region]]. The western portion of the district is basically an extension of the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]]. The area has mostly loose reddish [[laterite|lateritic]] low fertility soil. In the east, the flood plains of the major rivers, such as the [[Ajay River|Ajay]], [[Bakreshwar River|Bakreshwar]], [[Mayurakshi River|Mayurakshi]] and [[Brahmani River (Birbhum)|Brahmani]], have soft [[alluvium|alluvial]] soil. The forest cover is only 3.5% of the total district. Although coal is found in the district and [[Bakreshwar Thermal Power Station]] has a capacity of 2,010 MW, the economic condition of Birbhum is dominated by agriculture.<ref name=land>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1908_PART_A_DCHB_BIRBHUM.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Birbhum, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Page v: Progress and Heritage of Birbhum, Page 15: Physiography, Page 21: Tenancy, Agriculture | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 14 December 2017}}</ref> From 1977 onwards major[[Land reform in India|land reforms]] took place in West Bengal. Land in excess of land ceiling was acquired and distributed amongst the peasants.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas | work = (1) Chapter 1.2, South 24 Parganas in Historical Perspective, pages 7-9 (2) Chapter 3.4, Land reforms, pages 32-33 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009 | access-date = 7 August 2016 | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | url-status = dead }}</ref> In Birbhum district, 19,968 hectares of vested agricultural land has been distributed amongst 161,515 beneficiaries, till 2011. However, more than 38% of the operational land holding is marginal or less than 1 acre.<ref name=land/> The proportion of agricultural labourers amongst total workers in Birbhum district is 45.9%, the highest amongst all districts of West Bengal.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/1908_PART_B_DCHB_BIRBHUM.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Birbhum, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII B |work = Page 17 : District Highlights – 2011 census | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 14 December 2017}}</ref> Culturally rich Birbhum, with such traditional landmarks as [[Jaydev Kenduli]] and [[Nanoor|Chandidas Nanoor]], is home to [[Visva-Bharati University]] at [[Santiniketan]], having close association with two Nobel laureates – [[Rabindranath Tagore]] and [[Amartya Sen]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1908_PART_A_DCHB_BIRBHUM.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Birbhum, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Page v: Progress and Heritage of Birbhum, Pages 102-105: Bolpur-Satiniketan, Visva Bharati | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 14 December 2017}}</ref>

==Geography==
[[File:Birbhum district map.svg|400px|thumb|left|Map of Birbhum district showing CD blocks and municipal areas. Click on the map to view larger map.]]

Ahmedpur is located at {{coord|23.8273|N|87.7019|E|format=dms|}}.

Sainthia CD Block is part of the Suri-Bolpur Plain, one of the four sub-micro physiographic regions of Birbhum district. It covers the [[interfluve]]s of the [[Mayurakshi River|Mayurakshi]] and [[Ajay River|Ajay]] rivers, in the south-eastern part of the district. This area exhibits somewhat upland topography sloping from north-west to south-east.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1908_PART_A_DCHB_BIRBHUM.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Birbhum, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Page 15: Physiography | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 14 December 2017}}</ref>

Sainthia CD Block is bounded by [[Mohammad Bazar (community development block)|Mohammad Bazar]], [[Mayureswar I]] and [[Mayureswar II]] CD Blocks on the north, [[Labpur (community development block)|Labpur]] CD Block on the east, [[Bolpur Sriniketan]] CD Block on the south and [[Suri I]] and [[Suri II]] CD Blocks on the west.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/westbengal/tehsil/birbhum.html |title = Tehsil Map of Birbhum |work = CD Block/ Tehsil | publisher= Maps of India | access-date = 14 December 2017}}</ref>

Sainthia CD Block has an area of 304.39 km2. It has 1 [[Municipality]], 1 [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|Panchayat Samity]], 12 [[Gram Panchayat]]s, 119 Gram Sansads (Village Councils), 230 [[Mouza]]s and 216 inhabited villages. [[Sainthia#and Panrui Police stations|Sainthia]] police station serves this block.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://birbhum.nic.in/dept/BAES_DIST_STAT_BK_2008.pdf|title = District Statistical Handbook 2008 Birbhum |work = Tables 2.1, 2.2 | publisher= Bureau of Applied Economics and Statistics, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 11 December 2017}}</ref> Headquarters of this CD Block is at [[Ahmedpur, Birbhum|Ahmedpur]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/1908_PART_B_DCHB_BIRBHUM.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Birbhum, Series 20, Part XII B | work= Map of Birbhum with CD Block HQs and Police Stations (on the fourth page) |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 11 December 2017 }}</ref>

The only one Municipality of Sainthia block is [[Sainthia]]. [[Gram panchayat]]s of Sainthia block/[[panchayat samiti]] are: Ahmedpur, Amarpur, Banogram, Bhromorkol, Deriapur, Fulur, Harisara, Hatora, Mathapalsa, Panrui Sangra and Srinidhipur.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbprd.gov.in/HtmlPage/PANCHAYATS.aspx |title = Directory of District, Subdivision, Panchayat Samiti/ Block and Gram Panchayats in West Bengal |work = Birbhum - Revised in March 2008 | publisher= Panchayats and Rural Development Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 17 December 2017}}</ref>

==Demographics==
===Population===
As per the [[2011 Census of India]], Sainthia CD Block had a total population of 195,349, of which 186,107 were rural and 9,242 were urban. There were 100,141 (51%) males and 95,208 (49%) females. Population below 6 years was 22,721. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] numbered 68,859 (35.25%) and [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 24,019 (12.30%).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= 2011 census: West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 6 December 2017}}</ref>

As per 2001 census, Sainthia block had a total population of 176,124, out of which 90,434 were males and 85,690 were females. Sainthia block registered a population growth of 13.55 per cent during the 1991-2001 decade. Decadal growth for Birbhum district was 17.88 per cent.<ref name=census>{{cite web|url=http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_8.htm |title=Provisional population totals, West Bengal, Table 4, Birbhum District (8) |access-date=2011-10-10 |work=Census of India 2001 |publisher=Census Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719040904/http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_8.htm |archive-date=2011-07-19 }}</ref> Decadal growth in West Bengal was 17.84 per cent.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm |title=Provisional Population Totals, West Bengal. Table 4 |access-date= 4 February 2017 |work=Census of India 2001 |publisher=Census Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927041813/http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm |archive-date=27 September 2007 }}</ref>

[[City]] in Sainthia CD Block is (2011 census figures in brackets): [[Sainthia]] (44,601).<ref name=census2011/>

[[Census Town]] in Sainthia CD Block is (2011 census figures in brackets): [[Ahmadpur, Birbhum|Ahmadpur]] (9,242).<ref name=census2011/>

Large village (with 4,000+ population) in Sainthia CD Block is (2011 census figure in brackets): Amua (4,398).<ref name=census2011/>

Other villages in Sainthia CD Block include (2011 census figures in brackets): [[Panrui]] (923), Srinidhipur (654), Fulur (1,117), Matpalsha (3,756), Bangram (823), Harisara (1,187) and Bharamarkol (1,913).<ref name=census2011/>

===Literacy===
As per the 2011 census the total number of literates in Sainthia CD Block was 124,849 (72.33% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 69,920 (78.94% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 54,929 (65.35% of the female population over 6 years). The [[Literacy#Gender disparities|gender disparity]] (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 13.59%.<ref name=census2011/>

See also – [[List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate]]

{{Literacy in CD Blocks of Birbhum district|collapsible=y}}

===Language and religion===

{{bar box
|title=Religion in Sainthia CD block (2011)<ref name="religion"/>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in West Bengal|Hinduism]]|darkorange|77.68}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in West Bengal|Islam]]|green|21.46}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.86}}
}}

In the 2011 census, Hindus numbered 151,743 and formed 77.68% of the population in Sainthia CD Block. Muslims numbered 41,931 and formed 21.46% of the population. Christians numbered 765 and formed 0.39% of the population. Others numbered 910 and formed 0.47% of the population.<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11396/download/14509/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

The proportion of Hindus in Birbhum district has declined from 72.2% in 1961 to 62.3% in 2011. The proportion of Muslims in Birbhum district has increased from 27.6% to 37.1% during the same period. Christians formed 0.3% in 2011.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1908_PART_A_DCHB_BIRBHUM.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Birbhum, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Page 47: Religion| publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal | access-date = 14 December 2017}}</ref>

{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Languages in Sainthia CD block (2011)<ref name="languages"/>
|label1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value1 = 87.44 |color1 = orchid
|label2 = [[Santali language|Santali]] |value2 = 11.11 |color2 = darkturquoise
|label3 = Others |value3 = 1.45 |color3 = grey
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, 87.44% of the population spoke [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and 11.11% [[Santali language|Santali]] as their first language.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10226/download/13338/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1900.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Rural poverty==
As per the BPL household survey carried out in 2005, the proportion of [[Below Poverty Line (India)|BPL]] households in Sainthia CD Block was 31.9%, against 42.3% in Birbhum district. In six CD Blocks – Murarai II, Nalhati II, Rampurhat II, Rampurhat I, Suri II and Murarai I – the proportion of BPL families was more than 50%. In three CD Blocks – Rajnagar, Suri I and Labhpur – the proportion of BPL families was less than 30%. The other ten CD Blocks in Birbhum district were placed in between. According to the District Human Development Report, Birbhum, “Although there is no indication that the share of BPL households is more in blocks with higher share of agricultural labourer, there is a clear pattern that the share of BPL households is more in blocks with disadvantaged population in general and Muslim population in particular.” (The disadvantaged population includes SCs, STs and Muslims.)<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR_Birbhum/CHP-4.pdf |title = District Human Development Report: Birbhum |work = Table 4.5 + Analytical Text: Number and percentage of BPL households, 2005, page 83-85 |publisher = Development and Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2011 |access-date = 28 December 2017 |archive-date = 11 June 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170611000625/http://www.wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR_Birbhum/CHP-4.pdf |url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Economy==
===Livelihood===
{{Pie chart
|caption= '''Livelihood in Saithia CD Block'''
|value1 = 21.68
|label1 = Cultivators
|value2 = 54.97
|label2 = Agricultural labourers
|value3 = 3.34
|label3 = Household industries
|value4 = 20.01
|label4 = Other Workers}}

In Sainthia CD Block in 2011, amongst the class of total workers, cultivators numbered 17,518 and formed 21.68%, agricultural labourers numbered 44,406 and formed 54.97%, household industry workers numbered 2,697 and formed 3.34% and other workers numbered 16,167 and formed 20.01%.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1908_PART_A_DCHB_BIRBHUM.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Birbhum, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Table 33: Distribution of Workers by Sex in Four Categories ofEconomic Activity in Sub-district 2011 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 28 December 2017}}</ref> Total workers numbered 80,788 and formed 41.36% of the total population, and non-workers numbered 114,561 and formed 58.64% of the population.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1908_PART_A_DCHB_BIRBHUM.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Birbhum, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Table 30: Number and percentage of Main workers, Marginal workers and Non workers by Sex, in Sub-districts, 2011 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 28 December 2017}}</ref>

Note: In the census records a person is considered a cultivator, if the person is engaged in cultivation/ supervision of land owned by self/government/institution. When a person who works on another person's land for wages in cash or kind or share, is regarded as an agricultural labourer. Household industry is defined as an industry conducted by one or more members of the family within the household or village, and one that does not qualify for registration as a factory under the [[Factories Act,1948, India|Factories Act]]. Other workers are persons engaged in some economic activity other than cultivators, agricultural labourers and household workers. It includes factory, mining, plantation, transport and office workers, those engaged in business and commerce, teacher
s, entertainment artistes and so on.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1908_PART_A_DCHB_BIRBHUM.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Birbhum, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Census Concepts and Definitions, Page 31 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 28 December 2017}}</ref>

===Infrastructure===
There are 216 inhabited villages in Sainthia CD Block, as per District Census Handbook, Birbhum, 2011. 100% villages have power supply. 214 villages (99.07%) have drinking water supply. 40 villages (18.52%) have post offices. 209 villages (96.76%) have telephones (including landlines, public call offices and mobile phones). 75 villages (34.72%) have pucca (paved) approach roads and 74 villages (34.26%) have transport communication (includes bus service, rail facility and navigable waterways). 18 villages (8.33%) have agricultural credit societies and 2 villages (0.93%) have banks.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1908_PART_A_DCHB_BIRBHUM.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Birbhum, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Page 80 Table 36: Distribution of villages according to availability of different amenities,2011 | publisher = Directorate of Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 19 January 2018}}</ref>

===Agriculture===
Following [[Land reform in India|land reforms]] land ownership pattern has undergone transformation. In 2004-05 (the agricultural labourer data is for 2001), persons engaged in agriculture in Sainthia CD Block could be classified as follows: [[bargadar]]s 7,982 (13.22%), patta (document) holders 7,825 (12.96%), small farmers (possessing land between 1 and 2 hectares) 6,475 (10.72%), marginal farmers (possessing land up to 1 hectare) 6,500 (10.77%) and agricultural labourers 31,594 (52.33%).<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR_Birbhum/CHP-4.pdf| title = District Human Development Report: Birbhum, Chapter IV: Economic Opportunities and Security of Livelihood| work = Table 4A1: Population Features of Farmers in the blocks of Birbhum for the year 2004-05| publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009| access-date = 20 January 2018| archive-date = 11 June 2017| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170611000625/http://www.wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR_Birbhum/CHP-4.pdf| url-status = dead}}</ref>

Birbhum is a predominantly paddy cultivation-based agricultural district. The area under paddy cultivation in 2010-11 was 249,000 hectares of land. Paddy is grown in do, suna and sali classes of land. There is double to triple cropping system for paddy cultivation. Other crops grown in Birbhum are gram, masuri, peas, wheat, linseed, khesari, til, sugarcane and occasionally cotton. 192,470 hectares of cultivable land is under irrigation by different sources, such as canals, tanks, river lift irrigation and different types of tubewells. In 2009–10, 158,380 hectares were irrigated by canal water. There are such major irrigation projects as Mayurakshi and Hijli. Other rivers such as Ajoy, Brahmani, Kuskurni, Dwaraka, Hingla and Kopai are also helpful for irrigation in the district.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1908_PART_A_DCHB_BIRBHUM.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Birbhum, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Pages 21-22: Agriculture, Irrigation | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 19 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR_Birbhum/CHP-4.pdf| title = District Human Development Report: Birbhum, Chapter IV: Economic Opportunities and Security of Livelihood| work = Chapter 4.5: Expansion of economic opportunities, Page 95| publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009| access-date = 20 January 2018| archive-date = 11 June 2017| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170611000625/http://www.wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR_Birbhum/CHP-4.pdf| url-status = dead}}</ref>

In 2013–14, there were 74 fertiliser depots, 13 seed stores and 38 [[Public distribution system|fair price shops]] in Sainthia CD block<ref name=handbook2014>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Birbhum | work = 16.1, 18.1, 18.2, 20.1, 21.2, 4.4, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3 – arranged as per use | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 11 July 2019 | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | url-status = dead }}</ref>

In 2013–14, Sainthia CD block produced 68,186 tonnes of [[Rice#Ecotypes and cultivars|Aman paddy]], the main winter crop, from 22,907 hectares, 21,027 tonnes of Boro paddy (spring crop) from 5,976 hectares, 4,470 tonnes of wheat from 1,759 hectares, 26,264 tonnes of potatoes from 1,338 hectares and 12,872 tonnes of sugar cane from 220 hectares. It also produced pulses and oilseeds.<ref name=handbook2014/>

In 2013–14, the total area irrigated in Sainthia CD block was 26,170 hectares, out of which 18,100 hectares were irrigated by canal water, 1,660 hectares by tank water, 60 hectares by river lift irrigation, 5,000 hectares by deep tube wells and 1,350 hectares by shallow tube wells.<ref name=handbook2014/>

===Banking===
In 2013–14, Saithia CD block had offices of 16 commercial banks and 5 [[Regional Rural Bank|gramin banks]].<ref name=handbook2014/>

===Other sectors===
According to the District Human Development Report, 2009, Birbhum is one of the most backward districts of West Bengal in terms of industrial development. Of the new industrial projects set-up in West Bengal between 1991 and 2005, only 1.23% came to Birbhum. [[Bakreshwar Thermal Power Station]] is the only large-scale industry in the district and employs about 5,000 people. There are 4 medium-scale industries and 4,748 registered small-scale industries.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR_Birbhum/CHP-4.pdf| title = District Human Development Report: Birbhum, Chapter IV: Economic Opportunities and Security of Livelihood| work = Chapter 4.4: Opportunities in Industries, Page 93| publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009| access-date = 20 January 2018| archive-date = 11 June 2017| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170611000625/http://www.wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR_Birbhum/CHP-4.pdf| url-status = dead}}</ref>

The proportion of workers engaged in agriculture in Birbhum has been decreasing. According to the District Human Development Report, “more people are now engaged in non-agricultural activities, such as fishing, retail sales, vegetable vending, selling milk, and so on. As all these activities are at the lower end of the spectrum of marketable skills, it remains doubtful if these activities generate enough return for their family’s sustenance.”<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR_Birbhum/CHP-4.pdf| title = District Human Development Report: Birbhum, Chapter IV: Economic Opportunities and Security of Livelihood| work = Chapter 4.2: Structure of Employment, Page 78| publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009| access-date = 20 January 2018| archive-date = 11 June 2017| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170611000625/http://www.wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR_Birbhum/CHP-4.pdf| url-status = dead}}</ref>

===Backward Regions Grant Fund===
Birbhum district is listed as a backward region and receives financial support from the [[Backward Regions Grant Fund]]. The fund, created by the Government of India, is designed to redress regional imbalances in development. As of 2012, 272 districts across the country were listed under this scheme. The list includes 11 districts of West Bengal.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | title= Backward Regions Grant Funds: Programme Guidelines |publisher= Ministry of Panchayati Raj, Government of India| access-date = 22 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=84879 | title= Backward Regions Grant Fund| work= Press Release, 14 June 2012 |publisher= Press Information Bureau, Government of India | access-date = 22 January 2018}}</ref>

==Transport==
{{Khana-Barharwa section|collapse=y}}
{{Andal–Sainthia branch line|collapse=yes}}
Sainthia CD block has 1 ferry service and 8 originating/ terminating bus routes.<ref name=handbook2014/>

The Khana-Barharwa section of [[Sahibganj loop]] passes through this block. There are stations at [[Sainthia Junction railway station|Sainthia]], Bataspur and Ahmadpur.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-barddhaman-barharwa-passenger-53063/14297/2/1381 | title= 53063 Bardhaman-Barharwa Passenger| work= Time Table |publisher= Indiarailinfo | access-date = 22 January 2018}}</ref>

The [[Andal-Sainthia branch line]] originates from Sainthia and there is a station at Kunuri.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://indiarailinfo.com/train/18255 | title= 53535 => 63535 Andal-Sainthia Memu| work= Time Table |publisher= Indiarailinfo | access-date = 22 January 2018}}</ref>

[[National Highway 114 (India)|NH 114]], running from Mallarpur to Bardhaman, [[State Highway 6 (West Bengal)|SH 6]], running from Rajnagar to Alampur, and [[State Highway 11 (West Bengal)|SH 11]], running from Mohammad Bazar to Ranaghat, pass through Sainthia CD Block.<ref>Google maps</ref>

==Education==
In 2013–14, Sainthia CD block had 176 primary schools with 11,006 students, 21 middle schools with 1,865 students, 13 high schools with 6,397 students and 7 higher secondary schools with 9,139 students. Sainthia CD Block had 6 technical/ professional institutions with 542 students and 445 institutions for special and non-formal education with 10,130 students. Sainthia municipal area had 1 general degree college (outside the CD block).<ref name=handbook2014/>

As per the 2011 census, in Sainthia CD Block, amongst the 216 inhabited villages, 30 villages did not have a school, 35 villages had more than 1 primary school, 39 villages had at least 1 primary and 1 middle school and 20 villages had at least 1 middle and 1 secondary school. 8 villages had senior secondary schools.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1908_PART_A_DCHB_BIRBHUM.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Birbhum, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Pages 936-937, Appendix I A: Villages by number of Primary Schools and Appendix I B: Villages by Primary, Middle and Secondary Schools, Page 933, Appendix I: Summary showing total number of villages having Educational, Medical and other amenities – C.D.Block level | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 22 January 2018}}</ref>

==Healthcare==
In 2014, the Sainthia CD block had 5 primary health centers with total 47 beds and 5 doctors (excluding private bodies). It had 33 family welfare subcentres. 26,559 patients were treated indoor and 31,329 patients were treated outdoor in the hospitals, health centers and sub-centers of the CD block.<ref name=handbook2014/>

As per 2011 census, in Sainthia CD Block, 2 villages had community health centers, 5 villages had primary health centers, 37 villages had primary health subcentres, 8 villages had maternity and child welfare centers, 2 villages had veterinary hospitals, 14 villages had medicine shops and out of the 216 inhabited villages 131 villages had no medical facilities.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1908_PART_A_DCHB_BIRBHUM.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Birbhum, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Pages 933-34, Appendix I: Summary showing total number of villages having Educational, Medical and other amenities – C.D.Block level | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 22 January 2018}}</ref>

[[Sainthia State General Hospital]] at [[Sainthia]] has 100 beds.<ref>{{Cite web| title=Order | url=https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/uploaded_files/go/347.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190922053829/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/uploaded_files/go/347.pdf | archive-date=2019-09-22}}</ref> There are [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centres]] at Amarpur (PO Gargaria) (10 beds), Bharmarkole (PO Kachuihata) (10 beds), Sangra (PO Chhotosangra) (10 beds) Srinidhipur (PO Purbasiur) (6 beds) and Iswarpur (PO Ahmedpur) (10 beds).<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | title =Health & Family Welfare Department | work =Health Statistics – Rural Hospitals | publisher =Government of West Bengal | access-date =26 January 2018 | archive-date =8 October 2022 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20221008143352/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | url-status =dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/BPHC.pdf | title =Health & Family Welfare Department | work =Health Statistics – Block Primary Health Centres | publisher =Government of West Bengal | access-date =26 January 2018 | archive-date =16 August 2020 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20200816074737/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/BPHC.pdf | url-status =dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/PHC.pdf | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics – Primary Health Centres | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 26 January 2018 | archive-date = 21 April 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180421215645/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/PHC.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==External links==
* {{Wikivoyage inline|Sainthia}}

==References==
{{Reflist|3}}

{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}
{{Birbhum topics}}

[[Category:Community development blocks in Birbhum district]]

Abha Bhaiya

2026-03-24T12:18:44Z

CaitlinBecker07: new a info

{{Short description|Indian feminist activist}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Abha Bhaiya
| image = Abha_Bhaiya.png
| caption = Abha Bhaiya in 2023
| birth_date = 1948
| birth_place = [[Jaipur]], Rajasthan
| education = [[Bielefeld University]] ([[Master of Arts|MA]]) 
[[Delhi University]] ([[Master of Arts|MA]])
| occupation = [[Women's rights]] activist
| awards = [[Ruth Benedict Prize]] (2007)
}}

'''Abha Bhaiya''' (born 1948) is an Indian feminist activist and cofounder of Jagori Rural Charitable Trust (JRCT), a community-based women empowerment organization. She has been an active participant in women's rights movements since the 1970s, advocating for a range of issues including "social, political and economic rights of women; the status of single women; women's right to health, bodily integrity and well-being; sex and sexualities; against militarization, fundamentalisms; food securities and livelihoods, organic agriculture and the increasing erosion of civil rights of the poorest."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Abha Bhaiya |url=http://www.sambhaavnaa.org:80/facilitators/abha-bhaiya/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114160246/http://www.sambhaavnaa.org:80/facilitators/abha-bhaiya/ |archive-date=2020-01-14 |access-date=2025-08-28 |work=Sambhaavnaa |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Bhaiya was born in 1948 to a conservative [[Marwari people|Marwari]] family in [[Jaipur]], Rajasthan.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |last=Srivastava |first=Pallavi |date=2024-07-11 |title=A woman's life is similar to that of the land: Abha Bhaiya |url=https://villagesquare.in/a-womans-life-is-similar-to-that-of-the-land/ |access-date=2025-08-28 |website=Village Square |language=en-US}}</ref> She has three siblings—two sisters and one brother. Growing up, Bhaiya observed that her brother was afforded preferential treatment in the household, and began to understand "why he was conceived in the first place after three girls". As a child and young adult, she struggled to get an education and to choose a profession aligned with her interests, as her family did not see the merit in educating girls. In 1961, while completing her schooling, she met and befriended poet, author, developmental feminist activist, and social scientist [[Kamla Bhasin]].<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last=Srivastava |first=Kavita |date=2021-09-29 |title=Remembering Kamla Bhasin, the tireless activist, poet and feminist |url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/obituary/remembering-kamla-bhasin-the-tireless-activist-poet-feminist |access-date=2025-09-26 |website=National Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web | last=Arora |first=Subhash | date=2005-08-21 |title=Rebel with Many Causes |url=https://www.boloji.com/articles/5771/rebel-with-many-causes#:~:text=Although%252520Bhaiya's%252520relationship%252520with%252520her,prevented%252520from%252520continuing%252520to%252520work. |access-date=2025-09-26 |website=www.boloji.com}}</ref>

Within her social context, Bhaiya had no role models, except her mother. Despite their "rather strained" relationship, she was inspired by her mother's strength to navigate life under extenuating circumstances with minimal resources. For Bhaiya, "living in a conservative family as a married daughter-in-law, confined to home and domesticity", was unimaginable; as a result, she started questioning the "politics of poverty and powerlessness" in the context of "women's oppression and subordination" and began to challenge "traditions, expectations and social taboos, including the institutions of marriage, family and motherhood".<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":13">{{Cite web |title=PeaceWomen Across the Globe |url=https://1000peacewomen.org/en/network/1000-peacewomen/abha-bhaiya-2304 |access-date=2025-09-26 |website=PeaceWomen Across the Globe |language=en}}</ref>

After she completed her postgraduate degree in philosophy at 21 years old, Bhaiya faced immense familial pressure to get married. She was forced to elope from home and seek refuge at Lakshmi Ashram in [[Kausani]], Uttarakhand that was run by [[Sarla Behn]], a British [[Gandhians|Gandhian]] social activist. At the Ashram, Bhaiya helped educate girls from marginalized backgrounds and lived a "simple self-dependent life". Later, she agreed to her father's numerous pleas to return home under two conditions: one, she will no longer be goaded into a marriage, and two, she will not be prevented from working.<ref name=":7" />

In 1968, Bhaiya asked Bhasin, who was studying sociology of development at the [[University of Münster|University of Munster]] in [[West Germany]], for help in securing a scholarship to study social work in Germany.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kamla Bhasin |url=https://www.feminism.researche-editions.cddc.vt.edu/Bhasin.html |access-date=2025-09-26 |website=www.feminism.researche-editions.cddc.vt.edu}}</ref><ref name=":7" /> While attending the [[Bielefeld University|University of Bielefeld]] Germany from 1969 to 1971, she was first exposed to social and political activism. "I realised there that it's not an individual but rather a systemic issue that women are oppressed all over the world," she said.<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":82">{{Cite web |title=Abha Bhaiya |url=https://yugantar.film/members/abha-bhaiya/ |access-date=2025-09-26 |website=Yugantar Film Collective |language=en-US}}</ref> She was greatly influenced by the welfare approach of social work practice in the 1960s Germany while working with homeless communities and children of [[Gastarbeiter|Gasterbeiters]].<ref name=":12">{{Cite book |last1=Schwarzer |first1=Beatrix |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_-TLDAAAQBAJ&dq=info:xEiZFTlJfYMJ:scholar.google.com/&pg=PA255 |title=Transnational Social Work and Social Welfare: Challenges for the Social Work Profession |last2=Kämmerer-Rütten |first2=Ursula |last3=Schleyer-Lindenmann |first3=Alexandra |last4=Wang |first4=Yafang |date=2016-08-05 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-317-43119-0 |language=en|series=Routledge Advances in Social Work |location=Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar |editor-last=Kämmerer-Rütten |editor-first=Ursula |editor2-last=Schleyer-Lindenmann |editor2-first=Alexandra |editor3-last=Wang |editor3-first=Yafang }}</ref>

She completed her third postgraduate degree from [[Delhi School of Social Work]] (DSSW) in 1973.<ref name=":12" /> Bhaiya was disappointed by the reliance on primarily American and British textbooks for social work education at DSSW. She felt that it "defeated the purpose" of her return to India to study in a more "socio-culturally contextual environment and seek some real transformations".<ref name=":12" />

== Activism ==

=== 1974–1980: Community organization across Hyderabad slums and formation of ''Yugantar'' ===
For two years (1974–1976), Bhaiya served as the program officer for Rural Development Advisory Services in [[Hyderabad]], India, initiating a community development project across the city's [[slum]]s while leading a team of community organizers.<ref name=":82"/> She worked under an Indo-Dutch project and encountered the "most deprived, discriminated, excluded communities" of [[Nomadic tribes in India|nomadic tribes]] and [[Dalit]]s. For Bhaiya, "a process of de-learning rather than using the [academic] social work approaches of case work, and community organization" began during this time. "There were subjective realities fuelled by the power of politics of different interest groups with varied hierarchies of oppression," she wrote in a journal article about her journey as a feminist activist, "The case work approach was irrelevant as an individual doesn't exist in isolation of economic and social formations and of external powerful political forces supported by various institutions of the state and non-state actors. The community organization had to be replaced by community mobilization strategies and multi-layered dialogues within divided communities inside a slum. When violence broke out in the community, I finally decided to choose to act on behalf of the most powerless men and women. I was reprimanded by the NGO for taking sides and was gently asked to resign. That in such situations a social worker needs to remain objective and neutral was glaringly obvious, and yet it did not convince me as I was too close to the conflictual reality."<ref name=":12" /> Her experience in Hyderabad reinforced her fundamental belief that academic social work education needs to interact with people's movements to ensure the development of an inclusive perspective and practice.<ref name=":12" />

In 1980, Bhaiya, Deepa Dhanraj, Meera Rao, and [[Navroze Contractor]] founded the [[Yugantar Film Collective|''Yugantar'']], India's first feminist film collective. Together, they developed four state-independent [[documentary film]]s with existing or ensuing women's groups: ''Molkarin'' (1981) with [[Pune]], Maharashtra-based domestic workers, ''Tambaku Chaakila Oob Aali'' (1982) with female factory workers in [[Nippani|Nipani]], Karnataka, ''Idi Katha Maatramena'' (1983) with Stree Shakhti Sanghatana, a feminist research and activist collective in Hyderabad, and Sudesha (1983) with members of the [[Chipko movement]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Says |first=Rasik |date=2024-05-15 |title=Navroze Contractor (1944-2023) |url=https://theseventhart.info/2024/05/15/navroze-contractor-1944-2023/ |access-date=2025-08-28 |website=The Seventh Art |language=en}}</ref>

=== 1981–1990: Collaboration with Bhasin on ''Saheli, Sangat'' and ''Jagori'' ===
Bhasin and Bhaiya were both part of a Delhi-based feminist collective led by ''Saheli'', one of the first few NGOs in the country focusing on women empowerment that was formed by Bhaiya in 1981. "Our concern was [working] with women who had been denied literacy skills," Bhaiya recalled. The feminist-duo started by updating the lyrics of traditional folk songs to reflect feminist messages about "gender inequality, discrimination, experience of violence and denial that women go through at so many levels".<ref name=":10" /> Bhasin wrote most of these songs that, according to Bhaiya, "were easy for women to sing" because they were familiar with the tunes. "That was the starting point, Bhaiya said, "We then began imparting literacy to them using slogans that they can do something to change their life."<ref name=":10" />

In a [[National Herald]] column, Human rights activist Kavita Srivastava remembers meeting the "two firebrand feminists" in September 1984 at a small-temple town ''[[Dharamshala (type of building)|dharamshala]]'' in [[Padampura]], Rajasthan. The Women's Development Programme had just launched in the state, and Bhasin-Bhaiya were responsible for training the first group of ''saathins'' (women grassroots workers).<ref name=":9" /> "We looked at them with deep scepticism and wondered what these Delhiites wanted to do in this training of rural women," Srivastava wrote, "Being the last week of the training, the sessions were being run by the ''saathins'' themselves. So they slotted the two Delhi feminists grudgingly in their schedule." During the session, Bhasin-Bhaiya sang women-centred songs in Hindi and were later joined by the ''saathins'' who sang their own songs "in their local dialect, describing their suffering, their hopes and their dreams in poignant poetry". According to Srivastava, "the air in the room [...] was filled with laughter, song, dance and ended with us bonding even more."<ref name=":9" />

The 1980s were marked by widespread protests against dowry deaths in India. Women, galvanized by the 1979 Supreme Court acquittal of the policemen accused in the [[Mathura rape case|Mathura custodial rape case]] (1972), took to the Delhi streets demanding amendments to the [[Indian Penal Code]] sections related to dowry and rape.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |last=Srivastava |first=Kavita |date=2021-09-29 |title=Kamla Bhasin: A life woven with love, cheer and fun – even in the face of adversity |url=https://scroll.in/article/1006483/kamla-bhasin-a-life-woven-with-love-cheer-and-fun-even-in-the-face-of-adversity |access-date=2025-09-26 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref> Other key events unfolded: the undermining in [[Mohd. Ahmed Khan v. Shah Bano Begum|Shah Bano case]] related to maintenance allowance for divorced Muslim women (1986); the anti-[[Sati (practice)|sati]] movement (1987); the gang rape of [[Bhanwari Devi]] (1992) that led to the introduction of [[Vishakha and others v. State of Rajasthan|Vishaka guidelines]] for the protection of women against sexual harassment in the workplace (1997), and the [[demolition of the Babri Masjid]] (1992). One of Bhasin's earliest songs, ''Tod Tod ke Bandhano ko Dekho Behne Aati Hain,'' emerged as a response to these events and went on to become the signature protest song for women.<ref name=":11" />

Jagori, a training, communication, and documentation centre for women, co-founded by Bhasin-Bhaiya in 1984, has published several books featuring Bhasin's songs over the years. According to Bhaiya, when Jagori was formed, it was explicitly positioned as a feminist organization. "We got a lot of jibes for it but we said we aren't against men. We are against patriarchy, and that men can be feminist," she added. The organization runs several initiatives to support women in rural India, including seven ''nari adalats'' (women courts), where local women with literacy skills act as ''nyaya sakhis'' (friends of justice). They are familiar with legal know-how and "can go to court on behalf of the aggrieved women".<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":82"/>

In 1983, Bhaiya-Bhasin teamed up with south Asian women's rights activists [[Khushi Kabir]] (Bangladesh), Suneeta Dhar (India), Rita Thapa (Bangladesh), Muktasree Chakma Sathi (Bangladesh), [[Anuradha Kapur|Anuradha Kapoor]] (India), Nandita Gandhi, Chandni Joshi (Nepal), Saloni Singh (Nepal), [[Hisila Yami]] (Nepal), and others, to form South Asian Network of Activists and Trainers (SANGAT). The core members believed that south-east Asian women in the twentieth century, while divided by geopolitical boundaries, were bound together by shared histories, cultures, and lived experiences of patriarchies, globalization, and militarization. Linked through their struggles and involvement in country-specific women's movements, they saw the creation of a transnational network of regional solidarity as an "essential prerequisite" for peace-building.<ref name=":12" /> By 2016, more than 800 young activists and scholars had participated in the month-long residential course on feminist capacity building organized annually by Sangat. Since its inception, the course has expanded to other continents and countries to include women from Iran, Sudan and Turkey.<ref name=":12" />

=== 1991–2002: Setting up ''Nishtha Trust'' and ''Jagori Rural'' ===
In 1995, Bhaiya along with Monica Ghosh, Kishwar Shirali and [[Barbara Nath-Wiser]] set up Nishtha Trust to provide affordable healthcare services to the socially and economically disadvantaged local population of [[Sidhbari]], Himachal Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nishtha Trust {{pipe}} Nishtha |url=https://nishtha-hp.org/nishtha-trust/ |access-date=2025-09-26 |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2002, Bhasin-Bhaiya started the Jagori Rural Charitable Trust in [[Himachal Pradesh]]'s [[Kangra district]] to work with the "most marginalized" women and to challenge "multiple systems of domination, discrimination and exploitation". The same year, Bhaiya set up a feminist retreat called Training and Research Academy (TARA) in the lower [[Himalayas]] to provide facilities for the organization of "workshops, seminars and alternative healing sessions".<ref name=":82"/>

{{Quote box
| quote = "Jagori felt decades ahead of other organizations dedicated to women's empowerment. Many organizations only empower isolated sections of women's lives while ignoring or being complicit in other ways women are oppressed. So at times, the barriers to women's empowerment in rural India seem daunting. Jagori reminded me of what is possible. They were unafraid to tackle issues taboo even in the West. A gay pride flag adorned their dining room; Jagori works to expand access to abortion; their sex education programs were detailed and extensive.

