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Pavleen Gujral

2023-09-17T11:30:58Z

CYRaju: Published a captivating reference.

{{short description|Indian actress and stage host}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Pavleen Gujral
| image = Pavleen Gujral.jpg
| caption = Gujral in [[Düsseldorf]] at a screening of [[Angry Indian Goddesses]]
| birth_place = Delhi
| nationality = [[India]]n
| alma_mater = [[University of Delhi]]
| occupation = Film actress and stage host
}}
'''Pavleen Gujral''' is an Indian [[actress]] and stage host hailing from [[Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=‘You cannot get the flavour of Delhi elsewhere’: Pavleen Gujral |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2022/apr/20/you-cannotget-the-flavour-of-delhi-elsewhere-pavleen-gujral-2444181.html |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> She is known for her roles in [[Angry Indian Goddesses]], [[Bhor (film)|Bhor]], [[City of Dreams (TV series)|City of Dreams]], [[Marzi (TV series)|Marzi]], [[Gehraiyaan]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Pavleen Gujral stuns in a handpainted sari at DTFW 2023 |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/fashion/shows/pavleen-gujral-stuns-in-a-handpainted-lehenga-at-dtfw-2023/articleshow/100482864.cms |access-date=2023-09-14 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Pavleen Gujral: You can’t rely upon only acting, especially if you are not in the big league |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/pavleen-gujral-you-can-t-rely-upon-only-acting-especially-if-you-are-not-in-the-big-league-101650433101832.html |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Acting was never on my list: Pavleen Gujral |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2018/may/11/acting-was-never-on-my-list-pavleen-gujral-1813267.html |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

==Early life==
Gujral was born and raised in Delhi, India. She completed her schooling at [[Air Force Bal Bharati School]] in Delhi and graduated in [[Computer Science]] from University of Delhi, Additionally, she also completed [[Bachelor of Laws]] degree from Campus Law Centre, University of Delhi.<ref name=":0" />

==Career==
Pavleen made her acting debut in the [[Bollywood]] film "Angry Indian Goddesses" in 2015 as Pamela Jaiswal "Pammi".<ref>{{Cite web |title=INTERVIEW {{!}} Next year will be my year: Angry Indian Goddesses, actor Pavleen Gujral |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2020/apr/20/interview--next-year-will-be-my-year-angry-indian-goddesses-actor-pavleen-gujral-2132633.html |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pan Nalin’s ‘Angry Indian Goddesses’ wins award at Rome Film Festival |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/pan-nalins-angry-indian-goddesses-wins-award-at-rome-film-festival/ |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Following that, she was part of the drama movie Bhor in 2018 and played the role of 'Madam'.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Theatre is a good training ground: Pavleen Gujral |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2021/apr/05/theatre-is-a-good-training-ground-2285809.html |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> In the TV series "[[Made in Heaven (TV series)|Made in Heaven]]" (2019), she portrayed herself as a Journalist<ref>{{Cite web |title=Actors are exploring new avenues, says Pavleen Gujral |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/actors-are-exploring-new-avenues-says-pavleen-gujral/story-2x7cQoPSfmnrVBeg6WXc6J.html |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> and later in the same year she played her role as 'Lipakshi' in the [[Hotstar Specials]] web series "Mayanagari-City of Dreams" and she was seen as 'Julie' in film [[Dolly Kitty Aur Woh Chamakte Sitare]].<ref name=":1" /> In 2020, she appeared in the web series "Marzi" as 'Rashmi'<ref name=":1" /> and later seen in the movie "Gehraiyaan" as 'Sonali Khanna' in 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Pavleen Gujral: 'Gehraiyaan' is a deeper look into today's modern relationships |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/pavleen-gujral-gehraiyaan-is-a-deeper-look-into-todays-modern-relationships/articleshow/89547043.cms |access-date=2023-09-15 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Her upcoming film is Sukhee releasing in September 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pavleen Gujral: Working With Shilpa Shetty Was An Absolutely Incredible Experience |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/pavleen-gujral-working-with-shilpa-shetty-was-an-absolutely-incredible-experience-news-318078/amp |website=Outlook India}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Pavleen Gujral Opens Up On Why She Chose To Be Part Of ‘Sukhee’ |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/pavleen-gujral-opens-up-on-why-she-chose-to-be-part-of-sukhee--news-318640 |website=Outlook India}}</ref>Throughout her acting career, Pavleen has worked with renowned actors such as [[Deepika Padukone]], [[Ananya Pandey]], [[Atul Kulkarni]], [[Bhumi Pednekar]], [[Naseeruddin Shah]], [[Eijaz Khan]] and [[Konkona Sen Sharma]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Parchhayee closes with Pavleen Gujral-starrer, Astley Ka Intezaar |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/television-news/article/Parchhayee-closes-with-Pavleen-Gujral-starrer-Astley-Ka-Intezaar-20606182 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref>

==Filmography==
=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
|-
|2015
|''[[Angry Indian Goddesses]]''
|Pamela Jaiswal "Pammi"
|
|-
|2018
|''[[Bhor (film)|Bhor]]''
|Madam
|
|-
|2019
|''[[Dolly Kitty Aur Woh Chamakte Sitare]]''
|Juhi
|
|-
|2020
|''The Dirty Word''
|Senorita
|Short film
|-
|2021
|''[[State of Siege: Temple Attack]]''
|Security Guard at Temple
|
|-
|2022
|''[[Gehraiyaan]]''
|Sonali Khanna
|
|-
|2023
|''[[Sukhee]]''
|
|Upcoming
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
|-
|2019
|''[[City of Dreams (TV series)|City of Dreams]]''
|Lipakshi Chopra
|
|-
|2019
|''[[Parchhayee: Ghost Stories by Ruskin Bond|Parchhayee]]''
|Chutki
|
|-
|2019
|''[[Made in Heaven (TV series)|Made in Heaven]]''
|As herself (Journalist)
|
|-
|2020
|''[[Marzi (TV series)|Marzi]]''
|Rashmi
|
|-
|2019
|''Dude''
|Rituparna
|
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|nm6120325|Pavleen Gujral}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gujral, Pavleen}}
[[Category:Indian film actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Delhi]]
[[Category:Date of birth missing (living people)]]

{{India-film-actor-stub}}

Ajinder Kaur

2023-09-16T10:26:53Z

CYRaju: Article established.

{{Short description|Indian field hockey player}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| birth_date = 14 July 1951
| birth_place = Jalandhar, Punjab
| alma_mater = Lyallpur Khalsa College
| coach = Gurucharan Singh Bodhi
}}

'''Ajinder Kaur''' (born 14 July 1951) is an [[Indian people|Indian]] field hockey player and a former member of [[India women's national field hockey team|Indian women's hockey team]]. She hails from Punjab. She played for India, Punjab and Sisters Hokey Eleven Club in the local tournaments.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Sikhs in Hockey {{!}} India {{!}} World Cup {{!}} Ajinder Kaur |url=http://www.sikhsinhockey.com/Default.aspx?id=742311 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=www.sikhsinhockey.com}}</ref> She plays as a defender. She got the [[Arjuna Award]] in 1974.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Arjuna Award |url=https://www.hockeyindia.org/hall-of-fame/arjuna-award |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=Hockey India |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Ajinder Kaur was born in [[Jalandhar]]. She did her schooling at the Government Girls Senior Secondary School, Nehru Garden, Jalandhar. She learnt the basics at the school under the guidance of coach Gurucharan Singh Bodhi. Later, she studied at Lyallpur Khalsa College for Women, in the same city and played for the college team from 1967 to 1970. She was also the captain of the college team. Later, in 1980,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fearless hockey, unity in diversity, former India skipper Ajinder Kaur’s recipe for success at Women’s World Cup |url=http://www.news9live.com/sports/hockey/fearless-hockey-unity-in-diversity-former-india-skipper-ajinder-kaurs-recipe-for-success-at-womens-world-cup-178760 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=News9live |language=en-US}}</ref> she got married to ENT surgeon Gurcharan Singh Saini.<ref>{{Cite web |title=AJINDER KAUR |url=https://stick2hockey.com/hockey-player/ajinder-kaur/ |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=Stick2Hockey |language=en-US}}</ref> She is now based in Derby, England.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=When Ajinder Kaur-captained Indian eves fell short at the doorstep of a medal at the 1974 World Cup - Latest Hockey News ,Hockey Passion,Hockey Analysis, Hockey Interviews |url=https://hockeypassion.in/trip-down-memory-lane/when-ajinder-kaur-captained-indian-eves-fell-short-at-the-doorstep-of-a-medal-at-the-1974-world-cup/ |access-date=2023-09-15 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Domestic career ==

* 1967 to 1970: Played for Lyallpur Khalsa College and local club Sisters Hockey Elevens.

* 1967 to 1978: Punjab State team in the Indian Nationals. In 1972 Punjab won the Senior National Tournament under her captaincy.

* 1970: Played for [[Guru Nanak Dev University]] team.

* 1971 to 1973: Captained the [[Punjab University]] team with won the All India Inter-University Tournament for three successive years.

== International career ==
Ajinder Kaur is a strong defender and a specialist in penalty corners in the days where there were no drag flicks. She took India to the semifinals<ref name=":1" /> (fourth place) in the inaugural 1974 World Cup at [[Mandelieu-la-Napoule|Mandelieu]], France, India's best performance in the World Cup.<ref name=":0" /> India was placed in with Belgium, Holland, Mexico, and Spain and defeated Holland in the pool match. Holland eventually won the World Cup. However, India lost the bronze medal match against Argentina.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=AJINDER KAUR: THE LIONESS OF INDIAN WOMEN'S HOCKEY |url=https://stick2hockey.com/ajinder-kaur-the-lioness-of-indian-womens-hockey/ |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=Stick2Hockey |language=en-US}}</ref>

* She played for India from 1967 to 1978:

* 6 September 1967: Debut for Senior India against Australia at New Delhi.

* 24 September 1978: She played her last international match against Spain in Madrid, Spain.

* 1968: She was part of the Indian team that played the 1st Asian Women Hockey Championship in New Delhi.

* 1970: Silver Jubilee Tournament in Japan.

* 1971: Part of Indian team that played Hockey World Championship at New Zealand.

* 1974: She was selected for the Asia XI.

* 1975: Captained Indian team which won the Begum Rasul Trophy in Chennai. For a long time this is the only international tournament which India won.

* 1975: She also captained the Indian team at the World Championship in Edinburgh.

* 1978: Represented India at the World Cup in Madrid, Spain.

== Coach, teaching career ==
1975 to 1981: She worked as a coach in the Punjab Education department.<ref name=":1" />

December 1990 to December 2003: She taught Physical Education as a lecturer at Govt Model Senior Secondary School, Chandigarh. .

== Awards ==

* Arjuna Award

* The Maharaja Ranjit Singh award by Government of Punjab;<ref name=":1" />

* Chandigarh Journalist Association: Best Sports women of the year 1975;

* Delhi Journalists Association: Best Sports women of the year 1976;

* Jabalpur Journalist Association: Best Sports women of the year 1978;

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kaur, Ajinder}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1951 births]]
[[Category:Indian field hockey players]]
[[Category:Indian female field hockey players]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Arjuna Award]]

Nidulantes

2023-09-13T08:20:15Z

CYRaju: Shared an inspiring article.

{{Short description|Subgenus of fungi}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| image =
| image_caption =
| taxon = Nidulantes
| authority = Gams et al. (1986)
| type_species = ''[[Aspergillus nidulans]]''
| subdivision_ranks = Section
| subdivision =
}}

'''''Nidulantes''''' is a [[subgenus]] of ''[[Aspergillus]]'' in the family [[Trichocomaceae]].

