Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Timothy Ravinder

2026-05-08T04:14:25Z

CRVMargarette: Adding New Details.

{{Short description|Indian bishop}}
{{BLP sources|date=November 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox Christian leader
| type = Bishop
| name = Timothy Ravinder Dev Pradeep
| title = Former [[Bishop]] of [[Diocese of Coimbatore of the Church of South India|CSI Coimbatore Diocese ]]
| image = Bishop Photo.png
| alt = Bishop Timothy Ravinder Dev Pradeep
| caption =
| church = Christian
| archdiocese =
| diocese =
| see = [[Church of South India]]
| term = from 2013 to 22-12-2025
| predecessor = Manickam Dorai
| successor = ''[[Incumbent]]''
| ordination = 1997
| ordained_by = William Moses
| consecration = 28 September 2013
| consecrated_by =
| rank = 
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1958|12|20}}
| birth_place = [[Ketti]], [[Nilgiris district]], [[Madras State]] (now [[Tamil Nadu]]), India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| previous_post = Liaison Officer, CSI-EMS India Desk, Chennai
| module = {{Infobox person|child=yes| website = {{URL|www.bptravinder.com}} }}
}}
'''Timothy Ravinder Dev Pradeep''' is the former [[Bishop]] of [[Diocese of Coimbatore of the Church of South India|Coimbatore Diocese]] of [[Church of South India]].<ref>{{cite news|title=New Bishop for CSI Church|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/new-bishop-for-csi-church/article5169424.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|date =26 September 2013}}</ref>

==Early years==

Timothy Ravinder Dev Pradeep was born on 20 December 1958 to S. Timothy and Emily Jane<ref>{{Cite book |last=Appuswamy |first=Prashanth |title=Bishop Timothy Ravinder: Ethical Leadership in the Corridors of Faith |date=2024 |publisher=White Falcon Publishing |isbn=979-8-89222-311-9 |edition=1st Edition, 2024 |location=Chandigarh |pages=1–3 |language=English}}</ref> and was brought up in [[Ketti]], a small village south of [[Ooty]] in [[Nilgiris district]] of present-day [[Tamil Nadu]]. He completed his primary education from The Laidlaw Memorial School of St. George's Homes, Ketti.

He took the pre-university course at Kongunadu Arts and Science College, Coimbatore.<ref name="Appuswamy2">{{Cite book |last=Appuswamy |first=Prashanth |title=Bishop Timothy Ravinder: Ethical Leadership in the Corridors of Faith |date=2024 |publisher=White Falcon Publishing |isbn=979-8-89222-311-9 |edition=1st Edition, 2024 |location=Chandigarh |pages=9–10 |language=English}}</ref> He did his graduate course in B.Sc. Physics at the [[University of Madras]] from Sri Ramakrishna Mission Vidyalaya.<ref name="Appuswamy2"/> He completed a theological degree B.D. from the [[United Theological College, Bangalore]], India (1991 to 1996).<ref>{{Cite web |title=UTC Degree |url=https://www.bptravinder.com/utc-degree/ |access-date=2024-10-07 |website=Bishop Timothy Ravinder |language=en-US}}</ref> Subsequent to this he was selected to take an autumn course in New Testament studies at the Copenhagen University in Denmark. In 2003 Ravinder was deputed by the Church of South India from the Coimbatore diocese to work with the Protestant Church in Baden, Germany from 2003 to 2008 where he studied German Language, under The European Language Certificates, Communications and Competence in Rheinfelden Baden, Germany.<ref>{{cite web |title=Certificate |url=https://www.bptravinder.com/milestones/ |access-date=8 May 2026}}</ref>

Timothy Ravinder Dev Pradeep is married to Anny Hemalatha. He has two children.

== Elevation to Bishopric ==
Timothy Ravinder Dev Pradeep was consecrated as the 6th bishop in [[Diocese of Coimbatore of the Church of South India|Coimbatore Diocese of the Church of South India]] on 28 September 2013 by Most Rev Devakadasham, Moderator, [[Church of South India]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ravinder, Timothy}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Church of South India clergy]]
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:Anglican bishops of Coimbatore]]

Anasar

2026-05-03T19:22:02Z

CRVMargarette: put up a article w/ infobox

{{Short description|Village in Rajasthan, India}}
{{more citations needed|date=November 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Anasar
| settlement_type = Village
| map_caption = Anasar (India)
| pushpin_map = India Rajasthan#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| coordinates = {{coord|27.7124|N|73.7524|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bikaner District|Bikaner]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil|Sub-District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Jasrasar]]
| government_type = [[Panchayati Raj]]
| governing_body = [[Gram Panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 = 6.68
| population_total = 320
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products__rajasthan.html|title=Census of India : Provisional Population Totals Paper 1 of 2011 : Rajasthan|last=ORGI}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = [[Language]]
| demographics1_title1 = Official Language
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 334802
| registration_plate = RJ-50, RJ-07
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]]<ref name="langoff">{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=12 November 2024|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
}}

'''Anasar''' is a small village located in [[Jasrasar]] Tehsil of [[Bikaner District]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]].

People residing in this village mainly depends on agriculture, consists both irrigated and non-irrigated farming.

==Demographics==
According to the 2011 Census, conducted by the [[Government of India]], the population of this village was 320, out of which 162 were males and 158 were females.<ref>{{cite web |title=Population of Anasar village as per 2011-Census, conducted by Government of India. |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/69645-anasar-rajasthan.html |access-date= 12 November 2024}}</ref>
Literacy rate of this village is 45.94%.

Inhabitants of this village follows [[Hinduism]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Population by religious community - Bikaner District |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11390/download/14503/DDW08C-01%20MDDS.XLS}}</ref>

{{Bar box|float=right|title=Religion in Anasar village (2011)<ref name="Religion">{{cite web |title=Table C-01 Population By Religion - Rajasthan|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11390/download/14503/DDW08C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=census.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>|titlebar=#Fcd117|left1=Religion|right1=Percent|bars={{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|100}}
|caption=Distribution of religions in Anasar Village}}

[[Bagri language|Bagri]] is the most spoken language here.
[[Hindi Language|Hindi]], and [[English Language|English]] are officially used languages.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Languages in Anasar village|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10234/download/13346/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-0800.XLSX}}</ref>

{{Pie chart|thumb=left|value1=98|value2=1|value3=1|color1=yellow|color2=red|color3=Pink|caption=Languages of Anasar village(2011)|label1=[[Bagri language|Bagri]]|label2=[[Hindi]]|label3=[[English Language|English]]}}

Pin Code (Postal Index Number Code) of this village is 334802.<ref>{{cite news |title=About Anasar |url=https://villageinindia.com/india/rajasthan/bikaner/bikaner-nokha/anasar/ |access-date=12 November 2024}}</ref>

==Transport==
Transport facility in this village is at good condition. This village is located near SH-20, and SH-20(B).<ref>{{cite web |title= SH-20(B) Project, Bikaner-Napasar-Ladnun Highway |url=https://www.pioneerinfraindia.com/52-dpr-package-5/ |date=12 November 2024}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Bikaner district]]

{{Bikanerdivision-geo-stub}}

Suryaji Malusare

2026-04-30T06:00:50Z

CRVMargarette: Adding New Page.

{{Infobox royalty
| name = Suryaji Malusare
| title = [[Subhedar]]
| succession = [[Subhedar]] of [[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|22px]] [[Maratha Empire]]
| reign = 1670–?
| predecessor = [[Tanaji Malusare]]
| occupation = [[Subhedar]]
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| native_lang4 = Allegiance
| native_lang4_name1 = [[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|22px]] [[Maratha Empire]]
| native_lang5 = Monarch
| native_lang5_name1 = [[Shivaji]]
| module = {{Infobox military person
| embed = yes
| battles = [[Battle of Sinhagad]] Recapture of Purandar Dakshina Digvijaya
}}
}}
'''Suryaji Malusare''' was the younger brother of [[Tanaji Malusare]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=G. J. Ghugare |url=https://archive.org/details/importance-of-management-techniques-of-chhatrapati-shivaji-on-the-battleground-a-study/page/n191/mode/1up?q=Suryaji+ |title=Importance Of Management Techniques Of Chhatrapati Shivaji On The Battleground (A Study) |date=2017-01-01 |pages=192}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=दरेकर |first=देवेंद्र |date=2020-02-14 |title=इथे आहे, सूर्याजी मालुसरे यांचे समाधिस्थळ...पाहा कसे आहे.... |url=https://www.esakal.com/mumbai/tomb-suryaji-malusare-ignored-261847 |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=Marathi News Esakal |language=Mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-10-21 |title=Who was Taanaji Malusare? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/who-is/who-is-taanaji-malusare-4759309/ |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He is known for his contribution after the death of Tanaji in the [[Battle of Sinhagad]]. He was made [[Subhedar]] of Mavala forces after the death of [[Tanaji Malusare]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nadkarni |first=Rajaram |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.117970/page/n93/mode/1up |title=The Rise And Fall Of The Maratha Empire |date=1966 |pages=93}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet Devdutta Nage Who Plays Lord Hanuman in Prabhas Starrer Adipurush |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/meet-devdutta-nage-who-plays-lord-hanuman-in-prabhas-starrer-adipurush-6100771.html |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

==Early life==
Suryaji Malusare was the younger brother of [[Tanaji Malusare]] born to his father Kaloji Malusare. Just like Tanaji, Suryaji also helped [[Shivaji]] in his<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hardiman |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8EsfAQAAIAAJ |title=Feeding the Baniya: Peasants and Usurers in Western India |date=1996 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-563956-8 |pages=221 |language=en}}</ref> revolt and was a prominent sardar under him.

==Military career==
===Battle of Sinhagad===
{{Main|Battle of Sinhagad}}
In 1670, a force consisting of five hundred Mavala soldiers launched a surprise night assault on the fort, defended by twelve hundred [[Rajput]] soldiers under Udaybhan Rathod's command. During the battle, Tanaji, and Udaybhan fought with swords and both perished in the duel. After Tanaji was killed, his brother Suryaji commanded the remaining Mavalas since Tanaji was dead. A signal flame was lighted on high upon the fort to inform Shivaji of their victory from Rajgad.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mehendale |first=Gajanan Bhaskar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3BRCMwEACAAJ |title=Shivaji His Life and Times |date=2011 |publisher=Param Mitra Publications |isbn=978-93-80875-17-0 |pages=687 |language=en}}</ref>

===Later career===
After the Fall of Sinhagad, the Marathas captured [[Purandar Fort|Purandar]] and other lost fortresses under Suryaji Malusare.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Kincaid |first1=C. A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_T-bzQEACAAJ |title=A History of the Maratha People (Volume I) |last2=Parasnis |first2=Rao Bahadur D. B. |date=2020-07-07 |publisher=Alpha Editions |isbn=978-93-5403-516-6 |pages=231 |language=en}}</ref> Suryaji also accompanied [[Shivaji]] Maharaj in this southern Campaign.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Karandikar |first=Shivaram Laxman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_qI9AAAAMAAJ |title=The Rise and Fall of the Maratha Power |date=1969 |publisher=Sitabai Shivram Karandikar |pages=250 |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Tanaji Malusare]]
*[[Battle of Sinhagad]]
*[[Maratha Empire]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:People from the Maratha Empire]]
[[Category:Indian warriors]]
[[Category:Marathi people]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:17th-century Indian people]]

{{India-mil-bio-stub}}

Odia language

2026-04-29T09:42:39Z

CRVMargarette: improve structure and added references for accuracy

{{Short description|Indo-Aryan language}}
{{pp-move}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Odia
| altname = ''Oṛiā''
| nativename = {{lang|or|ଓଡ଼ିଆ}}
| pronunciation = {{IPA|or|oˈɽia||Or-ଓଡ଼ିଆ.oga}}(Odia) 
| states = [[Languages of India|India]]
| region = [[Eastern India]]
* [[Odisha]]
* Parts of [[Jharkhand]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[West Bengal]]<ref name="IBNLive">{{cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/oriya-gets-its-due-in-neighbouring-state/181258-60-117.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120815161939/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/oriya-gets-its-due-in-neighbouring-state/181258-60-117.html |archive-date= 15 August 2012 |title= Oriya gets its due in neighbouring state- Orissa |publisher=IBNLive |date=4 September 2011 |access-date= 29 November 2012}}</ref><ref name="Naresh Chandra Pattanayak">{{cite web |author= Naresh Chandra Pattanayak |url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/Oriya-second-language-in-Jharkhand/articleshow/9818431.cms |archive-url= https://archive.today/20120707035944/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-01/bhubaneswar/29953104_1_oriya-jharkhand-assembly-jharkhand-cabinet |archive-date= 7 July 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=Oriya second language in Jharkhand |url-status= live |date= 1 September 2011}}</ref>
| ethnicity = [[Odia people|Odias]] and
[[List of Scheduled Tribes in Odisha|Tribals of Odisha]]
| speakers = [[first language|L1]]: {{sigfig|34.461520|2}} million
| date = 2011–2019
| ref = <ref name="Ethnologue_ory">{{e22|ory}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Scheduled Languages in descending order of speaker's strength – 2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language-2011/Statement-1.pdf|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
| speakers2 = [[second language|L2]]: {{sigfig|3.6|2}} million (2001)<ref name="Ethnologue_ory"/>
| speakers_label = Speakers
| familycolor = Indo-European
| fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
| fam3 = [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
| fam4 = [[Eastern Indo-Aryan languages|Eastern]]
| ancestor = [[Prakrit]]
| ancestor2 = [[Magadhi Prakrit]]
| ancestor3 = Odra Prakrit
| ancestor4 = Old Odia
| stand1 = [[#Standardisation and dialects|Standard Odia]]
| dialects = * [[Baleswari Odia]] (Northern)
* Kataki Odia (Central)
* Dhenkanalia (Central)
* Anugulia (Central)
* [[Sambalpuri language|Sambalpuri Odia]] (Western)
* [[Ganjami Odia]] (Southern)
* [[Sundargadi Odia]] (Northwestern)
* [[Desia language|Desia]] (South-western)
* [[#Major tribal and community dialects/sociolects|Tribal and Community dialects]]
* [[#Standardisation and dialects|Others dialects]]
| script = *[[Odia script]]
*[[Kalinga script]] (historical)
*[[Odia Braille]]
| nation = *[[Official languages of India|India]]
** [[Odisha]]
** [[Jharkhand]]<ref name="The Avenue Mail">{{cite news |title=Jharkhand gives second language status to Magahi, Angika, Bhojpuri and Maithili |url=https://www.avenuemail.in/ranchi/jharkhand-gives-second-language-status-to-magahi-angika-bhojpuri-and-maithili/118291/ |work=The Avenue Mail |date=21 March 2018 |access-date=30 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328090028/https://www.avenuemail.in/ranchi/jharkhand-gives-second-language-status-to-magahi-angika-bhojpuri-and-maithili/118291/ |archive-date=28 March 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> (additional)
** [[West Bengal]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bareactslive.com/WB/WB492.HTM|title=West Bengal Official Language Act, 1961|website=bareactslive.com|access-date=17 September 2020|archive-date=27 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027070801/http://www.bareactslive.com/WB/WB492.HTM|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/kamtapuri-rajbanshi-make-it-to-list-of-official-languages-in-1179890-2018-02-28|title=Kamtapuri, Rajbanshi make it to list of official languages in |last=Roy |first=Anirban |date=28 February 2018 |magazine=[[India Today]] |access-date=30 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180330143710/https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/kamtapuri-rajbanshi-make-it-to-list-of-official-languages-in-1179890-2018-02-28 |archive-date=30 March 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> (additional)
| agency = [[Odisha Sahitya Akademi]], [[Government of Odisha]]<ref name="osa">{{cite web | url=http://www.orissaculture.gov.in/osa.asp | title=Odisha Sahitya Academy | publisher=Department of Culture, Government of Odisha | access-date=9 March 2016 | archive-date=4 March 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304034534/http://www.orissaculture.gov.in/osa.asp }}</ref>
| iso1 = or
| iso2 = ori
| iso3 = ori
| lc1 = ory
| ld1 = Odia
| lc2 = spv
| ld2 = [[Sambalpuri language|Sambalpuri Odia]]
| lc3 = ort
| ld3 = Adivasi Odia (Kotia)
| lc4 = dso
| ld4 = [[Desia language|Desia]] (South-western) (duplicate of [ort])<ref>Hammarström (2015) Ethnologue 16/17/18th editions: a comprehensive review: online appendices</ref>
| image = Odia Bhasa.png
| image_class = skin-invert-image
| imagescale = 0.7
| imagecaption = The word "Oṛiā" in [[Odia script]]
| notice = India
| glotto = macr1269
| glottoname = Macro-Oriya (Odra)
| glottorefname = Macro-Oriya
| glotto2 = oriy1255
| glottoname2 = Odia
| notice2 = IPA
| map = Odia map.svg
| mapcaption = {{center|{{small|{{Legend inline|#ff55dd|Odia majority or plurality}}
{{Legend inline|#ffaaee|Significant Odia minority}}}}}}
}}
{{Contains special characters
| special = Odia text
| fix = Help:Multilingual support#Odia
| characters = Odia script
}}
'''Odia''' ({{lang|or|ଓଡ଼ିଆ}}, [[ISO 15919|ISO]]: {{transliteration|or|ISO|Oṛiā}}, {{IPA|or|oˈɽia|pron|Or-ଓଡ଼ିଆ.oga}};<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://1drv.ms/b/s!AoSY7m8bBHQlkxFE7SoviMzbdFto?e=7dAUv8|title=The Constitution (Ninety-Sixth Amendment) Act, 2011 |publisher=eGazette of India |language=en|access-date=23 September 2011}}</ref> formerly rendered as '''Oriya''') is a [[classical languages of India|classical]] [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan language]] spoken in the Indian state of [[Odisha]]. It is the [[Languages with official status in India|official language]] in [[Odisha]] (formerly rendered as Orissa),<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://1drv.ms/b/s!AoSY7m8bBHQlkxQHTN0wGaU6x_Ux?e=VwyO2n|title=Odisha Name Alteration Act, 2011|publisher=eGazette of India|access-date=23 September 2011|language=en}}</ref> where native speakers make up 82% of the population,<ref name="LSI-Orissa">{{cite book |last=Mahapatra |first=B. P. |title=Linguistic Survey of India: Orissa |year=2002 |publisher=Language Division, Office of the Registrar General |location=Kolkata, India |page=14 |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-documents/lsi/lsi_orissa/1_orissa_vol_from_first_page_to_page_no_18.pdf |access-date=20 February 2014 |archive-date=24 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130924210600/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-documents/lsi/lsi_orissa/1_orissa_vol_from_first_page_to_page_no_18.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> and it is also spoken in parts of [[West Bengal]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-otherstates/Ordeal-of-Oriya-speaking-students-in-West-Bengal-to-end-soon/article16600272.ece |title=Ordeal of Oriya-speaking students in West Bengal to end soon|date=21 May 2009|access-date=30 January 2019|work=The Hindu}}</ref> [[Jharkhand]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Chhattisgarh]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2013/state-editions/govt-to-provide-study-facility-to-odia-speaking-people-in-state.html |title=Govt to provide study facility to Odia-speaking people in State |website=The Pioneer |access-date=30 January 2019}}</ref> Odia is one of the [[Languages with official status in India|official languages of India]]; it is the official language of Odisha and the second official language of Jharkhand. The Odia language has various varieties, including the [[Baleswari Odia]] (Northern variety), Kataki, Dhenkanalia, Anugulia (central variety), [[Ganjami Odia]] (Southern variety), [[Sundargadi Odia]] (Northwestern variety), [[Sambalpuri language|Sambalpuri Odia]] (Western variety), [[Desia language|Desia Odia]] (South-western variety) and [[#Major tribal and community dialects/sociolects|Tribal Community dialects]] spoken by the [[List of Scheduled Tribes in Odisha|tribal groups in Odisha]] who adopted the Odia language.<ref name="IBNLive">{{cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/oriya-gets-its-due-in-neighbouring-state/181258-60-117.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120815161939/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/oriya-gets-its-due-in-neighbouring-state/181258-60-117.html |archive-date= 15 August 2012 |title= Oriya gets its due in neighbouring state- Orissa |publisher=IBNLive |date=4 September 2011 |access-date= 29 November 2012}}</ref><ref name="Naresh Chandra Pattanayak">{{cite web |author= Naresh Chandra Pattanayak |url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/Oriya-second-language-in-Jharkhand/articleshow/9818431.cms |archive-url= https://archive.today/20120707035944/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-01/bhubaneswar/29953104_1_oriya-jharkhand-assembly-jharkhand-cabinet |archive-date= 7 July 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=Oriya second language in Jharkhand |url-status= live |date= 1 September 2011}}</ref><ref name="daily.bhaskar.com">{{cite web |url= http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/BIH-bengali-Oriya-among-12-dialects-as-2nd-language-in-jharkhand-2392920.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111103224342/http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/BIH-bengali-Oriya-among-12-dialects-as-2nd-language-in-jharkhand-2392920.html |url-status= dead |archive-date= 3 November 2011 |title= Bengali, Oriya among 12 dialects as 2nd language in Jharkhand |publisher= daily.bhaskar.com |date= 31 August 2011 |access-date= 29 November 2012}}</ref>

[[File:Trilingual Signboard at Bhubaneswar Airport having text in Odia, Hindi and English.jpg|thumb|Trilingual signboard at [[Bhubaneswar Airport]] having text in Odia, Hindi and English]]

Odia is the sixth Indian language to be designated a [[Languages of India#Classical|classical language]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://odisha.gov.in/e-magazine/orissareview/2014/mar/engpdf/5-14.pdf |title=Classical Language: Odia |access-date=9 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151125073157/http://odisha.gov.in/e-magazine/orissareview/2014/mar/engpdf/5-14.pdf |archive-date=25 November 2015 }}</ref><ref name="Hindu">{{cite news |title= Odia gets classical language status |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/odia-gets-classical-language-status/article5709028.ece |access-date= 20 February 2014 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=20 February 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140221/jsp/frontpage/story_18004148.jsp |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20171011125236/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1140221/jsp/frontpage/story_18004148.jsp |archive-date=11 October 2017|title= Odia becomes sixth classical language |work= The Telegraph |access-date= 29 March 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/Milestone-for-state-as-Odia-gets-classical-language-status/articleshow/30779140.cms |title= Milestone for state as Odia gets classical language status |work= The Times of India |date= 21 February 2014 |access-date= 29 March 2015}}</ref> It traces its linguistic roots to the Eastern Magadhi Prakrit, evolving through stages such as Proto Odia (7th–9th century CE), Old Odia (10th–13th century CE), Middle Odia (14th–17th century CE), and Modern Odia (from the 18th century onward). The language displays a distinct phonological and morphological character shaped by centuries of interaction with tribal and Dravidian tongues. Recognized as a classical language of India, Odia has an unbroken literary tradition, with inscriptions dating back over a thousand years.<ref name="harvcol|Toulmin|2006|p=306" />

==History==
Odia is an [[Eastern Indo-Aryan language]] belonging to the Indo-Aryan language family. It descends from Odra Prakrit which itself evolved from [[Magadhi Prakrit]].<ref name="harvcol|Toulmin|2006|p=306">{{harvcol|Toulmin|2006|p=306}}</ref> The latter was spoken in east India over 1,500 years ago, and is the primary language used in early [[Jainism|Jain]] and Buddhist texts.<ref name="The Harvard Lecture">Misra, Bijoy (11 April 2009). [http://www.odia.org/articles/harvardLecture.pdf Oriya Language and Literature] (PDF) (Lecture). Languages and Literature of India. Harvard University.</ref> Odia appears to have had relatively little influence from [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Arabic language|Arabic]], compared to other major Indo-Aryan languages.

[[File:East magadhan proto-languages - en.svg|upright=1.5|thumb|The proto-languages of eastern [[Magadhan]]; the split and descent of Proto-Odra (Odra Prakrit), the ancestor of the modern Odia language, from Proto-Magadhan (Magadhi Prakrit)<ref name="harvcol|Toulmin|2006|p=306"/>]]
[[File:Odia- Urajam inscription.jpg|thumb|Urajam inscription in Old Odia, royal charter of Eastern Ganga dynasty (1051 CE)<ref name="urajam"/>]]
[[File:India, distribution of languages, 1893.jpg|thumb|1890s linguistic map of India showing Odia-speaking region]]

The history of the Odia language is divided into eras:

* Proto-Odia (Odra Prakrit) (10th century and earlier): Inscriptions from 9th century shows the evolution of proto-Odia, i.e. Odra Prakrit or ''Oriya Prakrit'' words used along with Sanskrit. The inscriptions are dated to third quarter of 9th century during the reign of early [[Eastern Ganga dynasty|Eastern Gangas]].<ref>{{harvcol|Rajaguru|1966|p=152}}</ref>
* Old Odia (10th century till 13th century): Inscriptions from the 10th century onwards provide evidence for the existence of the Old Odia language, with the earliest inscription being the Urajam inscription of the Eastern Gangas written in Old Odia in 1051 CE.<ref name="urajam">{{cite book |last=Tripathī |first=Kunjabihari |title=The Evolution of Oriya Language and Script |publisher=Utkal University |year=1962 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b8MKAQAAIAAJ |pages=29, 222 |access-date=21 March 2021 }}</ref> Old Odia written in the form of connected lines is found in inscription dated to 1249 CE.<ref>{{cite book |author=B. P. Mahapatra |title=Constitutional languages |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yU8nq-C6wnoC&pg=PA389 |year=1989 |publisher=Presses Université Laval |isbn=978-2-7637-7186-1 |page=389 |quote=Evidence of Old Oriya is found from early inscriptions dating from the 10th century onwards, while the language in the form of connected lines is found only in the inscription dated 1249 A.D.}}</ref>
* Early Middle Odia (13th century–15th century): The earliest use of prose can be found in the ''[[Madala Panji]]'' of the [[Jagannath Temple, Puri|Jagannath Temple at Puri]], which dates back to the 12th century. Such works as ''Sisu Beda'', ''Amarakosa'', ''Gorekha Samhita'', ''Kalasa Chautisa'' and ''Saptanga'' are written in this form of Odia.<ref name="patnaik 1989">{{cite book |last= Patnaik |first=Durga|title=Palm Leaf Etchings of Orissa |year=1989 |publisher= Abhinav Publications |place=New Delhi |isbn= 978-81-7017-248-2 |url= {{Google books |id=90_qAeMT1bwC |page=11 |plainurl=yes}} |page=11}}</ref><ref name="panda">{{cite book |last=Panda |first=Shishir |title= Medieval Orissa: A Socio-economic Study |year=1991 |publisher= Mittal Publications |place=New Delhi |isbn= 978-81-7099-261-5 |url={{Google books|id=C_LT5Q-f3YEC |page=106 |plainurl= yes}}|page=106}}</ref><ref name="patnaik 1997">{{cite book |last= Patnaik |first=Nihar |title =Economic History of Orissa |year=1997 |publisher= Indus Publishing |place=New Delhi |isbn= 978-81-7387-075-0 |url= {{Google books |id= 1AA9W9_4Z9gC |page=149 |plainurl=yes}} |page= 149}}</ref>
* Middle Odia (15th century–17th century): [[Sarala Das]] writes the ''Mahabharata'' and ''[[Vilanka Ramayana|Bilanka Ramayana]]''.<ref name="Sukhdeva2002">{{cite book |author=Sukhdeva |title=Living Thoughts of the Ramayana |url={{Google books|id=BMyxwk5g3NEC&pg=PT7|plainurl=yes}}|year=2002 |publisher=Jaico Publishing House |isbn=978-81-7992-002-2 |page=7}}</ref><ref name="Mukherjee1998">{{cite book |author=Sujit Mukherjee |title=A Dictionary of Indian Literature: Beginnings-1850 |url={{Google books|id=YCJrUfVtZxoC&pg=PA420|plainurl=yes}}|date=1998 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-250-1453-9 |page=420}}</ref> Towards the 15th century, Panchasakha 'five seer poets' namely [[Balarama Dasa]], [[Jagannatha Dasa (Odia poet)|Jagannatha Dasa]], [[Achyutananda Dasa]], [[Ananta Dasa|Sisu Ananta Dasa]] and [[Jasobanta Dasa]] wrote a number of popular works, including the ''Odia Bhagabata'', ''[[Jagamohana Ramayana]]'', ''[[Lakshmi Purana]]'', ''Haribansa'', ''Gobinda Chandra'' and more. Balarama Dasa, Ananta Dasa and Achyutananda Dasa of Pancha Sakha group hailed from [[Karan (caste)|Karana]] community.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mallik |first=Basanta Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KOnZAAAAMAAJ&q=balarama+dasa+karana |title=Paradigms of Dissent and Protest: Social Movements in Eastern India, C. AD 1400-1700 |date=2004 |publisher=Manohar Publishers & Distributors |isbn=978-81-7304-522-6 |language=en}}</ref>
* Late Middle Odia (17th century–Early 19th century): ''Usabhilasa'' of Sisu Sankara Dasa, the ''Rahasya Manjari'' of Deba Durlabha Dasa and the ''Rukmini Bibaha'' of Kartika Dasa were written. [[Upendra Bhanja]] took a leading role in this period with his creations ''Baidehisa Bilasa'', ''Koti Brahmanda Sundari'', ''Labanyabati'' which emerged as landmarks in Odia Literature. [[Dinakrushna Das]]a's ''Rasakallola'' and [[Abhimanyu Samantasinhara|Abhimanyu Samanta Singhara]]'s ''Bidagdha Chintamani'' were prominent latter kabyas. Of the song poets who spearheaded [[Odissi music]], classical music of the state – [[Upendra Bhanja]], [[Banamali Dasa|Banamali]], [[Baladeba Ratha|Kabisurjya Baladeba Ratha]], [[Gopalakrusna Pattanayaka|Gopalakrusna]] were prominent. [[Bhima Bhoi]] emerged towards the end of the 19th century.
* Modern Odia (Late 19th century to present): The first Odia magazine, Bodha Dayini was published in Balasore in 1861. During this time many [[Bengalis|Bengali]] scholars claimed that Odia was just a dialect of Bengali to exercise of power by cornering government jobs.<ref>Pritish Acharya, "Nationalistic Politics: Nature, Objectives and Strategy." From Late 19th Century to Formation of UPCC", in Culture, Tribal History and Freedom Movement, ed. P.K. Mishra, Delhi: Agam Kala Prakasham, 1989</ref> For instance Pandit Kanti Chandra Bhattacharya, a teacher of [[Balasore]] Zilla School, published a little pamphlet named "Odia Ekti Swatantray Bhasha Noi" (Odia not an independent language) where Bhattacharya claimed that Odia was not a separate and original form of language and was a mere corruption of Bengali. He suggested British Government to abolish all Odia Vernacular Schools from Odisha and to alter into Bengali Vernacular Schools.<ref>Sachidananda Mohanty, "Rebati and the Woman Question in Odisha", India International Centre Quarterly, New Delhi, Vol. 21, No. 4, Winter 1994</ref> The first Odia newspaper ''[[Utkala Deepika]]'', launched in 1866 under editors [[Gourishankar Ray]] and Bichitrananda. In 1869 Bhagavati Charan Das started another newspaper, Utkal Subhakari. More Odia newspapers soon followed like Utkal Patra, Utkal Hiteisini from Cuttack, Utkal Darpan and Sambada Vahika from Balasore and Sambalpur Hiteisini from Deogarh. [[Fakir Mohan Senapati]] emerged as a prominent Odia fiction writer of this time and [[Radhanath Ray]] as a prominent Odia poet. Other prominent Odia writers who helped promote Odia at this time were [[Madhusudan Das]], [[Madhusudan Rao]], [[Gangadhar Meher]], Chintamani Mohanty, [[Nanda Kishore Bal]], [[Reba Ray]], [[Gopabandhu Das]] and [[Nilakantha Das]].

==Geographical distribution==
===India===
{{Pie chart
|caption=Distribution of Odia language in the state of India<ref name=Census2011MT>{{cite web|title=C-16: Population by mother tongue, India - 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10191/download/13303/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-0000.XLSX |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India}}</ref>
|value1 = 92.5
|label1 = Odisha
|value2 = 2.4
|label2 = Chhattisgarh
|value3 = 1.4
|label3 = Jharkhand
|value4 = 1
|label4 = Andhra Pradesh
|value5 = 0.6
|label5 = Assam
|value6 = 0.5
|label6 = Gujarat
|value7 = 0.4
|label7 = West Bengal
|value8 = 0.4
|label8 = Maharashtra
|other = yes
|other-label = Other states
|other-color = orange
|footer =
}}

According to the 2011 census, there are 37.52 million [[List of languages by number of native speakers in India|Odia speakers in India]], making up 3.1% of the country's population. Among these, 93% reside in Odisha.<ref>{{cite web |title=Number of Odia speaking people declines: Census report |url=https://sambadenglish.com/number-of-odia-speaking-people-declines-census-report/ |website=sambad |date=18 July 2018 |access-date=24 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=James Minahan |title=Ethnic Groups of South Asia and the Pacific: An Encyclopedia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=abNDLZQ6quYC&pg=PA233 |year=2012 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-659-1 |page=233}}</ref> Odia is also spoken in neighbouring states such as [[Chhattisgarh]] (913,581), [[Jharkhand]] (531,077), [[Andhra Pradesh]] (361,471), and [[West Bengal]] (162,142), as of 2011 Census.<ref name=Census2011MT/>

Due to worker migration as [[Tea-garden community|tea garden workers]] in colonial India, northeastern states [[Assam]] and [[Tripura]] have a sizeable Odia-speaking population,<ref name=Census2011MT/> particularly in [[Sonitpur district|Sonitpur]], [[Tinsukia district|Tinsukia]], [[Udalguri district|Udalguri]], [[Sivasagar district|Sivasagar]], [[Golaghat district|Golaghat]], [[Dibrugarh district|Dibrugarh]], [[Cachar district|Cachar]], [[Nagaon district|Nagaon]], [[Karimganj district|Karimganj]], [[Karbi Anglong district|Karbi Anglong]], [[Jorhat district|Jorhat]], [[Lakhimpur district|Lakhimpur]], [[Baksa district|Baksa]], [[Kamrup Metropolitan district|Kamrup Metropolitan]], [[Hailakandi district]] of Assam and [[West Tripura district|West Tripura]], [[Dhalai district|Dhalai]], [[North Tripura district|North Tripura]] district of Tripura. Similarly, due to economic migration in modern India, the western states [[Gujarat]] and [[Maharashtra]] also have a significant Odia speaking population.<ref name="The Times of India 2003">{{cite web | title=A Little Orissa in the heart of Surat – Ahmedabad News | website=The Times of India | date=18 May 2003 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/A-Little-Orissa-in-the-heart-of-Surat/articleshow/46707510.cms | access-date=12 July 2019}}</ref> Additionally, due to economic pursuits, significant numbers of Odia speakers can be found in Indian cities such as [[Vishakhapatnam]], [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], [[Pondicherry (city)|Pondicherry]], [[Kolkata]], [[Bangalore]], [[Chennai]], [[Goa]], [[Mumbai]], [[Raipur]], [[Jamshedpur]], [[Vadodara]], [[Ahmedabad]], [[New Delhi]], [[Guwahati]], [[Shillong]], [[Pune]], [[Gurgaon]], [[Jammu]] and [[Silvassa]].<ref>{{cite book|author1=Danesh Jain|author2=George Cardona|title=The Indo-Aryan Languages|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OtCPAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA445|year=2007|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-79711-9|page=445}}</ref>

===Foreign countries===
{{See also|Odia diaspora}}
The Odia diaspora is sizeable in several countries around the world, bringing the number of Odia speakers worldwide to 50 million.<ref name="Encyclopedia Britannica">{{cite web | title=Oriya language | website=Encyclopedia Britannica | url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Oriya-language | access-date=2 July 2020|quote=Oriya language, also spelled Odia, Indo-Aryan language with some 50 million speakers.}}</ref><ref name="Anthropology2003">{{cite book |author= Institute of Social Research and Applied Anthropology |title= Man and Life |url={{Google books |id=DJGAAAAAMAAJ |plainurl= yes}} |access-date=31 July 2012 |year=2003 |publisher= Institute of Social Research and Applied Anthropology |volume=29 }}</ref>{{page needed|date=March 2018}}{{request quotation|date=March 2018}} It has a significant presence in eastern countries, such as [[Thailand]] and [[Indonesia]], mainly brought by the [[sadhaba]], ancient traders from Odisha who carried the language along with the culture during the [[Maritime history of Odisha|old-day trading]],<ref name="Behera2002">{{cite book |author= Subhakanta Behera |title= Construction of an identity discourse: Oriya literature and the Jagannath cult (1866–1936) |url= {{Google books |id=hbVjAAAAMAAJ |plainurl=yes}} |access-date= 31 July 2012 |year=2002 |publisher= Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers }}</ref> and in western countries such as the [[United States]], [[Canada]], [[Australia]] and [[England]]. The language has also spread to [[Burma]], [[Malaysia]], [[Fiji]], [[Mauritius]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Sri Lanka]] and [[Middle East]] countries.<ref name="Anthropology2003" />

===Odia place names===
Odia place names are present across Odisha, Northern Andhra, South Bengal, South Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh.

Odia street names usually end with -sahi, -pada, -nagar, -vihar/bihar. Examples include Nua-sahi, Madanmohan-pada, Nehru-nagar, Vani-vihar.

Common Odia place names ending with

-pur - Sambalpur, Berhampur, Salepur, Padampur, Bijepur, Jajpur etc.

-eswar - Maneswar, Baleswar, Bhubaneswar etc.

-put - Pokhariput, Bhejiput, Koraput, Lamataput etc.

-giri - Lalitgiri, G. Udayagiri, Ratnagiri etc.

-khol - Chandikhol, Redhakhol, Khaprakhol etc.

-garh/gada - Bargarh, Sarangarh, Nayagarh, Rayagada, Lanjigarh, Titlagarh, Potagada etc.

-pali- Saraipali, Dunguripali, Barpali etc

-palli - Kamapalli, Jamapalli, Barapalli, kanteipalli, Lanjipalli etc

-pada - Amalapada, Kendrapada, Bhatpada, Baripada etc.

-padar - Ballipadar, Bahadapadar, Jahadapadar etc.

-guda - Khariaguda, Kosamaguda, Semiliguda, Muniguda, Jharsuguda etc.

-patna - Bhawanipatna, Manikapatna, Madhupatna, Mugupatna etc.

-munda - Bangomunda, Bondamunda, Baramunda, Kuarmunda etc.

-kela - Rourkela, Seraikela etc.

-bira - Kolabira, Attabira etc.

-prasad - Durgaprasad, Jagannathprasad, Kalikaprasad etc.

-pani - Kanjipani, Bansapani, Taptapani etc.

-jang - Derjang, Parjang, Kujang etc.

-pentha - Chikitipentha, Mahadeipentha etc.

-bandha - Tumudibandha, Garabandha etc.

-khemundi - Paralakhemundi, Badakhemundi, Sanakhemundi etc.

-bali - Tikabali, Chandbali etc.

-kote - Khallikote, Umerkote, Mardakote, Purunakote etc.

-mal - Paikamal, Kandhamal

==Standardisation and Varieties ==
===Major varieties ===

* [[Baleswari Odia|Baleswari]] (Northern Odia): Spoken in [[Balasore district|Baleswar]], [[Bhadrak district|Bhadrak]], [[Mayurbhanj]] and [[Kendujhar district|Kendujhar]] districts of Odisha. The variant spoken in [[Balasore district|Baleswar]] is called ''Baleswaria''.
* Kataki (Central Odia):<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/mugh1242|title=Mughalbandi|website=Glottolog}}</ref> Spoken in the coastal and central regions consisting of [[Cuttack district|Cuttack]], [[Khordha district|Khordha]], [[Puri district|Puri]], [[Nayagarh district|Nayagarh]], [[Jajpur district|Jajpur]], [[Jagatsinghpur district|Jagatsinghpur]], [[Kendrapara district|Kendrapara]], [[Dhenkanal district|Dhenkanal]], [[Angul district|Angul]] and Eastern part of [[Boudh district|Boudh]] districts of Odisha with regional variations. The Cuttack variant is known as Katakia.
**Khurda Odia : Spoken in [[Khordha district|Khordha]], [[Puri district|Puri]] and [[Nayagarh district|Nayagarh]] districts of Odisha.<ref name="dsal1">{{cite web |title=LSI Vol-5 part-2 |publisher=dsal |pages=369, 382 |url=http://dsal.uchicago.edu/books/lsi/lsi.php?volume=5-2&pages=466#page/398/mode/1up}}</ref>
* [[Ganjami Odia|Ganjami]] (Southern Odia): Spoken in [[Ganjam district|Ganjam]], [[Gajapati district|Gajapati]] and parts of [[Kandhamal district|Kandhamal]] districts of Odisha, [[Srikakulam district|Srikakulam]] district of Andhra Pradesh. The variant spoken in [[Berhampur]] is also known as "''Berhampuria"''.
* [[Sundargadi Odia|Sundargadi]] (Northwestern Odia): Spoken in [[Sundergarh district|Sundergarh]] and parts of adjoining districts of Odisha and the districts of [[Jashpur district|Jashpur]] of [[Chhattisgarh]] and [[Simdega district|Simdega]] of [[Jharkhand]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/nort2659|title=Northwestern Oriya|website=Glottolog}}</ref><ref name="dsal">{{cite web |title=LSI Vol-5 part-2 |publisher=dsal |page=403 |url=http://dsal.uchicago.edu/books/lsi/lsi.php?volume=5-2&pages=466#page/420/mode/1up}}</ref>
* [[Sambalpuri language|Sambalpuri]] (Western Odia): It is the western variety of Odia language with the core variant spoken in [[Sambalpur district|Sambalpur]], [[Jharsuguda district|Jharsuguda]], [[Bargarh district|Bargarh]], [[Balangir district|Balangir]] and [[Subarnapur district|Subarnapur]] districts, along with parts of [[Nuapada district|Nuapada]] and western parts of [[Boudh district|Boudh]] districts of Odisha. Also spoken in parts of [[Raigarh district|Raigarh]], [[Mahasamund district|Mahasamund]] and [[Raipur district|Raipur]] districts of Chhattisgarh. A 2006 survey of the varieties spoken in four villages in Western Odisha found out that Sambalpuri share three-quarters of their basic vocabulary with Standard Odia and has 75%–76% lexical similarity with Standard Odia.{{sfn|Mathai|Kelsall|2013|pp=4–6|ps =. The precise figures are 75{{ndash}}76%. This was based on comparisons of 210-item wordlists.}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/spv|title=Sambalpuri|website=Ethnologue}}</ref><ref name="Census 2011"/>
* [[Desia language|Desia]] (Southwestern Odia/Koraputi): Spoken in southwestern districts of [[Nabarangpur district|Nabarangpur]], [[Rayagada district|Rayagada]], [[Koraput district|Koraput]], [[Malkangiri district|Malkangiri]] and southern parts of [[Kalahandi district|Kalahandi]] districts of Odisha and in the hilly regions of [[Vishakhapatnam]] and, [[Vizianagaram]] districts of Andhra Pradesh.<ref name="Census 2011">{{cite web |last1=CENSUS OF INDIA 2011 |title=LANGUAGE |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/C-16_25062018_NEW.pdf |publisher=Government of India |page=7 |access-date=13 September 2018 |archive-date=14 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114073412/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/C-16_25062018_NEW.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> A variant spoken in [[Koraput]] is also known as ''Koraputia''.

'''Minor regional varieties'''

* [[Singhbhumi Odia]]: Spoken in parts of [[East Singhbhum]], [[West Singhbhum]] and [[Saraikela-Kharsawan]] district of [[Jharkhand]].
* [[Phulbani Odia]]: spoken in [[Kandhamal]] and in parts of [[Boudh district]].
* [[Kalahandia|Kalahandia Odia]]: Variant of Odia spoken in [[Kalahandi district|Kalahandi]] and [[Nuapada district]]s and neighbouring districts of [[Chhattisgarh]].
* '''Debagadia''' '''Odia''': It is a variant of Odia spoken in [[Debagarh district|Debagarh District]], [[Rairakhol|Redhakhol]] sub-division of [[Sambalpur district|Sambalpur District]], [[Athmallik]] sub-division of [[Angul district|Angul District]] and [[Bonaigarh|Bonai]] sub-division of [[Sundergarh district|Sundargarh District]] area.

===Major tribal and community dialects/sociolects===

* [[Bodo Parja language|Bodo Parja]] (Jharia): spoken by the Parang Proja tribe of [[Koraput district|Koraput]] and neighbouring districts of [[Odisha]].
* [[Bhatri language|Bhatri]]: language variety spoken by the [[Bhottada]] tribe in Odisha and Chhattisgarh.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/bgw |title=Bhatri |publisher=Ethnologue |access-date=20 August 2021 }}</ref><ref>Masica (1991:16)</ref>
* [[Reli language|Reli]]: language variety spoken by the [[Reli people]] in the [[Koraput district|Koraput]] and [[Rayagada district]]s of southern Odisha and bordering districts of [[Andhra Pradesh]].
* [[Kupia language|Kupia]]: language variety spoken by [[Valmiki (caste)|Valmiki]] people of Odisha and Andhra Pradesh, mostly in [[Koraput district|Koraput]], and [[Visakhapatnam district|Visakhapatnam]] districts.

'''Minor sociolects'''

Odia minor varieties include:<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=qxxnZ4XxUbsC&pg=PA53 |title= Tribal and Indigenous People of India: Problems and Prospects |author=Rabindra Nath Pati |author2=Jagannatha Dash |publisher= APH PUBLISHING CORPORATION |year=2002 |isbn= 81-7648-322-2 |location= New Delhi |pages= 51–59}}</ref>
* Bhuyan: Tribal variety spoken in Northern [[Odisha]].
* Sounti: Spoken in Northern Odisha.
* Bathudi: Spoken in Northern Odisha.
* Kondhan: Tribal variety spoken in Western Odisha.
* Agharia: Spoken by [[Agharia]] community in districts of Western Odisha and Chhattisgarh.
* [[Bhulia (dialect)|Bhulia]]: Spoken by [[Bhulia]] community in districts of Western Odisha and Chhattisgarh.
* Matia: Tribal variety spoken in Southern Odisha.

==Phonology==
[[File:Odia phonology.webm|thumb|Pronunciation of [[Odia alphabet]]]]
Odia has 30 consonant phonemes, 2 semivowel phonemes and 6 vowel phonemes.

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+Odia vowel phonemes<ref name=":0">{{harvcoltxt|Ray|2003|p=526}}</ref><ref name="cardona">{{cite book |last1=Cardona |first1=George |last2=Jain |first2=Danesh |title=The Indo-Aryan Languages |date=2003 |page=488|publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-79711-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OtCPAgAAQBAJ}}</ref>
! ||[[Front vowel|Front]]||[[Central vowel|Central]]||[[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
![[High vowel|High]]
|{{IPA link|i}}|| ||{{IPA link|u}}
|-
![[Mid vowel|Mid]]
|{{IPA link|e}}|| ||{{IPA link|o}}
|-
![[Low vowel|Low]]
| ||{{IPA link|ä|a}}||{{IPA link|ɔ}}
|}

Length is not contrastive. The vowel {{IPAblink|ɛ}} can also be heard as an allophone of {{IPAslink|e}}, or as an allophone of the coalescence of the sequences {{IPA|/j + a/}} or {{IPA|/j + ɔ/}}.<ref name=":1" /> Final vowels are pronounced in the standard language, e.g. Odia {{IPA|[pʰulɔ]}} contrasts [[Bengali language|Bengali]] {{IPA|[pʰul]}} "flower".<ref>{{harvcoltxt|Ray|2003|pp=488–489}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
|+Odia consonant phonemes<ref>Masica (1991:107)</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">Neukom, Lukas; Patnaik, Manideepa (2003)</ref>
! colspan="2"|
! [[Labial consonants|Labial]]
! [[Alveolar consonants|Alveolar]] /[[Dental consonants|Dental]]
! [[Retroflex consonants|Retroflex]]
! [[Postalveolar consonant|Post alv.]]/ [[Palatal consonants|Palatal]]
! [[Velar consonants|Velar]]
! [[Glottal consonants|Glottal]]
|-
! colspan="2"| [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| {{IPA link|m}}
| {{IPA link|n}}
| {{IPA link|ɳ}}
|
| {{IPA link|ŋ}}
|
|-
! rowspan="4"| [[Stop consonant|Stop]]/ [[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
! {{small|[[Voicelessness|voiceless]]}}
| {{IPA link|p}}
| {{IPA link|t̪|t}}
| {{IPA link|ʈ}}
| {{IPA link|tʃ}}
| {{IPA link|k}}
|
|-
! {{small|[[Aspirated consonant|voiceless aspirated]]}}
| {{IPA link|pʰ}}
| {{IPA link|tʰ}}
| {{IPA link|ʈʰ}}
| {{IPA link|tʃʰ}}
| {{IPA link|kʰ}}
|
|-
! {{small|[[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}
| {{IPA link|b}}
| {{IPA link|d̪|d}}
| {{IPA link|ɖ}}
| {{IPA link|dʒ}}
| {{IPA link|ɡ}}
|
|-
! {{small|[[Murmured voice|voiced aspirated]]}}
| {{IPA link|bʱ}}
| {{IPA link|dʱ}}
| {{IPA link|ɖʱ}}
| {{IPA link|dʒʱ}}
| {{IPA link|ɡʱ}}
|
|-
! colspan="2"| [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
|
| {{IPA link|s}}
|
|
|
| {{IPA link|ɦ}}
|-
! colspan="2"|[[Trill consonant|Trill]]/[[Flap consonant|Flap]]
|
| {{IPA link|r}}~{{IPA link|ɾ}}
| ({{IPA link|ɽ}}, {{IPA link|ɽʱ}})
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2"|[[Lateral consonant#Approximants|Lateral]]
|
| {{IPA link|l}}
| {{IPA link|ɭ}}
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
|{{IPA link|w}}
|
|
|{{IPA link|j}}
|
|
|}

Odia retains the [[voiced retroflex lateral approximant]] {{IPAblink|ɭ}},<ref name=":0" /> among the Eastern Indo-Aryan languages. The [[Voiced velar nasal|velar nasal]] {{IPAblink|ŋ}} is given phonemic status in some analyses, as it also occurs as a terminal sound, e.g. ଏବଂ- ebaṅ /ebɔŋ/<ref>{{cite book|author1=Danesh Jain|author2=George Cardona|title=The Indo-Aryan Languages|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OtCPAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA445|year=2007|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-79711-9|page=490}}</ref> Nasals assimilate for [[place of articulation|place]] in nasal–stop clusters. {{IPA|/ɖ ɖʱ/}} have the near-allophonic intervocalic<ref>Masica (1991:147)</ref> [[flap consonant|flap]]s {{IPA|[ɽ ɽʱ]}} in intervocalic position and in final position (but not at [[morpheme]] boundaries). Stops are sometimes [[aspiration (phonetics)|deaspirated]] between {{IPA|/s/}} and a vowel or an [[open syllable]] {{IPA|/s/}}+vowel and a vowel. Some speakers distinguish between single and [[geminate consonant]]s.<ref>{{harvcoltxt|Ray|2003|pp=490–491}}</ref>

==Grammar==
{{Main|Odia grammar}}

Odia retains most of the [[Grammatical case|cases]] of [[Sanskrit]], though the [[Nominative case|nominative]] and [[Vocative case|vocative]] have merged (both without a separate marker), as have the accusative and dative.{{Citation needed|date=April 2026}}  There are two [[grammatical number]]s (singular and plural). There is no [[grammatical gender]], and usage of gender is semantic (a bit like in English), i.e. to differentiate male members of a class from female members.<ref name="Jain Cardona 2007 p. 450">{{cite book | last1=Jain | first1=D. | last2=Cardona | first2=G. | title=The Indo-Aryan Languages | publisher=Taylor & Francis | series=Routledge language family series | year=2007 | isbn=978-1-135-79711-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OtCPAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA450 | access-date=1 August 2020 | page=450}}</ref> There are three tenses coded via affixes (i.e., present, past and future), others being expressed via auxiliaries.

==Writing system==
{{main|Odia script|Odia braille}}

[[File:Evolution of Oriya Language.jpg|thumb|A detailed chart depicting evolution of the Odia script as displayed in a museum at [[Ratnagiri, Odisha]]]]
[[File:Baranga grant of Umarabana, Kalinga script 3AD.JPG|thumb|3AD Baranga grant of Umarabana written in Kalinga script]]
The Odia language uses the [[Odia script]] (also known as the [[Kalinga script]]). It is a [[Brahmic script]] used to write primarily the Odia language and others like Sanskrit and several minor regional languages. The script has developed over nearly 1000 years, with the earliest trace of the script being dated to 1051 AD.

Odia is a syllabic alphabet, or an [[abugida]], wherein all [[consonant]]s have an inherent [[vowel]]. Diacritics (which can appear above, below, before, or after the consonant they belong to) are used to change the form of the inherent vowel. When vowels appear at the beginning of a syllable, they are written as independent letters. Also, when certain consonants occur together, special conjunct symbols are used to combine the essential parts of each consonant symbol.