Simultaneously, as comparatively radical as Jagori's feminism was, it never felt unnatural or forced on the communities it worked in. Detractors of feminist endeavors in development often malign feminism as a Western import incompatible with India. They'll even construct false hierarchies of needs to argue that no organization can fight for the LGBT community while purdah (the practice of female seclusion) persists. These naysayers would argue that Jagori should take smaller, less-intersectional bites because rural Himachal allegedly could not chew a feminism that is both environmental and anti-caste. Jagori's work proves these naysayers wrong. Jagori's feminism is boldly intersectional and wildly successful.

At the risk of mixing metaphors, Jagori runs while blowing bubbles. They resoundingly repudiate the notion that communities must progress with piecemeal reforms lest they choke on allegedly 'western' ideas that a teenage girl should be able to discuss her periods openly with her father. Skeptics argue that baby steps protect communities from tripping over Ambedkar's radical beliefs that the dalit woman farmer's electoral reservations must be accompanied by market to which to sell their goods. Jagori proves the skeptics wrong."
| author = —Michael Kinzer, American India Foundation (AIF) Clinton Fellow, after visiting Jagori Rural in 2018
}}
{{clear}}

=== 2003–present: Involvement in transnational advocacy for women's rights ===
After attending the Vienna conference and tribunal in 1993, and observing the inner workings of the UN system, Bhaiya's commitment to advance transregional and transnational collaboration for women's rights intensified.<ref name=":12" /> In 2001, the Kartini Asia Network (KAN) was conceptualized by the Netherlands-based academic-trio comprising Amrita Chhachhi, Thanh-Dam Truong and Saskia Wieringa to help amplify Asian voices within the global women and gender studies discourse. In the next few years, they were joined by Bhaiya, Bhasin, [[Nighat Said Khan]] (Pakistan), and Nursyahbani Katjasungkana (Jakarta) amongst others who wished to build and contribute their own discourses and academic practices.{{citation needed|date=September 2025}}

Since 2003, Bhaiya has been a board member of International Association for the Study Sexuality, Culture and Society (IASSCS), an [[Amsterdam]]-based non-profit that supports the global development and dissemination of multidisciplinary social and cultural research on sexuality.<ref name=":82"/> By 2016, IASSCS had organized ten international conferences attended by activists, academics, researchers. In addition, the network prioritized research training and support through regular publications, and advanced policy and advocacy work. Bhaiya was appointed as the coordinator of IASSCS' advocacy committee deepened her understanding of country-specific issues related to sexual rights, multiple sexual identities and sexual expression. The participatory leaner-centred frameworks and qualitative feminist research methodologies resulted in two significant publications: ''Manual on Sexual Rights and Sexual Empowerment'' (Bhaiya and Wierenga 2007) and ''Heteronormativity, Passionate Aesthetics and Symbolic Subversion in Asia'' (Wieringa ''et al.'' 2015), examining the life trajectories of women living beyond the bounds of heteronormativity in Jakarta and Delhi, including widows, sex workers and young, urban lesbians. Later, the research and training efforts within IASSCS strengthened activities pertaining to sexuality and sexual rights within Jagori Rural and Sangat. Realising that most women and adolescent girls, especially in rural settings, possessed limited knowledge about their own body, both organizations organized 'body literacy' sessions in almost 60 schools and village collectives to educate young girls about female anatomy and sexuality. Securing acceptance from school authorities to initiate these sessions was a challenging process due to the existing stigma around [[sex education]]. "Majority of cases of violence are also related to sex as one of the core issues that creates discord and a sense of lack of fulfilment, especially for women," Bhaiya said, "Our work experience has made the team confi dent of talking about these issues in an open and non-judgmental environment."<ref name=":12" />

In 2011, Bhaiya became one of the founding members of the Women's Regional Network (WRN), a network of civil society leaders and international delegates working to address the interlinked south-Asian issues of peace and security, justice and governance and growing militarization. WRN was launched after representatives from civil society organizations embarked on a listening tour of Afghanistan, Pakistan, and India that concluded with the women unanimously agreeing that their individual work on women's security across conflict-prone areas would greatly benefit from collaborative network-driven efforts.<ref>{{Cite web |title=WOMEN'S REGIONAL NETWORK {{pipe}} ABOUT US |url=https://www.womensregionalnetwork.org/about-us |access-date=2025-09-27 |website=WRN |language=en}}</ref>

Bhasin-Bhaiya started the [[One Billion Rising]] campaign in 2013 with American playwright and performer [[Eve Ensler]], calling for an end to violence against women and girls globally, that was eventually joined by activists from 176 countries.<ref name=":11" /> The campaign included training lawyers, judges, protection officers, and law enforcement personnel on the prevalence and impact of gendered aspect on national economy and politics.<ref name=":12" />

== Other social impact endeavours ==
Between 2006 and 2010, Bhaiya worked as a technical advisor for [[Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit]] (GIZ) in [[Kabul]], Afghanistan, providing [[gender mainstreaming]] and gender strategic planning training for government officials. In 2007, she chaired an internal Meeting on UN Peace Resolution in Brussels. While working as [[Oxfam]]'s gender consultant in 2009, she reviewed the gender national policy to identify areas for improvement and provide strategic recommendations.<ref name=":82" />

Bhaiya was a member of Freya India, a Mumbai-based documentation-research center. She is a member of Ankur, a Delhi-based educational center for women and children, founder-member of Olakh, a women's resource center in [[Gujarat]], Rajasthan. She's also the founder-member of Mahila Samakhya's national resource group, and served on the executive committee of Mahila Samakhya's [[Uttar Pradesh]] chapter.<ref name=":13" />

== Politics ==
In 2017, while speaking at the Salzburg Global LGBT Forum, Bhaiya shared her vision for "alternative families" where LGBT individuals "are not just accepted but become an integral part of the community". She said: "It is important to create an inclusive, safe, and beautiful space in nature and with nature, because I personally find it's not enough to have a biological family. It's important, but not sufficient."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fridae {{pipe}} Watch: Abha Bhaiya on LGBT Families in India |url=https://www.fridae.asia/gay-news/printable.php?articleid=13958 |access-date=2025-08-28 |website=www.fridae.asia}}</ref>

She voiced support for the Kurdish women's movement in 2024, underscoring "the importance of women-led grassroots movements in transforming paradigms of governance and challenging prevailing norms of violence and oppression". She also praised [[Abdullah Öcalan]]'s "federal model of governance" for offering "hope for a different world order in which women's emancipation is central to overcoming the ills of capitalist civilisation."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-28 |title=Indian feminist icon lauds Kurdish women's movement as model for global change |url=https://medyanews.net/indian-feminist-icon-lauds-kurdish-womens-movement-as-model-for-global-change/ |access-date=2025-09-26 |website=Medya News |language=en-GB}}</ref>

==Awards and honours==
* ''Women's Sexualities and Masculinities in a Globalizing Asia'', edited by Saskia Wieringa, Evelyn Blackwood, and Abha Bhaiya, received the [[Ruth Benedict Prize]] for Edited Volume in 2007.<ref name="queeranthroorg">{{cite web |title=The Ruth Benedict Prize |url=https://queeranthro.org/awards/the-ruth-benedict-prize/ |publisher=Association for Queer Anthropology (AQA) |access-date=28 September 2025|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Selected publications ==
* {{cite journal |last1=Kumar |first1=Shewli |last2=Schenck |first2=Catherina |last3=Oberlies |first3=Dagmar |last4=Bhaiya |first4=Abha |title=A Participatory Research Workshop in Northern India—A Transnational Collaboration |journal=Sustainability |date=2023-12-13 |volume=15 |issue=24 |article-number=16808 |doi=10.3390/su152416808 |bibcode=2023Sust...1516808K |doi-access=free |language=en |url=https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/15/24/16808 }}
* Kathuria, Poonam; Bhaiya, Abha, eds. (2018). ''Indian feminisms: individual and collective journeys''. New Delhi: [[Zubaan Books]]. {{ISBN|978-93-85932-02-1}}.
* Wieringa, Saskia E.; Bhaiya, Abha; Nursyahbani, Katjasungkana (2015-09-01). ''[https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Heteronormativity_Passionate_Aesthetics.html?id=IV-VEAAAQBAJ&redir_esc=y Heteronormativity, Passionate Aesthetics and Symbolic Subversion in Asia]''. Liverpool University Press. {{ISBN|978-1-78284-334-4}}.
* Bhaiya, Abha (2007). Wieringa, Saskia E.; Blackwood, Evelyn; Bhaiya, Abha (eds.), "Flames of Fire: Expressions and Denial of Female Sexuality". ''[https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Women_s_Sexualities_and_Masculinities_in.html?id=Kj1aCwAAQBAJ&redir_esc=y Women's Sexualities and Masculinities in a Globalizing Asia].'' New York: [[Palgrave Macmillan]] US. pp. 203–215, {{doi|10.1057/9780230604124_11}}. {{ISBN|978-0-230-60412-4}}.

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Authority control|suppress=P8189}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhaiya, Abha}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women]]
[[Category:Indian activists]]
[[Category:Indian social workers]]
[[Category:1948 births]]
[[Category:People from Jaipur]]

Church of God (Anderson, Indiana)

2026-03-16T15:16:55Z

CaitlinBecker07: content fix

{{Short description|Christian movement}}
{{Infobox Christian denomination
| name = Church of God
| image = Church_of_God_(Anderson)_logo.jpg
| imagewidth = 150px
| caption = Church of God (Anderson, IN) logo
| main_classification = [[Protestant]]
| orientation = [[Holiness movement]] [[Restorationist]]
| polity = [[Congregational polity|Congregational]]
| founder = [[Daniel Sidney Warner]] and several others
| founded_date = 1881
| founded_place =
| separated_from =
| branched_from = [[Churches of God General Conference (Winebrenner)|General Eldership of the Church of God]]
| merger =
| separations = [[Church of God (Guthrie, Oklahoma)]] [[Church of God (Restoration)]]
| associations = [[Christian Churches Together]] [[Christian Holiness Partnership]] [[Wesleyan Holiness Consortium]] [[Global Wesleyan Alliance]] [[National Association of Evangelicals]]
| area = 89 countries in [[North America]], [[Europe]], [[Africa]], [[Asia]]
| congregations = 7,800 (2020)
| members = 887,000 (2020)
| footnotes =
| website = {{URL|jesusisthesubject.org}}
}}

The '''Church of God (Anderson, Indiana)''', also called the '''Church of God Ministries''', is an international [[Holiness movement|holiness]] [[Christian denomination]] with roots in [[Wesleyan theology|Wesleyan-Arminianism]] and also in the [[Restorationism (Christian primitivism)|restorationist]] traditions.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.elcristianismoprimitivo.com/Church_of_God_Restoration.pdf | title = An Inside Look at the Church of God }}</ref> The organization grew out of the evangelistic efforts of several Holiness evangelists in Indiana and Michigan in the early 1880s, most notably [[Daniel Sidney Warner]].

One of its more distinctive features is that there is no formal membership, since the movement believes that true salvation through Jesus Christ, the son of God, makes one a member. Similarly, there is no formal creed other than the Bible. Accordingly, there is much official room for diversity and theological dialogue, even though the movement's culture is strongly rooted in Wesleyan holiness theology.

The Church of God (Anderson, Indiana) is related to its conservative holiness [[Church of God (Guthrie, Oklahoma)]] offshoot, though it is not historically related to other Church of God bodies such as the [[Church of God (Cleveland, Tennessee)]] or the [[Church of God (Charleston, Tennessee)]] as the Church of God (Anderson) does not share the [[Pentecostal]] practices of the latter two denominations. Although not part of the organization's formal name, "Anderson, Indiana" is usually appended to its name to distinguish it from these other groups.

==History==
[[File:Birth of a reformation; or, The life and labors of Daniel S. Warner (1921) (14778414814).jpg|thumb|Gospel Trumpet publishing office & plant in 1921|367x367px]]
The history of the Church of God (Anderson) begins in 1881 with [[Daniel Sidney Warner]] and several others.<ref name="chog1">{{cite web | url = http://churchofgod.chog.org/ME2/Audiences/dirsect.asp?sid=D6384FB8CD884976BB7825A9F1B49078&nm=Our+History | title = History of the Church of God | access-date = 2004-12-10 | archive-date = 2006-06-17 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060617004941/http://churchofgod.chog.org/ME2/Audiences/dirsect.asp?sid=D6384FB8CD884976BB7825A9F1B49078&nm=Our+History | url-status = dead }}</ref> Warner had been a member of [[John Winebrenner]]'s [[Churches of God General Conference (Winebrenner)|General Eldership of the Church of God]], whose members were called Winebrennerians. He differed with the Winebrennerians on the doctrine of [[sanctification]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dswarnerlibrary.com/Warner%20Entire%20Sanctification.docx |title=Sanctification |format=[[DOCX]] |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071021094754/http://www.dswarnerlibrary.com/Warner%20Entire%20Sanctification.docx |archivedate=October 21, 2007 }}</ref> which he held to be a [[Christian perfection|second definite work of grace]], and on the nature of the church. The desire of Warner and the others was to forsake denominationalism and [[creed]]s. To this end, they determined to trust in the [[Holy Spirit]] as their guide and the Bible as their creed. Warner's vision was that the Church of God would "extend our hand in fellowship to every blood-washed one", rather than align themselves with a movement.

From its beginnings, the Church of God had a commitment to [[pacifism]] and [[antiracism]].<ref name="Alexander2011">{{cite book |last1=Alexander |first1=Estrelda Y. |title=Black Fire: One Hundred Years of African American Pentecostalism |date=3 May 2011 |publisher=InterVarsity Press |isbn=978-0-8308-2586-8 |page=82 |language=English}}</ref> The Church of God held that "interracial worship was a sign of the true Church", with both whites and blacks ministering regularly in Church of God congregations, which invited people of all races to worship there.<ref name="Alexander2011"/> Those who were [[second work of grace|entirely sanctified]] testified that they were "saved, sanctified, and prejudice removed."<ref name="Alexander2011"/> When Church of God ministers, such as Lena Shoffner, visited the [[camp meeting]]s of other denominations, the rope in the congregation that separated whites and blacks was untied "and worshipers of both races approached the altar to pray".<ref name="Alexander2011"/> Though outsiders would sometimes attack Church of God services and camp meetings for their stand for racial equality, Church of God members were "undeterred even by violence" and "maintained their strong interracial position as the core of their message of the unity of all believers".<ref name="Alexander2011"/> In the late 19th century, the Church of God used their journal, the ''Gospel Trumpet'', to disseminate pacifist view. In April 1898, the ''Gospel Trumpet'' responded to a question about the Church of God's stance on a Christian going to war. The answer printed was "We answer no. Emphatically no. There is no place in the New Testament wherein Christ gave instruction to his followers to take the life of a fellow-man".<ref>"Should We Go to War?" ''Gospel Trumpet'', April 14, 1898, p. 4.</ref> As time went on the Church of God maintained their stance on pacifism, but as [[World War I]] was erupting across [[Europe]], the church's stance began to soften. When German Church of God congregants were drafted into the army, the ''Gospel Trumpet'' began running letters submitted about the conditions of training camps and on the battlefields. While encouraging their readers to pray for the German soldiers, the ''Gospel Trumpet'' made no reference to the apparent contrast between supporting the war effort and encouraging pacifism.<ref>See Merle D. Strege “The Demise [?] of a Peace Church: The Church of God (Anderson), Pacifism and Civil Religion, The Mennonite Quarterly Review, Vol. LXV April 1991, No. 2 pgs. 128-140.</ref>

As the [[United States]] entered World War I, the ''Gospel Trumpet'' restated the church's official stance of pacifism but also reminded their congregants that they supported the authority of the [[Sovereign state|state]] and should comply with local laws concerning the [[Conscription|draft]]. There were articles published to help a pacifist request non-combat duty if they were drafted. For those who decided to volunteer, the church reported that the volunteer would not lose their salvation but would have to answer to God concerning their actions during the war. Strege writes that as the war waged on, "there occurs in print no condemnation of those who entered the army—whether German or American—and there is no questioning of their religious commitment".<ref>Strege p. 137</ref>

The Church of God pacifist stance reached a high point in the late 1930s. The Church regarded World War II as a just war because America was attacked. Sentiment against Communism (which advocated for [[state atheism]] in the [[Eastern Bloc]]) has since kept strong pacifism from developing in the Church of God.<ref>Mitchell K. Hall, "A Withdrawal from Peace: The Historical Response to War of the Church of God (Anderson, Indiana)," ''Journal of Church and State'' (1985) 27#2 pp 301-314</ref>

===Developments in holiness standards===
The Church of God continues to see itself as a direct outgrowth of the original teachings of D.S. Warner's ministry that began the movement in the 1880s. Warner believed that every group of organized churches who had an earthly headquarters and an earthly creed, other than the Bible, was a part of [[Babylon]]. He and his later followers taught that God had restored the light of Christian unity in 1880. The Evening Light ministry became known as "[[come outer]]s" because they traveled from town to town preaching that all of the saved needed to "come out of Babylon" and worship together in one place rather than being separated by creeds, dogmas and doctrines of men. The Reformation Ministry (another name for their ministry) believed that false Christianity was the [[Whore of Babylon|harlot woman]] in the [[book of Revelation]]. The ministry further believed that the harlot woman was a symbol of [[Roman Catholicism]] and that her daughters were a symbol of [[Protestantism]].

As an example of their emphasis on the nature of the true Church, the slogan of the Church of God paper, "One Voice", almost became "On Becoming the Church". The Evening Light Ministry of 1880-1915 believed that they taught the whole truth of Scripture and that they were setting the example for the true Church. In the process, they had placed a strong emphasis on what was seen as "holiness living." This led to a sense that certain cultural practices then common in late nineteenth and early twentieth America were out of bounds for the "sanctified Christian." Adherents saw it as non-conformity to the world, that is, that Christ had called them out of the "worldliness" around them, both internally and externally.<ref>John W. V. Smith. ''The Quest for Holiness and Unity: A Centennial History of the Church of God.'' (Warner Press: Anderson, IN, 1980) p. 194</ref>

Some re-thinking began in 1912 when men were permitted to wear long neck ties. By the 1950s, the movement no longer forcefully taught against the immodesty of [[mixed bathing]] (swimming) among the sexes or the addition of a television to the home. These twentieth century changes focused on the idea that the internal transformations of holiness deserved far more emphasis than debates over its proper outward manifestation, such as styles of dress and some forms of worship. In his 1978 work for the Church, ''Receive the Holy Spirit'', Arlo Newell addressed his view of the nature of holiness for Christian living, emphasizing its internal requirements. Expressing the still dominant view in the Church of God, Newell stated that "holiness centers in completeness. Christ was and is the perfect sacrifice, none other need ever be made. Every believer in Christ has entered into the 'everlasting covenant,' and the extent of the work of redemption is limitless."<ref>Receive the Holy Spirit. (Warner Press: Anderson, IN, 1978) p. 31</ref> Emphasizing the point, Newell went on to give a definition of the man who is holy. He noted that "the holy man is the whole man, integrated, harmonized within by his supreme, inclusive purpose to realize in himself and others the moral image of God revealed in Christ, God incarnate."<ref>Receive the Holy Spirit. (Warner Press: Anderson, IN, 1978) p. 32-33</ref>

Thus, as the movement increasingly de-emphasized the importance of external manifestations of "[[outward holiness|holy living]]," teaching against the following list of practices, while still valued by some, is no longer emphasized by the Church of God:
* against outward adornment: wedding rings, ear rings, lipstick on women, or following "worldly fashions" (there is still an emphasis by some on "modesty", i.e. non-ostentatiousness in such things)
* women should always refrain from wearing clothing that pertains to men, e.g. pants
* women should not cut their hair but instead grow it long and men should keep their hair short
* ministers should not receive a set salary

The [[Church of God (Guthrie, Oklahoma)]], a body in the [[conservative holiness movement]], was created in the 1910s as a result of [[schism]] with the Church of God (Anderson, Indiana) over wanting to maintain traditional standards of [[outward holiness]].<ref name="Thornton2008">{{cite book | last1=Thornton | first1=Wallace Jr. |title=Behavioral Standards, Embourgeoisement, and the Formation of the Conservative Holiness Movement |date=2008 |publisher=Wesleyan Theological Society |page=177 |language=English |quote=The CHM thus resulted from the desire of mid-century holiness conservatives to perpetuate the radical cause which dominated the movement at the beginning of the century. ... The first significant conservative “comeouter” group was the Church of God (Guthrie, OK), which pulled radical constituents from the Church of God (Anderson) in the early 1910s.}}</ref><ref name="Melton1987">{{cite book |last1=Melton |first1=J. Gordon |title=The Encyclopedia of American Religions |date=1987 |publisher=Gale Research Company |isbn=978-0-8103-2133-5 |page=287 |language=English |quote=In doctrine and practice the Church of God (Guthrie, Oklahoma) is almost identical with the Church of God (Anderson, Indiana), but it is stricter in its practice of holiness and refusal to compromise with the world.}}</ref>

==Statistics==
According to a census published by the association in 2020, it had 7,800 churches, 887,000 members in 89 countries.<ref>Church of God, [https://www.jesusisthesubject.org/our-history/ Our History], jesusisthesubject.org, USA, retrieved May 9, 2020</ref> In 2010, it was reported that the Church of God (Anderson) had 225,753 members in the United States in 2,125 churches.<ref>{{Cite web |title=US Religion Census - 2010 |url=https://www.usreligioncensus.org/report1.php?year=2010}}</ref>

==Beliefs==
{{CoGAnderson}}
In connection to its beginnings, the denomination has [[holiness movement|holiness]] beliefs.<ref name="beliefs">Church of God, [https://www.jesusisthesubject.org/our-beliefs/ Our beliefs], jesusisthesubject.org, USA, retrieved August 27, 2021</ref>

While the church keeps congregant statistics for organizational reasons, it does not have official membership. It holds that all "blood washed ones" (Christians) are part of the church and that attending services is enough to count someone as a member of a congregation.

The church observes [[baptism]] by [[Immersion baptism|total immersion]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dswarnerlibrary.com/The%20ordinances%20of%20the%20Bible%20Schell.doc |title=The ordinances of the Bible |format=[[MS Word]] |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071007075811/http://www.dswarnerlibrary.com/The%20ordinances%20of%20the%20Bible%20Schell.doc |archivedate=October 7, 2007 }}</ref> [[Eucharist|the Lord's Supper]] (commonly known as communion), and [[feet washing]] as symbolic acts, recognizing them as the [[Ordinance (Christian)|ordinances]] of God.

While the church does not believe in official creeds, the Anderson School of Theology has released several pamphlets available online which outline their interpretation of the Bible on multiple points<ref>{{Cite web |title=Official Website - Our Beliefs |url=https://www.jesusisthesubject.org/our-beliefs/}}</ref> such as [[Eschatology]], which is [[Amillennialism|Amillennial]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jesusisthesubject.com - Return of Christ |url=https://www.jesusisthesubject.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/06ReturnOfChrist.pdf}}</ref> Congregants are generally not bound to these statements which are framed as being suggestive.

==Organization==
[[Ecclesiastical polity|Church polity]] is autonomous and [[Congregationalist polity|congregational]], with various state and regional assemblies offering some basic support for pastors and congregations. In North America, cooperative work is coordinated through Church of God Ministries with offices in [[Anderson, Indiana]]. Currently, the interim general director is Monté Dillard.

There are 2,214 congregations in the United States and [[Canada]] which are affiliated with the Church of God with an average attendance of 251,429.<ref>2009 Yearbook of the Church of God, p. 353.</ref> Worldwide, adherents number more than 1,170,143 in 7,446 congregations spread over nearly ninety countries. In [[Jamaica]], Church of God is the [[Religion in Jamaica|largest denomination]] with 24% of the population and 111 congregations. Personal conversion and Christian conduct, coupled with attendance, are sufficient for participation in a local Church of God congregation.

In the United Kingdom, there are 2 congregations: Church of God, Egan Road (Birkenhead, Merseyside) under the leadership of Pastor Zach Langford and Community Church of God (Tottenham, London) under the leadership of Pastor Mickell Mascall.

And in Asia especially in India The Church of God has two divisions The Church of God in South India as well as The Church of God in North East having 1721 churches and near about 67,931 believers including it's new congregation started at Thodupuzha, Kerala in India practices the same doctrine and it's name is Emmanuel Church of God.

In East Africa Bunyore is home to the national headquarters of the Church of God in Kenya, Bunyore Girls’ High School and Kima School of Theology all of which are located at Kima. A significant town in Bunyore is Luanda, Kenya located on the Kisumu-Busia Highway. Maseno University, in the neighboring Maseno town is less than 6 miles from Kima which was under Archbishop Rev Dr. Byrum A. Makokha until his death on 25/08/2020.

==Affiliated schools==
The church's [[seminary]] is [[Anderson School of Theology]] in Anderson, Indiana. It is also affiliated with several colleges across North America, including [[Anderson University (Indiana)|Anderson University]], [[Mid-America Christian University]], [[Warner Pacific University]], [[Warner University]] and [[West Indies Theological College]] as well as Kima International School of Theology (KIST) in Maseno, Kenya, and IBAO (Institut Biblique de l'Afrique de l'Ouest) in Yamoussoukro, Côte d'Ivoire and Horeb Institute of Theology Idukki, Kerala India.

The church also supports Triple C School, a primary and secondary school located in Grand Cayman, Cayman Islands.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.jesusisthesubject.org Official website of the Church of God (Anderson, Indiana) in North America]
* [http://www.warnerpress.org Official website of Warner Press, publishing house for the Church of God (Anderson, Indiana)]

{{Evangelicalism in the United States}}
{{National Association of Evangelicals}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Church Of God (Anderson, Indiana)}}
[[Category:Church of God (Anderson, Indiana)| ]]
[[Category:Religious organizations established in 1881]]
[[Category:Christian denominations established in the 19th century]]
[[Category:1881 establishments in Indiana]]

*
[https://www.cogindia.org official Website of the Church of God Ministries in South India, it's Bible College and educational institutions]

Savi (film)

2026-03-15T22:45:45Z

CaitlinBecker07:

{{Use Indian English|date=April 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Savi
| image = Savi Poster.jpeg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name =
| director = [[Abhinay Deo]]
| producer = {{ubl|[[Mukesh Bhatt]]|[[Bhushan Kumar]]|[[Krishan Kumar (actor)|Krishan Kumar]]}}
| writer = '''Adapted Screenplay:''' Parveez Shaikh Aseem Arora '''Dialogues:''' Aseem Arora
| story = Fred Cavayé
| based_on = {{based on|''[[Anything for Her]]''|Fred Cavayé}}
| starring = {{ubl|[[Divya Khosla Kumar|Divya Khosla Kumar]]|[[Anil Kapoor]]|[[Harshvardhan Rane]]}}
| narrator =
| music = [[Vishal Mishra (composer)|Vishal Mishra]] [[Javed-Mohsin]] Piyush Shanker Arkadeep Karmakar
| cinematography = Chinmay Salaskar
| editing = [[Shan Mohammed|Shaan Mohammad]]
| studio = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series Films]] [[Vishesh Films|Vishesh Entertainment]] HWY 61
| distributor = [[AA Films]]
| released = {{Film date|2024|05|31|df=y}}
| runtime = 122 minutes<ref name=BBFC>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/savi-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdixntiz |title=''Savi'' (15) |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |date=30 May 2024 |access-date=31 May 2024 |archive-date=31 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240531060603/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/savi-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdixntiz |url-status=live}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{estimation}} {{INR|20}} [[crore]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://lehren.com/entertainment/bollywood/savi-box-office-verdict-divya-khossla-starrer-hit-or-flop/194324/ |title=Savi Box Office Verdict: Divya Khossla Starrer "Hit Or Flop"? |date=6 June 2024 |website=[[Lehren]] |access-date=26 July 2024 |archive-date=16 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240616152609/https://lehren.com/entertainment/bollywood/savi-box-office-verdict-divya-khossla-starrer-hit-or-flop/194324/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
| gross = {{estimation}} {{INR|17.81}} [[crore]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/savi-succeeds-in-her-mission-the-divya-khossla-starrer-becomes-a-hit-globally-collects-rs-17-81-crores-13782726.html |title=Savi succeeds in her mission! The Divya Khossla starrer becomes a hit globally, collects Rs 17.81 crores |date=15 June 2024 |website=[[Firstpost]] |access-date=26 July 2024 |archive-date=16 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240616151755/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/savi-succeeds-in-her-mission-the-divya-khossla-starrer-becomes-a-hit-globally-collects-rs-17-81-crores-13782726.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
}}

'''''Savi''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[action thriller film]]<ref name=BBFC/> directed by [[Abhinay Deo]] and produced by [[Mukesh Bhatt]], [[Bhushan Kumar]] and [[Krishan Kumar (actor)|Krishan Kumar]] under the banner of [[Vishesh Films]] and [[T-Series (company)|T-Series Films]]. The film stars [[Divya Khosla Kumar|Divya Khossla]], [[Anil Kapoor]], and [[Harshvardhan Rane]].

Inspired by the tale of [[Savitri and Satyavan]], it tells the story of a simple housewife who attempts to [[jailbreak]] her husband from a high-security prison in England.<ref name=":0">{{cite news |date=21 May 2024 |title='Savi' is a modernised version of the mythological tale of Sati Savitri Actor Divya Khosla The film is inspired and a copy of English film The Next Three Days. |url=https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/entertainment/2024/05/21/ent11-cinema-divya-khosla.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521194708/https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/entertainment/2024/05/21/ent11-cinema-divya-khosla.html |archive-date=21 May 2024 |access-date=22 May 2024 |work=The Week}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=22 May 2024 |title=SAVI Trailer: Divya Khossla Plans Harshvardhan Rane's Jailbreak, Anil Kapoor's Twisted Look Surprises Fans |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/savi-trailer-divya-khossla-plans-harshvardhan-ranes-jailbreak-anil-kapoors-twisted-look-surprises-fans-8899633.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522051658/https://www.news18.com/movies/savi-trailer-divya-khossla-plans-harshvardhan-ranes-jailbreak-anil-kapoors-twisted-look-surprises-fans-8899633.html |archive-date=22 May 2024 |access-date=22 May 2024 |website=News18}}</ref> It is a remake of 2008 French film ''[[Anything for Her]]''<ref name="bh" /> and was released on 31 May 2024 to predominantly positive reviews.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2024 |title=Netflix Global Top 10: A Good Girl's Guide To Murder Debuts In 1st Place, Savi Rises Up Charts To 2nd Spot |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/web-series/netflix-global-top-10-a-good-girls-guide-to-murder-debuts-in-1st-place-savi-rises-up-charts-to-2nd-spot-article-112380378 |access-date=11 August 2024 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>
The plot follows a wife who takes extreme measures to break her husband out of prison after he is wrongfully convicted for the murder of his boss.

==Plot==
Nakul Sachdeva and Savitri Sachdeva (Savi) are an Indian couple living in [[Liverpool]] with their son Adi. They lead a happy and peaceful life, with Savi being a housewife, while Nakul works as a construction worker. Nakul has a bad relationship with his boss Stephanie Fowler, who is racist and often humiliates him.

One morning, police arrive, accusing Nakul of murdering his boss Stephanie. Nakul is found guilty and sentenced for life despite pleading not guilty. Savi believes he is innocent though the evidence against Nakul is strong: his fingerprint is on the murder weapon (a fire extinguisher), Stephanie's blood is on his clothes, and he has motive because Stephanie hates him. Nakul narrates a different story: he was passing by the crime scene when he bumped into an unknown man. Stephanie's blood was all over the murderer's clothes and the bump left drops on Nakul's coat. He then saw the fire extinguisher on the road so he placed it back, leaving his fingerprint on it. Nakul claims he remembers he heard a clothes button falling on the ground when the two bumped into each other, so if the button can be found, his narrative shall be proved. However, no evidence is found.

The couple's appeal is also rejected due to lack of evidence. Hope diminishes with time going by. Savi enters financial difficulty as she has no source of income and cannot find a job. She decides to break Nakul out of jail. She visits Joydeep Paul, a notorious criminal who has successfully escaped from jail seven times, for help. Paul suggests the following: arrange fake passports, prepare money, choose a destination that has no [[extradition treaty]] with the UK, break him out and flee. Savi begins her planning.

Meanwhile in jail, Nakul is bullied by a drug smuggling ring. They assault him and are put in solitary confinement for one month. They threaten to kill him once they get out unless Nakul withdraws his complaint against them. Nakul refuses. His attackers are about to be released from solitary confinement in three days, making Savi realise she has only three days to execute her plan.

Savi has no other choice to arrange for money in such a short time, so she robs two drug dealers; the ensuing gunfight results in the death of the drug dealers. Police find Savi the suspect and begin the search for her.

A medical team visits the jail everyday to collect the blood samples of all prisoners to monitor their health. Savi sneaks into the medical team's truck and switches Nakul's report with a fake one that says he needs to be hospitalised. The jail sends him to the hospital, where Savi forcefully takes him away at gunpoint. They escape the hospital, and police begin their search.

Police find papers detailing Savi's jailbreak plan at her home. They conclude that the couple is about to fly from [[Manchester Airport]] to [[Marrakesh]] with fake passports. They rush to Manchester to stop them. However, at the airport, they find out that there is no flight to Marrakesh and the two never showed up to the airport. They realize the couple has left by ferry. Savi had intentionally misled them.

Impressed by Savi's determination and ability to carry out such a big plan, Officer Ayesha Hassan decides to revisit the crime scene of Stephanie's murder to find out why Savi is so motivated. At the scene, she finds a button in the sewer, indicating that Nakul is indeed innocent.

In [[Chandigarh]], India, Nakul’s father receives an invitation from Savi in [[Bulgaria]], revealing that they are now settled there.