==Taxonomy==
The subgenus ''Nidulantes'' contained 124 species in 2020.<ref name=Houbraken2020>{{cite journal |vauthors=Houbraken J, Kocsubé S, Visagie CM, Yulmaz N, Wang XC, Meijer M, Kraak B, Hubka V, Bensch K, Samson RA, Frisvad JC |title=Classification of ''Aspergillus'', ''Penicillium'', ''Talaromyces'' and related genera (''Eurotiales''): An overview of families, genera, subgenera, sections, series and species |journal=Studies in Mycology |year=2020 |volume=95 |pages=5-169 |doi= 10.1016/j.simyco.2020.05.002}}</ref>

{{Div col|colwidth=22em}}
* sect. '''''Aenei'''''
** ser. '''''Aenei'''''
*** ''[[Aspergillus aeneus]]''
*** ''[[Aspergillus bicolor]]''
*** ''[[Aspergillus coloradensis]]''
*** ''[[Aspergillus crustosus]]''
*** ''[[Aspergillus discophorus]]''
*** ''[[Aspergillus eburneocremeus]]''
*** ''[[Aspergillus foeniculicola]]''
*** ''[[Aspergillus heyangensis]]''
*** ''[[Aspergillus karnatakaensis]]''
*** ''[[Aspergillus spectabilis]]''
* sect. '''''Bispori'''''
** ser. '''''Bispori'''''
*** ''[[Aspergillus bisporus]]''
*sect. '''''Cavernicolum'''''
** ser. '''''Cavernicolum'''''
*** ''[[Aspergillus californicus]]''
*** ''[[Aspergillus cavernicola]]''
*** ''[[Aspergillus kassunensis]]''
*** ''[[Aspergillus subsessilis]]''
** ser. '''''Egyptiaci'''''
*** ''[[Aspergillus egyptiacus]]''
*sect. '''''Nidulantes'''''
** ser. '''''Aurantiobrunnei'''''
*** ''[[Aspergillus aurantiobrunneus]]''
*** ''[[Aspergillus purpureus]]''
** ser. '''''Multicolores'''''
*** ''[[Aspergillus incahuasiensis]]''
*** ''[[Aspergillus multicolor]]''
*** ''[[Aspergillus mulundensis]]''
*** ''[[Aspergillus pluriseminatus]]''
*** ''[[Aspergillus purpureocrustaceus]]''
*** ''[[Aspergillus tumidus]]''
** ser. '''''Nidulantes'''''
*** ''[[Aspergillus amethystinus]]''
*** ''[[Aspergillus aurantiopurpureus]]''
*** ''[[Aspergillus botswanensis]]''
*** ''[[Aspergillus corrugatus]]''
*** ''[[Aspergillus desertorum]]''
*** ''[[Aspergillus dipodomyus]]''
*** ''[[Aspergillus falconensis]]''
*** ''[[Aspergillus foveolatus]]''
*** ''[[Aspergillus fruticulosus]]''
*** ''[[Aspergillus jaipurensis]]''
*** ''[[Aspergillus latilabiatus]]''
*** ''[[Aspergillus navahoensis]]''
*** ''[[Aspergillus nidulans]]''
*** ''[[Aspergillus omanensis]]''
*** ''[[Aspergillus pachycristatus]]''
*** ''[[Aspergillus quadrilineatus]]''
*** ''[[Aspergillus recurvatus]]''
*** ''[[Aspergillus rugulosus]]''
*** ''[[Aspergillus savannensis]]''
*** ''[[Aspergillus sulphureoviridis]]''
*** ''[[Aspergillus violaceus]]''
** ser. '''''Speluncei'''''
*** ''[[Aspergillus askiburgiensis]]''
*** ''[[Aspergillus asperescens]]''
*** ''[[Aspergillus aureolatus]]''
*** ''[[Aspergillus spelunceus]]''
*** ''[[Aspergillus varians]]''
*** ''[[Aspergillus viridicatenatus]]''
** ser. '''''Stellati'''''
*** ''[[Aspergillus angustatus]]''
*** ''[[Aspergillus astellatus]]''
*** ''[[Aspergillus caespitosus]]''
*** ''[[Aspergillus dromiae]]''
*** ''[[Aspergillus filifer]]''
*** ''[[Aspergillus miraensis]]''
*** ''[[Aspergillus olivicola]]''
*** ''[[Aspergillus qinqixianii]]''
*** ''[[Aspergillus stella-maris]]''
*** ''[[Aspergillus stellatus]]''
*** ''[[Aspergillus stelliformis]]''
*** ''[[Aspergillus undulatus]]''
*** ''[[Aspergillus venezuelensis]]''
** ser. '''''Ungulum'''''
*** ''[[Aspergillus croceiaffinis]]''
*** ''[[Aspergillus croceus]]''
*** ''[[Aspergillus israelensis]]''
*** ''[[Aspergillus longistipitatus]]''
*** ''[[Aspergillus unguis]]''
** ser. '''''Versicolores'''''
*** ''[[Aspergillus amoenus]]''
*** ''[[Aspergillus austroafricanus]]''
*** ''[[Aspergillus creber]]''
*** ''[[Aspergillus cvjetkovicii]]''
*** ''[[Aspergillus fructus]]''
*** ''[[Aspergillus griseoaurantiacus]]''
*** ''[[Aspergillus hongkongensis]]''
*** ''[[Aspergillus jensenii]]''
*** ''[[Aspergillus pepii]]''
*** ''[[Aspergillus protuberus]]''
*** ''[[Aspergillus puulaauensis]]''
*** ''[[Aspergillus subversicolor]]''
*** ''[[Aspergillus sydowii]]''
*** ''[[Aspergillus tabacinus]]''
*** ''[[Aspergillus tennesseensis]]''
*** ''[[Aspergillus venenatus]]''
*** ''[[Aspergillus versicolor]]''
* sect. '''''Ochraceorosei'''''
** ser. '''''Funiculosi'''''
*** ''[[Aspergillus funiculosus]]''
** ser. '''''Ochraceorosei'''''
*** ''[[Aspergillus chraceoroseus]]''
*** ''[[Aspergillus rambellii]]''
* sect. '''''Raperorum'''''
** ser. '''''Raperorum'''''
*** ''[[Aspergillus ivoriensis]]''
*** ''[[Aspergillus raperi]]''
* sect. '''''Silvatici'''''
** ser. '''''Silvatici'''''
*** ''[[Aspergillus silvaticus]]''
* sect. '''''Sparsi'''''
** ser. '''''Biplani'''''
*** ''[[Aspergillus biplanus]]''
*** ''[[Aspergillus diversus]]''
** ser. '''''Conjuncti'''''
*** ''[[Aspergillus amazonicus]]''
*** ''[[Aspergillus anthodesmis]]''
*** ''[[Aspergillus conjunctus]]''
*** ''[[Aspergillus panamensis]]''
** ser. '''''Implicati'''''
*** ''[[Aspergillus implicatus]]''
** ser. '''''Sparsi'''''
*** ''[[Aspergillus haitiensis]]''
*** ''[[Aspergillus sparsus]]''
* sect. '''''Usti'''''
** ser. '''''Calidousti'''''
*** ''[[Aspergillus asper]]''
*** ''[[Aspergillus calidoustus]]''
*** ''[[Aspergillus carlsbadensis]]''
*** ''[[Aspergillus contaminans]]''
*** ''[[Aspergillus fuscicans]]''
*** ''[[Aspergillus germanicus]]''
*** ''[[Aspergillus insuetus]]''
*** ''[[Aspergillus keveii]]''
*** ''[[Aspergillus keveioides]]''
*** ''[[Aspergillus pseudodeflectus]]''
*** ''[[Aspergillus sigurros]]''
*** ''[[Aspergillus thesauricus]]''
** ser. '''''Deflecti'''''
*** ''[[Aspergillus collinsii]]''
*** ''[[Aspergillus deflectus]]''
*** ''[[Aspergillus elongatus]]''
*** ''[[Aspergillus lucknowensis]]''
*** ''[[Aspergillus turkensis]]''
** ser. '''''Monodiorum'''''
*** ''[[Aspergillus monodii]]''
** ser. '''''Usti'''''
*** ''[[Aspergillus baeticus]]''
*** ''[[Aspergillus granulosus]]''
*** ''[[Aspergillus heterothallicus]]''
*** ''[[Aspergillus porphyreostipitatus]]''
*** ''[[Aspergillus pseudoustus]]''
*** ''[[Aspergillus puniceus]]''
*** ''[[Aspergillus ustus]]''
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Taxa described in 1986]]
[[Category:Aspergillus|%Nidulantes]]
[[Category:Subgenera]]

Economy of South Asia

2023-09-06T03:41:00Z

CYRaju: South Asia new article

{{Infobox economy
| continent = South Asia
| image = South Asia (orthographic projection).svg
| image_size =
| caption =
| population = 2 billion{{UN Population|ref}}
| gdp = {{plainlist|
* $4.3 trillion ([[GDP (nominal)|nominal]]; 2022)<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Bank Open Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/ |access-date=2023-09-04 |website=World Bank Open Data}}</ref>
* $15 trillion ([[Purchasing power parity|PPP]]; 2022)<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Bank Open Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/ |access-date=2023-09-04 |website=World Bank Open Data}}</ref>
}}
| gdp rank =
| per capita = {{plainlist|
* $2,272 (nominal; 2022)<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Bank Open Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/ |access-date=2023-09-04 |website=World Bank Open Data}}</ref>
* $7,931 (PPP; 2022)<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Bank Open Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/ |access-date=2023-09-04 |website=World Bank Open Data}}</ref>
}}
| per capita rank =
| growth = 5.8% (2022 est.)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Overview |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/region/sar/overview |access-date=2023-09-04 |website=World Bank |language=en}}</ref>
| inflation = 7.2% (2022)<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Bank Open Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/ |access-date=2023-09-04 |website=World Bank Open Data}}</ref>
| unemployment = 7% (2022)<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Bank Open Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/ |access-date=2023-09-04 |website=World Bank Open Data}}</ref>
| debt = 78.8% of GDP (2023 est.)<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Bank Open Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/ |access-date=2023-09-04 |website=World Bank Open Data}}</ref>
| footnote = Most numbers are from the [[International Monetary Fund]]. [https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/SAQ IMF South Asia Datasets]
}}
[[File:GDP per capita development in South Asia.svg|thumb|Development of GDP per capita of economies in South Asia]]
The '''economy of South Asia''' comprises 2 billion people (25% of the world population) living in eight countries (though Afghanistan is sometimes excluded).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Slater |first=Joanna |last2=Masih |first2=Niha |title=Home to nearly 2 billion people, South Asia could be the next coronavirus hot spot |language=en-US |work=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/home-to-nearly-2-billion-people-south-asia-could-be-the-next-coronavirus-hot-spot/2020/03/19/35431fbe-6918-11ea-b199-3a9799c54512_story.html |access-date=2023-09-04 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hanif |first=Melanie |title=Indian Involvement in Afghanistan in the Context of the South Asian Security System |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26463127 |journal=Journal of Strategic Security |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=13–26 |issn=1944-0464}}</ref> It was historically one of the [[List of regions by past GDP (PPP)#Indian empires (1–1947 CE)|richest regions in the world]], comprising 25% of world GDP as recently as 1700,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chakravarty |first=Capital Account {{!}} Manas |date=2010-08-25 |title=World history by per capita GDP |url=https://www.livemint.com/Opinion/Nb7KkZ3yOVSNW3vHf9K1oM/World-history-by-per-capita-GDP.html |access-date=2023-09-04 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref> but experienced significant [[De-industrialisation of India|de-industrialisation]] and a doubling of extreme poverty during the [[Colonial India|colonial era]] of the late 18th to mid-20th century.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hickel |first=Dylan Sullivan,Jason |title=How British colonialism killed 100 million Indians in 40 years |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2022/12/2/how-british-colonial-policy-killed-100-million-indians |access-date=2023-09-04 |website=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref> In the post-colonial era, South Asia has grown significantly, with India advancing because of [[Economic liberalisation in India|economic liberalisation]] from the 1980s onwards,<ref>{{Cite web |title=25 years of liberalisation: A glimpse of India’s growth in 14 charts-Business News , Firstpost |url=https://www.firstpost.com/business/25-years-of-liberalisation-a-glimpse-of-indias-growth-in-14-charts-2877654.html |access-date=2023-09-04 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref> and extreme poverty now below 15% in the region.<ref>[https://databankfiles.worldbank.org/public/ddpext_download/poverty/33EF03BB-9722-4AE2-ABC7-AA2972D68AFE/Global_POVEQ_SAR.pdf South Asia] https://databankfiles.worldbank.org/</ref> South Asia has been the fastest-growing region of the world since 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How South Asia can continue as world’s fastest growing subregion - Lei Lei Song |url=https://www.adb.org/news/op-ed/how-south-asia-can-continue-world-s-fastest-growing-subregion-lei-lei-song |access-date=2023-09-04 |website=Asian Development Bank |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
{{Main|Economic history of the Indian subcontinent}}

=== Ancient and medieval era ===
{{Excerpt|Economic history of India|paragraphs=1-5|files=0}}

=== Colonial era ===
{{See also|Economy of India under Company rule}}{{Excerpt|Economy of India under the British Raj|templates=0|references=0}}

== Modern era ==
India is the largest economy in the region (US$3.535 trillion) and makes up almost 80% of the South Asian economy; it is the [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|world's 5th largest]] in nominal terms and [[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|3rd largest]] by purchasing power adjusted exchange rates (US$11.745 trillion).<ref name="IMF">{{cite web |title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects |url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2018/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=82&pr.y=15&sy=2017&ey=2018&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=subject&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C556%2C513%2C514%2C558%2C564%2C524%2C534&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP&grp=0&a= |website=imf.org |publisher=IMF}} Outlook Database, October 2018</ref> India is the member of [[G-20 major economies]] and [[BRICS]] from the region. It is the fastest-growing major economy in the world and one of the world's fastest registering a growth of 7.2% in FY 2022-23.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dhoot |first=Vikas |title=India’s GDP expanded 6.1% in 2022-23’s last quarter |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/Economy/gdp-grows-61-in-march-quarter-72-in-fy23/article66915856.ece |access-date=2023-09-01 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

India is followed by Bangladesh, which has a GDP of ($411 billion) and a GDP per capita of $2,554, which is 4th in the region above India and Pakistan. It has the fastest GDP growth rate in Asia. It is one of the [[emerging and growth-leading economies]] of the world, and is also listed among the [[Jim O'Neill, Baron O'Neill of Gatley#Next Eleven|Next Eleven]] countries. It is also one of the fastest-growing middle-income countries. It has the [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|world's 33rd largest]] GDP in nominal terms and is the [[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|27th largest]] by purchasing power adjusted exchange rates ($1.015 trillion). Bangladesh's economic growth was 6.4% in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ventura |first=Luca |title=Global Finance Magazine - Countries with Highest GDP Growth 2022 |url=https://www.gfmag.com/global-data/economic-data/countries-highest-gdp-growth |access-date=2023-09-01 |website=Global Finance Magazine |language=en}}</ref> Pakistan has an economy of ($314 billion) and ranks 5th in GDP per capita in the region.<ref>{{cite web |title=Welcome to WorldBank Group |url=http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/0,,pagePK:158889~piPK:146815~theSitePK:223547,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100816181203/http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/0,,pagePK:158889~piPK:146815~theSitePK:223547,00.html |archive-date=16 August 2010 |access-date=23 August 2010 |website=World Bank}}</ref> Next is [[Sri Lanka]], which has the 2nd highest GDP per capita and the 4th largest economy in the region.