The curved appearance of the Odia script is a result of the practice of writing on palm leaves, which have a tendency to tear if too many straight lines are used.<ref name="Caldwell 1998 p. 125">{{cite book | last=Caldwell | first=R. | title=A Comparative Grammar of the Dravidian Or South-Indian Family of Languages | publisher=Asian Educational Services | year=1998 | isbn=978-81-206-0117-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5PPCYBApSnIC&pg=PA519 | access-date=26 May 2020 | page=125}}</ref>

Karani Script or Karani Lipi (Odia: କରଣୀ ଲିପି) is a traditional script used primarily in Odisha, India, for administrative and literary purposes during the medieval and early modern periods. Named after the Karana scribes (the traditional writer caste of Odisha), the script was predominantly used in the royal courts and temples, especially for writing on palm leaf manuscripts.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tripāṭhī |first=Kuñjabihārī |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b8MKAQAAIAAJ |title=The Evolution of Oriya Language and Script |date=1963 |publisher=Utkal University |language=en}}</ref> It is a cursive form derived from the Odia script, developed to enable faster writing with a stylus or pen. The Karani script is characterized by its flowing, connected style, making it distinct from the formal printed Odia script. Though no longer in widespread use, it remains an important part of Odisha’s manuscript heritage and is preserved in temple records, historical documents, and museum collections.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pattanayak |first=D. P. |date=1991 |title=Linguistic and Religious Identity in India |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23002249 |journal=India International Centre Quarterly |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=101–106 |jstor=23002249 |issn=0376-9771}}</ref>

===Odia script===
{|class="wikitable nounderlines Unicode" style="border-collapse:collapse;background:#FFFFFF;text-align:center"
|+ '''Vowels''' {{lang|or|ସ୍ୱର ବର୍ଣ୍ଣ}}
|-
|| {{lang|or|ଅ}}
|| {{lang|or|ଆ}}
|| {{lang|or|ଇ}}
|| {{lang|or|ଈ}}
|| {{lang|or|ଉ}}
|| {{lang|or|ଊ}}
|| {{lang|or|ଋ}}
|| {{lang|or|ୠ}}
|| {{lang|or|ଌ}}
|| {{lang|or|ୡ}}
|| {{lang|or|ଏ}}
|| {{lang|or|ଐ}}
|| {{lang|or|ଓ}}
|| {{lang|or|ଔ}}
|}

{|class="wikitable nounderlines Unicode" style="border-collapse:collapse;background:#FFFFFF;text-align:center"
|+ '''Consonants''' {{lang|or|ବ୍ୟଞ୍ଜନ ବର୍ଣ୍ଣ}}
|-
|| {{lang|or|କ}}
|| {{lang|or|ଖ}}
|| {{lang|or|ଗ}}
|| {{lang|or|ଘ}}
|| {{lang|or|ଙ}}
|-
|| {{lang|or|ଚ}}
|| {{lang|or|ଛ}}
|| {{lang|or|ଜ}}
|| {{lang|or|ଝ}}
|| {{lang|or|ଞ}}
|-
|| {{lang|or|ଟ}}
|| {{lang|or|ଠ}}
|| {{lang|or|ଡ}}
|| {{lang|or|ଢ}}
|| {{lang|or|ଣ}}
|-
|| {{lang|or|ତ}}
|| {{lang|or|ଥ}}
|| {{lang|or|ଦ}}
|| {{lang|or|ଧ}}
|| {{lang|or|ନ}}
|-
|| {{lang|or|ପ}}
|| {{lang|or|ଫ}}
|| {{lang|or|ବ}}
|| {{lang|or|ଭ}}
|| {{lang|or|ମ}}
|-
|| {{lang|or|ଯ}}
|| {{lang|or|ର}}
|| {{lang|or|ଳ}}
|| {{lang|or|ୱ}}
|-
|| {{lang|or|ଶ}}
|| {{lang|or|ଷ}}
|| {{lang|or|ସ}}
|| {{lang|or|ହ}}
|-
|| {{lang|or|ୟ}}
|| {{lang|or|ଲ}}
|| {{lang|or|ଡ଼}}
|| {{lang|or|ଢ଼}}
|| {{lang|or|କ୍ଷ}}
|}

{|class="wikitable nounderlines Unicode" style="border-collapse:collapse;background:#FFFFFF;text-align:center"
|+ '''Diacritics'''
|-
|| {{lang|or|ା}}
|| {{lang|or|ି}}
|| {{lang|or|ୀ}}
|| {{lang|or|ୁ}}
|| {{lang|or|ୂ}}
|| {{lang|or|ୃ}}
|| {{lang|or|ୄ}}
|| {{lang|or|ୢ}}
|| {{lang|or|ୣ}}
|| {{lang|or|େ}}
|| {{lang|or|ୈ}}
|| {{lang|or|ୋ}}
|| {{lang|or|ୌ}}
|}

{|class="wikitable nounderlines Unicode" style="border-collapse:collapse;background:#FFFFFF;text-align:center"
|+ '''Signs, Punctuation'''
|-
|| {{lang|or|ଂ}}
|| {{lang|or|ଃ}}
|| {{lang|or|ଁ}}
|| {{lang|or|୍}}
|| {{lang|or|଼}}
|| {{lang|or|।}}
|| {{lang|or|॥}}
|| {{lang|or|ଽ}}
|| {{lang|or|ଓଁ}}
|| {{lang|or|୰}}
|}

{|class="wikitable nounderlines Unicode" style="border-collapse:collapse;background:#FFFFFF;text-align:center"
|+ '''Numbers''' {{lang|or|ସଂଖ୍ୟା}}
|-
|| {{lang|or|୦}}
|| {{lang|or|୧}}
|| {{lang|or|୨}}
|| {{lang|or|୩}}
|| {{lang|or|୪}}
|| {{lang|or|୫}}
|| {{lang|or|୬}}
|| {{lang|or|୭}}
|| {{lang|or|୮}}
|| {{lang|or|୯}}
|}

==Literature==
{{main|Odia literature}}

[[File:Odia script in Dohakosa by Sarahapada.svg|thumb|Sarahapada was one of the 84 Siddhas who has composed Dohas in (couplets) are compiled in Dohakośa, the 'Treasury of Rhyming Couplets'. Padas (verses) 22, 32, 38 and 39 of Caryagītikośa (or Charyapada) are assigned to him. The script used in the dohas shows close resemblance with the Odia script.]]
The earliest literature in Odia can be traced to the Charyapadas, composed in the 7th to 9th centuries.<ref>{{Cite book|title = Medieval Indian Literature: Surveys and selections|url = {{Google books|id=KYLpvaKJIMEC|plainurl=yes}}|publisher = Sahitya Akademi|date = 1 January 1997|isbn = 978-81-260-0365-5}}</ref> Before Sarala Das, the most important works in Odia literature are the Shishu Veda, Saptanga, Amara Kosha, ''Rudrasudhanidhi'', ''Kesaba Koili'', ''Kalasa Chautisa,'' etc.<ref name="patnaik 1989" /><ref name="panda" /><ref name="patnaik 1997" /> In the 14th century, the poet [[Sarala Das]] wrote the Sarala Mahabharata, Chandi Purana, and Vilanka Ramayana, in praise of the goddess [[Durga]]. Rama-Bibaha, written by Arjuna Dasa, was the first long poem written in the Odia language.

The following era is termed the [[Odia Literature|Panchasakha Age]] and stretches until the year 1700. Notable religious works of the Panchasakha Age include those of [[Balarama Dasa]], [[Jagannatha Dasa (Odia poet)|Jagannatha Dasa]], Yasovanta, Ananta and [[Acyutananda]]. The authors of this period mainly translated, adapted, or imitated Sanskrit literature. Other prominent works of the period include the ''Usabhilasa'' of Sisu Sankara Dasa, the ''Rahasya Manjari'' of Debadurlabha Dasa and the ''Rukmini Bibha'' of Kartika Dasa. A new form of novels in verse evolved during the beginning of the 17th century when Ramachandra Pattanayaka wrote ''Harabali''. Other poets, like Madhusudana, Bhima Dhibara, Sadasiba and Sisu Iswara Dasa composed another form called [[Kāvya|kavyas]] (long poems) based on themes from Puranas, with an emphasis on plain, simple language.

However, during the [[Odia literature#Age of Upendra Bhanja|Bhanja Age]] (also known as the Age of Riti Yuga) beginning with turn of the 18th century, verbally tricky Odia became the order of the day. Verbal jugglery and eroticism characterise the period between 1700 and 1850, particularly in the works of the era's eponymous poet [[Upendra Bhanja]] (1670–1720). Bhanja's work inspired many imitators, of which the most notable is Arakshita Das. Family chronicles in prose relating religious festivals and rituals are also characteristic of the period.

The first Odia printing typeset was cast in 1836 by Christian missionaries. Although the handwritten Odia script of the time closely resembled the [[Bengali alphabet|Bengali]] and [[Assamese alphabet|Assamese scripts]], the one adopted for the printed typesets was significantly different. [[Amos Sutton]] produced an Oriya Bible (1840), Oriya Dictionary (1841–1843) and<ref>Biswamoy Pati Situating social history: Orissa, 1800–1997 p30</ref> ''An Introductory Grammar of Oriya'' (1844).<ref>The Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature (Volume Two) (Devraj To Jyoti): 2 p1030 ed. Amaresh Datta – 2006 "Amos Sutton also prepared a dictionary named Sadhu bhasharthabhidhan, a vocabulary of current Sanskrit terms with Odia definitions which was also printed in Odisha Mission Press in 1844."</ref>

Odia has a rich literary heritage dating back to the thirteenth century. [[Sarala Dasa]] who lived in the fourteenth century is known as the [[Vyasa]] of Odisha. He wrote the [[Mahabharata]] into Odia. In fact, the language was initially standardised through a process of translating or transcreating classical Sanskrit texts such as the Mahabharata, [[Ramayana]] and the [[Bhagavad Gita]]. The translation of the ''Bhagavatam'' by [[Jagannatha Dasa (Odia poet)|''Atibadi'' Jagannatha Dasa]] was particularly influential on the written form of the language. Another of the Panchasakha, [[Balarama Dasa|''Matta'' Balarama Dasa]] transcreated the Ramayana in Odia, titled ''[[Jagamohana Ramayana]]''. Odia has had a strong tradition of poetry, especially [[worship|devotional]] poetry.

Other eminent Odia poets include [[Kabi Samrat Upendra Bhanja|''Kabi Samrat'' Upendra Bhanja]], [[Kavisurya Baladev Rath|''Kabisurjya'' Baladeba Ratha]], [[Banamali Dasa]], Dinakrusna Dasa and [[Gopalakrusna Pattanayaka]]. Classical Odia literature is inextricably tied to music, and most of it was written for singing, set to traditional Odissi ragas and talas. These compositions form the core of the system of [[Odissi music]], the classical music of the state.

Three great poets and prose writers, [[Kabibar Radhanath Ray]] (1849–1908), [[Fakir Mohan Senapati]] (1843–1918) and [[Madhusudan Rao]] (1853–1912) made Odia their own. They brought in a modern outlook and spirit into Odia literature. Around the same time the modern drama took birth in the works of Rama Sankara Ray beginning with Kanci-Kaveri (1880).

Among the contemporaries of Fakir Mohan, four novelists deserve special mention: Aparna Panda, Mrutyunjay Rath, Ram Chandra Acharya and Brajabandhu Mishra. Aparna Panda's Kalavati and Brajabandhu Mishra's Basanta Malati were both published in 1902, the year in which Chha Mana Atha Guntha came out in the book form.

One of the great writers in the 20th century was Pandit [[Krushna Chandra Kar]] (1907–1995) from Cuttack, who wrote many books for children like ''Pari Raija, Kuhuka Raija, Panchatantra, Adi Jugara Galpa Mala'', etc. He was last felicitated by the Sahitya Academy in 1971–72 for his contributions to Odia literature, development of children's fiction, and biographies.

One of the prominent writers of the 20th and 21st centuries was Muralidhar Mallick (1927–2002). His contribution to [[historical novel]]s is beyond words. He was last felicitated by the Sahitya Academy in the year 1998 for his contributions to Odia literature. His son Khagendranath Mallick (born 1951) is also a writer. His contribution towards poetry, criticism, essays, short stories, and novels is commendable. He was the former President of Utkal Kala Parishad and also former President of Odisha Geeti Kabi Samaj. Presently he is a member of the Executive Committee of Utkal Sahitya Samaj. Another illustrious writer of the 20th century was Chintamani Das. A noted academician, he was written more than 40 books including fiction, short stories, biographies and storybooks for children. Born in 1903 in Sriramachandrapur village under Satyabadi block, Chintamani Das is the only writer who has written biographies on all the five 'Pancha Sakhas' of Satyabadi namely Pandit Gopabandhu Das, Acharya Harihara, Nilakantha Das, Krupasindhu Mishra and Pandit Godabarisha. Having served as the Head of the Odia department of Khallikote College, Berhampur, Chintamani Das was felicitated with the Sahitya Akademi Samman in 1970 for his outstanding contribution to Odia literature in general and Satyabadi Yuga literature in particular. Some of his well-known literary creations are 'Bhala Manisha Hua', 'Manishi Nilakantha', 'Kabi Godabarisha', 'Byasakabi Fakiramohan', 'Usha', 'Barabati'.

20th century writers in Odia include Pallikabi [[Nanda Kishore Bal]], [[Gangadhar Meher]], Chintamani Mahanti and [[Kuntala Kumari Sabat]], besides Niladri Dasa and [[Gopabandhu Das]]. The most notable novelists were Umesa Sarakara, Divyasimha Panigrahi, [[Gopala Chandra Praharaj]] and [[Kalindi Charan Panigrahi]]. Sachi Kanta Rauta Ray is the great introducer of the ultra-modern style in modern Odia poetry. Others who took up this form were Godabarisha Mohapatra, [[Mayadhar Mansingh]], [[Nityananda Mahapatra]] and Kunjabihari Dasa. Prabhasa Chandra Satpathi is known for his translations of some western classics apart from Udayanatha Shadangi, Sunanda Kara and Surendranatha Dwivedi. Criticism, essays and history also became major lines of writing in the Odia language. Esteemed writers in this field were Professor Girija Shankar Ray, Pandit Vinayaka Misra, Professor Gauri Kumara Brahma, Jagabandhu Simha and [[Harekrushna Mahatab]]. Odia literature mirrors the industrious, peaceful and artistic image of the [[Odia people]] who have offered and gifted much to the Indian civilisation in the field of art and literature. Now Writers [[Manoj Das]]'s creations motivated and inspired people towards a positive lifestyle. Distinguished prose writers of the modern period include [[Baidyanath Misra]], [[Fakir Mohan Senapati]], [[Madhusudan Das]], Godabarisha Mohapatra, Kalindi Charan Panigrahi, [[Surendra Mohanty]], [[Manoj Das]], [[Kishori Charan Das]], Gopinath Mohanty, Rabi Patnaik, Chandrasekhar Rath, Binapani Mohanty, Bhikari Rath, [[Jagadish Mohanty]], [[Sarojini Sahoo]], [[Yashodhara Mishra]], Ramchandra Behera, Padmaja Pal. But it is poetry that makes modern Odia literature a force to reckon with. Poets like [[Kabibar Radhanath Ray]], Sachidananda Routray, Guruprasad Mohanty, Soubhagya Misra, [[Ramakanta Rath]], Sitakanta Mohapatra, Rajendra Kishore Panda, Pratibha Satpathy have made significant contributions towards Indian poetry.

[[Anita Desai]]'s novella, ''Translator Translated'', from her collection ''The Art of Disappearance'', features a translator of a fictive Odia short story writer. The novella contains a discussion of the perils of translating works composed in regional Indian languages into English.

Four writers in Odia – [[Gopinath Mohanty]], [[Sachidananda Routray]], [[Sitakant Mahapatra]] and [[Pratibha Ray]] – have been awarded the [[Jnanpith Award|Jnanpith]], an Indian literary award.

==Sample text==
The following is a sample text in Odia of Article 1 of the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]] ({{lang|or|ମାନବିକ ଅଧିକାରର ସାର୍ବଜନୀନ ଘୋଷଣା}}):

[[File:Universal Declaration of Human Rights - ori - ra - Art1.ogg]]

'''Odia in the Odia script'''

:{{lang|or|'''ଅନୁଚ୍ଛେଦ ୧:''' ସମସ୍ତ ମନୁଷ୍ୟ ଜନ୍ମକାଳରୁ ସ୍ୱାଧୀନ ଏବଂ ମର୍ଯ୍ୟାଦା ଓ ଅଧିକାରରେ ସମାନ । ସେମାନଙ୍କଠାରେ ବୁଦ୍ଧି ଓ ବିବେକ ନିହିତ ଅଛି ଏବଂ ସେମାନଙ୍କୁ ପରସ୍ପର ପ୍ରତି ଭ୍ରାତୃତ୍ୱ ମନୋଭାବରେ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରିବା ଉଚିତ୍ ।}}

'''Odia in [[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]'''

:'''Anuccheda eka:''' Samasta manuṣya janmakāḻaru swādhīna ebaṁ marẏyādā o adhikārare samāna. Semānaṅkaṭhāre buddhi o bibeka nihita achi ebaṁ semānaṅku paraspara prati bhrātṛtwa manobhābare byabahāra karibā ucit.

'''Odia in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]'''

:{{IPA|ɔnut͡ːʃʰed̪ɔ ekɔ}}: {{IPA|sɔmɔst̪ɔ mɔnuʂjɔ d͡ʒɔnmɔkaɭɔɾu swad̪ʱinɔ ebɔŋ mɔɾd͡ʒjad̪a o ɔd̪ʱikaɾɔɾe sɔmanɔ. semanɔŋkɔʈʰaɾe bud̪ːʱi o bibekɔ niɦit̪ɔ ɔt͡ʃʰi ebɔŋ semanɔŋku pɔɾɔspɔɾɔ pɾɔt̪i bʱɾat̪ɾut̪wɔ mɔnobʱabɔɾe bjɔbɔɦaɾɔ kɔɾiba ut͡ʃit̪}}

'''Gloss'''

:'''Article 1:''' All human beings from birth are free and dignity and rights are equal. Their reason and intelligence endowed with and they towards one another in a brotherhood spirit behaviour to do should.

'''Translation'''

:'''Article 1:''' All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

==Software==
[[Google]] introduced the first automated translator for Odia in 2020.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Statt |first1=Nick |title=Google Translate supports new languages for the first time in four years, including Uyghur |url=https://www.theverge.com/2020/2/26/21154417/google-translate-new-languages-support-odia-tatar-turkmen-uyghur-kinyarwanda |website=The Verge |access-date=27 February 2020 |language=en |date=26 February 2020}}</ref> [[Microsoft]] too incorporated Odia in its automated translator later that year.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/translator/blog/2020/08/13/odia-language-text-translation-is-now-available-in-microsoft-translator/|title = Odia Language Text Translation is Now Available in Microsoft Translator|website = [[Microsoft]]|date = 13 August 2020}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Sources===
*{{Cite report |last1=Mathai |first1=Eldose K. |last2=Kelsall |first2=Juliana |year=2013 |title=Sambalpuri of Orissa, India: A Brief Sociolinguistic Survey |series=SIL Electronic Survey Reports |url=https://www.sil.org/resources/publications/entry/54878}}
* {{cite book |last=Rajaguru |first=Satyanarayan |title=Inscriptions of Orissa C. 600–1100 A.D. |volume=2 |year=1966 |publisher=Government of Orissa, Superintendent of Research & Museum |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BswxmAEACAAJ}}
* {{cite book |last=Ray |first=Tapas S. |pages=485–522 |chapter=Oriya |title=The Indo-Aryan Languages |editor1-last=Cardona |editor1-first=George |editor2-last=Jain |editor2-first=Dhanesh |year=2003 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-7007-1130-7}}
* {{cite thesis |type=PhD dissertation |first=Matthew William Stirling |last=Toulmin |title=Reconstructing linguistic history in a dialect continuum: The Kamta, Rajbanshi, and Northern Deshi Bangla subgroup of Indo-Aryan |url=https://digitalcollections.anu.edu.au/handle/1885/45743 |publisher=The Australian National University |year=2006 |doi=10.25911/5d7a2b0c76304 |doi-access=free |hdl=1885/45743 |hdl-access=free}}

==Further reading==
{{Refbegin|40em}}
* {{cite book |last=Ghosh |first=Arun |year=2003 |title=An ethnolinguistic profile of Eastern India: a case of South Orissa |location=Burdwan |publisher=Dept. of Bengali (D.S.A.), University of Burdwan}}
* {{cite book |last=Masica |first=Colin |year=1991 |title=The Indo-Aryan Languages |series=Cambridge Language Surveys |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-29944-2}}
* Mohanty, Prasanna Kumar (2007). ''The History of: History of Oriya Literature'' (Oriya Sahityara Adya Aitihasika Gana).
* {{cite book |last1=Neukom |first1=Lukas |last2=Patnaik |first2=Manideepa |title=A Grammar of Oriya |year=2003 |publisher=University of Zurich |place=Zurich |series=Arbeiten des Seminars für Allgemeine Sprachwissenschaft der Universität Zürich |volume=17 |isbn=978-3-9521010-9-4}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.odia.org/articles/harvardLecture.pdf |title=Oriya Language and Literature |publisher=Odia.org |access-date=29 November 2012}}
* {{cite book |title=Tribal and Indigenous People of India: Problems and Prospects |author=Rabindra Nath Pati |author2=Jagannatha Dash |publisher=APH PUBLISHING CORPORATION |year=2002 |isbn=81-7648-322-2 |location=India |pages=51–59}}
* {{cite book|last=Tripathi|first=Kunjabihari|title=The Evolution of Oriya Language and Script|year=1962|publisher=Utkal University|place=Cuttack|url=http://ktpress.org.in/pdf/evolution_of_oriya_language.pdf|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510155332/http://ktpress.org.in/pdf/evolution_of_oriya_language.pdf|archive-date=10 May 2013}}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{interWiki|code=or}}
{{wikivoyage|Odia phrasebook|Odia|a phrasebook}}
*{{commons category-inline}}
* [[w:or:Main page|Odia Wikipedia]]
* Praharaj, G.C. [https://dsalsrv04.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/praharaj/ Purnachandra Odia Bhashakosha] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805184601/https://dsalsrv04.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/praharaj/ |date=5 August 2020 }} (Odia-English dictionary). Cuttack: Utkal Sahitya Press, 1931–1940.
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=b7tmlF2a7fcC&q=oriya A Comprehensive English-Oriya Dictionary (1916–1922)]

{{Odia language}}
{{Languages of India}}
{{Eastern Indo-Aryan languages}}
{{Odisha}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Odia Language}}
[[Category:Odia language| ]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Classical Language in India]]
[[Category:Eastern Indo-Aryan languages]]
[[Category:Indo-Aryan languages]]
[[Category:Languages attested from the 3rd century BC]]
[[Category:Languages of Odisha]]
[[Category:Languages of Jharkhand]]
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[[Category:Official languages of India]]
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Madrasapattinam

2026-04-27T01:03:40Z

CRVMargarette: Details

{{Short description|2010 Tamil period film directed by A. L. Vijay}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Madrasapattinam Poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[A. L. Vijay|Vijay]]
| writer = Vijay
| producer = Kalpathi S. Aghoram
| starring = [[Arya (actor)|Arya]] [[Amy Jackson]]
| cinematography = [[Nirav Shah]]
| editing = [[Anthony (film editor)|Anthony Gonsalvez]]
| music = [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
| studio = [[AGS Entertainment]]
| distributor = [[Red Giant Movies]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2010|7|9}}
| runtime = 165 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Madrasapattinam''''' ({{translation|[[Chennai|Madras]] Town}}) is a 2010 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[historical romance]] film written and directed by [[A. L. Vijay|Vijay]]. The film stars [[Arya (actor)|Arya]] with [[Amy Jackson]] (in her feature film debut), while Carole Trangmar-Palmer plays an older version of Amy. [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]], [[Cochin Hanifa]], [[Lisa Lazarus]], and [[Alexx O'Nell]] play supporting roles. Set primarily in the 1940s during the [[British Raj]], it revolves around a British woman falling in love with an Indian man, but they face threats from a sadistic British officer who is her suitor.

''Madrasapattinam'' was produced by Kalpathi S. Aghoram of [[AGS Entertainment]]. The music was composed by [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]] with editing by [[Anthony (film editor)|Anthony]] and cinematography by [[Nirav Shah]]. The film was released on 9 July 2010 and became a box office success.

== Plot ==
An elderly English woman named Amy Wilkinson, almost at her deathbed in London due to a [[thrombus|blood clot]] caused by a past head injury, wants to come down to [[Madras]] in search of a man named Ilamparithi (aka Parithi), whom she last saw on [[Independence Day (India)|15 August 1947]]. She wishes to return a ''[[Mangala sutra|thali]]'' (traditional wedding threads) belonging to his mother, which he gave her as a sign that she belongs to India and nobody can separate them. However, after a turn of events, she had married another man from her hometown and thus felt that the ''thali'' was no longer her property.

Amy arrives in Madras with her granddaughter Catherine, equipped only with a picture of Parithi that was taken 60 years ago. Amy interrogates various people about Parithi's whereabouts. In the process, she recalls the events when she had first visited Chennai, and the chain of events that took place.

A young Amy, the daughter of the Madras Presidency Governor, George Wilkinson, visits Chennai (then called Madras, with the [[Chennai District]] being called Madrasapattinam) along with her translator Nambi and encounters Parithi, whom she calls a "brave man". Parithi, a member of the dhobi (washermen) clan, is also an experienced [[wrestling|wrestler]] who trains under Ayyakanu. He openly opposes the British officials who attempt to build a [[golf course]] in the dhobi clan's dwelling place. He challenges a sadistic and [[racism|racist]] officer named Robert Ellis, who is also Amy's suitor, to a wrestling match to decide the fate of his clan's home. Parithi is successful, and Robert vows revenge.

In between this, the scene shifts to the present day where the aged Amy, who is going around Chennai looking for Parithi, starts remembering the olden days. She and Catherine go in a taxi driven by Veerasekhara Murali and his assistant. They track down an old woman named Selvi (as Parithi's sister's name was Selvi) in hopes that she is Parithi's sister, but it turns out that she is not the person whom they were looking for. Catherine suggests that they go to the Census Office to identify Parithi. Murali then gives an idea of painting Parithi as he would look now. They go meet a painter who gets drunk with the money they gave. When the painter's wife sees his drunken stupor, she furiously throws old frames, and Amy identifies one of them to be a photo taken by her. They track down the owner of the image (ChennaiImages.com), which is actually a shooting spot for dramas. They meet the manager, and he says that the pictures were bought in an auction years ago. After they leave, his wife asks him why he lied about the images that his grandfather had saved. Later, it is shown that the man is Nambi's grandson.

Later, Amy falls ill while at her room and is rushed to the hospital. There she meets Parithi's friend Kabir in his deathbed. When she inquires about Parithi's whereabouts to Kabir in Tamil, Murali and his assistant get shocked. Kabir breathes his last, saying only the words "Durai Amma", following which he dies soon after. When Murali asks Amy about her knowledge in Tamil and why she did not speak it before, Amy blankly stares at the [[Cooum River]] and narrates her younger days to the three of them.

Following a series of secret meetings between Parithi and Amy, love blossoms between them, and Parithi affectionately calls her "Durai Amma" (lady/female lord), a polite term of addressing British women. However, a major threat comes in the form of [[Independence Day (India)|independence for India]] on 15 August 1947, which means that all British officials and their families, including Amy, would have to leave India. On the eve of independence, all of India is celebrating. However, Amy and Parithi, determined to be together, run away and are hunted by an angry Robert and his men. An Indian policeman helps the two of them by hiding them in a [[clock tower]] on top of the [[Chennai Central railway station|Madras Central Railway Station]], but they are discovered by Robert. After a fierce fight, Robert is killed, Amy is injured in her head, and Parithi is badly wounded. Amy helps Parithi escape by casting him with a life-raft into the [[Cooum River]], before she is captured and taken back to London. She had never known if Parithi survived or what his fate was.

Back in the present day, Amy is urgently called back to London to have a life-saving operation. However, she is determined to find Parithi and by chance encounters a taxi driver who mentions Durai Ammal Foundation to her. She asks him to take her there and he does, assuming she would want to donate. The driver shows her around the foundation, which has organisations providing free housing for orphans and the elderly, medical care, and affordable education (all of which were promised to the dhobi children by the young Amy several years ago). She realises that the Durai Ammal Foundation was established by Parithi and named after her.

Then, when Amy asks the driver what happened to Parithi, he leads her to his tomb and reveals that he died 12 years ago. She kneels before the tomb and claims the ''thali'' as her own, declaring that it is hers before quietly dying on Parithi's tomb. Catherine mourns for her, and the driver is dumbfounded to learn that the old woman was "Durai Amma" herself. The epilogue shows Parithi and Amy, as they were in their youth, in the afterlife.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Arya (actor)|Arya]] as Ilamparithi aka Parithi
* [[Amy Jackson]] as Amy Wilkinson / 'Duraiyamma' ([[voiceover]] by [[Andrea Jeremiah]])
** Carole Trangmar-Palmer as Older Amy Wilkinson
* [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as Ayyakanu
* [[Cochin Haneefa]] as Nambi
* [[Alexx O'Nell]] as Robert Ellis
* [[Lisa Lazarus]] as Catherine
* [[M. S. Bhaskar]] as Vengappan
* [[Bala Singh]] as Duraisamy
* Omar Lateef as Kabir
* N. L. Srinivasan as Karna
* [[Sathish]] as Pacha
* M. R. Kishore Kumar as Rengan
* [[Elango Kumaravel]] as Taxi Driver
* [[Balaji Venugopal]] as Veerasekhara Murali
* [[Lollu Sabha Jeeva]] as Murali's assistant
* Jack James as Governor George Wilkinson
* [[George Maryan]] as English Teacher
* [[Appukutty]] as Kaali
* [[Sampath Ram]] as Anbazhagan
* [[Leema Babu]] as Selvi
* Loveday Smith as George's wife
* Jayakumar as Nambi's grandson
* [[Ajayan Bala]] as [[Chennai Central]] Station Master
* Nicholas as DSP
* Gary Tantony as Golf Grounds Engineer
* Mike Parish as The Reverend M. Smith
* Matthieu Bellon as British Officer
* Neelu Nasreen
* [[T. M. Karthik]] as Painter (uncredited)
}}

== Production ==

=== Development ===
Director [[A. L. Vijay]] revealed that ''Madrasapattinam'' was supposed to happen later in his career, but the intervention of producer [[AGS Entertainment|Kalpathi S. Aghoram]] helped realise the viability of the film earlier.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rao |first=Subha J |date=25 September 2010 |title=Genre bender |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Genre-bender/article16048599.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231213052707/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Genre-bender/article16048599.ece |archive-date=13 December 2023 |access-date=7 September 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Vijay had first explored the script in his college days and drew inspiration from an English professor who "used to talk to us about the freedom movement a lot", furthering Vijay's interest in history. He visualised the people who lived in the pre-independence period of India and explored the concept of how it would have been if an English girl fell in love with an Indian boy, laying the foundations for the script.<ref name="DirectingMadhrasapattinam">{{Cite web |last=Warrier |first=Shobha |author-link=Shobha Warrier |date=6 July 2010 |title=Directing Madhrasapattinam |url=http://movies.rediff.com/slide-show/2010/jul/06/slide-show-1-south-interview-with-vijay.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130224725/http://movies.rediff.com/slide-show/2010/jul/06/slide-show-1-south-interview-with-vijay.htm |archive-date=30 November 2024 |access-date=5 August 2012 |website=[[Rediff.com]] |language=en}}</ref> Vijay wrote the script in six months and also met leading Tamil writer [[Prapanchan]] regarding his inputs for the script.<ref name="DirectingMadhrasapattinam" />

After the release of ''[[Poi Solla Porom]]'' in September 2008, Vijay began researching on the script. Since the team had only few references of how the city of [[Madras]] between 1945 and 1947 had looked like, with only [[black and white]] images and no [[Stock footage|film footages]] during that time, Vijay had met independence veterans journalist [[S. Muthiah]], painter-writer [[Manohar Devadoss]] and Ramasamy, a personal assistant of [[C. Rajagopalachari]], to provide their inputs on how the city looked during that period while also having his associate directors to collect images and photographs from ''[[The Hindu]]'' (through the specific column "Memories of Madras"), ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' and ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]''. Some of the novels, such as P. Rajaraman's ''Chennai Through The Ages'' and Muthiah's ''[[Madras Rediscovered]]'' and ''Madras — the Past and the Present'' helped them for the research.<ref name="RecreatingMadharasapattinam">{{Cite news |last=Kamath |first=Sudhish |author-link=Sudhish Kamath |date=19 April 2010 |title=Recreating Madharasapattinam |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Recreating-Madharasapattinam/article11641404.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251207000150/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Recreating-Madharasapattinam/article11641404.ece |archive-date=7 December 2025 |access-date=18 February 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> The team had prepared the complete storyboard to envision the authencity of the pre-Independence period being replicated.<ref name="RecreatingMadharasapattinam" />

=== Casting ===
Vijay chose to make the protagonist as a [[dhobi]] and wrestler as "when the British came to India, they depended heavily on cooks and dhobis wherever they were" and in Madras the dhobis lived in the same area the Britishers were residing, which was now called [[Vannarapettai]].<ref name="DirectingMadhrasapattinam" /> As Vijay "wanted someone who looked good and would be attractive for a rich British girl", he initially asked [[Mahesh Babu]] to play the lead role but could not accept it.<ref name="DirectingMadhrasapattinam" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=9 July 2020 |title=Was Mahesh Babu the first choice to play Arya's role in Madrasapattinam? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/was-mahesh-babu-the-first-choice-to-play-aryas-role-in-madrasapattinam/articleshow/76876428.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711025112/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/was-mahesh-babu-the-first-choice-to-play-aryas-role-in-madrasapattinam/articleshow/76876428.cms |archive-date=11 July 2020 |access-date=7 September 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Hence, [[Arya (actor)|Arya]] was chosen for the male lead role. The team conducted a photoshoot with him in the periodic costumes and felt he was convincing for the character Ilamparithi.<ref name="DirectingMadhrasapattinam" /> Arya gained a lot of weight and underwent extensive training sessions to play the role of a wrestler.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Reddy |first=T. Krithika |date=8 July 2010 |title=Time Traveller |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Time-Traveller/article16189398.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260220043056/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Time-Traveller/article16189398.ece |archive-date=20 February 2026 |access-date=18 February 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref>

English [[Miss Teen World]] winner [[Amy Jackson]] was selected after Vijay found a picture of her on the Internet and tracked her down.<ref name="DirectingMadhrasapattinam" /> It is her acting debut.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 August 2010 |title=British teenager becomes Bollywood star |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/howaboutthat/7948126/British-teenager-becomes-Bollywood-star.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404024905/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/howaboutthat/7948126/British-teenager-becomes-Bollywood-star.html |archive-date=4 April 2023 |access-date=2 April 2018 |website=[[The Daily Telegraph]]}}</ref> Arya told Sankaran Malini of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' that he was amazed by Jackson's professionalism and her commitment to weather, adding "This being her first film ever and coming down from a city like London, adjusting to the climate here was a big challenge for her. I remember she nearly fainted because of the sultry weather. But she never complained and took her scenes seriously. She truly is the soul of the film." Jackson further stated that Arya had provided her the guidance and advice she needed while preparing for the role.<ref name="SpecialPreview">{{Cite web |date=5 July 2010 |title='Madrasapattinam': A special preview |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2010/Jul/05/madrasapattinam-a-special-preview-167139.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260426140109/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2010/Jul/05/madrasapattinam-a-special-preview-167139.html |archive-date=26 April 2026 |access-date=18 February 2026 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

The film also featured numerous Indian and foreign artists.<ref name="SpecialPreview" /> American actor [[Alexx O'Nell]] made his South Indian debut playing the antagonist Robert Ellis.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Radhakrishnan |first=Manjusha |date=1 September 2025 |title='Not just a white guy in Bollywood': How American actor Alexx O'Nell took over Indian cinema |url=https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/how-us-actor-alexx-onell-became-indian-cinemas-favorite-outsider-and-landed-roles-with-mohanlal-and-akshay-kumar-1.500252833 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250916203653/https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/how-us-actor-alexx-onell-became-indian-cinemas-favorite-outsider-and-landed-roles-with-mohanlal-and-akshay-kumar-1.500252833 |archive-date=16 September 2025 |access-date=18 February 2026 |website=[[Gulf News]] |language=en}}</ref> ''Madrasapattinam'' was [[Cochin Haneefa]]'s posthumous film role, as he died in February 2010, before the film's release.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 February 2010 |title=VMC Haneefa passes away |url=http://sify.com/movies/fullstory.php?id=14929820 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110823092624/http://www.sify.com/movies/vmc-haneefa-passes-away-news-tamil-kkfqVuijbab.html |archive-date=23 August 2011 |access-date=21 August 2011 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Sathish]] made his film debut in a minor role.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Rinku |date=19 June 2013 |title='Romancing on screen is a tough task for me' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2013/Jun/19/romancing-on-screen-is-a-tough-task-for-me-488396.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260427003244/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2013/Jun/19/romancing-on-screen-is-a-tough-task-for-me-488396.html |archive-date=27 April 2026 |access-date=18 February 2026 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

=== Filming and design ===
Filming for ''Madrasapattinam'' began in March 2009 after extensive pre-production and storyboarding being completed.<ref name="RecreatingMadharasapattinam" /> Art director V. Selvakumar replicated several locations via sets, such as [[Chennai Central railway station]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Srikanth |first=R. |date=18 August 2025 |title=Madras Day 2025: When Tamil cinema and railways cross tracks in Chennai |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/when-tamil-cinema-and-railways-cross-tracks-in-chennai/article69928044.ece/amp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250902054724/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/when-tamil-cinema-and-railways-cross-tracks-in-chennai/article69928044.ece/amp |archive-date=2 September 2025 |access-date=7 September 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Anna Salai|Mount Road]], the areas of Vannarapettai, and other locations to reflect the film's periodic setting. They also used sets to shoot the interior sequences.<ref name="DirectingMadhrasapattinam" /> [[Nirav Shah]] who handled the cinematography went through [[Wide-angle lens|wide angle]] shots, as per Vijay's suggestion and some scenes were filmed in 360 degrees.<ref name="SpecialPreview" /> A set resembling [[Delhi]] was erected at [[Mysore]] to maintain the authenticity of the events happening in the pre-Independence era.<ref name="RecreatingMadharasapattinam" />

Arya recalled that the pre-climax portion happening on the eve before India [[Independence Day (India)|got its independence from the British]] (14 August 1947) was coincidentally shot on the same date in 2009, which they "did not plan it, it just happened that way".<ref name="SpecialPreview" /> The film was finished in eight months, as according to Vijay, most period films might take two years; he credited his mentor [[Priyadarshan]] as the reason for the meticulous planning.<ref name="DirectingMadhrasapattinam" />

=== Visual effects ===
The visual effects of the film were provided by EyeCube. Nearly 22 minutes of visual effects were incorporated for replicating the 1940s era of the landmark locations in Chennai. These sequences had nearly cost around {{INRConvert|6|c|year=2010}}.<ref name="SpecialPreview" />

== Soundtrack ==
Vijay approached [[Harris Jayaraj]] as music composer first, but out of his call sheets, Vijay chose [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]] as music composer.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5DOHP5npsRE |title="I am jealous of Jayam Ravi & Director Vijay"- Bala confesses! {{!}} TN 92 |date=22 April 2017 |publisher=Behindwoods TV |access-date=26 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810162349/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5DOHP5npsRE |archive-date=10 August 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> The soundtrack of ''Madrasapattinam'' was released on 4 April 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Geetha |date=29 March 2010 |title=Madrasapattinam audio launch on April 4 |url=https://hamaraphotos.com/regional/madrasapattinam-audio-launch-on-april-4.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250907071749/https://hamaraphotos.com/regional/madrasapattinam-audio-launch-on-april-4.html |archive-date=7 September 2025 |access-date=7 September 2025 |website=Hamara Photos |language=en |agency=Sampurn Wire}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 April 2010 |title=''Madhrasapattinam'' – Audio launched |url=http://sify.com/movies/madhrasapattinam-audio-launched-news-tamil-kkfqGRfbbfi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101023024923/http://sify.com/movies/madhrasapattinam-audio-launched-news-tamil-kkfqGRfbbfi.html |archive-date=23 October 2010 |access-date=9 September 2025 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Lyrics were written by [[Na. Muthukumar]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Madharasapattinam Tamil Audio CD By G.V. Prakash Kumar |url=https://www.vintageav.shop/product/madharasapattinam-tamil-audio-cd-by-g-v-prakash-kumar/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/okkVI |archive-date=9 September 2025 |access-date=9 September 2025 |website=VintageAV.shop |language=en}}</ref> The song "Pookkal Pookkum Tharunam" is set in [[Darbari Kanada]], a [[Hindustani raga]], while "Aaruyire" is set in [[Charukesi]], a [[Carnatic raga]]. "Vaama Duraiyamma" includes English dialogue by Haneefa and Jackson, the former translating the Tamil lyrics (sung by [[Udit Narayan]]) for the latter.<ref>{{Cite news |last=B |first=Jayabhuvaneshwari |date=9 July 2025 |title=15 years of Madrasapattinam: When GV Prakash Kumar told a parallel love story with his music |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/features/2025/Jul/09/15-years-of-madrasapattinam-when-gv-prakash-kumar-told-a-parallel-love-story-with-his-music |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250710163503/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/features/2025/Jul/09/15-years-of-madrasapattinam-when-gv-prakash-kumar-told-a-parallel-love-story-with-his-music |archive-date=10 July 2025 |access-date=19 February 2026 |work=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

'''Tamil track list'''
{{track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 33:41
| all_music = [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
| all_lyrics = [[Na. Muthukumar]]
| title1 = Pookkal Pookkum
| extra1 = [[Harini (singer)|Harini]], [[Roopkumar Rathod]], [[Andrea Jeremiah]], [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
| length1 = 6:37
| title2 = Vaama Duraiyamma
| extra2 = [[Udit Narayan]], [[Cochin Haneefa]], [[Amy Jackson]]
| length2 = 4:47
| title3 = Feel Of Love
| extra3 = Navin Iyer, Seenu
| length3 = 3:42
| title4 = Meghame O Meghame
| extra4 = [[M. S. Viswanathan]], [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]], [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]]
| length4 = 6:05
| title5 = Aaruyire
| extra5 = [[Sonu Nigam]], [[Saindhavi]]
| length5 = 6:12
| title6 = Kaatrile
| extra6 = [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], Zia
| length6 = 4:45
| title7 = The Dance Theme
| extra7 = Navin Iyer
| length7 = 1:33
}}

'''Telugu tracklist'''<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 January 2011 |title=1947 – A Love Story (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://open.spotify.com/album/2QhHe4R9CxgzPBhkSzAoaU |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190121011551/https://open.spotify.com/album/2QhHe4R9CxgzPBhkSzAoaU |archive-date=21 January 2019 |access-date=13 April 2025 |work=[[Spotify]]}}</ref>

{{track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 33:31
| title1 = Meghama
| extra1 = [[Manikka Vinayagam]], [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]]
| lyrics1 = Sahithi
| length1 = 6:02
| title2 = Meghama
| note2 = Instrumental
| extra2 =
| lyrics2 =
| length2 = 1:26
| title3 = O Prema
| extra3 = [[Sonu Nigam]], [[Saindhavi]]
| lyrics3 = Sahithi
| length3 = 6:10
| title4 = O Prema
| note4 = Instrumental
| extra4 =
| lyrics4 =
| length4 = 3:37
| title5 = Poolu Pooyu
| extra5 = [[Roopkumar Rathod]], [[Harini (singer)|Harini]]
| lyrics5 = [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]]
| length5 = 6:40
| title6 = Ramma Dorasani
| extra6 = [[Udit Narayan]]
| lyrics6 = Chandrabose
| length6 = 4:52
| title7 = Swechage
| extra7 = [[Haricharan]]
| lyrics7 = Chandrabose
| length7 = 4:44
}}

== Release ==
''Madrasapattinam'' was released on 9 July 2010,<ref name="DirectingMadhrasapattinam" /> by [[Red Giant Movies]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 April 2014 |title=Red Giant set for Saivam distribution |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2014/Apr/30/red-giant-set-for-saivam-distribution-606607.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250907164227/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2014/Apr/30/red-giant-set-for-saivam-distribution-606607.html |archive-date=7 September 2025 |access-date=7 September 2025 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 June 2010 |title=Red Giant snaps ''Madhrasapattinam'' |url=http://sify.com/movies/red-giant-snaps-madhrasapattinam-news-tamil-kkfqxadbcag.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101023024809/http://sify.com/movies/red-giant-snaps-madhrasapattinam-news-tamil-kkfqxadbcag.html |archive-date=23 October 2010 |access-date=9 September 2025 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

== Reception ==
=== Critical response ===
''[[Sify]]'' stated that the film was a "brave attempt on the part of its makers".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Madrasapattinam |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/madrasapattinam-review-tamil-14948797.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130806042357/http://www.sify.com/movies/madrasapattinam-review-tamil-14948797.html |archive-date=6 August 2013 |access-date=8 December 2011 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref> Pavithra Srinivasan of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' wrote, "''Madharasapattinam'' serves up an almost flawless exhibition of the city as it was, in 1947 with its painstaking attention to detail. For all the irritants, though, this ''[[Titanic (1997 film)|Titanic]]'' of Madras is still worth a watch".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Pavithra |date=9 July 2010 |title=Madharasapattinam is worth a watch |url=http://movies.rediff.com/review/2010/jul/09/south-review-of-madharasapattinam.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815223312/http://movies.rediff.com/review/2010/jul/09/south-review-of-madharasapattinam.htm |archive-date=15 August 2024 |access-date=7 September 2025 |website=[[Rediff.com]] |language=en}}</ref> Malathi Rangarajan of ''[[The Hindu]]'' also gave a positive review.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=16 July 2010 |title=Authentic old Madras flavour |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Authentic-old-Madras-flavour/article16198769.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250907164842/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Authentic-old-Madras-flavour/article16198769.ece |archive-date=7 September 2025 |access-date=7 September 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref>

=== Box office ===
The film opened at No. 1 at the Chennai box office. Its opening was described by ''Sify'' as "above average",<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 July 2010 |title=Chennai Box Office: July 9 to 11 |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=14949290&cid=13525926 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923085520/http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=14949290&cid=13525926 |archive-date=23 September 2018 |access-date=7 September 2025 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> but by early September the film, despite being at No. 5 at the Chennai box office, had become a success which ''Sify'' attributed to "publicity boost" and favourable word-of-mouth.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 September 2010 |title=Chennai Box Office – Aug 27 to 29 |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=14955415&cid=13525926 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110211092004/http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=14955415&cid=13525926 |archive-date=11 February 2011 |access-date=8 September 2025 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Event
!Category
!Recipient(s)
!Verdict!! {{abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
| rowspan="7" | [[58th Filmfare Awards South|8th Filmfare Awards South]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Tamil|Best Film – Tamil]]
|''Madrasapattinam''
|{{nom}}
| rowspan="7" style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |title=58th South Filmfare Awards – Nominees (Tamil) |url=http://www.ndtv.com/album/listing/entertainment/58th-south-filmfare-awards-nominees-10839 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110704031228/http://www.ndtv.com/album/listing/entertainment/58th-south-filmfare-awards-nominees-10839 |archive-date=4 July 2011 |access-date=9 September 2025 |website=[[NDTV]] |pages=32, 35, 36, 39, 40, 41, 42 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Tamil|Best Director – Tamil]]
|[[A. L. Vijay]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Tamil|Best Actor – Tamil]]
|[[Arya (actor)|Arya]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Tamil|Best Supporting Actress – Tamil]]
|Carole Palmer
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Tamil|Best Music Director – Tamil]]
|[[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer – Tamil|Best Male Playback Singer – Tamil]]
|[[Udit Narayan]] for "Vaama Duraiyamma"
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist – Tamil|Best Lyricist – Tamil]]
|[[Na. Muthukumar]]
|{{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[5th Vijay Awards]]
|[[Vijay Award for Best Costume Designer|Best Costume Designer]]
|Deepali Noor
|{{won}}
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kannan |first=Uma |date=27 June 2011 |title=Vijay Awards ceremony held |url=http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/article447098.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130326043756/http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/article447098.ece |archive-date=26 March 2013 |access-date=9 September 2025 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Vijay Award for Best Art Director|Best Art Director]]
|Selvakumar
|{{won}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Edison Awards (India)|Edison Awards]]
|Best Director
|A. L. Vijay
|{{Won}}
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gallery – Edison Awards 2011 |url=https://www.edisonawards.in/pages/pompous-occasion-details.php?id=18 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260211024320/https://www.edisonawards.in/pages/pompous-occasion-details.php?id=18 |archive-date=11 February 2026 |access-date=10 September 2025 |website=[[Edison Awards (India)|Edison Awards]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Best Music Director
|[[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
|{{Won}}
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of historical films set in Asia]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{A. L. Vijay}}
{{AGS Entertainment}}

[[Category:2010 films]]
[[Category:2010 Indian films]]
[[Category:2010 romance films]]
[[Category:2010s historical romance films]]
[[Category:2010 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:AGS Entertainment films]]
[[Category:Films about interracial romance]]
[[Category:Films directed by A. L. Vijay]]
[[Category:Films scored by G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
[[Category:Films set in 1947]]
[[Category:Films set in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films set in London]]
[[Category:Films set in the British Raj]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films shot in London]]
[[Category:Indian historical romance films]]
[[Category:Indian nonlinear narrative films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language historical romance films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Sundar Narayana Rao

2026-04-20T22:18:42Z

CRVMargarette: Adding New Biography.

{{short description|Indian singer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Sundar Narayana Rao
| image = Sundar_new0227.jpg
| alt = Sundar-narayana-rao3
| caption = Sundar Narayana Rao.
| birth_date = 30 January
| birth_place = India
| genre = [[Music of India|Indian classical music]], [[Pakistani classical music]], [[Afghani classical music]], [[Thumri]], [[Tappa]], [[Natya Sangeet]], [[Abhang]]s, [[Sufi]], [[Qawwali]], [[Playback singing]]
| occupation = Singer
| years_active = 2013–2017
}}

'''Sundar Narayana Rao''' (born: 30 January) is a former Indian playback singer, known for his work in Tamil films.

==Early life and career==
Sundar Narayana Rao is originally a [[Thanjavur Marathi people|Thanjavur Marathi]] with a background in [[Hindustani classical music]]. He was trained in music since a child. He grew up in Chennai. He was noticed for his songs in ''[[Vathikuchi]]'' including "Kuru Kuru" and "Kanna Kanna". He simultaneously worked in software and has since retired from singing.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/sundar-narayana-rao-news-285938|title=Sundar Narayana Rao|date=7 June 2013|website=Outlook India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://milliblog.com/2013/02/13/vathikuchi-music-review-tamil-ghibran/|title=Vathikuchi (Music review), Tamil – Ghibran – Milliblog!}}</ref><ref>https://in.linkedin.com/in/sundarnrao</ref>

==Discography==
===As playback singer===
====Songs====
*''Note: all songs are in Tamil, unless otherwise noted.''
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
! Year !! Film !! Songs !! Composer !! Co-singer(s)
|-
| rowspan="9" | 2013 || rowspan="2" |''[[Vathikuchi]]'' || "Kuru Kuru" || rowspan="11" | [[Ghibran]] || rowspan="6" | Solo
|-
| "Kanna Kanna"
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Kutti Puli]]'' || "Aatha Un Selai"
|-
| "Deivam Yellam Onnagi"
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Vathikuchi|Praanam Kosam]]'' (Telugu dub) || "Chura Chura"
|-
| "Kannu Kannu"
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Naiyaandi]]'' || "Ae Le Le Etti Paarthale" || with [[Leon D'Souza]]
|-
| "Marriage Marketil" || Solo
|-
|''[[Thirumanam Ennum Nikkah]]'' || "Chillendra Chillendra" || with [[Kaushiki Chakrabarty]]
|-
| 2014 ||''[[Amara Kaaviyam]]'' || "Edhedho Ennamvandhu" || Solo
|-
| 2015 ||''[[Papanasam (film)|Papanasam]]''|| "Yeya En Kottikkaaraa" || with Malavika Anilkumar<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/music-review-papanasam/articleshow/47910225.cms|title=Music Review: Papanasam|date=14 January 2017|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2017 ||''[[Veeraiyan]]'' || "Aiyyo Aiyyo" || rowspan="2" | S. N. Arunagiri || Solo
|-
|''[[Kadugu]]''|| "Nilavedhu Karaiyedhu" || with [[Vaikom Vijayalakshmi]]
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rao, Sundar Narayana}}
[[Category:Indian male playback singers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Singers from Chennai]]
[[Category:Tamil-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Kukshi Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T08:37:50Z

CRVMargarette: put up a post

{{Short description|Constituency of the Madhya Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kukshi
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 198
| map_image = 198-Kukshi.svg
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| district = [[Dhar district|Dhar]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Dhar Lok Sabha constituency|Dhar]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = ST
| mla = [[Surendra Singh Baghel]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = Mukam Singh Kirade
}}
'''Kukshi''' is one of the 230 [[Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] (Legislative Assembly) constituencies of [[Madhya Pradesh]] state in central [[India]].<ref name=eci1>{{cite web |url = http://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/DACList.aspx |title = District/Assembly List |publisher = Chief Electoral Officer, Madhya Pradesh website |access-date = 19 February 2011 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151201083311/http://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/(S(4ftawu55w1soru45gswzuz55))/DACList.aspx |archive-date = 1 December 2015 }}</ref> It was founded in 1951 as one of the 79 Vidhan Sabha constituencies of the erstwhile [[Madhya Bharat]] state. It is reserved for candidates of the [[Adivasi|Scheduled tribes]].<ref name=eci2>{{cite web |url = http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MB.pdf |title = Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Bharat |page = 4 |publisher = Election Commission of India website |access-date = 2011-02-19 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110721155640/http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MB.pdf |archive-date = 2011-07-21 |url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Overview==
Kukshi (constituency number 198) is one of the 7 Vidhan Sabha constituencies located in [[Dhar district]]. This constituency covers the Kukshi [[nagar panchayat]] and part of Kukshi [[tehsil]] of the district.<ref name="ceo">{{cite web |url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |publisher = The Election Commission of India |pages = 246, 250}}</ref>

Kukshi is part of [[Dhar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dhar Lok Sabha constituency]] along with seven other Vidhan Sabha segments, namely, [[Sardarpur Assembly constituency|Sardarpur]], [[Gandhwani Assembly constituency|Gandhwani]], [[Manawar Assembly constituency|Manawar]], [[Dharampuri Assembly constituency|Dharampuri]], [[Dhar Assembly constituency|Dhar]] and [[Badnawar Assembly constituency|Badnawar]] in this district and [[Dr. Ambedkar Nagar-Mhow Assembly constituency|Dr. Ambedkar Nagar-Mhow]] in [[Indore district]].<ref name="ceo"/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
===Madhya Bharat Legislative Assembly===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1952 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| Ratu Singh Choungad
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

=== Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1957 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| Ratu Singh Choungad
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1962 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| Babu
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| [[1967 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| Chhitusingh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1972 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Pratap Singh Bhagel|Pratap Singh Baghel]]
|-
| [[1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|-
| [[1980 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)|dab=y}}
|-
| [[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| [[Jamuna Devi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1990 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| [[Ranjana Baghel]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
| rowspan="4" | [[Jamuna Devi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|-
| [[2003 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|-
|[[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|-
| 2011^
| Mukam Singh Kirade
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Surendra Singh Baghel]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|-
| [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|}

^ bypoll

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kukshi<ref name="BJP Candidates MP 2023">{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bjp-announces-candidates-for-39-assembly-seats-in-madhya-pradesh-3-months-ahead-of-state-election-101692298341918.html|title=BJP releases first list of candidates for 39 seats in MP|work=Hindustan Times|accessdate=18 August 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Surendra Singh Baghel]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:114464}}
|percentage = 61.32
|change = -4.31
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Jaydeep Patel
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:64576}}
|percentage = 34.59
|change = +7.06
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Ajay Rawat
|votes = {{formatnum:2098}}
|percentage = 1.12
|change = -0.47
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1885}}
|percentage = 1.01
|change = -0.82
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:49888}}
|percentage = 26.73
|change = -11.37
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:186680}}
|percentage = 75.71
|change = +0.39
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bhartiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kukshi<ref name="election2018">{{cite web |title=Madhya Pradesh General Legislative Election 2018 Statistical Report|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9685-madhya-pradesh-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Surendra Singh Baghel]]
|votes = {{formatnum:108391}}
|percentage = 65.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Virendra Singh Baghel
|votes = {{formatnum:45461}}
|percentage = 27.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Samoti Bondar Singh Muzalda
|votes = {{formatnum:4140}}
|percentage = 2.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Ajay Rawat
|votes = {{formatnum:2634}}
|percentage = 1.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Mukti Party
|candidate = Sunil Ajrawat
|votes = {{formatnum:1517}}
|percentage = 0.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:3016}}
|percentage = 1.83
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:62930}}
|percentage = 38.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:165159}}
|percentage = 75.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2013===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kukshi<ref name="election2013">{{cite web|title=State Election, 2013 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh - Detailed Results|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/MPAE_2013_stat_report.pdf|website=eci.nic.in|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=22 May 2018}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|
|candidate = [[Surendra Singh Baghel]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 89111
|percentage = 61.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Mukamsingh Kirade
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 46343
|percentage = 31.74
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Bherusingh Mandloi
|party = Shiv Sena
|votes = 2309
|percentage = 1.58
|change = N/A
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Ramlal Solanki
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 1582
|percentage = 1.08
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Rajendrasingh Chouhan
|party = Nationalist Congress Party
|votes = 1453
|percentage = 1.00
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Amarsingh Chouhan
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 1253
|percentage = 0.86
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = [[None of the above|None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 3964
|percentage = 2.71
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|
|votes = 146015
|percentage = 71.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box swing with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
| loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Dhar district topics}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{coords|22.21|74.76|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Dhar district]]
[[Category:Politics of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]

Kollidam railway station

2026-04-18T23:54:05Z

CRVMargarette: put up a details

{{Short description|Railway station in Tamil Nadu, India}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}{{Infobox station
| name = Kollidam
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Coleroon
| style = Indian Railways
| image =
| image_caption =
| address = NH 45A, [[Kollidam, Mayiladuthurai|Kollidam]], [[Mayiladuthurai district]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|11.328422|79.719296|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| elevation = {{convert|7|m}}
| type = [[File:Indian Railways Suburban Railway Logo.svg|30px]] [[Indian Railways]] station
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Southern Railway zone]]
| lines = [[Chennai Egmore–Thanjavur main line]]
| platform = 2
| tracks = 2
| other = [[Bus stand]], [[Taxicab stand]], [[Auto rickshaw|Auto rickshaw stand]]
| structure = Standard (on ground station)
| parking = Available
| accessible = Yes
| status = Functioning
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = CLN
| zone = [[Southern Railway zone]]
| division = {{rwd|Tiruchirappalli}}
}}
| zone = [[Indian Railways]]
| opened = {{Start date|1878|01|01|df=y}}
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = 28 January 2020
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_system =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| map_type = India Tamil Nadu#India
| map_dot_label = [[Kollidam, Mayiladuthurai|Kollidam]]
| map_caption = Location in [[Tamil Nadu]]##Location in India
}}'''Kollidam railway station''' (station code: CLN), formerly known as '''Coleroon railway station''', serves [[Kollidam, Mayiladuthurai|Kollidam]], a [[panchayat town]] in [[Mayiladuthurai district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India. The station is classified as NSG–6 category station a part of the [[Southern Railway zone]] of [[Indian Railways]] and is administered by [[Tiruchirappalli railway division]]. The station is lies on the [[Chennai Egmore–Thanjavur main line]].