Joydeep Paul gets arrested by the police for abetting Savi and her family's escape just as he is about to start a story named Savitri.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Divya Khosla Kumar]] as Savitri "Savi" Sachdeva
* [[Anil Kapoor]] as Joydeep Paul
* [[Harshvardhan Rane]] as Nakul Sachdeva
* [[Raageshwari Loomba]] as Simrit
* Mairaj Kakkar as Aditya Sachdev
* [[Himanshi Choudhry]] as Ayesha Hassan
* [[M. K. Raina]] as Nakul's Father
* Hadelin de Ponteves as Rox
* Jacob Medows as Slim Jim
* Jane Horn as Stephanie Fowler
* Promila Thomas as Simrit’s Mom
* Ollie Booth as Detective John
* Alex Dower as Detective Stevens
* Supreet Bedi as Anu
* Adrian Stretton as Detective Lucus
* Tino Mung as Drug cooker
}}

==Production==
Announcement of the film came in May 2024, titled ''Savi - A Bloody Housewife'', which is a remake of 2008 French film ''[[Anything for Her]]''. The film would be directed by [[Abhinay Deo]], and will feature [[Divya Khosla Kumar|Divya Khosla]], [[Anil Kapoor]], and [[Harshvardhan Rane]]. The film is produced by Mukesh Bhatt, Bhushan Kumar, and Krishan Kumar.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Divya Khossla to star in 'Savi - A Bloody Housewife' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/divya-khossla-to-star-in-savi-a-bloody-housewife/articleshow/109855101.cms |access-date=30 November 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Simran |title=Divya Khossla says her actioner Savi is 'unlike anything' she has done before; trailer to be out on this date |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-divya-khossla-says-her-actioner-savi-is-unlike-anything-she-has-done-before-harshvardhan-rane-abhinay-deo-3089675 |access-date=30 November 2024 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Savi-A Bloody Housewife Teaser 2: Divya Khossla Leaves Viewers On Edge Of Their Seats |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/savi-a-bloody-housewife-teaser-2-divya-khossla-kumar-leaves-viewers-on-edge-of-their-seats-8881309.html |access-date=30 November 2024 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> Deo cast Kapoor in the film after working with him on the television series ''[[24 (Indian TV series)|24]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title='Savi' Director Explains How It Was Easy To Convince Anil Kapoor To Accept His Role |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/savi-director-explains-how-it-was-easy-to-convince-anil-kapoor-to-accept-his-role |access-date=22 May 2024 |work=Outlook |date=21 May 2024 |archive-date=21 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521234553/https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/savi-director-explains-how-it-was-easy-to-convince-anil-kapoor-to-accept-his-role |url-status=live}}</ref>

The film was filmed in secrecy in [[London]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Divya Khosla on Savi: A Bloody Housewife for first time: I've not done anything like this |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/bollywood/divya-khosla-on-savi-a-bloody-housewife-for-first-time-ive-not-done-anything-like-this-exclusive-article-109857348 |access-date=22 May 2024 |website=Times Now |date=5 May 2024 |archive-date=15 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240515054816/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/bollywood/divya-khosla-on-savi-a-bloody-housewife-for-first-time-ive-not-done-anything-like-this-exclusive-article-109857348 |url-status=live}}</ref> The entire filming took place in 45 days.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Divya Khossla recounts how she shot for 'Savi' in minus 6 deg C for 45 days |url=https://daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=1193956 |access-date=30 November 2024 |website=daijiworld.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Savi
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Vishal Mishra (composer)|Vishal Mishra]], Piyush Shankar, [[Javed-Mohsin]] and Arkadeep Karmakar
| released = 28 May 2024<ref name="jiosaavn">{{Cite web |date=28 May 2024 |title=Savi – Original Motion Picture Soundtrack |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/savi/s1b29UbnZHM_ |website=[[JioSaavn]] |access-date=1 June 2024 |archive-date=31 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240531231858/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/savi/s1b29UbnZHM_ |url-status=live}}</ref>
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| recorded = 2022–2024
| length = 28:25
| language = Hindi
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T Series]]
| producer =
| misc = {{external music video| header = Official audio|{{YouTube|BZ_Nh2xS5RM|Savi - Full Album}}
}}
}}

The music for the film is composed by [[Vishal Mishra (composer)|Vishal Mishra]], Piyush Shankar, [[Javed-Mohsin]] and Arkadeep Karmakar; lyrics are written by Raj Shekhar, [[Rashmi Virag]] and Ritajaya Banerjee.<ref name="jiosaavn"/>

The song "Vada Humse Karo" is the last song sung by singer [[KK (singer)|KK]], who died a week after recording it.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mukesh Bhatt REVEALS Anil Kapoor and Divya Khossla's film will feature last song by late singer KK |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/mukesh-bhatt-reveals-anil-kapoor-and-divya-khosslas-film-will-feature-last-song-by-late-singer-kk/articleshow/110311941.cms |access-date=22 May 2024 |work=Outlook |date=21 May 2024 |archive-date=21 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521220359/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/mukesh-bhatt-reveals-anil-kapoor-and-divya-khosslas-film-will-feature-last-song-by-late-singer-kk/articleshow/110311941.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>

The first single from the album, "Hum Dum", was released on 10 May 2024.<ref>{{cite web |title='Hum Dum' song from 'Savi' out now! Listen to the love track |url=https://mirchi.in/stories/music/hum-dum-song-from-savi-out-now-listen-to-the-love-track/110007801 |access-date=22 May 2024 |website=Radio Mirchi |date=10 May 2024 |archive-date=21 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521194703/https://mirchi.in/stories/music/hum-dum-song-from-savi-out-now-listen-to-the-love-track/110007801 |url-status=live}}</ref>

{{Tracklist
| headline = Track listing
| total_length = 28:25
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Humdum
| extra1 = Vishal Mishra
| music1 = [[Vishal Mishra (composer)|Vishal Mishra]]
| lyrics1 = Raj Shekhar
| length1 = 3:20
| title2 = Vada Humse Karo
| extra2 = [[KK (singer)|KK]]
| music2 = Piyush Shankar
| lyrics2 = [[Rashmi Virag]]
| length2 = 3:30
| title3 = Khol Pinjra
| extra3 = [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
| music3 = Arkadeep Karmakar
| lyrics3 = Ritajaya Banerjee
| length3 = 3:08
| title4 = Vada Humse Karo (Version 2)
| extra4 = KK
| music4 = Piyush Shankar
| lyrics4 = Rashmi Virag
| length4 = 3:25
| title5 = Paas Tere Main
| extra5 = [[Jubin Nautiyal]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| music5 = [[Javed-Mohsin]]
| lyrics5 = Rashmi Virag
| length5 = 5:05
| title6 = Vada Humse Karo (Sad Version)
| extra6 = Piyush Shankar
| music6 = Piyush Shankar
| lyrics6 = Rashmi Virag
| length6 = 2:39
| title7 = Vada Humse Karo (Reprise)
| extra7 = Piyush Shankar
| music7 = Piyush Shankar
| lyrics7 = Rashmi Virag
| length7 = 3:48
| title8 = O Yaarum
| extra8 = Shreya Ghoshal
| music8 = Arkadeep Karmakar
| lyrics8 = Ritajaya Banerjee
| length8 = 3:30
}}

== Release ==
The film was released in theatres on 31 May 2024.<ref>{{cite web |title=Divya Khossla And Harshvardhan Rane's 'Savi' Trailer To Release On This Date |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/divya-khossla-and-harshvardhan-ranes-savi-trailer-to-release-on-this-date-8894609.html |access-date=22 May 2024 |website=News18 |date=17 May 2024 |archive-date=21 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521194703/https://www.news18.com/movies/divya-khossla-and-harshvardhan-ranes-savi-trailer-to-release-on-this-date-8894609.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

The film premiered on [[Netflix]] from 26 July 2024 and reached Netflix's global top non-English language film chart in 14 countries, including Singapore, Malaysia, Oman, Qatar, and the UAE, among others.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Divya Khossla’s 'Savi' beats Janhvi Kapoor & Rajkummar Rao's 'Mr and Mrs Mahi' |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/divya-khosslas-savi-beats-janhvi-kapoor-rajkummar-raos-mr-and-mrs-mahi-article-12787657.html |website=[[moneycontrol.com]]}}</ref>

==Reception==
A critic for ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' rated the film 3.5 stars out of 5 and wrote, "''Savi'' works due to the plot, performances and an engaging second half."<ref name="bh">{{cite news |first=Bollywood |last=Hungama |title=Savi Movie Review: SAVI works due to the plot and performances |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/savi/critic-review/savi-movie-review/savi-works-due-to-the-plot-and-performances/ |magazine=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=30 May 2024 |access-date=31 May 2024 |archive-date=31 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240531125510/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/savi/critic-review/savi-movie-review/savi-works-due-to-the-plot-and-performances/ |url-status=live}}{{rating|3.5|5}}</ref>

[[Saibal Chatterjee]] of ''[[NDTV]]'' rated 2 stars and wrote, "Anil Kapoor manages to be one of the bright spots of Harshvardhan Rane, Divya Khossla's Film."<ref>{{cite news |last=Chatterjee |first=Saibal |date=31 May 2024 |title=Savi Review: Anil Kapoor Manages To Be One Of The Bright Spots Of Harshvardhan Rane, Divya Khossla's Film |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/savi-review-anil-kapoor-manages-to-be-one-of-the-bright-spots-of-harshvardhan-rane-and-divya-khosslas-film-2-stars-5786414 |magazine=[[NDTV]] |access-date=31 May 2024 |archive-date=26 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240726161824/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/savi-review-anil-kapoor-manages-to-be-one-of-the-bright-spots-of-harshvardhan-rane-and-divya-khosslas-film-2-stars-5786414 |url-status=live}}{{rating|2|5}}</ref>

Sujay B M of ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' gave a rating of 4/5 and wrote, "Similar to the [[Taken (film)|''Taken'']] series and the [[Drishyam (film series)|''Dhrishyam'']] movies (originally Malayalam), the idea of protecting the family, even at the cost of antagonising the law, strikes a chord with the audience. With gripping emotional scenes, witty dialogues and a riveting climax, ''Savi'' keeps the audience glued to their seats.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Savi' movie review: Gripping crime drama with sterling performances |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/savi-movie-review-gripping-crime-drama-with-sterling-performances-3047060 |access-date=2024-11-30 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> Titas Chowdury of ''[[Network18 Group|News 18]]'' gave a rating 3.5/5 and wrote, "''Savi: A Bloody Housewife'' will perhaps start a new chapter for Divya Khossla, the actor. Though predictable, it definitely deserves a watch for its fresh treatment and sincere attempt at being a clutter-breaker." "<ref>{{Cite web |title=Savi Review: Divya Khossla Surprises With Her Acting Chops, Anil Kapoor's Quirky Act Impresses |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/savi-review-divya-khossla-surprises-with-her-acting-chops-anil-kapoors-quirky-act-impresses-8910733.html |access-date=30 November 2024 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

Vinamra Mathura of ''[[Firstpost]]'' gave a rating 2.5/5 and wrote, "Anil Kapoor is the highlight of this Divya Khossla-Harshvardhan Rane thriller".<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 May 2024 |title='Savi' movie review: Anil Kapoor is the highlight of this Divya Khossla-Harshvardhan Rane thriller |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/savi-movie-review-anil-kapoor-is-the-highlight-of-this-divya-khossla-harshvardhan-rane-thriller-13776968.html/amp |access-date=30 November 2024 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref> Abishek Srivastava of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated 3/5 and wrote, "While ''Savi'' makes an honest attempt to offer something new in this genre, it ultimately fails to reach the finish line."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Savi Movie Review : This jailbreak thriller showcases strong performances and offers engaging moments |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/savi/movie-review/110583319.cms |access-date=12 January 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|32308617}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama movie|savi}}

{{Vishesh Films}}
{{Abhinay Deo}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Savi}}
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:2024 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films about marriage]]
[[Category:Films shot in London]]
[[Category:T-Series (company) films]]
[[Category:Indian remakes of French films]]
[[Category:Films about prison escapes]]
[[Category:Indian chase films]]
[[Category:Indian crime drama films]]
[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Films about identity theft]]
[[Category:Films about miscarriage of justice]]
[[Category:Films shot in Liverpool]]
[[Category:Films about Savitri and Satyavan]]
[[Category:Films set in Liverpool]]
[[Category:Indian romantic thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films set in London]]
[[Category:Films set in England]]
[[Category:Films shot in England]]
[[Category:Films about racism in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Films set in Chandigarh]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chandigarh]]
[[Category:Films set in Bulgaria]]
[[Category:Films set in Manchester]]
[[Category:Films shot in Greater Manchester]]
[[Category:Indian mystery thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian mystery drama films]]
[[Category:Indian murder mystery films]]
[[Category:Police detective films]]
[[Category:Indian police films]]
[[Category:Indian detective films]]
[[Category:Films set in hospitals]]
[[Category:Films set in airports]]
[[Category:2020s police procedural films]]
[[Category:Films based on works by Fred Cavayé]]
[[Category:Films distributed by AA Films]]

New Karbigahiya

2026-03-15T17:57:14Z

CaitlinBecker07:

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = New Karbigahiya
| other_name = Karbigahiya
| settlement_type = – Neighbourhood –
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India Patna
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Patna, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25|36|1.2|N|85|8|25.5|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_type2 = City
| subdivision_name2 = [[Patna]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Spoken
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[English language|English]], [[Magadhi language|Magadhi]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]], [[Urdu language|Urdu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 800001
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Urban planning|Planning agency]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = Patna Metropolitan Area Authority
| blank2_name_sec1 = Civic agency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Patna Municipal Corporation]]
| website = {{url|patna.nic.in}}
| blank_name_sec1 = Boundaries
| blank_info_sec1 = Postal Park Mithapur
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Patna Junction railway station|Railway services]]
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Patna Junction railway station|Patna Junction (Karbigahiya side)]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/patna/two-new-flyovers-to-decongest-patna-central-rail-station/story-qi8Vw79uBuLru54izfcxRI.html|title=Two new flyovers to decongest Patna central rail station|date=15 July 2015|work=Subhash Pathak|access-date=2018-10-14|language=en}}</ref>
| footnotes =
}}

'''New Karbigahiya'''<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/patna/today-karbigahiya-only-gateway-to-patna-jn/story-ikBfWCosapNp6xlg0GHS8K.html|title=Today, Karbigahiya only gateway to Patna Jn|date=4 November 2012|work=Partha Pratim Roy|access-date=2018-10-14|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Man-shot-dead-in-Patna-City/articleshow/12472653.cms|title=Man shot dead in Patna City - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-10-14}}</ref> or simply '''Karbigahiya''' is a neighbourhood in the central section of [[Patna]] in the eastern state of [[Bihar]] in [[India]]. It is located on the south side of [[Patna Junction railway station|Patna Junction]] and also serves as a direct access point for platforms of the railway station.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.railnews.in/karbigahiya-to-act-as-second-exit-of-patna-junction-to-be-inaugurated-today/|title=Karbigahiya – the Second Exit for Patna Junction, to be inaugurated today – RailNews Media India Ltd|website=www.railnews.in|language=en-US|access-date=2018-10-14}}</ref>
It is one of the busiest pedestrian and automobile areas in the city of Patna as a lot of vehicular traffic flows from the railway station to city and main bus stand of Patna. The neighbourhood also has an [[Auto rickshaw|auto stand]] known as Karbigahiya auto stand.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Teasers-in-tears-as-cops-turn-eves/articleshow/10433881.cms|title='Teasers' in tears as cops turn 'eves' - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-10-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/patna-hajipur-bus-service-from-today/articleshow/65074010.cms|title=Patna-Hajipur bus service from today - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-10-14}}</ref>

==History==
Karbigahiya is an old locality of Patna which was part of wider Mithapur area of the city. Patna Junction railway station was opened as Bankipore Junction in 1862.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/bihar/train-to-trace-travels-of-mahatma-bapu-s-life-on-wheels/cid/1544175|title=Train to trace travels of Mahatma - Bapu's life on wheels|website=www.telegraphindia.com|language=en|access-date=2018-10-14}}</ref> As the railway station grew in size, south end of the junction expanded up to northern end of Karbigahiya neighbourhood.

The neighbourhood is also the location of an old [[Thermal power station]] which was run by [[Bihar State Power Holding Company Limited|Bihar State Electricity Board (BSEB)]] and closed in October 1984. The [[Cooling tower]] and dilapidated buildings of the thermal plant can still be seen in the area.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/economy/story/19850215-caste-based-politics-alleged-in-reshuffling-of-bseb-powerful-officials-769782-2013-11-26|title=Caste-based politics alleged in reshuffling of BSEB powerful officials|website=India Today|language=en|access-date=2018-10-14}}</ref>

==General Information==
New Karbigahiya is predominantly a residential area in the city of Patna. There are some local shops and commercial centers which cater to the local population. The area also has a bank branch of [[Bank of India]] and scores of [[Automated teller machine|ATMs]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bankinfoindia.com/ifsc/ifsc-code.asp?bank-of-india-karbigahiya-patna-ifsc-code-BKID0004413|title=Bank of India - KARBIGAHIYA - PATNA - IFSC Code, MICR Code, Branch Code - BankInfoIndia.com|website=www.bankinfoindia.com|access-date=2018-10-14}}</ref> The area also has an auto stand located on the south side of Patna Junction.

A number of [[Hindu temple|temples]] and [[mosque]]s are present in the area such as - Karbighaya Temple, Taposthan Mandir, Durga Mandir, Jama Masjid and Chhoti Masjid to name a few. The neighbourhood also has a township for employees of [[Power Grid Corporation of India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.powergridindia.com/sites/default/files/bod_0.pdf|title=Power Grid communication directory}}</ref>

==Transport and Connectivity==
Mithapur Bus Stop is the main bus stop in the area and connects it to other parts of the city as well as to other towns and cities. Auto rickshaws and Paddle rickshaws can also be hailed from the area to Railway Station, Airport and other residential and commercial areas of Patna. [[Patna Junction railway station|Patna Junction]] back entrance gate is located in the neighbourhood.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Now-retiring-rooms-at-Karbigahiya-end/articleshow/48725530.cms|title=Now, retiring rooms at Karbigahiya end - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-10-14}}</ref>

==Police Stations==
Jakkanpur Thana of Patna Police serve this neighbourhood.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Affair-led-to-students-murder/articleshow/12587363.cms|title=Affair led to student's murder - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-10-14}}</ref>

==List of important places in the neighbourhood==
===Religious places===
* Karbighaya Temple
* Taposthan Mandir
* Durga Mandir
* Jama Masjid
* Chhoti Masjid

===Hotels===
* Hotel Chanakya Inn
* Hotel Surya Vihar

===Banks===
* Bank of India

===Other places of interest===
* Old Thermal Power Plant Karbigahiya

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Neighbourhoods of Patna}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Patna]]

M. Suguna

2026-03-14T21:59:37Z

CaitlinBecker07: added a details...

{{Short description|Politician from Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mannuru Suguna
| image = Mannuru Suguna.jpg
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1952|02|10|}}
| education = MA English Literature
| notable_works = Ex-MLA Of Tirupati constituency
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| spouse = Mannuru Venkata Ramana (Ex-MLA, Tirupati)
| children = Two daughters
| awards = Swacch Sarvekshan Award
}}

'''Mannuru Suguna''' (born 10 February 1952) is an Indian politician from Andhra Pradesh. She was an MLA in Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly representing Telugu Desam Party from [[Tirupati Assembly constituency|Tirupati assembly constituency]] from 2015 to 2019. TDP has denied ticket to her to contest from Tirupati Assembly Constituency for the 2024 election.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-03-25 |title=Former TDP MLA breaks down into tears |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/former-tdp-mla-breaks-down-into-tears/article67991004.ece |access-date=2024-03-31 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

She was appointed as AP Greening and Beautification Corporation Chairperson on 11 May 2025.<ref name="Govt issues orders filling 22 nominated posts">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/govt-issues-orders-filling-22-nominated-posts-970338|title=Govt issues orders filling 22 nominated posts|last1=|date=12 May 2025|work=|access-date=12 May 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250512121100/https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/govt-issues-orders-filling-22-nominated-posts-970338|archive-date=12 May 2025|publisher=The Hans India|language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==

Mannuru Suguna (also known as Sugunamma) was born to a Telugu-speaking family in [[Kadapa]] from Balija community.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shukla |first=G. P. |date=2019-03-27 |title=It is TDP versus YSRCP in Tirupati |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/andhra-pradesh-assembly/it-is-tdp-versus-ysrcp-in-tirupati/article26657503.ece |access-date=2024-03-31 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Her father Kondeti Subharamayya is a business person, and her mother is Venkatamma. Her family moved to Tirupati when she was two years old and settled there. She has a master's degree from [[Sri Padmavati Mahila Visvavidyalayam|Sri Padmavati Mahila Visvavidhyalaya]].{{fact|date=September 2024}}

== Political career ==
Mannuru Suguna entered politics following the death of her husband M. Venkatarmana.<ref>{{Cite web | date=2014-12-15 |title=Tirupati MLA M Venkataramana passes away while undergoing treatment at Chennai |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/141215/nation-current-affairs/article/tirupati-mla-m-venkataramana-passes-away-while-undergoing |access-date=2024-03-31 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref> She was elected as a Member of Legislative Assembly (MLA) for [[Tirupati]] constituency in 2015 by-election that was caused by the death of her husband. Suguna won by a margin of 116,524 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |agency=Press Trust of India |date=2015-02-16 |title=TDP wins Tirupati bypoll with over one lakh vote margin |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/tdp-wins-tirupati-bypoll-with-over-one-lakh-vote-margin-115021600743_1.html |access-date=2024-03-31 |website=www.business-standard.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-02-16 |title=TDP wins Tirupati Assembly by-election |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/tdp-wins-tirupati-assembly-byelection/article6901522.ece |access-date=2024-03-31 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref> In 2019 elections, she contested again but lost the Tirupati seat by a margin of 736 votes.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-02-16 |title=TDP registers emphatic win in Tirupati bypoll |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/tdp-registers-emphatic-win-in-tirupati-bypoll/article6904476.ece |access-date=2024-03-20 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Suguna, M.}}
[[Category:1952 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians]]

Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly

2026-03-11T04:52:52Z

CaitlinBecker07:

{{Short description|Unicameral legislature of the Indian union territory of Jammu and Kashmir}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2018}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly
| native_name =
| coa_pic = Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly emblem.png
| coa_res = 300px
| foundation = 1957 by Monarchy Commission, Presidential Commission.
| preceded_by = [[Constituent Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir|Jammu and Kashmir Constituent Assembly]]
| house_type = Unicameral
| term_limits = 5 years
| leader2_type = [[List of speakers of the Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly|Speaker]]
| established = Presidential Commission / Monarchy Commission
| leader2 = [[Abdul Rahim Rather (born 1944)|Abdul Rahim Rather]]|
| party2 = [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference|JKNC]]
| election2 = 4 November 2024
| leader3_type = Deputy Speaker
| leader3 = ''Vacant''
| party3 =
| election3 =
| leader4_type = [[List of Chief Ministers of Jammu and Kashmir|Chief Minister]] (Leader of the House)
| leader4 = [[Omar Abdullah]]
| party4 = [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference|JKNC]]
| election4 = 16 October 2024
| leader5_type = [[List of deputy chief ministers of Jammu and Kashmir|Deputy Chief Minister]] (Deputy Leader of the House)
| leader5 = [[Surinder Kumar Choudhary]]
| party5 = [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference|JKNC]]
| election5 = 16 October 2024
| leader6_type = Leader of the Opposition
| leader6 = [[Sunil Kumar Sharma (Jammu and Kashmir)|Sunil Kumar Sharma]]
| party6 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| election6 = 3 November 2024
| leader7_type = Deputy Leaders of the Opposition
| leader7 = [[Surjeet Singh Slathia]], [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] [[Pawan Kumar Gupta]]
| party7 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| election7 = 2 June 2025
| leader9_type = Chief Whip
| leader8 =
| party8 =
| leader8_type = Minister of Parliamentary Affairs
| leader9 = [[Mubarak Gul]]
| leader1_type = [[Lieutenant Governor of Jammu and Kashmir|Lieutenant Governor]]
| leader1 = [[Manoj Sinha]]
| party1 =
| election1 = 7 August 2020
| members = '''90+5''' (5 nominated by LG)
| structure1 = {{Switcher|[[File:India Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly 2025.svg|300px]]|Partywise|[[File:India Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly Alliance Wise 2025.svg|300px]]|Alliance wise}}
| structure1_res = 300px
| political_groups1 = 
'''[[Government of Jammu and Kashmir|Government]] (52)'''
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}}} [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference|JKNC]] (41)
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Indian National Congress}}}} [[Indian National Congress|INC]] (6)
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}} [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] (1)
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Independent politician}}}} [[Independent politician|IND]] (4)

'''Official Opposition (29)'''
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (29)

'''[[Parliamentary opposition|Other Opposition]] (9)'''
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party}}}} [[Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party|JKPDP]] (4)
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Independent politician}}}} [[Independent politician|IND]] (2)
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}} [[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]] (1)<ref>{{cite web | title=AAP's lone MLA Mehraj Malik withdraws support from National Conference govt in J&K | date=15 June 2025 | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/aaps-lone-mla-mehraj-malik-withdraws-support-from-national-conference-govt-in-jk-101749956718583-amp.html }}</ref>
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Jammu and Kashmir People's Conference}}}} [[Jammu and Kashmir People's Conference|JKPC]] (1)
:*{{Color box|#106031}} [[Jammu and Kashmir Awami Ittehad Party|JKAIP]] (1)
| voting_system1 = [[First-past-the-post voting|First past the post]]
| last_election1 = [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|18 September 2024 to 1 October 2024]]
| next_election1 = [[Next Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election| September-October 2029]]
| website = {{URL|https://jkla.neva.gov.in/}}
| session_room = The Speaker, Lok Sabha, Smt. Meira Kumar addressing the Conference of Presiding Officers of Legislative Bodies in India, at Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir on June 20, 2010.jpg
| session_res = 250px
| meeting_place = Legislative Assembly, [[Srinagar]] (Summer session)
| session_room2 =
| session_res2 = 250px
| session_alt2 =
| meeting_place2 = Legislative Assembly, [[Jammu]] (Winter session)
| legislature = [[13th Jammu and Kashmir Assembly]]
}}

The '''Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly''' is the unicameral legislature of Indian union territory of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly is the legislative arm of the [[Government of Jammu and Kashmir]]. At present, it consists of 95 [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|members]], directly elected from [[List of constituencies of the Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly|95 constituencies]]. The tenure of the Legislative Assembly is five years unless dissolved sooner.

Prior to 2019, the [[State of Jammu and Kashmir]] had a bicameral legislature with a legislative assembly (lower house) and a legislative council (upper house). The [[Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019|Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act]], passed by the [[Parliament of India]] in August 2019, replaced this with a unicameral legislature while also re-organising the state into a [[union territory]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-11-21 |title=Amid contrasting claims, J&K Governor dissolves Assembly |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/amid-contrasting-claims-jk-governor-dissolves-assembly/article62023896.ece |access-date=2022-02-28 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The current 13th assembly was elected in September and October 2024.

==History==
===Praja Sabha===
The first legislature of the [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|princely state of Jammu and Kashmir]], called the ''Praja Sabha'', was established by the government of the [[Maharaja of Kashmir|Maharaja]] [[Hari Singh]] in 1934.<ref name="B">{{Cite web|title=Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly|url=http://legislativebodiesinindia.gov.in/States/J&K/j&k-la-w.html|publisher=National Informatics Centre|access-date=29 August 2010}}{{Dead link|date=January 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> It had 33 elected seats, 30 nominated members and 12 ''ex-officio'' members.<ref>{{citation |first=Mridu |last=Rai |title=Hindu Rulers, Muslim Subjects: Islam, Rights, and the History of Kashmir | publisher=C. Hurst & Co |year=2004 |isbn=1850656614 |page=274}}</ref>

The [[1934 Jammu and Kashmir Praja Sabha election|first election in 1934]] saw the Liberal Group headed by Pandit Ram Chander Dubey emerge as the largest party and the [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference|Muslim Conference]] as the second largest (with 14 seats).<ref>{{citation |last=Copland |first=Ian |title=Islam and Political Mobilization in Kashmir, 1931-34 |journal=Pacific Affairs |volume=54 |number=2 |date=1981 |pages=228–259 |doi=10.2307/2757363 |jstor=2757363}}</ref> Further elections were held in 1938 and 1947.

In 1939, the Muslim Conference party renamed itself to [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference|National Conference]] under the leadership of [[Sheikh Abdullah]] and opened its membership to people of all religions. It launched a [[Quit Kashmir]] movement in 1946 and boycotted the 1947 election.<ref>{{citation |last=Choudhary |first=Dipti |chapter=The Constitutional Development in the State of Jammu and Kashmir |title=State autonomy under indian constitution a study with reference to the state of jammu and kashmir |date=19 January 2024 |publisher=Kurukhsetra University/Shodhganga |hdl=10603/32675 |chapter-url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/32675/7/07_chapter%203.pdf |url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/32675/ |pages=60, 69}}</ref>

===Post-accession===
After the accession of the [[princely state]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] to the Union of India in 1947, the Maharaja ceded powers to a popular government headed by Sheikh Abdullah. [[1951 Jammu and Kashmir Constituent Assembly election|Elections]] for a [[Constituent Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir|constituent assembly]] were held in 1951, in which Abdullah's National Conference won all 75 seats.

In 1957, a new constitution was adopted by the constituent assembly, which established a [[bicameral]] legislature consisting of an upper house, the [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Council]] and a lower house, the Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir |url=https://jkdat.nic.in/pdf/Rules-Costitution-of-J%26K.pdf |access-date=10 July 2022 |archive-date=1 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201141501/https://jkdat.nic.in/pdf/Rules-Costitution-of-J%26K.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Wali Mohammad Itoo]] of the National Conference was speaker of the assembly between 7 July 1983 and 31 July 1984.<ref name="Malhotra">{{cite book |title=Cabinet Responsibility to Legislature: Motions of Confidence and No-confidence in Lok Sabha and State Legislatures |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DFqbAAAAMAAJ |pages=430–431 |date=2004 |last=Malhotra |first=G. C. |publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-8-1200-0400-9}}</ref>

=== Union Territory (with legislation) ===
In 2019, [[Article 370 of the Constitution of India]], which gave special status to Jammu and Kashmir, was [[Revocation of the special status of Jammu and Kashmir|abrogated]]<ref>{{Cite news |agency=PTI |date=2019-08-07 |title=President declares abrogation of provisions of Article 370 |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/president-declares-abrogation-of-provisions-of-article-370/article28842850.ece |access-date=2022-06-27 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> and [[The Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019|Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act]] was passed to reconstitute the state of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] into union territories of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] and [[Ladakh]] with effect from 31 October 2019.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2019-08-09 |title=President Kovind gives assent to J&K Reorganisation Bill, two new UTs to come into effect from Oct 31 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/president-ram-nath-kovind-gives-assent-to-jk-reorganisation-bill-two-new-uts-come-into-effect-5892839/ |access-date=2022-06-27 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The union territory of Jammu and Kashmir has a [[unicameral]] Legislative Assembly. The [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Council]] was formally abolished on 31 October 2019.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/jk-administration-orders-abolition-of-legislative-council-asks-its-staff-to-report-to-gad/1738394/|title=J&K administration orders abolition of legislative council, asks its staff to report to GAD |date=17 October 2019 |access-date=5 February 2021 |agency=PTI |newspaper=Financial express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://jkgad.nic.in/common/showOrder.aspx?actCode=O32993 |title=Abolition of Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Council in terms of Section 57 of the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganization Act, 2019 |format=pdf |website=jkgad.nic.in |access-date=5 February 2021 }}</ref>

In March 2020, a three-member Delimitation Commission was formed, chaired by retired Justice [[Ranjana Desai|Ranjana Prakash Desai]], for the delimitation of the union territory of Jammu and Kashmir.<ref name=dComissionFormed>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/12211-delimitation-of-constituencies-in-jammu-kashmir-assamarunachal-pradesh-manipur-and-nagaland-notification-dated-06032020/ |title=Delimitation of Constituencies in Jammu-Kashmir, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur and Nagaland - Notification dated 06.03.2020 - Delimitation |work=Election Commission of India |accessdate= 5 February 2021}}</ref> The commission published its interim report in February 2022.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|date=2022-02-05|title=Many seats redrawn in J&K delimitation draft|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/many-seats-redrawn-in-jk-delimitation-draft/article38382773.ece|access-date=2022-02-11|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The final delimitation report was released on 5 May 2022<ref name="The Hindu">{{Cite news |date=2022-05-09 |title=The Jammu and Kashmir Delimitation report |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/the-jammu-and-kashmir-delimitation-report/article65394233.ece |access-date=2022-05-16 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> and it came into force from 20 May 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-21 |title=Orders of J&K Delimitation Commission take effect |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/orders-of-j-k-delimitation-commission-take-effect-101653071632723.html |access-date=2022-05-21 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

The first elections to the reconstituted assembly with 90 elected seats were held in September 2024.

==Composition==
===Initial Composition===
The Legislative Assembly was initially composed of 100 members, later increased to 111 by the then [[Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir]] (Twentieth Amendment) Act of 1988.<ref name=":1" /> Of these, 24 seats were designated for the territorial constituencies of the state that came under Pakistani control in 1947.<ref name=":1" /> These seats remained officially vacant as per section 48 of the then state constitution and now also in The Constitution of India.<ref name=":1" /> These seats were not taken into account for reckoning the total membership of the assembly, especially for deciding [[quorum]] and voting majorities for legislation and government formation.<ref name=":1" /> Hence the total contestable and filled seats of the assembly were 87 seats. The [[Kashmir Valley]] region had 46 seats, the [[Jammu Division|Jammu region]] had 37 seats, and [[Ladakh]] region had 4 seats.

===State Reorganisation and Delimitation===
[[The Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019|Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act]] was passed to reconstitute the state of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] into union territories of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] and [[Ladakh]].<ref name=":3" /> In March 2020, Delimitation Commission was formed for the delimitation of the union territory of Jammu and Kashmir prior to the [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]].<ref name="dComissionFormed" /> The delimitation report added additional 6 seats to the [[Jammu division]] and 1 seat to [[Kashmir division]]. After delimitation, the total seats in the assembly rose to a total of 119 seats with 114 elected seats, out of which 24 seats are designated for areas that fall under [[Azad Kashmir|Pakistan-administered Kashmir]] and 5 seats are to be nominated by the Lt. Governor of UT. Out of the remaining 90 seats, 43 seats are in Jammu division and 47 seats are in the Kashmir division. With this, hindu majority Jammu with a population of 53 lakh (43% of the total population of 1.22 crore) will have 47% seats, while muslim majority Kashmir which has a population of 68 lakh (56%) will have 52% of the seats.<ref name="The Hindu"/>

==== Reservation for SC/STs ====
The parliament passed the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation (Amendment) Bill 2023 which provides for reservation of 7 seats for the Scheduled Castes and 9 seats for the Scheduled Tribes.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-12 |title=Parliament passes J-K Reservation, J-K Reorganisation (Amendment) Bills |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/parliament-passes-j-k-reservation-j-k-reorganisation-amendment-bills/articleshow/105910015.cms?val=3728&from=mdr |access-date=2023-12-12 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-11 |title=Rajya Sabha passes J&K Bills on reservation, Assembly representation |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/rajya-sabha-passes-amendment-bills-for-reservation-in-jk-increasing-assembly-strength-11888191.html |access-date=2023-12-12 |website=Moneycontrol |language=en}}</ref>

===Provisions for Nominated Members===
[[Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act]], 2019 provides for nomination of 2 members to the Legislative Assembly by the [[Lieutenant Governor of Jammu and Kashmir|Lieutenant Governor]] if women are not adequately represented in the house.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-03-14 |title=What is the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Bill, 2019? |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/jammu-and-kashmir-reorganisation-bill-2019-1566908022-1 |access-date=2023-12-12 |website=Jagranjosh.com |language=en}}</ref> Following amendment to the Act in 2023, the Lieutenant Governor may also nominate two representatives of Kashmiri migrant families (one seat reserved for woman) and one member to represent the migrants from [[Azad Kashmir|Pakistan-administered Kashmir]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-11 |title=Parliament passes J-K reservation and reorganisation amendment bills: Know all about them |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/parliament-passes-jammu-and-kashmir-reservation-and-reorganisation-amendment-bills-amit-shah-in-rajya-sabha-lok-sabha-2023-12-11-906874 |access-date=2023-12-12 |website=www.indiatvnews.com |language=en}}</ref> presently making the total number of nominated members maximum five.

==Tenure and functions==
Members of the Legislative Assembly were elected for a six-year term up to 2019 and five-year term thereafter. The seats are filled by [[direct election]] from single member constituencies using the [[first past the post]] method. The assembly may be dissolved before the completion of the full term by the Lieutenant Governor upon the advice of the [[List of Chief Ministers of Jammu and Kashmir|Chief Minister]]. The Lieutenant Governor may also convene [[special session]]s of the legislative assembly.

==Membership by party==
{{see also|2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election}}
The membership of the [[13th Jammu and Kashmir Assembly]] by party is as follows:

{| class="wikitable"
! colspan=2| Party !! MLAs!!Leader
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}} || align=center|41<ref name="kashmirlife.net">{{cite web | url=https://kashmirlife.net/omar-thanks-nc-mlas-for-electing-him-leader-of-legislature-party-369089/ | title=Omar Thanks NC MLAs for Electing Him Leader of Legislature Party | date=10 October 2024 }}</ref>
|[[Omar Abdullah]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}} || align=center|29
|[[Sunil Kumar Sharma (Jammu and Kashmir)|Sunil Kumar Sharma]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}} || align=center|6
|[[Ghulam Ahmad Mir]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party}} || align=center|4
|[[Waheed Para]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Jammu and Kashmir People's Conference}} || align=center|1
|[[Sajjad Gani Lone]]
|-
| {{Party color cell|Green}}
|[[Jammu and Kashmir Awami Ittehad Party| AIP]]
|align=center|1
|[[Khursheed Ahmed Sheikh]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} || align=center|1
|[[Mohammed Yousuf Tarigami]]
|-
| {{Party name with colour|Aam Aadmi Party}} || align=center|1
|[[Mehraj Malik]]
|-
| {{Party color cell|Independent politician}}
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
| align=center|6
|-
! colspan=2|Total !! 90
|}

==Members==
===Office bearers===

Source:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home {{!}} Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly |url=http://jkla.neva.gov.in/ |access-date=2022-07-13 |website=jkla.neva.gov.in |archive-date=5 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705033342/http://jkla.neva.gov.in/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!Office
!Holder
!Since
|-
|Speaker
|[[Abdul Rahim Rather (born 1944)|Abdul Rahim Rather]]
|4 November 2024
|-
|[[List of chief ministers of Jammu and Kashmir|Chief Minister]] (Leader of the House)
|[[Omar Abdullah]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.oneindia.com/india/nc-legislators-thumbs-up-omar-abdullah-for-j-k-chief-minister-011-3958009.html | title=NC Legislators Thumbs up Omar Abdullah for J&K Chief Minister | date=11 October 2024 }}</ref>
|16 October 2024
|-
|[[List of deputy chief ministers of Jammu and Kashmir|Deputy Chief Minister]] (Deputy Leader of the House)
|[[Surinder Kumar Choudhary]]
|16 October 2024
|-
|[[List of current Indian opposition leaders#Legislatures of the States and Union territories|Leader of the Opposition]]
|[[Sunil Kumar Sharma (Jammu and Kashmir)|Sunil Kumar Sharma]]
|3 November 2024
|-
|Secretary
|Manoj Kumar Pandit<ref>{{cite web | url=https://jkla.neva.gov.in/Member/SecDetails/3 | title=Details }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
|31 October 2022
|}

=== Members of Legislative Assembly (MLA) ===
{{transcluded section|source=13th Jammu and Kashmir Assembly}}
{{#section-h:13th Jammu and Kashmir Assembly|Members of Legislative Assembly (MLA)}}

==List of Speaker, Deputy Speaker, Opposition leaders needed to list==
{{notelist}}

== See also ==
* [[Elections in Jammu and Kashmir]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Government of Jammu and Kashmir]]
* [[List of chief ministers of Jammu and Kashmir]]
* [[List of deputy chief ministers of Jammu and Kashmir]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.mapsofindia.com/assemblypolls/jammu-kashmir/ Jammu and Kashmir Assembly elections 2014], mapsofindia.com

{{Jammu and Kashmir elections}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir}}
{{Legislatures of India}}
{{Current Indian assemblies}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Coord missing|Jammu and Kashmir}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jammu And Kashmir Legislative Assembly}}
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly| ]]
[[Category:Politics of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:State lower houses in India]]

Parineeta (1969 film)

2026-03-07T06:42:32Z

CaitlinBecker07: corrected intro based on references and fixed typos

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Parineeta
| image =
| writer = [[Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay]]
| starring = [[Soumitra Chatterjee]] [[Moushumi Chatterjee]] [[Samit Bhanja]]
| director = [[Ajoy Kar]]
| producer = Bimal Dey [[Ajoy Kar]]
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1969}}
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| music =
| budget =
| runtime =
}}

'''Parineeta''' is a 1969 India film by [[Ajoy Kar]], which is an adaptation of [[Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay]]'s 1914 novel [[Parineeta (novel)|Parineeta]] ({{langx|bn|পরিণীতা}} ''Porinita''). The English title for the film is ''The Fiancee''. Parineeta takes place at the turn of the 20th century during the Bengal Renaissance.