Certain parts of South Asia are significantly wealthier than others; the four Indian states of [[Maharashtra]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Gujarat]] and [[Karnataka]] are projected to account for almost 50% of India's GDP by 2030, while the five [[South India|South Indian states]] comprising 20% of India's population are expected to contribute 35% of India's GDP by 2030.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Southern states to contribute 35% of India’s $7 trillion economy by 2030 |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/southern-states-to-contribute-35-of-indias-7tn-economy-by-2030/articleshow/100862819.cms?from=mdr&utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst |access-date=2023-09-06 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

The major stock exchanges in the region are [[Bombay Stock Exchange]] (BSE) with market Capitalization of $3.5 trillion ([[List of stock exchanges|10th largest in the world]]), [[National Stock Exchange of India]] (NSE) with market capitalization of $3.55 trillion ([[List of stock exchanges|9th largest in the world]]), [[Dhaka Stock Exchange]] (DSE), [[Colombo Stock Exchange]] (CSE), and [[Pakistan Stock Exchange]] (PSX) with market capitalization of $72 billion. Economic data is sourced from the [[International Monetary Fund]], current as of April 2017, and is given in US dollars.<ref name="auto">{{cite web |title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2015/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=83&pr.y=16&sy=2015&ey=2015&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=193,273,223,156,924,922,132,184,134,534,536,136,158,112,111,542&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP&grp=0&a= |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010173821/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2015/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=83&pr.y=16&sy=2015&ey=2015&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=193%2C273%2C223%2C156%2C924%2C922%2C132%2C184%2C134%2C534%2C536%2C136%2C158%2C112%2C111%2C542&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP&grp=0&a= |archive-date=10 October 2017 |access-date=7 November 2017 |website=www.imf.org}}</ref>

India is home to the [[Indian Premier League]], which is the second-most valued sports league in the world on a per-match basis.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lavalette |first=Tristan |title=Indian Premier League’s Jaw-Dropping $6 Billion Broadcast Deal Will Have Major Ramifications In Cricket |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/tristanlavalette/2022/06/14/the-indian-premier-leagues-jaw-dropping-6-billion-broadcast-deal-will-have-major-ramifications-in-cricket/ |access-date=2023-09-04 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! rowspan="2" |Country
<ref name="CIA Names2">{{Cite web |title=Field Listing :: Names |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2142.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701201536/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2142.html |archive-date=1 July 2017 |access-date=28 July 2011 |publisher=CIA}}</ref><ref name="UN_Names2">{{cite web |year=2007 |title=UNGEGN List of Country Names |url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/UNGEGN/docs/9th-uncsgn-docs/UNGEGN%20WG%20Country%20Names%20Document%20-%20August%202009.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728144159/http://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/UNGEGN/docs/9th-uncsgn-docs/UNGEGN%20WG%20Country%20Names%20Document%20-%20August%202009.pdf |archive-date=28 July 2011 |access-date=28 July 2011 |publisher=United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names}}</ref><ref name="Europa2">{{cite web |title=List of countries, territories and currencies |url=http://publications.europa.eu/code/en/en-5000500.htm#fn-tw1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807122658/http://publications.europa.eu/code/en/en-5000500.htm#fn-tw1 |archive-date=7 August 2011 |access-date=10 August 2011 |publisher=Europa}}</ref>
! colspan="5" |GDP
! rowspan="2" |Inflation
(2022)<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Economic Outlook (October 2022) – Inflation rate, average consumer prices |url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/PCPIPCH@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD |access-date=28 November 2022 |website=IMF}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |HDI
|-
![[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|Nominal GDP]](in millions) (2022) (%Share)<ref name="IMF Oct 2022">{{Cite web |title=World Economic Outlook – GDP current prices, in billions of dollars |url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/NGDPD@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD |access-date=28 November 2022 |work=International Monetary Fund}}</ref>
![[List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita|GDP per capita]]
(2022)<ref name="IMF Oct 2022 - 2">{{Cite web |title=World Economic Outlook – GDP current prices, per capita |url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/NGDPDPC@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD/ |access-date=28 November 2022 |work=International Monetary Fund}}</ref>
![[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|GDP (PPP)]](in millions) (2022) (%Share)
![[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|GDP (PPP) per capita]] (2022)
![[Economic growth|GDP growth]]
(2022)<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Economic Outlook (October 2022) – Real GDP growth |url=http://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/NGDP_RPCH@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD |website=IMF}}</ref>
![[Human Development Index|HDI]]
(2019)<ref>{{cite book |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2020.pdf |title=Human Development Report 2020 The Next Frontier: Human Development and the Anthropocene |publisher=United Nations Development Programme |isbn=978-9-211-26442-5 |pages=343–346 |access-date=15 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201215063955/http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2020.pdf |archive-date=15 December 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>
![[List of countries by inequality-adjusted HDI|Inequality-adjusted HDI]] (2019)<ref>{{cite web |title=Inequality-adjusted HDI (IHDI) |url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/indicators/138806 |access-date=23 September 2020 |website=hdr.undp.org |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme|UNDP]]}}</ref>
|-
|{{Country|Afghanistan}}<ref name="afg2022_WEO">Last update for Afghanistan from the World Economic Outlook is for 2020. Later years are unavailable.</ref>
| align="right" |''$20,136 (2020)''
| align="right" |''$611 (2020)''
| align="right" |''$80,912 (2020)''
| align="right" |''$2,456 (2020)''
| align="right" |''-2.4% (2020)''
| align="right" |''5.6% (2020)''
| align="right" |{{Increase}}0.478 (''low'')
| align="right" |No data
|-
|{{Country|Bangladesh}}
| align="right" |$460,751 (10.41%)
| align="right" |$2,734
| align="right" |$1,345,646 (8.97%)
| align="right" |$7,985
| align="right" |7.2%
| align="right" |6.1%
| align="right" |{{Increase}}0.661 (''medium'')
| align="right" |{{Increase}}0.465 (''low'')
|-
|{{Country|Bhutan}}
| align="right" |$2,707 (0.06%)
| align="right" |$3,562
| align="right" |$9,937 (0.07%)
| align="right" |$13,077
| align="right" |4.0%
| align="right" |7.7%
| align="right" |{{Increase}}0.666 (''medium'')
| align="right" |{{Increase}}0.450 (''low'')
|-
|{{Country|India}}
| align="right" |$3,468,566 (78.35%)
| align="right" |$2,466
| align="right" |$11,665,490 (77.74%)
| align="right" |$8,293
| align="right" |6.8%
| align="right" |6.9%
| align="right" |{{Increase}}0.633 (''medium'')
| align="right" |{{Increase}}0.538 (''low'')
|-
|{{Country|Maldives}}
| align="right" |$5,900 (0.13%)
| align="right" |$15,097
| align="right" |$12,071 (0.08%)
| align="right" |$30,888
| align="right" |8.7%
| align="right" |4.3%
| align="right" |{{Increase}}0.747 (''high'')
| align="right" |{{Increase}}0.568 (''medium'')
|-
|{{Country|Nepal}}
| align="right" |$39,028 (0.88%)
| align="right" |$1,293
| align="right" |$141,161 (0.94%)
| align="right" |$4,677
| align="right" |4.2%
| align="right" |6.3%
| align="right" |{{Increase}}0.602 (''medium'')
| align="right" |{{Increase}}0.430 (''low'')
|-
|{{Country|Pakistan}}
| align="right" |$376,493 (8.50%)
| align="right" |$1,658
| align="right" |$1,512,476 (10.08%)
| align="right" |$6,662
| align="right" |6.0%
| align="right" |12.10%
| align="right" |{{Increase}}0.544 (''low'')
| align="right" |{{Increase}}0.386 (''low'')
|-
|{{Country|Sri Lanka}}
| align="right" |$73,739 (1.67%)
| align="right" |$3,293
| align="right" |$318,690 (2.12%)
| align="right" |$14,230
| align="right" | -8.7%
| align="right" |48.2%
| align="right" |{{Increase}}0.782 (''high'')
| align="right" |{{Increase}}0.686 (''medium'')
|-
!'''South Asia'''<ref>Individual country percentages may not add up to 100% due to rounding. Afghanistan not included in 2022 totals due to year mismatch. World Economic Outlook also does not count Afghanistan in the South Asia subtotals.</ref>
!'''$4,427,184 (100%)'''
!'''$2,385'''
!'''$15,005,471 (100%)'''
!'''$8,085'''
!'''6.4%'''
!'''8.1%'''
!{{Increase}}0.639 (''medium'')
!-
|}

=== Poverty ===
{{See also|Poverty in India|Poverty in Pakistan|Poverty in Bangladesh}}
Poverty rates vary greatly throughout the region, with a majority of Afghanistan relying on humanitarian aid,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Afghanistan: An entire population pushed into poverty {{!}} International Rescue Committee (IRC) |url=https://www.rescue.org/article/afghanistan-entire-population-pushed-poverty |access-date=2023-09-04 |website=www.rescue.org |language=en}}</ref> and 40% of Sri Lankans slipping into poverty due to the [[Sri Lankan economic crisis (2019–present)|economic crisis]] that started in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Over 9 Million Sri Lankans Have Slipped Into Poverty Since January, Finds Study |url=https://thewire.in/south-asia/over-9-million-sri-lankans-have-slipped-into-poverty-since-january-finds-study |access-date=2023-09-04 |website=The Wire}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! rowspan="2" |Country
<ref name="CIA Names">{{Cite web |title=Field Listing :: Names |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2142.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701201536/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2142.html |archive-date=1 July 2017 |access-date=28 July 2011 |publisher=CIA}}</ref><ref name="UN_Names">{{cite web |year=2007 |title=UNGEGN List of Country Names |url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/UNGEGN/docs/9th-uncsgn-docs/UNGEGN%20WG%20Country%20Names%20Document%20-%20August%202009.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728144159/http://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/UNGEGN/docs/9th-uncsgn-docs/UNGEGN%20WG%20Country%20Names%20Document%20-%20August%202009.pdf |archive-date=28 July 2011 |access-date=28 July 2011 |publisher=United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names}}</ref><ref name="Europa">{{cite web |title=List of countries, territories and currencies |url=http://publications.europa.eu/code/en/en-5000500.htm#fn-tw1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807122658/http://publications.europa.eu/code/en/en-5000500.htm#fn-tw1 |archive-date=7 August 2011 |access-date=10 August 2011 |publisher=Europa}}</ref>
! colspan="4" |[[List of countries by percentage of population living in poverty|Population below poverty line]] (at $1.9/day)
! rowspan="2" |[[Global Hunger Index]] (2021)<ref name="Archived copy">{{cite web |title=Global Hunger Index Scores by 2021 GHI Rank |url=https://www.globalhungerindex.org/ranking.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225183607/https://www.globalhungerindex.org/ranking.html |archive-date=25 February 2022 |access-date=2 March 2022 |website=www.globalhungerindex.org}}</ref>
! rowspan="2" |Population under-nourished (2015)<ref name="fao.org">{{cite web |title=UN |url=http://www.fao.org/3/a-i4624e.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924011158/http://www.fao.org/3/a-i4624e.pdf |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=3 June 2015}}</ref>
! rowspan="2" |[[Life expectancy]] (2019)<ref>{{cite web |title=GHO | by category | Life expectancy and Healthy life expectancy - Data by country |url=https://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.main.688 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220105113304/https://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.main.688 |archive-date=5 January 2022 |access-date=2 March 2022 |website=apps.who.int}}</ref> (global rank)
! colspan="3" |Global wealth report (2019)<ref name="CS 2019-1">{{Cite web |title=Global wealth report |url=https://www.credit-suisse.com/about-us/en/reports-research/global-wealth-report.html |access-date=25 October 2019 |website=www.credit-suisse.com |publisher=[[Credit Suisse]]}}</ref><ref name="CS 2019-2">{{Cite web |title=Global wealth report 2019 |url=https://www.credit-suisse.com/media/assets/corporate/docs/about-us/research/publications/global-wealth-report-2019-en.pdf |access-date=25 October 2019 |publisher=[[Credit Suisse]]}}</ref><ref name="CS 2019-3">{{Cite web |title=Global wealth databook 2019 |url=https://www.credit-suisse.com/media/assets/corporate/docs/about-us/research/publications/global-wealth-databook-2019.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023104250/https://www.credit-suisse.com/media/assets/corporate/docs/about-us/research/publications/global-wealth-databook-2019.pdf |archive-date=23 October 2019 |access-date=25 October 2019 |publisher=[[Credit Suisse]]}}</ref>
|- style="background:#ececec;"
![[World Bank]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty lines (% of population) {{!}} Data |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.NAHC?locations=CO&view=map&year_high_desc=true |access-date=26 August 2017 |website=data.worldbank.org}}</ref> (year)
![[Multidimensional Poverty Index|2022 Multidimensional Poverty Index Report]] (MPI source year)<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://hdr.undp.org/content/2022-global-multidimensional-poverty-index-mpi |title=2022 Global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) |last=Nations |first=United |publisher=United Nations |language=en}}</ref>
!Population in [[Extreme poverty]] (2022)<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Poverty Clock |url=https://worldpoverty.io/ |access-date=27 February 2022 |website=worldpoverty.io |language=en}}</ref>
![[The World Factbook|CIA Factbook]] (2015)<ref name="CIA Factbook">{{cite web |title=The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2046.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151109070125/https://www.cia.gov/Library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2046.html |archive-date=9 November 2015 |access-date=23 August 2016 |website=www.cia.gov}}</ref>
![[List of countries by total wealth|Total national wealth]] in billion USD (global rank)
![[List of countries by wealth per adult|Wealth per adult]] in USD
![[List of countries by wealth per adult|Median wealth per adult]] in USD (global rank)
|-
|'''{{Country|Afghanistan}}'''
| align="right" |54.5% (2016)
| align="right" |55.91% (2015–16)
| align="right" |18%
| align="right" |36%
| align="right" |28.3 (103rd)
| align="right" |26.8%
| align="right" |63.2 (160th)
| align="right" |25 (116th)
| align="right" |1,463
| align="right" |640 (156th)
|-
|'''{{Country|Bangladesh}}'''
| align="right" |24.3% (2016)
| align="right" |24.64% (2019)
| align="right" |4%
| align="right" |31.5%
| align="right" |19.1 (76th)
| align="right" |16.4%
| align="right" |74.3 (82nd)
| align="right" |697 (44th)
| align="right" |6,643
| align="right" |2,787 (117th)
|-
|'''{{Country|Bhutan}}'''
| align="right" |8.2% (2017)
| align="right" |37.34% (2010)
| align="right" |4%
| align="right" |12%
| align="right" |No data
| align="right" |No data
| align="right" |73.1 (99th)
| align="right" |No Data
| align="right" |No Data
| align="right" |No Data
|-
|'''{{Country|India}}'''
| align="right" |21.9% (2011)
| align="right" |16.4% (2019-21)
| align="right" |3%
| align="right" |29.8%
| align="right" |27.5 (101st)
| align="right" |15.2%
| align="right" |70.8 (117th)
| align="right" |12,614 (7th)
| align="right" |14,569
| align="right" |3,042 (115th)
|-
|'''{{Country|Maldives}}'''
| align="right" |8.2% (2016)
| align="right" |0.77% (2016–17)
| align="right" |4%
| align="right" |16%
| align="right" |No data
| align="right" |5.2%
| align="right" |79.6 (33rd)
| align="right" |7 (142nd)
| align="right" |23,297
| align="right" |8,555 (74th)
|-
|'''{{Country|Nepal}}'''
| align="right" |25.2% (2010)
| align="right" |17.50% (2019)
| align="right" |8%
| align="right" |25.2%
| align="right" |19.1 (76th)
| align="right" |7.8%
| align="right" |70.9 (116th)
| align="right" |68 (94th)
| align="right" |3,870
| align="right" |1,510 (136th)
|-
|'''{{Country|Pakistan}}'''
| align="right" |24.3% (2015)
| align="right" |38.33% (2017–18)
| align="right" |5%
| align="right" |12.4%
| align="right" |24.7 (94th)
| align="right" |22%
| align="right" |69.3 (144th)
| align="right" |465 (49th)
| align="right" |4,096
| align="right" |1,766 (128th)
|-
|'''{{Country|Sri Lanka}}'''
| align="right" |4.1% (2016)
| align="right" |2.92% (2016)
| align="right" |5%
| align="right" |8.9%
| align="right" |16 (65th)
| align="right" |22%
| align="right" |76.9 (54th)
| align="right" |297 (60th)
| align="right" |20,628
| align="right" |8,283 (77th)
|}