== Location and layout ==
The railway station is located on the Kollidam-Alakudi road, and {{Convert|0.5|km|mi|abbr=unit}} for the Kollidam bus stop. The nearest airport is situated {{Convert|162|km|mi|abbr=unit}} away in [[Tiruchirappalli]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=TIRUCHCHIRAPPALLI DIVISION LIST OF STATIONS AS ON 01.04.2023 |url=https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1686913395482-TPJ%20DIVISION%20-%20LIST%20OF%20STATIONS%20-2023.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214011556/https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1686913395482-TPJ%20DIVISION%20-%20LIST%20OF%20STATIONS%20-2023.pdf |archive-date=2024-02-14 |access-date=2026-04-02 |website=sr.indianrailways.gov.in}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=ltd |first=South Indian railway co |url=https://www.google.com.qa/books/edition/Illustrated_Guide_to_the_South_Indian_Ra/rd9zf-PsrNUC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=mayavaram+junction&pg=PA184&printsec=frontcover |title=Illustrated Guide to the South Indian Railway: Including the Tanjore Board, Pondicherry, Travancore State and Peralam-Karaikkal Railways |date=1900 |publisher=South Indian Railway Company Limited |pages=164 |language=en}}</ref>

== Lines ==
The station was opened on 1 January 1878 as a part of Coleroon (Kollidam)–Sirkazhi (9.75 km) section which lies on the [[Chennai Egmore–Thanjavur main line]]. It is situated between [[Chidambaram railway station|Chidambaram]] and [[Sirkazhi railway station|Sirkazhi]] railway stations.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Railway History Time line |url=https://irse.bravehost.com/IRHTML.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708091500/https://irse.bravehost.com/IRHTML.htm |archive-date=2011-07-08 |access-date=2026-04-07 |website=irse.bravehost.com}}</ref>

In 1878, a bridge with 14 spans of 150 feet each was opened across the [[Kollidam River|Kollidam]] (Coleroon) River.<ref name=":0" />

The station has direct daily services to destinations including [[Viluppuram|Villupuram]], Chidambaram, [[Mayiladuthurai Junction railway station|Mayiladuthurai]] and [[Thanjavur Junction railway station|Thanjavur]] railway stations.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Electrification work over in Cuddalore -Tiruvarur stretch |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/electrification-work-over-in-cuddalore-mayiladuthirai-tiruvarur-stretch/article30670410.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200128012247/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/electrification-work-over-in-cuddalore-mayiladuthirai-tiruvarur-stretch/article30670410.ece |archive-date=2020-01-28 |access-date=2026-04-02 |work=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kollidam Railway Station Map/Atlas SR/Southern Zone - Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/kollidam-cln/7319 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250825165845/https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/kollidam-cln/7319 |archive-date=2025-08-25 |access-date=2026-04-02 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

{{Railway stations in Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Trichy railway division]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Mayiladuthurai district]]
[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1878]]

{{TamilNadu-railstation-stub}}

Mao Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:48:44Z

CRVMargarette: Info

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Manipur State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Mao
| state = [[Manipur]]
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 48
| district = [[Senapati district|Senapati]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Outer Manipur Lok Sabha constituency|Outer Manipur]]
| established = 1967
| reservation = ST
| mla = [[Losii Dikho]]
| party = {{Party index link|Naga People's Front}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| electors = {{formatnum:55735}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14166-manipur-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Manipur General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=25 May 2022}}</ref>{{update after|2027|6}}
}}
'''Mao''' is one of the constituencies in [[Manipur Legislative Assembly]] constituencies in [[Manipur]].<ref name=election2017/> It has the second-highest number of voters among all the constituencies in [[Manipur]].<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3713-manipur-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Manipur General Legislative Election 2017 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=20 October 2021}}</ref>

It is part of [[Senapati district]] and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1967 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || Shoukhothang || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|- style="background-color:yellow"
| [[1967 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1967]] Mao West|| Soso Lorho || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1972 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Asosu Ashiho || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1974 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1974]] || Kh. Thekho || {{Full party name with color|Manipur Hills Union }}
|-
| [[1980 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || Soso Lorho || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
| [[1984 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1984]] || rowspan=2|Lorho || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1990 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|-
| [[1995 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1995]] || rowspan=2| M. Thohrii || {{Full party name with color|Indian Congress (Socialist)}}
|-
| [[2000 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2000]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2002 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2002]] || R. K. Thekho
|-
| [[2007 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2007]] || M. Thohrii || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[2012 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2012]] ||rowspan=3| [[Losii Dikho]] || {{Full party name with color|Naga People's Front|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2017 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|-
| [[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|}

== Election results ==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2022|2022]]|{{party color|Naga People's Front}}|58.05}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2017|2017]]|{{party color|Naga People's Front}}|52.69}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2012|2012]]|{{party color|Naga People's Front}}|48.24}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2007|2007]]|{{party color|Independent politician}}|41.81}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2002|2002]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|30.58}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2000|2000]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|58.85}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1995|1995]]|{{party color|Indian Congress (Socialist)}}|62.95}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1990|1990]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|32.87}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1984|1984]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|34.03}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1980|1980]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}|36.09}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1974|1974]]|{{party color|Manipur Hills Union }}|26.76}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1972|1972]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|36.35}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1967|1967]]|{{party color|Independent politician}}|52.87}}
}}

=== Assembly Election 2022 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Mao<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/ResultSheets/StateLegislativeAssembly/2022/results |title=Result Sheet State Assembly Election 2022 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126084814/https://ceomanipur.nic.in/ResultSheets/StateLegislativeAssembly/2022/results |archive-date= 26 November 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Losii Dikho]] |party=Naga People's Front |votes=29,591 |percentage=58.05% |change=5.36% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Woba Joram |party=Independent politician |votes=21,078 |percentage=41.35% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sanii Alexander Maikho |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=279 |percentage=0.55% |change=-20.83% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,513 |percentage=16.70% |change=-14.62% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=50,974 |percentage=91.46% |change= 0.05% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 55,735 |change =3.52% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Naga People's Front |loser=Naga People's Front |swing= 5.36% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 2017 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2017 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Mao<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/ResultSheets/SLAResult2017.html |title=FORM 20- FINAL RESULT SHEET OF ASSEMBLY ELECTION, 2017 |website=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer - Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905063602/http://www.ceomanipur.nic.in/ResultSheets/SLAResult2017.html |archive-date= 5 September 2018}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Losii Dikho]] |party=Naga People's Front |votes=25,933 |percentage=52.69% |change=4.45% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Woba Joram |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=10,519 |percentage=21.37% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. T. Arhai |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,604 |percentage=15.45% |change=-12.88% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Haba Pao |party=Independent politician |votes=5,101 |percentage=10.36% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=15,414 |percentage=31.32% |change=11.41% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=49,216 |percentage=91.41% |change= 5.76% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 53,841 |change =2.83% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Naga People's Front |loser=Naga People's Front |swing= 4.45% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 2012 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2012 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Mao<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2012.html |title=FORM 20- FINAL RESULT SHEET OF ASSEMBLY ELECTION, 2012 |website=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer - Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170628212737/https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2012.html |archive-date= 28 June 2017}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Losii Dikho]] |party=Naga People's Front |votes=21,634 |percentage=48.24% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. T. Arhai |party=Indian National Congress |votes=12,704 |percentage=28.33% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Woba Joram |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=10,508 |percentage=23.43% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,930 |percentage=19.91% |change=5.94% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=44,847 |percentage=85.65% |change= 5.64% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 52,360 |change =6.03% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Naga People's Front |loser=Independent politician |swing= 6.42% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 2007 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2007 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Mao<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2007.html |title=FORM 20- FINAL RESULT SHEET OF ASSEMBLY ELECTION, 2007 |website=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer - Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512162740/https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2007.html |archive-date= 12 May 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Thohrii |party=Independent politician |votes=16,521 |percentage=41.81% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Woba Joram |party=Independent politician |votes=11,000 |percentage=27.84% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Kho John |party=Independent politician |votes=6,358 |percentage=16.09% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Th. Sokho George |party=Independent politician |votes=5,443 |percentage=13.78% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,521 |percentage=13.97% |change=12.94% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=39,510 |percentage=80.01% |change= -18.10% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 49,383 |change =10.46% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 11.24% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 2002 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Mao<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2002.html |title=FORM 20- FINAL RESULT SHEET OF ASSEMBLY ELECTION, 2002 |website=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer - Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512183325/https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2002.html |archive-date= 12 May 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=R. K. Thekho |party=Indian National Congress |votes=13,387 |percentage=30.58% |change=-28.28% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Soso Lorho |party=Federal Party of Manipur |votes=12,936 |percentage=29.55% |change=24.90% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Thohrii |party=Samata Party |votes=10,628 |percentage=24.28% |change=22.89% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Loli Mao |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=6,755 |percentage=15.43% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=451 |percentage=1.03% |change=-22.71% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=43,781 |percentage=98.10% |change= -0.38% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 44,706 |change =4.92% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -32.38% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 2000 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2000 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Mao}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Thohrii |party=Indian National Congress |votes=23,149 |percentage=58.85% |change=21.87% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Soso Lorho |party=Manipur State Congress Party |votes=13,813 |percentage=35.12% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Loli |party=Federal Party of Manipur |votes=1,827 |percentage=4.64% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Asoso Yonuo |party=Samata Party |votes=544 |percentage=1.38% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,336 |percentage=23.74% |change=-2.23% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=39,333 |percentage=92.49% |change= -5.99% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 42,608 |change =17.96% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian Congress (Socialist) |swing= -4.10% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1995 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1995 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Mao}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Thohrii |party=Indian Congress (Socialist) |votes=22,310 |percentage=62.95% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Lorho |party=Indian National Congress |votes=13,108 |percentage=36.99% |change=4.12% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,202 |percentage=25.97% |change=23.29% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=35,439 |percentage=98.48% |change= 0.23% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 36,121 |change =11.29% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian Congress (Socialist) |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 30.08% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1990 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1990 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Mao}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Lorho |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,425 |percentage=32.87% |change=-1.16% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Thohrii |party=Indian Congress (Socialist) – Sarat Chandra Sinha |votes=9,576 |percentage=30.19% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kh. Thekho |party=Janata Dal |votes=9,212 |percentage=29.05% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Loli |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=2,502 |percentage=7.89% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=849 |percentage=2.68% |change=2.09% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=31,715 |percentage=98.25% |change= 6.21% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 32,457 |change =28.97% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -1.16% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1984 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Mao}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Lorho |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,841 |percentage=34.03% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Puni Beso |party=Independent politician |votes=7,705 |percentage=33.44% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kh. Thekho |party=Independent politician |votes=4,420 |percentage=19.18% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=James P. Lokho |party=Independent politician |votes=2,966 |percentage=12.87% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=136 |percentage=0.59% |change=-6.32% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=23,039 |percentage=92.04% |change= 2.07% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 25,167 |change =16.63% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress (I) |swing= -2.06% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1980 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Mao}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Soso Lorho |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes=6,897 |percentage=36.09% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kh. Thekho |party=Janata Party |votes=5,576 |percentage=29.18% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mahrili Ashiho |party=Independent politician |votes=5,315 |percentage=27.81% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sibo Lorho |party=Independent politician |votes=1,322 |percentage=6.92% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,321 |percentage=6.91% |change=5.83% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=19,110 |percentage=89.97% |change= -4.67% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 21,578 |change =43.69% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress (I) |loser=Manipur Hills Union |swing= 9.33% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1974 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1974 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Mao}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Kh. Thekho |party=Manipur Hills Union |votes=3,764 |percentage=26.76% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lohrii |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,612 |percentage=25.68% |change=-10.67% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kollo Kaiho |party=Independent politician |votes=3,533 |percentage=25.12% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=James Lokho Kolakhe |party=Independent politician |votes=3,156 |percentage=22.44% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=152 |percentage=1.08% |change=-2.63% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=14,065 |percentage=94.65% |change= 30.24% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 15,017 |change =53.44% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Manipur Hills Union |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -9.59% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Mao}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Asosu Ashiho |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,242 |percentage=36.35% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=James Lokho Kolakhe |party=Independent politician |votes=2,013 |percentage=32.64% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sibo Larho |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=1,913 |percentage=31.01% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=229 |percentage=3.71% |change=-3.52% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,168 |percentage=64.40% |change= 53.05% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,787 |change =-32.27% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= -16.52% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Mao West}}
{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link| |candidate=S. Lorho |party=Indian National Congress |votes= |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 13,054 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]] : Mao}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Shoukhothang |party=Independent politician |votes=848 |percentage=52.87% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Larbo |party=Independent politician |votes=732 |percentage=45.64% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=L. Kipgen |party=Independent politician |votes=24 |percentage=1.50% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=116 |percentage=7.23% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,604 |percentage=11.36% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 14,450 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Independent politician |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Manipur Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Senapati district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Manipur Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/81-manipur/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=14 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Manipur}}

{{coord|25.51|94.14|display=title}}

[[Category:Senapati district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Manipur]]
[[Category:Politics of Manipur]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Manipur]]

Trigartas

2026-04-07T13:29:19Z

CRVMargarette: Created redirect page

#REDIRECT [[Trigarta]]

Ronth

2026-04-02T01:12:27Z

CRVMargarette: Starting Basic Pg Needs Work

{{Short description|2025 Indian Malayalam film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ronth
| image = Ronth_Movie.jpg
| caption = Theatrical Release Poster
| director = [[Shahi Kabir]]
| writer = Shahi Kabir
| producer = [[Vineet Jain]] [[Rathish Ambat]] Renjith EVM Jojo Jose
| starring = [[Dileesh Pothan]] [[Roshan Mathew]]
| cinematography = [[Manesh Madhavan]]
| editing = Praveen Mangalath
| music = [[Anil Johnson]]
| studio = [[Junglee Pictures]]

Festival Cinemas
| distributor = Festival Cinemas
| released = {{Film date|2025|06|13|df=y}}
| country = India
| runtime = 122 minutes
| language = Malayalam
| gross = {{INRConvert|9.03|c}}<ref name="mmcol">{{Cite web |date=2025-06-18 |title='Ronth' storms box office with ₹5 crore opening weekend |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2025/06/18/ronth-movie-box-office-collections-reviews-shahi-kabir-dileesh-pothan.html |access-date=2025-06-18 |website=[[Malayala Manorama|OnManorama]]}}</ref>
}}
'''''Ronth''''' ({{Translation|Patrol}}) is a 2025 Indian Malayalam [[crime thriller]] film written and directed by [[Shahi Kabir]] and produced by [[Vineet Jain]], [[Rathish Ambat]], Renjith EVM, and Jojo Jose, under [[Junglee Pictures]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Teaser Of Shahi Kabir's Ronth Ft. Dileesh Pothan & Roshan Mathew Is Out Now |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/south/news/south/teaser-out-for-shahi-kabirs-ronth-starring-dileesh-pothan-roshan-mathew-74151.amp |access-date=2025-05-31 |website=filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-26 |title=Junglee Pictures unveils teaser for Shahi Kabir's Ronth starring Dileesh Pothan and Roshan Mathew : Bollywood News |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/junglee-pictures-unveils-teaser-shahi-kabirs-ronth-starring-dileesh-pothan-roshan-mathew/ |access-date=2025-05-31 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref> and Festival Cinemas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=വിജയത്തിന്റെ 'റോന്ത്' ചുറ്റി വീണ്ടും ഷാഹി കബീർ; മലയാളത്തിൽ ഹിറ്റ് തുടക്കവുമായി ഫെസ്റ്റിവൽ സിനിമാസ് |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2025/06/16/ronth-movie-getting-good-response-from-theatres.html |access-date=2025-06-23 |website=വിജയത്തിന്റെ ‘റോന്ത്’ ചുറ്റി വീണ്ടും ഷാഹി കബീർ; മലയാളത്തിൽ ഹിറ്റ് തുടക്കവുമായി ഫെസ്റ്റിവൽ സിനിമാസ് |language=ml}}</ref> It stars [[Dileesh Pothan]] and [[Roshan Mathew]] in the lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2025-05-09 |title=Roshan Mathew and Dileesh Pothan's Ronth gets a release date |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2025/May/15/roshan-mathew-and-dileesh-pothans-ronth-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-05-31 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-15 |title=Ronth Release Date Out: Junglee Pictures' First Malayalam Film Starring Roshan Mathew To Release On THIS Date |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2025/ronth-release-date-out-junglee-pictures-first-malayalam-film-starring-roshan-mathew-to-release-on-460173.html |access-date=2025-05-31|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ronth: Dileesh Pothan and Roshan Mathew to star in Shahi Kabir's next; first-look poster and release window out |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/ronth-dileesh-pothan-roshan-mathew-to-star-shahi-kabir-next-malayalam-film/339c3ac6f5113 |access-date=2025-05-31 |website=www.ottplay.com}}</ref> The film is a [[spiritual successor]] to and set in the same creative universe as 2021 film ''[[Nayattu (2021 film)|Nayattu]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Ronth' review: Shahi Kabir's golden run continues in a spiritual successor to 'Nayattu', with the best from Roshan Mathew and Dileesh Pothan|url=https://www.theweek.in/review/movies/2025/06/13/ronth-review-shahi-kabir-s-golden-run-continues-in-a-spiritual-successor-to-nayattu-with-the-best-from-roshan-mathew-and-dileesh-pothan.html |access-date=2025-07-24 |website=The Week}}</ref>

==Plot==
Ronth is the story of [[Sub-inspector|Sub‑Inspector]] Yohannan and rookie cop Dinanath as they patrol the city in the night, and attend to various cases like a suicide, a mentally unstable violent man terrorizing neighbors, domestic violence, and the elopement of a girl from a wealthy family with a boy from a poor family. Dinanath's father died by suicide, and the incident left him traumatized. Yohannan and his wife had a stillbirth, which made his wife mentally unstable. He is the sole caregiver for his wife. Dinanath lacks experience and reacts emotionally to situations. At the same time, Yohannan, a seasoned police officer, is both frustrated and amused by Dinanath's inexperience. The wealthy and influential family of the girl who eloped with her boyfriend kills one of the daughter's boyfriend' friend, and Yohannan and Dinanath are framed for the murder by his superior, who is a friend of the influential family. Dinanath panics when he is arrested and tries to run away, and comes under a truck that kills him instantly. Yohannan vows to fight for his innocence in court.

==Cast==
*[[Dileesh Pothan]] as Grade [[Sub-inspector|SI]] Yohannan
*[[Roshan Mathew]] as [[Civil Police Officer (Kerala)|CPO]] Dinanath
*[[Arun Cherukavil]] as [[Deputy superintendent of police#India|DYSP]] Jacob J.
*[[Roshan Abdul Rahoof]] as Roshan
*Krisha Kurup as Anu
*Lakshmi Menon as Salomi
*Carmen S. Mathew as Jincy
*Sajan Sebastian as [[Kerala Police#Promotion|Grade SI]], Anil Mohan
*Kumaradas T. N. as GD [[Assistant sub-inspector of police|ASI]] Sadanandan
*[[Kochouseph Chittilappilly]] as Dr. Jacob Thomas
*Nandutty as Molutty
*Akhila Nath as Woman [[Civil Police Officer (Kerala)|CPO]], Jasmine
*[[Sudhi Koppa]] as Pastor (cameo appearance)
*[[Rajesh Madhavan]] (cameo appearance) as CPO's husband
*[[Kunchako Boban]] as [[Civil Police Officer|CPO]] Praveen Michael (photo only; Archived from ''[[Nayattu (2021 film)|Nayattu]]'')
* [[Nimisha Sajayan]] as [[Civil Police Officer|WCPO]] Sunitha (photo only; Archived from ''[[Nayattu (2021 film)|Nayattu]]'')

==Release==
===Theatrical===
''Ronth'' was released theatrically on 13 June 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-15 |title=Roshan Mathew and Dileesh Pothan's Ronth gets a release date |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2025/May/15/roshan-mathew-and-dileesh-pothans-ronth-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-06-18 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

===Home media===
The film digitally released on the streaming platform [[JioHotstar]] from 22 July 2025 in Malayalam, along with dubbed versions in Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, and Hindi.<ref>{{cite web |title='Ronth' OTT release date confirmed |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2025/07/18/ronth-malayalam-movie-ott-release-date-confirmed-dileesh-pothan-roshan-mathew.html |website=Onmanorama |date=18 July 2025 |access-date=18 July 2025}}</ref>

==Reception==
===Critical reception===
''Ronth'' received positive reviews from critics.

Rohit Panikker of ''[[Filmfare]]'' gave 4/5 stars and wrote "Ronth isn’t here to thrill. It’s here to haunt. It’s a quiet, unhurried, and deeply unsettling portrait of what it means to patrol the line between order and morality—and what happens when that line begins to blur."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Panikker |first=Rohit |date=2025-06-13 |title=Ronth Review - Impressive Police Drama That Makes You Think |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/south/ronth-review-impressive-police-drama-that-makes-you-think-74722.html |access-date=2025-06-18 |website=[[Filmfare]]}}</ref> Sajin Shrijith of ''[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]'' gave 4/5 and wrote "Ronth contains what I would call the career-best performances of Dileesh Pothan and Roshan Mathew. In Ronth, the characters venture to the exteriors, to areas that are either desolate, haunting or breathtakingly beautiful (captured effectively by cinematographer Manesh Madhavan). There is a strong sense of alienation following these two characters."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shrijith |first=Sajin |date=2025-06-13 |title='Ronth' review: Shahi Kabir's golden run continues in a spiritual successor to 'Nayattu', with the best from Roshan Mathew and Dileesh Pothan |url=https://www.theweek.in/review/movies/2025/06/13/ronth-review-shahi-kabir-s-golden-run-continues-in-a-spiritual-successor-to-nayattu-with-the-best-from-roshan-mathew-and-dileesh-pothan.html |access-date=2025-06-18 |website=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]}}</ref> Manjusha Radhakrishnan of ''[[Gulf News]]'' gave 4/5 and wrote, "Movies like Ronth remind you that what stays with you isn't star power or action set pieces — it's powerful performances, moral complexity, and a sense of truth. Ronth — which means 'patrol' — is a film that will haunt you."

Anandu Suresh of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave 3.5/5 and wrote "Shahi makes an even more meticulous use of the narrative element, crafting a story in which the khaki-clad metaphorical hunters, through moments of peripeteia, become the hunted."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Suresh |first=Anandu |date=2025-06-13 |title=Ronth movie review: A solid police procedural led by Dileesh Pothan, Roshan Mathew; but Shahi Kabir's usual problematic tropes persist |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/ronth-movie-review-a-solid-police-procedural-led-by-dileesh-pothan-roshan-mathew-but-shahi-kabirs-usual-problematic-tropes-persist-10063971/ |access-date=2025-06-18 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> Vignesh Madhu of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' gave 3.5/5 and wrote "Through two conflicting cops on patrol duty, Shahi Kabir succeeds in crafting yet another layered police story with hard-hitting socio-political commentary."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Madhu |first=Vignesh |date=2025-06-13 |title=Ronth Movie Review: A dark, gripping police procedural |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2025/Jun/13/ronth-movie-review-a-dark-gripping-police-procedural |access-date=2025-06-18 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> Gopika I. S. of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 3.5/5 and wrote "Ronth is yet another haunting, thought-provoking police drama from Shahi Kabir. His own experience as a police officer clearly informs the authenticity and intensity of this story."<ref>{{Cite web |last=I. S. |first=Gopika |date=2025-06-13 |title=Ronth Movie Review: A Haunting Gritty Police Drama from Shahi Kabir |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/ronthreview/movie-review/121831061.cms |access-date=2025-06-18 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

Nirali Kanabar of ''[[Times Now]]'' wrote "Ronth is a powerful tale that goes beyond the genre tropes, delivering a deeply human story. The way it draws parallels between the characters' professional duties and personal struggles is subtle and impactful. Watch it for a great theatrical experience."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kanabar |first=Nirali |date=2025-06-14 |title=Ronth Movie Review: Roshan Mathew, Dileesh Pothan Headline A Subtle, Sharp Story Soaked in Realism |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/ronth-movie-review-roshan-mathew-dileesh-pothan-headline-a-subtle-sharp-story-soaked-in-realism-review-151919009 |access-date=2025-06-18 |website=[[Times Now]]}}</ref> S. R. Praveen of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote "With ‘Ronth’, director Shahi Kabir continues to tap into his experiences in the police department, mining uncommon stories which paint an unflattering picture of the force."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Praveen |first=S. R. |date=2025-06-13 |title='Ronth' movie review: An engrossing cop drama that does not miss a beat |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ronth-movie-review-an-engrossing-cop-drama-that-does-not-miss-a-beat/article69690941.ece |access-date=2025-06-18 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Swathi P. Ajith of ''[[Malayala Manorama]]'' wrote "'Ronth' is worth a watch. It holds your attention from start to finish, with each small incident adding a layer to the whole."<ref>{{Cite web |last=P. Ajith |first=Swathi |date=2025-06-13 |title='Ronth' movie review - Dileesh Pothan and Roshan Mathew anchor this quiet reflection on duty and disillusionment |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2025/06/13/ronth-movie-review-shahi-kabir-dileesh-pothan-roshan-mathew-police-story.html |access-date=2025-06-18 |website=[[Malayala Manorama|OnManorama]]}}</ref>

===Box office===
''Ronth'' collected {{INR}}5 crore within its first 3 days of release.<ref name="mmcol" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt33294533}}

[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian police films]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language crime thriller films]]
[[Category:2025 crime thriller films]]
[[Category:2025 Malayalam-language films]]

Amir Khusrau

2026-03-29T09:33:13Z

CRVMargarette: fixed citations further and improved wording

{{Short description|Indian poet, writer, singer and scholar (1253–1325)}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Amir Khusrau
| image = Amir Khusro.jpg
| image_size = 200px
| caption = Amir Khusrow teaching his disciples in a miniature from a manuscript of Majlis al-Ushaq by [[Sultan Husayn Bayqara]]
| birth_name = Ab'ul Hasan Yamīn ud-Dīn K͟husrau
| birth_date = 1253
| birth_place = [[Patiyali]], [[Delhi Sultanate]] (now in [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]])
| death_date = {{death year and age|1325|1253|10}}
| death_place = [[Delhi]], [[Delhi Sultanate]] (now in [[Delhi]], [[India]])
| genre = [[Ghazal]], [[Qawwali]], [[Ruba'i]], [[Tarana]]
| occupation = Sufi, singer, poet, composer, author, scholar
| module = {{Infobox Arabic name|embed=yes
|ism = Khusraw
|ism-ar = خسرو
|nasab = ibn Maḥmūd
|nasab-ar = ابن محمود
|kunya = Abū al-Ḥasan
|kunya-ar = أبو الحسن
|laqab = Yamīn al-Dīn
|laqab-ar = يامين الدين
|nisba = al-Dehlawī
|nisba-ar = الدهلوي
}}
}}
{{Urdu literature}}
'''Abu'l Hasan Yamīn ud-Dīn Khusrau''' (1253 – October 1325), better known as '''Amīr Khusrau''', sometimes spelled as, '''Amir Khusrow''' or '''Amir Khusro''', was an [[Indo-Persian culture|Indo-Persian]]<ref name="Sharma2017">{{harvnb|Sharma|2017}} "Abū l-Ḥasan Amīr Khusraw Dihlavī (651–725/1253–1325) was the greatest Indo-Persian poet of the sultanate period. (...) He was primarily a court poet, whose Persian poetry was read in every part of the Persianate world, and a small corpus of it, as well as verses attributed to him in the vernacular language Hindavi, are part of the oral repertoire of qavvālī, a devotional form of poetry that developed in India and is performed chiefly at Ṣūfī shrines. (...) Khusraw’s father, Sayf al-Dīn Maḥmūd (d. 658/1260), of the Turkic Hazāra-yi Lāchīn clan of Transoxiana, had arrived in India during the reign of Sulṭān Shams al-Dīn Iltutmish (r. 607–33/1211–36). His mother was the daughter of ʿImād al-Mulk (d. 671/1273), who was an Indian convert to Islam. Both men were in imperial service."</ref> [[Sufi]] singer, musician, court poet and scholar, who lived during the period of the [[Delhi Sultanate]].<ref name="Habib23" />

He is an iconic figure in the cultural history of the [[Indian subcontinent]]. He was a [[mysticism|mystic]] and a spiritual disciple of [[Nizamuddin Auliya]] of [[Delhi]], India. He wrote poetry primarily in [[Persian language|Persian]], but also in [[Hindustani language|Hindavi]] and [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]. A vocabulary in verse, the ''Ḳhāliq Bārī'', containing [[Arabic]], Persian and Hindavi terms is often attributed to him. Khusrau is sometimes referred to as the "voice of India" or "Parrot of India" (''Tuti-e-Hind'').{{Sufism}}

Khusrau is regarded as the "father of [[qawwali]]" (a devotional form of singing of the Sufis in the Indian subcontinent), and introduced the [[ghazal]] style of song into India, both of which still exist widely in India and Pakistan.{{sfn|Latif|1979|p=334}}{{sfn|Powers|Qureshi|1989|pp= 702–705}} Khusrau was an expert in many styles of Persian poetry which were developed in [[Greater Iran|medieval Persia]], from [[Khaqani|Khāqānī's]] ''[[qasida]]s'' to [[Nizami Ganjavi|Nizami's]] ''khamsa''. He used 11 metrical schemes with 35 distinct divisions. He wrote in many verse forms including ghazal, masnavi, qata, rubai, do-baiti and tarkib-band. His contribution to the development of the ghazal was significant.<ref name=Iranica>{{cite web|last1=Schimmel|first1=A|title=Amīr Ḵosrow Dehlavī|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/amir-kosrow-poet|website=[[Encyclopaedia Iranica]]|publisher=Eisenbrauns Inc|access-date=30 December 2023|author1-link=Annemarie Schimmel|archive-date=17 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160517004317/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/amir-kosrow-poet|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[File:Basawan - Alexander Visits the Sage Plato.jpg|thumb|''[[Alexander the Great|Alexander]] Visits the Sage [[Plato]]'', from the ''Khamsa'' of Amir Khusrau]]

==Family background==
Amīr Khusrau was born in 1253 in [[Patiyali]], [[Kasganj district]], in modern-day [[Uttar Pradesh]], India, in what was then the [[Delhi Sultanate]], the son of Amīr Saif ud-Dīn Mahmūd (d. 658/1260), a [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] officer, and Bibi Daulat Naz, a native Indian mother.<ref name=Iranica/><ref name="Metro"/>

His father Amir Saif ud-Din Mahmud was a member of the Turkic [[Lachin (Hazara tribe)|Hazāra-yi Lāchīn]] clan of [[Transoxiana]] and arrived in India during the rule of [[Shams al-Din Iltutmish]] of the [[Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)|Mamluk dynasty]].<ref name="Sharma2017"/> Amir Saif ud-Din Mahmud was a [[Sunni]] Muslim. He grew up in [[Shahrisabz|Kesh]], a small town near [[Samarkand]] in what is now [[Uzbekistan]]. When he was a young man, the region was destroyed and ravaged by [[Genghis Khan]]'s invasion of [[Central Asia]], and much of the population fled to other lands, India being a favored destination. A group of families, including that of Amir Saif ud-Din, left Kesh and travelled to [[Balkh]] (now in northern Afghanistan), which was a relatively safe place; from there, they sent representatives to the Sultan of distant [[Delhi]] seeking refuge. This was granted, and the group then travelled to Delhi. Sultan [[Iltutmish|Shams ud-Din Iltutmish]], ruler of Delhi, was also Turkic like them; indeed, he had grown up in the same region of Central Asia and had undergone somewhat similar circumstances in earlier life. This was the reason the group had turned to him in the first place. Iltutmish not only welcomed the refugees to his court but also granted high offices and landed estates to some of them. In 1230, Amir Saif ud-Din was granted a [[fief]] in the district of [[Patiyali]].{{citation needed|date=June 2021}}

Amir Saif ud-Din married Bibi Daulat Naz, the daughter of Rawat Arz, an Indian noble converted to Islam, and war minister of [[Ghiyas ud din Balban|Ghiyas ud-Din Balban]], the ninth Sultan of Delhi.<ref name=Iranica/><ref name="Bashiri">{{cite web|url=https://www.angelfire.com/rnb/bashiri/Poets/Dihlavi.html|title=Amir Khusrau Dihlavi profile|website=[[Angelfire]]|access-date=30 December 2023|archive-date=20 May 2008|author=Iraj Bashiri|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080520114724/http://www.angelfire.com/rnb/bashiri/Poets/Dihlavi.html|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Pickthall|Asad|1930|p={{page needed|date=February 2022}}}}<ref name="Sharma2017"/>

==Early years==
Amir Saif ud-Din and Bibi Daulatnaz became the parents of four children: three sons (one of whom was Khusrau) and a daughter. Amir Saif ud-Din Mahmud died in 1260, when Khusrau was only eight years old.{{sfn|Misra|1981|p=2}} Through his father's influence, he imbibed Islam and Sufism coupled with proficiency in Turkish,{{Clarify|date=May 2024|reason=The modern Turkish language was not spoken in the era of the poet}} Persian, and Arabic languages.{{sfn|Misra|1981|p=2}} He was known by his sobriquet ''Tuti-i Hind'' ("Parrot of India"), which according to the ''[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]]'' "compares the eloquent poet to the sweet-talking parrot, indicates his canonical status as a poet of Persian."{{sfn|Sharma|2017|p={{page needed|date=February 2022}}}} Khusrau's love and admiration for his motherland is transparent through his work.{{sfn|Misra|1981|p=3}} Amīr Khusrau was also called "God's Turk" by his teacher [[Nizamuddin Auliya]].<ref name="Metro">{{cite book |last1=Welch |first1=Stuart Cary |title=India: art and culture, 1300-1900 |date=1985 |publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art : Holt, Rinehart, and Winston |location=New York |isbn=978-0030061141 |page=153 |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/met-publications/india-art-and-culture-1300-1900 |quote=Amir Khusrau Dihlavi, perhaps India's most renowned Muslim poet, was the son of a Turkish officer and an Indian mother. He was born in Patiala in 1253, and he became court poet to virtually all the sultans of Delhi who reigned between 1270 and 1325. A disciple of Nizam ad-Din Auliya, who called him "God's Turk," he was praised for the sweetness of his language as Tuti-yi Hind, (India's Parrot). Prolific and experimental, he wrote a great number of lyrics, an imitation of Nizami's Khamsa (Quintet), a treatise on correspondence, and numerous historical works. He was the first to compose mathnavis not only on traditional themes but also on contemporary events.}}</ref>

Khusrau was an intelligent child. He started learning and writing poetry at the age of nine.{{sfn|Misra|1981|p=3}} His first [[Diwan (poetry)|divan]],''Tuhfat us-Sighr'' (The Gift of Childhood), containing poems composed between the ages of 16 and 18, was compiled in 1271. In 1273, when Khusrau was 20 years old, his grandfather, who was reportedly 113 years old, died.

==Career==
After Khusrau's grandfather's death, Khusrau joined the army of Malik Chajju, a nephew of the reigning Sultan, Ghiyas ud-Din Balban. This brought his poetry to the attention of the Assembly of the Royal Court where he was honoured.

[[Nasiruddin Bughra Khan|Nasir ud-Din Bughra Khan]], the second son of Balban, was invited to listen to Khusrau. He was impressed and became Khusrau's patron in 1276. In 1277 Bughra Khan was then appointed ruler of [[Bengal]], and Khusrau visited him in 1279 while writing his second divan, ''Wast ul-Hayat'' (The Middle of Life). Khusrau then returned to Delhi. Balban's eldest son, Khan Muhammad (who was in [[Multan]]), arrived in Delhi, and when he heard about Khusrau, he invited him to his court. Khusrau then accompanied him to Multan in 1281. Multan at the time was the gateway to India and was a center of knowledge and learning. Caravans of scholars, tradesmen and emissaries transited through Multan from [[Baghdad]], [[Arabia]] and [[Persia]] on their way to Delhi. Khusrau wrote that:
{{blockquote|I tied the belt of service on my waist and put on the cap of companionship for another five years. I imparted lustre to the water of Multan from the ocean of my wits and pleasantries.}}

On 9 March 1285, Khan Muhammad was killed in battle while fighting [[Mongol Empire|Mongols]] who were invading the Sultanate. Khusrau wrote two elegies in grief of his death. In 1287, Khusrau travelled to [[Awadh]] with another of his patrons, Amir Ali Hatim. At the age of eighty, Balban called his second son Bughra Khan back from Bengal, but Bughra Khan refused. After Balban's death in 1287, his grandson [[Muiz ud din Qaiqabad|Muiz ud-Din Qaiqabad]], Bughra Khan's son, was made the Sultan of Delhi at the age of 17. Khusrau remained in Qaiqabad's service for two years, from 1287 to 1288. In 1288, Khusrau finished his first [[Masnavi (poetic form)|masnavi]], ''Qiran us-Sa'dain'' (Meeting of the Two Auspicious Stars), which was about Bughra Khan meeting his son Muiz ud-Din Qaiqabad after a long enmity. After Qaiqabad suffered a stroke in 1290, nobles appointed his three-year-old son [[Shamsuddin Kayumars|Shams ud-Din Kayumars]] as Sultan. A Turko-Afghan named [[Jalal ud din Firuz Khalji|Jalal ud-Din Firuz Khalji]] then marched on Delhi, killed Qaiqabad and became Sultan, thus ending the Mamluk dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate and starting the [[Khalji dynasty]].

Jalal ud-Din Firuz Khalji appreciated poetry and invited many poets to his court. Khusrau was honoured and respected in his court and was given the title "Amir". He was given the job of "Mushaf-dar". Court life made Khusrau focus more on his literary works. Khusrau's ghazals which he composed in quick succession were set to music and were sung by singing girls every night before the Sultan. Khusrau writes about Jalal ud-Din Firuz:
{{blockquote|The King of the world Jalal ud-Din, in reward for my infinite pain which I undertook in composing verses, bestowed upon me an unimaginable treasure of wealth.}}

In 1290, Khusrau completed his second masnavi, ''Miftah ul-Futuh'' (Key to the Victories), in praise of Jalal ud-Din Firuz's victories. In 1294, Khusrau completed his third divan, ''Ghurrat ul-Kamaal'' (The Prime of Perfection), which consisted of poems composed between the ages of 34 and 41.<ref name=Iranica/>

[[File:"Alexander is Lowered Into the Sea".jpg|thumb|''Alexander is Lowered into the Sea'', from a ''Khamsa'' of Amir Khusrau Dihlavi, attributed to Mukanda c. 1597–98, [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/140003774?rpp=20&pg=8&ao=on&ft=mughal+empire&pos=145|title=Alexander is Lowered into the Sea|website=metmuseum.org|access-date=14 December 2018|archive-date=14 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181214214010/https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/140003774?rpp=20&pg=8&ao=on&ft=mughal+empire&pos=145|url-status=live}}</ref> ]]

After Jalal ud-Din Firuz, [[Alauddin Khalji|Ala ud-Din Khalji]] ascended to the throne of Delhi in 1296. Khusrau wrote the ''Khaza'in ul-Futuh'' (The Treasures of Victory) recording Ala ud-Din's construction works, wars and administrative services. {{Anchor|Khamsa of Amir Khusrau}}He then composed a khamsa (quintet) with five masnavis, known as ''Khamsa-e-Khusrau'' (Khamsa of Khusrau), completing it in 1298. The khamsa emulated that of the earlier poet of Persian epics, [[Nizami Ganjavi]]. The first masnavi in the khamsa was ''Matla ul-Anwar'' (Rising Place of Lights) consisting of 3310 verses (completed in 15 days) with ethical and Sufi themes. The second masnavi, ''Khusrau-Shirin'', consisted of 4000 verses. The third masnavi, ''Laila-Majnun'', was a romance. The fourth voluminous masnavi was ''[[Ayina-i Iskandari (Amir Khusrau)|Ayina-i Iskandari]]'', which narrated the heroic deeds of [[Alexander the Great]] in 4500 verses. The fifth masnavi was ''[[Hasht-Bihisht (poem)|Hasht-Bihisht]]'', which was based on legends about [[Bahram V]], the fifteenth king of the [[Sasanian Empire]]. All these works made Khusrau a leading luminary in the world of poetry. Ala ud-Din Khalji was highly pleased with his work and rewarded him handsomely. When Ala ud-Din's son and future successor [[Qutb ud din Mubarak Shah|Qutb ud-Din Mubarak Shah Khalji]] was born, Khusrau prepared the horoscope of Mubarak Shah Khalji in which certain predictions were made. This horoscope is included in the masnavi ''Saqiana''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hazratmehboob-e-elahi.org/chapter-IV-1.htm#a|title=Hazrat Mehboob-E-Elahi (RA)|website=hazratmehboob-e-elahi.org|access-date=30 June 2013|archive-date=21 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221214554/http://www.hazratmehboob-e-elahi.org/chapter-IV-1.htm#a|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 1300, when Khusrau was 47 years old, his mother and brother died. He wrote these lines in their honour:
<poem style="margin-left:2em">
A double radiance left my star this year
Gone are my brother and my mother,
My two full moons have set and ceased to shine
In one short week through this ill-luck of mine.
</poem>
Khusrau's homage to his mother on her death was:
{{blockquote|Where ever the dust of your feet is found is like a relic of paradise for me.}}

Khusrau was accepted in Alauddin's court but the negligence was notable. [[Ziauddin Barani]] accuses Alauddin of not recognizing Khusrau's worth:

{{Blockquote|text="If a poet like Amir Khusrau had lived in the time of [[Mahmud of Ghazni|Mahmud]] or [[Ahmad Sanjar|Sanjar]], those monarchs would have bestowed territories and governorships on him and raised him to high dignity and office. But Alauddin paid no regard to the honour due to such a poet and was content to give him his one thousand ''[[History of the taka|tankas]]''"<ref name="Habib23">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Habib|2004|p=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.80727/page/n33/mode/1up 23]}}</ref>}}

[[File:Khizr Khan and Devaldi enthroned. Duval Rani Khizr Khan of Amir Khusrau Dihvali. Scribe, Sultan Bayazid ibn Nizam Mughal, dated A.H. 976 (1568) National Museum, New Delhi (L53.217).jpg|thumb|Khizr Khan and [[Deval Devi]] enthroned. ''Duval Rani Khizr Khan'' of Amir Khusrau Dihvali. Scribe, Sultan Bayazid ibn Nizam. [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]], dated A.H. 976 (1568) National Museum, New Delhi (L53.217).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Welch |first1=Stuart Cary |title=India: art and culture, 1300-1900 |date=1985 |publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art : Holt, Rinehart, and Winston |location=New York |isbn=978-0030061141 |page=153 |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/met-publications/india-art-and-culture-1300-1900}}</ref>]]
In 1310, Khusrau became a disciple of Sufi saint of the [[Chishti Order]], [[Nizamuddin Auliya]].{{sfn|Misra|1981|p=2}} In 1315, Khusrau completed the romantic masnavi ''Duval Rani - Khizr Khan'' ([[Deval Devi|Duval Rani]] and Khizr Khan), about the marriage of the [[Vaghela dynasty|Vaghela]] princess Duval Rani to Khizr Khan, one of Ala ud-Din Khalji's sons.<ref name="Iranica" />

After Ala ud-Din Khalji's death in 1316, his son Qutb ud-Din Mubarak Shah Khalji became the Sultan of Delhi. Khusrau wrote a masnavi on Mubarak Shah Khalji called ''Nuh Sipihr'' (Nine Skies), which described the events of Mubarak Shah Khalji's reign. He classified his poetry in nine chapters, each part of which is considered a "sky". In the third chapter he wrote a vivid account of India and its environment, seasons, flora and fauna, cultures, scholars, etc. He wrote another book during Mubarak Shah Khalji's reign by name of ''Ijaz-e-Khusravi'' (The Miracles of Khusrau), which consisted of five volumes. In 1317 Khusrau compiled ''Baqia-Naqia'' (Remnants of Purity). In 1319 he wrote ''Afzal ul-Fawaid'' (Greatest of Blessings), a work of prose that contained the teachings of Nizamuddin Auliya.<ref name=Iranica/>

In 1320, Mubarak Shah Khalji was killed by [[Khusro Khan]], who thus ended the Khalji dynasty and briefly became Sultan of Delhi. Within the same year, Khusro Khan was captured and beheaded by [[Ghiyath al-Din Tughlaq]], who became Sultan and thus began the [[Tughlaq dynasty]]. In 1321, Khusrau began to write a historic masnavi named ''Tughlaq Nama'' (Book of the Tughlaqs) about the reign of Ghiyath al-Din Tughlaq and that of other Tughlaq rulers.<ref name=Iranica/><ref name="Bashiri"/>

Khusrau died in October 1325, six months after the death of Nizamuddin Auliya. Khusrau's tomb is next to that of his spiritual master in the [[Nizamuddin Dargah]] in Delhi.<ref name=Iranica/> ''Nihayat ul-Kamaal'' (The Zenith of Perfection) was compiled probably a few weeks before his death.

===Shalimar Bagh Inscription===
A popular fable which has made its way into scholarship ascribes the following famous Persian verse to Khusrau:
<poem style="margin-left:2em">
Agar Firdaus bar ru-ye zamin ast,
Hamin ast o hamin ast o hamin ast.
</poem>
In English: "If there is a paradise on earth, it is this, it is this, it is this."<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/window-to-persia/article1930559.ece | location=Chennai, India |newspaper=The Hindu newspaper | first=Anjana | last=Rajan | title=Window to Persia | date=29 April 2011 | access-date=30 December 2023 | archive-date=2 February 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202181249/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/window-to-persia/article1930559.ece | url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/zubin-mehta-s-concert-mesmerises-kashmir-113090700518_1.html|title=Zubin Mehta's concert mesmerises Kashmir|newspaper=Business Standard, India|date=7 September 2013|via=Business Standard|agency=Press Trust of India|access-date=30 December 2023|archive-date=9 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130909124552/http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/zubin-mehta-s-concert-mesmerises-kashmir-113090700518_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Zubin-Mehtas-concert-mesmerizes-Kashmir/articleshow/22397384.cms |work=The Times Of India |title=Zubin Mehta's concert mesmerizes Kashmir - The Times of India |access-date=30 December 2023 |archive-date=8 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130908102904/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Zubin-Mehtas-concert-mesmerizes-Kashmir/articleshow/22397384.cms |url-status=dead}}</ref> This verse is believed to have been inscribed on several [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] structures, supposedly in reference to [[Mughal Kashmir|Kashmir]], specifically a particular building at the [[Shalimar Bagh, Srinagar|Shalimar Garden]] in Srinagar, Kashmir (built during the reign of Mughal Emperor [[Jahangir]]).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://srinagar.nic.in/tourist-place/shalimar-garden/|title=Shalimar Garden {{!}} District Srinagar, Government of Jammu and Kashmir, India|language=en-US|access-date=8 March 2020|archive-date=27 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127175117/https://srinagar.nic.in/tourist-place/shalimar-garden/|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Blake|2002|p={{page needed|date=February 2022}}}}

However, recent scholarship has traced the verse to a time much later than that of Khusrau and to a place quite distant from Kashmir.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/article/942273/who-really-wrote-the-lines-if-there-is-paradise-on-earth-it-is-this-it-is-this-it-is-this|title=Who really wrote the lines 'If there is Paradise on earth, it is this, it is this, it is this'?|last=Safvi|first=Rana|website=Scroll.in|language=en-US|access-date=8 March 2020|archive-date=8 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200508021530/https://scroll.in/article/942273/who-really-wrote-the-lines-if-there-is-paradise-on-earth-it-is-this-it-is-this-it-is-this|url-status=dead}}</ref> Historian Rana Safvi inspected all probable buildings in the Kashmir garden and found no such inscription attributed to Khusrau. According to her the verse was composed by [[Saadullah Khan (Mughal Empire)|Sa'adullah Khan]], a leading noble and scholar in the court of Jahangir's successor and son [[Shah Jahan]].<ref name=":2" /> Even in popular memory, it was Jahangir who first repeated the phrase in praise of Kashmir.<ref name=":1" />

==Contributions to Hindustani music==
=== Qawwali ===
{{Further|Qawwali}}
Khusrau is credited with fusing the [[Persian traditional music|Persian]], [[Arabic music|Arabic]], [[Turkish music|Turkic]], and [[Music of India|Indian]] singing traditions in the late 13th century to create [[qawwali]], a form of [[Sufi]] [[devotional song]].<ref name="'Aaj rang hai'- Qawwali revisited">{{cite web|url = http://twocircles.net/2013mar07/%E2%80%98aaj_rang_hai%E2%80%99_qawwali_revisited.html|title = 'Aaj rang hai' - Qawwali revisited|publisher = TwoCircle.net|access-date = 8 March 2013|archive-date = 18 August 2018|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180818214847/http://twocircles.net/2013mar07/%E2%80%98aaj_rang_hai%E2%80%99_qawwali_revisited.html|url-status = live}}, Retrieved 16 September 2015</ref> A well-punctuated chorus emphasising the theme and devotional refrain coupled with a lead singer utilising an ornate style of fast [[Taan (music)|taans]] and difficult [[svara]] combinations are the distinguishing characteristics of a qawwali.{{sfn|Misra|1981|p=4}} Khusrau's disciples who specialised in Qawwali singing were later classified as Qawwals (they sang only Muslim devotional songs) and Kalawants (they sang mundane songs in the Qawwali style). The musical flow of some of his poems has made them favorites of musicians even today.<ref name=Iranica/>{{sfn|Misra|1981|p=4}}

=== Tarana and Trivat ===
{{Further|Tarana}}

Tarana and Trivat are also credited to Khusrau.{{sfn|Misra|1981|p=25}} Musicologist and philosopher [[Jaideva Singh|Jaidev Singh]] has said: Tarana was entirely an invention of Khusrau. Tarana is a Persian word meaning a song. Tillana is a corrupt form of this word. True, Khusrau had before him the example of Nirgit songs using śuṣk-akṣaras (meaningless words) and pāṭ-akṣaras (mnemonic syllables of the mridang). Such songs were in vogue at least from the time of Bharat. But generally speaking, the Nirgit used hard consonants. Khusrau introduced two innovations in this form of vocal music. Firstly, he introduced mostly Persian words with soft consonants. Secondly, he so arranged these words that they bore some sense. He also introduced a few Hindi words to complete the sense... It was only Khusrau's genius that could arrange these words in such a way to yield some meaning. Composers after him could not succeed in doing so, and the tarana became as meaningless as the ancient Nirgit.{{sfn|Singh|1975|p=276}} It is believed that Khusrau invented the tarana style during his attempt to reproduce Gopal Naik's exposition in raag Kadambak. Khusrau hid and listened to Gopal Naik for six days, and on the seventh day, he reproduced Naik's rendition using meaningless words ([[Mridangam|mridang]] [[Bol (music)|bols]]) thus creating the tarana style.{{sfn|Misra|1981|p=5}}

=== Sitar ===
Khusrau is credited for the invention of the sitar. At the time, there were many versions of the [[Veena]] in India. He modified the three stringed Tritantri Veena as a ''[[Setar]]'' (Persian for 3 stringed), which eventually became known as the ''[[sitar]]''.<ref name="Bashiri"/>{{sfn|Misra|1981|p=6}}

==Legacy==
{{see also|Riddles of Amir Khusrow}}
[[File:An illustrated manuscript of one of Amir Khusrau's poems 1.jpg|thumb|An illustrated manuscript of one of Amir Khusrau's poems]]
Amir Khusrau was a prolific classical poet associated with the royal courts of more than seven rulers of the Delhi Sultanate. He wrote many playful [[Riddles of Amir Khusrow|riddles]], songs and legends which have become a part of popular culture in South Asia. His riddles are one of the most popular forms of [[Hindustani language|Hindavi]] poetry today.{{sfn|Sharma|2005|p=79}} It is a genre that involves double entendre or wordplay.{{sfn|Sharma|2005|p=79}} Innumerable riddles by the poet have been passed through oral tradition over the last seven centuries.{{sfn|Sharma|2005|p=79}} Through his literary output, Khusrau represents one of the first recorded Indian personages with a true multicultural or pluralistic identity. Musicians credit Khusrau with the creation of six styles of music: {{Transliteration|ar|italic=no|qaul, qalbana, naqsh, gul, [[tarana]] and [[khyal]]}}, but there is insufficient evidence for this.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.academia.edu/14848865|title=Amir Khusrau and the Indo-Muslim Identity in the Art Music Practices of Pakistan|first=Yousuf|last=Saeed|website=academia.edu website|access-date=30 December 2023|archive-date=2 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230702180314/https://www.academia.edu/14848865|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tbr-olderissues.com/2013/07/amir-khusro-his-influence-on-indian-classical-music/|title=Amir Khusro & His Influence on Indian Classical Music|first=Abhik|last=Majumdar|date=30 June 2013|access-date=26 January 2018|archive-date=3 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220203084333/http://www.tbr-olderissues.com/2013/07/amir-khusro-his-influence-on-indian-classical-music/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Development of Hindavi===
{{see also|Rekhta}}
Khusrau wrote primarily in Persian. Many [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] (or [[Hindi]]-[[Urdu]]) verses are attributed to him, since there is no evidence for their composition by Khusrau before the 18th century.{{sfn|Dihlavī|2011|p={{page needed|date=February 2022}}}}<ref>Khusrau's Hindvi Poetry, An Academic Riddle? Yousuf Saeed, 2003</ref> The language of the Hindustani verses appears to be relatively modern. He used the term 'Hindavi' (meaning 'of Hind, i.e. India or Indians' in Persian) for the Hindustani language,<ref>{{Cite book|title=Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World |author1=Keith Brown |author2=Sarah Ogilvie |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-08-087774-7 |publisher=Elsevier |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=F2SRqDzB50wC |quote=Apabhramsha seemed to be in a state of transition from Middle Indo-Aryan to the New Indo-Aryan stage. Some elements of Hindustani appear ... the distinct form of the lingua franca Hindustani appears in the writings of Amir Khusro (1253–1325), who called it Hindwi[.]}}</ref> and gave shape to it in the Islamic literature.