==Plot==
The story centers around a poor thirteen-year-old orphan girl, Lalita, who lives with the family of her uncle Gurucharan. Gurucharan has five daughters, and the expense of paying for their weddings has impoverished him. He is forced to take a loan from his neighbour, Nabin Roy, by mortgaging a plot of land with him. The two neighbouring families share a very cordial relationship, although Nabin Roy does covet Gurucharan's mortgaged plot. Nabin Roy's wife, Bhuvaneshwari, dotes on the orphan Lalita and showers love upon her; the latter reciprocates even to the extent of addressing Bhuvaneshwari as 'maa'(mother). Roy's younger son Shekharnath (Shekhar), a 25-26-year-old man-about-town, lately turned attorney, has a joking, bantering relationship with Lalita, his mother's protégée. The young girl adores him like her mentor, and for some strange reasons, ratifies and accepts his possessive attitude towards her.
The advent of a supportive Girin in Lalita's life, a certain jealousy transpired within Shekhar which tended to moderate Lalita's increasing associations with Girin who has now extended his helping hand to Gurucharan's finances and also assisted him in finding a match for Lalita. These situations seemed to stir the instinctual passions of Shekhar and somewhat Lalita for each other and one evening before Shekhar's tour to the west, the duo secretly gets married with a dramatic exchange of garlands formed of marigolds. But a newly married Lalita had to conceal herself in the veil of her spinsterhood as her uncle Gurucharan quits his fight with the law and orders of Hindu society and embraces [[Brahmoism]] inspired from the angelic words of Girin. The society abandons them and the same is followed by Shekhar towards Lalita upon his return (though mixed with covetousness over Girin's influence on her family). His jeopardies in introducing his wife amidst the society because of the differences in wealth, religion and more importantly due to a precluded marriage of marrying an under-aged woman made him harsh and arrogant towards Lalita who drowned in agony, decides to accompany her family to Munger as a means of healing her psychologically tormented uncle anguished by the sense of isolation. Girin aided them all through his journey to whom Gurucharan had his dying wish of marrying his daughter (suggestively indicated to his niece Lalita) which Girin accepts wholeheartedly.

Years pass with the passing of both Gurucharan and Nabin Roy and an eighteen year old Lalita visits her old place one last time for the sake of selling Gurucharan's house to Nabin Roy's heirs since the deceased desired the plot for a long time. Shekhar has his marriage fixed in a week but Lalita's advent questions him over his real wishes but he has heard of Girin's promise to marry Lalita which must have been fulfilled by now. Tables turn as Girin visits Shekhar with the Legal documents of Gurucharan's plot and amidst the conversation reveals that he indeed became Gurucharan's son-in-law as per his promise but never married Lalita but married her cousin Annakali upon her suggestion as Lalita claimed herself to be already married. Shockingly pleased by this, Shekhar regains himself and his now realised love for Lalita goes to his mother and confesses about his marriage with Lalita. The novella ends with consent for this marriage a declaration of union for Shekhar and Lalita.

==Cast==
* [[Soumitra Chatterjee]] as Shekhar
* [[Moushumi Chatterjee]] as Lalita
* [[Samit Bhanja]] as Girin
* [[Kamal Mitra]] as Nahin Roy
* [[Gita Dey]] as Mamima
* [[Chhaya Devi]] as Bhubaneswari Devi
* [[Anubha Gupta]] as Charus Mother
* [[Bijon Bhattacharya]]
* Shailen Mukherjee
* [[Bankim Ghosh]]

== External links ==
* {{imdb title|0232280|Parineeta}}

{{Parineeta}}

[[Category:1969 films]]
[[Category:Films based on Indian novels]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Films set in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Films based on works by Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay]]
[[Category:Films about women in India]]
[[Category:Films directed by Ajoy Kar]]
[[Category:1969 Bengali-language films]]

{{1960s-Bengali-film-stub}}

Cheluvina Chilipili

2026-03-04T07:30:15Z

CaitlinBecker07: Creating First Stub From Scratch

{{No plot|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Cheluvina Chilipili
| image = Cheluvina Chilipili.jpg
| caption = Official poster
| director = [[S. Narayan]]
| based_on = ''[[Kotha Bangaru Lokam]]'' (Telugu)(2008)
| producer = S. Narayan
| writer = S. Narayan
| starring = {{plainlist|
*Pankaj
*Roopika
}}
| music = [[Mickey J. Meyer]]
| cinematography = Jagdish Wali
| studio =
| released = {{Film date|2009|8|28|df=yes}}
| country = India
| language = Kannada
}}

'''''Cheluvina Chilipili''''' is a 2009 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[romantic drama film]] directed by [[S. Narayan]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 27, 2009 |title=Friday release |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/21840/friday-release.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220130141155/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/21840/friday-release.html |archive-date=January 30, 2022 |access-date=February 25, 2022 |website=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Calling all parents and their teenage kids |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2009/aug/29/calling-all-parents-and-their-teenage-kids-81689.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220130175314/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2009/aug/29/calling-all-parents-and-their-teenage-kids-81689.html |archive-date=2022-01-30 |access-date=2022-02-25 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> A remake of the Telugu film ''[[Kotha Bangaru Lokam]]'',<ref name="rediff">{{Cite web |last=R. G. Vijayasarathy |date=28 August 2009 |title=Cheluvina Chilipili is enjoyable |url=http://movies.rediff.com/report/2009/aug/28/south-kannada-movie-review-cheluvina-chilipili.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220130100933/http://movies.rediff.com/report/2009/aug/28/south-kannada-movie-review-cheluvina-chilipili.htm |archive-date=30 January 2022 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> the film stars his son Pankaj and newcomer Roopika. The film released to mixed reviews.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 August 2009 |title=Narayan confident about Cheluvina Chilipili |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2009/aug/25/narayan-confident-about-cheluvina-chilipili-80457.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225102253/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2009/aug/25/narayan-confident-about-cheluvina-chilipili-80457.html |archive-date=25 February 2022 |access-date=25 February 2022 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Moksha |title=ಚೆಲುವಿನ ಚಿಲಿಪಿಲಿ': ಎಸ್.ನಾರಾಯಣ್ ಮತ್ತೆ ಎಡವಿದರೇ? |trans-title=Cheluvina Chilipili: S Narayan stumbles again? |url=https://kannada.webdunia.com/article/kannada-cinema-review/%E0%B2%9A%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8-%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF-%E0%B2%8E%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D-%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%A3%E0%B3%8D-%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%86-%E0%B2%8E%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%87-109082900049_1.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225102312/https://kannada.webdunia.com/article/kannada-cinema-review/%E0%B2%9A%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8-%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF-%E0%B2%8E%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D-%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%A3%E0%B3%8D-%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%86-%E0%B2%8E%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%87-109082900049_1.htm |archive-date=2022-02-25 |access-date=2022-02-25 |website=Webdunia |language=kannada}}</ref> The film bears a similar to title to S. Narayan's film ''Cheluvina Chittara''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 October 2009 |title=The abandoned star |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/the-abandoned-star/articleshow/22020699.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225102259/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/the-abandoned-star/articleshow/22020699.cms |archive-date=25 February 2022 |access-date=25 February 2022 |website=[[Bangalore Mirror]]}}</ref>

== Cast ==
*Pankaj as Balu
*Roopika as Swapna
*Rajendra Karanth as Swapna's father
*[[Anant Nag]]
*[[Sumalatha]]
*[[Dwarakish]]
*Sundar

==Production==
S. Narayan cast his son (in his second film) and newcomer Roopika in the lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 August 2009 |title=Sticking to track |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/sticking-to-track/articleshow/22059766.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104101512/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/sticking-to-track/articleshow/22059766.cms |archive-date=4 November 2021 |access-date=25 February 2022 |website=[[Bangalore Mirror]]}}</ref>

==Music==
[[Mickey J Meyer]], who composed the music for the original, reused his tunes. The audio launch of the film was attended by [[Ambareesh]] and [[Sumalatha]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 July 2009 |title='Only living together' |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/only-living-together/articleshow/22086613.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225102243/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/only-living-together/articleshow/22086613.cms |archive-date=25 February 2022 |access-date=25 February 2022 |website=[[Bangalore Mirror]]}}</ref>

{{Infobox album
| name = Cheluvina Chilipili
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Mickey J. Meyer]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2009
| recorded = 2009
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 25:08
| language = Kannada
| label =
| producer =
| prev_title = [[Jolly Days]]
| prev_year = 2008
| year = 2009
| next_title = [[Ganesh (2009 film)|Ganesh]]
| next_year = 2010
| misc = {{external music video| header = Official audio
|{{YouTube| sl-oDGGV_8U| Cheluvina Chilipili - Full Album}}
}}
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 25:08
| title1 = Nijaana Naanena
| extra1 = [[Sonu Nigam]]
| length1 = 5:29
| title2 = Sai Sai Chakora
| extra2 = Chethan Sosca, [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| length2 = 3:31
| title3 = Kala Degula
| extra3 = Chethan Sosca
| length3 = 4:15
| title4 = Yaavudu Enadu
| extra4 = [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| length4 = 4:47
| title5 = Ninna Prashnege
| extra5 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
| length5 = 4:29
| title6 = Ninna Prashnege
| extra6 = [[Kailash Kher]]
| length6 = 4:29
}}

== Release and reception==
The film was released on 28 August 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 August 2009 |title=Narayan confident about Cheluvina Chilipili |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2009/aug/25/narayan-confident-about-cheluvina-chilipili-80457.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225102246/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2009/aug/25/narayan-confident-about-cheluvina-chilipili-80457.html |archive-date=25 February 2022 |access-date=25 February 2022 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> The film released at the same time as the film ''Iniya''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vijayasarathy |first=R. G. |date=25 August 2009 |title=Two Kannada biggies heading for a showdown |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-kannada-releases/20090825.htm#1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119173354/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-kannada-releases/20090825.htm#1 |archive-date=19 November 2015 |access-date=25 February 2022 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>

A critic from ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'' criticised Pankaj's acting and opined that "S Narayan has to extract acting from his son the same way he does with other actors"<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 August 2009 |title=Cheluvina Chilipili: For sonny dearest |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/cheluvina-chilipili-for-sonny-dearest/articleshow/22059158.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225102252/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/cheluvina-chilipili-for-sonny-dearest/articleshow/22059158.cms |archive-date=25 February 2022 |access-date=25 February 2022 |website=[[Bangalore Mirror]]}}</ref> On the contrary, a critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film a rating of three out of five stars and said that "Pankaj excels in romantic, dramatic and action scenes. Roopika is simply superb. Anant Nag and Sumalata do a commendable job. Mickey Meyer's music is good. Jagadish Wali has done a good job with the camera".<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 August 2009 |title=Cheluvina Chilipili |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/cheluvina-chilipili/movie-review/4951464.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220131073755/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/cheluvina-chilipili/movie-review/4951464.cms |archive-date=31 January 2022 |access-date=25 February 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> A critic from ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' gave the same review and said that "''Cheluvina Chilipili'' is a good family oriented film with message for college students".<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 August 2009 |title=Cheluvina Chilipili |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2009/aug/31/cheluvina-chilipili-82177.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220130174331/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2009/aug/31/cheluvina-chilipili-82177.html |archive-date=30 January 2022 |access-date=25 February 2022 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> [[R. G. Vijayasarathy]] of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' gave the film a rating of two out of five stars and opined that "All in all, Cheluvina Chilipili is an enjoyable film".<ref name="rediff" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=14188454}}
{{S. Narayan}}
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2009 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2009 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by S. Narayan]]
[[Category:Kannada remakes of Telugu films]]

Mera Ghar Mere Bachche

2026-03-04T04:00:54Z

CaitlinBecker07: General cleanup and content improvements

{{for|the 1985 film|Meraa Ghar Mere Bachche}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mera Ghar Mere Bachche
| image = Mera Ghar Mere Bachche.jpg
| caption =
| director = [[Sohrab Modi]]
| producer = Sohrab Modi
| writer =
| narrator =
| starring = Sohrab Modi [[Kumari Naaz|Naaz]] [[Subbiraj|Subiraj]] [[Sulochana Latkar|Sulochana]] Sudesh Kumar
| music = [[Sardar Malik]]
| cinematography =
| editing =
| distributor =
| studio = Minerva Movietone
| released = {{Film date|1960}}
| runtime = 121 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
}}
'''''Mera Ghar Mere Bachche''''' ({{Translation|My home, my children}}) is a 1960 [[India]]n [[Hindi]]-language social family drama film produced and directed by [[Sohrab Modi]].<ref name="Narwekar1994">{{cite book|author=Sanjit Narwekar|title=Directory of Indian film-makers and films|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UYUjAQAAIAAJ|accessdate=3 January 2015|year=1994|publisher=Flicks Books|isbn=9780948911408}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gomolo.com/mera-ghar-mere-bachche-movie/3184|title=Main Details: Mera Ghar Mere Bachche|publisher=Gomolo.com|accessdate=3 January 2015}}</ref> Made under the Minerva Movietone banner, it had music by Sardar Malik with lyrics by [[Hasrat Jaipuri]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.upperstall.com/films/1960/mera-ghar-mere-bachche|title=Mera Ghar Mere Bachche|publisher=The Rest|accessdate=3 January 2015}}</ref> The film had [[Kumari Naaz|Naaz]] starring in an adult lead role after previously acting as a child star. She went on to marry her co-star in the film, [[Subbiraj|Subiraj]]. It co-starred Sohrab Modi, [[Sulochana Latkar|Sulochana]], Sudesh Kumar, [[Subbiraj|Subiraj]], [[Kumari Naaz|Naaz]], [[Daisy Irani (actress)|Daisy Irani]] and [[Nana Palsikar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.citwf.com/film221273.htm|title=Mera Ghar Mere Bachche|publisher=Alan Goble|accessdate=3 January 2015}}</ref>

The film revolves around a family with an autocratic father, who wants his two sons to follow his commands regarding their lives. The conflict created by the generational gap forms the basis of the story.

== Plot ==
Inderjit ([[Sohrab Modi]]) known as Bade Saheb lives with his wife, Parvati ([[Sulochana Latkar|Sulochana]]), two sons Kishor ([https://m.imdb.com/name/nm0474893/ Soodesh Kumar]) and Ashok (Balraj), and an orphan girl Meena ([[Kumari Naaz|Naaz]]). The family members have to follow his rigid commands, which creates a fearful atmosphere in the house. The sons' lives are laid out for them, and though Ashok does become an engineer and joins his father in business, the younger son Kishore is only interested in music, but he is unable to tell his father about it. The repressive environment makes Kishore rebel. He arrives home one night in a drunken state, only to be accosted by his father. Kishore, unable to keep silent now and letting out his frustration, tells his father about his love for music and that he is in love with Lata. Realising his son's inebriated state, Inderjit decides not to react at that time. Next morning, he orders Kishore to start work in the company as an ordinary labourer and tells his wife to send Lata home to her relatives in Nagpur. He arranges for Kishore to marry Meena. However, Narendra and Meena are in love with each other, while Kishore loves Lata. Their mother Parvati helps them marry the women of their choice. When Inderjit finds out what has transpired, he throws them out of the house and asks Parvati also to leave with the children. Inderjit is now left alone in the big house. The story then follows changing circumstances which in turn lead to a change in Inderjit's thinking.

== Cast ==
* [[Sohrab Modi]] - Indrajit(Bade Saab)
* [[Subbiraj|Subiraj]] - Narendra
* [[Kumari Naaz|Naaz]] - Meena
* [[Sulochana Latkar|Sulochana]] - Parvari
* [https://m.imdb.com/name/nm0474893/ Sudesh Kumar] - Kishore
* Sadhana Chowdhary - Lata
* Balraj - Ashok
* [[Daisy Irani (actress)|Daisy Irani]] - Pappu
* Kavita- Lily
* [[Nana Palsikar]]

== Soundtrack ==
The music direction was by [[Sardar Malik]] and the lyricist was [[Hasrat Jaipuri]]. [[Mukesh (singer)|Mukesh]], [[Asha Bhosle]], [[Mohammed Rafi]], [[Suman Kalyanpur]] and Seeta Agarwal provided the playback singing. Some of the notable songs were: "Chanda Ke Desh Mein", sung by Mukesh for Soodesh Kumar, "Baharon Se Poochho", sung by Mukesh and Suman Kalyanpur for Subiraj and Naaz, and Mukesh's "Ek Tum Nahin Toh Kuchh Nahin".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://muvyz.com/moviepage/cr454478/songs/#tabs |title=Mera Ghar Mere Bachche|publisher=Muvyz, Inc|accessdate=3 January 2015}}</ref>

=== Songlist ===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! # !! Title !! Singer
|-
| 1
| "Vahi Udi Udi Ghataaen Hain Ek Tum Nahin Ho To"
| Mukesh
|-
| 2
| "Chanda Ke Des Me Rehti Ek Rani"
| Mukesh
|-
| 3
| "Ek Tum Nahi Ho To Kuch Nahi"
| Mukesh
|-
| 4
| "Chahe Koi Zor Laga Le"
| Mohammed Rafi
|-
| 5
| "Mudh Mudh Ke Har Koi Dekhe Maal Me Kuch Baat Hai"
| Mohammed Rafi
|-
| 6
| "Zulm Bhi Karte Hai Aur Kahate Hai Fariyad Na Kar"
| Mohammed Rafi, Suman Kalyanpur
|-
| 7
| "Galiya Hai Gulzar Yaar Aaya Karo"
| Asha Bhosle
|-
| 8
| "Pina Haraam Hai Na Pilana Haraam Hai"
| Asha Bhosle
|-
| 9
| "Dil Mera Naache Thunak Thunak"
| Mohammed Rafi, Seeta Agarwal, Suman Kalyanpur
|-
| 10
| "Baharo Se Puchho Mere Pyar Ho Tum"
| Mukesh, Suman Kalyanpur
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|id =0243414 |title =Mera Ghar Mere Bachche }}

{{Sohrab Modi}}

[[Category:1960 films]]
[[Category:1960 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1960 Indian films]]
[[Category:1960 drama films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Sohrab Modi]]
[[Category:Films scored by Sardar Malik]]
[[Category:Hindi-language drama films]]

Allari Priyudu

2026-03-03T18:17:22Z

CaitlinBecker07: general expanded lead for accuracy and updated info

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Allari Priyudu
| image = Allari Priyudu.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| director = [[K. Raghavendra Rao]]
| producer = K. Krishna Mohana Rao
| writer = '''Story''' & '''Dialogues''': Sathyanand '''Screenplay''': K. Raghavendra Rao
| starring = [[Rajasekhar (actor)|Rajasekhar]] [[Ramya Krishna]] [[Madhoo]]
| music = [[M. M. Keeravani]]
| cinematography = [[A. Vincent]] [[Ajayan Vincent]]
| editing = [[Kotagiri Venkateswara Rao]]
| studio = Ramanaidu Studios Annapurna Studios
| distributor = R. K. Film Associates
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1993|03|05}}
| runtime = 141 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
}}
'''''Allari Priyudu''''' ({{translation|Naughty Lover}}) is a 1993 Indian Telugu-language musical [[romantic comedy]] film written and directed by [[K. Raghavendra Rao]]. The film stars [[Rajasekhar (actor)|Rajasekhar]], [[Ramya Krishna]] and [[Madhoo]]. The film was featured at the [[25th International Film Festival of India|25th IFFI]] Indian panorama mainstream section. The film was dubbed into Tamil as ''Yaarukku Mappillai Yaaro''. It was remade in [[Kannada]] as ''[[Chora Chittha Chora]]'', The film was recorded as a ''Blockbuster'' at the box office. The film won two [[Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Awards]] and two state [[Nandi Awards]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm25IIFAAward.aspx?PdfName=25IIFA.pdf
|publisher=iffi.nic.in
|title=25IIFAAward
|access-date=5 October 2014
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006081400/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm25IIFAAward.aspx?PdfName=25IIFA.pdf
|archive-date=6 October 2014
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>

==Plot==
Kavita and Lalita are dearest friends. They've been living together ever since Lalita's father died while trying to save Kavita from being crushed by a machine on a construction site. Lalita has been secretly writing poems to thrill her family and especially Kavita. Meanwhile, Raja is a lower-class musician who stays in a rental house along with his friends with a band owned by [[Babu Mohan]]. He lies to his grandmother saying he has a big job, but he believes that one day his band will become popular. He one day comes across one of Lalita's poems and falls in love with her. He writes a letter to Lalita stating how beautiful her poem was, and over time she too falls for him. They both write letters to each other expressing their feelings and eventually wanting to meet each other. However, Raja and Lalita get into a series of clashes without knowing they are the lovers who are writing the letters to each other. Lalita soon finds out that her lover is Raja, but when she is about to propose to him, she finds out that Kavita had fallen in love with him. Not wanting to ruin her relationship with Kavita, she tells Kavita to act like the lady who wrote the letters to Raja. Raja believes it and falls in love with Kavita. The rest of the story deals with whether Raja finds out that Lalita was the one writing the poems and letters to him. What will be Kavita's reaction when she finds the truth? This question forms the climax.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Rajasekhar (actor)|Rajasekhar]] as Raja
* [[Ramya Krishna]] as Lalitha Rani (Voice dubbed by Saritha)
* [[Madhoo]] as Kavitha Rani (Voice dubbed by Roja Ramani)
* [[Rao Gopal Rao]] as Kavitha's father
* [[Brahmanandam]] as Bitragunta Bilahari
* [[Sudhakar (actor)|Sudhakar]] as Buchchi Babu
* [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] as Raja's grandmother
* [[Shubha (actress)|Shubha]] as Kavita's mother
* [[Srihari (actor)|Srihari]]
* [[Babu Mohan]] as Raja's house owner
* [[Suthi Velu]] as priest
* [[Chitti Babu Punyamurthula]] as priest
* [[Ironleg Sastri]] as priest
* Ananth Punyamurthula as Raja's friend
* [[Ravi Teja]] as Raja's friend
* [[Sarathi (comedian)|Sarathi]] as postmaster
* Ramana Murthy as police inspector
* [[P. Ravi Shankar]] as Raja's friend
}}

==Music==

{{Infobox album
| name = Allari Priyudu
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[M. M. Keeravani]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1993
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre =
| length = 33:35
| label =
| producer = M. M. Keeravani
| prev_title = [[Rakshana]]
| prev_year = 1993
| next_title = [[Aadarsham (1993 film)|Aadarsham]]
| next_year = 1993
}}

The music of the film was composed by [[M. M. Keeravani]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.raaga.com/channels/telugu/moviedetail.asp?mid=A0001446|title= Allari Priyudu (1993)| publisher= raaga.com | access-date=1 April 2013 }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | No
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Song title
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Singers
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Lyricist
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Duration
|-
| 1 || "Cheppaka Ne Chebuthunnadi" || rowspan="7" |[[K. S. Chithra]], [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] ||[[Bhuvanachandra]]||04:43
|-
| 2 || "Em Pilladi" ||M.M.Keeravani||05:03
|-
| 3|| "Pranayama Ni Peremiti Pralayama" ||[[Vennelakanti]] ||04:03
|-
| 4|| "Andama Ne Peramiti" ||[[Veturi]] ||05:10
|-
| 5 || "Uttarala Urvasi" || Veturi ||04:17
|-
| 6 || "Aho Oka Manasuku" ||[[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry]] ||05:02
|-
| 7 || "Rose Rose Rose Roja Puvva" || Veturi ||05:17
|}

==Awards==
;[[Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Awards]]
*[[Filmfare Award for Best Director - Telugu|Best Director]] - [[K. Raghavendra Rao]]
*[[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director - Telugu|Best Music Director]] - [[M. M. Keeravani]]

;[[Nandi Awards]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2010-03-13|title=నంది అవార్డు విజేతల పరంపర (1964 - 2008)|trans-title=A series of Nandi Award Winners (1964 - 2008)|url=http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf|access-date=3 January 2021|publisher=[[Andhra Pradesh (magazine)|Information & Public Relations of Andhra Pradesh]]|language=te}}</ref>
*[[Nandi Award for Best Director|Best Director]] - K. Raghavendra Rao
*[[Nandi Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]] -M. M. Keeravani

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0257385}}

{{K. Raghavendra Rao|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:1993 films]]
[[Category:1993 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic musical films]]
[[Category:1993 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. Raghavendra Rao]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. M. Keeravani]]
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Hindi films]]
[[Category:1993 Indian films]]

Sound of Silence (2017 film)

2026-03-02T10:08:03Z

CaitlinBecker07: adjusted formatting per sources based on references

{{UDP|date=June 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sound of Silence
| image = Sound of Silence Tibetan.jpg
| caption =
| director = [[Dr. Biju|Bijukumar Damodaran]]
| producer = Dr AK Pillai
| writer = [[Bijukumar Damodaran]]
| starring = Master Govardhan Uday Chandra Bhushan
| music = [[Issac Thomas Kottukappilli]]
| cinematography = [[M. J. Radhakrishnan]]
| editing = Davis Manuel
| released = {{Film date|2017}}
| runtime = 89 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tibetan Pahari Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Sound of Silence''''' <ref name="Sify">{{cite news|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/dr-biju-announces-sound-of-silence-in-tibetan-and-hindi-news-malayalam-qjgt67hdehbic.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160907142726/http://www.sify.com/movies/dr-biju-announces-sound-of-silence-in-tibetan-and-hindi-news-malayalam-qjgt67hdehbic.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 September 2016|title='Dr Biju announces Sound of silence in Tibetan and Hindi'|website=[[Sify]]|location=India|date=2016-09-06}}</ref> is a 2017 Indian film in [[Hindi]], [[Pahari language|Pahari]] and [[Standard Tibetan|Tibetan]]. The film is directed by Malayalam film director [[Bijukumar Damodaran]], commonly known as Dr. Biju. The film premiered at the 2017 [[Montreal World Film Festival]]. The film won an award for Best Director at the 2017 [[Kolkata International Film Festival]] in the Indian Film Competition category.

==Plot==
Set in a Himalayan valley, this film is about the journey of a mute boy who lost his mother at birth and is neglected by his father. When his father is sent to jail, the boy faces a lonely future. The boy's connection to a Buddhist monk helps him gain strength and transcend his suffering. With nowhere to go and facing unrequited love, he joins a Buddhist monastery.

==Cast==
* Master Govardhan as the boy
* Uday Chandra as the Monk
* Bhushan as the boy's father

==Awards==
* Best Director at 23rd Kolkata International Film Festival India 2017, in Indian Competition Section
* Best Cinematography award at India International Film Festival Queensland, Brisbane, Australia 2017
* Best Music Director award at Aurangabad International Film Festival, India 2018, In Indian Film Competition section
* Best film at Indian Film Festival of Cincinnati in Ohio, USA in September 2018

==Festival selections==
The film was selected for presentation at 28 festivals, including the 41st Montreal World Film Festival,<ref name="MWFF">{{cite news|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/dr-biju-sound-of-silence-montreal-film-festival-canada--1.2160318|title='ഡോക്ടര്‍ ബിജുവിന്റെ 'സൗണ്ട് ഓഫ് സൈലന്‍സ്' മോണ്‍ട്രിയല്‍ ഫെസ്റ്റിലേക്ക്...'|publisher=[[Mathrubhumi]]|location=Kerala, India|date=2017-08-12}}</ref> the 13th Eurasia<ref name="Eurasia1">{{cite news|url=http://eurasiaiff.com/sound-of-silence/|title='Sound of Silence'|publisher=Eurasia International Film festival|location=Astana, Kazakhstan}}</ref> International Film Festival, Kazakhstan. Main Competition and the Imagine India International Film Festival.<ref name="Eurasia2">{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/120717/sound-of-silence-to-be-screened-at-eurasia-international-film-festival.html|title='Sound of Silence is to be screened at Eurasia International Film Festival'|publisher=[[The Deccan Herald]]|location=Kerala, India|date=2017-07-12}}</ref><ref name="ImagineIndia">{{cite news|url=https://imagineindia2015eng.wordpress.com/2018/01/13/sound-of-silence-bijukumar-india-imagineindia-2018/|title='Sound of Silence'|publisher=Imagine India International Film Festival|location=Madrid, Spain|date=2018-01-13}}</ref>

* 41st Montreal World Film Festival, Canada. World Greats Section
* 13th Eurasia International Film Festival, Kazakhstan. Main Competition
* Trinidad and Tobago Film Festival. Main Competition
* Asia Pacific Screen Awards, Australia. In Competition
* 20th Religion Today Film Festival, Italy. Main Competition
* 28th Cinemagic Belfast Film festival, Northern Ireland. Main Competition
* 11th Great Lake International Film Festival, USA In Competition
* 16th Dhaka International Film Festival, Bangladesh. In Competition
* 23rd Kolkata International Film Festival, Indian Competition
* Third Eye Asian International Film Festival, India 2017
* All Lights India International Film Festival, India 2017
* 12th JOGJA NETPAC Asian Film Festival, Indonesia, Asian Perspective Section
* 6th Kolhapur International Film Festival, India 2017
* 5th Aurangabad International Film Festival, India 2017. Indian Competition Section
* India International Film Festival Queensland, Brisbane, Australia 2017
* Assam International Film Festival, India 2017
* Pune International Film Festival, India. January 2018
* Bangalore International Film Festival, India. February 2018
* Cambodia International Film Festival, March 2018
* Toulouse Indian Film Festival, Paris, France. April 2018
* This Buddhist Film Festival, Singapore. September 2018
* Habitat Film Festival, New Delhi. April 2018
* Imagine India International Film Festival, Madrid, Spain. July 2018
* BFFE- 'Buddhist Film Festival Europe', Amsterdam, September 2018. As Closing Film
* Asian Film Festival Barcelona, Spain. November 2018
* Indian Film Festival Melbourne, Australia, August 2018
* Indian Film Festival of Cincinnati, USA, Ohio., September 2018
* FFSI National Film Festival Kolkata, September 2018
* 20th Bardhaman International Film Festival, India, December 2018
* 11th International Guwahati Film Festival 2018, India, December 2018
* Buddhist International Film Festival Dikshabhumi, Nagpur, January 2019
* 4th Alpin Film Festival, Romania, 2019 February 26 and March 3
* Buddhist film festival, Nepal October 2019

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title | 6909664}}
*{{Official website|http://drbiju.in/festival/sound-of-silence/}}
{{Dr. Biju}}
[[Category:2017 films]]
[[Category:2017 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2017 Indian films]]
[[Category:Tibetan-language films]]
[[Category:Films set in the Himalayas]]
[[Category:Films shot in Manali, Himachal Pradesh]]

Vidyalankar Institute of Technology

2026-02-24T05:18:06Z

CaitlinBecker07: created entry.

{{Advert|date=July 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}
{{Infobox College
| motto = Provoked by Intellect, Propelled by values
| name = Vidyalankar Institute of Technology
| image_name = Vidyalankar Institute of Technology logo.png
| type = [[Engineering]] and [[Technology]] [[Institution]]
| established = 1999
| principal = Dr. Sunil Patekar
| accreditation = [[National Accreditation and Assessment Council|NAAC Grade:A+]]<ref>{{cite web |title=List of Institutes with valid Accreditation |url=http://naac.gov.in/images/docs/ACCREDITATION_STATUS/Institutions_accredited_by_NAAC_whose_accreditation_period_is_valid_030622nn.xls |website=NAAC |publisher=National Assessment and Accreditation Council |access-date=6 June 2022}}</ref>
| director = Milind Tadvalkar<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.vit.edu.in/about-vit/administration/directors-speak |title=Director's Speak |access-date=25 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011060312/http://vit.edu.in/about-vit/administration/directors-speak |archive-date=11 October 2012 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
| undergrad = Intake 660 per year<ref name="DTE website"/>
| postgrad = Intake 144 per year<ref name="MMS intake">{{cite web |url=http://www.dte.org.in/PG/inst.asp?i=MB343 |title=Institute information for academic year 2009-2010 Institute Code : MB343 |access-date=2009-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090417015830/http://www.dte.org.in/PG/inst.asp?i=MB343 |archive-date=17 April 2009 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="ME intake">{{cite web |url=http://www.dte.org.in/PG/inst.asp?i=ME235 |title=Institute information for academic year 2009-2010 Institute Code : ME235 |access-date=2009-06-23 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
| free_label = Acronym
| free = VIT
| city = [[Wadala]], [[Mumbai]]
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| country = [[India]]
| coor = {{coord|19.021571|72.87077|type:edu|display=inline,title}}
| mascot = Bull
| academic_affiliation = [[University of Mumbai]] and [[AICTE]]
| campus = Urban, Spread over {{convert|11|acre|m2}} in Central Mumbai
| website = {{URL|http://vit.edu.in/}} {{URL|http://vidyalankarlive.com/}}
{{URL | https://vitcouncil.com}}
}}

'''Vidyalankar Institute of Technology''' ('''VIT''') is an Autonomous [[Engineering]] and Management college approved by the All-India Council for Technical Education ([[AICTE]]), New Delhi, Directorate of Technical Education, Maharashtra State and affiliated to the University of Mumbai<ref name="DTE website">{{cite web |url=http://www.dte.org.in/degree/inst.asp?i=EN235 |title=Institute information for academic year 2009-10 |access-date=2009-06-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090615041439/http://www.dte.org.in/degree/inst.asp?i=EN235 |archive-date=15 June 2009 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> It was accredited by [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council]] in 2019.

Vidyalankar Institute of Technology was started in the year 1999 after having secured permission from the [[AICTE]] and University of Mumbai.<ref name="Bombay Times article">{{cite web|url=http://www.vit.edu.in/popup_BT.htm |title=Go, Excel in Life |access-date=2009-06-01 |date=2008-07-05 |work=Bombay Times |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080910223351/http://www.vit.edu.in/popup_BT.htm |archive-date=10 September 2008 }}</ref>

Vidyalankar Institute of Technology secured a grade rating of "A" from Mumbai University in 2005.<ref name="Vidyalankar grade">{{cite web|url=http://vit.edu.in/vit_approval_ratings_grade.html |title=VIT grade document |access-date=2009-06-01 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090110082650/http://www.vit.edu.in/vit_approval_ratings_grade.html |archive-date=10 January 2009 }}</ref>

It has been also the two different other sections of VSIT ( Vidyalankar School of Technology) and Vidyalankar Polytechnic as apart.

==History==
[[File:Vidyalankar classes dadar.jpeg|thumb|Vidyalankar Classes at Dadar]]
Established in the year 1999, Vidyalankar Institute of Technology is an autonomous (from A.Y. 2022-23 for period of 10 years) engineering degree and management college.

VIT is managed by Vidyalankar Dnayapeeth Trust.

VIT provides multidisciplinary technical education.

It is approved by the All India Council of Technical Education (AICTE), the Directorate of Technical Education (DTE), Maharashtra state, and affiliated to the University of Mumbai.

VIT received an ‘A’ grade certificate from the Maharashtra State Government in 2005.

Three of its undergraduate programmers are accredited by the National Board of Accreditation for the period of three years with effect from 01 July 2016 and are permanently affiliated to the University of Mumbai, since 2017.

It is the recipient of the Distinguished College Award at TechNet India 2017 (annual academic conference and awards to academia, jointly organized by CSI, Mumbai Chapter in association with Spoken Tutorial- FOSSEE at IIT Bombay).