=== India ===
{{Excerpt|Economy of India}}

=== Bangladesh ===
{{Excerpt|Economy of Bangladesh}}

=== Pakistan ===
{{Excerpt|Economy of Pakistan|files=0|templates=0|references=0}}

=== Afghanistan ===
{{Excerpt|Economy of Afghanistan|references=0}}

=== Bhutan ===
{{Excerpt|Economy of Bhutan}}

=== Maldives ===
{{Excerpt|Economy of Maldives|files=0|templates=0|references=0}}

=== Nepal ===
{{Excerpt|Economy of Nepal|files=0|references=0}}

=== Sri Lanka ===
{{Excerpt|Economy of Sri Lanka}}

== See also ==

* [[Economy of East Asia]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Asia in topic|Economy of}}{{South Asian topics}}
[[Category:Economy of South Asia]]
[[Category:South Asia]]
[[Category:Economies by region]]

List of India Test wicket-keepers

2023-08-28T13:58:50Z

CYRaju: /* List */

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}
[[File:Dhoni at Reebok event.jpg|thumb|right|300px|[[Mahendra Singh Dhoni]], holds the record for most dismissals by an Indian wicket-keeper in Test cricket]]

This is a chronological '''list of [[India national cricket team|India]] [[Test cricket|Test]] [[wicket-keeper]]s'''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=India Cricket Team Records & Stats {{!}} ESPNcricinfo.com|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/australia/engine/records/keeping/most_dismissals_career.html?class=1&id=6&type=team|access-date=2021-01-19|website=Cricinfo}}</ref>

This list only includes players who have played as the designated keeper for a match. On occasions, another player may have stepped in to relieve the primary wicket-keeper due to injury or the keeper bowling.

==List==
'''Test Match Career'''

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- bgcolor="#efefef"
! No. || Player || Test career || Tests || Catches || Stumpings || Total dismissals
|-
| 1 || {{sortname|Janardan|Navle}} || 1932–1933 || 2 || 1 || 0 || '''1'''
|-
| 2 || {{sortname|Dilawar|Hussain}} || 1934–1936 || 3 || 6 || 1 || '''7'''
|-
| 3 || {{sortname|Dattaram|Hindlekar}} || 1936–1946 || 4 || 3 || 0 || '''3'''
|-
| 4 || {{sortname|Khershed|Meherhomji}} || 1936 || 1 || 1 || 0 || '''1'''
|-
| 5 || {{sortname|Jenni|Irani}} || 1947 || 2 || 2 || 1 || '''3'''
|-
| 6 || {{sortname|Khokhan|Sen}} || 1948–1952 || 14 || 20 || 11 || '''31'''
|-
| 7 || {{sortname|Nana|Joshi}} || 1951–1960 || 12 || 18 || 9 || '''27'''
|-
| 8 || {{sortname|Madhav|Mantri}} || 1951–1952 || 3 || 6 || 1 || '''7'''
|-
| 9 || {{sortname|Vijay|Rajindernath}} || 1952 || 1 || 0 || 4 || '''4'''
|-
| 10 || {{sortname|Ebrahim|Maka}} || 1952–1953 || 2 || 2 || 1 || '''3'''
|-
| 11 || {{sortname|Vijay|Manjrekar}} || 1953 || 1 || 0 || 1 || '''1'''
|-
| 12 || {{sortname|Naren|Tamhane}} || 1955–1961 || 21 || 35 || 16 || '''51'''
|-
| 13 || {{sortname|Chandrakant|Patankar}} || 1955–1956 || 1 || 3 || 1 || '''4'''
|-
| 14 || {{sortname|Budhi|Kunderan}} || 1960–1967 || 15 || 21 || 7 || '''28'''
|-
| 15 || {{sortname|Farokh|Engineer}} || 1961–1975 || 46 || 66 || 16 || '''82'''
|-
| 16 || {{sortname|Prince|Indrajitsinhji}} || 1964–1969 || 4 || 6 || 3 || '''9'''
|-
| 17 || {{sortname|Pochiah|Krishnamurthy}} || 1971 || 5 || 7 || 1 || '''8'''
|-
| 18 || {{sortname|Syed|Kirmani}} || 1976–1986 || 88 || 160 || 38 || '''198'''
|-
| 19 || {{sortname|Bharath|Reddy|Bharath Reddy (cricketer)}} || 1979 || 4 || 9 || 2 || '''11'''
|-
| 20 || {{sortname|Sadanand|Viswanath}} || 1985 || 3 || 11 || 0 || '''11'''
|-
| 21 || {{sortname|Kiran|More}} || 1986–1993 || 49 || 110 || 20 || '''130'''
|-
| 22 || {{sortname|Chandrakant|Pandit}} || 1986–1992 || 3 || 11 || 2 || '''13'''
|-
| 23 || {{sortname|Vijay|Yadav|Vijay Yadav (cricketer)}} || 1993 || 1 || 1 || 2 || '''3'''
|-
| 24 || {{sortname|Nayan|Mongia}} || 1994–2001 || 44 || 99 || 8 || '''107'''
|-
| 25 || {{sortname|Mannava|Prasad}} || 1999–2000 || 6 || 15 || 0 || '''15'''
|-
| 26 || {{sortname|Saba|Karim}} || 2000 || 1 || 1 || 0 || '''1'''
|-
| 27 || {{sortname|Vijay|Dahiya}} || 2000 || 2 || 6 || 0 || '''6'''
|-
| 28 || {{sortname|Sameer|Dighe}} || 2001 || 6 || 12 || 2 || '''14'''
|-
| 29 || {{sortname|Deep|Dasgupta}} || 2001–2002 || 8 || 13 || 0 || '''13'''
|-
| 30 || {{sortname|Ajay|Ratra}} || 2002 || 6 || 11 || 2 || '''13'''
|-
| 31 || {{sortname|Parthiv|Patel}} || 2002–2018 || 25 || 62 || 10 || '''72'''
|-
| 32 || {{sortname|Dinesh|Karthik}} || 2004–2018 || 19 || 51 || 6 || '''57'''
|-
| 33 || {{sortname|Mahendra Singh|Dhoni}} || 2005–2019 || 90 || 256 || 38 || '''294'''
|-
| 34 || {{sortname|Wriddhiman|Saha}} || 2012–2021 || 40 || 92 || 12 || '''104'''
|-
| 35 || '''{{sortname|Rishabh|Pant}}''' || 2018–present || 30 || 107 || 11 || '''118'''
|-
| 36 || '''{{sortname|Kona Srikar|Bharat}}''' || 2023–present || 2 || 4 || 1 || '''5'''
|-
|}

==See also==

*[[List of India Twenty-20 wicket-keepers]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;keeper=1;orderby=start;size=100;team=6;template=results;type=fielding India test wicketkeepers]

{{Wicket-keepers in Test cricket}}
{{Cricket in India}}

[[Category:Lists of Indian cricketers|Wicket-keepers, Test]]
[[Category:Lists of Test cricketers|Indian]]
[[Category:Lists of wicket-keepers|Indian]]
[[Category:Wicket-keepers]]

Ranjithame

2023-07-18T05:17:58Z

CYRaju:

{{Short description|Tamil language soap opera}}

{{AfDM|page=Ranjithame (2nd nomination)|year=2023|month=July|day=6|substed=yes|origtag=afdx}}


{{Multiple issues|
{{notability}}
{{more citations needed}}
}}

{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Use Indian English}}
{{Infobox television
| native_name =
| image =
| genre = [[Family]] [[Drama]]
| creator = [[Vikatan Televistas]]
| writer = Vikatan Televistas Team
| screenplay = Thamayanthi
| creative_director = [[Vikatan Televistas]]
| director = E. Iniyan Dinesh
| starring = {{ubl|
* Shiv Sathish
* [[Manishajith]]
* [[Roopa Sree]]
}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes =
| company = [[Vikatan Televistas]]
| theme_music_composer = Kiran
| opentheme =
| music = Baskaran
| cinematography = Sumee Baskaran
| editor = Pa. Chandru
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = approx. 20-22 minutes per episode
| channel = [[Kalaignar TV]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2023|07|17|df=yes}}
| last_aired = present
}}
{{Contains special characters|Tamil}}

'''Ranjithame''' ({{translation|Pleasant}}) is an Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil-language]] television series directed by E. Iniyan Dinesh<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/others/1021064-iniyan-dinesh-new-serial-ranjithame.html|title=இனியன் தினேஷ் இயக்கும் புதிய தொடர் ‘ரஞ்சிதமே’|website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]]|language=ta}}</ref> and produced by [[Vikatan Televistas]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.news18.com/entertainment/television-kalaignar-tv-to-launch-ranjithame-serial-soon-989655.html|title=ரஞ்சிதமே... விஜய் பாட்டை டைட்டிலாக வைத்து புதிய சீரியல்!|website=[[News18 Tamil Nadu]]|language=ta}}</ref> The show stars Shiv Sathish, [[Manishajith]] and [[Roopa Sree]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.news18.com/entertainment/television-bharathi-kannamma-roopa-sree-to-play-an-important-role-in-ranjithame-serial-1039849.html|title=பாரதி கண்ணம்மா செளந்தர்யாவின் புதிய சீரியல்!|website=[[News18 Tamil Nadu]]|language=ta}}</ref> in lead role. It is scheduled for release on [[Kalaignar TV]] on July 17, 2023, and will air on Monday to Saturday at 19:30<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/new-tv-serial-ranjithame-to-launch-soon-deets-inside/articleshow/101687394.cms|title=New TV serial ‘Ranjithame' on Kalaignar TV|website=[[The Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref> and it is available for worldwide streaming on [[Vikatan Televistas|Vikatan TV]] (YouTube channel).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/television/vikatan-televistas-ranjithame-tv-serial-to-be-telecasted-in-kalaignar-tv-and-vikatan-tv-youtube-channel|title=விகடன் டெலிவிஸ்டாஸின் `ரஞ்சிதமே' தொடர் - இன்று முதல் டிவி மற்றும் யூடியூபில் பார்க்கலாம்!|website=cinema.vikatan.com|language=ta}}</ref>

==Plot==
Arun (Shiv Sathish) and Ranjitha (Manishajith) had feelings for each other but Ranjitha is taking things slowly due to Arun's mother who does not want them to be together. The story about that revolves around the ego clash between Ranjitha and her boyfriend Arun's mother.