He also wrote a war ballad in [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Tariq |first=Rahman |author-link=Tariq Rahman |title=Punjabi Language during British Rule |url=http://www.global.ucsb.edu/punjab/14.1_Rahman.pdf |journal=Journal of Punjab Studies |volume=14 |issue=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120915130644/http://www.global.ucsb.edu/punjab/14.1_Rahman.pdf |archive-date=15 September 2012}}</ref> In addition, he spoke Arabic and [[Sanskrit]].<ref name="Bashiri"/>{{sfn|Habib|2018|p={{page needed|date=February 2022}}}}{{sfn|Pickthall|Asad|1930|p={{page needed|date=February 2022}}}}{{sfn|Dihlavī|1975|p={{page needed|date=February 2022}}}}{{sfn|Dihlavī|1975|p={{page needed|date=February 2022}}}}{{sfn|Devy|2018|p={{page needed|date=February 2022}}}}{{sfn|Dihlavī|1975|p={{page needed|date=February 2022}}}} His poetry is still sung today at Sufi shrines throughout [[India]] and [[Pakistan]].<ref name=Iranica/>

== In popular culture ==
The 1978 film [[Junoon (1978 film)|''Junoon'']] opens with a rendition of Khusrau's ''[[Aaj Rang Hai|Aaj Rung Hai]]'', and the film's plot sees the poem employed as a symbol of rebellion.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/living/how-amir-khusraus-rung-inspired-the-film-and-music-culture-of-south-asia-4228239.html|title=How Amir Khusrau's 'rung' inspired the film and music culture of South Asia|website=Firstpost|date=26 November 2017|access-date=28 March 2020|archive-date=28 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200328164255/https://www.firstpost.com/living/how-amir-khusraus-rung-inspired-the-film-and-music-culture-of-south-asia-4228239.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

''Amir Khusro'', a documentary feature covering his life and works directed by Om Prakash Sharma released in 1974. It was produced by the [[Government of India]]'s [[Films Division of India|Film's Division]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Amir Khusro|url=https://filmsdivision.org/archives/amir-khusro.html|url-status=live|access-date=6 May 2021|website=filmsdivision.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130410122508/http://filmsdivision.org:80/archives/amir-khusro.html |archive-date=10 April 2013 }}</ref>

''Amir Khusro'', an Indian television series based on Khusrau's life and works aired on [[DD National]], the national public broadcaster, in the 1980s.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Rahman |first1=M. |title=Rajbans Khanna's TV serial Amir Khusrau attempts to clear communal misconceptions |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/films/story/19880615-tv-serial-amir-khusrau-attempts-to-clear-communal-misconceptions-797379-1988-06-15 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en |date=15 June 1988 |access-date=18 January 2021 |archive-date=22 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122022404/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/films/story/19880615-tv-serial-amir-khusrau-attempts-to-clear-communal-misconceptions-797379-1988-06-15 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Amir Khusro |url=https://nettv4u.com/about/Hindi/tv-serials/amir-khusro |website=nettv4u |language=en |access-date=18 January 2021 |archive-date=22 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122014009/https://nettv4u.com/about/Hindi/tv-serials/amir-khusro |url-status=live }}</ref> He was portrayed by actor Bhawani Muzamil as a court poet of [[Alauddin Khalji]] in the 2018 Indian film ''[[Padmaavat]]'' by [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ramnath|first=Nandini|title=Kashmir films have always been about the location – but are now making room for locals|url=https://scroll.in/reel/919267/kashmir-films-have-always-been-about-the-location-but-are-now-making-room-for-locals|access-date=6 May 2021|website=Scroll.in|date=9 April 2019 |language=en-US|archive-date=8 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108004738/https://scroll.in/reel/919267/kashmir-films-have-always-been-about-the-location-but-are-now-making-room-for-locals|url-status=live}}</ref>

One of Khusro's poems on [[Basant (festival)|Basant]], ''Sakal bun phool rahi sarson'', was quoted in an episode of [[Saladin Ahmed|Saladin Ahmed's]] ''[[Kamala Khan|The Magnificent Ms. Marvel]].'' Various renditions of this poem have been recorded time and again, including one sung by [[Rizwan-Muazzam]] in Season 8 of ''[[Coke Studio Pakistan]]'', as well as another rendition by Pakistani singer [[Meesha Shafi]] in collaboration with the instrumental funk band [[Mughal-e-Funk]]. It was also recreated in the Netflix web series ''[[Heeramandi]]'', sung by [[Raja Hassan]].

== Works ==
[[File:Hasht-Bihisht Amir Khusro Met 1.jpg|thumb|upright=.8|[[Mughal miniature painting|Mughal]] illustrated page from the [[Hasht-Behesht (poem)|Hasht-Bihisht]], [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]]]
* ''Tuhfat us-Sighr'' (The Gift of Childhood), 1271 - Khusrau's first divan, contains poems composed between the ages of 16 and 18.
* ''Wast ul-Hayat'' (The Middle of Life), 1279 - Khusrau's second divan.
* ''Qiran us-Sa'dain'' (Meeting of the Two Auspicious Stars), 1289 - Khusrau's first masnavi, which detailed the historic meeting of Bughra Khan and his son Muiz ud-Din Qaiqabad after a long enmity.
* ''Miftah ul-Futuh'' (Key to the Victories), 1290 - Khusrau's second masnavi, in praise of the victories of Jalal ud-Din Firuz Khalji.
* ''Ghurrat ul-Kamaal'' (The Prime of Perfection), 1294 - poems composed by Khusrau between the ages of 34 and 41.
* ''Khaza'in ul-Futuh'' (The Treasures of Victories), 1296 - details of Ala ud-Din Khalji's construction works, wars, and administrative services.
* ''[[Khamsa-e-Khusrau]]'' (Khamsa of Khusrau), 1298 - a quintet (khamsa) of five masnavis: ''Matla ul-Anwar'', ''Khusrau-Shirin'', ''Laila-Majnun'', ''[[Ayina-i Iskandari (Amir Khusrau)|Ayina-i Iskandari ]]'' and ''[[Hasht-Bihisht (poem)|Hasht-Bihisht]]'' (which includes ''[[The Three Princes of Serendip]]'').
* ''Saqiana'' - masnavi containing the horoscope of Qutb ud-Din Mubarak Shah Khalji.
* ''Duval Rani - Khizr Khan'' (Duval Rani and Khizr Khan), 1316 - a tragedy about the marriage of princess Duval Rani to Ala ud-Din Khalji's son Khizr Khan.
* ''Nuh Sipihr'' (Nine Skies), 1318 - Khusrau's masnavi on the reign of Qutb ud-Din Mubarak Shah Khalji, which includes vivid perceptions of India and its culture.
* ''Ijaz-e-Khusravi'' (The Miracles of Khusrau) - an assortment of prose consisting of five volumes.
* ''Baqia-Naqia'' (Remnants of Purity), 1317 - compiled by Khusrau at the age of 64.
* ''Afzal ul-Fawaid'' (Greatest of Blessings), 1319 - a work of prose containing the teachings of Nizamuddin Auliya.
*''Tughlaq Nama'' (Book of the Tughlaqs), 1320 - a historic masnavi of the reign of the Tughlaq dynasty.[[File:"A King Offers to Make Amends to a Bereaved Mother", Folio from a Khamsa (Quintet) of Amir Khusrau Dihlavi.jpg|thumb|upright=.8|"A King Offers to Make Amends to a Bereaved Mother" is a painting based on a story written by Amir Khusrau Dihlavi, but illustrated by Mughal Indian artist, [[Miskin (painter)|Miskin]], in 1597–98.]]
* ''Nihayat ul-Kamaal'' (The Zenith of Perfection), 1325 - compiled by Khusrau probably a few weeks before his death.
* ''Ashiqa'' - Khusro pays a glowing tribute to Hindi language and speaks of its rich qualities.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/mind-matters/the-mystic-poet#bypass-sw|title=Amir Khusro Dehlavi - The mystic Sufi poet|date=12 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720175230/https://www.freepressjournal.in/mind-matters/the-mystic-poet#bypass-sw|archive-date=20 July 2019 |website=The Free Press Journal website|access-date=30 December 2023}}</ref> It is a masnavi that describes the tragedy of Deval Devi. The story has been backed by Isaami.{{sfn|Niazi|1992|p=5}}
* ''Qissa Chahar Dervesh'' ([[The Tale of the Four Dervishes]]) - a ''dastan'' told by Khusrau to Nizamuddin Auliya.
* ''Ḳhāliq Bārī'' - a versified glossary of Persian, Arabic, and Hindavi words and phrases often attributed to Amir Khusrau. [[Hafiz Mehmood Khan Shirani]] argued that it was completed in 1622 in [[Gwalior]] by Ẓiyā ud-Dīn Ḳhusrau.<ref>Shīrānī, Ḥāfiż Mahmūd. "Dībācha-ye duvum [Second Preface]." In Ḥifż 'al-Lisān (a.k.a. Ḳhāliq Bārī), edited by Ḥāfiż Mahmūd Shīrānī. Delhi: Anjumman-e Taraqqi-e Urdū, 1944.</ref>
* ''Jawahir-e-Khusravi'' - a divan often dubbed as Khusrau's Hindavi divan.

== See also ==
*''[[Chhaap Tilak Sab Chheeni]]''
*''[[Dama Dam Mast Qalandar]]''
*''[[Haft Peykar]]''
*[[Jahan-e-Khusrau]]
*''[[Khamsa of Nizami]]''
*[[Indian literature]]
*[[List of Persian poets and authors]]
{{portal bar|Poetry}}

== References ==
{{reflist|22em}}

===Works cited===
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nZslAQAAIAAJ&q=father+of+Urdu+literature+amir+khusrow|title=Hazart Nizam-Ud-Din Auliya and Hazrat Khwaja Muinuddin Chisti|last1=Bakshi|first1=Shiri Ram|last2=Mittra|first2=Sangh|date=2002|publisher=Criterion|isbn=978-81-7938-022-2}}
* {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vJ0e0kfgttUC&pg=PA44|title=Shahjahanabad: The Sovereign City in Mughal India 1639-1739|first=Stephen P.|last=Blake|date=30 April 2002|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-52299-1|via=Google Books}}
* {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MbGyZN1I4E0C&pg=PA92|title=Indian Literary Criticism: Theory and Interpretation|first=G. N.|last=Devy|date=16 February 2018|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-81-250-2022-6|via=Google Books}}
* {{cite book |last1=Dihlavī |first1=Amīr Khusraw |title=Amir Khusrau: memorial volume. |date=1975 |publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Govt. of India |oclc=2523104}}
* {{cite book |last1=Dihlavī |first1=Amīr Khusraw |translator1-last=Losensky |translator1-first=Paul Edward |translator2-last=Sharma |translator2-first=Sunil |title=In the Bazaar of Love: The Selected Poetry of Amīr Khusrau |date=2011 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-670-08236-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cCHxfZxviXIC}}
* {{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rIERAAAAMAAJ&q=amir+turkish+languages|title=Hazrat Amir Khusrau of Delhi|first=Mohammad|last=Habib|date=16 February 2018|publisher=Islamic Book Service|via=Google Books}}
* {{cite book | last = Latif | first = Syed Abdulla | title = An Outline of the Cultural History of India | publisher = Institute of Indo-Middle East Cultural Studies (reprinted by Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers) | orig-date = 1958 | year = 1979 | isbn = 81-7069-085-4}}
* {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iUk5k5AN54sC&pg=PA10|title= Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India|first1=Jaswant Lal |last1=Mehta|volume= 1|publisher= Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd|year= 1980|isbn= 978-81-207-0617-0}}
* {{cite book |last1=Misra |first1=Susheela |title=Great Masters of Hindustani Music |date=1981 |publisher=Hem Publishers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Li4uAAAAMAAJ&q=Great%20Masters%20of%20Hindustani%20Music}}
* {{cite book |last1=Niazi |first1=Ghulam Sarwar Khan |title=The life and works of Sultan Alauddin Khalji |date=1992 |publisher=Atlantic |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-7156-362-3}}
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Pickthall |editor1-first=Marmaduke William |editor2-last=Asad |editor2-first=Muhammad |title=Islamic Culture |date=1930 |publisher=Islamic Culture Board |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BYFOgfXExOAC}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Powers |first1=Harold S. |last2=Qureshi |first2=Regula Burckhardt |title=Sufi Music of India and Pakistan. Sound, Context and Meaning in Qawwali |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |date=October 1989 |volume=109 |issue=4 |doi=10.2307/604123|jstor=604123 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Sharma |first1=Sunil |title=Amir Khusraw: The Poet of Sultans and Sufis |date=May 2005 |publisher=Oneworld Publications |isbn=978-1-85168-362-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ofdjAAAAMAAJ}}
* {{EI3|last=Sharma|first=Sunil|title=Amīr Khusraw Dihlavī|year=2017|url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/amir-khusraw-dihlavi-COM_23805?s.num=10&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-3&s.q=Ganja}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Singh|first1=Thakur Jai Deva | chapter=Khusrau's Musical Compositions | editor=Ansari, Zoe | title=Life, Times & Works of Amir Khusrau Dehlavi | year=1975 | publisher=National Amir Khusrau Society | location=New Delhi }}
{{refend}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book |last1=Browne |first1=Edward G. |title=A Literary History Of Persia, 4 Vols |date=1997 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Limited |isbn=978-81-215-0753-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_At4PgAACAAJ}}
* {{cite book |last1=Rypka |first1=Jan |author-link=Jan Rypka |editor1-last=Jahn |editor1-first=Karl |translator1-last=van Popta-Hope |translator1-first=P. |title=History of Iranian Literature |date=11 November 2013 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-94-010-3479-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SFPtCAAAQBAJ}}
* R.M. Chopra, "The Rise, Growth And Decline of Indo-Persian Literature", Iran Culture House New Delhi and Iran Society, Kolkata, 2nd Ed. 2013.
* R.M. Chopra, "Great Poets of Classical Persian", Sparrow Publication, Kolkata, 2014, {{ISBN|978-81-89140-75-5}}
* Zoe, Ansari, "Khusrau ka Zehni Safar", Anjuman Taraqqī-yi-Urdū, New Delhi, 1988.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160305012721/http://persian.packhum.org/persian/bio?anum=0020 Important Works of Amir Khusrau (Complete)]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20171201063316/http://persian.packhum.org/persian/main?url=pf%3Ffile%3D02003020&ct=0 The Khaza'inul Futuh (Treasures of Victory) of Hazarat Amir Khusrau of Delhi] English Translation by Muhammad Habib ([[Aligarh Muslim University|AMU]]). 1931.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20171014224914/http://persian.packhum.org/persian/main?url=pf%3Ffile%3D80201013&ct=0 Poems of Amir Khusrau] ''[[The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians]]: The Muhammadan Period'', by Sir H. M. Elliot. Vol III. 1866–177. ''page 523-566''.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20161220093652/http://persian.packhum.org/persian/main?url=pf%3Ffile%3D80201013%26ct%3D18 Táríkh-i 'Aláí; or, Khazáínu-l Futúh, of Amír Khusrú] ''The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians: The Muhammadan Period'', by Sir H. M. Elliot. Vol III. 1866–177. Page:67-92.
* For greater details refer to "Great Poets of Classical Persian" by R. M. Chopra, Sparrow Publication, Kolkata, 2014, ({{ISBN|978-81-89140-75-5}})
*{{cite journal |first1=Omidvar |last1=Alimahmoudi |first2=Seyyed Mahdi |last2=Nourian |first3=Mohammad |last3=Fesharak |url=http://liar.ui.ac.ir/article_21767_a113e0ec0b67e803614ea1f7cf5b4631.pdf |title=The study of allusion and adapted Qur'anic and Hadith themes in Amir Khosrow Dehlawi's "Noh Sepehr Mathnavi (Mathnavi of the Nine Skies)" |journal=Literary Arts |year=2017 |volume=9 |issue=19 |doi=10.22108/liar.2017.21767 |issn=2008-8027 |via=DOAJ |publisher=University of Isfahan |language=English, Arabic |oclc=7655520386 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110232217/https://liar.ui.ac.ir/article_21767.html |archive-date=10 November 2017 |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book |last=Habib |first=Mohammad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7L7RT4CDtksC&q=amir+khusrau |title=Hazrat Amir Khusrau of Delhi |date=2004 |publisher=Cosmo Publications |isbn=978-81-7755-901-9 |language=en}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Subject bar|Islam|India
|b =
|commons = Category:Amir Khusrow
|d = Q207817
|n =
|q = Amir Khusrow
|s =
|v =
|voy =
|wikt = }}
* {{Gutenberg author | id=3242}}
* {{Librivox author |id=12656}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131203053432/http://www.wikidorj.com/0CBK.ashx Original Persian poems of Amir Khusrau] at WikiDorj, free library of Persian poetry
*"A King Offers to Make Amends to a Bereaved Mother", Folio from a Khamsa (Quintet) of Amir Khusrau Dihlavi. The [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]

{{Persian literature}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khusro, Amir}}
[[Category:1253 births]]
[[Category:1325 deaths]]
[[Category:13th-century Indian musicians]]
[[Category:13th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Persian-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:13th-century Persian-language poets]]
[[Category:14th-century Indian musicians]]
[[Category:14th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:14th-century Persian-language poets]]
[[Category:Turkic people]]
[[Category:Chishtis]]
[[Category:Hindi-language poets]]
[[Category:Hindi-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Indian Sufis]]
[[Category:Macaronic language]]
[[Category:People from Etah district]]
[[Category:People from the Delhi Sultanate]]
[[Category:Performers of Sufi music]]
[[Category:Poets from Delhi]]
[[Category:Sufi poets]]
[[Category:Students of Nizamuddin Auliya]]

Sheil Shukla

2026-03-23T03:17:37Z

CRVMargarette: Adding Page.

{{Short description|American author}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Sheil Shukla
| image =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| occupation =[[Internal medicine|Internal medicine specialist]] and author
| nationality =
| education = [[Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine|DO]], [[Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine]]
| genre = [[Plant-based diet|plant-based nutrition]]
| notable_works = ''Plant-Based India''
| website = {{URL|sheilshukla.com}}
}}

'''Sheil Shukla''' is an American board-certified [[Internal medicine|internal medicine specialist]]. He is also a recipe developer, food photographer, and cookbook author, who explores the use of [[Plant-based diet|plant-based nutrition]] as preventative clinical medicine. His first cookbook, ''Plant-Based India'', was nominated for the 2023 [[James Beard Foundation Award]].

==Early life and education==
Shukla was born "just outside of [[Milwaukee, Wisconsin]],"<ref name=bio>{{cite web
|url=https://www.sheilshukla.com/blog/2020/4/14/my-story
|title=My Story
|access-date=November 21, 2023
|last=Shukla
|first=Sheil
|date=19 April 2020
|work=sheilshukla.com
}}</ref> to parents who had immigrated from [[Gujarat]], [[India]] in the 1970s.<ref name=bio/> He graduated from [[Brookfield Academy]] in 2011.<ref name=ba>{{cite web
|url=https://www.brookfieldacademy.org/news-detail?pk=1445931
|title=Dr. Sheil Shukla '11
|access-date=November 21, 2023
|last=
|first=
|date=April 2023
|work=[[Brookfield Academy]]
}}</ref>

He grew up eating [[Gujarati cuisine|Gujatarti vegetarian dishes]], and during college (where he studied molecular biology and the fine arts), he taught himself to cook, drawing upon dishes from his childhood. He also became interested in nutrition, and after becoming vegan in 2015,<ref name=bio/> he eventually "embraced plant based nutrition beyond veganism."<ref name=bio/><ref name=rgl>{{cite web
|url=https://roundglassliving.com/food/articles/dialogue-dr-sheil-shukla
|title=DIALOGUE: Dr. Sheil Shukla
|access-date=2023-11-21
|last=Tilak
|first=Sudha
|date=
|publisher=Round Glass Living
}}</ref> He started an Instagram account and blog called "plantbasedartist," and became a recipe developer and food photographer.<ref name=grad>{{cite web
|url=https://www.jsonline.com/story/life/food/fork-spoon-life/2022/08/04/plant-based-india-author-brookfield-grad-pushes-quality-diets-northwestern-doctor-seasonal-food/10184540002/
|title='Plant-based India' author, a Brookfield grad, knows about quality diets. He's a doctor, too.
|access-date=November 21, 2023
|last=Kierzek
|first=Kristine
|date=August 4, 2022
|work=[[Milwaukee Journal Sentinel]]
}}</ref> Shukla received his [[Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine]] from the [[Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine]] in 2019.<ref name=dox>{{cite web
|url=https://www.doximity.com/pub/sheil-shukla-do-24d63875
|title=Sheil Shukla DO
|access-date=2023-11-21
|last=
|first=
|date=
|publisher=[[Doximity]]
}}</ref><ref name=nw>{{cite web
|url=https://www.nm.org/doctors/1922569045/sheil-shukla-do
|title=Sheil Shukla DO
|access-date=November 21, 2023
|last=
|first=
|date=
|work= [[Northwestern Memorial Hospital]]
}}</ref> He also earned a certificate in plant-based nutrition from [[Cornell University]] (online).<ref name=bio/>

==Career==
Shukla is currently an internal medicine specialist with [[Northwestern University]]'s [[Northwestern Memorial Hospital]].<ref name=dox/><ref name=nw/> [[The New York Times]] listed his first cookbook, ''Plant-Based India'' (2022), as one of the Best Cookbooks of 2022,<ref name=nyt>{{cite web
|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/13/dining/best-cookbooks-2022.html
|title=The Best Cookbooks of 2022
|access-date=November 20, 2023
|last=
|first=
|date=December 12, 2022
|work=[[The New York Times]]
}}</ref> and the [[Food Network]] listed it as one of the “10 Best New Vegan Cookbooks” for 2023.<ref name=fn>{{cite web
|url=https://www.foodnetwork.com/how-to/packages/shopping/gift-ideas/best-new-vegan-cookbooks
|title=10 Best New Vegan Cookbooks
|access-date=2023-12-28
|last=Khoury-Hanold
|first=Layla
|date=2023-01-03
|work=[[Food Network]]
}}</ref> [[VegNews]] listed ''Plant-Based India'' as one of the "Top 100 Vegan Cookbooks of All Time" in 2024.
<ref name=at3>{{cite web
|url=https://vegnews.com/cookbooks/best-vegan-cookbooks-2
|title=The Top 100 Vegan Cookbooks of All Time
|access-date=January 16, 2024
|last=Pointing
|first=Charlotte
|date= January 10, 2024
|work=[[VegNews]]
}}</ref>

It was also won the IVFF award in 2022,<ref name=IVFFcookbookcontest>{{cite web
|url=https://theivff.com/cookbook-winners-nominees
|title=International Vegan Film Festival Cookbook Contest
|last=
|first=
|date= 2022
|work=The International Vegan Film Festival
}}</ref> and was nominated for the 2023 [[James Beard Foundation Award]] - [[James Beard Foundation Award: 2020s|Vegetable Focused Cooking.]]<ref name=jba>{{cite web
|url=https://www.jamesbeard.org/awards/search?year=&keyword=Sheil+shukla
|title=James Beard Awards:Sheil Shukla
|access-date=November 21, 2023
|date=
|work=[[James Beard Foundation Award]]
}}</ref>

==Book==
*{{Cite book|title=Plant-Based India: Nourishing Recipes Rooted in Tradition|last= Shukla|first=Sheil|publisher=The Experiment |year=2022|isbn=978-1615198535|pages=256}}<ref name=tikka>{{cite web
|url=https://interactive.wttw.com/playlist/2022/09/02/sheil-shukla-tofu-tikka
|title=A Vegan Tikkā Recipe from a Chicagoland Doctor with an Indian Cookbook
|access-date=November 21, 2023
|last=Hautzinger
|first=Daniel
|date=September 2, 2022
|work=[[WTTW]]
}}</ref><ref name=potent>{{cite news
|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/food/2022/10/23/tofu-tikka-recipe/
|title=A potent marinade makes this tofu tikka taste as vibrant as it looks
|access-date=November 21, 2023
|last=Yonan
|first=Joe
|date=October 23, 2022
|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]
}}</ref><ref name=ajc>{{cite web
|url=https://www.ajc.com/things-to-do/food-and-recipes/cookbook-review-plant-based-india-by-dr-sheil-shukla/J5APDO3TMBCUVNKAZ6QUF3TZVE/
|title=Cookbook review: Indian cooking for a healthy lifestyle
|access-date=November 21, 2023
|last=Puckett
|first=Susan
|date=September 14, 2022
|work=[[Atlanta Journal-Constitution]]
}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|sheilshukla.com}}

{{Plant-based diets}}
{{James Beard Awards: Vegetarian, Vegan, Plant-Based Authors & Cookbooks}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shukla, Sheil}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:21st-century American non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:21st-century American medical doctors]]
[[Category:American cookbook writers]]
[[Category:American health and wellness writers]]
[[Category:American medical writers]]
[[Category:American people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:American medical doctors of Indian descent]]
[[Category:American people of Gujarati descent]]
[[Category:American chefs]]
[[Category:High-fiber diet advocates]]
[[Category:Plant-based diet advocates]]
[[Category:Plant-based cookbook writers]]

{{Food-book-stub}}

Leonard Arthur Bethell

2026-03-21T12:04:16Z

CRVMargarette: Done

{{Short description|British soldier and writer (1879–1950)}}
{{Infobox person
|name = Leonard Arthur Bethell
|honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|size=100%|country=GBR|OBE}}
|image = File:Cartoon of Leonard Arthur Bethell in the rain of Assam jungles.jpg
|caption = Bethell ("Push") in the rain in Assam jungles, 1910
|birth_date = 6 December 1879<ref name="Birth and Service date">{{cite web |last1=Bethell |first1=Leonard A |title=Dates Birth and Service |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bethell_Indian_Army_list_1906_-_Bethell_underlined.pdf |website=Wikimedia Commons |date=12 March 2023 |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation |access-date=12 March 2023}}</ref>
|birth_place = [[Boulogne-sur-Mer]], [[France]]<ref name="Boulogne birth cert">{{cite web |last1=Bethelll |first1=Leonard Arthur |title=French birth certificate |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Leonard_Arthur_Bethell_birth_certificate.pdf |website=Wikimedia Commons |date=27 July 2023 |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation |access-date=29 July 2023}}</ref>
|spouse = {{marriage|Winifred Clytie Hall|7 August 1908|December 1940|end=died}}<ref name="Original Marriage record" /><ref name="Clytie birth record">{{cite web |last1=Hall |first1=Winifred Clytie |title=Birth record |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Winifred_Clytie_Hall_register_of_birth.jpg |website=Wikimedia Commons |date=13 March 2023 |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation |access-date=13 March 2023}}</ref><ref name="Clytie death record">{{cite web |last1=Bethell |first1=Winifred Clytie |title=Clytie death record |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Winifred_Clytie_Bethell_death_record.jpg |website=Wikimedia Commons |date=13 March 2023 |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation |access-date=13 March 2023}}</ref>
|death_date = 15 December 1950 (aged 71)<ref name="LA Bethell Probate record">{{cite web |last1=Bethell |first1=Leonard Arthur |title=Probate record |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:LA_Bethell_Probate.jpg |website=Wikimedia Commons |date=9 January 1951 |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation |access-date=16 April 2023}}</ref>
| children = {{hlist | Leonard | Eileen }}
|death_place = [[Craven Arms]], [[Shropshire]], [[England]]
|alma_mater = [[Royal Military College, Sandhurst]]
|occupation = [[British Army]] officer, [[Author]], [[Authors' editor]]
|awards = [[Order of the British Empire]]<ref name="OBE, London Gazette">{{cite news |title=London Gazette |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/32001/supplement/8050 |access-date=26 February 2023 |agency=Central Chancery |issue=32001 |publisher=HMSO |date=30 July 1920}}</ref>
|father = Henry S. Bethell
|mother = Sarah H Macleane
|signature = Leonard A.Bethell signature.svg
}}

Lieutenant Colonel '''Leonard Arthur Bethell''' {{post-nominals|GBR|OBE}}<ref name="OBE, London Gazette" /> (6 December 1879 - 15 December 1950) was a distinguished soldier in India in Edwardian times, and a successful author in the 1930s. He is chiefly significant as an author, providing a direct, unheroic and unvarnished narrative of British efforts to administer the Northern jungles of Assam during the early 20th century, often providing an alternative view to the official accounts.

== Personal life ==

Through his father, Leonard was connected to [[Henry Edward Manning|Cardinal Manning]], and to [[Richard Bethell, 1st Baron Westbury|Richard Bethell, first Baron Westbury]], former Lord Chancellor of England.<ref name="Converts to Rome">{{cite book |last1=Gorman |first1=Gordon |title=Converts to Rome : a biographical list of the more notable converts to the Catholic Church |date=1916 |publisher=Sands and Co, London |location=King Street Covent Garden |page=22 |edition=1st |url=https://archive.org/stream/a583403600gorduoft/a583403600gorduoft_djvu.txt |access-date=15 April 2023}}</ref> On his mother's side, he was connected to the ancient Highland [[Clan Maclean|Clan of Maclean]].

Leonard was born in [[Boulogne-sur-Mer|Boulogne]] in 1879, but the family address was 16 [[Royal Crescent]], Walcot, [[Bath, Somerset]].<ref name="1881 census, Bath">{{cite web |last1=Bethell household |title=1881 census, Bath, UK |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:LA%20Bethell%201881%20Census.pdf |website=Wikimedia Commons |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation |access-date=16 April 2023}}</ref> The family were in transit when the birth happened.

The Bethell household 1881 census <ref name="1881 census, Bath" /> indicates a large and prosperous family. Bethell's father, Henry Slingsby Bethell, is described as a civil engineer. The family had eight live-in servants and 6 children - one daughter and five sons at the time of the census, Leonard being the youngest, at one year old.

When Henry lost a lung due to [[tuberculosis|TB]] in 1889, the family took Villa Bader<ref name="Bethells at Villa Bader">{{cite news |last1=Münchner Merkur |title=Merkur |url=https://www.merkur.de/lokales/regionen/englaender-ihre-8222villa-bader8220-269087.html |access-date=21 April 2023 |agency=IPPEN.MEDIA |publisher=IPPEN |date=9 September 2006}}</ref><ref name="Villa Bader">{{cite web |last1=Bader |first1=Villa |title=Die Villa Bader |url=https://www.literaturportal-bayern.de/themen?task=lpbtheme.default&id=71 |website=Literatur Portal Bayern |publisher=Literaturland |access-date=21 April 2023}}</ref> in [[Garmisch-Partenkirchen|Garmisch]], a ski resort in a mountainous area of [[Bavaria]], mountain air being believed beneficial for TB. They took in paying guests there - [[Edward Elgar]]'s family was among them, and he dedicated his work '[[From the Bavarian Highlands]]' to them. Elgar played football with the youngsters of the house, and he and Henry remained friends throughout life.<ref name="Elgar OM book - Garmisch">{{cite book |last1=Young |first1=Dr. Percy M |title=Elgar O.M. A Study of a musician |date=1955 |publisher=Collins |location=Glasgow and London |pages=71, 94, 419 |edition=1st }}</ref>

Leonard was educated in Garmisch, then in England. His father, though [[Eton College|Eton]]-educated, sent Leonard to the Catholic boys school - [[Ampleforth College]] in North Yorkshire. Henry had converted to Catholicism in 1861 - he died in Rome in 1908 when Leonard was 28.<ref name="Converts to Rome" /> After Ampleforth, Leonard went to [[Royal Military College, Sandhurst]] and then joined the army.

Leonard married Winifred Clytie Hall in [[Shillong]], Assam, in 1908.<ref name="Original Marriage record">{{cite web |last1=Bethell |first1=Winifred C. |title=Original MS Marriage record |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bethell_Marriage_record.pdf |website=Wikimedia Commons |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation |access-date=17 March 2023}}</ref> They made a trip back to England immediately afterwards - Clytie's father had died a day before the wedding. The marriage was not always a happy one, but they remained married until Clytie's death in 1940.<ref name="Clytie death record" /><ref name="Winifred Bethell probate">{{cite web |last1=Bethell |first1=Winifred C |title=Winifred Bethell probate |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Winifred_Bethell_probate.jpg |website=Wikimedia Commons |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation |access-date=17 March 2023}}</ref> The couple had two children — Eileen Nancy Bethell (1909 - 1988) and Leonard Norman Bethell (1914 - 1940) — Eileen went on to marry John Birney in 1937 and have children, Norman died at [[Dunkirk evacuation|Dunkirk]] in 1940.

Leonard became a good linguist in his time - he was able to speak German, French and Italian - and Hindi, Urdu and Gurkhali, these last being a requirement of his army service. He loved trekking in the Austrian Alps - where he also bought some land in the mountains.

[[File:Villa Bader Garmisch c 1950.jpg|thumb|Villa Bader Garmisch c 1950]]

Bethell joined the Fairclough Lodge of Freemasons in [[Mandalay]], Burma in 1917.<ref name="Freemasons record">{{cite web |last1=Bethell |first1=Leonard A |title=Freemasons record |url=https://www.ancestry.co.uk/discoveryui-content/view/403636:60620 |website=Ancestry.com |publisher=GIC Private Limited |access-date=11 March 2023}}</ref>

== Military career ==

=== [[South African Republic|South Africa]] ===

The [[Second Boer War]], 1899 - 1902, was fought to prevent parts of South Africa – [[Orange Free State]] and [[Transvaal (province)|Transvaal]] - seceding from British control. The war was generally unsuccessful for the British, who engaged half a million troops versus the Boers 50,000 to win it. The demand for new recruits was high.

Bethell joined the [[York and Lancaster Regiment]] as a young second Lieutenant on his 20th birthday,<ref name="Indian Army Lists" /><ref name="Birth and Service date" /> and went immediately to South Africa. He saw action at the relief of [[Ladysmith, KwaZulu-Natal|Ladysmith]], and took part in the battles of [[Battle of Spion Kop|Spion Kop]], [[Battle of Vaal Krantz|Vaal Krantz]], [[Battle of the Tugela Heights|Tugela Heights]], [[Battle of the Tugela Heights|Pieter's Hill]] and the second Battle of Laing's Nek on 12 June 1900. He was in operations in the Transvaal, July 1900 to April 1901, and on the Zululand frontier of Natal from April to July 1900. While in South Africa he served for a time with the Mounted Infantry.<ref name="Winchester bio" />

=== India ===
Bethell was seconded for service with the Indian Staff Corps from 23 October 1901 and arrived in India in November 1901. He was appointed to the Indian Army in October 1902, serving with the 16th Rajput Infantry. In November 1902 he was attached temporarily to the 13th Rajput Infantry. In 1904 he was posted to the 8th Gurkha Rifles and in 1908 to the new 10th Gurkha Rifles on its formation. In 1912 he was appointed Assistant Commandant of the Lakhimpur Battalion, [[Assam Rifles|Assam Military Police]].
<ref name="Winchester bio" />

=== Tibet ===

[[File:Army advancing, Younghusband expedition Tibet 1904.jpg|thumb|Army advancing, Younghusband expedition Tibet 1904]]

The [[British expedition to Tibet|Younghusband Expedition]] to Tibet, 1903 - 1904, was a late imperial adventure, ordered by the Viceroy, [[George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston|Lord Curzon]], to create a foothold on India's Northern border against the feared Russian and Chinese influences. Bethell was part of the Younghusband Expedition when he was seconded to the 4th Gurkha Rifles. During this time, he met [[Frederick Marshman Bailey]], who became a close friend. He was in action at Niani and [[Gyantse Dzong|Gyantse Jong]], and in the march to [[Lhasa]]. (Indian Army Lists.)<ref name="Indian Army Lists">{{cite book |last1=Government of India |first1=Army Department |title=Indian Army list |date=1910 |publisher=Central Publication Branch |location=Calcutta |pages=131, 448 |edition=1 |ref=2}}</ref> Bethell was a keen photographer and took about 200 on the expedition, now held by the Birney family.

[[File:Raft building to cross Tsangpo River, Younghusband Expedition.jpg|thumb|Raft building to cross Tsangpo River, Younghusband Expedition]]

Though militarily successful the treaties it led to were later revoked, and it fell into disfavour with government and the British public, who saw it as a massacre of unarmed peasants. Bethell gives a different view, based on his own experience, in 'A Footnote'<ref name="Tales from the Outposts" /> (see below).

[[File:Chinese soldier - bodyguard of the Chinese Amban. Younghusband Expedition.jpg|thumb|Chinese soldier - bodyguard of the Chinese Amban. Younghusband Expedition]]

=== Assam ===

Bethell took part in the Abor expedition<ref name="Abor Expedition">{{cite web |last1=Expedition |first1=Abor |title=Abor Expedition |url=https://wiki.fibis.org/w/Abor%20Expedition%201911-12 |website=fibis |publisher=Families In British India Society |access-date=25 April 2023}}</ref> into the jungles of Assam, 1911–12, to avenge the murder by the Abors of the explorers Dr. Gregorson and Assistant Political Officer Mr. N. Williamson, and most of their fifty servants and porters.<ref name="Winchester bio" /> Bethell based his story 'High Brows and Low Brows' (see below) on this expedition, and was joint contributor to an article on its geographical results.<ref name="Abor Journal">{{cite journal |last1=Holdich, Bethell and Bower |first1=T. L. H. |title=The Abor Expedition: Geographical Results: Discussion |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_geographical-journal_1913-02_41_2/page/108 |journal=Geographical Journal |date=February 1913 |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=109–114|doi=10.2307/1778863 |jstor=1778863 |bibcode=1913GeogJ..41..109B }}</ref> [[Frederick Marshman Bailey|F. M. Bailey]] was also a member of this expedition.<ref name="In Abor Jungles" />

=== First World War ===
Bethell was posted to France in 1914. He joined the 2nd Gurkha Rifles on 12 November 1914, and was in action soon afterwards. On 11 December he went forward of the trenches and brought in two wounded men and, with help, two dead. On 20 December he was engaged in the action at La Quinque Rue. He was severely wounded, and left France on 28 February 1915. He was mentioned in despatches in the [[The London Gazette|London Gazette]] 22 June 1915.<ref name="Bethell despatches">{{cite web |last1=Gazette |first1=London |title=Bethell despatches |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Leonard_Arthur_Bethell_war_despatches.pdf |website=Wikimedia Commons |date=28 July 2023 |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation |access-date=29 July 2023}}</ref>

=== Burma and Pakistan ===
Recovering from his wound he returned to Burma, rejoined the Gurkhas, and took command of the 1st/10th Gurkha Rifles Depot at Mandalay until January 1916, after which he was appointed Company Officer at the Cadet College in Quetta, Baluchistan. He returned to the 1st/10th Depot soon afterwards, and commanded it at Mandalay Fort and Maymyo. The History of the 10th Gurkha Rifles says of him: “Bethell was a strange and in some ways eccentric character and many stories were told about him and his unorthodox disciplinary methods, but there was never any criticism of his work as Depot Commander throughout the war, and the 1st Battalion owe him a deep debt of gratitude for the five drafts sent them... he also showed unusual breadth of vision in the great care he took to safe-guard the health and happiness of the families of the men on service.”.<ref name="Winchester bio" />

=== Afghanistan, 1919 ===
Bethell took part in the [[Third Anglo-Afghan War|Third Afghan War]]<ref name="Waziristan, 3rd Afghan War">{{cite web |url=https://livesofthefirstworldwar.iwm.org.uk/community/4868/?page=2 |title=Operations in Waziristan|website=Operations in Waziristan |publisher=Imperial War Museum |access-date=21 February 2023}}</ref> with the 7th Gurkha Rifles. He was appointed OBE,<ref name="OBE, London Gazette" /> and was mentioned in despatches in the London Gazette 3 August 1920.<ref name="Bethell despatches" />

=== The Khyber Pass ===

He was given command of the 2nd Battalion 4th Gurkha Rifles and during his tour of command his battalion served at [[Landi Kotal]] and [[Landi Khana railway station|Landi Khana]] in the [[Khyber Pass]] area. During this period, he met Frederick Marshman Bailey again, who was returning through the Khyber Pass from his undercover activities in Central Asia.<ref name="Letters from Leonard Arthur Bethell" /><ref name="Winchester bio" />

=== Retirement from the Army ===

His tour of command was shortened due to a heart condition: he was invalided to England in August 1924. He came on his own and his postal address then was given as 'c/o Lloyds Bank, Pall Mall'.<ref name="Bethell arrival in UK">{{cite web |last1=Bethell |first1=Leonard Arthur |title=Passenger lists |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bethell_London_arrivals.pdf |website=Wikimedia Commons |date=20 March 2023 |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation |access-date=20 March 2023}}</ref> On 14 September 1926 he was placed on the Unemployed List on completion of his command.<ref name="Retirement">{{cite journal |journal=London Gazette |title=Indian Army Lists|date=17 September 1926 |issue=33202 |page=6036 |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/33202/page/6036}}</ref>

[[File:Front door, New Clan, Harrow Road West, Dorking, Surrey 2023.jpg|thumb|Front door of New Clan, Harrow Road West, Dorking]]

His army pension left him short of funds, but his mother-in-law cleared his debts, and bought New Clan in [[Dorking]] for the family. By 1926 both he and his wife are on the electoral register for New Clan.<ref name="Electoral register, New Clan">{{cite web |last1=Bethell |first1=Leonard Arthur |title=Electoral register, Dorking |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Electoral_Register,_New_Clan_1926.jpg |website=Wikimedia Commons |date=22 March 1926 |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation |access-date=16 April 2023}}</ref>

[[File:New Clan from the old orchard, 2015 - house in far distance.jpg|thumb|New Clan land: the old orchard, 2015. House is in the far distance]]

A detailed list of his service record is held by the [[The Gurkha Museum|Gurkha Museum]], Winchester, in the biography by Denis Wood, February 2023.<ref name="Winchester bio">{{cite book |last1=Wood |first1=Denis |title=Bethell, Lieutenant Colonel Leonard Arthur |date=2023 |publisher=Gurkha Museum Archive|location=Winchester |edition=1}}</ref>

=== Medals ===
Bethell received the following [[military awards and decorations]].<ref name="Winchester bio" />
* [[Queen's South Africa Medal]] with clasps - Cape Colony, Tugela Heights, Orange Free State, Relief of Ladysmith, Transvaal, Laing's Nek, South Africa 1901.
* [[Tibet Medal]] with clasp Gyantse.
* [[India General Service Medal (1909)|India General Service Medal 1909]] with clasps Abor 1911-12 and Afghanistan N.W.F. 1919 and oak leaves.
* [[1914 Star]].
* [[British War Medal]] 1914–20.
* [[Victory Medal (United Kingdom)|Victory Medal]] with oak leaves.

== Literary career ==

Bethell left the army in 1927 owing to ill health, and began a successful writing career – under his own name, but also under pseudonyms 'Pousse Cailloux' and 'Forepoint Severn' – generally covering his own experiences with the Gurkhas.

('Pousse Cailloux - a French expression for 'foot soldier', 'Forepoint Severn' - probably a reference to the [[QF 4.7-inch Mk I – IV naval gun|4.7 inch gun]] used in South Africa and in World War I - known for its reliability)

When contributing to magazines other than Blackwoods he uses even more pseudonyms - "Mauser", "Punjabi", and "Peter Paul" - in the Sphere, and the Graphic.

[[File:Tales from the Outposts, 12 vols.jpg|thumb|Tales from the Outposts, 12 vols]]
He wrote primarily for [[Blackwood's Magazine]], and, becoming a mainstay of their commercial success at the time, was offered a post as Director. In that role, he created the 12 volume series 'Tales from the Outposts' which became another commercial success. As part of the deal, he was offered 25% of the proceeds - he stuck out for, and got, 50%. (Letter from Bethell to Bailey)<ref name="Letters from Leonard Arthur Bethell" />

The stories in the collection are from remote corners of the world, especially the British Empire, and told by people living in or with experience of those places. Most were originally published in Blackwood's, which found a large part of its circulation in those colonial locations.

The project took three years, from 1930 to 1933, and included contributions from notable authors and personalities - [[Hugh Clifford (colonial administrator)|Sir Hugh Clifford]], [[Joseph Conrad]], [[John Buchan]], [[Frederick Marshman Bailey|Fredrick Marshman Bailey]], [[Alfred Noyes]], [[George Younghusband]], [[Robert Baden-Powell, 1st Baron Baden-Powell|Lord Baden-Powell]], [[Weston Martyr]], [https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person/mp52859/humfrey-robertson-jordan Humfrey Jordan], [[Frank Coutts Hendry]], [[Ernest Swinton]], [[Edmund Candler]], [[Alfred Ollivant (writer)|Alfred Ollivant]], [[R. E. Vernède|R. E. Vernede]], [[George Forbes (scientist)|Geo. Forbes F.R.S.]], [[John Still (author)|John Still]], [[Perceval Gibbon]], [[Hilton Brown (writer)|Hilton Brown]], [[Graham John Bower|John Graham Bower]] and many others.<ref name="Tales from the Outposts">{{cite book |last1=Bethell |first1=Leonard Arthur |title=Tales from the Outposts |date=1932 |publisher=Blackwoods |location=Edinburgh and London |edition=1st}}</ref> Index to 'Tales from the Outposts'.<ref name="Outposts Tales Index">{{cite web |last1=Bowyer |first1=Charles |title=Index to Tales from the Outposts |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blackwoods_Tales_From_the_Outposts_index.pdf |website=Wikimedia |date=13 March 2023 |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation |access-date=25 April 2023}}</ref>

The books fell out of favour during the mid-twentieth century as interest in the empire declined. However some of the volumes have now been re-issued in paperback, and are available on Kindle. Amazon's 'Goodreads' website rates the series at three stars.<ref name="Goodreads Outposts review">{{cite web |last1=Goodreads |first1=Amazon |title=Tales from the Outposts review |url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/26154555-blackwood-tales-from-the-outposts?ac=1&from_search=true&qid=c48GMSGhtF&rank=1 |website=goodreads.com |publisher=Amazon |access-date=1 March 2023}}</ref>

=== Published works ===
Bethell also published works of his own, including some of the stories in 'Tales from the Outposts'.

[[File:Outpost Duties Learnt in South Africa.jpg|thumb|Outpost Duties Learnt in South Africa, L. A. Bethell]]
'''''Outpost duties as learnt in South Africa'',''' William Clowes & Sons, London 1903. (43 pp)

Bethell's first published work, published under his own name. The short book, or pamphlet, written as an army manual, is based on his experiences in South Africa during the Boer War. The Boer soldiers, better adapted to the landscape and country, presented a real challenge to sentries. The book's general attitude might be summarised as 'shoot first, ask questions later; bayonet if possible to avoid noise!'.

'''Blackwood's ''Tales from the Outposts'';''' general editor, under his own name. 12 volume, Edinburgh and London, 1932-1933 (with reprints from articles in [[Blackwood's Magazine|Blackwoods]] Magazine).

Bethell's stories within this series - all written under the pseudonym 'Pousse Cailloux' - are -

'''Volume 1 : ''Frontiers of Empire'':''' 
"A Footnote" - Bethell's personal account of the
[[British expedition to Tibet|Younghusband expedition]]. Bethell's regiment was responsible for keeping open the passes, and supply lines from India. When these were eventually over-stretched, the expedition risked an unsupported journey to Lhasa, raiding monasteries for food. 
'A Footnote' is repeatedly cited in Charles Allen's 'Duel in the Snows'.<ref name="Duel in the Snows">{{cite book |last1=Allen |first1=Charles |title=Duel in the Snows |date=2004 |publisher=John Murray |location=London |isbn=0719554276 |pages=73, 78, 88–89, 163, 230–232, 236, 292 |edition=1 |ref=1}}</ref>

'A Footnote' gained gratitude from Younghusband's wife, Lady Helen Augusta Younghusband, who wrote "I shall never forget my delight in this blessed Blackwood, sent to me anonymously in 1935. We never saw the author, but I wrote to him through the publishers to tell him what this charming appreciation has meant to me. H. A. Y."<ref name="Younghusband private papers">{{cite web |last1=Younghusband |first1=Francis |title=Younghusband private papers |url=https://searcharchives.bl.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/search.do?fn=search&ct=search&initialSearch=true&mode=Basic&tab=local&indx=1&dum=true&srt=rank&vid=IAMS_VU2&frbg=&vl%28freeText0%29=Mss+Eur+F197%2F527&scp.scps=scope%3A%28BL%29 |website=British Library / National Archive |access-date=21 February 2023}}</ref>

"A Border Affair" describes an expedition across the Assam jungles to investigate reports of Chinese activity on the Northern border. They find an isolated garrison, and a notice in Chinese - this is the limit of the Celestial Empire. The garrison is starving and demoralised - they are taken back to British headquarters, and given a passage by ship back to China.

"The Silver Hand of Alexander" - a remarkable, though speculative, account of factors in the [[Arthur Conolly|Conolly]] and [[Charles Stoddart|Stoddart]] affair, based on archives of [[Great Game|The Great Game]] that Bethell had been given access to. The title refers to a silver replica of the hand of [[Alexander the Great|Alexander]] - almost the only successful conqueror of Afghanistan and other Islamist Khanates of the area, where his name still carries respect.

'''Volume 3 : ''Tales of the Border'':''' 
"Retaliation" - a story of revenge in the Pathan community, as narrated to Bethell.

'''Volume 8 : ''Jungle Tales'':''' 
"Lost Sepoys" - told against the background of the Lakhimpur Military Police restoring order in the jungle after the Abor Expedition withdrew. Two soldiers go hunting and fail to return at nightfall. As the search parties go to sleep on the last night of their search, they hear the extraordinary, almost human wailing of a chorus of jackals. A sound they have never heard before in that part of the jungle. The remains of the two Gurkhas are found some months later, only yards from where the searchers were looking for them.

"Highbrows and Lowbrows" - a fictionalised version of the Abor expedition which Bethell was part of. Names and details are altered, but it seems probable that Dr Gregorson ("Grant" in the story) – is from life. Bethell blames his ethnographical inquiries for the incomprehension and hostility arising between explorers and tribesmen, and the consequent volatile situation.
The most singular incident - of the colours on the envelopes being the cause of the massacre, and hence the resulting punitive expedition - accords with the historical accounts of the time.<ref name="In Abor Jungles">{{cite book |last1=Hamilton |first1=Angus |title=In Abor Jungles |date=1912 |publisher=G. Bell & Sons, Ltd. |location=London |pages=58, 166 |edition=1st (photo reprint)}}</ref>
The conclusion of the story - which is not historical - gives Bethell's imagined view of how the Abor expedition should have been run.

Bethell says in his opening paragraph that his story brings cause and effect into closer relationship than occurred in real life, and that he does not use real names - "so it is useless, after all these years, to try to identify the people who walk through these pages"

"Movable Columns" - Strategy in jungle warfare, in particular the work by the Assam Military Police – of which Bethell was Assistant Commandant – to normalise relations with the tribes following the withdrawal of the Abor expedition. Bethell himself was on the Abor expedition, whose methods he criticises – thus his preference for writing under a pseudonym.

'''Volume 11 : ''From Strange Places'':''' 
"Eldorado Unlimited" - An economic history of India from the first opening of the sea route to Bombay onwards. A mixture of official facts and figures blended with Bethell's own experiences and anecdotes of India.

'''Volume 12 : ''In Lighter Vein'':''' 
"Weights and Scales" - A fishing holiday in happy mood, somewhere in the Punjab, on a river where the foothills of the Himalayas are visible in the distance. Bethell catches a huge mahseer with much-needed help from two Indian boys – the sons of his shikari.

"A Rapid Survey" - An adventure down an unexplored jungle river in a [[Berthon Boat|Berthon boat]]. The boat holds up well given its construction, but is broken as they cross their third rapids.
Bethell mentions this story in his letters, and makes it clear that real events have been extended and amplified for the purpose of the story. He says that F. M. Bailey was one of the people with him – named 'Baird' in the story.

"Fiat Experimentum" - After a rabies cure at the Pasteur Institute, Bethell uses the rest of his leave to stay on and look over the various experiments and researches in progress at the institute.