The institute is also accredited by Tata Consultancy Services.

VIT is also an Academia Partner with L&T Infotech for its ‘Brand Ambassador Programmer’ and has MOU's with leading organizations.

The Institute has been accredited with a CGPA of 3.41 at A+ grade by the National Assessment & Accreditation Council (NAAC) valid for a period of 5 years from 04 March 2019.

== Programs offered ==
VIT currently offers Undergraduate and Postgraduate programs in engineering and management. Following are the details of the programs as of 2023.

=== Undergraduate programs ===
Following are the branches in which the Bachelor of Technology (B.Tech.) degree of [[University of Mumbai]] is offered at VIT:<ref name="DTE website"/>

* Bio-Medical Engineering: 60 Seats
* Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering: 120 Seats
* Electronics & Computer Science: 120 Seats
* Information Technology: 180 Seats
* Computer Engineering: 180 Seats

Accreditation: All undergraduate courses (Information Technology, Computer Engineering, Electronics and Computer Science, Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering, and Bio-Medical Engineering are accredited by the National Board of Accreditation.

Accreditation: Accredited A+ by NAAC in the First Cycle with a score of 3.41

=== Graduate programs ===

The college offers a graduate course in MMS (Master of Management Studies), where the degree is conferred by the University of Mumbai. Admission is based on the Maharashtra CET (Common Entrance Test) score.<ref name="MMS intake"/> The college also offers a master's program in computer engineering, where the degree is conferred by the University of Mumbai.<ref name="DTE ME information">{{cite web |url=http://www.dte.org.in/pg/statistics/districtinst_wise_intake_pg.asp?inst_type=ME |title=List of PG Institutes for the year 2009-10 |access-date=2009-06-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080630074832/http://www.dte.org.in/pg/statistics/districtinst_wise_intake_pg.asp?inst_type=ME |archive-date=30 June 2008 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

* Master of Management Studies: 120 Seats
* M.E (Computer Engineering): 12 Seats
* M.E (Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering): 12 Seats

=== Doctoral programs ===
The college offers a doctoral program in computer engineering. The degree is conferred by the University of Mumbai.
* Ph.D. (Computer Engineering): 10 Seats
* Ph.D. (Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering):10 Seats

==Campus==

[[File:Vidyalankar Institute of Technology Interiors.jpg|thumb|Interiors of Main Building]]

The campus is located in Wadala (East), a central suburb of Mumbai, and stretches over 11 acres (45,000 m2 or 480,000 sq ft) of land. It is close to some residential complexes like [[Dosti Acres]] Dosti Eastern Bay and Lloyd's Estate.

The campus comprises 3 buildings, 2 gardens, a [[Association football|football]] field, a Multipurpose court where [[volleyball]], [[basketball]], [[throwball]], [[handball]] is played and also a [[cricket]] pitch. A canteen and a café both offer a wide range of food and beverages. Also, separate parking lots are available for students and faculty members, for both 2-wheelers and 4-wheelers (only for faculties).

==Library==
[[File:VIT-Library.jpg|thumb|VIT Library]]
The library provides a wide-ranging collection of books which include university-prescribed textbooks and reference material. The library also subscribes to all major international journals and magazines. Some major non-technical magazines are also subscribed to. The library also has a reading hall which is open 6 days a week and on Sundays when exams are approaching.
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Number of books
! Number of titles
! Number of Non-Academic books
|-
|- align="center"
| 31,308
| 6,222
| 1,452
|-
| colspan="3" align="center" |
|}

Apart from books, the college also provides students with the facility of using the IEEE/IET electronic library (IEL); an online database, that holds more than 3,796,274 full-text documents.<ref name="IEL">{{cite web|url=http://www.ieee.org/portal/innovate/products/research/ieee_iel.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011070149/http://ieee.org/portal/innovate/products/research/ieee_iel.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 October 2007 |title=IEEE/IET Electronic Library - Information driving innovation |website=[[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]] (IEEE) |access-date=2009-06-23 }}</ref>

==Laboratories==

[[File:Apple Lab.jpg|thumb|Apple Lab]]
An entire floor of the main building is reserved for laboratories. They include labs maintained by the 5 departments as well as other core departments such as [[Applied Sciences]] and [[Mechanics]] departments.<ref name="VIT laboratories">{{cite web|url=http://vit.edu.in/vit_library.html |title=VIT Laboratories |access-date=2009-06-01 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090212101810/http://vit.edu.in/vit_library.html |archive-date=12 February 2009 }}</ref>

In addition to 12 computer laboratories, the Institute has set up a state-of-the-art 'Central Computing Centre'. An area of 300 sq m is dedicated for the Computer Centre. Apart from IBM-compatible P4 desktops, the Centre has Apple Mac desktops and Sun Blade Workstations. All these computers are networked and backed up with various legal operating systems & application software along with printing & scanning devices.<ref name="VIT computer facilities">{{cite web|url=http://vit.edu.in/vit_computingfacilities.html |title=VIT Computer Facilities |access-date=2009-06-01 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090219210021/http://vit.edu.in/vit_computingfacilities.html |archive-date=19 February 2009 }}</ref>

==Hostel==
[[File:Vidyalankar Gurkul Hostel.jpg|thumb|Vidyalankar Hostel]]
The Vidyalankar Gurkula, a hostel for boys and girls at [[Nerul]], has been run by the Vidyalankar Dnayapeeth Trust since June 1996. A total of 131 students (both boys and girls) reside here.<ref name="VIT hostel">{{cite web|url=http://vit.edu.in/vit_prospectivestudents_hostel.html |title=VIT Gurukul |access-date=2009-06-01 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081006200723/http://www.vit.edu.in/vit_prospectivestudents_hostel.html |archive-date=6 October 2008 }}</ref> A few of the students are from the western suburbs of Mumbai, while others come from different [[states of India]]. The hostel is located near Nerul railway station, in Sector 17.

Amongst other facilities, the hostel also provides computers with internet facilities, a library consisting of academic and general books, and also [[carrom]] and [[chess]] boards for recreation.

==Achievements and awards==
*Vidyalankar has won the award for the "Top Institutional Theatre Design in the world" at the Interior Design Best of the Year Awards held on 4 December 2014 at the IAC Building, Manhattan, New York City.{{citation needed|date=November 2021}}[[File:VIT Auditorium.jpg|thumb|Vidyalankar Auditorium]]Vidyalankar has won the Honor Award from Design share, New York, USA for its innovative design. The structure boasts of a gateless campus, a man-size chess board, an amphitheater, and a multi-purpose zone for students to chill.<ref name="DNA news article">{{cite web |url=http://www.vit.edu.in/about-us/infrastucture |title=Vidyalankar has won the Honour Award from Designshare |access-date=2 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160616212421/http://www.vit.edu.in/about-us/infrastucture |archive-date=16 June 2016 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="World Archtiecture News">{{cite web |url=http://www.worldarchitecturenews.com/index.php?fuseaction=wanappln.projectview&upload_id=1499 |title=Indian Design Comes of Age |access-date=2009-06-01 |date=2007-10-07 |work=Worldarchitecturenews.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090803234808/http://www.worldarchitecturenews.com/index.php?fuseaction=wanappln.projectview&upload_id=1499 |archive-date=3 August 2009 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="Roof & Facade">{{cite web |url=http://www.planet3studios.com/inter4.pdf |title=A work in totality |access-date=2009-06-01 |date=2007-08-01 |work=Roof & Facade ASEAN edition |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715091118/http://www.planet3studios.com/inter4.pdf |archive-date=15 July 2011 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
*[[Infosys]] has selected Vidyalankar as a partner for its Campus-Connect Program, wherein they train pre-final year Vidyalankar students to make them industry-ready.<ref name="VIT placements">{{cite web|url=http://www.vit.edu.in/vit_placement.html |title=VIT Placement Cell news |access-date=2009-06-01 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090310175434/http://www.vit.edu.in/vit_placement.html |archive-date=10 March 2009 }}</ref><ref name="Penn state pdf">{{cite web |url=http://www.international.psu.edu/about_office/PDF/Mosaic/MosaicSpring07.pdf |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20090116001703/http://www.international.psu.edu/about_office/PDF/Mosaic/MosaicSpring07.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=2009-01-16 |title=Building Leaders for the Digital, Global Economy |access-date=2009-06-01 |year=2007 |work=Mosaic Springs 07 |publisher=[[Penn State University]] }}</ref>
*Recently, Vitina's joined hands with the Indian Development Foundation (Formerly the Indian Leprosy Foundation) to spread awareness of [[Tuberculosis]] to the masses.<ref name="VITians stop TB">{{cite web|url=https://indiandevelopmentfoundation.blogspot.com/2009/03/vitians-to-stop-tb.html |title=VITians to stop TB |access-date=2009-06-01 |date=2009-03-21 |work=Indian Development Foundation blog }}</ref>
*Vidyalankar Group of Educational Institutes' [[#Friday Paata-Shala|Friday Paathshala]] earned recognition nationally by winning a silver in the ‘college contact programme of the year’ category at the 1st WOW Event and Experiential Awards.

==Student life==
[[File:Friday paathshala.jpg|thumb|Yoga Session at VIT]]
[[File:Football Sports Match.jpg|thumb|Football match at VIT]]
The college has student chapters of various international organizations. It has also set up various development and interaction cells to help students decide on the path they want to take in the future. The college's annual festivals are organized in the summer semester while smaller events are conducted throughout the year by the student organizations.

===Student chapters===
*[[Association for Computing Machinery, ACM]]
*[[Computer Society of India|CSI]]
*[[Indian Society of Technical Education|ISTE]]
*[[Institute of Engineers|IEI]]
*BMESI-VIT Chapter

Vidyalankar Institute of Technology's Computer Society of India ([https://web.archive.org/web/20170215230403/http://www.csi-vitmumbai.org/ CSI-VIT]) Student Chapter was conferred with the prestigious "Best Accredited Student Branch" Award for 2015-16 at the CSI Annual Convention 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.csi-vitmumbai.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/2015-16-Award.jpg|title=CSI-VIT's Award 2015-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215200251/http://www.csi-vitmumbai.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/2015-16-Award.jpg|archive-date=15 February 2017|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The Institute's CSI Chapter won the "Best Accredited Student Branch" Award for 2013-14, in the past.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.csi-vitmumbai.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/2013-14-Award.jpg|title=CSI-VIT's Award 2013-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215210418/http://www.csi-vitmumbai.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/2013-14-Award.jpg|archive-date=15 February 2017|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
*[[IEEE]]
*[[IETE]]

===Student cells===
* Research and Development Cell<ref name="R&D cell">{{cite web|url=http://vit.edu.in/vit_r&d_cell.html |title=VIT Research and Development Cell |access-date=2009-06-01 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090216142917/http://vit.edu.in/vit_r%26d_cell.html |archive-date=16 February 2009 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
* Entrepreneurship Development Cell<ref name="ED cell">{{cite web|url=http://vit.edu.in/vit_enterpreneurship.html |title=VIT Entrepreneurship Development Cell |access-date=2009-06-01 |df=dmy-all }}{{dead link|date=May 2017|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
* Industry Institute Interaction Cell<ref name="III cell">{{cite web|url=http://vit.edu.in/vit_III.html |title=VIT Industry Institute Interaction Cell |access-date=2009-06-01 |df=dmy-all }}{{dead link|date=May 2017|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

===Student organizations===

*Academic:
**SC - Student Council
**EESA - Electronics Students' Association
**ETSA - Electronics and Telecommunications Students' Association
**ITSA - Information Technology Students' Association
**BMSA - Bio-Medical Students' Association
**CESA - Computer Education Students' Association
*Non-academic:
**Hobby Club Committee
**Sports Council
**Women Development Committee
**Vidyalankar Service Scheme
**Personality Enrichment Committee
**VIT Volunteering Committee
*Administrative Committees
**Anti Ragging Committee
**Admission Committee
**Alumni Committee
**Career Counselling Committee
**Laboratory Development Committee
**Library Committee
**Parent Interaction Committee (PIC)
**Placement Committee
**Value Added Services
**Corporate Communication
**Final Year Projects Quality Assurance Committee
**Food and Beverages Committee
**Staff Development Committee
**Staff Welfare Committee

===Annual festivals===

*An intra-collegiate cultural festival called VERVE is held in February every year. Some events like Dance Competitions, Fashion Shows, and War of the DJs are held on an inter-collegiate level. It also includes events like Antashia, Ad-Mad show, Press Conference etc.[[File:Marathi divas.jpg|thumb|Marathi Diwas]]An inter-collegiate technical festival called Tantra Vihar is held in April/May every year. Registrations for various events open in mid-March. Events include Robotics, Technical Paper Presentations, Debates, Quizzes, Open Software competitions, Stock Market Simulation competitions etc.
*Every February, an inter-collegiate sports festival is held on the college campus, including both indoor and outdoor sports. The highlight of the festival is the S6 (Six a side - Six overs) cricket tournament in which more than 15 colleges participate. It also includes intra-collegiate competitions in volleyball, box-cricket, throwball, carrom, chess etc.

===V-Express===

''V-Express'' is the official annual magazine published by the college. The issue usually comes out in the month of April. The magazine is created by the Student Council of VIT while the editing staff consists of the Literary Council team.

===Friday Paata-Shala===
[[File:Friday Paathshala2.jpg|thumb|Dance Show at VIT]]
Friday Paata-Shala is a platform created for students to indulge in their non-academic passions & pursuits. This ranges from dance workshops to screening thought-provoking movies and debates to musical jams where students bring their favourite musical instruments. The allotted time is every Friday between 4.30 pm to 6.30 pm and the venue is the amphitheatre.

Vidyalankar Group of Educational Institute’s ‘Friday Paata-Shala’ earned recognition nationally by winning a silver in the ‘college contact programme of the year’ category at the 1st WOW Event and Experiential Awards.<ref name="paathshala award">{{cite web|url=http://vit.edu.in/vit_paathsaala_award.html |title=VIT's Paathshala program wins award |access-date=2009-06-01 |df=dmy-all }}{{dead link|date=May 2017|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref name="WOW">{{cite web|url=http://wowawards.com/2016/wow-winners-page |title=WOW awards winners |access-date=2009-06-01 }}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

‘Friday Paathshala’ from being a single college activity has now extended out to all engineering colleges in Mumbai and have involved them in an annual ''S6 cricket tournament'' (6 a side, 6 over each). The S6 cricket carnival is now 2 editions old and is becoming a landmark sports event in the annual sports calendar of engineering colleges.

==Location==
The Vidyalankar campus is situated in [[Wadala]] (E) in Central Mumbai, 1 kilometer away from Wadala Road Station. It is located on ''Vidyalankar College Marg'' next to residential complexes, Dosti Acres and Lloyd's Estate. The campus is also bordered by the [[Antop Hill]] Warehouse company.

==See also==
* [[University of Mumbai]]
* [[List of Mumbai Colleges]]
* [[Vadala road|Wadala]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*[http://www.vit.edu.in/ Official site of VIT]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vidyalankar Institute Of Technology}}
[[Category:Engineering colleges in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Affiliates of the University of Mumbai]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1999]]
[[Category:1999 establishments in Maharashtra]]

Meghnad Bhattacharya

2026-02-08T17:40:05Z

CaitlinBecker07: added new entry...

{{short description|Bengali theatre director and actor|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Meghnad Bhattacharya
| image = Meghnad Bhattacharya 2024.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1952}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| other_names =
| known_for = Director of ''[[Sayak]]''
| occupation = Actor
}}
'''Meghnad Bhattacharya''' (born 1952)<ref name="Seagull Theatre Quarterly">{{cite book|title=Seagull Theatre Quarterly|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7-wJAQAAMAAJ|access-date=21 December 2012|year=2001|publisher=Seagull Foundation for the Arts|page=221}}</ref> is a [[Bengali language|Bengali]] theatre director and actor.<ref name="Publishing2008">{{cite book|author=Outlook Publishing|title=Outlook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QjEEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA22|access-date=21 December 2012|date=2008-05-27|publisher=Outlook Publishing|pages=22–}}</ref> He is the artistic director of Bengali theatre group ''[[Sayak]]''. He has also acted in few Bengali films and television serials.<ref name="Filmography of Meghnad Bhattacharya">{{cite web|title=Filmography of Meghnad Bhattacharya|url=http://www.gomolo.com/meghnad-bhattacharya-movies-list-filmography/8585|publisher=Gomolo|access-date=21 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Meghnad Bhattacharya biography|url=http://www.calcuttayellowpages.com/adver/109428.html|access-date=21 December 2012}}</ref> In 1979 under the leadership of Bhattacharya and ''Sayak'' ''Bijon Theatre'' was established.<ref>{{cite web|title=Meghnad Bhattacharya biography|url=http://theatresayak.org/The%20Director.html|access-date=21 December 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130415215523/http://theatresayak.org/The%20Director.html|archive-date=15 April 2013}}</ref>

== Biography ==
{{Expand section|date=December 2012}}
Bhattacharya was born in 1952. In December 1973 he founded the Bengali theatre group ''[[Sayak]]'' which till January 2012 has staged 21 full length and 7 short length plays.{{citation needed|date=June 2025}}

== Works ==

=== Plays ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Drama !! Note
|-
| 1978 || Naramedh ||
|-
| 1979 || Duihuzurer goppo ||
|-
| 1981 || Sadhusanga ||
|-
| 1982 || Kalbhianga || Short play
|-
| 1983 || Anubikshan ||
|-
| 1983 || Sonarmathaoala Manush || Example
|-
| 1985 || Gyan Briksher Fol || Example
|-
| 1986 || Parui Masher Bishoy Ashoy || Short play
|-
| 1987 || Astitwa || Short play
|-
| 1988 || Jadio Swapna ||
|-
| 1990 || Beokuf ||
|-
| 1991 || Daibaddha ||
|-
| 1993 || Basbhumi ||
|-
| 1996 || Karnabati ||
|-
| 1998 || Aa-aa-ka-kha||
|-
| 1999 || Marachand || Short play
|-
| 2001 || Andhagali ||
|-
| 2001 || Nari || Short play
|-
| 2002 || Badhutantra ||
|-
| 2004 || Saanjbela ||
|-
| 2005 || Benche Thaka ||
|-
| 2006 || Dildar ||
|-
| 2007 || Swarna-champa || Short play
|-
| 2008 || Dournama ||
|}

=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Director
|-
| 1990 || Jowar Bhanta || Dulal Bhowmik
|-
| 1993 || Aatmajo || [[Nabyendu Chatterjee]]
|-
| 1994 || [[Shilpi]] || Nabyendu Chatterjee
|-
| 1994 || Nati Binodini || Dinen Gupta
|-
| 1997 || Dus Number Bari || Biresh Chattopadhyay
|-
| 2003 || Parampar ||
|}

==Awards==
* [[ABP Ananda]] Sera Bangali Award: 2022<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/amp/west-bengal/kolkata/abp-ananda-sera-bengali-2022/cid/1394293|title=বাঙালির ছক-ভাঙা গরিমার স্পর্ধাকে কুর্নিশ|trans-title=|website=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]|date=25 December 2022|access-date=26 December 2022|location=Kolkata}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://theatresayak.org/The%20Director.html|Biography of Meghnad Bhattacharya at Sayak's official website}}

{{Bengali theatre}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhattacharya, Meghnad}}
[[Category:1952 births]]
[[Category:Bengali theatre personalities]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors in Bengali cinema]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Date of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Dramatists and playwrights from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Bengali male actors]]

Payel De

2026-02-07T11:58:19Z

CaitlinBecker07: Enhanced content and organization

{{Short description|Bengali actress (born 1986)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = 
| native_name =
| image =
| caption =
| alt =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1986|11|18|df=yes}}
| birth_place = India
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = Actress
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Dwaipayan Das]]|2012}}
| children = 1
| years_active = 2006–present
| known_for =
| notable_works = {{ubl|[[Durga]]|[[Behula (TV series)|Behula]]|Ramprasad}}
}}

'''Payel De''' (Born 18 November 1986), also known as '''Payel Dey''', is a Bengali actress. She began her career in 2006 with [[Zee Bangla]]'s [[Ekdin Pratidin]] daily soap, where she portrayed Chandrayee as a supporting character. She is known for her work in the [[Star Jalsha]] television soap operas ''Durga'' and ''[[Behula (TV series)|Behula]]'' where she played the titular characters. She made her film debut with ''Mayabazaar''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.washingtonbanglaradio.com/content/64386212-maya-bazar-2012-bangla-movie-actress-payel-dey-and-director-joydeep-ghosh-debut-tol |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120724081616/http://www.washingtonbanglaradio.com/content/64386212-maya-bazar-2012-bangla-movie-actress-payel-dey-and-director-joydeep-ghosh-debut-tol |url-status=usurped |archive-date=24 July 2012 |title=Maya Bazar (2012) Bangla Movie: Actress Payel Dey and Director Joydeep Ghosh Debut in Tollywood with Premiere in Kolkata |last=WBRi Tollywood News |date=6 February 2012 |website=[[Washington Bangla Radio on Internet]] |access-date=5 October 2018}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
On 3 February 2012, she married her co-actor Dwaipayan Das from the telefilm ''Sokol Kata Dhonno Kore''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/others/news-interviews/Payal-is-set-to-tie-the-knot/articleshow/11696386.cms |title=Payal is set to tie the knot |date=31 January 2012 |website=[[The Times of India]] |location=Kolkata |access-date=5 October 2018 |agency=TNN}}</ref> They have a son, who was born in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/where-is-payel-going-to-next/articleshow/64631378.cms |title=Where is Payel going to next? |last=Ganguly |first=Ruman |date=18 June 2018 |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=5 October 2018 |agency=TNN}}</ref>

== Career ==
She started her career while she was studying in college. Afterwards, she starred as Aalo Moitra in the TV serial ''[[Bodhu Kon Alo Laaglo Chokhe]]'' which aired on Star Jaisha. She has also played lead characters in ''Maa Durga'' (Colors Bangla), ''Tobu Mone Rekho'' (Zee Bangla), ''[[Ardhangini (2017 TV series)|Ardhangini]]'' (Star Jalsha), ''[[Jaahanara]]'' (Colors Bangla), ''[[Durga Durgeshwari]]'' (Star Jalsha), [[Chuni Panna]] (Star Jalsha) and currently ''[[Desher Maati]]'' (Star Jalsha).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/read-articles-and-books-prepare-my-role-payel-de-playing-muslim-character-jaahanara |title=Read articles and books to prepare for my role: Payel De on playing Muslim character in Jaahanara |author= |website=tellychakkar.com |access-date=5 October 2018}}</ref> She also dubbed for the Bengali movie ''[[Fidaa (2018 film)|Fidaa]],'' starring [[Yash Dasgupta|Yash]] and Sanjana.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/did-you-know/sanjana-had-an-unexpected-guest-visiting-her-on-the-sets-of-fidaa/articleshow/64340442.cms |title=Sanjana had an unexpected guest visiting her on the sets of Fidaa |date=27 May 2018 |website=[[The Times of India]] |location=Kolkata |access-date=5 October 2018 |agency=TNN}}</ref>

Apart from serials, she also played "[[Durga|Goddess Durga]]" in ''Mahishashur Mardini'' (2015) and ''Durga Durgotinashini'' (2016) on [[Colors Bangla]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/mahalaya-special-colors-bangla-feature-durgadurgotinashini-and-ganudada-r-dugga-puja |title=Mahalaya special: Colors Bangla to feature 'Durgadurgotinashini' and 'Ganudada r Dugga Puja' |author= |website=tellychakkar.com |access-date=5 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/photo-features/6-actresses-who-played-ma-durga-on-screen/photostory/46209862.cms |title=6 actresses who played Ma Durga on screen |last= |date= |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=5 October 2018}}</ref> In 2021, she was seen in the film ''[[Mukhosh (2021 film)|Mukhosh]],'' directed by [[Birsa Dasgupta]], produced under [[Shree Venkatesh Films]], opposite [[Anirban Bhattacharyya]], [[Anirban Chakrabarti|Anirban Chakraborti]] and [[Chandrayee Ghosh]].

== Works ==
=== Soap operas ===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Channel
! Production House
! Notes
|-
|2007
|''[[Ekdin Pratidin]]''
| Chandryee
|[[Zee Bangla]]
| Beyond Reels
| rowspan="2" | Supporting role
|-
| rowspan="2" |2008
|''Bijoyinee''
|[[Akash Bangla]]
|
|-
| ''Ichhe Dana'' || Ichhe || rowspan="4" | [[Star Jalsha]] || Applause Talkies Pvt.Ltd|| Lead role
|-
|{{dts|2008|}}–2010 || ''[[Durga (2008 series)|Durga]]'' || [[Sati (Hindu goddess)|Sati]] || rowspan="6" | [[Shree Venkatesh Films]]|| Supporting role<ref name="desirable">{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/the-most-desirable-women-2017-on-bengali-television/articleshow/63877439.cms |title=The Most Desirable women 2017 on Bengali television |date=23 April 2018 |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=3 October 2018 |agency=TNN}}</ref>
|-
| {{dts|2010|||}}–2011 || ''[[Behula (TV series)|Behula]]'' || Behula || rowspan="4" |Lead role<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/Small-screen-to-relaunch-Bou-Kotha-Kou-and-Behula/articleshow/30339793.cms |title=Small screen to relaunch Bou Kotha Kou and Behula |date=13 February 2014 |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=3 October 2018 |agency=TNN}}</ref>
|-
| {{dts|2012|01|16|format=y}}–2014 || ''[[Bodhu Kon Alo Laaglo Chokhe]]'' || Aalo Moitra<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Star-Jalsha-launches-Bodhu-Kon-Alo-Laglo-Chokhe/articleshow/11523563.cms |title=Star Jalsha launches Bodhu Kon Alo Laglo Chokhe |last=Ganguly |first=Ruman |date=17 January 2012 |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=3 October 2018 |agency=TNN}}</ref>
|-
| {{dts|2014|||}}–2016 || ''Maa Durga'' || Maa [[Durga]]|| [[Colors Bangla]]<ref name="maa durga as well as other forms of devi">{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/Payel-to-play-Maa-Durga-in-new-teleseries/articleshow/45122257.cms |title=Payel to play Maa Durga in new teleseries |last=Banerjee |first=Kathakali |date=12 November 2014 |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=3 October 2018 |agency=TNN}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | {{dts|2017||}}|| ''[[Tobu Mone Rekho]]'' || Supriya Roy || [[Zee Bangla]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/tv-actress-payel-in-a-negative-role/articleshow/57428837.cms |title=TV actress Payel in a negative role |date=2 March 2017 |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=3 October 2018 |agency=TNN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/mind-game-and-kidnap-drama-zee-banglas-tobu-mone-rekho-170606 |title=Mind game and kidnap drama in Zee Bangla's Tobu Mone Rekho |author= |website=tellychakkar.com |access-date=3 October 2018}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Agnijal]]'' || Devi Singhabahini
(later replaced by [[Adrija Roy]])
| rowspan="2" | [[Star Jalsha]] ||Cameo role
|-
| {{dts|2018|}}|| ''[[Ardhangini (2018 TV series)|Ardhangini]]'' || Ganga || [[Acropoliis Entertainment]]|| Antagonist
|-
| {{dts|2018|||}}– 2019|| ''[[Jaahanara]]'' || Rubina Sheikh (later replaced by Suranjana Roy) || [[Colors Bangla]] || Friends Communication||Supporting roleh
|-
|{{dts|2018|}} || ''[[Jai Kali Kalkattawali]]'' || Ritoja Moitra || rowspan="5" | [[Star Jalsha]] || rowspan="4" | [[Shree Venkatesh Films]]|| Episodic role
|-
| rowspan="2" | {{dts|2019|||}}– 2020|| ''[[Durga Durgeshwari]]'' || Goddess Durgeshwari || rowspan="3" | Supporting role
|-
| ''[[Chuni Panna]]'' || Madhuja Mallick
|-
| {{dts|2020|||format=}}|| ''[[Prothoma Kadambini]]'' || Bhobosundari Ganguly, First Wife of Dwarakanath Ganguly
|-
| rowspan="2" |{{dts|2021|||}}
| ''[[Desher Maati]]'' || Ujjaini Mukherjee|| [[Magic Moments Motion Pictures]] ||Tertiary Female Lead
|-
| ''[[Nayantara (TV series)|Nayantara]]'' || Averi || [[Sun Bangla]] || Crystal Films|| Supporting role ||
|-| {{dts|2023|||}} || ''[[Nayantara (TV series)|Nayantara]]'' || Averi || [[Sun Bangla]] || Surinder Films|| Lead Role
|-
| {{dts|2022||}} || ''[[Sona Roder Gaan]]'' || Anondi || [[Colors Bangla]] || [[Magic Moments Motion Pictures]]|| rowspan="4" | Lead role
|-
| {{dts|2023||}}–2024 ||''Ramprasad''|| Maa [[Kali]]|| [[Star Jalsha]] || [[Surinder Films]]
|-
|2024–2025
|''Kon Se Aalor Swapno Niye''
|Alolika Singha Roy
|[[Sun Bangla]]
|Bangla Talkies
|
|-
|2025–Present
|''Chirodini Tumi Je Amar''
|Rajnandini Singha Roy
|[[Zee Bangla]]
|[[Shree Venkatesh Films]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/payel-de-is-taking-entry-in-bengali-mega-chirodini-tumi-je-amar-dgtl/cid/1653870?bclid=IwZXh0bgNhZW0CMTAAYnJpZBExNjFOdXkzU3VPc0RzZEpJMXNydGMGYXBwX2lkEDIyMjAzOTE3ODgyMDA4OTIAAR48K_DdLPgEq_clx3RLfendsMfZGejx2UgZ-Pd-1B8X9cwlG2CFlOTSTL_0Og_aem_GWE4Dur_lG-hViEFJKh3Zw#goog_rewarded|title=শুটিং শুরু পায়েলের, শীঘ্রই পর্দায় আসছে ‘রাজনন্দিনী’! আর্যের প্রথম স্ত্রীকে কবে দেখা যাবে?}}</ref>
|-
|}

=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Director
! Notes
! class="unsortable"| Source
|-
| {{dts|2021||}} || ''[[Psycho (2021 film)|Mukhosh]]'' || Rai Roy || [[Birsa Dasgupta]] || First feature film as a lead ||
|-
|{{dts|2026||}} || ''[[Sadhak Bamakhyapa (2021 film)|Sadhak Bamakhyapa]]'' || Maa Tara || [[Sayantan Ghoshal]]
|-
|}

=== Web series ===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
! Year
! Series
! Role
! Director
! Platform
! Notes
! class="unsortable"| {{Refh}}
|-
| {{dts|2021||}} || ''[[Indu (web series)|Indu]]'' || Kushi || [[Sayantan Ghosal]] || Hoichoi || Debut performance in a web series ||
|-
| {{dts|2022||}} || ''Gora'' || Supriya || Sayantan Ghosal || Hoichoi || Guest appearance ||
|-
| {{dts|2024||}} || ''[[Talmar Romeo Juliet]]'' || Mousumi || Arpan Garai || Hoichoi ||
|-
|}

==Awards==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Character
! Name
|-
| 2013
| Star Jalsha Parivaar Award 2013
| Sera Bouma
| Aalo
| rowspan="3" | [[Bodhu Kon Alo Laaglo Chokhe]]
|-
| 2013
| Tele Samman Award
| Priyo Juti
| Aalo-Sourav
|-
| 2014
| Star Jalsha Parivaar Award 2014
| Priyo Maa
| Aalo
|-
|}
==Mahalaya==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Channel
! class="unsortable"| Source
|-
| 2008 || ''Mahisasuramardini'' || Goddess Swaraswati || [[Zee Bangla]] ||
|-
| 2010 || ''Durga Durgatinashini'' || Goddess Annada and Navadurga|| [[Star Jalsha]] ||
|-
| 2011|| ''Durga Durgatinashini'' || Supporting Role || [[Star Jalsha]] ||
|-
| 2013 || ''Durgatinashini Durga'' || Dance Performance || [[Star Jalsha]] ||
|-
| 2015 || ''Mahisasurmardini'' || Goddess Mahisasurmardini || [[Colors Bangla]] || <ref>{{Cite web|title=Mahalaya Special on Television|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/mahalaya-special-television-151012|language=bn}}</ref>
|-
| 2016 || ''Durga Durgatinashini'' || Goddess Mahisasurmardini || [[Colors Bangla]] || <ref>{{Cite web|title=Mahalaya special: Colors Bangla to feature 'Durgadurgotinashini' and 'Ganudada r Dugga Puja'|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/mahalaya-special-colors-bangla-feature-durgadurgotinashini-and-ganudada-r-dugga-puja|language=bn}}</ref>
|-
| 2023
|''Yaa Devi Sarbabhutesu''
|Goddess Kali
|[[Star Jalsha]]
|<ref>{{Citation |last1=Goswami |first1=Srijan |title=Medical Video Processing |date=2018 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-5204-8.ch071 |work=Computer Vision |pages=1709–1725 |access-date=2024-01-03 |publisher=IGI Global |last2=Dey |first2=Urmimala |last3=Roy |first3=Payel |last4=Ashour |first4=Amira S. |last5=Dey |first5=Nilanjan|doi=10.4018/978-1-5225-5204-8.ch071 |isbn=978-1-5225-5204-8 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>
|-
|2025 || ''Akal Bodhon'' || Goddess Mahisasurmardini || [[Sun Bangla]] ||<ref>{{Cite web|title=Payel De: পুজোর দিন গুনছে বাঙালি, মহালয়ার ভোরে ৭ বছর পরে দুর্গার ভূমিকায় পায়েল দে|url=https://bengali.abplive.com/entertainment/payel-de-going-to-act-as-maa-durga-in-sun-bangla-mahalaya-entertainment-news-tollywood-1146610?fbclid=IwQ0xDSwL2us5jbGNrAva6vmV4dG4DYWVtAjExAAEeB5y_nAY0A8gcVtTXVgBW49TnvtSPKiwjBR0B4Q1o6ZuwXxoakhsgCzZSrJU_aem_4OD2YLcE1Mify-HZG4nytA&sfnsn=wiwspwa|language=bn}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:De, Payel}}
[[Category:Bengali television actresses]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:1986 births]]

Thal, Uttarakhand

2026-02-05T04:51:34Z

CaitlinBecker07: created info

{{short description|Town in Uttarakhand, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Thal
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = town
| image_skyline = Thal4.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Ek Hathiya Dewal Temple at Thal
| pushpin_map = India Uttarakhand#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttarakhand, India
| coordinates = {{coord|29.8265|N|80.1408|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttarakhand]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Pithoragarh District|Pithoragarh]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 5,000 (estimated)<ref>{{cite news |title=दो विधायक चुनते हैं थल कस्बे के लोग |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttarakhand/pithoragarh/the-people-of-the-town-site-choose-two-members |access-date=14 June 2018 |work=Amar Ujala |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614094236/https://www.amarujala.com/uttarakhand/pithoragarh/the-people-of-the-town-site-choose-two-members |archive-date=14 June 2018 |language=hi}}</ref>
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type =
| postal_code = 262552
| registration_plate = UK 05
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Thal''' is a small town situated on the banks of [[Ramganga]] river in the [[Pithoragarh district]] in the Indian state of [[Uttarakhand]]. It is one of the thirteen [[tehsil]]s of district Pithoragarh.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tehsil {{!}} District Pithoragarh, Government of Uttarakhand {{!}} India |url=https://pithoragarh.nic.in/tehsil/ |access-date=17 April 2024}}</ref>

Thal has been a centre for local trade for nearby settlements at [[Didihat]], [[Munsiari]], [[Chaukori]] and Dharamghar since antiquity. It is also known for a 9th century Shiva temple located on the bank of Ramganga river and the Ek Hathiya Dewal temple - a [[Indian rock-cut architecture|rock cut temple]] believed to be crafted by a one-armed artisan.

Thal was a [[List of community development blocks of Uttarakhand|block]] of the [[Almora district]] from 1957 to 1962. Since 30 September 2014, it is a tehsil of the Pithoragarh district, which was constituted from 114 villages earlier part of [[Berinag]] and Didihat tehsil.