==Cast==
===Main Cast===
* [[Manishajith]] as Ranjitha
* Shiv Sathish as Arun
* [[Roopa Sree]]

=== Supporting ===
* Madhumikha Srinivasu
* Yavanraj Nethrun
* Sandhyadhaiyan
* Ramanth Shetty

== Production ==
=== Development ===
On February 26, 2021 [[Vikatan Televistas]] confirmed [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]`s old serial ([[Nayagi (TV series)|Nayagi]] and [[Deivamagal]]) going to re-telecast on [[Kalaignar TV]] from March 1, 2021.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/television/deivamagal-and-nayagi-serials-are-coming-soon-in-kalaignar-tv|title="திரும்ப வந்துட்டோம்னு சொல்லுங்க..."- மீண்டும் உங்கள் அபிமான `தெய்வ மகள்’, `நாயகி’ சீரியல்கள்!|website=cinema.vikatan.com|language=ta}}</ref> On February end 2023, [[Kalaignar TV]] confirmed through a press release that it would distribute new Tamil serial, to be produced by [[Vikatan Televistas]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/television/vikatan-televistas-ranjithame-serial-launch-to-be-telecasted-in-kalaignar-tv|title=விகடன் டெலிவிஸ்டாஸின் அடுத்த படைப்பு: வருகிற திங்கள் முதல் ஒளிபரப்பாக இருக்கும் `ரஞ்சிதமே' தொடர்!|website=cinema.dinamalar.com|language=ta}}</ref> Initially, the title of the serial was named Unnai Ninaithu.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/new-tv-serial-unnai-ninaithu-to-be-launched-soon/articleshow/99140028.cms|title=New TV serial ‘Unnai Ninaithu' to be launched soon|website=[[The Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref> Later renamed as Ranjithame and the first promo was released on 12 June 2023.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/new-tv-serial-ranjithame-to-launch-soon-deets-inside/articleshow/100441910.cms|title=New TV serial ‘Ranjithame' to launch soon|website=[[The Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref>

===Casting===
Actress [[Manishajith]] was cast in the female lead role as Rajani. She has already played the lead role in [[Uyire (TV series)|Uyire]] and Kannathil Muthamittal serials. [[Barathi Kannamma (2019 TV series)|Barathi Kannamma]] fame [[Roopa Sree]] plays the mother role in the serial.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bharathi-kannamma-fame-rupa-sree-to-play-titular-role-in-upcoming-show-ranjithame/articleshow/101306018.cms|title=Bharathi Kannamma fame Rupa Sree to play titular role in upcoming show 'Ranjithame'|website=[[The Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2023/jun/28/bharathikannamma-serial-actress-kalainger-tv-ranjithame-serial-4028916.html|title=புதிய தொடரில் நடிக்கும் பாரதி கண்ணம்மா நடிகை |website=www.dinamani.com|language=ta}}</ref> [[Minnale (TV series)|Minnale]] fame Shiv Sathish plays the her son and male lead role as Ranjth.

===Release===
The first promo was released on 12 June 2023 featuring Shiv Sathishm, [[Manishajith]] and [[Roopa Sree]].<ref>{{cite AV media|people=Manishajith|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qqSxaylWkMs|title=ரஞ்சிதமே Ranjithame புத்தம்புதிய மெகாத்தொடர் {{!}} Kalaignar TV}}</ref> The second promo was unveiled on 17 July 2023, featuring protagonist [[Manishajith]] and [[Roopa Sree]]and revealing the release date.<ref>{{cite AV media|people=Manishajith|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kMkmLzaggQk|title=Ranjithame INTRODUCTION PROMO {{!}} Kalaignar TV}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-tv-serials/114784/Chinna-thirai-Television-News/Ranjithame-:-New-serial-from-July-17.htm|title=ஜூலை 17ஆம் திகதி முதல் ரஞ்சிதமே புதிய தொடர் |website=cinema.dinamalar.com|language=ta}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Kalaignar TV shows}}

[[Category:Kalaignar TV television series]]
[[Category:2023 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television soap operas]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romance television series]]

Businesstoday.in

2023-01-17T13:33:07Z

CYRaju:

#REDIRECT[[Business Today (India)]]
{{rcat shell|
{{R from domain name|in}}
}}

Indian Parliament

2022-06-11T14:49:15Z

CYRaju: Shared a captivating piece.

#REDIRECT [[Parliament of India]]
{{R from move}}

1998 Indian Rajya Sabha elections

2022-05-07T09:43:40Z

CYRaju: Just published an influential work.

#REDIRECT [[1998 Rajya Sabha elections]]

{{Redirect category shell|
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Fauna of India

2022-03-11T21:27:57Z

CYRaju: Added a new contribution to the website.

{{Short description|Native animals of India}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Use Indian English}}
{{Wildlife of India}}
[[File:Royal Bengal Tiger at New Delhi.jpg|alt=|thumb|[[Bengal tiger]]]]
[[File:Elephas maximus (Bandipur).jpg|[[Indian elephant]]|thumb]]
[[File:Asiatic Lion in Lucknow Zoo.jpg|alt=|thumb|[[Asiatic lion]]]]
[[File:Indian Rhinoceros.jpg|[[Indian rhinoceros]]|thumb]]

[[File:Gaur bull Kodaikanal "Biff".jpg|[[Gaur]]|thumb]]
[[File:Paonroue.JPG|[[Indian peafowl]]|thumb]]
[[File:Indiancobra.jpg|[[Indian cobra]]|thumb]]
[[File:ElephasGanesa.jpg|thumb|left|''Elephas ganesa'', a fossil elephant from the Siwaliks]]
[[File:Ophrysia superciliosa hm.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Illustration of a [[Himalayan quail]] from [[Allan Octavian Hume|A. O. Hume]]'s work. Last seen in 1876]]
[[File:Nilgiri langur.jpg|[[Nilgiri langur]]|thumb]]
[[File:Indian vulture on cliff.jpg|[[Indian vulture]]|thumb]]
[[File:RedPandaFullBody.JPG|[[Red panda]]|thumb]]
[[File:Lepidochelys olivacea.jpg|[[Olive ridley turtle]]|thumb]]

[[India]] is the world's 8th most [[biodiversity|biodiverse]] region with a 0.46 BioD score on [[diversity index]], 102,718 species of fauna and 23.39% of the nation's geographical area under forest and tree cover in 2020.<ref name=bod1/> India encompasses a wide range of biomes: desert, high mountains, highlands, tropical and temperate forests, swamplands, plains, grasslands, areas surrounding rivers, as well as island archipelago. Officially, three out of the 36 [[Biodiversity Hotspots]] in the world are present in India: the [[Himalayas]], the [[Western Ghats]], and the [[Indo-Burma]] region. To these may be added the [[Sundarbans]] and the Terrai-Duar Savannah grasslands for their unique foliage and animal species.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/children/wild-wonderlands/article34686553.ece | title=Here's a look at 6 biodiversity hotspots of India | newspaper=The Hindu | date=31 May 2021 | last1=Bagli | first1=Katie }}</ref>
These hotspots have numerous [[endemic (ecology)|endemic]] species.<ref name="TERI website">[http://www.teriin.org/biodiv/hotspot.htm] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051109182255/http://www.teriin.org/biodiv/hotspot.htm}}</ref> Nearly 5% of India's total area is formally classified under [[Protected areas of India|protected areas]] .

India, for the most part, lies within the [[Indomalayan realm]], with the upper reaches of the [[Himalayas]] forming part of the [[Palearctic realm]]; the contours of 2000 to 2500m are considered to be the altitudinal boundary between the Indo-Malayan and Palearctic zones. India displays significant [[biodiversity]]. One of seventeen [[megadiverse countries]], it is home to 7.6% of all mammalian, 12.6% of all [[bird|avian]], 6.2% of all [[reptile|reptilian]], 4.4% of all [[amphibian]] and 11.7% of all fish.

The region is also heavily influenced by [[Monsoon|summer monsoon]]s that cause major seasonal changes in vegetation and habitat.
India forms a large part of the [[Indomalaya]]n biogeographical zone and many of the floral and faunal forms show Malayan affinities with only a few [[taxa]] being unique to the Indian region. The unique forms includes the snake family [[Uropeltidae]] found only in the [[Western Ghats]] and [[Sri Lanka]]. Fossil taxa from the [[Cretaceous]] show links to the [[Seychelles]] and Madagascar chain of islands.<ref>Jean-Claude Rage (2003) Relationships of the Malagasy fauna during the Late Cretaceous: Northern or Southern routes? Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 48(4):661-662 [http://app.pan.pl/acta48/app48-661.pdf PDF] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041214205519/http://app.pan.pl/acta48/app48-661.pdf }}</ref> The Cretaceous fauna include reptiles, amphibians and fishes and an extant species demonstrating this [[phylogeography|phylogeographical]] link is the [[purple frog]]. The separation of India and Madagascar is traditionally estimated to have taken place about 88 million years ago. However, there are suggestions that the links to Madagascar and Africa were present even at the time when the Indian subcontinent met Eurasia. India has been suggested as a ship for the movement of several African taxa into Asia. These taxa include five frog families (including the [[Myobatrachidae]]), three [[caecilian]] families, a [[lacertidae|lacertid]] lizard and freshwater snails of the family [[Pomatiopsidae]].<ref name="briggs">Briggs, JC (2003) The biogeographic and tectonic history of India. Journal of Biogeography, 30:381–388</ref> A thirty million year old [[Oligocene]]-era fossil tooth from the [[Bugti Hills]] of central Pakistan has been identified as from a lemur-like primate, prompting controversial suggestions that the lemurs may have originated in Asia.<ref>Marivaux L., Welcome J.-L., Antoine P-O., Métais G., Baloch I.M., Benammi M., Chaimanee Y., Ducrocq S., and Jaeger J.-J. (2001) A fossil lemur from the Oligocene of Pakistan. Science, 294: 587–591.</ref><ref>[http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2001/10/1022_TVlemur.html Oligocene Lemur fossil hints at Asian origin] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171006135255/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2001/10/1022_TVlemur.html }}. Retrieved February 2007.</ref> Lemur fossils from India in the past led to theories of a lost continent called [[Lemuria (continent)|Lemuria]]. This theory however was dismissed when [[continental drift]] and [[plate tectonic]]s became well established.

India is home to several well-known large mammals, including the [[Asian elephant]], [[Bengal tiger]], [[Asiatic lion]], [[Indian leopard]] and [[Indian rhinoceros]]. Some of these animals are engrained in Indian culture, often being associated with deities.
These large mammals are important for wildlife tourism in India, with several national parks and wildlife sanctuaries catering to these needs. The popularity of these charismatic animals have greatly helped conservation efforts in India. The tiger has been particularly important, and [[Project Tiger]], started in 1972, was a major effort to conserve the tiger and its habitats.<ref>[http://projecttiger.nic.in/ Project Tiger] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160211162057/http://projecttiger.nic.in/ }} Accessed Feb, 2007</ref> Project Elephant, though less known, started in 1992 and works for elephant protection.<ref>[http://envfor.nic.in/pe/pe.html Project Elephant] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070119021317/http://www.envfor.nic.in/pe/pe.html }} Accessed Feb, 2007</ref> Most of India's rhinos today survive in the [[Kaziranga National Park]].

Some other well-known large Indian mammals are ungulates such as the [[Bubalus bubalis|water buffalo]], [[nilgai]], [[gaur]] and several species of deer and antelope. Some members of the dog family such as the [[Indian wolf]], [[Bengal fox]], [[golden jackal]] and the [[dhole]] or wild dogs are also widely distributed. It is also home to the [[striped hyena]]. Many smaller animals such as [[macaque]]s, [[langur]]s and [[mongoose]] species are especially well known due to their ability to live close to or inside urban areas.

== Fauna of India ==
{{see also | Indian natural history | Flora of India | Wildlife of India | Endangered Mammals of India | List of Indian state birds }}

The [[Zoological Survey of India|Zoological Survey of India (ZSI)]], with its headquarters in [[Kolkata]] (the capital of [[West Bengal]]) and 16 regional stations is responsible for surveying the faunal resources of India. Possessing a tremendous diversity of climate and physical conditions, India has great variety of [[fauna]], numbering 89,451 species.