"Experiments in the Primitive" - Among Blackwoods articles not published in 'Tales from the Outposts', this attracted critical interest. Zarif, in his book, 'Two Months Leave',<ref name="Zarif">{{cite journal |last1=Zarif |title=Two Month's Leave |journal=The Cavalry Journal |date=1933}}</ref> says 'This was an excellent article, covering entirely new ground, in which the author showed, for the first time, probably, in the history of shikar, that there is a definite peculiar influence which man exerts over animals. There is some form of mental "telepathy" which, if a man sits waiting patiently, murder in his heart, to shoot an animal, seems to warn that animal, who probably never appears". F. W. Champion in 'The Jungle in Sunlight and Shadow' <ref name="Champion">{{cite book |last1=Champion |first1=F. W. |title=The Jungle in Sunlight and Shadow |date=1933 |publisher=Chatto and Windus |location=London |page=197 |edition=1st}}</ref> summarises - 'He (Bethell) had been watching some of these magnificent wild sheep at rather long range for hours on end waiting for a chance to shoot. At long last he decided to risk the shot, and, simultaneously with his decision, the three Ammon, which had paid no attention to him all day, jumped to their feet, fully alert, even though he had not made the slightest sound or movement'.

'Anyhow, whatever theories people may have about this, we do all of us owe a debt of gratitude to "Forepoint Severn" for his courage in being the first to bring to light what must, after all, have seemed at first sight to be a crazy theory.'

'''''His Majesty's Shirt Sleeves'',''' (as Pousse Cailloux). Blackwood, Edinburgh and London, 1930.

A collection of short stories, many of them later republished in 'Tales from the Outposts'.

'''''The Garden of the Hesperides'',''' (as Forepoint Severn). Blackwood, Edinburgh and London, 1936.

A collection of short stories, including

''Adedoids'', which refers to [[Frederick Marshman Bailey]]'s under cover activities in what was to become Soviet Central Asia. Bailey was a master of disguise. He joined the Soviet Secret Police and was assigned to a mission to find an undercover British secret agent - who was himself! Luckily, the mission was not a success.<ref name="A Visit to Bokhara in 1919">{{cite journal |last1=Bailey |first1=Frederick Marshman |title=A Visit to Bokhara in 1919 |journal=The Geographical Journal |date=February 1921 |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=75–87|doi=10.2307/1781557 |jstor=1781557 |bibcode=1921GeogJ..57...75B }}</ref><ref name="Mission to Tashkent">{{cite book |last1=Bailey |first1=Frederick Marshman |title=Mission to Tashkent |date=2002 |publisher=Oxford |location=Oxford |isbn=9780192803870 |edition=1}}</ref> In this story, Bailey is referred to under the pseudonym 'Barclay' as Bethell makes clear in his letter to Bailey, 8 November 1934<ref name="Letters from Leonard Arthur Bethell" />

''Adedoids'' also includes an eyewitness account of the [[Jallianwala Bagh massacre]], as related to Bethell by an Indian friend of his who lived in a house overlooking the square. Bethell was at that time with the 4th Gurkhas in what is now Pakistan. Bethell concludes from their discussion that the primary incitement to a potential riot was by a renegade British officer - a deserter already known to Bethell from his time in Assam.

''The Bat Artist'', describes a hunting and trekking holiday in the previously Austrian [[South Tyrol]], recently taken over by Italy in boundary changes following the First World War. The holiday is organised by Bethell, who has bought a small mountain estate there. The political situation in the area is tense, with the rise of Fascism in neighbouring Italy. One of the party turns up very late, having been detained by bureaucratic and political obstructions entering the area. Among other events, he has had a meeting with [[Adolf Hitler]]. As often happens in Bethell's stories, the identity of this member of the party, who is sympathetic to Hitler's views, is covered by a pseudonym - "Brodie" - the 'Bat artist'. (An older term for insanity - cf 'bats in the belfry'. or 'batty')

'''''The Blind Road'',''' (as Forepoint Severn). Blackwood, Edinburgh and London, 1938.

Describes a year-long expedition through unexplored and uncharted jungles of northern Assam to assess invasion routes from China, and possibly to discover what had happened to a lone British explorer travelling incognito, and gathering intelligence, in China and Sikkim.<ref name="China-Tibet-Assam : a journey, 1911">{{cite book |last1=Bailey |first1=Frederick Marshman |title=China-Tibet-Assam : a journey, 1911 |date=1945 |publisher=Jonathan Cape |location=London |edition=1st}}</ref> Bethell knows him from the Tibet Mission. He names him 'Drummond' - in fact a pseudonym for [[Frederick Marshman Bailey]]. As he states in his letter to Bailey "there are bound to be a number of people who will be able to identify 'Drummond' with F. M. Bailey".<ref name="Letters from Leonard Arthur Bethell">{{cite web |last1=Bailey |first1=Frederick Marshman |title=Letters from Leonard Arthur Bethell |url=https://searcharchives.bl.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/search.do?fn=search&ct=search&initialSearch=true&mode=Basic&tab=local&indx=1&dum=true&srt=rank&vid=IAMS_VU2&frbg=&vl%28freeText0%29=Mss+Eur+F157%2F228&scp.scps=scope%3A%28BL%29 |website=British Library / National Archive |access-date=21 February 2023}}</ref>

("Drummond" is taken from Bailey's home street in Edinburgh.)

[[File:Card to Mrs. Bailey 2.jpg|thumb|Post card to Mrs. Bailey, mother of Frederick Bailey]]
The party, led by Bethell, struggle against multiple obstacles – eaten alive by [[leeches]], throwing rope bridges across river gorges, scrambling along sheer rocks by the side of a river as their only means of progress, and cutting a weary way through dense belts of bamboo forest. Reaching the northern limit of their journey, they assess that any invasion through that route would be as doomed as they have been but they rescue 'Drummond' whom they find destitute and half-starved in a cave.

The story is based on Bethell's diary of the year, and includes many evocative and atmospheric diversions into the life of the jungle, the tribes, the little understood tribal rituals of birth and death.
{{quote box
|width=35em
|quote="At evening, the ancient would be nodding drowsily over the fire; by morning, his place empty; and nobody would ask where he had gone. They knew. For his last remaining strength would have carried him slowly and through days of travel to the silent tarn. And there, silent, wretched, he would creep out along the spit of land between the two arms of the black water, out to the tip of the land, and there build himself a last oblation to the unknown. One visualised the awful loneliness, with no man or woman to give him courage for the last ordeal, hold his hand, even bid him farewell, as he faced the ghouls pressing in on him. With, in all probability, his lifetime's first genuine prayer, he would lay himself down, his hands outstretched to the sacrifice that bridged his dying life to an unknown and dark eternity. And so, at length, pass over. 
Bailey and I turned away, pursued by the creepiness of our own imaginings, and climbed gladly to the men once more. Till camp that evening, I never heard a voice raised or a word said.
"<ref name="The Blind Road">{{cite book |last1=Severn |first1=Forepoint |title=The Blind Road |date=1938 |publisher=Blackwoods |location=Edinburgh and London |pages=306, 377 |edition=1st}}</ref>
}}

Travelling back, when crucial parts of the food ration are stolen by the jungle tribes, one of the guards on the food store is suspected of complicity. Summary execution is considered, but commuted until they get back to HQ - 'Hodiya' in the story, Sadiya in fact. Half-starved and in rags they do get back home - the death sentence is reprieved.

'The Blind Road' received favourable critical reviews - the Observer of 1939, for example, writing "Until this book of Forepoint Severn's the North East Frontier has lacked its [[Herodotus]] and [[Xenophon]], its [[Robert Louis Stevenson|Stevenson]] and [[Jules Verne|Verne]]. Now we have a man's tale which for vivid incident and descriptive power is likely to be long without a rival. On to his personal knowledge of the grim borderland north of Assam the author has grafted a thrilling and fascinating tale."<ref name="Observer review">{{cite news |last1=Whitton |first1=F. E. |title=The Other Frontier |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-observer/123313790/ |access-date=12 May 2023 |work=The Observer |publisher=Guardian Media Group |date=1939-07-23}}</ref>

== Friendship with Frederick Marshman Bailey ==

{{see also|Frederick Marshman Bailey}}

[[File:FM Bailey, Tibet 1904 - Younghusband Expedition.jpg|thumb|FM Bailey, Tibet 1904 - Younghusband Expedition]]

[[File:Bethell Bailey letters-example.jpg|thumb|Sample letter from Leonard Arthur Bethell to Frederick M. Bailey]]

Bethell and Bailey were on the Younghusband Expedition together, shared a tent and shared the privations of that expedition. "In that first winter - indeed, throughout the expedition except during the two months of summer - personal cleanliness went by default. Had there been fuel enough to spare for hot water, the bath would have suffered the same fate as the teacup." (frozen instantly). "There was no shaving, and a most atrocious beard disguised everybody. A change of underwear became a risky adventure, rarely to be indulged in; and since going to bed involved only the addition of more clothing to that of the day, the matter was steadily overlooked"<ref name="Tales from the Outposts - frontiers">{{cite book |last1=Cailloux |first1=Pousse |title=Frontiers of Empire |date=1932 |publisher=Blackwoods |location=Edinburgh and London |page=37 |edition=1st}}</ref>

Bailey was a secret agent in China and Central Asia during the same era as Bethell was working in Assam - effectively playing his part in '[[Great Game|The Great Game]]', countering Russian influence on India's northern border. A friendship developed between the two, and later included their families as well, sharing holidays and visits together. They remained friends for years, and a long correspondence from 1915 to 1938 is held in the National Archive.<ref name="Letters from Leonard Arthur Bethell" /><ref name="Bathell letters pdf">{{cite web |last1=Bethell |first1=Leonard |title=Letters from Leonard Arthur Bethell |url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Letters_to_Frederick_Marshman_Bailey |website=Wikimedia Commons |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation |access-date=12 November 2023}}</ref> (The letters from Bethell were archived by Bailey, but not his own replies to them.)

Bethell used the adventures and travels of Bailey in several of his stories, most notably 'The Blind Road'. The correspondence between the two came to an end after publication of 'The Blind Road'. The last two letters from Bethell both ask for comments on 'The Blind Road', but he evidently did not receive any. There was a conflict of interest, as Bailey was planning his own memoirs at the time.<ref name="Letters from Leonard Arthur Bethell" />

== Retirement and death ==

[[File:New Clan Sale 1936.jpg|thumb|left|New Clan Sale particulars, 1936]]

In a letter 27 December 1935<ref name="Letters from Leonard Arthur Bethell" /> Bethell announced that, with regret, he was selling their house in Dorking, New Clan House, and moving to a serviced flat in London, in [[Hillfield Court]], [[Belsize Avenue]]. This, he said, was part of his retirement plan - relieving him of the many responsibilities of looking after a large house. It also simplified his travel to [[Blackwood's Magazine|Blackwoods]], where he was working full time - in fact, he used Paternoster Row as his correspondence address in some of the letters to Bailey.

He wrote of 'The Blind Road' at Hillfield - "Looking back on it now from the thickly carpeted dullness of an ultra-modern London flat, the policeman round the corner, and the din of motors and mechanised music everywhere, one discovers that there was a definite elation in that interminable period of starvation and uncertainty,"<ref name="The Blind Road" />

At the outbreak of the [[Second World War]], he would have been 60. He volunteered, and served as a translator, and a [[Home Guard (United Kingdom)|Home Guard]] officer in [[Liverpool]].<ref name="Liverpool Home Guard">{{cite web |last1=Liverpool |first1=Police |title=Warrant card |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Leonard_Arthur_Bethell_Home_Guard_Liverpool.jpg |website=Wikimedia Commons |date=26 July 2023 |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation |access-date=29 July 2023}}</ref>

On the night of Sunday December 29, 1940, [[Blackwood's Magazine|Blackwoods]] head office in [[Paternoster Row]] was completely destroyed in World War II bombing raids. His wife died on the same day,<ref name="Winifred Bethell probate" /> and his son had died at Dunkirk earlier in the same year.

Bethell did not publish anything after 'The Blind Road' in 1938: if he was working on anything further it may have been lost in the bombing.

After the war he moved to Hodne Farm, Buckley, in the [[Ludlow]] district of [[Shropshire]], and took to walking in the Welsh Hills. Later he moved to a cottage - The Warren, Clun Road, [[Clunton]], [[Craven Arms]] - with Doris Ball, who had been his neighbour at Hodne Farm.<ref name="Leonard Doris residence">{{cite web |last1=Shropshire Council |title=Shropshire residence records |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Doris_Ball,_Leonard_Bethell_Shropshire_census_records_1947_-_50.pdf |website=Wikimedia Commons |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation |access-date=11 January 2025}}</ref> (Doris's husband Frederick had left her, and gone to America in 1924).<ref name="Frederick Ball USA">{{cite web |last1=US Government |title=Frederick Ball in USA |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:James_Frederick_Ball_move_to_USA.pdf |website=Wikimedia Commons |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation |access-date=11 January 2025}}</ref>

Doris and Leonard remained together until Leonard died in December 1950. He left his estate to Doris<ref name="LA Bethell Probate record" /> and is buried at [[St Swithun's Church, Clunbury]].<ref name="Burial record">{{cite web |last1=Bethell |first1=Leonard |title=Burial record |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Leonard_Arthur_Bethell_Burial_record_Clunbury_Church_1950.jpg |website=Wikimedia Commons |date=4 October 2023 |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation |access-date=4 October 2023}}</ref>
[[File:Resting place, between the two headstones, Clunbury church yard.jpg|thumb|Leonard Bethell's resting place, between the two headstones, Clunbury church yard.]]

== Aliases of people and place names ==
Bethell often covers true stories with aliases and altered names some of which are listed below: 
"Drummond" = Frederick Marshman Bailey 
"Barclay" = Frederick Marshman Bailey 
"Dr Grant" = Dr Gregorson (of the Abor expedition) 
"Pardon-Howe" = Mr. W. C. M. Dundas, Political Officer at Sadiya 
"Hodiya" = Sadiya . 
"Push" = Leonard Bethell

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/5260559e-a950-4a92-bee1-5882ee5513a4 Lt-Col Leonard Arthur Bethell (1879–1950), Indian Army 1899]
* [[The Gurkha Museum|The Gurkha Museum, Winchester]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bethell, Leonard Arthur}}
[[Category:1879 births]]
[[Category:1950 deaths]]
[[Category:Younghusband family]]
[[Category:People educated at Ampleforth College]]
[[Category:1930s in literature]]
[[Category:20th-century British short story writers]]
[[Category:History of Assam]]
[[Category:British Army personnel of the Second Boer War]]
[[Category:British Indian Army officers]]
[[Category:British military personnel of the British expedition to Tibet]]
[[Category:Indian Army personnel of World War I]]
[[Category:British military personnel of the Third Anglo-Afghan War]]
[[Category:British Home Guard officers]]
[[Category:British male short story writers]]
[[Category:Gurkhas]]
[[Category:Officers of the Order of the British Empire]]

Tamil Nadu Legislative Council

2026-03-15T15:59:05Z

CRVMargarette:

{{Short description|Defunct upper house in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = Tamil Nadu Legislative Council
| transcription_name = Tamiḻnāṭu saṭṭa Mēlavai
| coa_pic = TamilNadu Logo.svg
| house_type = [[Upper house]]
| term_limits = 6 years
| legislature = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| established = 1861
| disbanded = 1986
| members = '''78'''
| voting_system1 = [[Proportional representation]], [[First past the post]] and Nominations
| session_room = Fort St. George, Chennai 2.jpg
| meeting_place = [[Fort St. George]] {{coord|13.081539|80.285718|display=inline,title}}
}}

'''Tamil Nadu Legislative Council''' was the [[upper house]] of the former [[bicameral]] [[Tamil Nadu Legislature|legislature]] of the [[India]]n state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. It began its existence as '''Madras Legislative Council''', the first provincial legislature for [[Madras Presidency]]. It was initially created as an advisory body in 1861, by the [[British Raj|British colonial government]]. It was established by the [[Indian Councils Act 1861]] ([[24 & 25 Vict.]] c. 67), enacted in the British parliament in the aftermath of the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]. Its role and strength were later expanded by the [[Indian Councils Act 1892]] ([[55 & 56 Vict.]] c. 14). Limited election was introduced in 1909. The council became a [[unicameral]] legislative body in 1921 and eventually the upper chamber of a [[bicameral]] legislature in 1937. After India became [[Indian independence movement|independent]] in 1947, it continued to be the upper chamber of the legislature of [[Madras State]], one of the successor states to the Madras Presidency. It was renamed as the Tamil Nadu Legislative Council when the state was renamed as [[Tamil Nadu]] in 1969. The council was abolished by the [[M. G. Ramachandran]] administration on 1 November 1986. In 1989, 1996 and 2010, the DMK regime headed by [[M. Karunanidhi]] tried to revive the council. The former AIADMK regime (2016–2021) expressed its intention not to revive the council and passed a resolution in the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] in this regard.

==History and evolution==

===Origin===
{{see also |Indian Councils Act 1861|Madras Legislative Council (1861–91)}}

The first [[Indian Councils Act 1861]] set up the Madras Legislative Council as an advisory body through which the colonial administration obtained advice and assistance. The act empowered the provincial governor to nominate four non-English Indian members to the council for the first time. Under the act, the nominated members were allowed to move their own bills and vote on bills introduced in the council. However, they were not allowed to question the executive, move resolutions or examine the budget. Also they could not interfere with the laws passed by the Central Legislature. The governor was also the president of the council and he had complete authority over when, where and how long to convene the council and what to discuss. Two members of his Executive Council and the Advocate-General of Madras were also allowed to participate and vote in the council. The Indians nominated under this act were mostly [[zamindar]]s and ''[[ryotwari]]'' landowners, who often benefited from their association with the colonial government. Supportive members were often re-nominated for several terms. [[G. N. Ganapathy Rao]] was nominated eight times, [[Humayun Jah Bahadur]] was a member for 23 years, [[T. Rama Rao]] and [[P. Chentsal Rao]] were members for six years each. Other prominent members during the period included [[V. Bhashyam Aiyengar]], [[S. Subramania Iyer]] and [[C. Sankaran Nair]]. The council met infrequently and in some years (1874 and 1892) was not convened even once. The maximum of number of times it met in a year was eighteen. The governor preferred to convene the council at his summer retreat [[Udhagamandalam]], much to the displeasure of the Indian members. The few times when the council met, it was for only a few hours with bills and resolutions being rushed through.<ref name="Krishnaswamy">{{cite book | title=The role of Madras Legislature in the freedom struggle, 1861-1947| author=S. Krishnaswamy| year=1989| pages=5–70, 72–83| publisher=People's Pub. House (New Delhi) }}</ref>

===Expansion===
{{See also|Madras Legislative Council (1891–1909)}}
{| class="wikitable" style="float:left; margin-right:1em"
|+ Council meetings during 1891-1909<ref name="Krishnaswamy"/>
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=center valign=top|Years
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=center|No of Days
|-
|align=left| 1906
|align=center| 2
|-
|align=left| 1897,1901
|align=center| 3
|-
|align=left| 1894,1907
|align=center| 4
|-
|align=left| 1896,1898,1909
|align=center| 5
|-
|align=left| 1899, 1902, 1903, 1904
|align=center| 6
|-
|align=left| 1900
|align=center| 7
|-
|align=left| 1895,1905
|align=center| 8
|-
|align=left| 1893
|align=center| 9
|}
In 1892, the role of the Council was expanded by the [[Indian Councils Act 1892]]. The act increased the number of additional members of the council to a maximum of 20, of whom not more than nine had to be officials. The act introduced the method of election for the council, but did not mention word "election" explicitly. The elected members were officially called as "nominated" members and their method of election was described as "recommendation". Such "recommendations" were made by district boards, universities, municipalities and other associations. The term of the members was fixed at two years. The council could also discuss the annual financial statement and ask questions subject to certain limitations.<ref name="tnassembly"/> Thirty eight Indian members were "nominated" in the eight elections during 1893-1909 when this Act was in effect. [[C. Jambulingam Mudaliar]], [[N. Subba Rao Pantulu]], [[P. Kesava Pillai]] and [[C. Vijayaraghavachariar]] representing southern group of district boards, [[Kruthiventi Perraju Pantulu]] of the northern group of municipalities, [[C. Sankaran Nair]] and [[P. Rangaiah Naidu]] from the Corporation of Madras and [[P. S. Sivaswami Iyer]], [[V. Krishnaswamy Iyer]] and [[M. Krishnan Nair (politician)|M. Krishnan Nair]] from the University of Madras were some of the active members.<ref name="Krishnaswamy"/> However, over a period of time, representation by Indian members dwindled, for example, the position of Bashyam Iyengar and Sankaran Nayar in 1902 was occupied by Acworth and Sir George Moore.<ref>{{cite book | title=Madras Legislative Council; Its constitution and working between 1861 and 1909| author=K. C. Markandan| year=1964| pages=76| publisher=S. Chand & CO}}</ref> The council did not meet more than nine days in a year during the time the act was in effect.<ref name="Krishnaswamy"/>

===Further expansion===
{| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left:1em"
|+ Constituencies that elected members (1909–19)<ref name="Krishnaswamy"/>
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=center valign=top|Constituency
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=center|No of Members
|-
|align=left| District boards and Municipalities
|align=center| 10
|-
|align=left| University of Madras
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=left| South India Chamber of Commerce
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=left| Madras Traders Association
|align=center| 1
|-
|align=left| Zamindars
|align=center| 2
|-
|align=left| Large landholders
|align=center| 3
|-
|align=left| Muslims
|align=center| 2
|-
|align=left| Planters
|align=center| 1
|}
The [[Indian Councils Act 1909]] (popularly called as "Minto-Morley Reforms"), officially introduced the method of electing members to the Council. But it did not provide for direct election of the members. It abolished automatic official (executive) majorities in the Council and gave its members the power to move resolutions upon matters of general public interest and the budget and also to ask supplementary questions.<ref name="tnassembly"/> There were a total of 21 elected members and 21 nominated members. The Act allowed up to 16 nominated members to be official and the remaining five were required to be non-officials. The Governor was also authorised to nominate two experts whenever necessary. As before, the Governor, his two executive council members and the Advocate-General were also members of the Council. [[P. Kesava Pillai]], [[A. S. Krishna Rao]], [[N. Krishnaswami Iyengar]], [[B. N. Sarma]], [[B. V. Narasimha Iyer]], [[K. Perraju Pantulu]], [[T. V. Seshagiri Iyer]], [[P. Siva Rao]], [[V. S. Srinivasa Sastri]], [[Theagaroya Chetty|P. Theagaraya Chetty]] and [[Yakub Hasan Sait]] were among the active members.

===Diarchy (1920–37)===
{{see also|Government of India Act 1919|Diarchy in Madras Presidency}}
Based on the recommendations of the [[Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms|Montague-Chelmsford]] report, the [[Government of India Act 1919]] was enacted. The act enlarged the provincial legislative councils and increased the strength of elected members to be greater than that of nominated and official members. It introduced a system of [[dyarchy]] in the Provinces. Although this act brought about representative government in India, the Governor was empowered with overriding powers. It classified the subjects as belonging to either the Centre or the Provinces. The [[Governor-General of India|Governor General]] could override any law passed by the Provincial councils. It brought about the concept of "Partial Responsible Government" in the provinces. Provincial subjects were divided into two categories - reserved and transferred. Education, Sanitation, Local self-government, Agriculture and Industries were listed as the transferred subjects. Law, Finance, Revenue and Home affairs were the reserved subjects. The provincial council could decide the budget in so far it related to the transferred subjects. Executive machinery dealing with those subjects was placed under the direct control of provincial legislature. However, the provincial legislature and the ministers did not have any control over the reserved subjects, which came under the governor and his executive council.<ref name="Krishnaswamy" /><ref name="tnassembly">{{cite web |url= http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/history/history.htm|title= The State Legislature - Origin and Evolution|access-date=17 December 2009|publisher= [[Tamil Nadu]] Government}}</ref><ref name="legislatures">{{cite web |url=http://legislativebodiesinindia.gov.in/States/tamilnadu/tamilnadu-w.htm|title= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly |access-date=17 December 2009|publisher=Government of India}}</ref><ref name="rajaraman1">{{cite book | title=The Justice Party: a historical perspective, 1916-37| last=Rajaraman| first=P. | year=1988| pages=206| publisher=Poompozhil Publishers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GGMmAAAAMAAJ}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left:1em"
|+ Councils under dyarchy
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=center valign=top|Council
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=center|Term
|-
|First
|17 December 1920 – 11 September 1923
|-
|Second
|26 November 1923 – 7 November 1926
|-
|Third
|November 1926 - October 1930
|-
|Fourth
|October 1930 - November 1934
|-
|Fifth
|November 1934 - January 1937
|}

The council had a total of 127 members in addition to the [[Ex officio member|''ex-officio'' members]] of the Governor's Executive Council. Out of the 127, 98 were elected from 61 constituencies of the presidency. The constituencies comprised three arbitrary divisions:
# communal constituencies such as non-Muhammadan urban, non-Muhammadan rural, non-Brahman urban, [[Islam in India|Mohamaddan]] urban, Mohamaddan rural, Indian Christian, European and Anglo-Indian
# special constituencies such as landholders, Universities, planters and trade associations (South India Chamber of Commerce & Nattukottai Nagarathar Association) and
# territorial constituencies.

28 of the constituencies were reserved for non-[[Brahmin|Brahmans]]. 29 members were nominated, out of whom a maximum of 19 would be government officials, 5 would represent the [[Paraiyar]], [[Pallar]], [[Valluvar]], [[Mala (caste)|Mala]], [[Madiga]], [[Sakkiliar]], Thottiyar, Cheruman and [[Pulayar|Holeya]] communities and 1 would represent the "backward tracts". Including the Executive Council members, the total strength of the legislature was 134.<ref name="Krishnaswamy"/><ref name="tnassembly"/><ref name="legislatures"/><ref name="act1919">{{cite book | title=The Govt of India ACT 1919 Rules Thereunder and Govt Reports 1920| first=H.N.|last=Mithra| year=2009| pages=186–199| publisher=BiblioBazaar|isbn=978-1-113-74177-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aw5r4QyRijMC&pg=RA2-PA186}}</ref>

The [[1920 Madras Presidency legislative council election|first election]] for the Madras Legislative Council, under this act was held in November 1920. The first sitting of the council was inaugurated by the [[Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn|Duke of Connaught]] on 12 January 1921. In total, five such councils were constituted (in 1920, [[1923 Madras Presidency legislative council election|23]], [[1926 Madras Presidency legislative council election|26]], [[1930 Madras Presidency legislative council election|30]] and [[1934 Madras Presidency legislative council election|34]]). The term of the councils was three years (except for the fourth council which was extended for a year in expectation of abolition of dyarchy ). While the first, second and fourth councils were controlled by [[Justice Party (India)|Justice Party]] majorities, the third Council was characterised by a fractured verdict and an [[P. Subbarayan#As Chief Minister of Madras Presidency|independent ministry]]. The fifth council also saw a fractured verdict and a minority Justice government.<ref name="tnassembly"/><ref name="rajaraman2"/>

===Provincial autonomy (1937–50)===


{| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left:1em"
|+ Breakdown of seats<ref name="tnassembly"/><ref name="Gov">{{cite web |url=http://legislativebodiesinindia.gov.in/States/tamilnadu/tamilnadu-w.htm |title=Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly |access-date=25 November 2009 |publisher=Indian Government}}</ref>
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=center valign=top|Group
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=center|Seats
|-
|General
|35
|-
|Mohammadans ([[Muslims]])
|7
|-
|Indian Christians
|3
|-
|Europeans
|1
|-
|Nominated by Governor
|8-10
|-
|'''Total'''
|'''54-56'''
|}
The [[Government of India Act 1935|Government of India Act of 1935]] abolished dyarchy and ensured provincial autonomy. It created a [[bicameralism|bicameral]] legislature in the Madras province. The Legislature consisted of the Governor and two Legislative bodies - a [[Tamil Nadu legislative assembly|Legislative Assembly]] and a Legislative Council. The Assembly consisted of 215 members, who were further classified into general members and reserved members representing special communities and interests.<ref name="tnassembly" /><ref name="Christopher Baker"/> The Council consisted of a minimum of 54 and a maximum of 56 members. It was a permanent body not subject to dissolution by the Governor and one-third of its members retired every three years. 46 of its members were elected directly by the electorate while the Governor could nominate 8 to 10 members. Similar to the council, the electable members were further classified into general and reserved members. Specific number of seats were reserved (allocated) to various religious and ethnic groups. The Act provided for a limited adult franchise based on property qualifications.<ref name="low">{{Cite book| last =Low| first =David Anthony| title =Eclipse of empire| publisher =Cambridge University Press| year = 1993| pages = 154| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=QBaYddlnKBEC&pg=PA154 |isbn=978-0-521-45754-5}}</ref> Seven million people, roughly 15% of the Madras people holding land or paying urban taxes were qualified to be the electorate.<ref name="Christopher Baker">{{Citation| last = Christopher Baker| title = The Congress at the 1937 Elections in Madras| journal = Modern Asian Studies| volume = 10| issue = 4| pages = 557–589| year = 1976| jstor = 311763| doi=10.1017/s0026749x00014967| s2cid = 144054002}}</ref> Under this Act, two councils were constituted - the first in [[1937 Madras Presidency legislative council election|1937]] and the second in [[1946 Madras Presidency legislative assembly election|1946]]. Both Councils were controlled by [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] majorities.

===In Republic of India (1950–86)===
{{see also|Vidhan Parishad}}
After India became [[Indian independence movement|independent]] in 1947 and the [[Constitution of India|Indian Constitution]] was adopted in 1950, the Legislative Council continued to be the upper chamber of the legislature of the [[Madras State]] - the successor to Madras Presidency. It continued to be called as the "Madras Legislative Council". The Council was a permanent body and was not subject to dissolution. The length of a member's term was six years and one-third of the members retired every two years. The strength of the Council was not less than 40 or more than one-third of the strength of the Assembly. The following table illustrates how the members of Council were selected:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Proportion
! Method of Selection
|-
| One-sixth (1/6th)
| Nominated by the Governor on the advice of the cabinet. They were supposed to have excelled in fields like arts, science, literature, cooperative movement or social service
|-
| One-third (1/3rd)
| Elected by the members of the Legislative Assembly by [[proportional representation]] using the [[Single Transferable Vote|Single Transferable Vote System]]
|-
| One-third (1/3rd)
| Elected by the members of local self governmental bodies like [[Municipal corporation|corporations]], [[Municipality|municipalities]] and district boards.
|-
| One-twelfth (1/12th)
| Elected by an electorate consisting of electors who have held Graduate degrees for a minimum of three years
|-
| One-twelfth (1/12th)
| Elected by an electorate consisting of teachers of secondary schools, colleges and universities with a minimum experience of three years
|}

The actual strength of the council varied from time to time. During 1952–53, it had a strength of 72. After the formation of [[Andhra State|Andhra]] state on 1 October 1953, its strength came down to 51. In 1956 it decreased to 50 and the next year increased again to 63 - where it remained till the council's abolition. Of those 63, local bodies and the assembly elected 21 each, the teachers and graduates elected 6 each and the remaining 9 were nominated.<ref name="revival"/> The Council could not pass legislation on its own - it had to approve or disapprove the laws passed by the Assembly. In case of conflict between the Council and the Assembly, the will of the later would prevail.<ref name="darpan">{{Citation| title =Public Administration Special| journal = [[Pratiyogita Darpan]] | volume =2| issue = 22| pages = 60| year = 2008| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=UugDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PT60| last1 = Darpan | first1 = Pratiyogita }}</ref><ref name="sharma">{{Cite book| last =Sharma| first =B. K.| title =Introduction to the Constitution of India| publisher =PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd| year = 2007| pages = 207–218| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=srDytmFE3KMC&pg=PA207 |isbn=978-81-203-3246-1}}</ref> When Madras state was renamed as [[Tamil Nadu]] in 1968,<ref name="hindu4">{{cite news
| title = C. N. Annadurai: a timeline
| work = [[The Hindu]]
| publisher = [[The Hindu Group]]
| date = 15 September 2009
}}</ref> the name of the council also changed to "Tamil Nadu Legislative Council".

==Abolition==
The legislative council was abolished in 1986 by the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK) government of [[M. G. Ramachandran]] (MGR). MGR had nominated a [[Tamil Cinema|Tamil film]] actress, [[Vennira Aadai Nirmala|''Vennira Aadai'' Nirmala]] (aka A. B. Shanthi) to the Council. Her swearing in ceremony was scheduled for 23 April 1986. Nirmala had earlier declared insolvency and according to Article 102-(1)(c) of the Indian Constitution, an insolvent person can not serve as a member of parliament or state legislature. On 21 April, a lawyer named S. K. Sundaram, filed a public interest writ petition in the [[Madras High Court]] challenging Nirmala's nomination to the Council. MGR loaned Nirmala a sum of Rupees 4,65,000 from ADMK's party funds to pay off her creditors,<ref name="hindu2">{{cite web
| url = http://www.hinduonnet.com/2002/06/14/stories/2002061404130400.htm
| archive-url = https://archive.today/20130125130534/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2002/06/14/stories/2002061404130400.htm
| url-status = usurped
| archive-date = 25 January 2013
| title = Rs. 4.5 lakh-fine slapped on 'Vennira Aadai' Nirmala
| access-date = 23 December 2009
| work = [[The Hindu]]
| publisher = [[The Hindu Group]]
| date = 14 June 2002
}}</ref><ref name="hindu3">{{cite web
| url = http://www.hindu.com/2007/06/06/stories/2007060604680400.htm
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070608000850/http://www.hindu.com/2007/06/06/stories/2007060604680400.htm
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 8 June 2007
| title = Court imposes Rs. 4.65-lakh fine on Vennira Adai Nirmala
| access-date = 23 December 2009
| work = [[The Hindu]]
| publisher = [[The Hindu Group]]
| date = 6 June 2007
}}</ref> so that her insolvency declaration could be annulled. The same day, Nirmala's lawyer Subramaniam Pichai, was able to persuade judge Ramalingam to set aside her insolvency. He used a provision in the Section 31 of The Presidency Towns Insolvency Act of 1909, which allowed a judge to annul an insolvency retrospectively if all debts had been paid in full. This annulment made Nirmala's nomination valid and the writ petition against it was dismissed. However, Nirmala withdrew her nomination to the council. The Governor of Tamil Nadu, [[Sundar Lal Khurana]] asked MGR to explain how Nirmala's nomination was proposed without proper vetting. This incident caused an embarrassment to MGR. Then a rumor arose that President of the main opposition party and former Chief minister [[M Karunanidhi]], who was not an MLA at that time, planned to enter the legislative council, and trouble the Chief minister from both Houses in the Legislature, as the Chief Minister was a member of the Lower House. Following such unwanted events and miffed with rumors, MGR decided to abolish the council once for all.<ref name="rediff">{{cite web
| url = http://www.rediff.com/news/2006/may/24ptn.htm
| title = TN to get back Upper House
| access-date = 23 December 2009
| work = [[Rediff.com]]
| date = 24 May 2006
}}</ref><ref name="yahoo">{{cite web
| url = http://in.movies.yahoo.com/news-detail.html?news_id=20793
| title = Jayaprada's status as MP in jeopardy
| access-date = 23 December 2009
| author = indiaabroad
| work = [[Yahoo!]]
| date = 4 March 2009
}}</ref><ref name="galatta1">{{cite web
|url = http://www.galattaremovethis.com/community/blog_entry.php?user=randorguy&blogentry_id=5724
|title = Crime Writer's Casebook-ANJALI DEVI CASE-2
|access-date = 23 December 2009
|author = Randor Guy
|author-link = Randor Guy
|work = Galatta
|date = 17 March 2009
}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="galatta2">{{cite web
|url = http://galattaremovethis.com/community/blog_entry.php?user=randorguy&blogentry_id=5758
|title = Crime writer's casebook- Vennira Aadai Nirmala Case-2
|access-date = 23 December 2009
|author = Randor Guy
|author-link = Randor Guy
|work = Galatta
|date = 26 March 2009
}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="indiatoday">{{cite book
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=u-YOAQAAIAAJ&q=nirmala
| title = Council Caper
| access-date = 23 December 2009
| author = India Today, Vol 11
| work = [[India Today]]
| publisher = [[Living Media]]
| year = 1986
}}</ref>

On 14 May, a resolution seeking to abolish the council was moved successfully in the legislative assembly. The Tamil Nadu Legislative Council (Abolition) Bill, 1986 was passed by both houses of the Parliament and received the assent of the president on 30 August 1986. The Act came into force on 1 November 1986 and the council was abolished.<ref name="tnassembly"/>

==Revival attempt==
{{see also|List of Council constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}
The [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK) has so far made three unsuccessful attempts to revive the council. Revival of the Legislative Council was one of the promises included in the election manifesto of [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK) in the [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006 Assembly elections]]. The DMK won the 2006 assembly election and [[M. Karunanidhi]] became Chief minister. In his inaugural address to the 13th Legislative Assembly delivered on 24 May 2006, Governor [[Surjit Singh Barnala]] said steps will be taken to move the necessary constitutional amendments for reviving the council.<ref name="rediff"/> On 12 April 2010, the Legislative Assembly passed a resolution seeking to revive the Council.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/04/13/stories/2010041359680100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100414041839/http://www.hindu.com/2010/04/13/stories/2010041359680100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 April 2010|title= Assembly votes for Legislative Council |date=12 April 2010|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=13 April 2010}}</ref> The DMK's earlier attempts to revive the council, when it was in power during [[1989 Tamil Nadu legislative assembly election|1989–91]] and [[1996 Tamil Nadu legislative assembly election|1996-2001]] were not successful, as it did not possess both the two-thirds majority in the Legislative Assembly and a friendly [[Government of India|union government]] necessary for it to be done.<ref name="dna">{{cite web
| url = http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_tamil-nadu-to-have-upper-house_1031152
| title = Tamil Nadu to have Upper House
| access-date = 23 December 2009
| author = Arun Ram
| work = [[DNA (newspaper)|Daily News and Analysis]]
| publisher = Diligent Media Corporation
| date = 26 May 2006
}}</ref> On both occasions, the ADMK governments that followed the DMK governments passed counter resolutions to rescind them (in October 1991 and July 2001 respectively).<ref name="revival">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/article391271.ece|title=Legislative Council had chequered history |last=Ramakrishnan|first=T|date=8 April 2010|work=The Hindu|access-date=8 April 2010}}</ref> The Tamil Nadu Legislative Council Bill, 2010 was approved by the Indian cabinet on 4 May 2010<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Chennai/article421898.ece| title=Cabinet clears State Legislative Council proposal| work=The Hindu| date=4 May 2010| access-date=5 May 2010}}</ref> and was passed by both the houses of the Indian Parliament on 5th and 6th of May, 2010.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/article423517.ece| title=Parliament nod for Council Bill| work=The Hindu| date=6 May 2010| access-date=7 May 2010}}</ref> The Tamil Nadu Legislative Council Act, 2010 received the assent of President on 18 May 2010 and published on the same day. Accordingly, Constituencies for the new house were identified in September 2010.<ref>[http://www.elections.tn.nic.in/tnmlc/dcctno.pdf Delimitation of Council Constituencies (Tamil Nadu), Order 2010] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721175055/http://www.elections.tn.nic.in/tnmlc/dcctno.pdf |date=21 July 2011 }}</ref> Work on preparation of electoral rolls for them began in October 2010 and was completed by January 2011.<ref>{{cite news|title= Announcement on electoral roll revision |url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/10/24/stories/2010102454710500.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101028224616/http://www.hindu.com/2010/10/24/stories/2010102454710500.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 October 2010|access-date=27 October 2010|newspaper= [[The Hindu]] |date=24 October 2010}}</ref> However, in February 2011, the [[Supreme Court of India]] stayed the elections to the new council, till the petitions challenging its revival could be heard.<ref>{{cite news|title=SC stays TN council elections|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/SC-stays-TN-council-elections/articleshow/7542878.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104213623/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-02-22/chennai/28625017_1_legislative-council-council-elections-petitions|url-status=live|archive-date=4 November 2012|access-date=23 February 2011|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=22 February 2011}}</ref>

In the 2011 Assembly elections, the AIADMK came out with a sweeping majority. The AIADMK government headed by J.Jayalalithaa expressed its intention not to revive the council. The government once again passed a counter resolution to withdraw the attempt to revive the council.

As on now, despite the fact that there is a specific provision of a Legislative Council in Tamil Nadu in Article 168 of Constitution of India, there is no Legislative Council in Tamil Nadu for want of a resolution by the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly by majority as provided in Article 169 of Constitution of India.

==Location==
{{main|Fort St. George (India)}}

[[File:Fort St. George, Chennai 2.jpg|thumb|right|[[Fort St. George (India)|Fort St. George]] where the Tamil Nadu Legislature functioned for 60 years]]
[[File:Senate House Madras.jpg|right|thumb|225px|Senate House, Madras University]]
[[Fort St. George (India)|Fort St. George]] has historically been the seat of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] since colonial times. During 1921–37, the Madras Legislative Council met at the council chambers within the fort. Between 14 July 1937 – 21 December 1938, the assembly met at the [[Senate House (University of Madras)|Senate House]] of the [[University of Madras]] and between 27 January 1938 - 26 October 1939 in the Banqueting Hall (later renamed as [[Rajaji Hall]]) in the Government Estate complex at [[Mount Road]]. During 1946–52, it moved back to the Fort St. George. In 1952, the strength of the assembly rose to 375, after the constitution of the first legislative assembly, and it was briefly moved into temporary premises at the government estate complex. This move was made in March 1952, as the existing assembly building only had a seating capacity of 260. Then on 3 May 1952, it moved into the newly constructed assembly building in the same complex. The legislature functioned from the new building (later renamed as [[Kalaivanar Arangam]] during 1952–56. However, with the reorganisation of states and formation of Andhra, the strength came down to 190 and the legislature moved back to Fort St. George in 1956. From December 1956 till January 2010, the Fort remained the home to the legislature .<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-07-22/chennai/27930097_1_balar-arangam-police-station-building|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811081231/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-07-22/chennai/27930097_1_balar-arangam-police-station-building|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 August 2011|title=TN govt's new office complex faces flak|last=Karthikeyan|first=Ajitha |date=22 July 2008|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=11 February 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title= From Assembly to theatre |last=S. Muthiah |author-link=S. Muthiah |date=28 July 2008|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/archive/Resumes/review_01assly/ch02_05.pdf|title=A Review of the Madras Legislative Assembly (1952-1957) : Section I, Chapter 2|work=[[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]|access-date=11 February 2010}}</ref> In 2004, during the 12th assembly, the AIADMK Government under [[J. Jayalalithaa]] made unsuccessful attempts to shift the assembly (the council had been abolished by then), first to the location of Queen Mary's College and later to the [[Anna University]] campus, [[Guindy]]. Both attempts were withdrawn after public opposition.<ref name="tribune1">{{cite web|url=http://www.asiantribune.com/news/2010/01/15/tamil-nadu-assembly-bids-goodbye-fort-st-george-move-new-complex|title=Tamil Nadu Assembly bids goodbye to Fort St George, to move into new complex|last=S|first=Murari|date=15 January 2010|work=Asian Tribune|access-date=11 February 2010}}</ref> During the 13th Assembly, the DMK government led by [[M. Karunanidhi]] proposed a new plan to shift the assembly and the government secretariat to the a [[Tamil Nadu assembly complex|new building]] in the Omandurar Government Estate. In 2007, the German architectural firm GMP International won the design competition to design and construct the new assembly complex. Construction began in 2008 and was completed in 2010. The assembly functioned in the new assembly building during March 2010 - May 2011. In May 2011, the Tamil Nadu legislature was moved back to Fort St. George.<ref name="tribune1"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/article236965.ece|title=State-of-the-art Secretariat draws on Tamil Nadu's democratic traditions |last=Ramakrishnan|first=T|date=11 March 2010|work=The Hindu|access-date=18 March 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/04/19/stories/2008041960610900.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080422173838/http://www.hindu.com/2008/04/19/stories/2008041960610900.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 April 2008|title= New Assembly complex to have high-rise building |last=Ramakrishnan |first=T. |date=19 April 2008|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=11 February 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/article243990.ece|title=Another milestone in Tamil Nadu's legislative history|last=Ramakrishnan|first=T|date=13 March 2010|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=18 March 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Ramakrishnan|first=T|title=After 16 months, Assembly back at Fort St. George|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/tamil-nadu/article2043444.ece|access-date=23 June 2011|newspaper=The Hindu|date=24 May 2011}}</ref>

List of historical locations where the Tamil Nadu Legislative Council has been housed:

{| class="wikitable"
!Duration
!Location
|-
|1921–1937
|Council chambers, [[Fort St. George (India)|Fort St. George]]
|-
|14 July 1937 – 21 December 1938
|[[Senate House (University of Madras)|Senate House]], [[Madras University|Madras University Campus]], [[Chepauk]]
|-
|27 January 1938 – 26 October 1939
|Banqueting Hall ([[Rajaji Hall]]), Government Estate (Omandurar Estate), [[Mount Road]]
|-
|24 May 1946 – 27 March 1952
|Council chambers, Fort St. George
|-
|3 May 1952 – 27 December 1956
|Kalaivanar Arangam, Government Estate (Omandurar Estate)
|-
|29 April 1957 – 30 March 1959
|Assembly Hall, Fort St. George
|-
|20–30 April 1959
|Aranmore Palace, [[Udhagamandalam]] (Ooty)
|-
|31 August 1959 - 1 November 1986
|Assembly Hall, Fort St. George
|}

==Chief Ministers from the Council==
During its existence as the upper chamber of Tamil Nadu Legislature, the Council has been used twice to appoint non-members of the Legislature as Chief Minister.
In [[1952 Madras State legislative assembly election#Government formation|1952]], [[C. Rajagopalachari]] (Rajaji) was nominated by Governor [[Sri Prakasa]] to the Council so that Rajaji could become chief minister.<ref name="hindu1">{{cite web
| url = http://www.hinduonnet.com/2001/05/31/stories/0231000q.htm
| archive-url = https://archive.today/20130103014812/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2001/05/31/stories/0231000q.htm
| url-status = usurped
| archive-date = 3 January 2013
| title = Of Governors and Chief Ministers
| access-date = 17 December 2009
| author = C. V. Gopalakrishnan
| work = [[The Hindu]]
| publisher = [[The Hindu Group]]
| date = 31 May 2001
}}</ref><ref name="T. V. R. Shenoy">{{cite news|title=From Rajaji to Jayalalithaa|author=T. V. R. Shenoy|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2001/aug/22flip.htm|date=22 August 2001|publisher=Rediff}}</ref> The third time was in [[1967 Madras State legislative assembly election#Government formation|1967]] when [[C. N. Annadurai]] became the chief minister first and then got himself elected to the Council.<ref>{{Citation| last = Pushpa Iyengar| first = Sugata Srinivasaraju| title = Where The Family Heirs Loom| newspaper = Outlook India| url = http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?240629| access-date =16 November 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book| last = Gopal K. Bharghava| first = Shankarlal C. Bhatt | title = Land and people of Indian states and union territories. 25. Tamil Nadu| year = 2005 | publisher = Kalpaz Publications| location = Delhi| pages = 525| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=wyCoMKZmRBoC&q=1967+Tamil+Nadu+election&pg=PA525| isbn = 81-7835-356-3}}</ref>

==Presiding Officers==
{{Politics of Tamil Nadu}}
During 1861–1937, the presiding officer of the Madras Legislative Council was known as the "President of the Council". From its establishment in 1861 till dyarchy was introduced in 1921, the [[Governors of Madras|Governor of Madras]] was also the President of the Council. After dyarchy introduced, the first and second council presidents, [[Sir P. Rajagopalachari|Perungavalur Rajagopalachari]] and [[L. D. Swamikannu Pillai]], were appointed by the Governor himself. The presidents who came after them were chosen by the Council itself. During 1937–86, the presiding officer was called as the "Chairman of the Council".<ref>{{Cite book| last =Johari | first =J. C | title = THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA A Politico-Legal Study| year =2007 | publisher = Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd| pages = 226| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=JDWjAzP0mHEC&pg=PA226|isbn=978-81-207-2654-3}}</ref> The following table lists the presiding officers of the Council.<ref name="rajaraman2">{{cite book | title=The Justice Party: a historical perspective, 1916-37| last=Rajaraman| first=P. | year=1988| pages=212–220| publisher=Poompozhil Publishers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GGMmAAAAMAAJ}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/article391170.ece|title=Legislative Council to be revived: Karunanidhi|date=7 April 2010|work=The Hindu|access-date=5 May 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Naidu|first=R. Janardhanam|author2=K. Ramalingam |author3=V. Subbiah |title=Bharani's Madras handbook|year=1974|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oG8dAAAAMAAJ&q=rama+rao}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/India_BrProvinces.htm#Madras|title=List of Governors of Madras, Provinces of British India |work=Worldstatesman|access-date=5 May 2010}}</ref>
{{Infobox official post
| post = Chairman
| status = Abolished
| native_name =
| body = Tamil Nadu Legislative Council
| flag = Flag of India.svg
| flagcaption = [[Flag of India]]
| insignia = Seal of Tamil Nadu.jpg
| insigniacaption = [[Emblem of Tamil Nadu]]
| image = MP Sivagnanam 2006 stamp of India.jpg
| imagesize = 180px
| imagecaption = '''Last in office''' '''[[M. P. Sivagnanam]]''' 1976 – 1 November 1986
| style =
| residence =
| termlength = Six years
| formation = 18 February 1861
| abolished = 1 November 1986
| appointer = [[Governor of Tamil Nadu]]
| inaugural = [[William Denison]]
| last = [[M. P. Sivagnanam]]
| website = www.tn.gov.in
}}
{| class="wikitable"
! #
! Name
! Took office
! Left office
! Political party
|-
|colspan="5" align="center" |'''Governors of Madras (1861–1920)'''
|-
| 1
| [[William Denison|William Thomas Denison]]
| 18 February 1861
| 26 November 1863
|
|-
| 2
| Edward Maltby (acting)
| 26 November 1863
| 18 January 1864
|
|-
| 3
| [[William Denison|William Thomas Denison]]
| 18 January 1864
| 27 March 1866
|
|-
| 4
| [[Francis Napier, 10th Lord Napier|Lord Napier]]
| 27 March 1866
| 19 February 1872
|
|-
| 5
| [[Alexander John Arbuthnot]] (acting)
| 19 February 1872
| 15 May 1872
|
|-
| 6
| [[Vere Henry Hobart, Lord Hobart|Lord Hobart]]
| 15 May 1872
| 29 April 1875
|
|-
| 7
| William Rose Robinson (acting)
| 29 April 1875
| 23 November 1875
|
|-
| 8
| [[Richard Temple-Nugent-Brydges-Chandos-Grenville, 3rd Duke of Buckingham and Chandos|Duke of Buckingham and Chandos]]
| 23 November 1875
| 20 December 1880
|
|-
| 9
| William Huddleston (acting)
| 24 May 1881
| 5 November 1881
|
|-
| 10
| [[Mountstuart Elphinstone Grant Duff]]
| 5 November 1881
| 8 December 1886
|
|-
| 11
| [[Robert Bourke, 1st Baron Connemara|Robert Bourke, Baron Connemara]]
| 8 December 1886
| 1 December 1890
|
|-
| 12
| John Henry Garstin
| 1 December 1890
| 23 January 1891
|
|-
| 13
| [[Beilby Lawley, 3rd Baron Wenlock|Bentley Lawley, Baron Wenlock]]
| 23 January 1891
| 18 March 1896
|
|-
| 14
| [[Arthur Elibank Havelock]]
| 18 March 1896
| 28 December 1900
|
|-
| 15
| [[Arthur Russell, 2nd Baron Ampthill|Arthur Oliver Villiers-Russell, Baron Ampthill]]
| 28 December 1900
| 30 April 1904
|
|-
| 16
| James Thompson (acting)
| 30 April 1904
| 13 December 1904
|
|-
| 17
| [[Arthur Russell, 2nd Baron Ampthill|Arthur Oliver Villiers-Russell, Baron Ampthill]]
| 13 December 1904
| 15 February 1906
|
|-
| 18
| Gabriel Stoles (acting)
| 15 February 1906
| 28 March 1906
|
|-
| 19
| [[Arthur Lawley, 6th Baron Wenlock|Arthur Lawley, Baron Wenlock]]
| 28 March 1906
| 3 November 1911
|
|-
| 20
| [[Thomas Gibson-Carmichael, 1st Baron Carmichael|Thomas David Gibson-Carmichael, Baron Carmichael]]
| 3 November 1911
| 30 March 1912
|
|-
| 21
| Sir Murray Hammick (acting)
| 30 March 1912
| 30 October 1912
|
|-
| 22
| [[John Sinclair, 1st Baron Pentland|John Sinclair, Baron Pentland]]
| 30 October 1912
| 29 March 1919
|
|-
| 23
| [[Alexander Cardew|Sir Alexander Gordon Cardew]]
| 29 March 1919
| 10 April 1919
|
|-
| 24
| [[Freeman Freeman-Thomas, 1st Marquess of Willingdon|George Freeman Freeman-Thomas, Baron Willingdon]]
| 10 April 1919
| 12 April 1924
|
|-
|colspan="5" align="center" |'''During dyarchy (1920–1937)'''
|-
| 1
| [[Sir P. Rajagopalachari]]
| 1920
| 1923
|Non-Partisan
|-
| 2
| [[L. D. Swamikannu Pillai]]
| 1923
| September 1925
| [[Justice Party (India)|Justice Party]]
|-
| 3
| [[M. Ratnaswami]]
| September 1925
| 1926
|
|-
| 4
| [[C. V. S. Narasimha Raju]]
| 1926
| 1930
|[[Swaraj Party]]
|-
|5
| [[B. Ramachandra Reddi]]
| 1930
| 1937
|Justice Party
|-
|colspan="5" align="center" |'''During Provincial Autonomy (1937–1946)'''
|-
| 1
| [[U. Rama Rao]]
| 1937
| 1945
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|colspan="5" align="center" |'''In Republic of India (1950–1986)'''
|-
| 1
| [[R. B. Ramakrishna Raju]]
| 1946
| 1952
| Indian National Congress
|-
| 2
| [[P. V. Cherian]]
| 1952
| 20 April 1964
|Indian National Congress
|-
| 3
| [[M. A. Manickavelu Naicker]]
| 1964
| 1970
|Indian National Congress
|-
| 4
| [[C. P. Chitrarasu]]
| 1970
| 1976
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|-
| 5
| [[M. P. Sivagnanam]]
| 1976
| 1986
|[[Tamil Arasu Kazhagam]]
|}

==See also==
*[[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
*[[List of chief ministers of Tamil Nadu]]
*[[Governors of Madras]]
*[[List of speakers of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/history/history.htm The State Legislature - Origin and Evolution]
* [http://www.elections.tn.nic.in/tnmlc.html TN Election Commission page for Council elections] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120918155135/http://elections.tn.nic.in/tnmlc.html |date=18 September 2012 }}

{{Legislatures of India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tamil Nadu Legislative Council}}
[[Category:Tamil Nadu Legislative Council| ]]
[[Category:1861 establishments in British India]]
[[Category:Defunct upper houses in India]]

History of cricket

2026-03-15T13:12:55Z

CRVMargarette: add page also and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|none}}
{{More citations needed|date=February 2021}}
{{Use British English|date=February 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
[[File:First Grand Match of Cricket Played by Members of the Royal Amateur Society on Hampton Court Green, ... - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|'' First Grand Match of Cricket Played by Members of the Royal Amateur Society on Hampton Court Green, August 3rd, 1836'']]
The sport of [[cricket]] has a known history beginning in the late 16th century England. It became an established sport in the country in the 18th century and developed globally in the 19th and 20th centuries. International matches have been played since the 19th-century and formal [[Test cricket]] matches are considered to date from 1877. Cricket is the world's second most popular spectator sport, after [[association football]] (soccer).<ref>{{Cite web |title=World's Most Popular Sports by Fans |url=https://www.topendsports.com/world/lists/popular-sport/fans.htm |access-date=2022-09-28 |website=www.topendsports.com |archive-date=28 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928161626/https://www.topendsports.com/world/lists/popular-sport/fans.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

Cricket is governed by the [[International Cricket Council]] (ICC), which has over one hundred countries and territories in membership, though only twelve currently play Test cricket.