== History ==

Thal is among the oldest towns in Pithoragarh district. It has been a centre for local trade for nearby settlements at [[Didihat]], [[Munsiari]], [[Chaukori]] and Dharamghar since antiquity.<ref name="Menon">{{cite journal |last1=Menon |first1=Srikumar M. |last2=G. |first2=Sudhakara |title=Ek Hathiya Dewal: A Rock-Cut Nagara Temple at Thal, Uttarakhand |journal=Heritage: Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Archaeology |volume=8 |issue=2 |year=2020 |pages=34–55 |url=http://www.heritageuniversityofkerala.com/JournalPDF/Volume8.2/2.pdf |access-date=17 April 2024}}</ref> There is a 9th century Shiva temple located on the bank of the Ramganga river, which was built under the patronage of the [[Katyuri kings]].<ref name="Menon" /> Baleshwar form of Lord Shiva is worshiped in this temple. At the time of Bikhaut Sankranti, an 8-day fair used to be held here, which amassed a gathering of around 15,000 people in 1911.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Walton|first1=H. G.|title=Almora: A Gazetter|date=1911|publisher=The Government Press, United Provinces|location=Allahabad|page=296}}</ref>

Thal was connected by a motor road with [[Almora]] in 1955 and in 1957, the then UP government opened a [[Community development block]] office in Thal.<ref name="block">{{cite news |title=थल ब्लॉक का अस्तित्व 55 वर्ष पहले समाप्त हो गया |url=http://www.amarujala.com/uttarakhand/pithoragarh/121508344875-pithoragarh-news |access-date=24 October 2017 |work=Amar Ujala |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171025022013/http://www.amarujala.com/uttarakhand/pithoragarh/121508344875-pithoragarh-news |archive-date=25 October 2017 |language=hi}}</ref> There were 600 villages under this development block. The development block continued functioning till 1962, after which the government closed this development block office and divided the villages falling in Thal development block into Didihat and Berinag development blocks.<ref name="block" /> In 1962, a 68 meter long bridge was built over the Ramganga river at Thal.<ref>{{cite news |title=थल के मोटर पुल की हालत खराब |url=http://www.amarujala.com/uttarakhand/pithoragarh/the-condition-of-the-motor-bridge-of-the-site-is-bad |access-date=24 October 2017 |work=Amar Ujala |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171025021902/http://www.amarujala.com/uttarakhand/pithoragarh/the-condition-of-the-motor-bridge-of-the-site-is-bad |archive-date=25 October 2017 |language=hi}}</ref> A primary health center was opened here on 11 October 2000.<ref>{{cite news |title=अस्पताल में 17 वर्ष बाद भी सुविधाओं का अभाव |url=http://www.amarujala.com/uttarakhand/pithoragarh/lack-of-facilities-even-after-17-years-in-hospital |access-date=24 October 2017 |work=Amar Ujala |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171025021940/http://www.amarujala.com/uttarakhand/pithoragarh/lack-of-facilities-even-after-17-years-in-hospital |archive-date=25 October 2017 |language=hi}}</ref>

== Administration ==

Thal is one of the thirteen [[tehsil]]s of the Pithoragarh district. The notification for formation of tehsil in Thal was issued on 30 September 2014, but the tehsil started functioning almost a year later from 13 September 2015. 114 villages of several Patwari areas of Berinag and Didihat tehsil were reorganised to form the Thal tehsil.<ref>{{cite news |title=इस तहसील से अब तक लोगों को कोई फायदा नहीं |url=http://www.amarujala.com/uttarakhand/pithoragarh/201508087858-pithoragarh-news |access-date=24 October 2017 |work=Amar Ujala |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171025022204/http://www.amarujala.com/uttarakhand/pithoragarh/201508087858-pithoragarh-news |archive-date=25 October 2017 |language=hi}}</ref>

== Economy ==

The Thal fair used to be frequented by the [[Bhotiyas of Uttarakhand|Bhotiya]] traders, who used to sell utensils and wool for the last time before returning to [[Tibet]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Shah |first1=Giriraj |title=The Kingdom of Gods, Uttarakhand |date=1975 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-0-88386-724-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5bkBAAAAMAAJ |access-date=18 April 2024 |language=en}}</ref> Apart from this, clothes from [[Kashipur, Uttarakhand|Kashipur]] and [[Almora]] and oil and chilli products from [[Pithoragarh|Sor]] and [[Didihat|Sira]] were also bought and sold. A market was sanctioned under the scheme of Mandi Parishad in Thal to facilitate the local producers of vegetables, fruits and grains from Thal, Didihat, Munsiyari and Berinag.<ref>{{cite news |title=दो करोड़ की मंडी बनी आवारा जानवरों की आरामगाह - |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttarakhand/pithoragarh-mandi-16871240.html |access-date=24 October 2017 |work=Jagran |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171024205651/http://www.jagran.com/uttarakhand/pithoragarh-mandi-16871240.html |archive-date=24 October 2017 |url-status=live |language=hi}}</ref>

== Transport ==

Thal was connected by a motor road with [[Almora]] in 1955, which connected Almora with [[Munsiari]] via [[Bageshwar]], Udiyari and Thal.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kapadia |first1=Harish |title=Across Peaks & Passes in Kumaun Himalaya |date=1999 |publisher=Indus Publishing |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-7387-096-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nD95LUfpgzgC |access-date=18 April 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

== Education ==

Haridutt Pant Government Inter College is situated at Thal. In 2017, 350 students were studying here.<ref>{{cite news |title=100 विद्यार्थियों ने जीआईसी थल से नाम कटाया |url=http://www.amarujala.com/uttarakhand/pithoragarh/100-students-named-from-gic-land |access-date=24 October 2017 |work=Amar Ujala |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171025021859/http://www.amarujala.com/uttarakhand/pithoragarh/100-students-named-from-gic-land |archive-date=25 October 2017 |language=hi}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Pithoragarh district}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Pithoragarh district]]

Usha Mangeshkar

2026-02-04T17:18:23Z

CaitlinBecker07: page edit

{{short description|Indian singer (Birth: 1935)}}
{{BLP sources|date=January 2026}}
{{Mscn|date=January 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Usha Mangeshkar
| image = Usha Mangeshkar 2007 - still 19426 crop.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Usha Mangeshkar in 2007
| image_size =
| background = person
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1935|12|15}}
| birth_place = [[Indore]], [[Indore State]], [[British India]] (present day [[Indore]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]])
| alias =
| origin = [[India]]n
| instruments = vocal
| genre = [[Indian classical music]], [[Playback singer|playback singing]]
| occupations = Singer
| years_active = 1954–present
}}

'''Usha Mangeshkar''' (born 15 December 1935)<ref>https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0542197/{{bsn|date=January 2026}}</ref> is an Indian singer who has recorded many [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Manipuri language|Manipuri]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Kannada]], [[Nepali language|Nepali]], [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Odia language|Odia]] and [[Assamese language|Assamese]] songs. She is the youngest among four Mangeshkar sisters, after [[Lata Mangeshkar]], [[Meena Khadikar]] and [[Asha Bhosle]] as well as only elder from brother [[Hridaynath Mangeshkar]]. In [[9th Filmfare Awards Marathi|2025]], She received [[Filmfare Marathi Lifetime Achievement Award]] for her Contribution to Marathi cinema.

==Career==
She came into the spotlight as a playback singer after singing some devotional songs for the movie ''[[Jai Santoshi Maa]]'' (1975), which became an all-time blockbuster.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2002/jul/19kavi.htm |website=rediff.com |title=Movies: Will Kavi Pradeep get his due? |first1=Lata |last1=Khubchandani |date=19 July 2002}}</ref> She was nominated for the [[Filmfare]] Best Female Playback Singer award for her song "Main to Aarti" in that film. She sang the same songs for that movie's remake in 2006.{{citation needed|date=September 2017}}

She is known for her famous song "Mungda" and songs for the [[Marathi film|Marathi movie]] ''[[Pinjara (film)|Pinjara]]''.{{Citation needed|date=December 2022}}
She is famous also for her song ''Chupi Chupi Gori Kane'' in [[List of Ollywood films of 1977|Odia Film "Abhiman"(1977).]]
She had also produced musical drama ''[[Phoolwanti (TV Series)|Phoolwanti]]'' for Doordarshan.{{Citation needed|date=December 2022}}

==Awards and nominations==
{{BLP sources section|date=April 2023}}
* [[BFJA Awards]] for Best Female Playback Singer for ''[[Jai Santoshi Maa]]'' (1975)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bfjaawards.com/legacy/pastwin/197639.htm |title=69th & 70th Annual Hero Honda BFJA Awards 2007 |website=Bengal Film Journalists' Association |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100108051039/http://www.bfjaawards.com/legacy/pastwin/197639.htm |archive-date=8 January 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Nominated for [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer]] for the song "Main to Aarti" from ''[[Jai Santoshi Maa]]'' (1975)
* Nominated for Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer for the song "Mangta Hai To Aaja" from ''[[Inkaar (1977 film)|Inkaar]]'' (1977)<ref>[http://deep750.googlepages.com/FilmfareAwards.pdf FILMFARE NOMINEES AND WINNER], deep750.googlepages.com</ref>
* Nominated for Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer for the song "Humse Nazar To Milao" from ''[[Ikraar]]'' (1980)
* Winner of Mirchi Awards 2020 for Lifetime Achievement Awards
* [[Lata Mangeshkar Award]] by [[Government of Maharashtra]] (2020)
* [[Lokmat]] [[Sur Jyotsna National Music Awards|Sur Jyotsna National Music Award]] - 2025 '''Legend Award''' for her contribution to Indian music<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chief Minister Devendra Fadnavis presents Sur Jyotsna National Music Award |url=https://voiceofmaharashtra.in/Chief-Minister-Devendra-Fadnavis-presents-Sur-Jyotsna-National-Music-Award-6191.html?lang=%3Cbr%20/%3E%3Cb%3ENotice%3C/b%3E:%20%20Undefined%20index:%20lang%20in%20%3Cb%3E/home/u457512262/domains/voiceofmaharashtra.in/public_html/includes/header.php%3C/b%3E%20on%20line%20%3Cb%3E164%3C/b%3E%3Cbr%20/%3E |access-date=2025-04-04 |website=Voice of Maharashtra |language=en}}</ref>

==Discography==
{{See also|List of Songs Recorded by Usha Mangeshkar}}
*"Bhabhi Aayi Badi Dhoom Dhaam Se" from ''[[Subah Ka Tara]]'' (1954)
*"Aplam Chaplam" from ''[[Azaad (1955 film)|Azaad]]'' (1955), duet with [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
*"Chali Chali Kaisi Hawa Yeh Chali" from ''[[Bluff Master (1963 film)|Bluff Master]]'' (1963)
*"Dekho Bijli Dole Bin Badal Ki" from ''[[Phir Wohi Dil Laya Hoon]]'' (1963), duet with [[Asha Bhosle]]
*"Kahe Tarasaye Jayara" from ''[[Chitralekha (1964 film)|Chitralekha]]'' (1964), duet With [[Asha Bhosle]]
*"Namana Laaj Yestari" from ''[[Maitighar]]'' (1966)
*"Yariva nan mana", [[Kannada]] song from ''[[Kranthiveera Sangolli Rayanna (1967 film)|Kranthiveera Sangolli Rayanna]]'' (1967)
*"Tumhawar Keli Mi Marji Bahal" from [[Pinjara (film)|Pinjara]] (1972)
*"Pyari Pyari Suratwale, Hay Mere Allah Itne Saare" from ''[[Khote Sikkay]]'' (1974), duet with [[Asha Bhosle]]
*"Main To Aarti Utaroon" from ''[[Jai Santoshi Maa]]'' (1975)
*"Asom Deshor Bagisare", [[Assamese language|Assamese]] song from ''[[Chameli Memsaab]]'' (1975)
*"Mungda" from ''[[Inkaar (1977 film)|Inkaar]]'' (1977)
*"Na Na Jaane Na Doongi" from ''[[Priyatama]]'' (1977)
*"Tu Jo Bole Han To Han" from ''[[Priyatama]]'' (1977)
*"Sultana Sultana" from ''[[Taraana]]'' (1979)
*"Muje Pyar Ka Tohfa Deke" from ''[[Kaala Patthar]]'' (1979)
*"Pakdo, Pakdo, Pakdo" from ''[[Naseeb (1981 film)|Naseeb]]'' (1981)
*"Rang Jamake Jayenge" from ''[[Naseeb (1981 film)|Naseeb]]'' (1981)
*"Goro Ki Na Kaalon Ki" from ''[[Disco Dancer]]'' (1982)
*"Sona-No Sooraj Ugyo" from ''Noorani Chehra''
*"Aavo Aavo Momino Sahu Aavore" from ''Noorani Chehra''
Also did scores of Marathi songs for Dada Kondke, including the most famous "[[Dhagala Lagali Kala]]" and "Tumhawar Keli Me Marji Bahar" from ''Pinjara''. In 2008, Usha collaborated with Shaukat (Sam) Kassam for the CD ''Noorani Chehra'', to commemorate the Golden Jubilee of the [[Agha Khan]].

== Marathi songs ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
!Film
!Song
!Composer(s)
!Co-artist(s)
|-
|1972
|[[Pinjra (film)|Pinjra]]
|"Mala lagli kunachi" "disla ga bai" "Mala ishqachi ingali dasali" "Naka todu pawhn jara thamba" "kashi nashiban thatta aaj mandli" "Tumhavar keli mi marji" "Chabidar chabi mi"
|[[Ram Kadam]]
|[[Sudhir Phadke]] Solo
|-
|1975
|[[Jyotibacha Navas]]
|"Phoola sapnala aali ga" "kunitari sobatila rahva majhya" "Kalpnecha kunchla" "Ghodyala lagaam ghala"
|[[Sudhir Phadke]]
|
|-
|Rowspan="4"|1977
|[[Bhingri]]
|"Sajni ga bhulalo mi" "Bhingari Title Track" "Naar nakhryachi mi tarni" "Gorya gorya tachat" "Gobinda re" "Lagnaat gondhal ghalte"
|Bal Palsule
|Solo [[Mahendra Kapoor]]
|-
|[[Ram Ram Gangaram]]
|Mohra ho gangubai Gangu taroonya tujh befaam Naki doli chaan Galavarchi khali tujhya Bakricha samdyasni laglay lala
|[[Raamlaxman|Ram Laxman]]
|[[Mahendra Kapoor]]
|-
|[[Bala Gau Kashi Angai]]
|"Halke halke jojwa" "Tula kadhitari mi"
|[[N. Dutta]]
|Solo Jaywant Kulkarni
|-
|Navra Majha Bramhchari
|"Daulaticha naad nako"
|Pandurang Dixit
|Solo
|-
|1978
|Kalavantin
|"Mee ek roop vhave" "Kaapad purena cholila" "Raat jhurtiya chandrasathi"
|Ram Kadam
|Solo [[Suresh Wadkar]]
|-
|1982
|Bhannat Bhanu
|"Majha hoshil" "Adakitta supari" "Tijori Choran phodli "
|Ram Kadam
|Solo [[Suresh Wadkar]]
|-
|1984
|[[Bin Kamacha Navra]]
|Ain dupari aad watana
|Rajendra Vinay
|Solo
|-
|1987
|Bhatak Bhavani
|Tula Khula Mhanu Ki Shahana Mhanu Amavsya Kay An Punav Kay
|Vishwanath More
|[[Suresh Wadkar]]
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0542197}}

{{Mangeshkar family}}
{{Lata Mangeshkar}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mangeshkar, Usha}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Assamese-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Hindi-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Singers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Nepali-language Indian singers]]
[[Category:Marathi-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Indian women playback singers]]
[[Category:Mangeshkar family|Usha]]
[[Category:Women musicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Indian women classical singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women scientists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian scientists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:People of Goan descent]]

{{India-singer-stub}}

Ranaghat subdivision

2026-02-01T13:58:09Z

CaitlinBecker07: content update

{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ranaghat
| other_name = 
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Subdivision
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Ranaghat (subdivision) in Nadia (West Bengal).svg
| pushpin_label_position = 
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.18|N|88.58|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Nadia district|Nadia]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Ranaghat]]
| government_type = Office of Sub-divisional Officer
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 893.58
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1432761
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN]]
| registration_plate = WB
| website = {{URL|www.ranaghat.org/}}
| footnotes = [http://www.ranaghat.org Ranaghat Sub-Division]
| leader_title = Sub-divisional Officer
| leader_name = Mohd Suboor Khan [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
}}
'''Ranaghat Subdivision''' is an administrative subdivision located at [[Nadia district]], in the state of [[West Bengal]], [[India]] The subdivision is administered by SDM/SDO(Ranaghat).

==Overview==
Nadia district is part of the large alluvial plain formed by the [[Ganges]]-[[Bhagirathi]] system. The plains spread southwards from the head of the delta. The Ranaghat subdivision has the [[Hooghly River|Bhagirathi]] on the west, with [[Purba Bardhaman district|Purba Bardhaman]] and [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]] districts lying across the river. Topographically, Ranaghat subdivision is spread across the Krishnanagar-Santipur Plain, which occupies the central part of the district, and the Ranaghat-Chakdaha Plain, the low-lying area found in the south-eastern part of the district. The [[Churni River|Churni]] separates the two plains. The area slopes southwards. A portion of the east forms the boundary with [[Bangladesh]]. The area had large forests. The huge influx of [[East Bengali refugees]] that took place in the district immediately after the [[partition of India]] and the steady influx ever since paved way for conversion of forest into agricultural land.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1910_PART_A_DCHB_NADIA.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Nadia, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Pages 13,14 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 28 May 2017}}</ref>

==Subdivisions==
Nadia district is divided into the following administrative subdivisions:<ref name=handbook2014>{{cite web | url = http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Nadia | work = Table 2.2, 2.4(a) | publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 7 October 2020 }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Subdivision ||Headquarters|| Area km2 || Population (2011) ||Rural population % (2011)||Urban population % (2011)
|-
| [[Tehatta subdivision|Tehatta]] ||[[Tehatta]]||862.18||796,245||97.15||2.85
|-
|[[Krishnanagar Sadar subdivision|Krishnanagar Sadar]]||[[Krishnanagar, Nadia|Krishnanagar]]||1,661.10||2,186,503||79.205||20.795
|-
|Ranaghat||[[Ranaghat]] ||893.58||1,432,761||58.32||41.68
|-
|[[Kalyani subdivision|Kalyani]]||[[Kalyani, West Bengal|Kalyani]]||526.57||891,563||23.27||76.73
|-
|[[Nadia district]]||[[Krishnanagar, Nadia|Krishnanagar]]||3,927.00||5,307,072||66.86||33.14
|-
|}
{{OSM Location map
| width=400| height=250| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|23|14|0|N|88|32|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities and towns in Ranaghat subdivision of Nadia district''' M: municipal town/ city/notified area, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre. Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|23|13|53|N|88|23|15|E}} | label-pos1=left|label1=Nrisinghapur | numbered1=CT| mark-title1= [[Nrisinghapur]] (CT)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1=#A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|23|14|0|N|88|25|0|E}} | label-pos2=bottom|label2=Ghoralia | numbered2=CT| mark-title2= [[Ghoralia]] (CT)
|mark-coord3={{coord|23|15|15|N|88|28|52|E}} | label-pos3=left|label3= Harinadibhastsala | numbered3=CT| mark-title3= [[Harinadibhastsala]] (CT)
|mark-coord4={{coord|23|13|50|N|88|28|7|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4= Beharia | numbered4=CT| mark-title4= [[Beharia, Nadia]] (CT)
|mark-coord5={{coord|23|12|5|N|88|30|22|E}} | label-pos5=left|label5= Phulia | numbered5=CT| mark-title5= [[Phulia]] (CT)
|mark-coord6={{coord|23|20|40|N|88|38|38|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6= Bagula | numbered6=CT| mark-title6= [[Bagula]] (CT)
|mark-coord7={{coord|23|18|45|N|88|31|48|E}} | label-pos7=right|label7= Badkulla | numbered7=CT| mark-title7= [[Badkulla]] (CT)
|mark-coord8={{coord|23|18|50|N|88|30|55|E}} | label-pos8=left|label8= Patuli | numbered8=CT| mark-title8= [[Patuli, Nadia]] (CT)
|mark-coord9={{coord|23|17|20|N|88|31|47|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9= Gangni | numbered9=CT| mark-title9= [[Gangni]] (CT)
|mark-coord10={{coord|23|13|50|N|88|33|20|E}} | label-pos10=right|label10= Kamgachhi | numbered10=CT| mark-title10= [[Kamgachhi]] (CT)
|mark-coord11={{coord|23|12|55|N|88|33|40|E}} | label-pos11=left|label11= Raghabpur | numbered11=CT| mark-title11= [[Raghabpur, Nadia]] (CT)
|mark-coord12={{coord|23|12|0|N|88|32|18|E}} | label-pos12=right|label12= Panpara | numbered12=CT| mark-title12= [[Panpara]] (CT)
|mark-coord13={{coord|23|11|15|N|88|33|32|E}} | label-pos13=left|label13= Aistala | numbered13=CT| mark-title13= [[Aistala]] (CT)
|mark-coord14={{coord|23|8|55|N|88|33|2|E}} | label-pos14=left|label14= Satigachha | numbered14=CT| mark-title14= [[Satigachha]] (CT)
|mark-coord15={{coord|23|8|15|N|88|33|6|E}} | label-pos15=left|label15= Anulia | numbered15=CT| mark-title15= [[Anulia]] (CT)
|mark-coord16={{coord|23|6|55|N|88|32|44|E}} | label-pos16=right|label16= Gopalpur | numbered16=CT| mark-title16= [[Gopalpur, Nadia]] (CT)
|mark-coord17={{coord|23|6|10|N|88|33|20|E}} | label-pos17=right|label17= Parbbatipur | numbered17=CT| mark-title17= [[Parbbatipur]] (CT)
|mark-coord18={{coord|23|12|45|N|88|35|18|E}} | label-pos18=right|label18= Halalpur Krishnapur | numbered18=CT| mark-title18= [[Halalpur Krishnapur]] (CT)
|mark-coord19={{coord|23|11|15|N|88|35|0|E}} | label-pos19=right|label19= Hijuli | numbered19=CT| mark-title19= [[Hijuli, Nadia]] (CT)
|mark-coord20={{coord|23|9|40|N|88|34|44|E}} | label-pos20=right|label20= Ranaghat (CT) | numbered20=CT| mark-title20= [[Ranaghat (CT)]] (CT)
|mark-coord21={{coord|23|8|5|N|88|34|24|E}} | label-pos21=right|label21= Nasra | numbered21=CT| mark-title21= [[Nasra, Ranaghat]] (CT)
|mark-coord22={{coord|23|7|51|N|88|38|38|E}} | label-pos22=right|label22= Gangnapur | numbered22=CT| mark-title22= [[Gangnapur]] (CT)
|mark-coord23={{coord|23|5|50|N|88|31|45|E}} | label-pos23=left|label23= Belgharia | numbered23=CT| mark-title23= [[Belgharia, Nadia]] (CT)
|mark-coord24={{coord|23|10|30|N|88|31|40|E}} | label-pos24=left|label24= Ranaghat |label-size24=13 | numbered24=M| mark-title24= [[Ranaghat]] (M)|label-color24=#800000
|mark-coord25={{coord|23|16|4|N|88|26|13|E}} | label-pos25=left|label25= Shantipur |label-size25=13 | numbered25=M| mark-title25= [[Shantipur]] (M)|label-color25=#800000
|mark-coord26={{coord|23|15|25|N|88|33|29|E}} | label-pos26=right|label26= Birnagar |label-size26=13 | numbered26=M| mark-title26= [[Birnagar]] (M)|label-color26=#800000
|mark-coord27={{coord|23|8|50|N|88|35|21|E}} | label-pos27=right|label27= Cooper's Camp |label-size27=11 | numbered27=M| mark-title27= [[Cooper's Camp]] (M)|label-color27=#800000
|mark-coord28={{coord|23|16|25|N|88|32|8|E}} | label-pos28=right|label28= Taherpur |label-size28=11 | numbered28=M| mark-title28= [[Taherpur]] (M)|label-color28=#800000
|mark-coord29={{coord|23|13|34|N|88|40|30|E}} | label-pos29=right|label29= Panikhali| numbered29=R| mark-title29= [[Panikhali]] (R)| shape-color29=#C40000
|mark-coord30={{coord|23|14|34|N|88|36|17|E}} | label-pos30=right|label30= Aranghata| numbered30=R| mark-title30= [[Aranghata]] (R)| shape-color30=#C40000
|mark-coord31={{coord|23|14|44|N|88|42|21|E}} | label-pos31=top|label31= Duttapulia| numbered31=R| mark-title31= [[Duttapulia]] (R)| shape-color31=#C40000
|mark-coord32={{coord|23|22|3|N|88|36|4|E}} | label-pos32=left|label32= Hanskhali| numbered32=R| mark-title32= [[Hanskhali]] (R)| shape-color32=#C40000
|mark-coord33={{coord|23|9|45|N|88|30|38|E}} | label-pos33=left|label33= Habibpur| numbered33=R| mark-title33= [[Habibpur, Nadia]] (R)| shape-color33=#C40000
|mark-coord34={{coord|23|11|58|N|88|37|50|E}} | label-pos34=right|label34= Dhantala| numbered34=R| mark-title34= [[Dhantala]] (R)| shape-color34=#C40000
|mark-coord35={{coord|23|10|27|N|88|35|48|E}} | label-pos35=right|label35= Nokari| numbered35=R| mark-title35= [[Nokari]] (R)| shape-color35=#C40000
|mark-coord36={{coord|23|6|50|N|88|31|25|E}} | label-pos36=left|label36= Payradanga| numbered36=R| mark-title36= [[Payradanga]] (R)| shape-color36=#C40000
|mark-coord37={{coord|23|18|0|N|88|21|0|E}}|label37= Bhagirathi| labela37=River|label-color37 = #77A1CB| label-angle37=-75| label-pos37=top| label-size37=11| mark-size37=0| mark-title37=none
|mark-coord38={{coord|23|19|40|N|88|35|0|E}}|label38= Churni |labela38 = River| label-color38 = #77A1CB| label-angle38=-65| label-pos38=top| label-size38=11| mark-size38=0| mark-title38=none
|arc-coordA={{coord|23|22|30|N|88|46|0|E}}|arc-textA= BANGLADESH| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=70| arc-gapA=3.0| arc-radiusA=0.35}}

==Administrative units==
Ranaghat subdivision has 6 police stations, 4 community development blocks, 4 panchayat samitis, 47 [[gram panchayat]]s, 327 [[mouza]]s, 293 inhabited villages 3 municipalities, 2 notified areas, 23 [[census town]]s and 5 outgrowth. The municipalities are: Ranaghat, Santipur and Birnagar. The notified areas are: Taherpur and Cooper's Camp. The census towns are: [[Nrisinghapur]], [[Harinadibhastsala]], [[Ghoralia]], [[Beharia, Nadia|Beharia]], [[Phulia]], [[Bagula]], [[Badkulla]], [[Patuli, Nadia|Patuli]], [[Gangni]], [[Kamgachhi]], [[Raghabpur, Nadia|Raghabpur]], [[Panpara]], [[Aistala]], [[Satigachha]], [[Anulia]], [[Gopalpur, Nadia|Gopalpur]], [[Parbbatipur]], [[Halalpur Krishnapur]], [[Hijuli, Nadia|Hijuli]], [[Ranaghat (CT)]], [[Nasra, Ranaghat|Nasra]], [[Gangnapur]] and [[Belgharia, Nadia|Belgharia]]. Outgrowths around Ranaghat are: [[Taherpur]] (Ward No. 14), Barasat (Ward No, 15), Bhaduri (Ward No. 16), Mahisdanga (Ward No.17) and Magurkhali (Ward No. 13).<ref name=handbook2014a>{{cite web | url = http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Nadia | work = Table 2.1 | publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 7 October 2020}}</ref><ref name=census2011b>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 16 May 2017}}</ref>

The subdivision has its headquarters at [[Ranaghat]].<ref name=handbook2014a/><ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbprd.gov.in/HtmlPage/PANCHAYATS.aspx |title = Directory of District, Subdivision, Panchayat Samiti/ Block and Gram Panchayats in West Bengal |work = Bardhaman - Revised in March 2008 | publisher= Panchayats and Rural Development Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 16 May 2017}}</ref>

==Police stations==
Police stations in Ranaghat subdivision have the following features and jurisdiction:<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Nadia |work = Tables 2.1, 2.2 |publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 7 October 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://nadiapolice.gov.in/ | title = Nadia District Police | work = Police Unit | publisher = West Bengal Police | access-date = 17 May 2017 | archive-date = 28 May 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170528060640/http://nadiapolice.gov.in/ | url-status = dead }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Police station ||Area covered km2||India-Bangladesh border km||Municipal town || CD Block
|-
|[[Shantipur#Police station|Shantipur]]||111.945|| - ||[[Shantipur]]||[[Santipur (community development block)|Santipur]]
|-
|[[Hanskhali#Police station|Hanskhali]]||229||25|| - ||[[Hanskhali (community development block)|Hanskhali]]
|-
|[[Ranaghat#Police station|Ranaghat]], [[Taherpur#Police station|Taherpur]]||250+154.74|| - ||[[Ranaghat]], [[Birnagar]], [[Taherpur]]||[[Ranaghat I]]
|-
|[[Dhantala#Police station|Dhantala]], [[Gangnapur#Police station|Gangnapur]]||206+102||12||[[Cooper's Camp]]||[[Ranaghat II]]
|-
|}

==Blocks==
Community development blocks in Ranaghat subdivision are:<ref name=handbook2014/><ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= 2011 census: West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 16 May 2017}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! CD Block ||Headquarters|| Area km2 || Population (2011) ||[[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SC]] %||[[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|ST]] %||[[Hindus]] %||[[Muslims]] %||Literacy rate %||Census Towns
|-
|[[Santipur (community development block)|Santipur]]||[[Phulia]]||171.41||241,080||41.29||1.32||86.45||11.85||73.10||5
|-
|[[Hanskhali (community development block)|Hanskhali]]||[[Hanskhali]]||246.29||293,040||49.17||2.86||87.98||11.39||80.11||3
|-
|[[Ranaghat I]]||[[Habibpur, Nadia|Habibpur]]||145.53||232,282||36.56||1.91||93.82||5.67||77.61||9
|-
|[[Ranaghat II]]||[[Nokari]]||279.03||368,681||47.39||4.39||85.65||12.59||79.38||6
|-
|}

==Gram Panchayats==
The subdivision contains 47 [[gram panchayat]]s under 4 [[Community Development Block in India|community development blocks]]:<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbprd.gov.in/HtmlPage/PANCHAYATS.aspx |title = Directory of District, Subdivision, Panchayat Samiti/ Block and Gram Panchayats in West Bengal |work = Bardhaman - Revised in March 2008 | publisher= Panchayats and Rural Development Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 17 May 2017}}</ref>

[[Hanskhali (Community development block)|Hanskhali]] block consists of 13 gram panchayats, viz. Bagula;I, Betna Gobindapur, Mamjoan, Ramnagar Barachupria;I, Bagula;II, Dakshinpara&;I, Mayurhat;I, Batkulla;I, Dakshinpara;II, Mayurhat;II, Ramnagar Barachupria;II, Batkulla;II and Gajna.

[[Santipur (Community development block)|Santipur]] block consists of ten gram panchayats, viz. Arbandi–I, Baganchra, Fulia Township, Nabla, Arbandi–II, Belgoria–I, Gayeshpur, Babla, Belgoria–II and Haripur.

[[Ranaghat I]] block consists of ten gram panchayats, viz. Anulia, Kalinarayanpur Paharpur, Nawpara Masunda, Ramnagar–II, Barasat, Payradanga, Tarapur, Habibpur, Khisma and Ramnagar–I.

[[Ranaghat II]] block consists of 14 gram panchayats, viz. Anishmali, Baidyapur–II, Kamalpur, Raghunathpur Hijuli–II, Aranghata, Debagram, Majhergram, Bahirgachi, Duttafulia, Nokari, Raghunathpur Hijuli–I, Baidyapur–I, Jugalkishore and Shyamnagar.