The mammals include the [[Indian elephant]], the [[gaur]] or erroneously the Indian bison - the largest of existing bovines, the great [[Indian rhinoceros]], and the [[wild water buffalo]]. Deer and antelopes include the [[barasingha]], the [[sangai]], [[chital]], [[sambar deer]], [[Indian hog deer]], [[Himalayan musk deer]], [[Indian muntjac]], [[Indian spotted chevrotain]], [[Kashmir stag]], [[Tibetan antelope]], [[blackbuck]], [[chausingha]], [[Goa (antelope)|goa]], [[Indian gazelle]], and [[nilgai]]. There are also wild donkeys like [[Indian wild ass]] and [[kiang]], and caprines like [[Bhutan takin]], [[Mishmi takin]], [[red serow]], [[Himalayan serow]], [[red goral]], [[Himalayan goral]], [[markhor]], [[Siberian ibex]], [[Nilgiri tahr]], [[Himalayan tahr]], [[urial]], [[argali]], and [[blue sheep]]. These caprines are generally found in the [[Himalayas]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Ladakh]], and [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)]]. A notable exception is the Nilgiri tahr which is endemic to the [[Nilgiri Hills]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. There are several big cats; the [[Asiatic lion]], [[Bengal tiger]], [[Indian leopard]], [[snow leopard]], [[clouded leopard]], [[Eurasian lynx]] and [[caracal]]. Lesser cat species include [[fishing cat]], [[Asiatic wildcat]], [[jungle cat]], [[Pallas's cat]], [[Bengal cat]], [[marbled cat]], [[Asian golden cat]], and [[leopard cat]]. There are also canines such as [[Ussuri dhole]], [[Indian jackal]], [[Indian wolf]], [[Bengal fox]], [[Tibetan wolf]], and [[Tibetan fox]]. Another carnivore is the [[striped hyena]]. Several birds, like [[greater flamingos]], [[Brahminy duck]]s, [[white-breasted waterhen]], [[pheasant-tailed jacana]], [[Eurasian spoonbill]]s, [[lesser flamingo]]s, [[purple heron]]s, [[great egret|great]] and [[cattle egret]], [[Indian pond heron]]s, [[oriental magpie-robin]]s, [[Nicobar pigeon]]s, [[Indian myna]]s, [[Indian roller]]s, [[slaty-breasted rail]]s, [[greater coucal]]s, [[black-bellied tern]]s, [[Indian pitta]]s, [[Indian paradise flycatcher]]s, [[sarus crane]]s, [[Siberian crane]]s, [[demoiselle crane]]s, [[great hornbill]]s, [[rose-ringed parakeet]]s, [[vernal hanging parrot]]s, [[knob-billed duck]]s, [[painted stork]]s, and [[Asian openbill]]s inhabit forests, wetlands, and mountains. The [[Indian peafowl]] is the national bird of India, and is also found in white and mixed varieties. Pheasants include [[red junglefowl]], [[grey junglefowl]], [[Himalayan monal]]s, [[satyr tragopan]]s, and [[kalij pheasant]]s; the [[great Indian bustard]] is also common in grasslands. Predatory birds include the [[Northern goshawk]], [[shikra]], [[black kite]], [[white-bellied sea eagle]], [[golden eagle]], [[peregrine falcon]], [[Indian vulture]], [[slender-billed vulture]], and [[white-backed vulture]]. The [[pied crow]] and [[Indian jungle crow]] are some interesting crow species in India. [[Chestnut-bellied sandgrouse]] is a sandgrouse found in India. There are plenty of small mammals in India. These include the [[Eurasian harvest mouse]], the [[Asian house shrew]], the [[northern hog badger|northern]] and [[greater hog badger]], the [[Chinese ferret-badger]], the [[honey badger]], the [[Indian pangolin]], and the [[Chinese pangolin]]. Arboreal small mammals include the [[Nilgiri marten]], [[small-toothed palm civet]], [[Asian palm civet]], [[small Indian civet]], [[large Indian civet]], [[binturong]], and [[red panda]]. The bears of India are [[sun bear]], [[sloth bear]], [[Himalayan black bear]], and [[Himalayan brown bear]]. There are also many primates in India. The apes of India are the gibbons; [[western hoolock gibbon]] and [[eastern hoolock gibbon]]. Macaques include [[rhesus macaque]], [[bonnet macaque]], [[lion-tailed macaque]], [[Northern pig-tailed macaque]], [[stump-tailed macaque]], [[Arunachal macaque]], [[white-cheeked macaque]] and [[Assamese macaque]] among others. The various species of langurs include [[purple-faced langur]], the [[Nilgiri langur]], the [[Gee's golden langur]] and [[capped langur]]. There is also the [[Phayre's leaf monkey]]. The suids in India are [[Indian boar]] and the critically endangered [[pygmy hog]]. There are lagomorphs like the critically endangered [[hispid hare]], the [[woolly hare]] and the [[black-naped hare]]. The [[Royle's pika]] and [[Himalayan marmot]] are some of the montane small mammals. There is also the large [[Malabar giant squirrel]], [[Indian palm squirrel]], [[Indian gerbil]], porcupine species [[Indian crested porcupine]] and hedgehog species [[bare-bellied hedgehog]] and [[Indian hedgehog]]. Another predator in India is the [[spotted linsang]], a civet-like creature.

Many are domesticated in India, and seeing them in the streets of villages and even cities is common. Bovines include the [[zebu]], which descended from the extinct [[Indian aurochs]], the [[domestic water buffalo]], the [[gayal]], which is a domesticated gaur, and in the northern regions [[domestic yak]], which descended from the also native [[wild yak]]. [[Dromedary camel]] can be found in desert states like [[Rajasthan]], [[Gujarat]], and [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]. [[Mongrel]] dogs are a common sight in most cities of India. Other small mammals found throughout urban areas are several species of mongoose and [[white-tailed mole]]. These mongoose species are [[ruddy mongoose]], [[Indian grey mongoose]], [[Indian brown mongoose]], [[small Indian mongoose]], [[stripe-necked mongoose]], and [[crab-eating mongoose]]. The [[locust]] is infamous for destroying crops.

Rivers and lakes harbour [[mugger crocodiles]] and [[gharials]]. The [[saltwater crocodile]] is found along the eastern coast and in the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]. A project for breeding crocodiles, started in 1974, has been instrumental in saving the crocodile from extinction. Snakes include [[king cobra]], [[Indian cobra]], [[monocled cobra]], [[Indian rock python]], [[reticulated python]], [[Sri Lankan green vine snake]], [[Brahminy blind snake]], [[green pit viper]], [[Salazar's pit viper]], and [[Indian krait]]. The cobras are an important part of Indian culture. Frogs include [[purple frog]], [[Chunam tree frog]], [[Hoplobatrachus tigerinus|Indus Valley bullfrog]], and [[Indian green frog]]. A notable newt is the [[Himalayan newt]]; it is the only salamander in India. There are also caecilian species, like the [[yellow-striped caecilian]]. India's coasts are full of sea turtles; these include the [[leatherback sea turtle]], [[green sea turtle]], [[hawksbill sea turtle]], [[loggerhead sea turtle]], and [[olive ridley sea turtle]]. [[Indian softshell turtle]]s and [[Indian flapshell turtle]]s are found in mangrove vegetation, lagoons, and freshwater and brackish bodies. The [[Asian water monitor]] and [[Bengal monitor]] are the monitor lizards in India; there are also several gecko species like the [[golden gecko]], and the only chameleon, [[Indian chameleon]].

Fish are a major part of the Indian economy. The fish include [[tilapia]], [[Atlantic pomfret]], [[hilsa]], [[barramundi]], [[rohu]], [[largetooth sawfish]], [[Pearse's mudskipper]], [[giant oceanic manta ray]], [[leopard torpedo]], among thousands of others. These also include sharks, such as [[thresher shark]], [[great white shark]], [[mako shark]], [[hammerhead shark]], [[tiger shark]], and [[sand tiger shark]]. [[Bull sharks]] and [[Ganges shark]]s are also found in freshwater areas. [[Remora]] are commonly found attached to these sharks. Coral reefs in India are rich in fish such as [[Pomacanthidae|angelfish]], [[clownfish]], [[powder blue tang]], [[pufferfish]], [[parrotfish]], [[moray eel]], [[Chinese trumpetfish]], [[redtoothed triggerfish]], and [[butterfly fish]].

Marine dolphins along the coast of India include [[bottlenose dolphin]], [[common dolphin]], and [[pantropical spotted dolphin]] among others. [[Finless porpoise]] are found along the coast as well. The endangered [[Irrawaddy dolphin]] is found in freshwater areas, such as [[Chilika Lake]], alongside the [[Ganges river dolphin]] and [[Indus river dolphin]]. [[Blue whale]]s, [[humpback whale]]s, [[sperm whale]]s, [[dwarf sperm whale]]s, [[orca]]s, [[Cuvier's beaked whale]]s, and [[pygmy killer whale]]s are the most common whales. The semi-aquatic mammals in India are otters. The species of otters are [[Asian small-clawed otter]], [[Eurasian otter]], and [[smooth-coated otter]]. The increasingly endangered [[dugong]] is found throughout coastal estuaries and brackish water bodies.

A notable dragonfly is the [[Epiophlebia laidlawi|Himalayan relict dragonfly]]. India is also known for its butterflies, such as [[lesser grass blue]], [[common blue Apollo]], [[common mime]], [[Papilio polytes|common Mormon]], and [[common Pierrot]]. The [[orchid mantis]] is an iconic mantis found in the Western Ghats of India. [[Carausius morosus|Laboratory stick insect]]s and [[leaf insect]]s are found in abundance.

[[Stegodon]] elephants, [[Indosaurus]], [[Himalayan quail]], and [[pink-headed duck]] are famous extinct animals from India. The Himalayan quail and pink-headed duck are only presumed extinct. However, there are other quails such as [[rain quail]] in India, and the pink-headed duck's relative the [[Indian spot-billed duck]].

Depletion of vegetative cover due to expansion of agriculture, habitat destruction, over-exploitation, pollution, introduction of toxic imbalance in community structure, [[epidemic]]s, [[flood]]s, [[drought]]s and [[cyclone]]s, contribute to the loss of flora and fauna. More than 39 species of mammals, 72 species of birds, 17 species of reptiles, three species of amphibians, two species of fish, and a large number of butterflies, moth, and beetles are considered vulnerable and endangered.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hawk|first=Indian|title=Fauna of India|url=https://knowindia.gov.in/profile/fauna.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819104719/http://knowindia.gov.in/profile/fauna.php|archive-date=19 August 2017|url-status=dead|website=Know India}}</ref>

==Biodiversity==
{{see also | Ecoregions in India }}

India is listed 12th among the [[Biosphere reserves of India|mega-biodiverse nations]] in the world with a BioD score of 0.46 on the [[diversity index]] ''"which is calculated by its percentage of species in each group relative to the total global number of species in each group"''. With 23.39% of its geographical area under forest and tree cover, India is rich in biodiversity. A 2020 faunal survey of India by the [[Zoological Survey of India]] (ZSI) reported a total of 102,718 species of fauna, with 557 new species including 407 newly described species and 150 new country records. Among the new finds, 486 species were invertebrates (mostly insects), and 71 were vertebrate species, mostly fishes and reptiles. New species were reported from [[Wildlife of Karnataka|Karnataka]] (66 species), [[Wildlife of Kerala|Kerala]] (51), [[Wildlife of Rajasthan|Rajasthan]] (46) and [[List of protected areas of West Bengal|West Bengal]] (30). From 2010 to 2020, 4,112 species, including 2,800 new species and 1,312 new records, were added to the Indian fauna.<ref name=bod1>[https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/india-adds-557-new-species-to-its-fauna-zoological-survey-of-india/article36141615.ece India adds 557 new species to its fauna: Zoological Survey of India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210913071118/https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/india-adds-557-new-species-to-its-fauna-zoological-survey-of-india/article36141615.ece }}, The Hindu, 27 Aug 2021.</ref>

There is insufficient information about the invertebrate fauna of India, with significant work having been done only in a few groups of insects, notably the [[butterfly|butterflies]], [[Odonata]] and [[Hymenoptera]], mostly in ''[[The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma]]'' series.

There are about 2,546 species of fishes (about 11% of the world species) found in Indian waters. About 197 species of amphibians (4.4% of the world total) and more than 408 reptile species (6% of the world total) are found in India. Among these groups the highest levels of endemism are found in the amphibians.

There are about 1361 species of birds recorded from India, with some variations, depending on taxonomic treatments, accounting for about 12% of the world species.<ref>[http://www.wcmc.org.uk/igcmc/main.html WCMC website] {{webarchive|url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20011128135101/http://www.wcmc.org.uk/igcmc/main.html }}</ref>

There are about 410 species of mammals known from India, which is about 8.86% of the world species.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nameer |first=P. O. |title=Checklist of Indian mammals |publisher=Kerala Forest Department |place=Thiruvananthapuram}}</ref>

India has the greatest number of cat species in the world.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VU69BAAAQBAJ|title=Faunal Heritage of Rajasthan, India: General Background and Ecology of Vertebrates|last1=Sharma|first1=B. K.|last2=Kulshreshtha|first2=Seema|last3=Rahmani|first3=Asad R.|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=9781461408000|page=482|language=en}}</ref>

The [[World Conservation Monitoring Centre]] gives an estimate of about 15,000 species of flowering plants in India.