The game's rules are defined in the "[[Laws of cricket]]". The game has various formats, ranging from [[T10 cricket|T-10]] (Ten-10) played in around 90 minutes to Test matches, which can last up to five days.

==Early cricket==
{{main|History of cricket to 1725}}

=== Origin ===
Cricket was created during [[Anglo-Saxons|Saxon]] or [[Normans|Norman]] times by children living in the [[Weald]], an area of dense woodlands and clearings in south-east England that lies across [[Kent]] and [[Sussex]].<ref name="PWT">{{cite book |last=Wynne-Thomas |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Wynne-Thomas |title=From the Weald to the World |year=1997 |publisher=Stationery Office Books}}</ref> The first definite written reference is from the end of the 16th century.{{citation needed|date=May 2025}}

There have been several speculations about the game's origins, including some that it was created in France or Flanders. The earliest of these speculative references is from 1300 and concerns the future [[Edward II|King Edward II]] playing at "creag and other games" in both [[Westminster]] and [[Newenden]]. It has been suggested that "creag" was an [[Early Modern English|Old English]] word for cricket, but expert opinion is that it was an early spelling of "[[craic]]", meaning "fun and games in general".<ref name="HSA">{{cite book |last=Altham |first=H.S. |author-link=H. S. Altham |title=A History of Cricket, Volume 1 (to 1914) |year=1962 |publisher=George Allen & Unwin}}</ref>

It is generally believed that cricket survived as a children's game for many generations before it was increasingly taken up by adults around the beginning of the 17th century. Possibly cricket was derived from [[bowls]], assuming bowls is the older sport, by the intervention of a batsman trying to stop the ball from reaching its target by hitting it away. Playing on sheep-grazed land or in clearings, the original implements may have been a matted lump of sheep's wool (or even a stone or a small lump of wood) as the ball; a stick or a crook or another farm tool as the bat; and a stool or a tree stump or a gate (e.g., a [[wicket gate]]) as the wicket.<ref name="DB">{{cite book |last=Birley |first=Derek |author-link=Derek Birley |title=A Social History of English Cricket |year=1999|publisher=Aurum}}</ref>

===First definite reference===
[[Image:RGS old building.jpg|thumb|John Derrick was a pupil at the [[Royal Grammar School, Guildford|Royal Grammar School]], then the Free School, in Guildford when he and his friends played {{lang|enm|creckett}} circa 1550.]]

In 1598, a court case in England concerning an ownership dispute over a plot of common land in [[Guildford]], [[Surrey]], mentions the game of {{lang|enm|creckett}}. A 59-year-old coroner, John Derrick, testified that he and his school friends had played {{lang|enm|creckett}} on the site fifty years earlier when they attended the [[Royal Grammar School, Guildford|Free School]]. Derrick's account proves beyond reasonable doubt that the game was being played in Surrey circa 1550, and is the earliest universally accepted reference to the game.<ref name="HSA21">Altham, p. 21.</ref><ref>Underdown, p. 3.</ref>

The first reference to cricket being played as an adult sport was in 1611, when two men in Sussex were prosecuted for playing cricket on Sunday instead of going to church.<ref name="TJM">McCann, p. xxxi.</ref> In the same year, a dictionary defined cricket as a boys' game, and this suggests that adult participation was a recent development.<ref name="HSA21"/> In an account of a case brought before the [[Court of King's Bench (England)|King's Bench]] in 1640, it is recorded that a cricket match "between the Weald & [[South Downs|Upland]]" took place "about 30 yeares {{bracket|''[[sic]]''}}" previously.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Grove |first=L. R. A. |date=1950 |title=A Note on Early Kent Cricket |journal=Archæologia Cantiana |volume=63 |publisher=[[Kent Archaeological Society|Kent Archæological Society]] |pages=153–155}}</ref>

===Derivation of the name of "cricket"===
A number of words are thought to be possible sources for the term "cricket". In the earliest definite reference, it was spelled {{lang|enm|creckett}}. The name may have been derived from the [[Middle Dutch]] ''krick''(''-e''), meaning a stick; or the [[Old English]] {{lang|ang|cricc}} or {{lang|ang|cryce}} meaning a crutch or staff, or the [[French language|French]] word {{lang|fr|criquet}} meaning a wooden post.<ref name="DB"/> The Middle Dutch word {{lang|dum|krickstoel}} means a long low stool used for kneeling in church; this resembled the long low [[wicket]] with two [[stump (cricket)|stumps]] used in early cricket.<ref>Bowen, p. 33.</ref> According to Heiner Gillmeister, a European language expert of the [[University of Bonn]], "cricket" derives from the Middle Dutch phrase for [[hockey]], {{lang|dum|met de (krik ket)sen}} (i.e., "with the stick chase").<ref name="Terry">{{cite web|url=http://www.la84foundation.org/SportsLibrary/SportsHistorian/2000/sh201e.pdf |title=The Seventeenth Century Game of Cricket: A Reconstruction of the Game |last=Terry |first=David |publisher=SportsLibrary |date=2008 |access-date=25 September 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090621011709/http://www.la84foundation.org/SportsLibrary/SportsHistorian/2000/sh201e.pdf |archive-date=21 June 2009 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

It is more likely that the terminology of cricket was based on words in use in south-east England at the time and, given trade connections with the [[County of Flanders]], especially in the 15th century when it belonged to the [[Duchy of Burgundy]], many Middle Dutch<ref>Middle Dutch was the language in use in Flanders at the time.</ref> words found their way into southern English dialects.<ref name=RB>[[Rowland Bowen]], ''Cricket: A History of its Growth and Development'', Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1970</ref>

===The Commonwealth===
After the Civil War ended in 1648, the new Puritan government clamped down on "unlawful assemblies", in particular the more raucous sports such as football. Their laws also demanded a stricter observance of the Sabbath than there had been previously. As the Sabbath was the only free time available to the lower classes, cricket's popularity may have waned during the [[Commonwealth of England|Commonwealth]]. However, it did flourish in public fee-paying schools such as [[Winchester College|Winchester]] and [[St Paul's School (London)|St Paul's]]. There is no actual evidence that [[Oliver Cromwell]]'s regime banned cricket specifically and there are references to it during the [[interregnum]] that suggest it was acceptable to the authorities provided that it did not cause any "breach of the Sabbath". It is believed that the nobility in general adopted cricket at this time through involvement in village games.<ref name="HSA21"/>

=== Gambling and press coverage ===

Cricket thrived after the [[English Restoration|Restoration]] in 1660 and is believed to have first attracted gamblers making large bets at this time. It is possible, as believed by some historians, that top-class matches began.<ref name="W10">Webber, p. 10.</ref><ref name="A23">Altham, p. 23.</ref> In 1664, the "Cavalier" Parliament passed the Gaming Act 1664 which limited stakes to £100, although that was still a fortune at the time, equivalent to about £{{formatprice|{{inflation|UK|100|1664|r=-3}}}} in present-day terms {{inflation-fn|UK}}. Cricket had become a significant gambling sport by the end of the 17th century, as evidenced in 1697 by a newspaper report of a "great match" played in Sussex which was 11-a-side and played for high stakes of 50 [[Guinea (British coin)|guineas]] a side.<ref name="TJM"/>

With [[Freedom of the press in the United Kingdom|freedom of the press]] having been granted in 1696, cricket for the first time could be reported in the newspapers. But it was a long time before the newspaper industry adapted sufficiently to provide frequent, comprehensive, coverage. During the first half of the 18th century, press reports tended to focus on the betting rather than the play.{{citation needed|date=May 2025}}

==18th-century cricket==
{{main|History of cricket to 1725|History of English cricket (1726–1750)|History of English cricket (1751–1775)|History of English cricket (1776–1800)}}

===Patronage and players===
Gambling introduced the first patrons because some of the gamblers decided to strengthen their bets by forming their own teams and it is believed the first "county teams" were formed in the aftermath of the Restoration in 1660, especially as members of the nobility were employing "local experts" from village cricket as the earliest professionals.<ref name="HSA21"/> The first known game in which the teams use county names is in 1709, but these types of fixtures were being arranged long before then. The match in 1697 was probably Sussex versus another county.{{Citation needed|date=April 2025}}

The most notable of the early patrons were a group of aristocrats and businessmen who were active from about 1725, which is the time that press coverage became more regular, perhaps as a result of the patrons' influence. These men included [[Charles Lennox, 2nd Duke of Richmond|the 2nd Duke of Richmond]], [[Sir William Gage, 7th Baronet|Sir William Gage]], [[Alan Brodrick, 2nd Viscount Midleton|Alan Brodrick]] and [[Edwin Stead]]. For the first time, the press mentions individual players like [[Thomas Waymark]].

===Cricket expands beyond England===
[[File:A_Front_View_of_Dartmouth_College_(1793).jpg|thumb|A 1793 American depiction of [[Wicket (sport)|"wicket"]] being played in front of [[Dartmouth College]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thorn |first=John |date=2017-06-12 |title=The First Image of Bat and Ball Play in America |url=https://ourgame.mlblogs.com/the-first-image-of-ball-play-in-america-5ed2b565f2ca |access-date=2024-07-30 |website=Medium |language=en}}</ref> Wicket likely came to North America in the late 17th century.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |date=2013-10-31 |title=Before There Was Baseball, There Was Wicket |url=https://www.ctpublic.org/sports/2013-10-31/before-there-was-baseball-there-was-wicket |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=Connecticut Public |language=en}}</ref>]]
Cricket was introduced to North America via the English colonies in the 17th century,<ref name="RB" /> probably before it had even reached the north of England. In the 18th century it arrived in other parts of the globe. It was introduced to the [[West Indies]] by colonists<ref name="RB" /> and to the [[Indian subcontinent]] by [[East India Company]] mariners [[Sport in India#Sport as a Symbol of National Power|in the first half of the century]]. It arrived in Australia almost as soon as colonisation began in 1788. New Zealand and South Africa followed in the early years of the 19th century.<ref name="HSA21" />

Cricket never caught on in [[Cricket in Canada|Canada]], despite efforts by the upper class to promote the game as a way of identifying with the "mother country". [[History of Canadian cricket|Canada]], unlike Australia and the West Indies, witnessed a continual decline in the popularity of the game during 1860 to 1960. Linked in the public consciousness to an upper-class sport, the game never became popular with the general public. In the summer season it had to compete with [[baseball]]. During the [[First World War]], Canadian units stationed in France played baseball instead of cricket.<ref>David Cooper, "Canadians Declare 'It Isn't Cricket': a Century of Rejection of the Imperial Game, 1860–1960." ''Journal of Sport History'' (1999) 26#1 pp. 51–81</ref><ref>Andrew Horrall, "'Keep-a-fighting! Play the Game!' Baseball and the Canadian Forces During the First World War," ''[[Canadian Military History]]'' (2001) 10#2 pp. 27–40</ref>

===Development of the Laws===
{{See also|Laws of Cricket}}

It's not clear when the basic rules of cricket such as bat and ball, the wicket, pitch dimensions, overs, how out, etc. were originally formulated. In 1728, the Duke of Richmond and Alan Brodick drew up [[Articles of Agreement (cricket)|Articles of Agreement]] to determine the code of practice in a particular game and this became a common feature, especially around payment of stake money and distributing the winnings given the importance of gambling.<ref name="TJM"/>

In 1744, the ''[[Laws of Cricket]]'' were codified for the first time and then amended in 1774, when innovations such as [[Leg before wicket|lbw]], middle stump and maximum bat width were added. These laws stated that "the principals shall choose from amongst the gentlemen present two umpires who shall absolutely decide all disputes". The codes were drawn up by the so-called "Star and Garter Club" whose members ultimately founded the [[Marylebone Cricket Club]] at [[Lord's]] in 1787. The MCC immediately became the custodian of the Laws and has made periodic revisions and recodifications subsequently.<ref name=MCC>{{Cite web |url=https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/ |title=The official laws of cricket |access-date=30 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829203450/https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/ |archive-date=29 August 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== Continued growth in England ===
[[Image:Historical cricket bat art.jpg|thumb|An artwork depicting the history of the cricket bat]]

The game continued to spread throughout England, and, in 1751, [[Yorkshire]] is first mentioned as a venue.<ref name="ASW">[[F S Ashley-Cooper]], "At the Sign of the Wicket: Cricket 1742–1751", ''Cricket'' Magazine, 1900</ref> The original form of [[bowling]] (i.e., rolling the ball along the ground as in bowls) was superseded sometime after 1760 when bowlers began to pitch the ball and study variations in line, length and pace. Scorecards began to be kept on a regular basis from 1772; since then, an increasingly clear picture has emerged of the sport's development.<ref name="S&B">[[Arthur Haygarth]], ''Scores & Biographies'', Volume 1 (1744–1826), Lillywhite, 1862</ref>

The first famous clubs were [[London Cricket Club|London]] and [[Dartford Cricket Club|Dartford]] in the early 18th century. London played its matches on the [[Artillery Ground]], which still exists. Others followed, particularly [[Slindon Cricket Club|Slindon]] in Sussex, which was backed by the Duke of Richmond and featured the star player [[Richard Newland (cricketer)|Richard Newland]]. There were other prominent clubs at Maidenhead, Hornchurch, Maidstone, Sevenoaks, [[Bromley Cricket Club|Bromley]], [[Addington Cricket Club|Addington]], [[Hadlow Cricket Club|Hadlow]] and [[Chertsey Cricket Club|Chertsey]].

But far and away the most famous of the early clubs was [[Hambledon Club|Hambledon]] in Hampshire. It started as a parish organisation that first achieved prominence in 1756. The club itself was founded in the 1760s and was well patronised to the extent that it was the focal point of the game for about thirty years until the formation of [[Marylebone Cricket Club|MCC]] and the opening of [[Lord's Cricket Ground]] in 1787. Hambledon produced several outstanding players including the master batsman [[John Small (cricketer)|John Small]] and the first great fast bowler [[Thomas Brett (cricketer)|Thomas Brett]]. Their most notable opponent was the Chertsey and Surrey bowler [[Edward "Lumpy" Stevens]], who is believed to have been the main proponent of the flighted delivery.
[[File:Broadhalfpennydown - 2.jpg|thumb|Broadhalfpenny Down, the location of the first First Class match in 1772, is still played on today.]]
It was in answer to the flighted, or pitched, delivery that the straight bat was introduced. The old "hockey stick"–style of bat was only really effective against the ball being trundled or skimmed along the ground.{{citation needed|date=June 2025}}

[[First-class cricket]] began in 1772. Three surviving scorecards exist of 1772 matches organised by the [[Hambledon Club]] which commence a continuous statistical record. Those three matches were all between a Hampshire XI and an England XI, the first played at [[Broadhalfpenny Down]] on 24 and 25 June. The two leading online archives begin their first-class coverage with this match which is numbered "first-class no. 1" by ESPNcricinfo and "f1" by CricketArchive. Broadhalfpenny Down continued in regular use by Hambledon/Hampshire teams until 1781.

[[File:A Game of Cricket (The Royal Academy Club in Marylebone Fields, now Regent's Park) - Google Art Project.jpg|thumbnail|A Game of Cricket at The Royal Academy Club in Marylebone Fields, now Regent's Park, depiction by unknown artist, c. 1790–1799]]

==19th-century cricket==
{{main|History of cricket (1801–1825)|History of English cricket (1826–1845)|History of English cricket (1846–1863)}}
[[Image:Plainpalais-1817.jpg|thumb|right|View of [[Geneva]]'s Plaine de Plainpalais with cricketers, 1817]]
The game also underwent a fundamental change of organisation with the formation for the first time of county clubs. All the modern county clubs, starting with [[Sussex County Cricket Club|Sussex]] in 1839, were founded during the 19th century. No sooner had the first county clubs established themselves than they faced what amounted to "player action" as [[William Clarke (cricketer, born 1798)|William Clarke]] created the travelling [[William Clarke's All-England Eleven|All-England Eleven]] in 1846. Though a commercial venture, this team did much to popularise the game in districts which had never previously been visited by high-class cricketers. Other similar teams were created and this vogue lasted for about thirty years. But the counties and MCC prevailed.

[[Image:Darnall cricket ground.jpg|thumb|right|A cricket match at Darnall, Sheffield, in the 1820s.]]
The growth of cricket in the mid and late 19th century was assisted by the development of the railway network. For the first time, teams from a long distance apart could play one other without a prohibitively time-consuming journey. Spectators could travel longer distances to matches, increasing the size of crowds. Army units around the Empire had time on their hands, and encouraged the locals so they could have some entertaining competition. Most of the Empire embraced cricket, with the exception of Canada.<ref>David Cooper, "Canadians Declare 'It Isn't Cricket': A Century of Rejection of the Imperial Game, 1860–1960." ''Journal of Sport History'' 26 (1999): 51–81.</ref>

In 1864, another bowling revolution resulted in the legalisation of [[overarm bowling|overarm]] and in the same year [[Wisden Cricketers' Almanack]] was first published. [[W. G. Grace]] began his long and influential career at this time, his feats doing much to increase cricket's popularity. He introduced technical innovations which revolutionised the game, particularly in batting.

===International cricket begins===
The [[Canadian cricket team in the United States in 1844|first international cricket game]] took place between what were essentially club teams, from the [[United States]] and [[Province of Canada|Canada]], in 1844.<ref name="NYH-25-09-1844">{{cite news |date=25 September 1844 |title=Grand Cricket Match for 1,000 Dollars, between the Players of Canada, and the St. George's Club of this City |url=https://www.newspaperarchive.com/us/new-york/new-york/new-york-herald/1844/09-25/page-2 |url-access=subscription |newspaper=New York Herald |via=Newspaperarchive.com}}</ref> The match was played at the grounds of the [[St George's Cricket Club]] in New York.<ref name="USAvCAN">{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/120/120631.html |title=United States of America v Canada |website=CricketArchive |access-date=2008-09-06
|archive-date=22 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522041655/http://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/120/120631.html
|url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Image:England in North America 1859.jpg|thumb|left|The English team 1859 on their way to the US]]

In 1859, a team of leading English professionals set off to North America on the first-ever overseas tour and, in 1862, the first English team toured Australia. Between May and October 1868, a team of [[Aboriginal Australians]] toured England in what was the [[Australian Aboriginal cricket team in England in 1868|first Australian cricket team]] to travel overseas.<ref>[http://www.nma.gov.au/collections/collection_interactives/cricketing_journeys/cricket_html/the_australian_eleven/the_australian_eleven_the_first_australian_team The Australian Eleven: The first Australian team] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180908065539/http://www.nma.gov.au/collections/collection_interactives/cricketing_journeys/cricket_html/the_australian_eleven/the_australian_eleven_the_first_australian_team |date=8 September 2018 }}, [[National Museum of Australia]]. Retrieved 30 December 2014.</ref>

[[Image:1878AusTeamNiagraFalls.jpg|thumb|The first Australian touring team (1878) pictured at Niagara Falls]]

In 1877, an [[English cricket team|England]] touring team in [[Australian cricket team|Australia]] played two matches against full Australian XIs that are now regarded as the inaugural [[Test cricket|Test matches]]. The following year, the Australians toured England for the first time and the success of this tour ensured a popular demand for similar ventures in future. No Tests were played in 1878 but more soon followed and, at [[The Oval]] in 1882, the Australian victory in a tense finish gave rise to [[The Ashes]].

[[South African cricket team|South Africa]] became the third Test nation in 1889.

=== Decline in baseball-playing countries ===
{{See also|History of baseball}}[[File:Jugando la Plaquita.JPG|thumb|upright=.7|[[Plaquita]], a Dominican street version of cricket. The Dominican Republic was first introduced to cricket through mid-18th century British contact,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Federation Focus: Baseball is in Dominican Republic's DNA |url=http://www.wbsc.org/en/news/federation-focus-baseball-is-in-dominican-republics-dna |access-date=2024-07-27 |website=World Baseball Softball Confederation |language=en}}</ref> but switched to baseball after the [[United States occupation of the Dominican Republic (1916–1924)|1916 American occupation]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=DR1.com – Dominican Republic News & Travel Information Service |url=https://dr1.com/articles/cricket.shtml |access-date=2024-07-27 |website=dr1.com}}</ref>|left]]Cricket started off as one of the most popular sports in the United States, aided by the invention of informal cricket variants such as [[Wicket (sport)|wicket]] which resulted in higher-scoring matches that could be completed in an afternoon, rather than over the course of a few days.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-10-31 |title=Before There Was Baseball, There Was Wicket |url=https://www.ctpublic.org/sports/2013-10-31/before-there-was-baseball-there-was-wicket |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=Connecticut Public |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-09-12 |title=How Cricket Struck Out |url=https://www.historynet.com/how-cricket-struck-out/ |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=HistoryNet |language=en-US}}</ref> However, [[baseball]] overtook cricket's popularity in the United States during the [[American Civil War]], as soldiers who had played baseball during the war went back to their homes across the country and took the game with them. Some factors in favour of baseball's rise were that it had a much shorter playing duration and that it could be played on any patch of land (rather than requiring special preparations such as the [[cricket pitch]]), which was essential for troops who needed to be able to move at a moment's notice during the war.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Crown |first=Daniel |date=2017-10-19 |title=The Battle Between Baseball and Cricket for American Sporting Supremacy |url=http://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/cricket-baseball-american-sport |access-date=2023-09-30 |website=Atlas Obscura |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Why cricket and America are made for each other |newspaper=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/christmas-specials/2022/12/20/why-cricket-and-america-are-made-for-each-other |access-date=2023-09-30 |issn=0013-0613}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gemmell |first=Jon |title=When Cricket Was King in America |url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/75233-when-cricket-was-king-in-america |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=Bleacher Report |language=en}}</ref> [[William Humber]] argues that there was also less of a social taboo against playing baseball in the New World than in England, despite the game having initially been low in popularity in both places due to cricket having been perceived as the more appropriate sport for adults.<ref>{{Cite web |title=College Quarterly – Articles – Baseball and Canadian Identity |url=https://collegequarterly.ca/2005-vol08-num03-summer/humber.html |access-date=2024-12-12 |website=collegequarterly.ca}}</ref> The same factors that favored baseball's rise in the United States then saw the sport overtake cricket in Japan, with growing American influence in the Pacific Rim also playing a role.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Guthrie-Shimizu |first=Sayuri |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dx2i3f5k6MkC&q=baseball+cricket&pg=PP26 |title=Transpacific Field of Dreams: How Baseball Linked the United States and Japan in Peace and War |date=2012-04-04 |publisher=Univ of North Carolina Press |isbn=978-0-8078-8266-5 |language=en}}</ref>
Cricket came to Latin America in the 19th century, as part of a broader significant British presence in the region at the time.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Costeloe |first=Michael P. |date=2007 |title=To Bowl a Mexican Maiden Over: Cricket in Mexico, 1827–1900 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27733893 |journal=Bulletin of Latin American Research |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=112–124 |doi=10.1111/j.1470-9856.2007.00214.x |jstor=27733893 |issn=0261-3050|url-access=subscription }}</ref> However, the sport was concentrated amongst expatriates and elites as opposed to being spread among the broader population, which limited its growth. By the 20th century, the growing influence of America eventually meant that baseball became the more popular bat-and-ball sport in the Caribbean,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rey |first=Daniel |date=2021-06-17 |title=Snakes alive! Playing cricket in Latin America |url=https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/snakes-alive-playing-cricket-in-latin-america/ |access-date=2024-07-02 |website=The Spectator |language=en-US}}</ref> while [[World War I]] resulted in British expatriates returning to Britain to fight, drying up the support base for the game in Mexico.<ref>{{Cite news |last=John |first=Emma |date=2021-03-23 |title=Elitism, murder and the other MCC: the complex story of cricket in Mexico |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2021/mar/23/elitism-and-the-other-mcc-the-complex-story-of-cricket-in-mexico-the-spin |access-date=2024-07-02 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

=== Growth in the colonies ===

Cricket rose to prominence in Britain during a period where the British Empire became the largest empire in the world. British colonial authorities often collaborated with native elites, who were encouraged to adopt British cultural traditions such as cricket, which during the 19th century was promoted as an emblematic element of [[Victorian masculinity]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Franks |first=Joel S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_BelTMUc5pgC&pg=PA33 |title=Asian Pacific Americans and Baseball: A History |date=2008-07-15 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-0-7864-3291-2 |language=en}}</ref> Throughout the British empire, cricket was included as part of the physical activities which students at colonial schools engaged in.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cricket and the anti-colonial effort {{!}} Sports |url=https://thelinknewspaper.ca/article/cricket-and-the-anti-colonial-effort |access-date=2024-03-31 |website=thelinknewspaper.ca |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=2010 |title=Britain's Chief Spiritual Export: Imperial Sport as Moral Metaphor, Political Symbol and Cultural Bond |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09523360903339734 |journal=The International Journal of the History of Sport |language=en |volume=27 |issue=1–2 |pages=328–336 |doi=10.1080/09523360903339734 |issn=0952-3367|url-access=subscription }}</ref> For the colonial subjects of the British Empire, cricket grew in popularity for a variety of reasons. For native elites, playing the sport was a method of [[Anglicisation|anglicising]] themselves, while for anti-colonial nationalists, playing cricket provided a venue for them to counter emasculating colonial stereotypes.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Why Indians love cricket |url=https://www.economist.com/the-economist-explains/2014/02/04/why-indians-love-cricket |access-date=2023-09-30 |newspaper=The Economist |issn=0013-0613}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Batting for the British Empire: how Victorian cricket was more than just a game |url=https://www.historyextra.com/period/cricket-colonialism-role-british-empire/ |access-date=2023-09-30 |website=HistoryExtra |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhat |first=Faizaan |date=2023-12-24 |title=Understanding India through cricket: Colonialism, casteism and capitalism |url=https://maktoobmedia.com/india/understanding-india-through-cricket-colonialism-casteism-and-capitalism/ |access-date=2024-03-31 |website=Maktoob media |language=en-US}}</ref>

===National championships===
A significant development in domestic cricket occurred in 1890 when the official [[County Championship]] was constituted in England. Soon afterwards, in May 1894, the sport's first-class standard was officially defined.<ref name="FMG">ACS, ''First-class Match Guide'', p. 4.</ref> This organisational initiative has been repeated in other countries. Australia established the [[Sheffield Shield]] in 1892–93. Other national competitions to be established were the [[Currie Cup (cricket)|Currie Cup]] in South Africa, the [[Plunket Shield]] in New Zealand and the [[Ranji Trophy]] in India.{{citation needed|date=April 2021}} The ICC re-defined first-class status in 1947 as a global concept.<ref name=WCA48>''Wisden 1948'', p. 813.</ref>

The period from 1890 to the outbreak of the First World War has become one of nostalgia, ostensibly because the teams played cricket according to "the spirit of the game", but more realistically because it was a peacetime period that was shattered by the First World War. The era has been called The [[Golden Age of cricket]] and it featured numerous great names such as Grace, [[Wilfred Rhodes]], [[C. B. Fry]], [[Ranjitsinhji]] and [[Victor Trumper]].<ref>{{cite book|author1=Anthony Bateman|author2=Jeffrey Hill|title=The Cambridge Companion to Cricket|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yd6J7waMBRsC&pg=PA101|year=2011|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-76129-1|pages=137}}</ref>

===Balls per over===
During most of the 19th-century standard [[over (cricket)|overs]] were made up of four deliveries. In 1889 five-ball overs were introduced in first-class cricket, with a move to generally use six-ball overs in 1900.<ref name=ci6jun08>[https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/that-s-the-over-353235 That's the over] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207031925/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/that-s-the-over-353235 |date=7 December 2021 }}, CricInfo, 6 June 2008. Retrieved 14 December 2021.</ref><ref name=acsballs>Bailey P [https://acscricket.com/?page_id=464 A History of Balls to an Over in First-Class Cricket] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211214095909/https://acscricket.com/?page_id=464 |date=14 December 2021 }}, [[The Association of Cricket Statisticians and Historians]]. Retrieved 14 December 2021.</ref>

In the 20th century, eight-ball overs were used at times in a number of countries, primarily Australia, where eight-balls were the standard over length between 1918/19 and 1978/79, South Africa and New Zealand. Since the 1979/80 Australian and New Zealand seasons, six balls per over have been used worldwide,<ref name=ci6jun08/><ref name=acsballs/> and the most recent version of the Laws only permits six-ball overs.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-17-the-over/ |title=Law 17 – The over |publisher=MCC |access-date=29 September 2017 |archive-date=1 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171001214527/https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-17-the-over/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==20th-century cricket==
===Growth of international cricket===
[[Image:Sid Barnes traps Armanath, MCG, February 1948.jpg|right|thumb|[[Sid Barnes]] traps [[Lala Amarnath]] lbw in the Test between Australia and India at the MCG in 1948.]]
Cricket was introduced to various colonies around the world. The [[Imperial Cricket Conference]] (ICC) was founded in 1909 with England, Australia and South Africa as the founding members. The ICC included the Marylebone Cricket club, the Australian Board of Control for International Cricket, and the South African Cricket Association as its original associations .<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=Amit |title=The Oxford handbook of sports history |date=2017 |others={{ill|Robert Edelman|de}}, Wayne Wilson |isbn=978-0-19-985891-0 |location=New York, NY |pages=214–215 |chapter=14-Cricket: The Indianization of an Imperial Game |oclc=959032235}}</ref> The conference aimed to regulate international cricket among three nations, which were considered to be of equal status at the time.

<ref name="icc09">[https://www.icc-cricket.com/about/the-icc/history-of-icc/1909-1963 1909–1963 Imperial Cricket Conference] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211214102557/https://www.icc-cricket.com/about/the-icc/history-of-icc/1909-1963 |date=14 December 2021 }}, History of ICC, International Cricket Council. Retrieved 14 December 2021.</ref> In 1926, both [[New Zealand]] and the [[West Indies cricket team|West Indies]] were admitted as members, allowing them to play Test cricket against the other teams. However, at this time in the West Indies, cricket was primarily dominated by the white population.<ref name=":0" /> Originally, the ICC was not interested in broadening the international popularity of cricket.<ref name=":0" /> The organization was reluctant to invite non-commonwealth nations to play. New Zealand was restricted to play three-day test matches.<ref name=":0" /> New Zealand and [[India national cricket team|India]] both became Test playing nations before [[World War II]] and [[Pakistan national cricket team|Pakistan]] joined soon afterwards in 1952.<ref name="icc09" />

At the initial suggestion of Pakistan, the ICC was expanded to include non-Test playing countries from 1965, with Associate members being admitted. At the same time the organisation changed its name to the International Cricket Conference.<ref name=icc64>[https://www.icc-cricket.com/about/the-icc/history-of-icc/1964-1988 1964–1988 International Cricket Conference] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211214102554/https://www.icc-cricket.com/about/the-icc/history-of-icc/1964-1988 |date=14 December 2021 }}, History of ICC, International Cricket Council. Retrieved 14 December 2021.</ref> The first limited-overs World Cups were played during the 1970s and [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|Sri Lanka]] became the first Associate member to be raised to Test playing status in 1982.<ref name=icc64/> Because the ICC was predominantly a Western organization, the founding countries decided who was allowed to join the conference or engage in test cricket.<ref name=":0" /> There was no desire or attempt to create a set of Associate nations that would play in Test status, which is why countries such as Sri Lanka were not permitted to partake until the 1980s.<ref name=":0" />

The international game continued to grow with the introduction of Affiliate Member status in 1984,<ref name=icc64/> a level of membership designed for teams with less history of playing cricket. In 1989 the ICC renamed itself the International Cricket Council.<ref name=icc89>[https://www.icc-cricket.com/about/the-icc/history-of-icc/1989-present 1989–present International Cricket Council] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816142659/https://www.icc-cricket.com/about/the-icc/history-of-icc/1989-present |date=16 August 2021 }}, History of ICC, International Cricket Council. Retrieved 14 December 2021.</ref> [[Zimbabwe national cricket team|Zimbabwe]] became Full Members in 1992 and [[Bangladesh national cricket team|Bangladesh]] in 2000<ref name=icc89/> before [[Afghanistan national cricket team|Afghanistan]] and [[Ireland cricket team|Ireland]] were both admitted as Test teams in 2018, bringing the number of full members of the ICC to 12.<ref name=ci22jun17>[https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/afghanistan-ireland-get-test-status-1105347 Afghanistan, Ireland get Test status] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823223145/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci-icc/content/story/1105347.html |date=23 August 2017 }}, CricInfo, 22 June 2017. Retrieved 14 December 2021.</ref>

===Suspension of South Africa (1970–1991)===
{{See also|International cricket in South Africa from 1971 to 1981}}

The greatest crisis to hit international cricket was brought about by [[apartheid]], the South African policy of racial segregation. The situation began to crystallise after 1961 when South Africa left the [[Commonwealth of Nations]] and so, under the rules of the day, its cricket board had to leave the [[International Cricket Council|International Cricket Conference]] (ICC). Cricket's opposition to apartheid intensified in 1968 with the cancellation of England's tour to South Africa by the South African authorities, due to the inclusion in the England team of [[Basil D'Oliveira]], a [[Cape Coloured]] player. In 1970, the ICC members voted to suspend South Africa indefinitely from international cricket competition.<ref>{{cite web |title=From Apartheid to world dominance |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/specials/1157_cricket_history/page4.shtml |publisher=BBC |access-date=11 December 2021 |archive-date=29 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129044654/https://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/specials/1157_cricket_history/page4.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref>

Starved of top-level competition for its best players, the South African Cricket Board began funding so-called "rebel tours", offering large sums of money for international players to form teams and [[South African rebel tours|tour South Africa]]. The ICC's response was to blacklist any rebel players who agreed to tour South Africa, banning them from officially sanctioned international cricket. As players were poorly remunerated during the 1970s, several accepted the offer to tour South Africa, particularly players getting towards the end of their careers for which a blacklisting would have little effect.

The rebel tours continued into the 1980s but then progress was made in South African politics and it became clear that apartheid was ending. South Africa, now a "Rainbow Nation" under [[Nelson Mandela]], was welcomed back into international sport in 1991.<ref>{{cite web |title=Welcome back |work=Cricinfo |date=10 November 2005 |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/149368.html |access-date=11 December 2021 |archive-date=10 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211110100102/https://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/149368.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

===World Series Cricket===
{{See also|World Series Cricket}}{{Multiple image
| image1 =
| image2 = Indian Premier League (2541262699).jpg
| caption1 =
| caption2 =
| footer = World Series Cricket paved the way for 21st century cricket leagues such as the [[Indian Premier League]] (right).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Wigmore |first=Tim |date=2021-04-20 |title=From World Series Cricket to the IPL – cricket has a long history of controversial tournaments |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/cricket/2021/04/20/world-series-cricket-ipl-cricket-has-long-history-controversial/ |access-date=2024-07-30 |work=The Telegraph |language=en-GB |issn=0307-1235}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramakrishnan |first=Madhusudhan |date=2017-05-09 |title=No, the IPL hasn't revolutionised the game. That honour still goes to World Series Cricket |url=https://scroll.in/field/836976/no-the-ipl-hasnt-revolutionised-the-game-that-honour-still-goes-to-world-series-cricket |access-date=2024-07-30 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref>
| total_width = 260
}}
The money problems of top cricketers were also the root cause of another cricketing crisis that arose in 1977 when the Australian media magnate [[Kerry Packer]] fell out with the Australian Cricket Board over TV rights. Taking advantage of the low remuneration paid to players, Packer retaliated by signing several of the best players in the world to a privately run cricket league outside the structure of international cricket. World Series Cricket hired some of the banned South African players and allowed them to show off their skills in an international arena against other world-class players. The schism lasted only until 1979 and the "rebel" players were allowed back into established international cricket, though many found that their national teams had moved on without them. Long-term results of World Series Cricket have included the introduction of significantly higher player salaries and innovations such as coloured kit and night games.{{Citation needed|date=October 2025}}

===Limited-overs cricket===
In the 1960s, English county teams began playing a version of cricket with games of only one innings each and a maximum number of overs per innings. Starting in 1963 as a knockout competition only, limited-overs cricket grew in popularity and, in 1969, a national league was created which consequently caused a reduction in the number of matches in the County Championship. The status of limited overs matches is governed by the official [[List A]] categorisation. Although many "traditional" cricket fans objected to the shorter form of the game, limited-overs cricket did have the advantage of delivering a result to spectators within a single day; it did improve cricket's appeal to younger or busier people; and it did prove commercially successful.{{Citation needed|date=October 2025}}
[[File:President Giani Zail Singh receiving the Indian cricket team after the World Cup victory.jpg|thumb|Indian President [[Zail Singh]] receiving the Indian cricket team after its [[1983 Cricket World Cup]] victory. Cricket then went on to become the [[Cricket in South Asia|most popular sport]] in South Asia.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Gupta |first=Amit |date=2004 |title=The Globalization of Cricket: The Rise of the Non-West |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09523360410001681975 |journal=The International Journal of the History of Sport |language=en |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=264 |doi=10.1080/09523360410001681975 |issn=0952-3367|url-access=subscription }}</ref>]]
The first limited-overs international match took place at [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]] in 1971 as a time-filler after a Test match had been abandoned because of heavy rain on the opening days. It was tried simply as an experiment and to give the players some exercise, but turned out to be immensely popular. [[One Day International|Limited-overs internationals]] (LOIs or ODIs—one-day internationals) have since grown to become a massively popular form of the game, especially for busy people who want to be able to see a whole match. The International Cricket Council reacted to this development by organising the first [[Cricket World Cup]] in England in 1975, with all the Test-playing nations taking part.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Anthony Bateman|author2=Jeffrey Hill|title=The Cambridge Companion to Cricket|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yd6J7waMBRsC&pg=PA101|year=2011|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-76129-1|pages=101}}</ref>

===Analytic and graphic technology===
Limited-overs cricket increased television ratings for cricket coverage. Innovative techniques introduced in coverage of limited-over matches were soon adopted for Test coverage. The innovations included presentation of in-depth statistics and graphical analysis, placing miniature cameras in the stumps, multiple usage of cameras to provide shots from several locations around the ground, high-speed photography and computer graphics technology enabling television viewers to study the course of a delivery and help them understand an umpire's decision.

In 1992, the use of a [[third umpire]] to adjudicate run-out appeals with television replays was introduced in the Test series between South Africa and India. The third umpire's duties have subsequently expanded to include decisions on other aspects of play such as stumpings, catches and boundaries. From 2011, the third umpire was being called upon to moderate [[Umpire Decision Review System|review of umpires' decisions]], including lbw, with the aid of virtual-reality tracking technologies (e.g., [[Hawk-Eye]] and [[Hot Spot (cricket)|Hot Spot]]), though such measures still could not free some disputed decisions from heated controversy.<ref>Gibson, Owen [https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2013/aug/08/cricket-embraced-technology-hawkeye-founder Cricket may have embraced technology too quickly, says Hawk-Eye founder] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202150251/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2013/aug/08/cricket-embraced-technology-hawkeye-founder |date=2 February 2017 }} ''[[The Guardian]]'', 9 August 2013</ref>

==21st-century cricket==
{{See also|Commonwealth diaspora#Sports}}
[[File:Afghan National Army dedicates cricket field 121015-A-YI240-075.jpg|left|thumb|[[Afghan soldier]]s playing cricket. Afghan refugees in Pakistan brought the sport back to Afghanistan, and it is now one of the most popular sports in the country.<ref name=":32">{{Cite news |date=2014-02-01 |title=From refugee camps to Kabul: The story of Afghan cricket |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-24614257 |access-date=2023-09-01 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref>]]

=== Expansion of the game ===
In June 2001, the ICC introduced a "Test Championship Table" and, in October 2002, a "One-day International Championship Table". As indicated by ICC rankings,<ref name="iccrank">[http://www.espncricinfo.com/rankings/content/current/page/211271.html ICC rankings for Tests, ODIs and Twenty20] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921073113/http://www.espncricinfo.com/rankings/content/current/page/211271.html |date=21 September 2013 }} at espncricinfo.com (Accessed 30 August 2013)</ref> the various cricket formats have continued to be a major competitive sport in most former British Empire countries, notably the Indian subcontinent, and new participants including the Netherlands. In 2017, the number of countries with full ICC membership was increased to twelve by the addition of [[Afghanistan national cricket team|Afghanistan]] and [[Ireland national cricket team|Ireland]].<ref>{{cite web |title=ICC grant full member status to Ireland and Afghanistan |work=Sky Sports |url=https://www.skysports.com/cricket/news/12123/10923896/icc-grant-full-member-status-to-ireland-and-afghanistan |access-date=11 December 2021 |archive-date=11 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211211160223/https://www.skysports.com/cricket/news/12123/10923896/icc-grant-full-member-status-to-ireland-and-afghanistan |url-status=live }}</ref> The ICC expanded its development programme, aiming to produce more national teams capable of competing at the various formats. Development efforts are focused on African and Asian nations, and on the [[United States cricket team|United States]]. In 2004, the [[ICC Intercontinental Cup]] brought first-class cricket to 12 nations, mostly for the first time.

=== T20 cricket and shorter formats' growth ===
Cricket's newest innovation is [[Twenty20]] (T20), essentially an evening entertainment started in 2003. It has so far enjoyed enormous popularity and has attracted large attendances at matches as well as good TV audience ratings. The [[2007 ICC World Twenty20|inaugural ICC Twenty20 World Cup]] tournament was held in 2007.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/25/content/story/1146856.html|title=Remember these? The defining images of the last quarter-century : The millennial game|work=Cricinfo |date=5 June 2018|access-date=6 June 2018|archive-date=5 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180605204448/http://www.espncricinfo.com/25/content/story/1146856.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The formation of Twenty20 leagues in India – the unofficial [[Indian Cricket League]], which started in 2007, and the official [[Indian Premier League]], starting in 2008 – raised much speculation in the cricketing press about their effect on the future of cricket.<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/7346236.stm How will the IPL change cricket?] BBC News 17 April 2008</ref><ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/7270944.stm Cricket's new order] BBC News 29 February 2008</ref><ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2008/apr/18/cricket.indianpremierleague Stars come out as the eyes of the cricket world switch to Bangalore] [[The Guardian]] 18 April 2008</ref><ref>[https://archive.today/20121208180742/http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,23556920-5001505,00.html Test nations must act or lose players] [[The Australian]] 18 April 2008</ref>

Formats shorter than Twenty20 have also arisen at the domestic level, such as the [[T10 cricket|T10 format]], which is played in leagues organised by various Associate and Full Members,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lockett |first=Isaac |date=2020-09-01 |title=T10 excitement continues in Fiji |url=https://emergingcricket.com/news/t10-excitement-continues-in-fiji/ |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=Emerging Cricket |language=en-GB |archive-date=11 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211005931/https://emergingcricket.com/news/t10-excitement-continues-in-fiji/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Lavalette |first=Tristan |title=As It Fights For Full Membership, The UAE Is Becoming A Heavy Hitter In Cricket |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/tristanlavalette/2022/05/25/as-it-fights-for-full-membership-the-uae-is-becoming-a-heavy-hitter-in-cricket/ |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=Forbes |language=en |archive-date=11 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211005931/https://www.forbes.com/sites/tristanlavalette/2022/05/25/as-it-fights-for-full-membership-the-uae-is-becoming-a-heavy-hitter-in-cricket/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=CPL to launch inaugural T10 tournament 'The 6ixty' in August |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/cpl-to-launch-inaugural-t10-tournament-the-6ixty-in-august-1320902 |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=ESPNcricinfo |archive-date=22 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622193842/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/cpl-to-launch-inaugural-t10-tournament-the-6ixty-in-august-1320902 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=T10 League Plans Expansion To Five Locations After Thumbs Up From 2 ICC Full Members {{!}} Cricket News |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/cricket/t10-league-plans-expansion-to-five-locations-after-thumbs-up-from-2-icc-full-members-3554950 |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=NDTVSports.com |language=en |archive-date=8 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208040550/https://sports.ndtv.com/cricket/t10-league-plans-expansion-to-five-locations-after-thumbs-up-from-2-icc-full-members-3554950 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ZC to launch six-team T10 tournament in March 2023 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/zimbabwe-cricket-launches-six-team-t10-tournament-in-march-2023-1348496 |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=ESPNcricinfo |archive-date=11 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211043305/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/zimbabwe-cricket-launches-six-team-t10-tournament-in-march-2023-1348496 |url-status=live }}</ref> as well as the [[100-ball cricket|100-ball format]], which is played in [[The Hundred (cricket)|The Hundred]], a major limited-overs competition in England. In 100-ball cricket, a bowler bowls 5 balls in an over and is able to bowl two consecutive overs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Hundred – everything you need to know (or have forgotten) |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/the-hundred-mens-competition-everything-you-need-to-know-or-have-forgotten-1327210 |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=ESPNcricinfo |date=2 August 2022 |archive-date=11 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211005939/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/the-hundred-mens-competition-everything-you-need-to-know-or-have-forgotten-1327210 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==See also==
*[[History of women's cricket]]
*[[List of calypso songs about cricket]] - sorted by decades.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book |last=Altham |first=H.S. |author-link=Harry Altham |title=A History of Cricket, Volume 1 (to 1914) |year=1962 |publisher=George Allen & Unwin }}
* Bateman, Anthony. ''Cricket, literature and culture: symbolising the nation, destabilising empire'' (Routledge, 2016).
* {{cite book |last=Birley |first=Derek |author-link=Derek Birley |title=A Social History of English Cricket |year=1999 |publisher=Aurum }}
* {{cite book |last=Bowen |first=Rowland |author-link=Rowland Bowen |title=Cricket: A History of its Growth and Development |year=1970 |publisher=Eyre & Spottiswoode }}
* {{cite book |last=Box |first=Charles |url=https://archive.org/stream/theoryandpracti00boxgoog#page/n4/mode/2up |title=The Theory and Practice of Cricket, from its origin to the present time |year=1868 |publisher=Frederick Warne}}
* {{cite book |last=Harte |first=Chris |title=A History of Australian Cricket |publisher=Andre Deutsch |location=London |year=1993 |isbn=0-233-98825-4}}
* Lang, Andrew. "[https://archive.org/stream/cricketc00steerich#page/n21/mode/2up The History of Cricket]" in Steel A. G.; Lyttelton R. H. ''Cricket'', Longmans 1898 (6th edn)
* Light, Rob. "'In a Yorkshire Like Way': Cricket and the Construction of Regional Identity in Nineteenth-century Yorkshire." ''Sport in History'' 29.3 (2009): 500–518.
* {{cite book |last=McCann |first=Tim |author-link=Timothy J. McCann |title=Sussex Cricket in the Eighteenth Century |year=2004 |publisher=Sussex Record Society }}
* McKibbin, Ross. ''Classes and Cultures. England 1918–1951'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998). [https://www.questia.com/library/91335770/classes-and-cultures-england-1918-1951 online] pp. 332–39
* Russell, Dave. "Sport and identity: the case of Yorkshire County Cricket Club, 1890–1939." ''Twentieth Century British History'' 7.2 (1996): 206–30.
* Stone, Duncan. "Cricket's regional identities: the development of cricket and identity in Yorkshire and Surrey." ''Sport in Society'' 11.5 (2008): 501–16. [http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/2162/1/%25232162.pdf online]
* {{cite book |last=Underdown |first=David |author-link=David Underdown |title=Start of Play |year=2000 |publisher=Allen Lane }}
* ''[[Wisden Cricketers' Almanack]]'' (annual): various editions
* {{cite book |last=Wynne-Thomas |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Wynne-Thomas |title=From the Weald to the World |year=1997 |publisher=Stationery Office Books}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Early Cricket - from Guildford to Lord's |url=https://www.earlycricket.uk/ |website=A comprehensive guide to cricket before 1800}}
*{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/today/hi/today/newsid_8693000/8693097.stm|title=BBC News – Today – Audio slideshow: 'Swinging Away'|work=[[BBC Online]] | date=20 May 2010}}
* {{cite news|url=https://crichistory.in/|title=Cric History|work=CricHistory.in | date=31 Aug 2022}}
{{Cricketbycountry}}
{{History of sports}}

[[Category:History of cricket| ]]
[[Category:Cricket]]

First Yogi Adityanath ministry

2026-03-11T20:49:59Z

CRVMargarette:

{{Short description|Government of Uttar Pradesh, India (2017–22)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox government cabinet
| cabinet_type = Ministry
| cabinet_number = 17th
| jurisdiction = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| flag =File:Seal of Uttar Pradesh.svg
| flag_border =true
| incumbent =
| image = File:The Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister, Shri Yogi Adityanath meeting the President, Shri Ram Nath Kovind, at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi on February 10, 2018 (cropped).jpg
| image_size = 150
| caption = '''[[Yogi Adityanath]]'''
| date_formed = 19 March 2017
| date_dissolved = 12 March 2022
| government_head = [[Yogi Adityanath]]
| deputy_government_head =
[[Keshav Prasad Maurya]] [[Dinesh Sharma (politician)|Dr. Dinesh Sharma]]
| government_head_history =
| state_head = [[Ram Naik]] (until 28 July 2019) [[Anandiben Patel]] (from 29 July 2019)
| members_number = 57
| former_members_number = 15
| total_number =60
| political_parties = {{Color box|#FF9933}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] {{Color box|{{party color|Apna Dal (Sonelal)}}}} [[Apna Dal (Sonelal)|AD(S)]]
| legislature_status ={{Composition bar|371|503|hex=#FF9933}} '''[[Uttar Pradesh Legislature]]'''
{{Composition bar|46|100|hex=#FF9933}} '''[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council|Legislative Council]]'''
{{Composition bar|325|403|hex=#FF9933}} '''[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]]'''

| opposition_cabinet =
| opposition_party = [[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
| opposition_leader = [[Ram Govind Chaudhary]](assembly)
| election = [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| last_election =[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
| legislature_term = 5 years
| budget =
| advice_and_consent1 =
| advice_and_consent2 =

| incoming_formation =
| outgoing_formation =
| previous = [[Akhilesh Yadav ministry]]
| successor = [[Second Yogi Adityanath ministry]]
}}The '''First ministry of Yogi Adityanath''' is the council of ministers in [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|17th Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] headed by Chief Minister [[Yogi Adityanath]] since 19 March 2017. As per the Constitution of India, the Uttar Pradesh Council of Ministers, including the Chief Minister, can have maximum 60 members.