==Education==
Nadia district had a literacy rate of 74.97% as per the provisional figures of the census of India 2011. Tehatta subdivision had a literacy rate of 67.25%, Krishnanagar Sadar subdivision 71.03%, Ranaghat subdivision 79.51% and Kalyani subdivision 83.35%.<ref name=2handbook2014>{{cite web | url = http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Nadia | work = Basic data: Table 4.4, 4.5, Clarifications: other related tables | publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 7 October 2020 }}</ref>

Given in the table below (data in numbers) is a comprehensive picture of the education scenario in Nadia district for the year 2013-14:<ref name=2handbook2014/>

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size: 9pt"
|-
!width="110" rowspan="2"| Subdivision
!colspan="2"|Primary School
!colspan="2"|Middle School
!colspan="2"|High School
!colspan="2"|Higher Secondary School
!colspan="2"|General College, Univ
!colspan="2"|Technical / Professional Instt
!colspan="2"|Non-formal Education
|-
!width="30"|Institution

!width="30"|Student

!width="30"|Institution

!width="30"|Student

!width="30"|Institution

!width="30"|Student

!width="30"|Institution

!width="30"|Student

!width="30"|Institution

!width="30"|Student

!width="30"|Institution

!width="30"|Student

!width="30"|Institution

!width="30"|Student 
|-
|align=left|[[Tehatta subdivision|Tehatta]]
|align="center"|424
|align="center"|35,755
|align="center"|27
|align="center"|3,746
|align="center"|12
|align="center"|9,223
|align="center"|53
|align="center"|85,338
|align="center"|2
|align="center"|9,556
|align="center"|7
|align="center"|705
|align="center"|1,321
|align="center"|49,314
|-
|align=left|[[Krishnanagar Sadar subdivision|Krishnanagar Sadar]]
|align="center"|1,066
|align="center"|106,019
|align="center"|82
|align="center"|14,710
|align="center"|39
|align="center"|22,754
|align="center"|160
|align="center"|222,437
|align="center"|9
|align="center"|26,970
|align="center"|24
|align="center"|3,265
|align="center"|2,836
|align="center"|106,868
|-
|align=left|Ranaghat
|align="center"|707
|align="center"|57,335
|align="center"|45
|align="center"|4,494
|align="center"|39
|align="center"|20,958
|align="center"|106
|align="center"|147,018
|align="center"|4
|align="center"|22,678
|align="center"|4
|align="center"|326
|align="center"|2,000
|align="center"|58,835
|-
|align=left|[[Kalyani subdivision|Kalyani]]
|align="center"|428
|align="center"|32,856
|align="center"|28
|align="center"|2,594
|align="center"|15
|align="center"|7,160
|align="center"|86
|align="center"|95,192
|align="center"|4
|align="center"|15477
|align="center"|27
|align="center"|12,522
|align="center"|1,160
|align="center"|22,331
|-
|-
|align=left|[[Nadia district]]
|align="center"|2,625
|align="center"|231,965
|align="center"|182
|align="center"|25,544
|align="center"|105
|align="center"| 60,695
|align="center"|405
|align="center"|549,985
|align="center"|19
|align="center"|74,771
|align="center"|62
|align="center"|16,548
|align="center"|7,317
|align="center"|237,348
|-
|}

Note: Primary schools include junior basic schools; middle schools, high schools and higher secondary schools include madrasahs; technical schools include junior technical schools, junior government polytechnics, industrial technical institutes, industrial training centres, nursing training institutes etc.; technical and professional colleges include engineering colleges, medical colleges, para-medical institutes, management colleges, teachers training and nursing training colleges, law colleges, art colleges, music colleges etc. Special and non-formal education centres include sishu siksha kendras, madhyamik siksha kendras, centres of Rabindra mukta vidyalaya, recognised Sanskrit tols, institutions for the blind and other handicapped persons, Anganwadi centres, reformatory schools etc.<ref name=2handbook2014/>

The following institutions are located in Ranaghat subdivision:
*[[Ranaghat College]] was established at [[Ranaghat]] in 1950. Affiliated to the [[University of Kalyani]], it offers undergraduate courses in arts, science and commerce. It has facilities for teaching MA in Bengali.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.ranaghatcollege.org.in/ | title = Ranaghat College | publisher = RC |access-date = 26 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.collegeadmission.in/RanaghatCollege/Ranaghat_College.shtml | title = Ranaghat College | publisher = College Admission |access-date = 26 May 2017}}</ref>
*[[Santipur College]] was established at [[Santipur]] in 1948. It came up with the initiative of Pandit Lakshmi Kanta Maitra. Affiliated to the [[University of Kalyani]], it offers honours courses in Bengali, English, Sanskrit, history, philosophy, political science, physics, chemistry, mathematics, botany, accountancy and computer applications.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.santipurcollege.in/ | title = Santipur College | publisher = SC |access-date = 26 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.collegeadmission.in/SantipurCollege/Santipur_College.shtml | title = Santipur College | publisher = College Admission |access-date = 26 May 2017}}</ref>
*[[Pritilata Waddedar Mahavidyalaya]] was established at [[Panikhali]] in 2007. It was founded as a women's college but later became co-educational. It is a government aided general degree college.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://pwm.ac.in/ | title = Pritilata Waddedar Mahavidyalaya | publisher = PWM, Panikhali |access-date = 26 May 2017}}</ref>
*[[Srikrishna College]] was established at [[Bagula]] in 1952.Affiliated to the [[University of Kalyani]], it offers honours courses in Bengali, English, Sanskrit, history, geography, political science, philosophy, economics, education, physics, Computer science, chemistry, mathematics and accountancy.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.srikrishnacollegebagula.org/ | title = Sri Krishna College, Bagula | publisher = SKC | access-date = 26 May 2017 | archive-date = 26 May 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170526140719/http://www.srikrishnacollegebagula.org/ | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Healthcare==
The table below (all data in numbers) presents an overview of the medical facilities available and patients treated in the hospitals, health centres and sub-centres in 2014 in Nadia district.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Nadia | work = Table 3.1, 3.3 | publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 7 October 2020 }}</ref>

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size: 9pt"
|-
!width="110" rowspan="2"| Subdivision
!width="160" colspan="4" rowspan="1"| Health & Family Welfare Deptt, WB

!widthspan="110" rowspan="2"|Other State Govt Deptts
!widthspan="110" rowspan="2"|Local bodies
!widthspan="110" rowspan="2"|Central Govt Deptts / PSUs
!widthspan="110" rowspan="2"|NGO / Private Nursing Homes
!widthspan="110" rowspan="2"|Total
!widthspan="110" rowspan="2"|Total Number of Beds
!widthspan="110" rowspan="2"|Total Number of Doctors*
!widthspan="130" rowspan="2"|Indoor Patients
!widthspan="130" rowspan="2"|Outdoor Patients
|-
!width="40"|Hospitals 
!width="40"|Rural Hospitals 
!width="40"|Block Primary Health Centres 
!width="40"|Primary Health Centres 
|-
|align=left|[[Tehatta subdivision|Tehatta]]
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|2
|align="center"|7
|align="center"| -
|align="center"| -
|align="center"| -
|align="center"|6
|align="center"|17
|align="center"|405
|align="center"|36
|align="center"|36,811
|align="center"|1,035,750
|-
|align=left|[[Krishnanagar Sadar subdivision|Krishnanagar Sadar]]
|align="center"|3
|align="center"|4
|align="center"|3
|align="center"|20
|align="center"|2
|align="center"|16
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|31
|align="center"|80
|align="center"|2,386
|align="center"|113
|align="center"|165,867
|align="center"|2,304,887
|-
|align=left|Ranaghat
|align="center"|2
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|2
|align="center"|15
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|8
|align="center"| -
|align="center"|21
|align="center"|50
|align="center"|780
|align="center"|104
|align="center"|58,507
|align="center"|1,426,852
|-
|align=left|[[Kalyani subdivision|Kalyani]]
|align="center"|4
|align="center"|1
|align="center"| -
|align="center"|7
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|5
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|25
|align="center"|43
|align="center"|1,863
|align="center"|226
|align="center"|90,327
|align="center"|1,272,701
|-
|align=left|[[Nadia district]]
|align="center"|10
|align="center"|7
|align="center"|7
|align="center"|49
|align="center"|4
|align="center"|29
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|83
|align="center"|190
|align="center"|5,434
|align="center"|479
|align="center"|351,512
|align="center"|6,040,190
|-
|}
.* Excluding nursing homes

===Medical facilities===
Medical facilities in Ranaghat subdivision are as follows:

'''Hospitals''' in Ranaghat subdivision: (Name, location, beds)<ref name=medical>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/Hospitals.pdf | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics - Hospitals | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 3 October 2020 | archive-date = 14 September 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200914160418/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/Hospitals.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref> 
Ranaghat Subdivisional Hospital, [[Anulia]], 171 beds 
Santipur State General Hospital, [[Santipur]], 131 beds 
Coopers' P.L. Home and Hospital, [[Cooper's Camp]], 30 beds

'''Rural Hospitals''': (Name, block, location, beds) <ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | title =Health & Family Welfare Department | work =Health Statistics – Rural Hospitals | publisher =Government of West Bengal | access-date =3 October 2020 | archive-date =8 October 2022 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20221008143352/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | url-status =dead }}</ref> 
Bagula Rural Hospital, Hanskhali CD Block, [[Bagula]], 30 beds 
Habibpur (Jadhav Dutta) Rural Hospital, Ranaghat I CD Block, [[Habibpur, Nadia|Habibpur]], 30 beds 
Aranghata Rural Hospital, Ranaghat II CD Block, [[Aranghata]], 30 beds

'''Block Primary Health Centres''': (Name, CD block, location, beds)<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/BPHC.pdf | title =Health & Family Welfare Department | work =Health Statistics – Block Primary Health Centres | publisher =Government of West Bengal | access-date =3 October 2020 | archive-date =16 August 2020 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20200816074737/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/BPHC.pdf | url-status =dead }}</ref> 
Nabla (Fulia) Block Primary Health Centre, Santipur CD Block, Fulia Colony, 10 beds

'''Primary Health Centres''' (CD Block-wise)(CD Block, PHC location, beds)<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/PHC.pdf | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics – Primary Health Centres | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 3 October 2020 | archive-date = 21 April 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180421215645/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/PHC.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref> 
Santipur CD Block: Arbandhi (10 beds), Baganchora (10 beds), Gayeshpur (10 beds) 
Hanskhali CD Block: Badkulla (10 beds), Ramnagar (6 beds), [[Hanskhali]] (6 beds), Dakshinpara (10 beds) 
Ranaghat I CD Block: Paschim Noapara Bhabasundari (10 beds), Paharpur (6 beds), Taherpur (6 beds). 
Ranaghat II CD Block: [[Duttapulia]] (10 beds), [[Gangnapur]] (4 beds), Kamalpur (4 beds), Gangsara (4 beds)

==Electoral constituencies==
[[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) and [[Vidhan Sabha]] (state assembly) constituencies in Ranaghat subdivision were as follows:<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18, 15 February 2006 | access-date= 24 May 2017|work = West Bengal| publisher= Election Commission of India}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Lok Sabha constituency ||Reservation||Vidhan Sabha constituency ||Reservation||CD Block and/or Gram panchayats and/or municipal areas
|-
|[[Ranaghat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ranaghat]]||Reserved for SC||[[Krishnaganj (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Krishnaganj]]||Reserved for SC||[[Krishnaganj (Community development block)|Krishnaganj]]* [[Community Development Block in India|community development block]], and Badkulla-I, Badkulla-II, Betna Gobindapur, Dakshin Para I, Dakshin Para II, Gajna, Mayurhat I and Mayurhat II [[gram panchayat]]s of [[Hanskhali (Community development block)|Hanskhali]] CD Block
|-
| || ||[[Nabadwip (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nabadwip]]||None||[[Nabadwip]] municipality*, [[Nabadwip (Community development block)|Nabadwip]]* CD Block, and Bhaluka and Joania GPs of [[Krishnanagar I (Community development block)|Krishnanagar I]]* CD Block
|-
| || || || ||.* Krishnaganj, Nabadwip and Krishnanagar I are in Krishnanagar Sadar subdivision
|-
| || ||[[Santipur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Santipur]]||None||[[Shantipur]] municipality, and Babla, Baganchra, Belgoria I, Belgoria II Gayeshpur and Haripur GPs of [[Santipur (Community development block)|Santipur]] CD Block
|-
| || ||[[Ranaghat Uttar Paschim (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ranaghat Uttar Paschim]]||None||[[Ranaghat]] municipality, [[Taherpur]] notified area, [[Birnagar]] municipality, and Ramnagar I, Barasat, Kalinarayanpur-Paharpur and Khisma GPs of [[Ranaghat I (Community development block)|Ranaghat I]] CD Block, and Arbandi I, and Arbandi II GPs of [[Santipur (Community development block)|Santipur]] CD Block, and [[Phulia|Fulia Township]]
|-
| || ||[[Ranaghat Dakshin (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ranaghat Dakshin]]||Reserved for SC||Anishmali, Baidyapur I, Baidyapur II, Debagram, Majher Gram, Nokari, Raghunathpur Hijuli I and Shyamnagar GPs of [[Ranaghat II (Community development block)|Ranaghat II]] CD Block, Anulia, Habibpur, Nawpara Masunda, Payradanga, Ramnagar II and Tarapur GPs of [[Ranaghat I (Community development block)|Ranaghat I]] CD Block and [[Cooper's Camp]] notified area.
|-
| || ||[[Ranaghat Uttar Purba (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ranaghhat Uttar Purba]]||Reserved for SC||Aranghata, Bahirgachhi, Duttapulia, Jugalkishore, Kamalpur and Raghunathpur Hijuli II [[gram panchayat]]s of [[Ranaghat II (Community development block)|Ranaghat II]] CD Block, and Bagula I, Bagula II, Mamjoan, Ramnagar Bara Chupria I and Ramnagar Bara Chupria II GPs of [[Hanskhali (Community development block)|Hanskhali]] CD Block
|-
| || ||[[Chakdaha (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chakdaha]]**||None||[[Chakdaha]] municipality, and Chanduria I, Dubra, Ghetugachhi, Rautari, Silinda I, Silinda II, Tatla I and Tatla II [[gram panchayat]]s of [[Chakdaha (Community development block)|Chakdaha]] CD Block
|-
| || ||.** Chakdaha is in Kalyani subdivision|| ||
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Nadia District}}
{{Nadia topics}}

[[Category:Subdivisions of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Subdivisions in Nadia district]]

Tiruchirappalli City Municipal Corporation

2026-01-21T10:21:30Z

CaitlinBecker07: Article updated with improved flow

{{Short description|Municipal corporation for Tiruchirappalli, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}

{{Infobox legislature
| name = Tiruchirappalli City Municipal Corporation
| legislature =
| coa_pic = Tiruchi corporation logo.jpg
| coa_res = 150px
| coa_alt =
| house_type = Municipal Corporation
| body = Tiruchirappalli

| foundation = {{start date and age|df=y|1866|11|1}}
| houses =
| leader1_type = [[Mayor]]
| leader1 = M. Anbazhagan
| party1 =
| election1 =
| leader2_type = [[Deputy Mayor]]
| leader2 = G. Dhivya
| party2 =
| election2 =
| leader3_type = [[Commissioner|Special Officer & Commissioner]]
| leader3 = V. Saravanan, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| party3 =
| election3 =
| leader4_type = [[District Collector]]
| leader4 = M. Pradeep Kumar, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| party4 =
| election4 =
| leader5_type =
| leader5 =
| party5 =
| election5 =
| members =
| house1 =
| house2 =
| structure1 =File:Trichy Corporation 2022.jpg
| structure1_res =
| structure2 =
| structure2_res =
| political_groups1 ='''[[Government]] (56)''' 
*'''[[Secular Progressive Alliance|SPA]] (56)'''
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}} [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] (49)
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Indian National Congress}}}} [[Indian National Congress|INC]] (5)
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Communist Party of India}}}} [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] (1)
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}} [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] (1)
'''[[Opposition (politics)|Opposition]] (3)'''
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}} [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]] (3)
'''Others (6)'''
:*[[Independent politician|Independent]] (6)
| political_groups2 =
| committees1 =
| committees2 =
| voting_system1 =
| voting_system2 =
| last_election1 = 2022
| last_election2 =
| seats = 65
| session_room = Trichycorporation.jpg
| session_res = 240px
| meeting_place = Trichy municipal corporation building
| website = {{URL|https://trichycorporation.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
The '''Tiruchirappalli City Municipal Corporation''' is the [[municipal corporation]] which looks after the city administration of [[Tiruchirappalli]] in [[Tamil Nadu]], India. It consists of a legislative and an executive body. The legislative body is headed by the city mayor while the executive body is headed by a Chief Commissioner.

==History==

The [[municipality]] of Tiruchirapalli was inaugurated by the Town Improvements Act 1865 on 1 November 1866 and included the civil station as well as the Trichinopoly Cantonment. The municipality originally consisted of two ex-officio and nine nominated members.<ref name="hemingwayp263">[[#Hemingway|Hemingway]], p 263</ref> Elections to the council were introduced in 1877 and the first chairman was elected in 1889.<ref name="hemingwayp263" /> Elections were stopped in September 1895 and remained so until July 1897. The appointment of a municipal secretary was sanctioned by the Madras Government in 1898.<ref name="hemingwayp263" />
Following the [[Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms]], an Indian mayor was elected from 1921. The first Indian mayor was probably the Indian national congress independence activist, [[F. G. Natesa Iyer]]- who was also an officer with the [[South Indian Railway Company]], the largest industrial enterprise, then in Trichinopoly.<ref>{{cite news | first=S. P. | last=Saravanan | title = Salem, more like a vast urban village| quote =F.G. Natesa Iyer, who was a senior official of the South Indian Railway Company, was the first elected Indian chairman of Tiruchi Municipality. | newspaper = The Hindu | date = 2 November 2015 | url =https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/salem-more-like-a-vast-urban-village/article7832866.ece |access-date=16 November 2018 }}</ref>
Indian independence activist [[P. Rathinavelu Thevar]] served as the Chairman of Trichinopoly municipality for a record five terms from 1924 to 1946. Thevar's tenure was, however, highly controversial and he was dismissed in 1934 for administrative irregularities.<ref name="rajp280">{{cite book|title=Congress and the Raj: Facets of the Indian Struggle 1917 - 47|author=D. A. Low |author2=Raja Kanta Ray |publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2006|page=280|ISBN=978-0-19-568367-7}}</ref> Thevar's rival [[T. S. S. Rajan]] accused him of instigating [[anti-Brahmin]] and [[Islamophobia|anti-Muslim]] violence in the city.<ref name="rajp280" /><ref name="indianexpress_19360815">{{cite news|title=Dr. Rajan defends his apparent indiscipline|work=[[Indian Express]]|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=_MA-AAAAIBAJ&sjid=bkwMAAAAIBAJ&pg=6461,2350429&hl=en|date=15 August 1936}}</ref>

A municipality of Srirangam was created in 1871 per the Town Improvements Act of 1865 following a decision not to include Srirangam within Trichinopoly municipality as it lay extremely far from the heart of Tiruchirappalli town.<ref name="hemingwaysrirangam">[[#Hemingway|Hemingway]], pp 261-262</ref> The municipality of Srirangam included most of [[Srirangam Island]] including [[Thiruvanaikaval]].<ref name="hemingwaysrirangam" /> [[Golden Rock, Tiruchirappalli|Golden Rock]], with a population of 38,880 as per the 1971 census, was constituted a third-grade municipality on 1 October 1972 and upgraded to a II-Grade municipality on 5 October 1978.

There were demands to merge Tiruchi and Srirangam municipalities in September 1930 and October 1933. Rathinavelu Thevar submitted a memorandum to [[George Goschen, 2nd Viscount Goschen|Lord Goschen]] requesting the upgrading of Tiruchi to a municipal corporation and extending it up to [[Manachanallur]].<ref name="indianexpress_19331007">{{cite news|title=Trichy Municipal Amalgamation|work=Indian Express|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=DYk-AAAAIBAJ&sjid=80sMAAAAIBAJ&pg=6234,3295615&hl=en|date=7 October 1933}}</ref> Tiruchirappalli was eventually designated [[municipal corporation]] in 1994 through the merger of Srirangam and Golden Rock municipalities as per the Tiruchirapalli City Municipal Corporation Act 1994.<ref name="panchayatirajp80">{{cite book|title=A handbook for panchayati raj administration (Tamil Nadu)|page=80|first=Ganapathy|last=Palanithurai|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|year=2007|ISBN=978-81-8069-340-3}}</ref> The municipal corporation currently covers an area of 164.70 km2 and comprises 65 wards and 4 administrative zones: [[Srirangam]], [[Ariyamangalam]], [[Golden Rock, Tiruchirappalli|Golden Rock]] and [[Abhishekapuram]].<ref name="townplanning">{{cite web|title=Town Planning Department|url=http://www.trichycorporation.gov.in/town.php|publisher=Tiruchirappalli City Municipal Corporation}}</ref>

==Structure==
The Tiruchirappalli City Municipal Corporation Council, the legislative body, comprises 100 councillors elected from each of the 65 wards and is headed by the Worshipful [[Mayor]] assisted by a [[Deputy Mayor]].<ref name="citymunc">{{cite web|title=About city municipal corporation|url=http://www.trichycorporation.gov.in/aboutc.php#menu|publisher=Tiruchirappalli City Municipal Corporation|access-date=2011-05-15}}</ref> The executive wing is made up of seven departments: general administration, revenue, town planning, engineering, public health, information technology and personnel and is headed by a City Commissioner. The Commissioner is assisted by a city engineer, a city health officer, two executive engineers for the east and west sections, and Assistant Commissioners for personnel, accounts and revenue departments, a public relations officer, and an Assistant Commissioner for each of the four zones.<ref name="orgchart">{{cite web|title=Organizational chart|url=http://www.trichycorporation.gov.in/orgchart.php#menu|publisher=Tiruchirappalli City Municipal Corporation|access-date=2011-05-15}}</ref>

=== Divisions ===
The civic administration of the city is divided into four zones - Abhishekapuram, Ariyamangalam, Golden Rock and Srirangam.<ref name="orgchart" /> The engineering department, however, is divided into two zones - East and West.<ref name="orgchart" /> The zones and the wards which come under each of them have been listed below.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
|- style="background:#ffffdd; color:#000;"
!align=left width=100px|Zone
!align=Centre width=100px | Wards<ref name="trichy coun">{{cite web
| url = http://www.trichycorporation.gov.in/councillor_list.php
| access-date = 2011-11-06
| publisher = Tiruchirappalli Municipal Corporation
| title = Councillor Lis}}</ref>
!align=Centre width=100px | Total number of wards
!align=Centre width=100px | Assistant Commissioner-in-charge
|-
| Abhishekapuram || 75 - 100 || 25 || P. Subramaniam (i/c)<ref name="abishekapuram">{{cite web|title=Corporation Assistant Commissioner Profile|url=http://www.trichycorporation.gov.in/profile4.php?ulvl=Administrator&z=4#menu|publisher=Tiruchirappalli Municipal Corporation}}</ref>
|-
| Ariyamangalam || 26-50 || 25 || K.Padmavathy<ref name="ariyamangalam">{{cite web|title=Corporation Assistant Commissioner Profile|url=http://www.trichycorporation.gov.in/profile4.php?ulvl=Administrator&z=2#menu|publisher=Tiruchirappalli Municipal Corporation}}</ref>
|-
| Golden Rock || 51-75|| 25 || M. Dhayanithi<ref name="goldenrock">{{cite web|title=Corporation Assistant Commissioner Profile|url=http://www.trichycorporation.gov.in/profile4.php?ulvl=Administrator&z=1#menu|publisher=Tiruchirappalli Municipal Corporation}}</ref>
|-
| Srirangam || 1-25 || 25 || A. Akbar Ali <ref name="srirangam">{{cite web|title=Corporation Assistant Commissioner Profile|url=http://www.trichycorporation.gov.in/profile4.php?ulvl=Administrator&z=3#menu|publisher=Tiruchirappalli Municipal Corporation}}</ref>
|}

== Functions ==
Water supply is provided by the Tiruchirappalli Municipal Corporation.<ref name="waterservices">{{cite web|title=Water supply-Trichy Corporation|url=http://www.trichycorporation.gov.in/watersupply.php|publisher=Tiruchirappalli Municipal Corporation|access-date=2011-05-19}}</ref> Of the six headworks from which the city gets its water supply, four are maintained by the municipal corporation and the rest by other agencies.<ref name="slbp4">[[#SLB Results Workshop|SLB Results Workshop]], p 4</ref> Apart from the [[Gandhi Market|Gandhi market]], [[Central Bus Station, Tiruchirappalli|Central Bus terminus]] and the [[Chathiram Bus Station, Tiruchirappalli|Chathiram bus terminus]], solid waste management in the city is handled by the corporation.<ref name="slbp4" /> About 400 tonnes of solid waste are released from city every year.<ref name="thehindu_20040815">{{cite news|title=Waste management programme begins|work=The Hindu|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2004/08/15/stories/2004081513990300.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125183654/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2004/08/15/stories/2004081513990300.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-date=25 January 2013|date=15 August 2004|access-date=2011-05-21}}</ref> The principal [[Landfill|garbage dumping ground]] is at [[Ariyamangalam]].<ref name="thehindu_20100312">{{cite news|title=Corporation to go in for scientific closure of garbage dump|work=The Hindu|first=S.|last=Ganesan|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/article236840.ece|date=12 March 2010|access-date=2011-05-21}}</ref> Recently, the Tiruchirappalli city corporation has gone in for scientific closure of the garbage dump and its replacement with a [[Sewage treatment|sewage treatment plant]].<ref name="thehindu_20100312" /> Waste water management in the Trichy-Srirangam under ground drainage (UGD) areas are handled by the [[Tamil Nadu Water Supply and Drainage Board]] (TWAD) and in other areas by the Tiruchirappalli Municipal Corporation.<ref name="slbp4" /> The high toxicity of the waste water released by the Trichy Distilleries and Chemicals Limited (TDCL) is a major cause of concern for the corporation.<ref name="environmentalhealthp92">{{cite book|title=Environmental health|volume=13|page=92|publisher=Central Public Health Engineering Research Institute|year=1991}}</ref> The corporation's annual expenditure for the year 2010-11 is estimated to be Rs. 155.94 crores.<ref name="thehindu_20110129">{{cite news|title=AIADMK, MDMK councillors stage walk-out; allege neglect of wards|date=29 January 2011|url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/01/29/stories/2011012961270300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110202154654/http://www.hindu.com/2011/01/29/stories/2011012961270300.htm|archive-date=2 February 2011|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=2011-05-21}}</ref> The corporation also maintains public parks in Tiruchirappalli city, notable among them being the P. T. Rajan Park, Chinnaswamy Park, Lourdusamy Park, Raja Park, Parangiri Velusamy Park and Ibrahim Park.<ref name="thehindu_20110427">{{cite news|title=Once blooming parks, now shrivelled for maintenance|first=S.|last=Ganesan|url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/04/27/stories/2011042763350300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110808085609/http://www.hindu.com/2011/04/27/stories/2011042763350300.htm|archive-date=8 August 2011|date=27 April 2011|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=2011-05-27}}</ref>

== List of mayors ==
The first elections for the post of mayor were held in 1996, two years after Tiruchirappalli's upgradation to a municipal corporation.<ref name="thehindu_20111002">{{cite news|title=DMK fields Vijaya Jayaraj as candidate for Mayor's post|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/article2506115.ece|date=2 October 2011|work=The Hindu}}</ref>
* Punithavalli Palaniyandi (25.10.1996–10.02.2001)
* Emily Richard (Mayor Incharge) (11.02.2001-24.10.2001)
* [[Charubala Tondaiman]] (25.10.2001–24.10.2006)
* [[Charubala Tondaiman]] (25.10.2006–02.06.2009)
* S. Sujatha (03.06.2009–24.10.2011)
* [[A. Jaya]] (25.10.2011–24.10.2016)
* M. Anbalagan (04.03.2022–Present)

== List of Commissioners ==

*1 <big>'''Thiru. S.Ramaiah, B.A'''</big> 01.06.1994 to 05.10.1994
*2 '''Thiru. Swaran Singh, I.A.S''' 05.10.1994 to 10.12.1995
*3 '''T. Subramanian''' 10.12.1995 to 02.01.1996
*4 '''M. Abdullahsha, I.A.S''' 03.01.1996 to 29.05.1996
*5 '''A.J. MD.Mirza, B.E''' 30.05.1996 to 20.06.1996
*6 '''Apurva varma, I.A.S''' 21.06.1996 to 19.02.1997
*7 '''G. Pitchai, B.Sc''' 20.02.1997 to 20.08.1997
*8 '''P. Muthu Veeran, M.Sc''' 21.08.1997 to 10.06.2001
*9 '''S. Karuthiah Pandian, I.A.S''' 11.06.2001 to 20.06.2002
*10 '''R. Venkatesan, I.A.S''' 27.06.2002 to 19.02.2003
*11 '''Anand Patil, I.A.S''' 16.03.2003 to 01.06.2004
*12 '''Harmander Singh, I.A.S''' 19.07.2004 to 19.06.2006
*13 '''S. Rajamohammed, B.E''' 19.06.2006 to 22.06.2006
*14 '''B. Balachandran, M.Sc''' 22.06.2006 to 18.09.2007
*15 '''T.T. Balsamy, M.A''' 19.09.2007 to 31.07.2011
*16 '''K. Veera Raghava Rao, I.A.S''' 01.08.2011 to 01.03.2012
*17 '''K. R. Selvaraj, M.Sc''' 05.03.2012 to 26.05.2012
*18 '''V.P.Thandapani, B.Sc.,''' M.A.,(D.P.P.Tech) PGDUM 27.05.2012 to 07.01.2015
*19 '''M.Vijaya Lakshmi, B.Sc., HDC, APGDUM''' 08.01.2015 to 22.03.2016
*20 '''N.S.Prema, M.A., B.Ed., M.B.A., APGDUM.,''' 23.03.2016 to 31.08.2016
*21 '''N.Ravichandran, M.Sc., M.Ed '''01.09.2016 to 04.11.2019
*22 '''S.Sivasubramanian, B.Sc., B.L.,''' 06.11.2019 to 13.07.2021
*23 '''P.M.N.Mujibur Rahuman, B.Sc.,''' 14.07.2021 to 02.06.2022
*24 '''Dr.R.Vaithinathan, I.A.S.,''' 02.06.2022 to 13.02.2024
*25 '''V.Saravanan, I.A.S.,''' 15.02.2024 to Till Date

==Elections==
===2011===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 Tamil Nadu local body elections|Mayoral elections, 2011]] : [[Tiruchirappalli]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = A. Jaya
|votes = 1,61,458
|percentage = 42.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = J. Vijaya Jayaraj
|votes = 1,09,043
|percentage = 29.00
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = S. Rohaiya Beevi
|votes = 37,618
|percentage = 10.00
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam
|candidate = M. Chitra
|votes = 30,471
|percentage = 8.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = S. Vijaya
|votes = 15,387
|percentage = 4.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = M. Girija
|votes = 10,375
|percentage = 2.76
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 52,415
|percentage = 13.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 3,76,034
|percentage = 63.68
|change =
}}
{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors = 5,90,460
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing = +15
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2023 corporation elections===

Party wise councillors won (65 wards)

ADMK-42

DMK- 16

MDMK-3

INC-1

DMDK-1

Independent-2

== See also ==
* [[Municipal corporation (India)]]
* [[List of municipal corporations in India]]
* [[Municipal governance in India]]

== Further reading ==
* <cite id="Hemingway">{{cite book|title=Madras District Gazetteers: Trichinopoly|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.13345|first=F. R.|last=Hemingway|year=1907|publisher=Government Press}}</cite id>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Tiruchirappalli}}
{{Municipalities of Tamil Nadu}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Municipal corporations in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Government of Tiruchirappalli]]
[[Category:1866 establishments in British India]]
[[Category:1994 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]

Rajasthan Police Service

2026-01-05T18:36:02Z

CaitlinBecker07: new the article w/ refs.

The '''Rajasthan Police Service (RPS)''' is the state police service of [[Rajasthan]], India. Established in '''1951''', it is classified as a Group A State Civil Service. The functioning of the service is regulated by the Rajasthan Police Service Rules, 1954, which lay down provisions relating to recruitment, training, and service conditions of its officers.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web | url=https://dop.rajasthan.gov.in/writereaddata/modulCategory/202305260342183980441RPSRule1954_merged.pdf | title=राजस्थान पुलिस सेवा नियम | language=hi | trans-title=Rajasthan Police Service Rules | year=1954}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{Cite web| title=राजस्थान लोक सेवा आयोग, अजमेर | language=hi | trans-title=Rajasthan Public Service Commission, Ajmer | url=https://rpsc.rajasthan.gov.in/Static/RecruitmentAdvertisements/A6C5484FAD24491EB33EEC4BBCDF4470.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240902231951/https://rpsc.rajasthan.gov.in/Static/RecruitmentAdvertisements/A6C5484FAD24491EB33EEC4BBCDF4470.pdf | archive-date=2024-09-02}}</ref>

RPS officers are appointed to supervisory and command responsibilities across different administrative and territorial units of the state, where they perform duties related to policing, maintenance of public order, and crime control.. The Department of Home, [[Government of Rajasthan]], acts as the cadre-controlling authority for the service.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web| title=Order | publisher=Government of Rajsthan - Home (Gr.I) department | url=https://home.rajasthan.gov.in/content/dam/homeportal/homedepartment/pdf/CercularNotificationOrder/Gr1/Order/RPS%20Cadre%20Order%2029%20July%202021.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220723030649/https://home.rajasthan.gov.in/content/dam/homeportal/homedepartment/pdf/CercularNotificationOrder/Gr1/Order/RPS%20Cadre%20Order%2029%20July%202021.pdf | archive-date=2022-07-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title=RPS List | url=https://www.police.rajasthan.gov.in/old/rpslist.aspx | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116142045/https://www.police.rajasthan.gov.in/old/rpslist.aspx | access-date=2025-12-26 | archive-date=2024-01-16}}</ref> Together with the [[Rajasthan Administrative Service]] and the [[Rajasthan Forest Service]], the Rajasthan Police Service constitutes one of the principal feeder cadres for appointments to the [[All India Services]].

{{Infobox
| title = Rajasthan Police Service {{small|{{IAST|Rājasthāna Pulisa Sevā}}}}
| image = [[File:Rajasthan Police Service logo.png|220px|alt=RPS Logo]]
| headerstyle = background:#800080; color:white;
| header1 = Service Overview
| label3 = Also known as
| data3 = R.P.S.
| label4 = [[Date of establishment|Founded]]
| data4 = 1951
| label5 = State
| data5 = [[Rajasthan]]
| label6 = Staff College
| data6 = [[Rajasthan Police Academy]], [[Jaipur]], [[Rajasthan]]<ref>{{Cite web | title=Rajasthan police academy organises passing out parade for 76 RPS probationers {{!}} Jaipur News - The Times of India | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/rajasthan-police-academy-organises-passing-out-parade-for-76-rps-probationers/articleshow/124004760.cms | access-date=2025-12-26 | website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref>
| label7 = Cadre Controlling Authority
| data7 = Department of Home, [[Government of Rajasthan]]<ref>{{Cite web | title=Home Department | url=https://home.rajasthan.gov.in/content/homeportal/en/homedepartment.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312044253/http://home.rajasthan.gov.in:80/content/homeportal/en/homedepartment.html | access-date=2025-12-26 | archive-date=2017-03-12}}</ref>
| label8 = Minister Responsible
| data8 = [[Bhajan Lal Sharma]], [[Chief Minister of Rajasthan]] and Minister of Home
| label9 = Legal personality
| data9 = [[Governmental]]; [[Civil service]]
| label10 = Duties
| data10 =
| label12 = [[En cadre|Cadre Strength]]
| data12 = 997 members<ref name="auto"/>
| label13 = Selection
| data13 = Rajasthan State and Subordinate Combined Services Competitive Examination<ref name="auto1"/>
| label14 = Association
| data14 = RPS Association<ref>{{Cite web | title=Sps: Rps Body Seeks Designation Upgrade For Senior Addl Sps {{!}} Jaipur News - Times of India | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/rps-body-seeks-designation-upgrade-for-senior-addl-sps/articleshow/100889321.cms | access-date=2025-12-26 | website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref>
| header15 = Head of the State Civil Services
| label16 = [[Chief secretary (India)|Chief Secretary]]
| data16 = [[V. Srinivas]], [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
}}

== Career progression ==
After completing their professional training, RPS officers are usually appointed as [[Deputy superintendent of police|Deputy Superintendent of Police (Dy. SP)]]. In this capacity, they are commonly posted as [[Circle officer|Circle Officers]], where a police circle typically comprises several police stations. With experience and seniority, officers are promoted to the rank of [[Additional superintendent of police|Additional Superintendent of Police (Addl. SP)]].<ref name=":0" />

=== Functional Designations vs. Substantive Rank ===
The substantive rank or permanent rank of Junior Rajasthan Police Service (RPS) officers is '''Deputy Superintendent of Police (DySP)'''. Their designation varies based on their posting: when appointed to supervise a police circle comprising multiple police stations at the district or sub-division level, they are designated as '''Circle Officers (CO)'''. In Police Commissionerates (Jaipur or Jodhpur), they are known as '''Assistant Commissioners of Police (ACP)'''. When posted to Rajasthan Armed Constabulary (RAC) battalions, they serve as '''Assistant Commandants'''. However, when posted to specialized units such as the Anti-Corruption Bureau (ACB), SOG, CID (CB), or CID (IB), they retain the title of '''Deputy Superintendent of Police.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web | title=Rajasthan Police | url=https://police.rajasthan.gov.in/old/Rajpolice/Orgstructure.aspx | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240721211424/https://www.police.rajasthan.gov.in/old/Rajpolice/Orgstructure.aspx | access-date=2025-12-26 | archive-date=2024-07-21}}</ref>'''

The substantive rank of Senior RPS officers is '''Additional Superintendent of Police (Addl. SP)'''. When posted to a Police Commissionerate (Jaipur or Jodhpur), they are designated as '''Additional Deputy Commissioners of Police (ADCP)'''. However, when posted to Rajasthan Armed Constabulary (RAC) battalions, they serve as '''Deputy Commandants''' or '''Commandants'''.<ref name=":1" />
{| class="wikitable"
|+Transfer and Posting Authority
!Rank
!Designation
!Transfer/Posting Authority
|-
|Junior Scale
|Deputy Superintendent of Police (DySP)
|'''Director General of Police (DGP)'''
''(Police Headquarters, Jaipur)''
|-
|Senior Scale & Above
|Additional Superintendent of Police (Addl. SP)
|'''Department of Home'''
''(Government of Rajasthan, Secretariat)''
|}

== Rank structure ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Rank insignia of Rajasthan Police Service
!Rank
!Insignia description
!Image
|-
|Deputy Superintendent of Police (DySP)
|Three stars with ''R.P.S. badge''
|[[File:RPS DySP.jpg|center|314x314px]]
|-
|Additional Superintendent of Police (Addl. SP)
|National Emblem with R.P.S. badge
|[[File:Addl SP.jpg|center|314x314px]]
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Law enforcement agencies of India]]

Motta Navas

2026-01-05T02:06:43Z

CaitlinBecker07: added new pg

{{Short description|Indian serial killer}}
{{BLP sources|date=February 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox serial killer
| name=Motta Navas
| image=
| caption=
| birthname=Navas
| alias=
| birth_date=1966
| birth_place=[[Kollam]], [[India]]
| death_date=
| cause=
| criminal status= Incarcerated
| victims= 7
| country= [[India]]
| states= [[Kerala]]
| beginyear= June
| endyear= August 2012
| apprehended= 2 November 2012
| conviction= [[Murder]]
| penalty= [[Life imprisonment]]
| imprisoned= [[Poojappura Central Jail]]
}}
'''Motta Navas''' (born 1966) is an Indian [[serial killer]] who operated in the city of [[Kollam]], [[Kerala]] between June and August 2012. Pavement dwellers were bludgeoned to death while they slept. All the murders took place at night and were committed by using stones or hard, blunt objects.