==Biodiversity hotspots==

===The Western Ghats===
{{Main|Western Ghats}}
The Western Ghats are a chain of hills that run along the western edge of peninsular India. Their proximity to the ocean and through orographic effect, they receive high rainfall. These regions have [[South Western Ghats moist deciduous forests|moist deciduous forest]] and [[South Western Ghats montane rain forests|rain forest]]. The region shows high species diversity as well as high levels of endemism. Nearly 77% of the amphibians and 62% of the reptile species found here are found nowhere else.<ref name="RJRD">Daniels, R. J. R. (2001) [http://www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/aug102001/240.pdf Endemic fishes of the Western Ghats and the Satpura hypothesis] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303191139/http://www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/aug102001/240.pdf }}. Current Science 81(3):240-244</ref> The region shows biogeographical affinities to the [[Malay Peninsula|Malayan]] region, and the Satpura hypothesis proposed by [[Sunder Lal Hora]] suggests that the hill chains of Central India may have once formed a connection with the forests of northeastern India and into the Indo-Malayan region. Hora used torrent stream fishes to support the theory, but it was also suggested to hold for birds.<ref>Ripley, Dillon S. (1947) [https://www.jstor.org/pss/2405549 Avian relicts and double invasions in Peninsular India and Ceylon(Sri Lanka)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205125548/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2405549 }}. Evolution 2:150–159</ref> Later studies have suggested that Hora's original model species were a demonstration of [[convergent evolution]] rather than speciation by isolation.<ref name="RJRD"/>

More recent [[phylogeography|phylogeographic]] studies have attempted to study the problem using molecular approaches.<ref>Karanth, P. K. (2003) [http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/nov102003/1276.pdf Evolution of disjunct distributions among wet-zone species of the Indian subcontinent: Testing various hypotheses using a phylogenetic approach] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181216031243/https://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/nov102003/1276.pdf }} Current Science, 85(9): 1276-1283</ref> There are also differences in taxa which are dependent on time of divergence and geological history.<ref>Biswas, S. and Pawar S. S. (2006) [http://www.ias.ac.in/jbiosci/mar2006/95.pdf Phylogenetic tests of distribution patterns in South Asia: towards an integrative approach] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181216031527/https://www.ias.ac.in/jbiosci/mar2006/95.pdf }}; J. Biosci. 31 95–113</ref> Along with Sri Lanka this region also shows some fauna similarities with the Madagascan region especially in the reptiles and amphibians. Examples include the ''Sinophis'' snakes, the [[purple frog]] and Sri Lankan lizard genus ''[[Nessia]]'' which appears similar to the Madagascan genus ''[[Acontias]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pdn.ac.lk/socs/zaup/reptiles/affinities.html |title=affinities |access-date=30 August 2006 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304051931/http://www.pdn.ac.lk/socs/zaup/reptiles/affinities.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Numerous floral links to the Madagascan region also exist.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Madagasc/biomad1.html |title=Bio geography of Madagascar |access-date=6 September 2006 |archive-date=18 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190118113039/http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Madagasc/biomad1.html |url-status=live }}</ref> An alternate hypothesis that these taxa may have originally evolved out-of-India has also been suggested.<ref>Karanth, P. 2006 [http://www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/mar252006/789.pdf Out-of-India Gondwanan origin of some tropical Asian biota] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411223533/http://www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/mar252006/789.pdf }}. Current Science 90(6):789-792</ref>

Bio geographical quirks exist with some taxa of Malayan origin occurring in [[Sri Lanka]] but absent in the [[Western Ghats]]. These include insects groups such as the plants such as those of the genus ''[[Nepenthes]]''.

===The Eastern Himalayas===
The Eastern Himalayas is the region encompassing [[Bhutan]], [[northeastern India]], [[West Bengal]], and
southern, central and eastern [[Nepal]]. The region is geologically young and shows high altitudinal variation. It has nearly 163 globally threatened species including the one-horned rhinoceros (''[[Rhinoceros unicornis]]''), the [[Wild Asian water buffalo]] (''Bubalus bubalis (Arnee)'') and in all 45 mammals, 50 birds, 17 reptiles, 12 amphibians, 3 invertebrate and 36 plant species.<ref>[http://www.cepf.net/xp/cepf/where_we_work/eastern_himalayas/eastern_himalayas_info.xml Conservation International 2006] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060825232127/http://www.cepf.net/xp/cepf/where_we_work/eastern_himalayas/eastern_himalayas_info.xml }}</ref><ref>[http://assets.panda.org/downloads/final_ehimalayas_ep.pdf Ecosystem Profile: Eastern Himalayas Region] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928092502/http://assets.panda.org/downloads/final_ehimalayas_ep.pdf }}, 2005</ref> The [[Dooars]] forest in the [[Terai]] is a biologically diverse area, with Himalayan biodiversity as well as tropical biodiversity. The relict dragonfly (''[[Epiophlebia laidlawi]]'') is an endangered species found here with the only other species in the genus being found in [[Japan]]. The region is also home to the Himalayan newt (''[[Tylototriton verrucosus]]''), the only [[salamander]] species found within Indian limits.<ref>[http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/references.php?id=27738 Amphibian Species of the World - Desmognathus imitator Dunn, 1927] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070310233130/http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/references.php?id=27738 }}</ref>

==Extinct and fossil forms==
During the early Tertiary period, the Indian tableland, what is today peninsular India, was a large island. Prior to becoming an island, it was connected to the African region. During the tertiary period, this island was separated from the Asian mainland by a shallow sea. The Himalayan region and the greater part of Tibet lay under this sea. The movement of the Indian subcontinent into the Asian landmass created the great Himalayan ranges and raised the sea bed into, what is today, the plains of northern India.

Once connected to the Asian mainland, many species moved into India. The Himalayas were created in several upheavals. The Siwaliks were formed at the last and the largest number of fossils of the Tertiary period are found in these ranges.<ref name="prater">Prater, S. H. (1971) The Book of Indian Animals. BNHS</ref>

The Siwalik fossils include [[mastodon]]s, [[hippopotamus]], [[rhinoceros]], [[sivatherium]], a large four-horned ruminant, [[giraffe]], [[horse]]s, [[camel]]s, [[Gaur|bison]], [[deer]], [[antelope]], [[gorilla]]s, [[pigs]], [[chimpanzee]]s, [[orangutan]]s, [[baboon]]s, [[langur]]s, [[macaque]]s, [[cheetah]]s, [[Saber tooth cat|sabre-toothed cats]], [[lion]]s, [[tiger]]s, [[sloth bear]], [[Aurochs]], [[leopard]]s, [[Gray wolf|wolves]], [[dhole]]s, [[porcupine]]s, [[rabbit]]s and a host of other [[mammal]]s.<ref name="prater"/>

Many fossil tree species have been found in the intertrappean beds,<ref>Stewart R. Hinsley [http://www.malvaceae.info/Fossil/Wood.html Notes on fossil wood] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171119185436/http://www.malvaceae.info/Fossil/Wood.html }}. Retrieved September 2006.</ref> including ''Grewioxylon'' from the Eocene and ''Heritieroxylon keralensis'' from the middle [[Miocene]] in Kerala and ''Heritieroxylon arunachalensis'' from the Mio-[[Pliocene]] of Arunachal Pradesh and at many other places. The discovery of ''[[Glossopteris]]'' fern fossils from India and Antarctica led to the discovery of Gondwanaland and led to the greater understanding of [[continental drift]]. Fossil ''[[Cycads]]''<ref>Robert Buckler (1999) A brief review of the fossil cycads. [http://www.plantapalm.com/vce/evolution/fossils.pdf PDF] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224053853/http://www.plantapalm.com/vce/evolution/fossils.pdf }}</ref> are known from India while seven ''Cycad'' species continue to survive in India.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/cycadpg?region=ind |title=Royal Botanical Gardens, Sydney, Australia |access-date=10 August 2006 |archive-date=1 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401122145/http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/cycadpg?region=ind |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>Singh, Rita, P. Radha (2006) A new species of Cycas from the Malabar Coast, Western Ghats, India. Volume 58(2):119-123</ref>

''[[Titanosaurus indicus]]'' was perhaps the first dinosaur discovered in India by [[Richard Lydekker]] in 1877 in the Narmada valley. This area has been one of the most important areas for paleontology in India. Another dinosaur known from India is ''[[Rajasaurus narmadensis]]'',<ref>Rajasaurus and Indian Dinosaur. Geological Survey of India. [http://www.gsi.gov.in/rajasaur.pdf PDF] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080528000848/http://www.gsi.gov.in/rajasaur.pdf }}</ref> a heavy-bodied and stout carnivorous abelisaurid (theropod) dinosaur that inhabited the area near present-day Narmada river. It was 9 m in length and 3 m in height and somewhat horizontal in posture with a double-crested crown on the skull.

Some fossil snakes from the [[Cenozoic]] era are also known.<ref>Rage J.-C., Bajpai S., Thewissen J. G. M. & Tiwari B. N. 2003. Early Eocene snakes from Kutch, Western India, with a review of the Palaeophiidae. Geodiversitas 25 (4) : 695-716 [http://www.mnhn.fr/publication/geodiv/g03n4a6.pdf PDF] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120221235530/http://www.mnhn.fr/publication/geodiv/g03n4a6.pdf }}</ref>

Some scientists have suggested that the Deccan lava flows and the gases produced were responsible for the global extinction of dinosaurs. However, these have been disputed.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cosis.net/abstracts/EGU05/11195/EGU05-J-11195-1.pdf |title=Floodvolcanism is the main cause of mass extinctions: Nice try, but where is the evidence? PDF |access-date=21 February 2006 |archive-date=1 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201043641/http://www.cosis.net/abstracts/EGU05/11195/EGU05-J-11195-1.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>[http://faculty.plattsburgh.edu/thomas.wolosz/volcanism.htm Volcanism] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060504212202/http://faculty.plattsburgh.edu/thomas.wolosz/volcanism.htm}}</ref>

''[[Himalayacetus subathuensis]]'', the oldest-known whale fossil of the family Protocetidae (Eocene), about 53.5 million years old was found in the Simla hills in the foothills of the Himalayas. This area was underwater (in the Tethys sea) during the Tertiary period (when India was an island off Asia). This whale may have been capable of living partly on land. <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/whales/classification/Whalefossils.shtml |title=Whale fossils |access-date=21 February 2006 |archive-date=16 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181216032339/https://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/whales/classification/Whalefossils.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Bajpai, S. and Gingerich P.D. (1998) A new Eocene archaeocete (Mammalia, Cetacea) from India and the time of origin of whales Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95:15464–15468 [http://www-personal.umich.edu/~gingeric/PDFfiles/PDG344_himalayacetus_opt.pdf PDF] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051222060959/http://www-personal.umich.edu/~gingeric/PDFfiles/PDG344_himalayacetus_opt.pdf }}</ref> Other fossil whales from India include ''Remingtonocetus'' approximately 43-46 million years old.

Several small mammal fossils have been recorded in the intertrappean beds, however larger mammals are mostly unknown. The only major primate fossils have been from the nearby region of Myanmar.

* See also [[Geology of India]]

===Recent extinctions===
The exploitation of land and forest resources by humans along with hunting and trapping for food and sport has led to the extinction of many species in India in recent times.{{citation needed}}

Probably the first species to vanish during the time of the Indus Valley civilisation was the species of wild cattle, ''Bos primegenius nomadicus'' or the wild [[zebu]], which vanished from its range in the [[Indus]] valley and western India, possibly due to inter-breeding with domestic cattle and resultant fragmentation of wild populations due to loss of habitat.<ref name="IWH2">Rangarajan, M. (2006) [https://books.google.com/books?id=a89yMml_etQC&pg=PA4 India's Wildlife History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205125547/https://books.google.com/books?id=a89yMml_etQC&pg=PA4 }}, p. 4 {{ISBN|81-7824-140-4}}</ref>

Notable mammals which became or are presumed extinct within the country itself include the Indian / [[Asiatic cheetah]], [[Javan rhinoceros]] and [[Sumatran rhinoceros]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Vivek|last=Menon|title=A field guide to Indian mammals|publisher=Dorling Kindersley, Delhi|year=2003|isbn=0-14-302998-3}}</ref> While some of these large mammal species are confirmed extinct, there have been many smaller animal and plant species whose status is harder to determine. Many species have not been seen since their description.
''Hubbardia heptaneuron'', a species of grass that grew in the '''spray''' zone of the [[Jog Falls]] prior to the construction of the Linganamakki reservoir, was thought to be extinct but a few were rediscovered near Kolhapur.<ref>[https://archive.today/20030310045600/http://www.iucn.org/themes/ssc/news/ebulletin2002/ebulletindec02.html IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC) E-Bulletin] - December 2002. Retrieved October 2006.</ref>

Some species of birds have gone extinct in recent times, including the [[pink-headed duck]] (''Rhodonessa caryophyllacea'') and the [[Himalayan quail]] (''Ophrysia superciliosa''). A species of warbler, ''[[Acrocephalus orinus]]'', known earlier from a single specimen collected by [[Allan Octavian Hume]] from near Rampur in [[Himachal Pradesh]] was rediscovered after 139 years in [[Thailand]].<ref>[http://www.rdb.or.id/detailbird.php?id=693 Threatened birds of Asia] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061013154616/http://www.rdb.or.id/detailbird.php?id=693 }}. Retrieved October 2006.</ref><ref>The Nation, [http://www.nationmultimedia.com/2007/03/07/headlines/headlines_30028700.php March 6, 2007] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070527090228/http://www.nationmultimedia.com/2007/03/07/headlines/headlines_30028700.php }}</ref> Similarly, the [[Jerdon's courser]] (''Rhinoptilus bitorquatus''), named after the zoologist [[Thomas C. Jerdon]] who discovered it in 1848, was rediscovered in 1986 by Bharat Bhushan, an ornithologist at the [[Bombay Natural History Society]] after being thought to be [[extinct]].