There were '''57''' Ministers Including the [[List of Chief Ministers of Uttar Pradesh|Chief Minister]], '''22''' were cabinet ministers, '''8''' were state ministers with Independent charge and '''27''' were State ministers. Out of the 57 ministers, '''56''' were from the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] while [[Apna Dal (Sonelal)|AD(S)]] was having '''1''' minister.<ref name="UP Cabinet 2017: Full List of UP CM’s Yogi Adityanath’s Cabinet Ministers with portfolios {{!}} India.com">{{cite news|title=UP Cabinet 2017: Full List of UP CM’s Yogi Adityanath’s Cabinet Ministers with portfolios {{!}} India.com|url=https://www.india.com/news/india/up-cabinet-2017-full-list-of-up-cms-yogi-adityanaths-cabinet-ministers-1947028/|accessdate=15 May 2025|work=|publisher=India|date=22 March 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250515103359/https://www.india.com/news/india/up-cabinet-2017-full-list-of-up-cms-yogi-adityanaths-cabinet-ministers-1947028/|archivedate=15 May 2025|language=en}}</ref>

== Tenure ==
Since 2017 chief minister Adityanath had ordered the closing of many slaughterhouses. As a direct consequence, the tanneries that sourced raw leather from the slaughter houses were impacted. Several tanneries were also ordered to be shut down. The tannery industry was estimated to worth 50,0000 crore ₹ in 2017. The industry directly or indirectly gave employment to more than 10 lakh people. Since 2018, through executive orders, CM Adityanath had closed around 200 tanneries out of a total of more than 400 that were active in Jajamau, Kanpur.<ref name="Tanneries">{{cite news |title=As Kanpur Tanneries Face Extinction, Adityanath's (Mis)rule Dominates Poll Talk |url=https://thewire.in/labour/as-kanpur-tanneries-face-extinction-adityanaths-misrule-dominates-poll-talk |access-date=20 February 2022 |work=The Wire}}</ref>

==Council of Ministers==

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! SI No.
! Name
! Constituency
! Department<ref name="UP portfolios allocation: CM Yogi Adityanath keeps Home; here’s the full list2">{{cite news |date=23 March 2017 |title=UP portfolios allocation: CM Yogi Adityanath keeps Home; here’s the full list |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/uttar-pradesh-portfolio-allocation-yogi-adityanath-bjp-keshav-prasad-maurya-full-list-4580750/ |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250515103512/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/uttar-pradesh-portfolio-allocation-yogi-adityanath-bjp-keshav-prasad-maurya-full-list-4580750/ |archivedate=15 May 2025 |accessdate=15 May 2025 |work= |publisher=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Yogi Adityanath Cabinet 2017: Full list of ministers and their portfolios in Uttar Pradesh">{{cite news |date=6 June 2017 |title=Yogi Adityanath Cabinet 2017: Full list of ministers and their portfolios in Uttar Pradesh |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/yogi-adityanath-cabinet-2017-full-list-of-ministers-and-their-portfolios-in-uttar-pradesh/595132/ |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250515103509/https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/yogi-adityanath-cabinet-2017-full-list-of-ministers-and-their-portfolios-in-uttar-pradesh/595132/ |archivedate=15 May 2025 |accessdate=15 May 2025 |publisher=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref>
! colspan="2" scope="col" | Party
|-
| style="text-align: center;" colspan=6|'''[[List of current Indian chief ministers|Chief Minister]]'''
|-
!1.
|[[File:The Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister, Shri Yogi Adityanath meeting the President, Shri Ram Nath Kovind, at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi on February 10, 2018 (cropped).jpg|center|259x259px]]'''[[Yogi Adityanath]]'''
|[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council|MLC]]
|
* Home.
* Housing and Urban Planning.
* Revenue.
* Food and Civil Supplies.
* Food Safety and Drug Administration.
* Planning.
* Economics and Statistics.
* Geology and Mining.
* Flood Control.
* Tax Registration.
* Jail.
* General Administration.
* Secretariat Administration.
* Confidential.
* Vigilance.
* Appointment.
* Personnel.
* State Property.
* Administrative Reform.
* Infrastructure.
* Relief and Rehabilitation.
* Consumer Protection.
* '''Departments Not Allotted To Any Minister'''.
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|-
| style="text-align: center;" colspan=6|'''[[List of current Indian deputy chief ministers|Deputy Chief Ministers]]'''
|-
! 3.
|[[File:Shri_Dinesh_Sharma_(cropped).jpg|center|272x272px]]'''[[Dinesh Sharma (politician)|Dr. Dinesh Sharma]]'''
| [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council|MLC]]
|
* Secondary Education and Higher Education.
* Science and Technology.
* Electronics.
* Information Technology.
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|-
! 2.
|[[File:Shri_Keshav_Prasad_Maurya_(cropped).jpg|center|214x214px]]'''[[Keshav Prasad Maurya]]'''
| [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council|MLC]]
|
* Public Works Department.
* Food Processing.
* Entertainment Tax.
* Public Enterprises.
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933| |-
| style="text-align: center;" colspan=6|'''Cabinet Ministers'''
|-
! 4.
|[[File:Surya_Pratap_Shahi.jpg|center|194x194px]]'''[[Surya Pratap Shahi]]'''
| [[Pathardeva (Assembly constituency)|Pathardeva]]
|
* Agriculture.
* Agricultural Education.
* Agricultural Research.
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|-
! 5.
|[[File:The_Minister_of_Urban_Development,_Uttar_Pradesh,_Shri_Suresh_Khanna_meeting_the_Union_Minister_for_Water_Resources,_River_Development_and_Ganga_Rejuvenation,_Sushri_Uma_Bharti,_in_New_Delhi_on_June_21,_2017.jpg|center|194x194px]]'''[[Suresh Kumar Khanna|Suresh Khanna]]'''
| [[Shahjahanpur (Assembly constituency)|Shahjahanpur]]
|
* Finance.
* Parliamentary Affairs.
* Medical Education.
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|-
! 6.
|[[File:Satish_Mahana.jpg|center|242x242px]]'''[[Satish Mahana]]'''
| [[Maharajpur (Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency)|Maharajpur]]
|
* Industrial Development.
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|-
! 7.
|'''[[Ramapati Shastri]]'''
| [[Mankapur (Assembly constituency)|Mankapur]]
|
* Social Welfare.
* Scheduled Castes and Tribal Welfare.
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|-
! 8.
|'''[[Jai Pratap Singh]]'''
| [[Bansi (Assembly constituency)|Bansi]]
|
* Medical and Health.
* Family Welfare.
* Mother and Child Welfare.
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|-
! 9.
|[[File:Brajesh_Pathak.jpg|center|291x291px]]'''[[Brajesh Pathak|Brijesh Pathak]]'''
| [[Lucknow Central (Assembly constituency)|Lucknow Central]]
|
* Legislative.
* Justice.
* Rural Engineering Service.
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|-
! 10.
|'''[[Chaudhary Laxmi Narayan Singh]]'''
| [[Chhata (Assembly constituency)|Chhata]]
|
* Dairy Development.
* Animal Husbandry.
* Fisheries.
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|-
! 11.
|'''[[Shrikant Sharma]]'''
| [[Mathura (Assembly constituency)|Mathura]]
|
* Energy.
* Additional Sources Of Energy.
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|-
! 12.
|'''[[Rajendra Pratap Singh]]'''
| [[Patti (Assembly constituency)|Patti]]
|
* Rural Development.
* Overall Village Development.
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|-
! 13.
|'''[[Sidharth Nath Singh]]'''
| [[Allahabad West (Assembly constituency)|Allahabad West]]
|
* Khadi and Villages Industries.
* Sericulture Industries.
* Textile.
* Micro, Small and Medium Enterprise.
* Export Promotion.
* NRI.
* Investment Promotion.
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|-
! 14.
|'''[[Mukut Bihari|Mukut Bihari Verma]]'''
| [[Kaiserganj (Assembly constituency)|Kaiserganj]]
|
* Cooperative.
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|-
! 15.
|'''[[Ashutosh Tandon]]'''
| [[Lucknow East (Assembly constituency)|Lucknow East]]
|
* Urban Development.
* Urban Employment and Poverty Alleviation.
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|-
! 16.
|'''[[Nand Gopal Gupta|Nand Gopal Gupta Nandi]]'''
| [[Allahabad South (Assembly constituency)|Allahabad South]]
|
* Civil Aviation.
* Political Pension.
* Minority Welfare.
* Muslim Waqf and Haj.
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|-
! 17.
|
'''[[Mahendra Kumar Singh|Dr. Mahendra Singh]]'''
| [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council|MLC]]
|
* Jal Shakti.
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|-
! 18.
|'''[[Suresh Rana]]'''
|[[Thana Bhawan (Assembly constituency)|Thana Bhawan]]
|
* Sugarcane Development.
* Sugar Mills.
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|-
! 19.
|'''[[Bhupendra Singh Chaudhary (Politician)|Bhupendra Singh Chaudhary]]'''
| [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council|MLC]]
|
* Panchayati Raj.
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|-
! 20.
|'''[[Anil Rajbhar]]'''
|[[Shivpur (Assembly constituency)|Shivpur]]
|
* Backward Class Welfare.
* Divyangjan Empowerment.
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|-
! 21.
|'''[[Ram Naresh Agnihotri]]'''
|[[Bhongaon (Assembly constituency)|Bhongaon]]
|
* Excise.
* Prohibition.
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|-
! 22.
|'''[[Jitin Prasada]]'''
| [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council|MLC]]
|
* Technical Education
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|-
| colspan="6" style="text-align: center;" |'''Minister of State (Independent Charge)'''
|-
! 23.
|'''[[Upendra Tiwari]]'''
|[[Phephana (Assembly constituency)|Phephana]]
|
* Sports
* Youth Welfare.
* Panchayati Raj {{small|(MOS)}}.
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|-
! 24.
|'''[[Swati Singh (politician)|Swati Singh]]'''
|[[Sarojini Nagar (Assembly constituency)|Sarojini Nagar]]
|
* Women's Welfare.
* Child Development & Nutrition {{small|(MOS)}}.
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|-
! 25.
|'''[[Neelkanth Tiwari]]'''
|[[Varanasi South (Assembly constituency)|Varanasi South]]
|
* Tourism.
* Culture.
* Religious Affairs.
* Protocol {{small|(MOS)}}.
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|-
! 26.
|'''[[Kapil Dev Aggarwal]]'''
|[[Muzaffarnagar (Assembly constituency)|Muzaffarnagar]]
|
* Vocational Education.
* Skill Development.
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|-
! 27.
|'''[[Satish Chandra Dwivedi]]'''
|[[Itwa (Assembly constituency)|Itwa]]
|
* Basic Education.
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|-
! 28.
|'''[[Ashok Katariya]]'''
|[[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLC]]
|
* Transport.
* Parliamentary Affairs {{small|(MOS)}}.
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|-
! 29.
|'''[[Sriram Chauhan]]'''
|[[Dhanghata (Assembly constituency)|Dhanghata]]
|
* Horticulture.
* Agricultural Exports.
* Agricultural Marketing.
* Agricultural Foreign Trade.
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|-
! 30.
|'''[[Ravindra Jaiswal]]'''
|[[Varanasi North (Assembly constituency)|Varanasi North]]
|
* Stamp and Court Fee.
* Registration.
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|-
| colspan="6" style="text-align: center;" |'''Minister of State'''
|-
! 31.
|'''[[Gulabo Devi]]'''
|[[Chandausi (Assembly constituency)|Chandausi]]
|
* Secondary Education.
|[[Bhartiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|-
! 32.
|'''[[Jai Prakash Nishad (Rudrapur)|Jai Prakash Nishad]]'''
|[[Rudrapur (Assembly constituency)|Rudrapur]]
|
* Animal Husbandry.
* Fisheries and Dairy Development.
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|-
! 33.
|'''[[Jai Kumar Singh Jaiki]]'''
|[[Jahanabad (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jahanabad]]
|
* Jail.
* Public Service Management.
| [[Apna Dal (Sonelal)|AD(S)]]
| bgcolor=#FF33CC|
|-
! 34.
|'''[[Atul Garg]]'''
|[[Ghaziabad (Assembly constituency)|Ghaziabad]]
|
* Medical and Health.
* Family Welfare.
* Mother and Child Welfare.
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|-
! 35.
|'''[[Ranvendra Pratap Singh]]'''
|[[Husainganj (Assembly constituency)|Husainganj]]
|
* Food & Civil Supplies.
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|-
! 36.
|'''[[Mohsin Raza]]'''
|[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council|MLC]]
|
* Minority Welfare.
* Muslim Waqf.
* Haj.
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|-
! 37.
|'''[[Girish Yadav|Girish Chandra Yadav]]'''
|[[Jaunpur (Assembly constituency)|Jaunpur]]
|
* Housing and Urban Planning.
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|-
! 38.
|'''[[Baldev Singh Aulakh]]'''
|[[Bilaspur, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency|Bilaspur]]
|
* Jal Shakti.
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|-
! 39.
|'''[[Mannu Kori]]'''
|[[Mehroni (Assembly constituency)|Mehroni]]
|
* Labor.
* Employment.
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|-
! 40.
|'''[[Sandeep Singh (politician)|Sandeep Singh]]'''
|[[Atrauli (Assembly constituency)|Atrauli]]
|
* Finance.
* Technical Education.
* Medical Education.
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|-
! 41.
|'''[[Suresh Pasi]]'''
|[[Jagdishpur (Assembly constituency)|Jagdishpur]]
|
* Sugarcane Development.
* Sugar Mills.
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|-
! 42.
|'''[[Anil Sharma (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Anil Sharma]]'''
|[[Shikarpur (Assembly constituency)|Shikarpur]]
|
* Forest.
* Environment.
* Zoological Garden.
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|-
! 43.
|'''[[Mahesh Chandra Gupta]]'''
|[[Badaun (Assembly constituency)|Budaun]]
|
* Urban Development.
* Urban Employment and Poverty Alleviation.
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|-
! 44.
|'''[[Anand Swaroop Shukla]]'''
|[[Ballia Nagar (Assembly constituency)|Ballia Nagar]]
|
* Parliamentary Affairs.
* Rural Development.
* Overall Village Development.
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|-
! 45.
|'''[[Girraj Singh Dharmesh]]'''
|[[Agra Cantonment (Assembly constituency)|Agra Cantonment]]
|
* Social Welfare.
* Scheduled Castes and Tribal Welfare.
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|-
! 46.
|'''[[Lakhan Singh]]'''
|[[Dibiyapur (Assembly constituency)|Dibiyapur]]
|
* Agriculture.
* Agricultural Education.
* Agricultural Research.
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|-
! 47.
|'''[[Neelima Katiyar]]'''
|[[Kalyanpur, Kanpur (Assembly constituency)|Kalyanpur]]
|
* Higher Education.
* Science and Technology.
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|-
! 48.
|'''[[Chaudhary Udaybhan Singh]]'''
|[[Fatehpur Sikri (Assembly constituency)|Fatehpur Sikri]]
|
* Khadi and Villages Industries.
* Sericulture Industries.
* Textile.
* Micro, Small and Medium Enterprise.
* Export Promotion.
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|-
! 49.
|'''[[Chandrika Prasad Upadhyay]]'''
|[[Chitrakoot, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency|Chitrakoot]]
|
* Public Works Department.
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|-
! 50.
|'''[[Rama Shankar Singh]]'''
|[[Marihan (Assembly constituency)|Marihan constituency]]
|
* Energy.
* Additional Sources of Energy.
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|-
! 51.
|'''[[Ajit Singh Pal]]'''
|[[Sikandra (Assembly constituency)|Sikandra]]
|
* Electronics.
* Information Technology.
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|-
! 52.
|'''[[Chhatrapal Singh Gangwar]]'''
|[[Baheri (Assembly constituency)|Baheri]]
|
* Revenue
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|-
! 53.
|'''[[Sanjiv Kumar (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Sanjiv Kumar]]'''
|[[Obra, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency|Obra]]
|
* Social Welfare
* Scheduled Castes and Tribes Welfare
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|-
! 54.
|'''[[Dinesh Khatik]]'''
|[[Hastinapur (Assembly constituency)|Hastinapur]]
|
* Flood Control
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|-
! 55.
|'''[[Paltu Ram]]'''
|[[Balrampur (Assembly constituency)|Balrampur]]
|
* Sainik Kalyan
* Home Guards
* Civil Security Department
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|-
! 56.
|'''[[Sangeeta Balwant]]'''
|[[Ghazipur Sadar (Assembly constituency)|Ghazipur Sadar]]
|
* Cooperatives
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|-
! 57.
|'''[[Dharmveer Prajapati|Dharmaveer Prajapati]]'''
|[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council|MLC]]
|
* Industrial Development
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|-

|}

==Former Ministers==

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! SI No.
! Name
! Constituency
! Department
! Tenure
! Reason
! colspan="2" scope="col" | Party
|-
!1.
|'''[[Om Prakash Rajbhar]]'''
| [[Zahoorabad (Assembly constituency)|Zahoorabad]]
|
* Backward classes welfare and Disabled people development.
| March 2017 – May 2019
| Removed
| [[Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party|SBSP]]
| bgcolor=#F5D50A|
|-
! 2.
|'''[[Rita Bahuguna Joshi]]'''
|[[Lucknow Cantonment (Assembly constituency)|Lucknow Cantonment]]
|
* Women & Family Welfare.
* Maternity & Child Welfare.
*Tourism.
| March 2017 – May 2019
| [[17th Lok Sabha|Elected to 17th Lok Sabha]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|-
! 3.
|'''[[S.P. Singh Baghel]]'''
|[[Tundla (Assembly constituency)|Tundla]]
|
* Livestock.
* Minor Irrigation and Fisheries.
| March 2017 – May 2019
| [[17th Lok Sabha|Elected to 17th Lok Sabha]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|-
! 4.
|'''[[Satyadev Pachauri]]'''
|[[Govind Nagar (Assembly constituency)|Govind Nagar]]
|
* Khadi.
* Rural industry.
* Resham.
* Textile industry.
* Small & Medium enterprises and Exports encouragements.
| March 2017 – May 2019
| [[17th Lok Sabha|Elected to 17th Lok Sabha]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|-
! 5.
|'''[[Rajesh Agarwal]]'''
|[[Bareilly Cantonment (Assembly constituency)|Bareilly Cantonment]]
|
* Finance.
| March 2017 – August 2019
| [[Resigned]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|-
! 6.
|'''[[Dharmpal Singh]]'''
|[[Aonla (Assembly constituency)|Aonla]]
|
* Irrigation.
| March 2017 – August 2019
| [[Resigned]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|-
! 7.
|'''[[Archana Pandey]]'''
|[[Chhibramau (Assembly constituency)|Chhibramau]]
|
* Mining {{small|(MOS)}}.
* Excise and Prohibition {{small|(MOS)}}.
| March 2017 – August 2019
| [[Resigned]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|-
! 8.
|'''[[Anupama Jaiswal]]'''
|[[Bahraich (Assembly constituency)|Bahraich]]
|
* Basic education {{small|(I/C)}}.
* Child development and nutrition {{small|(MOS)}}.
* Revenue {{small|(MOS)}}.
* Finance {{small|(MOS)}}.
| March 2017 – August 2019
| [[Resigned]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|-
! 9.
|'''[[Swatantra Dev Singh]]'''
|[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council|MLC]]
|
* Transport {{small|(I/C)}}.
* Protocol {{small|(MOS)}}.
* Power {{small|(MOS)}}.
| March 2017 – August 2019
| [[Resigned]]. Made UP BJP chief.
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|-
! 10.
| '''[[Kamal Rani|Kamal Rani Varun]]'''
|[[Ghatampur (Assembly constituency)|Ghatampur]]
|
* Technical Education.
| August 2019 – August 2020
| Died
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|-
! 11.
|'''[[Chetan Chauhan]]'''
|[[Naugawan Sadat (Assembly constituency)|Naugawan Sadat]]
|
* Sainik Welfare.
* Home Guards.
* PRD.
* Civil Security.
| March 2017 – August 2020
| Died
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|-
! 12.
|'''[[Vijay Kumar Kashyap]]'''
|[[Charthawal (Assembly constituency)|Charthawal]]
|
* Revenue {{small|(MOS)}}.
* Flood Control {{small|(MOS)}}.
| March 2017 – May 2021
| Died
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|-
! 13.
|'''[[Swami Prasad Maurya]]'''
| [[Padrauna (Assembly constituency)|Padrauna]]
|
* Labour.
* Employment.
* Coordination.
| March 2017 – January 2022
| Resigned
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|-
! 14.
|'''[[Dara Singh Chauhan]]'''
| [[Madhuban (Assembly constituency)|Madhuban]]
|
* Forest.
* Environment.
* Zoological Garden.
| March 2017 – January 2022
| Resigned
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|-
! 15.
|'''[[Dharam Singh Saini]]'''
|[[Nakur (Assembly constituency)|Nakur]]
|
* Ayush.
* Food Security and Drug Administration {{small|(MOS)}}.
| March 2017 – January 2022
| Resigned
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|

|}

==See also==
* [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Yogi ministry}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yogi Adityanath ministry}}
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh ministries]]
[[Category:2017 in Indian politics]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party state ministries of Uttar Pradesh|Adityanath I]]
[[Category:Yogi ministry| ]]
[[Category:Apna Dal (Sonelal)]]
[[Category:Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:2017 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian ministries established in 2017|Adityanath I]]
[[Category:Indian ministries disestablished in 2021|Adityanath I]]
[[Category:Authoritarianism]]
[[Category:Persecution of Muslims]]

Kunthipuzha River

2026-03-10T16:59:27Z

CRVMargarette: updated content and added references

#REDIRECT [[Kunthipuzha]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Donyi-Polo

2026-03-07T21:45:50Z

CRVMargarette: brief refine intro based on references also and fixed typos

{{short description|Indigenous religion of Arunachal Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox religious group
|group=Donyi-Polo
|flag=Flag_of_Donyi-Polo.svg
|flag_size=200px
|image=File:Donyi_Polo_flag.jpg
|image_caption=Donyi-Polo flag seen over a house in [[Itanagar]], Arunachal Pradesh, India, indicating that its inhabitants follow the religion.
|image_size=250px
|flag_caption=Flag of the Donyi-Polo religion
|population=360,000–370,000 ([[2011 Census of India|2011]])
|region1={{Flag|India}}
|region2=[[Arunachal Pradesh]]
|region3=[[Assam]]
|region4={{Flag|China}}
|pop1=363,853
|pop2=362,553
|pop3=800
|pop4=500<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/18186/CH|title=Khasi in Switzerland|website=Joshua Project|accessdate=2025-04-14}}</ref>
}}

'''Donyi Polo'''{{refn|group=lower-greek|Other taxonomies used are:
* '''Danyi Piilo''', the [[Apatani people|Apatani]] variation.{{Sfn|Chaudhuri|2013|p=271}}
* '''Sedism''', from the [[Adi people|Adi]] name of God, ''Sedi''.{{Sfn|Rikam|2005|pp=120-121}}
* '''Tanism''', for all [Tanyi languages|Tanyi] peoples, tracing their mythical ancestry to [[Abotani]].{{Sfn|Rikam|2005|p=130}}
* '''Rangfraism''', from the [[Tangsa people|Tangsa]] name of God, ''Rangfrah''.{{Sfn|Chaudhuri|2013|p=261}}{{Sfn|Chaudhuri|2013|pp=274-275}}
* '''Intayaism''', from the [[Mishmi people|Mishmi]] name of the Goddess, ''Intaya''.{{Sfn|Chaudhuri|2013|p= 261}}{{Sfn|Chaudhuri|2013|pp=274-275}}}} is the designation given to the [[indigenous religion|indigenous]] religion,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Daughrity|first=Dyron B.|date=2020-10-08|title=BJP and Donyi-Polo: New Challenges to Christianity in Arunachal Pradesh and Northeast India|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/2396939320951563|journal=International Bulletin of Mission Research|volume=46 |issue=2 |language=en|pages=234–246|doi=10.1177/2396939320951563|s2cid=225152136 |issn=2396-9393|url-access=subscription}}</ref> of [[animism|animistic]] and [[shamanism|shamanic]] type, of the [[Tani people|Tani]] and other [[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibeto-Burman]] [[ethnic groups]] of [[Arunachal Pradesh]] and [[Assam]] in [[Northeast India]].{{Sfn|Rikam|2005|p=117}}{{Sfn|Mibang|Chaudhuri|2004|p=47}} The name "Donyi-Polo" means "Sun-Moon", and was chosen for the religion in the process of its revitalisation and institutionalisation started in the 1970s in response to inroads made by [[Christianity]] and the possibility of absorption into [[Hinduism]].{{Sfn|Dalmia|Sadana|2012|pp=44-45}}

The religion has developed a congregational system; hymns to be sung, composed in the Tani ritual language of shamans; a formalised [[philosophy]]-[[theology]]; and an [[iconography]] of the gods{{Sfn|Chaudhuri|2013|p=261}} and temples.{{Sfn|Dalmia|Sadana|2012|pp= 44-45}} The pioneer of the revival was [[Talom Rukbo]].{{Sfn|Chaudhuri|2013|p=263}} Donyi-Polo is related to the Hemphu-Mukrang religion of the [[Karbi people|Karbi]] and the Nyezi-No of the [[Hruso people|Hruso]].{{Sfn|Rikam|2005|p=21}}

==History==
On 28 August 1968, a meeting of [[Adi people|Adi]] intellectuals was held in [[Along, Arunachal Pradesh|Along]], [[West Siang district|West Siang]], to discuss countermeasures to be taken against the gradual erosion of indigenous identity and traditions attributed to [[India]]'s policy of integration of [[Arunachal Pradesh]], and particularly the spread of [[Christianity]] in the area since the 1950s which has caused an enduring crisis in the cultural mosaic of the north-eastern state.{{Sfn|Chaudhuri|2013|p=261}} The meeting's aim was also that of uniting the Tibeto-Burman folks under a collective identity and values for a good life.{{Sfn|Chaudhuri|2013|p=263}}{{Sfn|Chaudhuri|2013|p=270}} As a result of the religious initiative, 36,954 inhabitants of erstwhile [[Siang district]] identified themselves as adherents of Donyi-Polo in the [[1971 census of India|1971 census]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Barthakur |first=J. K. |date=1971 |title=Social and Cultural Tables, Part II-C(i), Series-24, Arunachal Pradesh - Census 1971 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/32024/download/35205/26206_1971_SCT.pdf |publisher=Director of Census Operations, Arunachal Pradesh}}</ref>

[[Talom Rukbo]] emerged as the father of Donyi-Poloism, a term that was coined for the institutionalisation of the Tibeto-Burman folk religion.{{Sfn|Chaudhuri|2013|pp=263-264}} According to Rukbo, the main reason for the easy erosion of the traditional culture was that it lacked written literature.{{Sfn|Chaudhuri|2013|p=263}} So, with the aim of recovering the endangered rituals, prayers, and hymns, within 1986 three major cultural organisations were founded: the Tani Jagriti Foundation, the Donyi-Polo Youth Federation, and the Donyi-Polo Yelam Kebang.{{Sfn|Chaudhuri|2013|p=264}}

Rikbo expressed the need for institutionalization of the traditional faith in these terms:{{Sfn|Chaudhuri|2013|p=264}}
{{blockquote|Tradition means the way of living of a society practicing its socio-religious culture, economic life, the way of preserving history, literature, and all other norms of social life inherited from time immemorial which may be called social character and identity.}}

Many Adi and Tani intellectuals reflected Rukbo's ideas, and these gradually spread across the tribes and even beyond the Tani people.{{Sfn|Chaudhuri|2013|p=264}} The 31 December, the day of establishment of the Donyi-Polo Yelam Kebang in 1986, has been made the "Donyi-Polo Day" celebrated each year.{{Sfn|Chaudhuri|2013|p=265}}

Since then, templar areas ({{Transliteration|sit|gangging}}) have been consecrated, religious literature and prayer hymns have been collected and published.{{Sfn|Chaudhuri|2013|p=267}} To meet the growing number of adherents in the revival, the Donyi-Polo Yelam Kebang established orientation courses—which take place twice a year—and trained groups of youth to send back with books and icons to their home village, to encourage people to construct temples and conduct prayers.{{Sfn|Chaudhuri|2013|p=268}} During the last two decades the spiritual revival has spread all over Arunachal Pradesh.{{Sfn|Chaudhuri|2013|p=269}}

Supporters of the revival have coined the slogan «''Loss of culture is loss of identity''» which has become very popular. The indirect implication is that those who convert to [[Christianity]] lose their culture and hence their identity.{{Sfn|Chaudhuri|2013|p=274}}

===''Gangging''===
A {{Transliteration|sit|gangging}} is a general name for a prayer place of the Donyi-Poloist faith, and especially in the [[Adi people|Adi]] areas.{{Sfn|Chaudhuri|2013|p=265}} The {{Transliteration|sit|gangging}} as a [[sacred]] enclosure is a concept popularised by the Donyi-Polo Yelam Kebang since 1996.{{Sfn|Chaudhuri|2013|p=265}}

According to Talom Rukbo, the word {{Transliteration|sit|gangging}} is derived from ''Gangging Siring'', the concept of land or [[tree of life|holy tree]] that mediates between the spiritual and the natural worlds,{{Sfn|Chaudhuri|2013|p=265}} and from which any thing, living or non-living, comes into existence.{{Sfn|Chaudhuri|2013|p=265}}

''Gangging'' congregants have to follow certain rules: for example, male members must sit on the left in rows, and female members on the right, cross-legged.{{Sfn|Chaudhuri|2013|p=267}} Within the prayer place, there should not be any noise during prayer except the sound of the hymns.{{Sfn|Chaudhuri|2013|p=267}} Prayers are organized in the prayer place on Sundays, and all of the {{Transliteration|sit|gangging}} branches established in each of the villages under the Siang district are centrally regulated by the Donyi-Polo Yelam Kebang.{{Sfn|Chaudhuri|2013|p=267}} Through the prayer place, codified rituals and practices, and [[iconography|iconographies]] of the Gods and Goddesses have been introduced.{{Sfn|Chaudhuri|2013|p= 267}}

=== Nyedar namlo ===
[[File:Women dancing around the sacrificial altar at Nyokum puja.JPG|thumb|Nyishi women dancing during the annual festival, Nyokum Yullo.]]
Nyedar namlo is a place of worship of the [[Nyishi people|Nyishis]] following the faith. Many of them were built after the late twentieth century CE during the faith's revivalist movement in the eastern part of Arunachal Pradesh. The material and non-material culture of the place borrows elements from Christianity and Hinduism.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Borgohain |first=Bhaswati |last2=Dodum |first2=Mekory |date=2023-07-09 |title=Religious Nationalism, Christianisation and Institutionalisation of Indigenous Faiths in Contemporary Arunachal Pradesh, India |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00856401.2023.2223457 |journal=South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies |language=en |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1080/00856401.2023.2223457 |issn=0085-6401|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Sociologist Bhaswati Borgohain and Indigenous scholar Mekory Dodum suggest that these places 'exists in the liminal space between tradition and modernity where the notions of the sacred and spiritual blend with the social and cultural identity of the indigenous tribes, all of which are in transition.'<ref name=":0" />

===Ethnic variations===
In [[Galo tribe|Galo]] areas, the prayer place and community halls (''dere'') have come up under the patronage of the Donyi-Polo Welfare Association and they are being built since the 2000s.{{Sfn|Chaudhuri|2013|p=270}} Priests (''nyibu'') conduct prayers in the prayer place on Sundays.The prayer place for Galo people is known as Gamgi which is similar to the Adi people's Gangging. Just like Adi people, the congregants have to follow certain rules in the prayer place for example, male members must sit on the left in rows, and female members on the right, cross-legged. The prayers are organized in the prayer place on Sundays.{{Sfn|Chaudhuri|2013|p=270}} In [[Apatani people|Apatani]] areas, the religion is called "Danyi-Piilo" and prayer place are called ''meder nello'' ("purified place"), the first of which was built in 2004,{{Sfn|Chaudhuri |2013|p=271}} songs and prayers are collected in a prayer book called ''Lyambope''.{{Sfn|Chaudhuri|2013|p= 271}} Donyi-Poloist prayer place in [[Nishi people|Nishi]] areas are called {{Transliteration|sit|nyedar namlo}} ("pure place"), and also among them the movement has been started only in the early 2000s.{{Sfn|Chaudhuri|2013|p=271}}

More recently, the success of Donyi-Polo has crossed the Tani cultural borders inspiring the rise of [[Rangfrah|Rangfraism]] among the [[Tangsa people|Tangsa]], Amik-Matai Ringya-JawMalo of the Miju and Digaro [[Mishmi people|Mishmi]] in [[Anjaw district|Anjaw]] and [[Lohit district|Lohit]] and of Intayaism among the Idu Mishmi, respectively in [[Changlang district|Changlang]] and [[Dibang Valley district|Dibang Valley]].{{Sfn|Chaudhuri|2013|pp=274-275}}

==Theology and cosmology==
===''Sedi'' and ''Keyum''===
In the Donyi-Polo belief, the [[Absolute (philosophy)|fountain god that begets the universe]] ([[God]] or the Godhead) is referred to as ''Sedi'' by the [[Minyong tribe|Minyong]] and [[Padam tribe|Padam]], ''Jimi'' by the [[Galo tribe|Galo]].{{Sfn|Rikam|2005|p=117}}{{Sfn|Mibang|Chaudhuri|2004|pp=47-48}} All things and beings are parts of the body of ''Sedi'':{{Sfn|Rikam|2005|p=119}}{{Sfn|Mibang|Chaudhuri|2004|pp=47-48}} in creation, the hair of ''Sedi'' becomes the plants of the earth, his tears become rain and water, his bones become rocks and stones, and his two eyes become ''Donyi'' (the Sun) and ''Polo'' (the Moon).{{Sfn|Rikam|2005|p=119}}{{Sfn|Mibang|Chaudhuri|2004|pp=47-48}} ''Sedi'', after creation, is a ''[[deus otiosus]]'' but continues to observe creation through his eyes, his double aspect veiling-unveiling-revealing himself.{{Sfn|Mibang|Chaudhuri|2004|pp=47-48}}{{Sfn|Mibang|Chaudhuri|pp=47-48|2004}}

In Galo beliefs, ''Jimi'' manifests as ''Melo'' (Sky) and ''Sidi'' (Earth), out of the interaction of which all things and beings are born, including ''Donyi'' and ''Polo''.{{Sfn|Rikam|2005|p=119}} There are other myths explaining the meaning of the duality ''Donyi'' and ''Polo''.{{Sfn|Rikam|2005|p=119}}{{Sfn|Mibang|Chaudhuri|2004|pp=47-48}}

According to [[Talom Rukbo]]'s theology, all celestial bodies including Earth, all things, originate from one source, ''Keyum'' (nothingness or the vacuum).{{Sfn|Rikam|2005|p= 120}} ''Donyi''-''Polo'' is the polar force that generates all stars; the physical Sun and Moon (respectively, ''Bomong'' and ''Boo'') near the Earth and humanity, are bodily manifestations of the universal unseen power ''Donyi''-''Polo'', with ''Bomong'' carrying out the centralising power of ''Donyi'', and ''Boo'' the ''Polo'' power of life-giving.{{Sfn|Rikam|2005|p=120}}

===''Donyi'' and ''Polo''===
''Donyi'' (Sun) and ''Polo'' (Moon)—which are, respectively, female and male in the Tibeto-Burman tradition; called ''Ane Donyi'' ("Mother Sun") and ''Abu Polo'' ("Father Moon"){{Sfn|Mibang|Chaudhuri|2004|p=48}}—constitute a notion similar to the [[yin and yang]] of [[Chinese culture]]. It is the analogy through which the Divinity (''Sedi'') can be described,{{Sfn|Chaudhuri|2013|p=264}}{{Sfn|Rikam|2005|pp=118-119}} representing the way in which the divine principle manifests itself, that is: eternally veiling, unveiling and then revealing himself in nature; providing harmony and balance to the universe, for example in the alternation of light and darkness, heat and cool, or unity (analogically, the Sun of the daily sky) and multiplicity (analogically, the stars of the night sky).{{Sfn|Chaudhuri|2013|p=264}}

The practical expression of the faith in Donyi-Polo can be found in the daily life and actions of people: they call themselves "''Donyi O, Polo Ome''", meaning "children of the sun and the moon".{{Sfn|Mibang|Chaudhuri|2004|p=50}} When a believer is distressed he invokes "''Donyi''-''Polo''".{{Sfn|Mibang|Chaudhuri|2004|p=50}} If a man is falsely accused
of lying he invokes "''Donyi-e!''", "oh Sun!".{{Sfn|Mibang|Chaudhuri|2004|p=50}} All these are expressions of faith in Donyi-Polo upholding providently the world, rewarding the righteous and punishing wrong-doers.{{Sfn|Mibang|Chaudhuri|2004|p=50}} The divine pair is revered as the highest holy figure governing fate.{{Sfn|Mibang|Chaudhuri|2004|p=50}}

"Donyi-Polo" is also used in the sense of "truth" in sacral speech.{{Sfn|Mibang|Chaudhuri|2004|p=51}} "Donyi-Polo" is the epitome of wisdom, enlightenment, right conscience, truthfulness, and selflessness.{{Sfn|Mibang|Chaudhuri|2004|p=51}} Aware people are called "''Donyi''-''Polo Ome''", which means "children of truth".{{Sfn|Mibang|Chaudhuri|2004|p= 51}} Elders are regarded as "''Donyi''-''Polo Abu''", "representatives of the truth".{{Sfn|Mibang|Chaudhuri|2004|p=51}}

===Gods===
The followers of Donyi-Poloism worship a variety of gods and goddesses that enliven nature.{{Sfn|Chaudhuri|2013|p=265}} These gods are believed to partake in the universal balance of ''Donyi'' and ''Polo'', and to be multiple manifestations or identities of ''Sedi''—''Donyi''-''Polo'', each with specific functions and roles.{{Sfn|Chaudhuri|2013|p= 270}} It is believed that they take care of the earth and humanity.{{Sfn|Chaudhuri|2013|p=265}} The main deities in Donyi-Polo are ''Donyi'' and ''Polo'', ''Kine Nane'', ''Doying Bote'', ''Pedong Nane'' and ''Guumin Soyin''.{{Sfn|Chaudhuri|2013|p=270}}

==Abotani==
[[Tani languages|Tani-speaking]] peoples ([[Lhoba people|Lhoba]], [[Tagin people|Tagin]], [[Galo tribe|Galo]], [[Nyishi people|Nyishi]], [[Na people|Nah]], [[Apatani people|Apatani]], [[Mishing people|Mishing]], [[Adi people|Adi]]) share a myth telling of their descendance from the [[progenitor]] [[Abotani]].{{Sfn|Rikam|2005|p=118}} Other [[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibeto-Burman]] peoples of [[Arunachal Pradesh]] who share the Donyi-Polo faith don't subscribe to the descendance from Abotani.{{Sfn|Rikam|2005|p=118}}

Abotani is thought to represent the evolution of the human being from the source ''Donyi'', ''Sedi'',{{Sfn|Rikam|2005|p=126}} the eye of the universe as important to man as the eye of the body.{{Sfn|Rikam|2005|p=126}} The Divinity has projected man showing him the right way to go.{{Sfn|Rikam|2005|p=126}}

==Conscience and ethics==
Donyi-Poloists describe the "Donyi-Polo" nature of the universe as the eyes of human conscience.{{Sfn|Rikam|2005|p=127}} Happiness is given through right action, and right action is that which follows the order of nature (Donyi-Polo).{{Sfn|Rikam|2005|p=127}}

Oshang Ering, a philosopher of the religion, has written that as the two objects in the sky (''Bomong'' and ''Boo'') focus light to enable us to see what is what, Donyi-Polo makes us aware of what is wrong and right.{{Sfn|Rikam|2005|p=127}} Right conscience naturally prevails,{{Sfn|Rikam|2005|p=127}} and when a person does wrong things (acts against the natural order) and tries to hide it, or masks it as good, then the force of conscience (Donyi-Polo) imposes a psychological pression, and the wrongdoer loses happiness.{{Sfn|Rikam|2005|p=127}}

Right conscience naturally guides man.{{Sfn|Rikam|2005|p=127}} According to the traditional belief, love, compassion, equality and selflessness are naturally ordained by Donyi-Polo; they are inscribed in nature.{{Sfn|Rikam|2005|p=127}} The [[ethics|ethical]] dimension of Donyi-Polo also means purity, beauty, simplicity, and frankness.{{Sfn|Chaudhuri| 2013|p=264}}

== Demographics ==
{{Historical population
|1971|36954
|1981|218489
|1991|279450
|2001|302928
|2011|331370
|source=Census of India<ref>{{cite book | last=Roshan | first=Rajesh | title=The Routledge Handbook of Contemporary Readings on Tribe and Religions in India | chapter=Tribe, Religion, and Census of India | publisher=Routledge India | publication-place=London | date=September 2, 2024 | isbn=978-1-003-51641-5 | doi=10.4324/9781003516415-13 | pages=140–178}}</ref>}}

{{Pie chart
|caption= '''Adherents of Donyi Polo, 2011 census'''<ref>{{multiref2
|{{Cite web|title=ST-14 A: Scheduled tribe population by religious community (State/UT level), Arunachal Pradesh - 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/12515/download/15628/ST-12-00-014A-DDW-2011.XLS |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=April 12, 2025}}
|{{Cite web|title=ST-14 A: Scheduled tribe population by religious community (State/UT level), Assam - 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/12521/download/15634/ST-18-00-014A-DDW-2011.XLS |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=April 12, 2025}}}}</ref>
|value1 =22.24
|label1 =[[Nyishi people|Nyishi]]
|value2 =16.15
|label2 =[[Galo people|Galo]]
|value3 =13.62
|label3 =[[Adi people|Adi]]
|value4 =13.61
|label4 =[[Tagin people|Tagin]]
|value5 =9.4
|label5 =[[Apatani people|Apatani]]
|value6 =6.02
|label6 =[[Minyong people|Adi minyong]]
|value7 =3.12
|label7 =[[Gallong people|Adi gallong]]
|value8 =2.72
|label8 =[[Nishi people|Nissi]]
|value9 =2.33
|label9 =[[Padam people|Adi padam]]
|other =yes
|other-color =lightgrey
}}

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Religion|Society
}}
* [[Tribal religions in India]]
* [[Bathouism]]
* [[Indigenous religion]]
* [[Sanamahism]]
* [[Sarnaism]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=lower-greek|1}}

==References==
===Citations===
{{reflist}}

===Sources===
* {{cite journal|first=Sarit Kumar|last=Chaudhuri|url=http://nirc.nanzan-u.ac.jp/nfile/4303|title=The Institutionalization of Tribal Religion. Donyi-Polo Movement in Arunachal Pradesh|journal=Asian Ethnology|volume=72|jstor=i23595456|publisher=Nanzan Institute|year=2013|issue=2|pages=259–277}}
* {{cite book|first1=Vasudha|last1=Dalmia|first2=Rashmi|last2=Sadana|title=The Cambridge Companion to Modern Indian Culture|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=2012|isbn=9-781-139-82546-7}}
* {{cite book|first1=Tamo|last1=Mibang|first2=Sarit Kumar|last2=Chaudhuri|title=Understanding Tribal Religion|publisher=Mittal Publications|year=2004|isbn=9-788-170-99945-4}}
* {{cite book|first=Nabam Tadar |last=Rikam|title=Emerging Religious Identities of Arunachal Pradesh. A Study of Nyishi Tribe|publisher=Mittal Publication|date=2005|isbn=9-788-183-24032-1}}
* {{cite book|first1=Jogendar|last1=Nath|title=The Cultural Heritage of a Tribal Society|publisher=Omsons Publications|year=2000|isbn=9-788-171-17178-1}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060409080049/http://www.ignca.nic.in/nl_01006.htm|archive-date=9 April 2006|url=http://www.ignca.nic.in/nl_01006.htm|title=Adi Bari: A Performative Art|publisher=Talom Rukbo}}

{{Religion topics}}
{{Religion in India topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Donyi-Polo| ]]
[[Category:Religion in India]]
[[Category:Indian religions]]
[[Category:Ethnic religions in Asia]]
[[Category:Sacred groves of India]]

Varaphalam

2026-03-03T21:27:50Z

CRVMargarette: formatting fix

{{more citations needed|date=April 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Varaphalam
| image = Varaphalam.jpg

| alt =
| caption =
| director = [[Thaha]]
| producer = Risana Arts
| writer = B. Jayachandran
| starring = [[Sreenivasan]] [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]] [[Thilakan]] [[Maathu]] Anju [[Jagathy Sreekumar]]
| music = [[S. P. Venkatesh]] (film score) [[Mohan Sitara]] (songs)
| cinematography = [[Saloo George]]
| editing = G. Venkitaraman
| studio = Risana Arts
| distributor = Pratheeksha Pictures
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1994||}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Varaphalam''''' ({{Translation|Weekly horoscope}}) is a 1994 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[comedy-drama]] film directed by [[Thaha]] and written by B. Jayachandran, starring [[Sreenivasan]] and [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]] in the lead roles.

==Plot==
{{more plot|date=September 2020}}
The story is about Sreedharan Nair and his two sons, one of them blind, Unni, and the other one deaf, Balan. The story takes a turn when the sons marry, and their in-laws try to steal the family money. Krishnankutty is a clever but honest caretaker for the deaf and blind siblings, who is constantly at odds with their in-laws. Being astute he senses the actual intentions of the in-laws and warns the brothers. His run-ins with the in-laws give some genuine comic moments. The in laws start wading into forbidden territory in their quest to grab money finally, the patriarch, Sreedharan Nair, steps in and carries out the burden of sorting things out.

==Cast==
* [[Sreenivasan]] as Unni
* [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]] as Balan
* [[Thilakan]] as Sreedharan Nair (Father of Unni and Balan)
* [[Maathu]] as Balan's wife (Anjali)
* [[Anju (actress)|Anju]] as Unni's wife (Geetha)
* [[Jagathy Sreekumar]] as Krishnankutty
* [[Paravoor Bharathan]] as Pillai Chettan
* [[Karamana Janardanan Nair]] as Geetha's father
* [[Janardhanan (actor)|Janardhanan]] as Govindankutty
* [[Mamukkoya]] as broker Hamsa
* [[Meena (Malayalam actress)|Meena]] as Geetha's mother
* [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]] as Gopi/Drama Artist (Cameo Appearance)
* [[Sukumari]] as Kalyanikutty/Drama Artist Rosy (Cameo Appearance)
* [[Zeenath]] as Govindankutty's Wife
* [[K. P. A. C. Sunny]] as Sahadevan
* [[Mala Aravindan]] as Advocate Arunkumar
* [[Indrans]] as Auto Driver
* [[Zainuddin (actor)|Zainuddin]]
* [[Kalasala Babu]]
* Elias Babu as Man at Bus stop
* [[Abu Salim (actor)|Abu Salim]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0343142|Varafalam}}

{{Thaha}}

[[Category:1994 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Mohan Sithara]]
[[Category:1994 comedy films]]
[[Category:1994 films]]

{{1990s-Malayalam-film-stub}}
{{1990s-comedy-film-stub}}

North 24 Kaatham

2026-03-03T20:44:15Z

CRVMargarette: Starting Basic Details First Draft

{{Short description|2013 film by Anil Radhakrishnan Menon}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = North 24 Kaatham
| image = North 24 Kaatham poster.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Theatrical poster
| director = [[Anil Radhakrishnan Menon]]
| producer = C. V. Sarathi
| writer = [[Anil Radhakrishnan Menon]]
| starring = {{unbulleted list|[[Fahadh Faasil]]|[[Nedumudi Venu]]|[[Swathi Reddy]]}}
| music = [[Rex Vijayan]] [[Govind Vasantha]]
| cinematography = [[Jayesh Nair]]
| editing = Dilip
| studio = E4 Entertainment
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2013|09|15|df=yes}}
| runtime = 125 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''North 24 Kaatham''''' is a 2013 Indian [[Malayalam]] language [[Adventure drama film|adventure drama]] film written and directed by debutant [[Anil Radhakrishnan Menon]]. The film features [[Fahadh Faasil]], [[Nedumudi Venu]], and [[Swathi Reddy]] in the lead roles. The background score is composed by [[Govind Menon|Govind]] Vasantha. The movie was released as an [[Onam]] release on 15 September 2013. It was well received by critics and won the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Malayalam]]. It is widely regarded as one of the defining movies of the [[New Wave (Malayalam film movement)|Malayalam New Wave]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Nagarajan|first=Saraswathy|date=2019-12-19|title=The 25 best Malayalam films of the decade: 'Premam', 'Maheshinte Prathikaram', 'Kumbalangi Nights' and more|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/the-25-best-malayalam-films-of-the-decade-premam-maheshinte-prathikaram-kumbalangi-nights-and-more/article30349548.ece|access-date=2021-07-11|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Plot==
Harikrishnan is a geeky software architect who suffers from [[Obsessive–compulsive disorder]] and [[self-righteousness]]. His colleagues find it hard to work with him due to his emotional outbursts and odd mannerisms, though the company leadership values him as a core asset to the organization. His colleagues hatch a plan to send him off to [[Trivandrum|Thiruvananthapuram]] to demonstrate on a webinar, one of the company's top-selling products, which also happens to be developed by Hari. Unfortunately for him, the date of his journey coincides with a [[harthal]] day. While going to Thiruvananthapuram by train, in the middle of the night, his co-passenger Gopalan, a veteran politician, receives a call informing him that his wife is seriously ill. As soon as the train leaves [[Kollam]], Gopalan, growing concerned about his wife's health decides to change his plan and return to his hometown in [[Kozhikode]] to attend to his ailing wife. Seeing the situation, another passenger Narayani a.k.a. Nani, a social worker, decides to join Gopalan. They get down at [[Paravur, Kollam|Paravur]] railway station. In the confusion to get down at Paravur, Gopalan accidentally drops his cell phone on the train before disembarking. Hari notices the ringing phone when Gopalan's friend Moidheen calls him up to inform him about his wife's death. Hari picks up the call and hears the sad news. Not knowing how to react in this situation, Hari also gets down at Paravur on the pretext of forgetting his bag on the train. Hari decides to follow Narayani and Gopalan on their return journey to Kozhikode. The plan not only upsets his daily routine and schedule but also disturbs his standard of hygiene. Nani on the other hand is carefree and unlike Hari, goes out of her way to help others. The journey becomes a learning experience for Hari and how he understands and overcomes various trying situations in life. The film ends with Hari and Nani falling in love and him finally overcoming his OCPD.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Fahadh Faasil]] as Harikrishnan, an IT Professional from Kochi, on a journey to Thiruvananthapuram for a webinar.
* [[Nedumudi Venu]] as Gopalan, a retired school teacher who is on a journey to Thiruvananthapuram for certification issues of his neighbour.
* [[Swathi Reddy]] as Narayani aka Nani, an NGO activist in Thiruvananthapuram from Shornur.
* [[Chemban Vinod Jose]] as Mustafa, an NRI who is trapped in Kochi on Harthal Day. He needs to move to [[Chavakkad]] to see his newly born baby
* [[Sadiq (Indian actor)|Sadiq]] as Minister
* [[Mukundan (actor)|Mukundan]] as S I
* [[Thalaivasal Vijay]] as Sreekumar, Hari's father
* [[Jinu Joseph]] as Sam, Office Executive, a short-tempered on the spot
* [[Geetha (actress)|Geetha]] as Maya, Hari's mother
* [[Sreenath Bhasi]] as Siddharth a.k.a. Sid, Hari's brother, Red FM RJ
* [[Premgi Amaren]] as Vyomkesh, A [[Tamil people|Tamil]] guy who married a [[Kutchi people|Kutchi]] girl
* [[Kani Kusruti]] as Kutchi woman who married Vyomkesh
* [[Leona Lishoy]] as Simi [A new joinee in Harikrishnan's office]
* [[Srinda Arhaan]] as Priya, Hari's Colleague
* Disney James as the Railway Guard.
* [[Nirmal Palazhi]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/person/nirmal-palazhi/1081725|title=Nirmal Palazhi - Movies, Biography, News, Age & Photos|website=BookMyShow|access-date=2019-11-26}}</ref>
* [[Khalid Rahman]] as Auto Driver
* [[V. P. Khalid|V.P. Khalid]] as Minister's P.A.
* Prigi Abigail Benger
* Privin Vinish
* Chinnu Kuruvila as Prathibha
* Pushpa Mathew as Nivedita
* Deepak Nathan as Happy Singh, The Hindi speaking guy in the office who hates Hari
* [[Sudhi Koppa]]

{{colend}}

==Production==
Produced under the banner of E4 Entertainment, the film sports cinematography by [[Jayesh Nair]] and music by Govind Menon (of [[Thaikkudam Bridge]] fame).

''Kaatham'' in Malayalam is a unit of distance measurement that amounts to 16 kilometres. The story evolves during a journey; but it's something beyond a travel movie. The film was scheduled to begin filming in May and spanned various scenic locations across [[Kerala]], since it depicts a journey through most of the state. The film's poster caught attention, with its tongue-in-cheek sketch by [[National Institute of Design]] graduate Shilpa Alexander depicting a slice of life in Kerala.

[[Swathi Reddy]] confirmed that she had signed up for the film. [[Mumbai]]-based Prigi Abigail Benger took part in the auditions for ''North 24 Kaatham'' and will make her debut opposite [[Sreenath Bhasi]]. Tamil comedian [[Premgi Amaren]] would be doing a small role in the film and make his Malayalam debut. He shot a few scenes for a couple of days in June. Srinda Ashab was cast to play an IT professional, and Fahadh's colleague in the film.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.futurecreater.in/2013/09/north-24-katham-review-fahad-fazils.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011213628/http://www.futurecreater.in/2013/09/north-24-katham-review-fahad-fazils.html |url-status=usurped |archive-date=11 October 2014 |title=North 24 Katham Review | Fahad Fazil's North 24 Katham | North 24 Katham Collection Report |publisher=Futurecreater.in |date=2012-03-15 |access-date=2013-10-14}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = North 24 Kaatham
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Govind Vasantha]] and [[Rex Vijayan]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2013
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 21:27
| language = Malayalam
| label = Anak Audio
| prev_title = [[Neelakasham Pachakadal Chuvanna Bhoomi]]
| prev_year = 2013
| next_title = [[Sapthamashree Thaskaraha]]
| next_year = 2014
| chronology = [[Rex Vijayan]]
| misc = {{Extra chronology
| artist = [[Govind Vasantha]]
| type = Soundtrack
| prev_title = [[Asuravithu (2012 film)|Asuravithu]]
| prev_year = 2012
| title = North 24 Kaatham
| year = 2013
| next_title = [[Vegam (2014 film)|Vegam]]
| next_year = 2014
}}
}}
{{Track listing
| headline = North 24 Kaatham
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 21:27
| title1 = Thanaro (Title Track)
| lyrics1= Engandiyoor Chandrasekharan
| music1 = [[Rex Vijayan]]
| extra1 = [[Sreenath Bhasi]]
| length1= 03:51
| title2 = Aalillatha Paathaykkinnu (Harthal Punk)
| lyrics2= [[Rafeeq Ahammed]]
| music2 = [[Govind Vasantha]]
| extra2 = Aneesh Krishnan, Govind Vasantha
| length2= 03:58
| title3 = Porumo
| lyrics3 = Rafeeq Ahammed
| music3 = Govind Vasantha
| extra3 = Raghu Dixit, [[Bijibal]]
| length3 = 04:34
| title4 = Tharangal
| lyrics4 = [[Vinayak Sasikumar]]
| music4 = Govind Vasantha
| extra4 = [[Siddharth Menon (singer)|Siddharth Menon]], Jeba Niyas
| length4 = 05:30
| title5 = Pontharam
| lyrics5 = Ranjini Menon
| music5 = Govind Vasantha
| extra5 = Christin Jose, Leah Samuel, Siddharth Menon, Govind Vasantha
| length5 = 03:34
}}

==Reception==
The film received strongly positive reviews upon release. Sify.com wrote: "''North 24 Kaatham'' is fresh and innovative concept, hilarious at the same time thought provoking and a thoroughly enjoyable ride."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/north-24-kaatham-review-malayalam-15038577.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130919051634/http://www.sify.com/movies/north-24-kaatham-review-malayalam-15038577.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-09-19 |title=Movie Review : North 24 Kaatham |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=2013-10-14}}</ref> Rating the film 3/5, Veeyen of Nowrunning.com said, "'''North 24 Kaatham''<nowiki/>' is an articulation of the randomness of life; of chance and arbitrariness that brings about smiles and rekindles hopes. The emotional pitch that it maintains is mighty, which makes it a highly compassionate film that also marks a brilliant directorial debut."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/12652/malayalam/north-24-kaatham/4403/review.htm |title=North 24 Kaatham Review - Malayalam Movie Review by Veeyen |publisher=Nowrunning.com |date=2013-09-22 |access-date=2013-10-14}}</ref> Paresh C Palicha of Rediff.com rated the film 3/5 and concluded his review saying, "''North 24 Kaatham'' is an endearing film and a sure winner for Fahadh Faasil as the leading man and Anil as a debutant director.".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-north-24-kaatham-is-an-endearing-film/20130916.htm |title=Review: North 24 Kaatham is an endearing film - Rediff.com Movies |work=Rediff.com |date=2013-09-16 |access-date=2013-10-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://movieraga.indulekha.com/2013/09/17/north-24-kaatham/ |title=Review: North 24 Kaatham | MOVIERAGA |publisher=Movieraga.indulekha.com |date=2013-09-17 |access-date=2013-10-14 |archive-date=28 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928065130/http://movieraga.indulekha.com/2013/09/17/north-24-kaatham/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Accolades==
; [[National Film Awards]] ([[61st National Film Awards|2013]])
* [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Malayalam|Best Feature Film in Malayalam]]

; [[Kerala State Film Awards]] (2013)
*[[Kerala State Film Award for Second Best Film|Second Best Film]]
*[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] - Fahadh Faasil

; [[Filmfare Awards South]]
*[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor - Malayalam]] - [[Fahadh Faasil]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|3198468}}
{{National Film Award Best Feature Film Malayalam}}

[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:2013 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Indian road movies]]
[[Category:Films set in Kerala]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kollam]]
[[Category:Films scored by Govind Vasantha]]
[[Category:Films scored by Rex Vijayan]]
[[Category:Best Malayalam Feature Film National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:2013 directorial debut films]]

Shankara (2016 film)

2026-03-03T17:55:16Z

CRVMargarette: Adding Info

{{short description|2016 action film by Tatineni Satya}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2016}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Shankara
| image = Shankara (2016).jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Tatineni Satya]]
| producer = R. V. Chandramouli Prasad
| writer =
| starring = [[Nara Rohit]] [[Regina Cassandra]]
| music = [[Sai Karthik]]
| cinematography = T. Surendra Reddy
| editing = [[Kotagiri Venkateswara Rao]]
| studio = Sri Leela Movies
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2016|10|21}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
}}

'''''Shankara''''' is a 2016 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[action film]] directed by [[Tatineni Satya]] and produced by R. V. Chandramouli Prasad under the Sri Leela Movies banner. [[Nara Rohit]] and [[Regina Cassandra]] play the lead roles in this film. It is a remake of the Tamil film ''[[Mouna Guru]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Nara-Rohit-in-a-crime-drama/articleshow/20292721.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202233807/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-27/news-interviews/39556759_1_crime-drama-tollywood-debut-film|url-status=live|archive-date=2 December 2013|title= Nara Rohit in a crime drama| date= 27 May 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]| access-date= 30 June 2013 }}</ref>

== Plot ==

Shankar finds it difficult to adjust with the society that he lives. As a result, he is unable to control his anger and ends up with trouble. His unpredictable behavior becomes a constant worry for his mother and brother. A series of incidents force him to leave his hometown and end up in Hyderabad. Despite scoring high marks in school, he joins a local arts college in the city and stays in a hostel, where trouble begins. Medical student Ananya is the younger sister of Shankar's sister in-law, and she has had soft corner for Sankar.
Meanwhile, rogue Assistant Commissioner Prasad, Inspector Rajeev, Sub-Inspector Narasimha, and Head Constable Swamy witness a car accident in the outskirts of Hyderabad. When they are about to take the victim to a nearby hospital, they come across a huge stash of cash. The ACP kill the half-dead victim and flee to Hydrabad with the money. However, Maya, a Harlot, finds the truth by overhearing Prasad's telephone conversation and video records it. When Maya plans to threaten Prasad, she accidentally loses her camera which had the video footage. The next day, Prasad gets a threatening call from a guy and finds out that it was Maya who recorded his conversation. An angered Prasad beats up Maya and eventually kills her.