==Early murders==
Navas had already been convicted twice for murder. In 1996 he was arrested on charges of murdering Rajasekaran at Mundakkal in Kollam and was jailed for four years. He was acquitted because there were no witnesses. In 2007 he was arrested again on charges of murdering one Shamir at Karikode in the city following which he was arrested and convicted.<ref name="The Hindu report">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/man-held-on-charge-of-five-murders/article4060891.ece|title=Man held on charge of five murders|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=3 November 2012|accessdate=19 December 2012}}</ref>

==Serial killings==
A series of brutal murders in the city of [[Kollam]] and nearby areas rocked the city in June 2012. Pavement and hutment dwellers were bludgeoned to death while they slept. All the murders took place at night and were committed by using stones or hard, blunt objects. A drug addict, Navas used to sleep by 8 p.m. and wake up at midnight to roam the city, targeting victims.<ref name="The Hindu report"/>

The first murder was committed on the night of 6 June. The victim, aged about 65 years, was hit on the head with a huge stone whilst he was sleeping under the SP Office flyover which was under construction.<ref name="The Hindu report"/> The second murder was committed the very next night on the veranda of a shop. The victim, Appukuttan Achary, was bludgeoned in the nape of his neck, fatally damaging the spine.<ref name="The Hindu report"/> The third murder was on the night of 18 June, also under the SP Office flyover. Bondan Kumar, 65, was hit on the head with a stone.<ref name="The Hindu report"/> On 3 August, Thankappan, 55, a native of Sasthamcotta, was found dead inside a bus waiting shed. He was sleeping in the shed when Navas attacked.<ref name="The Hindu report"/> The fifth murder was committed on the night of 21 August at the veranda of the Municipal Building in [[Chinnakkada]].<ref name="The Hindu report"/> Sudarsanan, 45, was hit on the head with a stone. Navas had attempted two more murders, but the victims escaped with injuries.<ref name="The Hindu report"/>

==Arrest==
Soon after the second murder, the police suspected Navas and took him into custody. Navas pretended to be mentally challenged and so the police got him admitted to a mental asylum in [[Thiruvananthapuram]]. Whilst there, however, psychiatrists found him mentally fit and he was discharged. He came back to Kollam and allegedly committed the other murders. Night patrol teams of the police had noticed Navas loitering in the city on those days, but on seeing the police party he feigned mental illness and was ignored by the police. After investigations which lasted about a fortnight a police team led by Kollam East Circle Inspector V. Sugathan, Sub Inspector G. Gopakumar, and senior civil police officer Prasanna Kumar arrested Navas from the Nehru Park area in the city on 2 November 2012.<ref name="The Hindu report"/>

==See also==
*[[Schizophrenia]]
*[[Serial killer]]
* [[Raman Raghav]]
* [[Stoneman]]
*[[List of serial killers by country]]

==References==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Navas, Motta}}
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:Indian people convicted of murder]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian murderers]]
[[Category:Indian serial killers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People convicted of murder by India]]
[[Category:People from Kollam]]

Lycodon flavicollis

2025-12-16T04:01:10Z

CaitlinBecker07: added a entry

{{Short description|Species of snake}}
{{speciesbox
| image =
| image_caption =
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{cite iucn |author=Srinivasulu, C. |author2=Ganesh, S.R. |author3=Mohapatra, P. |author4=Achyuthan, N.S. |year=2021 |title=''Lycodon flavicollis'' |volume=2021 |article-number=e.T194798A2362769 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T194798A2362769.en |access-date=27 May 2023}}</ref>
| genus = Lycodon
| species = flavicollis
| authority = [[species:Debanik Mukherjee|Mukherjee]] & [[species:Subramanian Bhupathy|Bhupathy]], 2007
| synonyms =
}}
The '''yellow-collared wolf snake''' ('''''Lycodon flavicollis''''') is a species of snake in the family [[colubridae]]. It is found in [[India]].<ref name=RDB/>

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=

<ref name=RDB>{{NRDB species|genus=Lycodon |species=flavicollis |accessdate=8 December 2016}}</ref>
}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q3268430}}

[[Category:Lycodon]]
[[Category:Reptiles described in 2007]]
[[Category:Endemic reptiles of India]]
{{Colubrinae-stub}}

Bidriware

2025-11-26T21:52:40Z

CaitlinBecker07: General cleanup and content improvements

{{short description|Indian metal handicraft}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox geographical indication
| name = 
| color = Blue
| logo =
| image =File:Bidriware Hookah.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| alt =
| caption = Bidri art Hookah
| alternative names =
| description =
| type =Metal handicraft
| area =Bidar, Karnataka
| country = {{flag|India}}
| registered =3 January 2006
| material =Alloy of zinc and copper, silver
| official website = 
}}
'''Bidriware''' is a metal [[handicraft]] from the city of [[Bidar]] in [[Karnataka]], India. It was developed in the 14th century C.E. during the rule of the [[Bahmani Sultanate|Bahmani Sultans]].<ref name="TOI">{{cite news| title=Proving their mettle in metal craft| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Proving-their-mettle-in-metal-craft/articleshow/11332582.cms| work=The Times of India| date=2 January 2012| access-date=2 January 2012| archive-date=8 May 2013| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508043800/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-01-02/hyderabad/30580986_1_bidriware-hyderabad-bidar| url-status=live}}</ref> The term "bidriware" originates from the township of Bidar, which is still the chief center of production.<ref name="art">{{cite news|title=Karnataka tableau to feature Bidriware|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/karnataka-tableau-to-feature-bidriware/article1079557.ece|access-date=6 March 2015|work=The Hindu|date=11 January 2011}}</ref> The metal used is [[white brass]] that is blackened and inlaid with [[silver]].<ref name="art" /> As a native art form, Bidriware obtained a [[Geographical Indications]] (GI) registry on 3 January 2006.<ref name="Bidri">{{cite news|title=Innovative designs help revive Bidriware|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/innovative-designs-help-revive-bidriware/article1226893.ece|access-date=6 March 2015|work=The Hindu|date=26 March 2008}}</ref>

== Origins ==
[[File:Hookah base Louvre MAO739.jpg|thumb|A end 17th century, Bidriware [[hookah]] base at [[Louvre]]]]
The origin of Bidriware is usually attributed to the Bahamani sultans who ruled Bidar in the 14th–15th centuries. Bidriware techniques and style are influenced by [[Persian art]].<ref name=art /> The art form developed in the kingdom that was a mix of Turkish, Persian and Arabic influences which were intermingled with the local styles and thus a unique style of its own was born. Abdullah bin Kaiser, a craftsman from Iran was invited by the Sultan Ahmed Shah Bahmani to work on decorating the royal palaces and courts.<ref name=art /> According to some accounts, Kaiser worked with local craftsmen and the partnership resulted in bidriware under the rule of Ahmed Shah and his son Second Alauddin Bahmani. Along with local artisans, the art spread far and wide and was handed over to generations as time passed.

== Bidri artisans ==
Bidri art researcher Rehaman Patel shares that the awardees also had shown their skills by exhibiting varieties of Bidri art in foreign countries.

There are craftsmen in this art practice who took this practice to national and international recognition. According to the census of India in 1961, Syed Tassaduq Hussain, a first National awardee in 1969, was the head of the Gulistan Cooperative Society in Bidar. The other notable national awardees are Abdul Hakeem, Mohammed Najeeb Khan, Shah Majeed Quadri, Mohammed Moizuddin, Mohammed Abdul Rauf and Mohammed Saleemuddin.

[[Shah Rasheed Ahmed Quadari]] is a recipient of several awards including a National award which he received in 1988, Karnataka state award in 1984, Rajyostava award in 2006, Great Indian Achievement award in 2004, and District Rajyotsava award in 1996.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/Bidriware-artisan-Quadri-invited-to-Oman/article16349558.ece |title=Bidriware artisan Quadri invited to Oman |date=11 January 2009 |newspaper=The Hindu |access-date=28 October 2018}}</ref> The Government of India awarded him with Shilp Guru award in 2015.

Shah Rasheed Ahmed Quadari, a 67-year-old Bidri craftsman was awarded Padma Shri Award in March 2023 by President Droupadi Murmu.

== Process of making bidriware ==
[[File:Bidri craft, Hyderabad, India.jpg|thumb|Craftsmen chiselling silver inlay in the metal alloy.]]
Bidriware undergoes an eight-stage process: moulding, smoothening by file, designing by chisels, engraving by chisel and hammer, pure silver inlaying, smoothening again, buffing and finally oxidising by soil and ammonium chloride.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/There-is-sweat-and-toil-behind-every-Bidriware/article14956753.ece |title=There is sweat and toil behind every Bidriware |date=22 March 2011 |newspaper=The Hindu |first=Ganesh |last=Prabhu |access-date=28 October 2018}}</ref>

Bidriware is made from cast [[white brass]] ([[copper]]-[[zinc]] ratio of 1:16). First, a mould is formed from soil made malleable by the addition of [[castor oil]] and resin. The molten metal is then poured into it to obtain a cast piece which is later smoothened by [[Filing (metalworking)|filing]]. The casting is now coated with a strong solution of [[copper sulphate]] to obtain a temporary black coating over which designs are etched freehand with the help of a metal stylus.
This is then secured in a vise and the craftsman uses small chisels to engrave the design over the freehand etching. Fine wire or flattened strips of pure silver are then carefully hammered into these grooves.
[[File:Making Bidriware.jpg|thumb|Bidriware craftsman doing silver inlay]]
The article then is filed, buffed and smoothed to get rid of the temporary black coating. This results in rendering the silver inlay hardly distinguishable from the white brass.

The bidriware is now ready for the final blackening process. Traditionally, the craftsmen of Bidar use soil taken from the grounds of a [[Bidar Fort|15th century fort in Bidar]], which is rich in potassium nitrate.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Nalini Avinash Waghmare |date=2018 |title=Scientific and Technical Study of Bidriware |url=http://proceeding.conferenceworld.in/ICRDSHM-18/17.pdf}}</ref> The soil is mixed with [[ammonium chloride]] and water to produce a paste which is then rubbed onto a heated brass surface. The paste darkens the brass but not the silver inlay.

The black patina is a mixture of [[zinc oxide]] and [[copper(II) oxide]] (Cu2O). It is the copper oxide that gives the patina its black color (zinc oxide is white). The ammonium chloride that is applied to the bidriware selectively dissolves the zinc on the surface of the brass, leaving a copper-rich surface that is oxidized by the potassium nitrate.<ref name="indianscience.org">{{cite web |title=Technology of Medieval Crafts: Bidri Ware|author1=D.P. Agrawal |author2=G.S. Dashila |website=History of Indian Science and Technology |url=http://www.indianscience.org/essays/t_es_agraw_crafts.shtml}}</ref>

The paste then rinsed off to reveal a shiny silver design that is striking in contrast against the black surface. As a finishing touch, oil is applied to the finished product to deepen the matte coating. The finished product appears black with brilliant silver inlay.

== Technique and Design ==
[[File:Bidriware hookah base 1750-1800.jpg|thumb|Bidriware hookah base from 18th century.]]
There are several techniques employed in making of bidriware, tarkashi (Inlay of sheets), tainishan (inlay of sheets), zarnishan (low relief), Zarbuland (high relief), aftabi (cut out design in overlaid material sheet). It is not compulsory to use a single technique for an object, generally two or more techniques are combined. Most common combination is tarkashi and tainishan, seldom combinations of zarnishan or tainishan and tarkashi or aftabi are also used in different compositions. Majorly silver inlay is used as it provides better contrast with black metal, in few cases copper or precious metal as gold is also used.<ref name=":0">Bidriware, Illustrated Catalogue, 1961, Salar Jung Hyderabad</ref>

Most common types of motifs used are either floral or geometrical, with influences from Persian, Southern India, and later from Europe. Traditionally, flower motifs consists of asharfi-ki-booti, leaves (vine creepers), geometric designs, human figures, stylized poppy plants with flowers, etc. are commonly found on the items. Demand for the patterns of Persian roses and passages from the Quran in Arabic script are also in great demand in the West.<ref name=":0" />

Earlier, bidriware was used for hookahs, paan-holders, and vases but now keepsakes, bowls, earrings, trays, ornament boxes, other jewelry and showpiece items are made from it.<ref name="Bidri" />

In Aurangabad, artisans also make patterns of motifs from Ajanta Caves especially Ajanta Padmapani which have become very popular among foreign tourists

== Soil speciality ==
[[File:Bidriware cup and lid, ca 1850 V&A Museum.jpg|thumb|left|Cup with lid, Bidriware, ca 1850 [[V&A Museum]]]]
Bidri artisans blacken their wares using soil obtained from a 15th-century fort in Bidar. They say that in some parts of the fort, the soil does not receive sunlight or rain for years on end, and this gives the soil its desired properties. When the artisans go to the fort looking for such soil, they identify it by taste. The fort is a tourist attraction, protected from development but accessible to the public, and the guards do not mind the artisans sneaking out small quantities of soil every now and then.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NMFaPZAFgUU | title=How Metal Workers in India Are Keeping a 600-Year-Old Art Alive | Still Standing | website=[[YouTube]] }}</ref>

Chemical analysis of the aforementioned soil shows it to be rich in alkaline nitrates. It is believed that the nitrates oxidize the copper in the brass to create [[copper(II) oxide]], which is black in color.<ref name="indianscience.org"/><ref>{{cite journal |author=Nalini Avinash Waghmare |date=2018 |title=Scientific and Technical Study of Bidriware |url=http://proceeding.conferenceworld.in/ICRDSHM-18/17.pdf}}</ref> Sunlight breaks down nitrate, which would explain why the soil in the parts of the fort that are sheltered from sunlight is rich in nitrates.

== Innovations ==
This artistic metallic work is on the revival path after the introduction of innovative designs and a variety of new patterns. The designs range from Indian to international themes with the latest in home and lifestyle accessories. Innovative designs are developed by the [[National Institute of Fashion Technology]] (NIFT). Karnataka State Handicrafts Development Corporation Limited is keen on promoting the Bidri art form.<ref name=Bidri />

The traditional art which is identified with a limited set of designs is now trying to diversify and find a foothold in the present-day market and appeal to younger patrons. New items include USB drive covers, office stationeries such as paper clips, key bunches, lockets, envelope openers, pen stands, lampshades and even floor tiles. [[National Institute of Design]] has come up with novel and lighter items that use less silver and therefore cost less.<ref>{{cite news|title=Medieval art form gets modern twist|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/bidri-art-form-gets-modern-twist/article6292645.ece|access-date=6 March 2015|work=The Hindu|date=8 August 2014}}</ref>

== Bidriware in other places ==
[[File:Bidriware wine decanter.JPG|thumb|A Bidriware wine decanter]]
While Bidar in [[Karnataka]] and [[Hyderabad]] in [[Telangana]] are the most vibrant centers, this art is also practiced in few other parts of the country like [[Purnia]] in [[Bihar]], [[Lucknow]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Murshidabad]] in [[West Bengal]]. The designs are mostly conventional, including creepers, flowers and sometimes human figures.

In Bellori, a village near Purnia, local craftsmen known as the Kansaris are engaged in molding and turning bidri vessels. The ''sonars'' (goldsmith) then do the engraving and polishing. Also found here is the ''gharki'', a less sophisticated variant of the Bidri. Another variant of the bidriwork can be seen in Lucknow's Zar Buland, where the ornamental designs are raised above the surface.

In [[Aurangabad district, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]], the Bidri art was introduced by the [[Nizam of Hyderabad]] as it was a part of Nizam's empire then. As Aurangabad has its own rich legacy of art and craft, the Bidri work mingled into the local arts soon.

== Research in Bidri art ==
Gulbarga-based artist Rehaman Patel has done extensive research on Bidri art, collecting evidence of the historical background of Bidri, methods of making Bidri, critical review of Bidri collections in India and non-Indian museums, and the introduction of Bidri artisans. Patel was a fellow of Karnataka Shilpakala Academy Bangalore for the year 2014–15. He submitted documentation on "International collection of Bidri Art".

The Indian Royal Academy of Art and Culture has published a book in Kannada title ''Karnatakada Bidri Kale'' (Bidri Art of Karnataka) under the financial assistance of the Department of Kannada and Culture, Government of Karnataka in the year 2012. An English version on Bidri art was published by Karnataka Historical Research Publication in 2017.

==See also==
*[[Channapatna toys]]
*[[Dharwad pedha]]
*[[Kinnal Craft|Kinnal craft]]
*[[Mattu gulla]]
*[[Mysore Sandal Soap]]
*[[Navalgund durries]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
*{{Nuttall}}

== Further reading ==
* Rehaman Patel, Bidri Art, Karnataka Historical Research Publication, Dharwad, 2017
* Krishna Lal, Catalogue, National Museum Collection Bidri Ware, National Museum of India, New Delhi, 1990
* Susan Stronge, Catalogue, Bidri Ware: Inlaid Metalwork from India, Victoria and Albert Museum, London, 1985
* Narayan Sen, Catalogue on Demascene and Bidri Art, Indian Museum Calcutta, 1983
* Anil Roy Choudhury, Catalogue, Bidriware, Salar Jung Museum, Hyderabad, 1961
* Ghulam Yazdani, Bidar-Its history and monuments, published by Nizam Government, printed at Oxford Press London, 1947

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Bidriware}}
* [http://www.hindu.com/2006/11/01/stories/2006110114930200.htm Article about Bidriware] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001004850/http://www.hindu.com/2006/11/01/stories/2006110114930200.htm |date=1 October 2007 }} in [[The Hindu]]
* [https://www.deccanherald.com/content/228233/breathtaking.html Beautiful and breathtaking] deccanherald.com
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070210062739/http://bidar.nic.in/art.htm About Bidriware] on Official [[Bidar]] website.
* [http://lostindianart.com/bidri-art/ Bidri Metal Art – Tales of Mughal Era Indian art] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191014212238/http://lostindianart.com/bidri-art/ |date=14 October 2019 }}

{{Karnataka topics}}
{{Bidar topics}}

[[Category:14th-century inventions]]
[[Category:Culture of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Bidar]]
[[Category:Indian metalwork]]
[[Category:Geographical indications in Karnataka]]

Marma, Dhanbad

2025-11-15T15:12:46Z

CaitlinBecker07: small expanded lead for consistency and updated info

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{more citations needed|date=July 2013}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Marma
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Census Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Jharkhand#India3
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jharkhand, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.76|N|86.73|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jharkhand]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Dhanbad district|Dhanbad]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Community development block in India|CD block]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Nirsa (community development block)|Nirsa]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 2.119
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 4,640
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Urdu language|Urdu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =JH
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Dhanbad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dhanbad]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Nirsa (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nirsa]]
| website = {{URL|dhanbad.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Marma''' is a [[census town]] in [[Nirsa (community development block)|Nirsa]] [[Community development block in India|CD block]] in [[Dhanbad Sadar subdivision]] of [[Dhanbad district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Jharkhand]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=320| height=350| zoom=11
| coord={{coord|23|44|50|N|86|45|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities, towns and locations in the eastern portion of Dhanbad Sadar subdivision in Dhanbad district''' M: Municipality, CT: census town, N: neighbourhood, R: Rural/ Urban centre, D: Dam, P: Power Plant Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|23|47|40|N|86|42|34|E}} | label-pos1=right|label1= Bhamal | numbered1=CT| mark-title1=[[Bhamal]] (CT)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|23|44|5|N|86|46|29|E}} | label-pos2=left|label2= Panchmahali| numbered2=CT| mark-title2=[[Panchmahali]] (CT)
|mark-coord3={{coord|23|42|45|N|86|47|24|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3= Dumarkunda| numbered3=CT| mark-title3=[[Dumarkunda]] (CT)
|mark-coord4={{coord|23|41|24|N|86|45|36|E}} | label-pos4=left|label4= Panchet| numbered4=CT| mark-title4=[[Panchet]] (CT)
|mark-coord5={{coord|23|47|29|N|86|41|47|E}} | label-pos5=left|label5= Panrra| numbered5=CT| mark-title5=[[Panrra]] (CT)
|mark-coord6={{coord|23|47|11|N|86|42|16|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6= Nirsa| numbered6=CT| mark-title6=[[Nirsa]] (CT)
|mark-coord7={{coord|23|45|40|N|86|43|48|E}} | label-pos7=right|label7= Marma| numbered7=CT| mark-title7=Marma, Dhanbad (CT)|shape-color7=black| label-size7=13|label-color7=black 
|mark-coord8={{coord|23|45|15|N|86|46|12|E}} | label-pos8=left|label8= Egarkunr| numbered8=CT| mark-title8=[[Egarkunr]] (CT)
|mark-coord9={{coord|23|45|15|N|86|47|0|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9= Siuliban| numbered9=CT| mark-title9=[[Siuliban]] (CT)
|mark-coord10={{coord|23|45|37|N|86|47|37|E}} | label-pos10=right|label10= Mera| numbered10=CT| mark-title10=[[Mera, Dhanbad]] (CT)
|mark-coord11={{coord|23|46|12|N|86|48|30|E}} | label-pos11=left|label11= Maithon| numbered11=CT| mark-title11=[[Maithon]] (CT)
|mark-coord12={{coord|23|44|24|N|86|48|0|E}} | label-pos12=right|label12=Chirkunda| numbered12=M| mark-title12= [[Chirkunda]] (M) |label-color12=#800000
|mark-coord13={{coord|23|44|55|N|86|47|5|E}} | label-pos13=left|label13= Kumardubi| numbered13=N| mark-title13= [[Kumardubi]] (N) |shape-color13= #C42222
|mark-coord14={{coord|23|46|12|N|86|43|48|E}} | label-pos14=right|label14=Mugma| numbered14=R| mark-title14= [[Mugma]] (R)| shape-14 =#C42222
|mark-coord15={{coord|23|46|34|N|86|43|39|E}} | label-pos15=right|label15=ECL Mugma Area |numbered15=0 | mark-title15=[[Mugma Area]] | label-size15=12| shape-color15=#AA6666
|mark-coord16={{coord|23|43|45|N|86|44|30|E}} | label-pos16=bottom|label16=BCCL Chanch/ Victoria Area |numbered16=0 | mark-title16=[[Chanch/ Victoria Area]] | label-size16=12| shape-color16=#AA6666
|mark-coord17={{coord|23.7809|86.8055}}| label17= Maithon|labela17= Dam| label-color17 = #C42222 | label-angle17=0| label-pos17=top| label-size17=10| mark-size17=12| numbered17=D|mark-title17 =[[Maithon Dam]]| shape-color17=#C42222
|mark-coord18={{coord|23.6823|86.7473}}| label18= Panchet|labela18= Dam| label-color18 = #C42222 | label-angle18=0| label-pos18=right| label-size18=10| mark-size18=12| numbered18=D|mark-title18 =[[Panchet Dam]]| shape-color18=#C42222
|mark-coord19={{coord|23|49|4|N|86|45|23|E}} | label-pos19=left|label19= Maithon Power Plant | numbered19=P| mark-title19= [[Maithon Power Plant]] |shape-color19=#967117
|mark-coord20={{coord|23|44|29|N|86|39|19|E}} | label-pos20=right|label20=Kaliasole| numbered20=R| mark-title20= [[Kaliasole]] (R)|shape-20 =#C42222}}

===Location===
Marma is located at {{coord|23.76|N|86.73|E|display=inline}}.

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the area. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

===Overview===
The region shown in the map is a part of the undulating [[Highland|uplands]] bustling with coalmines. While the [[Damodar River|Damodar]] flows along the southern boundary, the [[Barakar River|Barakar]] flows along the eastern boundary. Both the rivers form the boundary with [[West Bengal]]. [[Panchet Dam]] and [[Maithon Dam]], along with their reservoirs, are prominently visible in the map. The entire area is covered in [[Nirsa (community development block)]]. In Nirsa CD block 69% of the population live in rural areas and 31% live in urban areas. The [https://dhanbad.nic.in/block-offices/ official website of the district] has announced the formation of two new CD blocks – Egarkund and Kaliasole, possibly carved out of Nirsa CD block. As of July 2019, there is no further information about the new CD blocks. [[Bharat Coking Coal|BCCL]] operates [[Chanch/ Victoria Area]] partially within the region shown in the map. [[Eastern Coalfields|ECL]] operates [[Mugma Area]] fully within the region shown in the map.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2009_PART_A_DCHB_DHANBAD.pdf | title = District Census Handbook Dhanbad | work = Series 21, Part XIIA, pages 4-5, 5-6, 8 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, Jharkhand | accessdate = 4 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.bcclweb.in/?page_id=22623| title = Area| publisher = Bharat Coking Coal Limited| accessdate = 2 July 2019| archive-date = 26 July 2019| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190726160730/http://www.bcclweb.in/?page_id=22623| url-status = dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.easterncoal.gov.in/contactus/cugtel.html|title = Area-wise Closed User Group (CUG) Telephone Number | publisher= Eastern Coalfields Limited| accessdate = 11 August 2018}}</ref>

==Demographics==
As per the [[2011 Census of India]], Marma had a total population of 4,640 of which 2,411 (52%) were males and 2,221 (48%) were females. Population below 6 years was 699. The total number of literates in Marma was 2,669 (67.72% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-JK.html |title = 2011 Census C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= Jharkhand – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | accessdate = 11 June 2019}}</ref>

{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Marma had a population of 4,607. Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. Marma has an average literacy rate of 50%, lower than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 59%, and female literacy is 40%. In Marma, 15% of the population is under 6 years of age.

==Infrastructure==
Marma has an area of 2.119 km2. It is 36 km from the district headquarters Dhanbad. There is a railway station at [[Mugma]] 2 km away. Buses are available in the town. It has 1 km roads and both covered and open drains. The two major sources of protected water supply are uncovered wells and hand pumps. There are 788 domestic electric connections and 40 road light points. Amongst the educational facilities, it has 1 primary school, 1 middle school, 1 secondary school and 1 senior secondary school. It is a centre of the fire bricks industry.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2009_PART_A_DCHB_DHANBAD.pdf| title = District Census Handbook, Dhanbad, 2011, Series 21, Part XII A | work = Pages 639-664 Statements | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, Jharkhand. | accessdate = 9 June 2019}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Dhanbad District}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Dhanbad district]]

{{Jharkhand-geo-stub}}

Kanumuru

2025-11-02T04:08:45Z

CaitlinBecker07: new the data added tags

{{short description|Village in Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = Right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|17.0008|80.5622|display=it}}
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 13
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[NTR district|NTR]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of mandals in Andhra Pradesh|Mandal]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Gampalagudem mandal|Gampalagudem]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Gram Panchayat]]
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |title=District Census Handbook, Krishna - Page 260 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/124/download/146/DH_2011_2816_PART_A_DCHB_KRISHNA.pdf}}</ref>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 14.61
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 3677
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name=population>{{cite web|title=Census 2011 |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=627290 |publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |accessdate=14 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924131005/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=627290 |archivedate=24 September 2015 }}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
| leader_title = [[Sarpanch]]
| leader_name = Manda Mareswaramma<ref>{{Cite web |title=PANCHAYAT DEVELOPMENT PLAN CAMPAIGN |url=https://gpdp.nic.in/sarpanchWithDetailsReport.html?OWASP_CSRFTOKEN=TC4A-AQKL-1UJO-6PGR-6EIK-KTOP-7RDM-5J81 |access-date=2023-12-17 |website=gpdp.nic.in}}</ref>
}}

'''Kanumuru''' is a village located in the [[Gampalagudem mandal]], [[NTR district]] of the [[India]]n state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is under the administration of [[Tiruvuru revenue division]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mandal wise Villages {{!}} NTR District {{!}} India |url=https://ntr.ap.gov.in/mandal-wise-villages/ |access-date=2023-12-20 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
According to [[2011 census of India]], in Kanumuru village there are 1,027 households with population of 3,677, comprising 1,904 males and 1,773 females. There are 773 belonging to Scheduled Castes and 4 to Scheduled Tribes. Of the total population, 1,760 individuals are literate. There are 2,156 workers in the village.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Andhra Pradesh, Krishna District, Gampalagudem Sub-District, Rural Area|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/data/data-visualizations/PopulationSearch_PCA_Indicators}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{AndhraPradesh-geo-stub}}
{{NTR district}}
[[Category:Villages in NTR district]]

Jyothika Sri Dandi

2025-10-31T19:23:10Z

CaitlinBecker07: new first post from scratch

{{Short description|Indian athlete}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Jyothika Sri Dandi
| birth_name =
| image =
| caption =
| nationality = Indian
| sport = [[Track and Field|Athletics]]
| event = [[Sprinting|Sprint]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|2000|7|16|df=yes}}
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| height =
| weight =
| pb = '''400m:''' 52.73 (Trivandrum, 2024)
| show-medals = yes
| medaltemplates = {{MedalSport|Women's [[Sport of athletics|athletics]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Athletics Championships]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2023 Asian Athletics Championships|2023 Bangkok]]|[[2023 Asian Athletics Championships – Women's 4 × 400 metres relay |4x400m relay]]}}
}}
'''Jyothika Sri Dandi''' (born 16 July 2000) is an Indian [[Sprinting|sprinter]]. In 2023, she became Indian national champion over [[400 metres]].<ref>{{cite web|title= Jyothika Sri Dandi|website=World Athletics|accessdate=12 May 2024|url= https://worldathletics.org/athletes/india/dandi-jyothika-sri-14734808}}</ref>

==Early life==
She is from Tanuku town in the [[West Godavari district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. She was inspired to take up athletics by her father, Srinivasa Rao, who is a body builder.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thebridge.in/athletics/jyothika-sri-dandi-world-relays-fulfilling-father-dreams-paris-olympics-47186|website=Thebridge.in|accessdate=12 May 2024|title= Running for her father, Jyothika steers Indian women's relay team to Olympics|date=6 May 2024}}</ref><ref> {{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/jyothika-sri-dandi-paris-2024-olympics-4-400m-relay-race-9312296/|website=Indian Express|accessdate=12 May 2024|title= Father's passion, Pullela Gopichand's support to the fore as Jyothika helps India book 4x400m Olympics berth|date=7 May 2024}}</ref>

==Career==
She had a breakthrough in 2021 when she won the Indian national U23 National Championships over [[400 metres]].<ref>{{cite web|date=6 May 2024|url= https://www.shethepeople.tv/news/who-is-jyothika-sri-dandi-paris-olympics-2024-4540186|website=shethepeople.tv|title= Relay Athlete Jyothika Sri Dandi Poised To Fulfil Dad's Olympic Dream|accessdate=12 May 2024}}</ref>

She won the Indian National Open Championships over 400 metres in [[Thiruvananthapuram]] on March 6, 2023 with a time of 53.26 seconds.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.sportskeeda.com/athletics/news-hyderabad-s-quarter-miler-dandi-jyothika-sri-set-big-goals-2023-season|website=Sportskeeda|accessdate=12 May 2024|title= Hyderabad's quarter miler Dandi Jyothika Sri has set big goals for the 2023 season|date=7 March 2023}}</ref> In July 2023, she was a bronze medalist in the [[2023 Asian Athletics Championships – Women's 4 × 400 metres relay|women's 4 x 400 metres relay]] at the [[2023 Asian Athletics Championships]] in [[Bangkok]].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://olympics.com/en/news/asian-athletics-championships-2023-bangkok-india-day-5-results|website=Olympics.com|accessdate=12 May 2024|title= Asian Athletics Championships 2023: Jyothi Yarraji wins 200m silver as India end campaign on a high|date=16 July 2023}}</ref>

In March 2024, she ran a personal best time of 52.73 seconds at the Indian National Championships in Thiruvananthapuram.<ref> {{cite web|date=18 March 2024|website=Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/athletics/noah-pips-anas-to-grab-400m-gold/articleshow/108595290.cms|title= Noah Pips Anas To Grab 400m Gold}}</ref>

In May 2024, she ran as part of the Indian {{nowrap|4 × 400 m}} relay team at the 2024 [[2024 World Athletics Relays – Women's 4 × 400 metres relay|World Relays Championships]] in [[Nassau, Bahamas]].<ref>{{cite web|website=Watch Athletics|url= https://www.watchathletics.com/page/5398/women-4x400m-results-world-athletics-relays-championships-2024 |accessdate=12 May 2024|title= Women 4x400m Results - World Athletics Relays Championships 2024|date=5 May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://indianexpress.com/article/olympics/world-athletics-relays-indias-mens-and-womens-4x400m-teams-qualify-for-paris-2024-9310466/lite/|website=Indian Express|accessdate=12 May 2024|title= Paris Olympics: How Indian men's and women's relay squads stepped up in Bahamas In last-chance territory|date=6 May 2024}}</ref> She ran the fastest leg of the quarter as they successfully qualified for the 2024 Paris Olympics.<ref> {{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/others/indias-relay-teams-get-the-job-done-qualify-for-paris-101715020906043-amp.html|website=Hindustan Times|accessdate=12 May 2024|title= India's relay teams get the job done, qualify for Paris|first=Rutvick|last=Mehta|date=
May 7, 2024}}</ref> She subsequently competed in the women's 4 x 400 metres relay at the [[Athletics at the 2024 Summer Olympics – Women's 4 × 400 metres relay|2024 Paris Olympics]].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.watchathletics.com/page/5862/women-s-4x400m-relay-results-paris-olympic-games-2024-athletics |website=Watch Athletics|accessdate=28 December 2024|title=Women's 4 x 400 Metres Relay - Paris Olympic Games 2024 Athletics|date=10 August 2024}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sri Dandi, Jyothika}}
[[Category:2000 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women sprinters]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2024 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Olympic athletes for India]]
[[Category:Athletes from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from West Godavari district]]
[[Category:Asian Athletics Championships medalists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]

{{India-athletics-bio-stub}}

Dandapāni

2025-10-29T14:24:22Z

CaitlinBecker07:

{{for|Hinduism deity|Kartikeya}}
{{use dmy dates|date=March 2016}}
{{use Indian English|date=March 2016}}
{{refimprove |date=August 2018}}

'''Dandapani''' was an ancient Indian king from the [[Koliya]] dynasty, who ruled a city called Koli.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=w3cOAAAAQAAJ&dq=Dandapani+koli&pg=PA136 A Manual of Budhism, in Its Modern Development]</ref> He was born.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=7-9EOFGLps0C&dq=Anjana+koliya&pg=PA2 The Buddha and his Dhamma]</ref> He was a brother to [[Suppabuddha]] and to his sisters [[Maya (mother of Buddha)|Māyā]] and [[Mahapajapati Gotami|Pajāpatī]]. He was the Buddha's maternal uncle.

==See also==
*[[Shakya]]
*[[Yasodharā]]
*[[Devadatta]]
*[[Suppabuddha]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Buddhism topics}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dandapani}}
[[Category:Family of Gautama Buddha]]
[[Category:Koliyas]]

Swami Rama Himalayan University

2025-10-20T21:48:20Z

CaitlinBecker07: adjust formatting for consistency and corrected details for clarity

{{Short description|Private university in Uttarakhand, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2015}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Swami Rama Himalayan University
| native_name =
| image_name = Srhu Logo.png
| motto =
| established = 2012
| type = [[Private university|Private]]
| coordinates = {{coord|30.1973452|N|78.168111|E|type:edu|format=dms|display=inline}}
| president = Dr Vijay Dhasmana
| vice_chancellor = Dr Rajendra Dobhal
| city = [[Dehradun]]
| state = [[Uttarakhand]]
| country = India
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| doctoral =
| campus = [[Suburb]]an
| affiliations = [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]], [[National Medical Commission|NMC]], [[Indian Nursing Council]]
| website = {{url|https://srhu.edu.in}}
}}
'''Swami Rama Himalayan University''' ('''SRHU''') is a private university about 25 kilometers southeast of [[Dehradun]] city and in close vicinity of [[Jolly Grant Airport]], in the north [[India]]n state of [[Uttarakhand]]. The university is named after Indian [[yogi]] [[Swami Rama]]

==History==
In April 2012, a proposal for establishing a university was put before the [[Government of Uttarakhand]] by Himalayan Institute Hospital Trust. In December 2012 [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]] passed the 'Himalayan University Bill, 2012' and in February 2013 it became an Act through the assent of Governor of Uttarakhand as Himalayan University Act, 2012 (Uttarakhand Adhiniyam Sankhya 12 of 2013).<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.governoruk.gov.in/files/himalayan_university1.pdf| title = The Himalayan University Act, 2012| publisher =Governor of Uttarakhand | accessdate = 21 May 2015}}</ref> The first academic session of university was started from July 2013.<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.srhu.edu.in/about-us/srhu/about-srhu.html| title = About SRHU| publisher = Swami Rama Himalayan University| accessdate = 22 May 2015 }}</ref>

==Academics==

SRHU is a private university and its academic activities are organized through its four constituent colleges (faculties), which run [[Undergraduate education|undergraduate (UG)]], [[Postgraduate education|postgraduate (PG)]] and [[Doctor of Philosophy|doctoral]] degree programs. The four schools are listed below.<ref name="course1">{{cite web| url =http://www.srhu.edu.in/academics/programmes/postgraduate.html| title = Postgraduate Courses| publisher =SRHU| accessdate = 26 May 2015 }}</ref><ref name="course2">{{cite web| url =http://www.srhu.edu.in/academics/programmes/undergraduate.html| title = Undergraduate Courses| publisher =SRHU| accessdate = 26 May 2015 }}</ref>

===Himalayan Institute of Medical Sciences (HIMS)===
HIMS offers courses in medical and paramedical studies. Undergraduate courses include [[Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery|MBBS]] and postgraduate courses are [[Doctor of Medicine|MD]] in [[Anatomy]], [[Physiology]], [[Biochemistry]], [[Pathology]], [[Microbiology]], [[Pharmacology]], [[Community Medicine]], [[General Medicine]], [[Pediatrics]], Skin (Dermatology, Venereology, and Leprosy), Radio Diagnosis, [[Anesthesiology]], [[Pulmonary Medicine]] Radiotherapy & optometry.<ref name="course2"/>

===Himalayan College of Nursing (HCN)===
Courses offered are Basic B.Sc. Nursing and Post Basic B.Sc. Nursing.<ref name="course1"/><ref name="course2"/>

===Himalayan School of Science & Technology (HSST)===
Courses offered are Bachelor of Computer Applications, Bachelor of Technology in [[Civil Engineering]], Computer Science & Engineering, Electronics & Communication Engineering, etc.<ref name="course1"/><ref name="course2"/>

===Himalayan School of Management Studies (HSMS)===
MBA, B.Com Honours and BBA programs in specializations are offered by the School of Management Studies.<ref name="course1"/><ref name="course2"/>

==See also==
*[[Dehradun]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [https://srhu.edu.in Website of Swami Rama Himalayan University]
* [http://uk.gov.in Uttarakhand Government website]
* [http://mciindia.org Website of Medical Council of India]

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{{Universities in Uttarakhand|state=expand}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Swami Rama Himalayan University}}
[[Category:Private universities in India]]
[[Category:Universities in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Education in Dehradun district]]
[[Category:2012 establishments in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2012]]