==Species estimates==
[[File:Thumb strip india biodiv.jpg|thumb|100px|Glimpses of biodiversity]]
An estimate of the numbers of species by group in India is given below. This is based on Alfred, 1998.<ref>Alfred, J.R.B. (1998) [http://zsienvis.nic.in/newsletter/vol4%2520mar97.PDF Faunal Diversity in India: An Overview: In Faunal Diversity in India, i-viii] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410051128/http://zsienvis.nic.in/newsletter/vol4%20mar97.PDF }}, 1-495. (Editors. Alfred, JRB, et al., 1998). ENVIS Centre, Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta.</ref>
{| cellspacing="0" border="1"
|-
| style="height:17px; width:262px; text-align:left;" | '''Taxonomic group'''
| style="width:125px; text-align:left;" | '''World species'''
| style="width:101px; text-align:left;" | '''Indian species'''
| style="width:66px; text-align:left;" | '''% in India'''
|-
| style="text-align:left; height:17px; background:silver;" | '''PROTISTA'''
| style="text-align:left; background:silver;" | 
| style="text-align:left; background:silver;" | 
| style="text-align:left; background:silver;" | 
|-
| style="height:17px; text-align:left;" | Protozoa
| style="text-align:right;" | 31250
| style="text-align:right;" | 2577
| style="text-align:right;" | 8.24
|-
| style="text-align:left; height:17px; background:silver;" | Total (Protista)
| style="text-align:right; background:silver;" | 31250
| style="text-align:right; background:silver;" | 2577
| style="text-align:right; background:silver;" | 8.24
|-
| style="text-align:left; height:17px; background:silver;" | '''ANIMALIA'''
| style="text-align:left; background:silver;" | 
| style="text-align:left; background:silver;" | 
| style="text-align:left; background:silver;" | 
|-
| style="height:17px; text-align:left;" | Mesozoa
| style="text-align:right;" | 71
| style="text-align:right;" | 10
| style="text-align:right;" | 14.08
|-
| style="height:17px; text-align:left;" | Porifera
| style="text-align:right;" | 4562
| style="text-align:right;" | 486
| style="text-align:right;" | 10.65
|-
| style="height:17px; text-align:left;" | Cnidaria
| style="text-align:right;" | 9916
| style="text-align:right;" | 842
| style="text-align:right;" | 8.49
|-
| style="height:17px; text-align:left;" | Ctenophora
| style="text-align:right;" | 100
| style="text-align:right;" | 12
| style="text-align:right;" | 12
|-
| style="height:17px; text-align:left;" | Platyhelminthes
| style="text-align:right;" | 17500
| style="text-align:right;" | 1622
| style="text-align:right;" | 9.27
|-
| style="height:17px; text-align:left;" | Nemertinea
| style="text-align:right;" | 600
| align=left |

| align=left |
|-
| style="height:17px; text-align:left;" | Rotifera
| style="text-align:right;" | 2500
| style="text-align:right;" | 330
| style="text-align:right;" | 13.2
|-
| style="height:17px; text-align:left;" | Gastrotricha
| style="text-align:right;" | 3000
| style="text-align:right;" | 100
| style="text-align:right;" | 3.33
|-
| style="height:17px; text-align:left;" | Kinorhyncha
| style="text-align:right;" | 100
| style="text-align:right;" | 10
| style="text-align:right;" | 10
|-
| style="height:17px; text-align:left;" | Nematoda
| style="text-align:right;" | 30000
| style="text-align:right;" | 2850
| style="text-align:right;" | 9.5
|-
| style="height:17px; text-align:left;" | Nematomorpha
| style="text-align:right;" | 250
| align=left |

| align=left |
|-
| style="height:17px; text-align:left;" | Acanthocephala
| style="text-align:right;" | 800
| style="text-align:right;" | 229
| style="text-align:right;" | 28.62
|-
| style="height:17px; text-align:left;" | Sipuncula
| style="text-align:right;" | 145
| style="text-align:right;" | 35
| style="text-align:right;" | 24.14
|-
| style="height:17px; text-align:left;" | Mollusca
| style="text-align:right;" | 66535
| style="text-align:right;" | 5070
| style="text-align:right;" | 7.62
|-
| style="height:17px; text-align:left;" | Echiura
| style="text-align:right;" | 127
| style="text-align:right;" | 43
| style="text-align:right;" | 33.86
|-
| style="height:17px; text-align:left;" | Annelida
| style="text-align:right;" | 12700
| style="text-align:right;" | 840
| style="text-align:right;" | 6.61
|-
| style="height:17px; text-align:left;" | Onychophora
| style="text-align:right;" | 100
| style="text-align:right;" | 1
| style="text-align:right;" | 1
|-
| style="background:silver; height:17px; text-align:left;" | Arthropoda
| style="text-align:right; background:silver;" | 987949
| style="text-align:right; background:silver;" | 68389
| style="text-align:right; background:silver;" | 6.9
|-
| style="height:17px; text-align:left;" | Crustacea
| style="text-align:right;" | 35534
| style="text-align:right;" | 2934
| style="text-align:right;" | 8.26
|-
| style="height:17px; text-align:left;" | Insecta
| align=left | 853000
| align=left | 53400
| style="text-align:right;" | 6.83
|-
| style="height:17px; text-align:left;" | Arachnida
| style="text-align:right;" | 73440
| align=left | 
| style="text-align:right;" | 7.9
|-
| style="height:17px; text-align:left;" | Pycnogonida
| style="text-align:right;" | 600
| align=left | 
| style="text-align:right;" | 2.67
|-
| style="height:17px; text-align:left;" | Pauropoda
| style="text-align:right;" | 360
| align=left |
| align=left | 
|-
| style="height:17px; text-align:left;" | Chilopoda
| style="text-align:right;" | 3000
| style="text-align:right;" | 100
| style="text-align:right;" | 3.33
|-
| style="height:17px; text-align:left;" | Diplopoda
| style="text-align:right;" | 7500
| style="text-align:right;" | 162
| style="text-align:right;" | 2.16
|-
| style="height:17px; text-align:left;" | Symphyla
| style="text-align:right;" | 120
| style="text-align:right;" | 4
| style="text-align:right;" | 3.33
|-
| style="height:17px; text-align:left;" | Xiphosura
| style="text-align:right;" | 4
| style="text-align:right;" | 2
| style="text-align:right;" | 50
|-
| style="height:17px; text-align:left;" | Phoronida
| style="text-align:right;" | 11
| style="text-align:right;" | 3
| style="text-align:right;" | 27.27
|-
| style="height:17px; text-align:left;" | Bryozoa (Ectoprocta)
| style="text-align:right;" | 4000
| style="text-align:right;" | 200
| style="text-align:right;" | 5
|-
| style="height:17px; text-align:left;" | Endoprocta
| style="text-align:right;" | 60
| style="text-align:right;" | 10
| style="text-align:right;" | 16.66
|-
| style="height:17px; text-align:left;" | Brachiopoda
| style="text-align:right;" | 300
| style="text-align:right;" | 3
| style="text-align:right;" | 1
|-
| style="height:17px; text-align:left;" | Pogonophora
| style="text-align:right;" | 80
| align=left |

| align=left |
|-
| style="height:17px; text-align:left;" | Praipulida
| style="text-align:right;" | 8
| align=left |
| align=left | 
|-
| style="height:17px; text-align:left;" | Pentastomida
| style="text-align:right;" | 70
| align=left |

| align=left |
|-
| style="height:17px; text-align:left;" | Chaetognatha
| style="text-align:right;" | 111
| style="text-align:right;" | 30
| style="text-align:right;" | 27.02
|-
| style="height:17px; text-align:left;" | Tardigrada
| style="text-align:right;" | 514
| style="text-align:right;" | 30
| style="text-align:right;" | 5.83
|-
| style="height:17px; text-align:left;" | Echinodermata
| style="text-align:right;" | 6223
| style="text-align:right;" | 765
| style="text-align:right;" | 12.29
|-
| style="height:17px; text-align:left;" | Hemichordata
| style="text-align:right;" | 120
| style="text-align:right;" | 12
| style="text-align:right;" | 10
|-
| style="height:17px; text-align:left;" | Chordata
| style="text-align:right;" | 48451
| style="text-align:right;" | 4952
| style="text-align:right;" | 10.22
|-
| style="height:17px; text-align:left;" | Protochordata (Cephalochordata+Urochordata)
| style="text-align:right;" | 2106
| style="text-align:right;" | 119
| style="text-align:right;" | 5.65
|-
| style="height:17px; text-align:left;" | Pisces
| style="text-align:right;" | 21723
| style="text-align:right;" | 2546
| style="text-align:right;" | 11.72
|-
| style="height:17px; text-align:left;" | Amphibia
| style="text-align:right;" | 7533
| style="text-align:right;" |350
| style="text-align:right;" | 4.63
|-
| style="height:17px; text-align:left;" | Reptilia
| style="text-align:right;" | 5817
| style="text-align:right;" | 456
| style="text-align:right;" | 7.84
|-
| style="height:17px; text-align:left;" | Aves
| style="text-align:right;" | 9026
| style="text-align:right;" | 1232
| style="text-align:right;" | 13.66
|-
| style="height:17px; text-align:left;" | Mammalia
| style="text-align:right;" | 4629
| style="text-align:right;" | 390
| style="text-align:right;" | 8.42
|-
| style="text-align:left; height:17px; background:silver;" | Total (Animalia)
| style="text-align:right; background:silver;" | 1196903
| style="text-align:right; background:silver;" | 868741
| style="text-align:right; background:silver;" | 7.25
|-
| style="text-align:left; height:17px; background:silver;" | Grand total (Protosticta+Animalia)
| style="text-align:right; background:silver;" | 1228153
| style="text-align:right; background:silver;" | 871318
| style="text-align:right; background:silver;" | 7.09
|}

==Taxonomic lists and indices==
[[File:Praying mantis india.jpg|thumb|right|A [[praying mantis]]]]
[[File:Harpegnathos saltator fight.jpg|thumb|''[[Harpegnathos saltator]]'']]
[[File:BannerghattaBlackSpiderFr.jpg|thumb|An [[Idiopidae|Idiopid]] spider endemic to India]]
[[File:Tor tor Day.jpg|thumb|Deccan mahseer ''[[Tor khudree]]'']]
This section provides links to lists of species of various taxa found in India.

===Animals===

====Invertebrates====

* Molluscs
** [[List of non-marine molluscs of India]]
* Arachnids
**[[List of spiders of India|Spiders of India]]
* Insects
** Odonata
*** [[List of odonates of India|Dragonflies and damselflies of India]]
** Lepidoptera
*** [[List of butterflies of India|Butterflies of India]]
**** [[List of butterflies of India (Papilionidae)|Papilionid butterflies of India]]
**** [[List of butterflies of India (Pieridae)|Pierid butterflies of India]]
**** [[List of butterflies of India (Nymphalidae)|Nymphalid butterflies of India]]
**** [[List of butterflies of India (Lycaenidae)|Lycaenid butterflies of India]]
**** [[List of butterflies of India (Hesperiidae)|Hesperid butterflies of India]]
**** [[List of butterflies of India (Riodinidae)|Riodinid butterflies of India]]
*** [[List of moths of India|Moths of India]]
** Hymenoptera
*** [[List of ants of India|Ants of India]]

====Vertebrates====
*[[List of fish in India|Fishes of India]]
*[[List of amphibians of India|Amphibians of India]]
*[[List of reptiles of South Asia|Reptiles of India]]
**[[List of snakes of South Asia|Snakes of India]]
*[[List of birds of South Asia|Birds of South Asia]]
*[[List of birds of India|Birds in India]]
*[[List of mammals of India|Mammals of India]]

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}

* [[Ecoregions in India]]
** [[Endangered Mammals of India]]
** [[The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma|Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma]]
** [[Flora of India]]
** [[List of Indian state birds]]
** [[Wildlife of India]]
* Other related
** [[Indian natural history]]
** [[Endemic birds of South Asia]]
** [[Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education]]
** [[India Nature Watch]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101222012410/http://oldwww.wii.gov.in/envis/species_database.html SPECIES CHECKLIST: Species Diversity in India]; ENVIS Centre: Wildlife & Protected Areas (Secondary Database); [[Wildlife Institute of India]] (WII)
* [http://www.biodiversityofindia.org/index.php?title=List_of_all_mammals_of_India_and_their_taxonomic_status Biodiversity of India: List of all mammals of India and their taxonomic status] based on data from the [http://www.ibin.co.in/ IBIN Portal], Encyclopedia of Life and Catalogue of Life 2010 checklist.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20091227234702/http://oldwww.wii.gov.in/envis/database.html ENVIS Centre: Wildlife & Protected Areas (Secondary Database)]; [[Wildlife Institute of India]] (WII)
* [http://www.ecoheritage.cpreec.org/index.php ENVIS Centre on Conservation of Ecological Heritage and Sacred Sights of India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190112195115/http://www.ecoheritage.cpreec.org/index.php }}; ENVIS; C.P.R. Environmental Education Centre is a Centre of Excellence of the Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India.

==External links==
* [http://edugreen.teri.res.in/explore/maps/biodivin.htm Tata Energy Research Institute]
* [http://www.zeroextinction.org/search_form_country.cfm Alliance for Zero extinction] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051215055249/http://www.zeroextinction.org/search_form_country.cfm }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060222165950/http://envis.nic.in/ffc.asp The official Indian Environment information site]
* [http://www.biodiversityofindia.org Biodiversity of India], a community-driven, Mediawiki based initiative to document the biodiversity of India.

{{Geography of India}}
{{Asia topic|Fauna of}}

[[Category:Fauna of India| ]]