A sincere [[Superintendent of Police]] named Rajeswari takes up this case. In the college where Shankar studies, there is a series of thefts happening in the hostel which blames a pune in the hostel leads to his suicide.

Meanwhile Prasad finds out that it was one of the college students who had actually stolen Maya's camera and threatened him. One night, a bag containing all the stolen items is kept in front of Shankar's hostel room, making him the prime suspect of all the thefts, after finding the camera in the stolen items Narasimha and Swamy conforms he is the blackmailer and arrested him without any warning.

Then on Prasad orders, Rajeev joins with them, kidnaps Shankar and Maya's friends with plans of killing them in a forest. At the spot Rajeev lately suspects Shankar is innocent then to conform Narasimha and Swamy tries to reach Prasad due to out of signal. After sometime Prasad conforms that he is innocent and orders them to leave but they conforms that they killed one of the Maya's friend before him. Then Prasad orders them to kill Shankar. Then after receiving order from Prasad Rajeev kills the other friend of Maya and tries to kill Shankar but Shankar escapes from there and reaches to city.

Later is Shankar is Abducted again by Rajeev and falsely accused of mental instability by Prasad and his team of policemen and is institutionalised. Meanwhile Ananya accidentally finds Shankar in the mental asylum on one of her practical sessions. After observing The Shankar is kept under constant sedation with the help of a corrupt doctor. They forge a story to make his family believe that he is suffering from a mental disorder which makes him think that he is being chased by a group of policemen for a fake encounter though Ananya was suspicious about this circumstance. Prasad plans to kill Shankar in the asylum which looks like a suicide. Then Shankar escapes from the mental asylum with the help of Ananya and one of the pune in the hospital later they bashes the doctor which reveals it was the plan of ACP and his team.

Later Shankar and Ananya reaches Rajeswari to take her help then the trio reaches Shankar's hostel to find evidence against Prasad and his team. Later Shankar kidnaps Rajeev and threatens him to become approver. However Rajeev being an honest and sincere cop and feeling guilty for his deeds ready to co-operate. Meanwhile, Rajeswari collects vital info and cracks the case. It is revealed that the person who stole Maya's camera was Dinesh, who happens to be the son of the college principal. Knowing this, the principal had tried to save his son by keeping all the stolen items in front of Shankar's room during vacation, so that honest Shankar will return the things and all will be done. But everything went wrong.

When Rajeswari corners and is about to arrest the culprits in the college old auditorium, she gets a call from the commissioner that the person murdered by Prasad and his team of policemen was a leading politician in Bangalore which could lead to state problems and hence does not disclose this to the media. Later Commissioner scolds ACP for making him believe that it was an accident and gave a share to him in that amount. Then the commissioner orders Prasad to kill all the witnesses and damage all evidences against ACP and his team.

Rajeswari is helpless and leaves the place which giving control to Shankar on the situation. Then Prasad abducts Shankar's brother and gravely injures him in front of Shankar threatens Shankar to surrender Rajeev to him for the sake of his family's life. Then he reaches his hideout along with an approved Rajeev and the fight ensues between with the evil trio which leads to death of swamy by ACP. Then Rajeev tries to make Narasimha realise that they are actually using by ACP to escape from the departmental enquiry by fabricating them in all of his murders. Then ACP shows his real face and kills Rajeev and forces Narasimha to kill Shankar. Then Shankar attacks the duo and kills both the cops.

Then Shankar is sentenced to psychological treatment (as he is falsely believed to have a mental disorder). After getting released, he marries Ananya and becomes a deaf-dumb school teacher.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Nara Rohit]] as Shankar
* [[Regina Cassandra]] as Ananya (Pappu)
* [[John Vijay]] as ACP Prasad
* Neelya as Maya
* [[Ahuti Prasad]] as College Principal and Dinesh's father
* [[M. S. Narayana]] as Lecturer
* [[Rajeev Kanakala]] as Inspector Rajeev
* [[Pragathi]] as Shankar's mother
* [[Chinna (Telugu actor)|Chinna]] as Shankar's brother
* [[Rajashree (actress)|Rajashree]] as SP Rajeswari
* Dinesh as Dinesh
* [[Hazel Crowney]] as an [[item number]]
}}

== Production ==

=== Filming ===
The film was launched on 24 January 2013 at the Prasad Labs. Ramesh Prasad gave the clap, Chamundeswarinath switched on the camera, and V. V. Vinayak directed the first shot.<ref>{{cite web | url= http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions1/muhurat-srileelamovies.html | title= Nara Rohit's new film in the direction of Tatineni Satya Prakash | publisher= [[idlebrain.com]] | date= 24 January 2013 | accessdate= 17 May 2013 | archive-date= 5 August 2013 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130805183824/http://idlebrain.com/news/functions1/muhurat-srileelamovies.html | url-status= live }}</ref> An item song was shot on British model-turned-actress [[Hazel Crowney]], who has appeared in the Hindi films ''[[U Me Aur Hum]]'' and ''[[A Flat (film)|A Flat]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/Hazel-Crowney-grooves-to-item-song-in-Shankara/2013/10/09/article1827218.ece|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131015043349/http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/Hazel-Crowney-grooves-to-item-song-in-Shankara/2013/10/09/article1827218.ece|url-status= dead|archive-date= 15 October 2013|title= Hazel Crowney grooves to item song in 'Shankara' | publisher= newindianexpress.com | accessdate= 8 October 2013 }}</ref>

=== Casting ===
Nara Rohit and Regina play the lead and [[Ahuti Prasad]], [[M. S. Narayana]], [[Rajeev Kanakala]] and [[Pragathi]] are in other important roles in this film.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.123telugu.com/mnews/nara-rohits-shankara-audio-soon.html |title= Nara Rohit's 'Shankara' audio soon |date= 23 June 2013 |publisher= 123telugu.com |accessdate= 23 June 2013 |archive-date= 9 July 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190709170840/https://www.123telugu.com/mnews/nara-rohits-shankara-audio-soon.html |url-status= live }}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The Music was composed by [[Sai Karthik]] and released by [[Aditya Music]].

{{Infobox album
| name = Shankara
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Sai Karthik]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = May 15, 2014
| recorded = 2014
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length = 16:15
| label = [[Aditya Music]]
| producer = Sai Karthik
| prev_title = [[Selfie Raja]]
| prev_year = 2016
| next_title = [[Dwaraka (film)|Dwaraka]]
| next_year = 2016
}}

{{tracklist
| headline = Track list
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 16:15
| title1 = O Sharaba
| lyrics1 = Abhinay Srinivas
| extra1 = [[Sai Karthik]], Divija Karthik
| length1 = 1:32
| title2 = Nee Pranam
| lyrics2 = Balaji
| extra2 = [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]]
| length2 = 4:12
| title3 = Maradala Maradala
| lyrics3 = [[Ramajogayya Sastry]]
| extra3 = Sai Karthik, Divija Karthik
| length3 = 3:25
| title4 = Shankara
| lyrics4 = Ramajogayya Sastry
| extra4 = Sai Charan, M. L. R. Karthikeyan
| length4 = 3:12
| title5 = Yedalona
| lyrics5 = Ramajogayya Sastry
| extra5 = Sameer
| length5 = 3:54
}}

== Reception ==
Srividya Palaparthi of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film two-and-a-half out of five stars and wrote, "''Shankara'' is a regular whodunit thriller with an interesting story which gets lost in a distracted narration. If you choose to go for it, which is quite unlikely, you won’t entirely regret it."<ref>{{cite news |title=Shankara Movie Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/shankara/movie-review/54998794.cms |work=The Times of India |date=4 November 2016 |archive-date=25 December 2024 |access-date=4 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225210107/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/shankara/movie-review/54998794.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> K. Naresh Kumar of ''[[The Hans India]]'' wrote, "Despite finding it hard to believe that Rohith still plays college student roles, his dour performance actually aids the film’s pace as it unravels its interlinked narration of a student getting unwittingly sucked into a case of crime and passion."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=K. Naresh |title=Shankara Full Movie Review: By God's grace! |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2016-10-23/Shankara-Full-Movie-Review-By-Gods-grace/260501 |work=[[The Hans India]] |date=23 October 2016 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|3740118}}

[[Category:2016 films]]
[[Category:2016 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Tamil films]]
[[Category:2016 action thriller films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Sai Karthik]]

Kai (film)

2026-03-03T03:26:08Z

CRVMargarette: put up entry - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kai
| image = Kai (film).jpg
| alt =
| caption = Promotional poster
| native_name = 
| director = Vinod Raghavaa
| writer = Vinod Raghavaa
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogue by
| data1 = S. Anand
}}
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = Kovur Ravi
| starring = Vijjith Shivashanmugam [[Joshna Fernando]] [[Charan Raj]] [[Bose Venkat]]
| narrator =
| cinematography = Sajath Menon Raghava Raju
| editing = R. S. Selvin
| music = [[Ishaan Dev]]
| studio = Kumudha Movies
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2012|11|23}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Kai''''' is a 2012 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romance film|romantic]] [[action drama film]] co-written and directed by Vinod Raghavaa and starring newcomer Vijith, [[Joshna Fernando]] and [[Charan Raj]] while [[Bose Venkat]] plays the titular role. The film was released to negative reviews and was a box office failure.

== Plot ==
Kailash "Kai" and Siva are brothers. Kai is the right-hand of don Guruji. Siva falls in love with Priya, the sister of [[Assistant commissioner of police|ACP]] Durai, who despises both Kai and Guruji.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*Vijjith Shivashanmugam as Siva
*[[Joshna Fernando]] as Priya
*[[Charan Raj]] as [[Assistant commissioner of police|ACP]] Durai
*[[Bose Venkat]] as Kailash a.k.a. Kai
*[[Ganja Karuppu]] as Puyal Perumal
*[[Kadhal Dhandapani]] as Gaaji
*[[Vadivukkarasi]] as Siva and Kailash's foster mother
*[[Sampath Ram]] as Sampath
*[[Shakeela]] as Student
*[[Soori (actor)|Soori]] as Siva's friend
*Sumathi G. as Selvi
*[[Yogi Babu]] as Puyal Perumal's friend
*[[Vengal Rao]] as Korangu Gopal
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Ishaan Dev]] in his Tamil debut and the lyrics were written by [[Snehan]] and Pulamaipithan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/let-the-music-flow/article3892780.ece|title=Let the music flow…|first=Nita|last=Sathyendran|work=[[The Hindu]]|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250430165331/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/let-the-music-flow/article3892780.ece|archive-date=30 April 2025|access-date=28 June 2025}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wynk.in/music/album/kai/sa_8907210117622|title=Kai|work=Wynk Music|access-date=12 March 2024}}</ref>
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Kanne Kanne Aarariro
| extra1 = [[K. J. Yesudas]]
| length1 = 4:05
| title2 = Ayyave
| extra2 = [[Shweta Mohan]], Ishaan Dev
| length2 = 4:25
| title3 = Meesariye
| extra3 = [[Rita Thyagarajan]], Rakesh Bhramanandan
| length3 = 4:35
| title4 = Kai - Theme Song
| extra4 = [[Haricharan]]
| length4 = 2:49
| title5 = Annakiliye
| extra5 = [[Anitha Shaiq]], [[Jassie Gift]]
| length5 = 3:38
| total_length = 19:32
}}

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[Dinamalar]]'' wrote that the confusions faced by debutant director Vinod Raghav are visible throughout the film. Every scene clearly shows that the director listened to all the talk about how the film won't work out and still took the film without believing in his story.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.dinamalar.com/vimar-detail-amp.php?id=830|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240311180326/https://m.dinamalar.com/vimar-detail-amp.php?id=830|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 March 2024|title=கை|date=4 December 2012|language=ta|work=[[Dinamalar]]|trans-title=Kai|access-date=12 March 2024}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|13387592}}

[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2012 Indian films]]
[[Category:2012 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Hugli-Chuchura

2026-03-01T23:48:59Z

CRVMargarette: Minor edits and structural improvements

{{Short description|City in West Bengal, India}}
{{Redirect|Chinsurah||Chinsurah (disambiguation)}}
{{About|a municipality in West Bengal, India|its namesake district|Hooghly district}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Hugli-Chuchura
| other_name = Hooghly-Chinsurah
| official_name = Chinsurah
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline = Clock Tower of Chinsurah in Hooghly district.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Edwardian Clock Tower (Ghorir More)
| nickname = Chunchura, Olondajnagari
| image_map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India3
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|22.90|N|88.39|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of West Bengal|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Burdwan division|Burdwan]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of West Bengal|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[Subdivision (India)|Subdivision]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Chinsurah subdivision|Chinsurah]]
| established_title = Establishment of [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]] by [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] ([[:pt:Luís de Ataíde|Luís de Ataíde, 1st Marquis of Santarém]], Viceroy of [[Portuguese India]])
| established_date = 1537
| established_title1 = Establishment of [[Chinsurah]] by [[Dutch colonial empire|Dutch]]
| established_date1 = 1635
| established_title2 = Annexation by [[East India Company|British East India Company]]
| established_date2 = 1825
| established_title3 = Establishment of [[Hooghly Chinsurah Municipality|Hooghly-Chinsurah Municipality]]
| established_date3 = 1865
| founder = [[:pt:Luís de Ataíde|Luís de Ataíde, 1st Marquis of Santarém]], Viceroy of [[Portuguese India]]
| named_for = Special cane or spire
| government_type = [[Municipal Corporations in India|Municipality]]
| governing_body = [[Hooghly Chinsurah Municipality]]
| leader_title = Chairman
| leader_name = Soumitra Ghosh (Pilte)
| leader_title1 = Vice Chairman
| leader_name1 = Partha Saha
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank = 2nd in [[Hooghly District]]
| area_total_km2 = 18
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 9
| population_total = 2,88,090
| population_as_of = 2015
| population_rank = 2nd in [[Hooghly District]] after [[Serampore]]
| population_density_km2 = 6641
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| demographics1_title2 = Additional official
| demographics1_info2 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 712101, 712102, 712103, 712104, 712105, 712106
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = +91 33
| registration_plate = WB
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 995 [[female|♀]]/[[male|♂]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Hooghly (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hooghly]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = Member of Parliament
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Rachana Banerjee]] ([[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]])
| blank4_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank4_info_sec1 = [[Chunchura (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chunchura]]
| blank5_name_sec1 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly]]
| blank5_info_sec1 = [[Asit Mazumdar|Asit Mazumder]] (Tapan) ([[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]])
| website = {{URL|hooghly.nic.in}}
 {{URL|hcm.net.in}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Hugli-Chuchura''' ({{IPA|bn|ɦuɡli-tʃutʃuɽa|pron}}), also known by its [[List of renamed places in India|former names]] '''Chinsurah''' or '''Hooghly-Chinsurah''', is a city of [[Hooghly district]] and the district headquarters of Hooghly division in the [[India]]n [[States and union territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]]. It is one of the densely populated cities of West Bengal. It lies on the bank of [[Hooghly River]], 35 km north of [[Kolkata]], the state capital.<ref name=EB1911>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Chinsura |volume=6 |page=235}}</ref> It is located in the district of Hooghly and is home to the district headquarters. Chuchura houses the Commissioner of the Burdwan Range. The District Court building of Chinsurah is the longest building in [[West Bengal]]. It is a part of the area covered by [[Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority]] (KMDA).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cmdaonline.com/kma.html|title=Base Map of Kolkata Metropolitan area|access-date=3 September 2007|publisher=Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070307095440/http://www.cmdaonline.com/kma.html|archive-date=7 March 2007|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Chinsurah is the home to the new state-of-the-art 1000 KW [[Digital Radio Mondiale|DRM]] [[transmitter]] of [[Prasar Bharati|Prasar Bharti]] which enables 'Akashvaani Maitree' to be broadcast across [[Bangladesh]]. This special Bangla service of [[All India Radio]] was launched in the wake of the [[Bangladesh Liberation War|Bangladesh Liberation Movement]] and played a key role during the war, broadcasting Indian news bulletins in Bangladesh. It continued till April 2010 but was discontinued thereafter due to decommissioning of the Super Power [[Transmitter]] at Chinsurah.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/air-to-re-launch-radio-channel-akashvani-maitree-for-bangladesh-plans-joint-content-2867857/ | title = AIR to re-launch radio channel for Bangladesh, plans joint content | date = 22 June 2016 | access-date = 7 July 2016 | publisher = Indian Express }}</ref> The headquarters of the Hooghly District Sports Association (HDSA) and the famous Imambara Sadar District Hospital is situated here. Chinsurah is also the home of the oldest [[Armenian Church of St. John the Baptist|Armenian church]] in India and old [[Hindu temple|Hindu Temples]]. It is one of the Literate cities in West Bengal. The literacy percent of this city is 91%. It is one of the rapidly growing urban areas of West Bengal.

==Demographics==

{{Historical population
| source = [[Government of India]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Census Tables |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/data/census-tables |website=censusindia.gov.in |access-date=6 January 2024}}</ref>
|1901 | 29383
|1911 | 28916
|1921 | 29938
|1931 | 32634
|1941 | 49081
|1951 | 56805
|1961 | 83104
|1971 | 105241
|1981 | 138915
|1991 | 173496
|2001 | 184173
|2011 | 177259
|align = left
}}

{{Bar box
|float = right
|caption = Religions in Burari (2011)
|barwidth=200px
|bars =
{{bar percent|Hinduism|darkorange|92.15}}
{{bar percent|Islam|green|5.95}}
{{bar percent|Christianity|dodgerblue|1.06}}
{{bar percent|Buddhism|yellow|0.14}}
{{bar percent|Sikhism|darkkhaki|0.13}}
{{bar percent|Jainism|maroon|0.03}}
{{bar percent|Others|grey|0.54}}
}}

In 2011, Hooghly-Chinsurah had a population of 177,259, with 88,844 males and 88,415 females. Its population declined by 3.8% from 2001, when it had a population of 184,173. The average literacy rate is 91.1%, with 93.81% for males and 88.39% for females. The sex ratio is 995 females per 1000 males. A vast majority of people in Hooghly-Chinsurah practice Hinduism, with about 92%. The second most practiced religion is Islam, with about 6% of people being Muslim.

As per [[2011 Census of India]] Hugli-Chinsurah had a total population of 2,88,506 of which 1,44,267 (50%) were males and 1,44,239 (50%) were females. Population below 6 years was 22,604. The total number of literates in Hugli-Chinsurah was 2,42,055 (91.04% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census3-2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = 2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables | work= West Bengal – District-wise |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 15 June 2016 }}</ref>

The following Municipalities and Census Towns in Hooghly district were part of Kolkata Urban Agglomeration in 2011 census: [[Bansberia]] (M), Hugli-Chinsurah (M), Bara Khejuria ([[Out Growth]]), [[Shankhanagar]] (CT), [[Amodghata]] (CT), [[Chak Bansberia]] (CT), [[Naldanga, Hooghly|Naldanga]] (CT), [[Kodalia]] (CT), [[Kulihanda]] (CT), [[Simla, West Bengal|Simla]] (CT), [[Dharmapur, West Bengal|Dharmapur]] (CT), [[Bhadreswar, Hooghly|Bhadreswar]] (M), [[Champdani]] (M), [[Chandannagar]] (M Corp.), [[Baidyabati]] (M), [[Serampore]] (M), [[Rishra]] (M), [[Rishra, Sreerampur Uttarpara|Rishra]] (CT), [[Bamunari]] (CT), [[Dakshin Rajyadharpur]] (CT), [[Nabagram Colony]] (CT), [[Konnagar]] (M), [[Uttarpara Kotrung]] (M), [[Raghunathpur (PS-Dankuni)]] (CT), [[Kanaipur]] (CT) and [[Keota, Hooghly|Keota]] (CT).<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_4_PR_UAs_1Lakh_and_Above_Appendix.pdf | title= Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011 | work= Constituents of Urban Agglomeration Having Population Above 1 Lakh |publisher= Census of India 2011 | access-date = 16 June 2016}}</ref>

{{As of|2001}} India census, Hugli-Chinsurah had a population of 170,201. Males constitute 51.06% of the population and females 48.94%. Hugli-Chinsurah has an average literacy rate of 82.55%, higher than the national average of 74.04%: male literacy is 87.93% and female literacy is 76.95%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=16 June 2004|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=1 November 2008|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref>

===Languages===
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Languages spoken in Hooghly-Chinsurah city (2011)<ref>[https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16T/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-2000.XLSX 2011 census data] censusindia.gov.in</ref>
|label1= [[Bengali language| Bengali]]
|value1= 92.93
|color1 = purple
|label2= [[Hindi language| Hindi]]
|value2 = 5.97
|color2 = orange
|label3 = [[Santali language | Santali]]
|value3 = 0.23
|color3 = blue
|label4 =
|value4 =
|color4 =
|label5 = [[ Urdu language | Urdu]]
|value5 = 0.11
|color5 = green
|label6= Others
|value6= 0.63
|color6 = grey
}}

==Etymology==
[[File:Dom Luís de Ataïde (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|Hugli-Chuchura was founded as ''Ugulim'' in 1579 by order of [[:pt:Luís de Ataíde|Luís de Ataíde, 1st Marquis of Santarém]], Viceroy of [[Portuguese India]].]]
Hooghly-Chuchura was a municipality formed by the merging of two towns, Hugli and Chinsura, in 1865. The names are spelled in other ways including ''Hooghly'', ''Hugli'', ''Hughli'', ''Ugulim'' (in Portuguese), ''Chinsura'', ''Chunchura'', ''Chuchro'' and ''Chinsurah''.

[[State Highway 6 (West Bengal)|State Highway 6]]/ [[Grand Trunk Road]] (G.T. Road) passes through the town. Chuchura and Hooghly are historic stations on the [[Howrah-Bardhaman main line]] of the [[Eastern Railway (India)|Eastern Railway]]. Ferry services across the [[Hooghly River]] serves as a link with the district of [[North 24 Parganas]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=300| height=350| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|23|0|45|N|88|20|12|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities and towns in the Chinsurah subdivision (except Polba Dadpur and Dhaniakhali CD Blocks) in Hooghly district''' M: municipal city/ town, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|22|58|32|N|88|24|0|E}} | label-pos1=right|label1=Bansberia | numbered1=M| mark-title1= [[Bansberia]] (M)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1=#800000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|22|54|0|N|88|23|24|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2=Hugli-Chuchura| numbered2=M| mark-title2= Hugli-Chuchura (M)|shape-color2=black| label-size2=13|label-color2=black 
|mark-coord3={{coord|23|7|25|N|88|12|4|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3=Batika | numbered3=CT| mark-title3= [[Batika]] (CT)|shape-color3=#A40000
|mark-coord4={{coord|23|5|30|N|88|16|48|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4=Pandua| numbered4=CT| mark-title4= [[Pandua, Hooghly]] (CT)| shape-color4=#A40000
|mark-coord5={{coord|23|4|10|N|88|15|48|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5=Purusattompur| numbered5=CT| mark-title5= [[Purusattompur]] (CT)| shape-color5=#A40000
|mark-coord6={{coord|23|3|10|N|88|15|59|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6=Namajgram| numbered6=CT| mark-title6= [[Namajgram]] (CT)| shape-color6=#A40000
|mark-coord7={{coord|23|11|55|N|88|24|32|E}} | label-pos7=right|label7=Badhagachhi| numbered7=CT| mark-title7= [[Badhagachhi]] (CT)| shape-color7=#A40000
|mark-coord8={{coord|23|11|5|N|88|24|53|E}} | label-pos8=right|label8=Mirdhanga| numbered8=CT| mark-title8= [[Mirdhanga]] (CT)|shape-color8=#A40000
|mark-coord9={{coord|23|7|4|N|88|28|22|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9=Sripur| numbered9=CT| mark-title9= [[Sripur, Hooghly|Sripur]] (CT)|shape-color9=#A40000
|mark-coord10={{coord|23|5|54|N|88|27|42|E}} | label-pos10=right|label10=Jirat| numbered10=CT| mark-title10= [[Jirat]] (CT)| shape-color10=#A40000
|mark-coord11={{coord|23|6|40|N|88|27|27|E}} | label-pos11=left|label11=Balagarh| numbered11=R| mark-title11= [[Balagarh]] (R)| shape-color11=#C42222
|mark-coord12={{coord|23|1|40|N|88|23|50|E}} | label-pos12=left|label12=Raghunathpur| numbered12=CT| mark-title12= [[Raghunathpur (PS-Magra)]] (CT)| shape-color12=#A40000
|mark-coord13={{coord|23|1|0|N|88|24|0|E}} | label-pos13=right|label13=Madhusudanpur| numbered13=CT| mark-title13= [[Madhusudanpur]] (CT)| shape-color13=#A40000
|mark-coord14={{coord|23|0|45|N|88|22|22|E}} | label-pos14=left|label14=Hansghara| numbered14=CT| mark-title14= [[Hansghara]] (CT)| shape-color14=#A40000
|mark-coord15={{coord|22|59|28|N|88|21|43|E}} | label-pos15=left|label15=Kola| numbered15=CT| mark-title15= [[Kola, Hooghly|Kola]] (CT)| shape-color15=#A40000
|mark-coord16={{coord|22|59|15|N|88|23|34|E}} | label-pos16=right|label16=Amodghata| numbered16=CT| mark-title16= [[Amodghata]] (CT)| shape-color16=#A40000
|mark-coord17={{coord|23|0|0|N|88|22|55|E}} | label-pos17=right|label17=Mogra| numbered17=R| mark-title17= [[Mogra]] (R)| shape-color17=#C42222
|mark-coord18={{coord|22|58|42|N|88|22|14|E}} | label-pos18=left|label18=Alikhoja| numbered18=CT| mark-title18= [[Alikhoja]] (CT)| shape-color18=#A40000
|mark-coord19={{coord|22|57|40|N|88|23|20|E}} | label-pos19=right|label19=Shankhanagar| numbered19=CT| mark-title19= [[Shankhanagar]] (CT)| shape-color19=#A40000
|mark-coord20={{coord|22|58|0|N|88|22|20|E}} | label-pos20=left|label20=Chak Bansberia| numbered20=CT| mark-title20= [[Chak Bansberia]] (CT)| shape-color20=#A40000
|mark-coord21={{coord|22|56|10|N|88|23|3|E}} | label-pos21=right|label21=Keota| numbered21=CT| mark-title21= [[Keota, Hooghly|Keota]] (CT)| shape-color21=#A40000
|mark-coord22={{coord|22|55|21|N|88|22|46|E}} | label-pos22=right|label22=Bandel| numbered22=R| mark-title22= [[Bandel]] (R)| shape-color22=#C42222
|mark-coord23={{coord|22|56|0|N|88|22|0|E}} | label-pos23=left|label23=Manushpur| numbered23=CT| mark-title23= [[Manushpur]] (CT)| shape-color23=#A40000
|mark-coord24={{coord|22|55|12|N|88|21|50|E}} | label-pos24=left|label24=Naldanga| numbered24=CT| mark-title24= [[Naldanga, Hooghly|Naldanga]] (CT)| shape-color24=#A40000
|mark-coord25={{coord|22|54|15|N|88|22|10|E}} | label-pos25=left|label25=Kodalia| numbered25=CT| mark-title25= [[Kodalia]] (CT)| shape-color25=#A40000
|mark-coord26={{coord|22|53|30|N|88|22|10|E}} | label-pos26=left|label26=Kulihanda| numbered26=CT| mark-title26= [[Kulihanda]] (CT)| shape-color26=#A40000
|mark-coord27={{coord|22|52|38|N|88|22|50|E}} | label-pos27=right|label27=Dharmapur| numbered27=CT| mark-title27= [[Dharmapur, West Bengal|Dharmapur]] (CT)| shape-color27=#A40000
|mark-coord28={{coord|22|52|40|N|88|21|30|E}} | label-pos28=left|label28=Simla| numbered28=CT| mark-title28= [[Simla, West Bengal|Simla]] (CT)| shape-color28=#A40000
|mark-coord29={{coord| 23.131844|88.475278}}| label29=Hooghly |labela29=River| label-color29 = #77A1CB| label-angle29=0| label-pos29=top| label-size29=10| mark-size29=0| mark-title29 =none
|mark-coord30={{coord|23|7|20|N|88|27|27|E}} | label-pos30=left|label30=Guptipara| numbered30=R| mark-title30= [[Guptipara]] (R)| shape-color30=#C42222}}

[[File:Map of hooghly chinsurah municipality.jpg|thumb|right|Map of hooghly chinsurah municipality]]

===Location===
Hugli-Chuchura is located at {{Coord|22.90|N|88.39|E|}}.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://maps.yahoo.com/#mvt=m&lat=22.898291&lon=88.39373&zoom=14&q1=Hugli-Chuchura |title = Yahoo maps location of Hugli-Chuchura |publisher = Yahoo maps |access-date = 28 December 2008}}</ref><ref name=censushandbook>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1912_PART_A_DCHB_HUGLI.pdf | title= Census of India 2011, West Bengal: District Census Handbook, Hooghly |work = Map of Chinsurah-Magra CD Block, page 469| publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |access-date = 26 September 2018}}</ref>

This city is on the flood plain on the right bank of river Bhagirathi-Hooghly.
The area is composed of flat [[alluvium|alluvial]] plains that forms part of the [[Ganges Delta|Gangetic Delta]]. The high west bank of the tidal [[Hooghly River]] is highly industrialised.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1912_PART_A_DCHB_HUGLI.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Hugli, Series-20, Part XIIA | work= Physiography, Page 17-24|publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 28 September 2018 }}</ref>

[[Keota, Hooghly|Keota]], [[Manushpur]], [[Naldanga, Hooghly|Naldanga]], [[Kodalia]], [[Kulihanda]], [[Dharmapur, West Bengal|Dharampur]] and [[Simla, West Bengal|Simla]] form a cluster of census towns on the eastern side of Hugli-Chuchura.<ref name=censushandbook/>

===Urbanisation===
There are 13 statutory towns and 64 census towns in Hooghly district. The right bank of the [[Hooghly River]] has been industrialised over a long period. With foreigners dominating the area's industry, trade and commerce for over two centuries, it is amongst the leading industrialised districts in the state. At the same time the land is fertile and agricultural production is significant.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1912_PART_A_DCHB_HUGLI.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Hugli, Series-20, Part XIIA | work= Physical features: pages 20, 24 |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 27 September 2018 }}</ref>

In Chinsurah subdivision 68.63% of the population is rural and the urban population is 31.37%. It has two statutory and 23 census towns.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Hooghly |work = Table 2.1, 2.2, 2.4(a) |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 27 September 2018 |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |url-status = dead }}</ref> In Chinsurah Mogra CD Block 64.87% of the population is urban and 35.13% is rural. Amongst the four remaining CD Blocks in the subdivision two were overwhelmingly rural and two were wholly rural.<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= 2011 census: West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 27 September 2018}}</ref>

The map alongside shows a portion of Chinsurah subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

==History==
[[File:Dutch settlement at Chunchura on the Hugli river, West Benga Wellcome V0050427 (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|A View of Chinsura the Dutch settlement in Bengal]]
The [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] founded the town of ''Ugulim'' in 1579, but the district has thousands of years of heritage in the form of the great kingdom of [[Bhurshut]]. The city flourished as a trading port and some religious structures were built. One such structure is a Christian church dedicated to a statue of Mary, brought by the Portuguese.

In 1629, political disorder struck the city and the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] governor of [[Bengal]] expelled the Portuguese. The fleeing Portuguese lost the statue in the river, but local people later found it on the river bank. The arrested Portuguese were taken to Delhi, where a death sentence of trampling by elephants was decreed. When the emperor [[Shah Jahan]] heard this he ordered the priests released and granted a piece of land on the bank of the [[Hooghly River|river Hooghly]], where the statue of Mary was reestablished. There the Portuguese constructed a church to house the statue, which still receives pilgrims today. The church was renovated in the 1980s and has been declared as a basilica by the authority of Rome.

After the Portuguese expulsion, the town was made the royal port of Bengal, and all the public offices and records were established there. In 1640 the [[East India Company]] established a factory at Hugli, their first settlement in Lower Bengal.<ref name="EB1911-town">{{EB1911|inline=y|wstitle=Hugli (town)|display=Hugli|volume=13|page=862}}</ref>

In 1656 the Dutch also erected a factory on the site of the town.<ref name=EB1911/> At that time Calcutta was the principal settlement in [[Dutch Bengal]], who used it as a base for Dutch intra-Asian trade in opium, saltpetre, spices, cotton and indigo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dutchinchinsurah.com/|title=The Dutch in Chinsurah|website=www.dutchinchinsurah.com|language=en|access-date=2017-04-21|archive-date=22 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422132654/http://www.dutchinchinsurah.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref> However, in 1685, a dispute having taken place between the English factors and the [[nawab]], the town was bombarded and burned to the ground.<ref name="EB1911-town"/>

In 1759 the Dutch garrison of Chinsurah, on its march to [[Chandernagore]], attacked a British force under Colonel Forde. The [[Battle of Chinsurah]] lasted less than half an hour and ended with the rout of the Dutch attackers. In 1795, during the [[Napoleonic Wars]], a British garrison occupied the settlement. The peace of 1814 restored Hughli to the Dutch. However, in 1825, the Dutch ceded many of their possessions in India to the British, in exchange for the British-occupied possessions in [[Sumatra]].<ref name=EB1911/>

Both Chinsurah and Hooghly played a role in the [[Bengal Renaissance]] and the [[Indian independence movement]]. "[[Vande Mataram]]", India's national song, was composed by [[Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay]] at Joraghat in Chinsurah, who had been an alumnus of the Hooghly Collegiate School. [[Kazi Nazrul Islam|Nazrul Islam]]'s revolutionary songs were penned while he was imprisoned by the colonial government in [[Hooghly Jail]] (Hooghly District Correctional Home).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Heritage Commission, West Bengal|url=https://wbhc.in/home/place_list/NWU0MjQ3Yjc0OWEzYmI2NGVkZmZjMzZlZGIwZjc5YjEwYzdlN2ZkMDc0NmQ3YTE4ZGI4YzQwNjU5NmI3M2IxMjhiY2JiNGUzYzRlY2FjNzg1ZjBhYzg3MDZhNzMyZWVkZjdlNmEwYjYxZDViYWFhZjBlOWVjZTdmZDFlNGUyZmRJMmNnNG1IQm1reFl5S3hmNktFbTl4dXBKWjBNT055Q2oxb3Z5WG5FVDA4PQ==|access-date=2022-02-13|website=wbhc.in}}</ref>

==Police stations==
Chinsurah police station has jurisdiction over Hugli-Chuchura and [[Bansberia]] Municipal areas and a part of [[Chinsurah Mogra]] CD Block. Chinsurah police station has jurisdiction by [[Chandannagar Police Commissionerate]]. Chinsurah has a woman police station.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Hooghly |work = Tables 2.1, 2.2 |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 3 October 2018 |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.policewb.gov.in/wbp/district/Hooghly/hglyphone.php | title = Hooghly District Police | publisher = West Bengal Police | access-date = 20 June 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170705234600/http://policewb.gov.in/wbp/district/Hooghly/hglyphone.php | archive-date = 5 July 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

[[File:Baba Tarakeshwar Original.jpg|thumb|Lord Taraknath, [[Bandel|Tarakeswar]]]]
[[File:Babataraknathtemple.jpg|thumb|[[Dutch Cemetery, Chinsurah|Taraknath Temple, Tarakeswar]]]]
[[File:Kamarpukur Ramakrishna Hut.jpg|thumb|[[Bandel Church|Kamarpukur Ramakrishna Hut, Kamarpukur]]]]
[[File:Hangseswari Temple,Front View.jpg|thumb|Hangseswari Temple, Bansberia, [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]]]]
[[File:Ghorir More (Edwardian clock tower).jpg|thumb|Ghorir More, [[Chinsurah]]]]

==Transportation==
[[File:Chinsurah N.S Road.jpg|thumb|left|Chinsurah N.S. Road]]
[[File:Chinsurah Railway Station.jpg|thumb|left|Chinsurah Railway Station]]
Hooghly-Chinsurah has four railway stations: [[Chinsurah railway station]] (CNS), [[Hooghly railway station]] (HGY) and [[Bandel Junction railway station]] (BDC) on the Howrah line and [[Hooghly Ghat railway station]] (HYG) on the Sealdah line. Thus Chinsurah is well connected to [[Howrah]], [[Burdwan]], [[Katwa]], [[Naihati]] and other cities. A few passenger and express trains stop at the Chuchura station. The Hooghly Ghat station is beside the [[Sampreeti Bridge]] which is a connector between the eastern and the western side of the Ganges. An extension of the [[Kolkata Metro]] from Howrah to Chuchura is under review.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Howrah to Chuchura Metro Proposal Under Review {{!}} Kolkata Metro Expansion - Times Property |url=https://timesproperty.com/news/post/kolkata-metro-howrah-to-chuchura-proposal-under-review-blid8917 |access-date=2024-12-26 |website=timesproperty}}</ref>

Transportation in Chinsurah is mainly covered by bus, auto, rickshaw and toto. Private Buses from Chinsurah Court stand<ref>{{cite news|title=Hooghly Buses|url=http://www.kolkatabusopedia.com/hoogly-private-buses-general/|access-date=19 May 2020|archive-date=4 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200204014105/http://www.kolkatabusopedia.com/hoogly-private-buses-general|url-status=usurped}}</ref> go to [[Chinsurah railway station]] (Bus no. 1) and other towns such as [[Dakshineswar]] (Bus no. 2), [[Memari]] (Bus no. 4), [[Jirat]] (Bus no. 8), [[Tarakeswar]] (Bus no. 17 and 23), [[Haripal]] (Bus no. 18) and [[Pandua, Hooghly|Pandua]] (Bus no. 39). Besides Express Buses up to [[Bankura]], [[Jangipara]] etc. are also available. Formerly bus to Arambagh, Bandar, Bardhaman, Barakar, Digha, Laugram, Kumarganj was available but due to insufficient passengers many of them are completely closed while some are short terminated and originated at [[Tarakeswar]]. According to many passengers because of so many illegal auto and toto routes, bus routes are closing. Auto service is provided to nearby towns and villages. Chinsurah Court-Chinsurah Railway Station, Chinsurah Court-[[Tribeni, Hooghly|Tribeni]], Chinsurah Court-[[Bandel]] Junction Railway Station, Chinsurah Court-[[Hooghly railway station]] are the major auto routes in Hooghly-Chinsurah. Additionally, Chinsurah is well-connected to [[Naihati]] by ferry services. [[Grand Trunk Road]] and Delhi road passes through Chinsurah. Chinsurah-Dhaniakhali Road, Chinsurah Bansberia Road, MG Road, NS Road, Vivekananda Road are the important roads of Chinsurah. It is a well connected city by Road, Railway and waterways. Transport system of the city is excellent and affordable.

==Education==
===Primary and secondary education===


Source:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dbbandel.org/|title=Don Bosco School Bandel}}</ref><ref name="hcm.net.in">{{Cite web|url=http://www.hcm.net.in/Default.aspx?PageId=83|title = Welcome to Hooghly Chinsurah Municipality}}</ref>

* [[Binodini Girls' High School]]
* [[Chinsurah Deshbandhu Memorial High School]]
* [[Don Bosco Bandel]] (established 1978), boys, English Medium School
* [[Hooghly Branch Government School]] (established in 1834)
* [[Hooghly Collegiate School]] (established 1812), boys
* [[Techno India Group Public School|Techno India Group Public School, Hooghly]]

===Higher-education===


Source:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hcm.net.in/Default.aspx?PageId=84|title = Welcome to Hooghly Chinsurah Municipality}}</ref>
* [[Hooghly Engineering and Technology College]]
* [[Hooghly Institute of Technology]]
* [[Hooghly Mohsin College]]
* [[Hooghly Women's College]]
* [[West Bengal Survey Institute]]

==Festivals==
{{unreferenced section|date=July 2019}}
Durga Puja, Jagadhatri Puja, Kartick Puja, Kali Puja & Deepawali, Ras Yatra, Saraswati Puja, Lakshmi Puja, Navabarsho (Bengali New Year), Basanti Puja, Manasa Puja, etc. are the main festivals celebrated in Chinsurah. Jagadhatri Puja or Mohish Mordini puja is a very famous festival. Every year it starts from Jamai Sasti and continues for four days like Durga Puja. The Mohish Mordini temple is situated in Dharampur, Chinsurah. The famous Gajan Festival is also celebrated at Sandeswartala Temple in Chinsurah near the bank of river Hooghly.

==Notable people==
* [[Muhammad Mohsin]] – Philanthropist
*[[Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay]] – Writer
*[[Bhudev Mukhopadhyay]] – Writer and intellectual
*[[Kalikananda Abadhuta]] – Novelist
*[[Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay]] – Novelist (wrote the national song of India)
*[[Bijoy Modak]] – Freedom Fighter
*[[Kazi Nuruzzaman]] - Bangladeshi Army Officer and Freedom fighter
*[[Titas Sadhu]] - Cricketer (Under-19 World Cup winner, Asian Games gold medallist)

==See also==
{{Portal|India}}
* [[Colonial India]]
* [[Dutch Cemetery, Chinsurah]]
* [[Dutch India]]
* [[European colonies in India]]
* [[Hooghly Chinsurah Municipality]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* Dey, S. C., "Hooghly Past and Present", ''The Calcutta Review'', [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.286313 Vol.96, No.191, (January 1893), pp.22-42; No.192, (April 1893), 276-288]; [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.68734 Vol.97, No.193, (July 1893), pp.71-81; No.194, (October 1893), 340-366];[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.68735 Vol.98, No.195, (January 1894), pp.152-170]; [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.20929 Vol.99, No.197, (July 1894), pp.153-164]; [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.20875 Vol.104, No.208, (April 1897), pp.355-373.]

==External links==
{{Commons category|Hugli-Chuchura}}
* [http://www.dutchinchinsurah.com Dutch in Chinsurah] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422132654/http://www.dutchinchinsurah.com/ |date=22 April 2017 }}
* [http://www.hcm.net.in/Default.aspx?PageId=83 Hoogly Chinsurah Municipality]

{{Portuguese overseas empire}}
{{Dutch colonies}}
{{Hooghly District}}
{{Kolkata neighbourhoods}}
{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}
{{Hooghly topics}}

{{Authority control}}

{{West Bengal}}

[[Category:Former Portuguese colonies]]
[[Category:Dutch India]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Hooghly district]]
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Kolkata Metropolitan Area]]
[[Category:Cities in West Bengal]]

Pusapati

2026-03-01T17:33:30Z

CRVMargarette: updated article as per guidelines

{{Short description|Indian ruling clan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}

'''Poosapati / Pusapati''' was the ruling clan of the [[Vizianagaram estate]].

==History==
[[File:West Entrance of the Vizianagaram fort in Andhra Pradesh.jpg|thumb|West Entrance of the Vizianagaram fort in [[Andhra Pradesh]]]]
[[File:Viznm kota.jpg|thumb|Main Entrance of Vizianagaram Fort]]
The Pusapati clan claims descent from Madhavavarma, who led a [[Rajput]] colony into the Krishna Valley in the late 6th century.{{Sfn|Frowde|1908|p=339}} The members of the colony subsequently held important positions at the court of [[Golconda|Golcanda]].{{Sfn|Frowde|1908|p=339}}

The Pusapati chieftain Sitaram Chandra Raju received the villages of [[Kumili]] and Gundredu from Raghunath Krishna Dev of the [[Jeypore Estate]].{{Sfn|Senapati|Sahu|1966|p=63}} Viziaram Raju was appointed as an administrative minister of the Jeypore Estate by Ram Chandra Dev I{{Sfn|Senapati|Sahu|1966|p=66}} and succeeded his father as the head of the clan in 1710.{{Sfn|Frowde|1908|p=339}} Viziaram Raju occupied a portion of the coastal territories of the Jeypore Estate under Vishwambhar Dev II{{sfn|Senapati|Sahu|1966|p=67}} and moved the capital of the estate from [[Ponnur|Potnuru]] to Vizianagaram in 1712; he named the capital town after himself.{{Sfn|Frowde|1908|p=339}} Viziaram Raju prompted the neighboring landowners (''zamindars'') to secede and gain independence from the Jeypore Estate.{{Sfn|Senapati|Sahu|1966|p=66}} In 1757, Viziaram Raju formed an alliance with [[Marquis de Bussy-Castelnau]], which allowed him to seize the capital of the rival landowner of [[Bobbili]].{{Sfn|Frowde|1908|p=339}}

Following Viziaram Raju, the Pusapati clan was led first by Ananda Raju and next by Viziaram Raju II, who was largely controlled by his half-brother Sitarama Raju.{{Sfn|Frowde|1908|p=340}} In 1761, Sitarama Raju attacked [[Paralakhemundi|Parlakhemundi]] defeating its force and their Maratha allies further adding territory to the Vizianagaram Estate.{{Sfn|Frowde|1908|p=340}} In 1768, Viziaram Raju II claimed the right to hold and cultivate (''patta'') Kasipuram, Nandapur, Madgol, etc. with the support of and marking the increasing involvement of the British [[East India Company]]; this resulted in the dissatisfied landowners rising against Vizianagaram.{{Sfn|Senapati|Sahu|1966|p=69}} As Viziaram Raju II was unable to make the requisite revenue collection payments, he was ordered to leave the district.{{Sfn|Senapati|Sahu|1966|p=70}} He defied the orders, which resulted in the [[Battle of Padmanabham]] against the East India Company [[Madras Presidency]] forces led by Colonel Prendergast wherein Viziaram Raju II was defeated and slain.{{Sfn|Frowde|1908|p=341}}

Following the Battle of Padmanabham, Narayana Babu Raju was unable to quell the increasing revolts from the hill landowners, which ultimately led to further reductions of the Vizianagaram Estate.{{Sfn|Frowde|1908|p=341}} The successive chieftains Viziaram Gajapati Raju and Ananda Raju proved to be capable leaders and brought in a period of flourishing for the Vizianagaram Estate.{{Sfn|Frowde|1908|p=341}}

The Pusapatis obtained the title of Gajapati after the battle of Nandapur.{{Sfn|Satyanarayana|1997|p=48}}

Pusapadu is a village in erstwhile Guntur district.

==Pusapati rulers==
[[File:Vijayanagaram.JPG|thumb|Coat of Arms of Vijayanagaram]]
[[File:Sisodia branches.jpg|thumb|Branches of the Sisodia Clan]]
*Sitarama Raju{{Sfn|Richards|1978|p=55}}
*Pusapati Amala Gajapati Raju (Founder)
*Pusapati Rachi Gajapati Raju
*Pusapati Tama Gajapati Raju
*Viziaram Raju I (reigned 1710–1757){{Sfn|Frowde|1908|p=339}}
*Ananda Raju{{Sfn|Frowde|1908|p=340}}
*Viziaram Raju II{{Sfn|Frowde|1908|p=340}}
*Narayana Babu Raju{{Sfn|Frowde|1908|p=341}}
*Viziaram Raju III (Viziaram Gajapati Raju, reigned 1848–1878){{Sfn|Frowde|1908|p=341}}{{Sfn|Frenz|Berkemer|2006|p=1264}}
*[[Pusapati Ananda Gajapati Raju|Ananda Gajapati Raju]] (reigned 1879–1897){{Sfn|Frowde|1908|p=341}}{{Sfn|Frenz|Berkemer|2006|p=1264}}
*Raja Pusapati Viziaram Gajapati Raju{{Sfn|Frowde|1908|p=341}}
*Alak Narayana Gajapati Raju<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2002-08-05 |title=A socialist among princes |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2002080501120200.htm&date=2002%2F08%2F05%2F&prd=mp& |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120925185348/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2002080501120200.htm&date=2002%2F08%2F05%2F&prd=mp& |archive-date=2012-09-25 |access-date=2023-07-15 |website=The Hindu}}</ref>
*[[Pusapati Vijaya Rama Gajapati Raju|Pusapati Vijayarama Gajapati Raju]] (eldest son of Alak Narayana Gajapati Raju, reigned 1945–1995)<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2016-03-27 |title=Ananda Gajapathi Raju passes away |url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Andhra-Pradesh/2016-03-27/Ananda-Gajapathi-Raju-passes-away/216633 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181029154005/http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Andhra-Pradesh/2016-03-27/Ananda-Gajapathi-Raju-passes-away/216633 |archive-date=2018-10-29 |access-date=2023-07-15 |website=The Hans India}}</ref>
*Pusapati Ananda Gajapati Raju (eldest son of Vijayarama Gajapati Raju, reigned 1995–2016)<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-03-26 |title=Anand Gajapathi Raju passes away |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/Anand-Gajapathi-Raju-passes-away/article14176262.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029033558/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/Anand-Gajapathi-Raju-passes-away/article14176262.ece |archive-date=2021-10-29 |access-date=2023-07-15 |website=The Hindu}}</ref>
*[[Pusapati Ashok Gajapati Raju]] (second son of Vijayarama Gajapati Raju, ascended in 2016)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-05-27 |title=Ashok Gajapathi Raju |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/ashok-gajapathi-raju-114052600980_1.html |access-date=2023-07-15 |website=Business Standard}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ashok Gajapathi Raju Pusapati |url=https://www.oneindia.com/politicians/ashok-gajapathi-raju-pusapati-32436.html |access-date=2023-07-15 |website=OneIndia}}</ref>

==Notable members==
* [[P. S. Kumaraswamy Raja|P.S. Kumaraswamy Raja]] – Former chief minister of [[Madras State]] (1949–1952)<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of Chief Ministers of Tamil Nadu |url=https://www.oneindia.com/list-of-chief-ministers-of-tamil-nadu/ |access-date=2023-07-15 |website=OneIndia}}</ref> and governor of [[Odisha]] (1954–1956).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Odisha Governor List |url=https://www.oneindia.com/odisha-governors-list/ |access-date=2023-07-15 |website=OneIndia}}</ref>
*[[Maharajkumar of Vizianagram|Pusapati Vijaya Ananda Gajapathi Raju]] (also known as Maharajah of Vizianagram or Vizzy) – Former Indian cricketer,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maharajah of Vizianagram Profile – Cricket Player India |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/maharajah-of-vizianagram-35930 |access-date=2023-07-15 |website=ESPN CricInfo}}</ref> politician,<ref>{{Cite web |title=1962 India General (3rd Lok Sabha) Election Results |url=https://www.elections.in/parliamentary-constituencies/1962-election-results.html |access-date=2023-07-15 |website=Elections.in, 5 Dots Partners}}</ref> and winner of the Padma Bhushan Award in Sports in 1958.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Padma Bhushan Award Winners |url=https://www.oneindia.com/padma-bhushan-award-winners-list/ |access-date=2023-07-15 |website=OneIndia}}</ref>
*Pusapati Lakshmi Narasimha Raju, Politician and Founder of Cooperative Central Bank and many Cooperative Sugar Factories in North Andhra Pradesh. A freedom fighter, A member of the combined Madras Presidency Legislative Assembly, and a [[Constituent Assembly of India|Signatory to the Indian Constitution.]]
*Pusapati Lakshmi Narasimha Raju (S/o Pusapati Lakshmi Narasimha Raju) Politician – two term member of legislative council in Andhra Pradesh, President of District Cooperative Bank, President of many Cooperative Sugar Factories, Secretary of MANSAS Educational Trust.

*[[Pusapati Aditi Vijayalakshmi|Pusapati Aditi Vijayalakshmi Gajapathi Raju]] (born 1983) is an Indian politician from [[Andhra Pradesh]]. She is the daughter of former central minister [[Ashok Gajapathi Raju]], a Maharaja of Vizianagaram. She won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vizianagaram Assembly Election Results 2024: Vizianagaram Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/andhra-pradesh/vizianagaram-constituency-result-1018 |access-date=2024-12-11 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

== References ==
* {{citation |first1=Sri Nilmani |last1=Senapati |first2=Dr. Nabin Kumar |last2=Sahu |title=Orissa District Gazetteers: Koraput |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.08556 |year=1966 |publisher=Orissa Government Press Cuttack}}
* {{citation |first=Henry |last=Frowde |title=The Imperial Gazetteer of India, Volume XXIV, Travancore to Zira |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/toc.html?volume=24 |year=1908 |publisher=Oxford at the Clarendon Press}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Richards |first=J.F. |date=1978 |title=Mughal Retreat from Coastal Andhra |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25210918 |journal=The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland |volume=110 |issue=1 |pages=50–68 |doi=10.1017/S0035869X00134227 |jstor=25210918 |s2cid=154680334 |url-access=subscription }}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Frenz |first1=Margret |last2=Berkemer |first2=Georg |date=April 1, 2006 |title=Colleges and Kings: Higher Education under Direct and Indirect Rule |url=https://www.rrcee.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/145_Colleges_and_Kings.pdf |journal=Economic and Political Weekly}}
* {{Cite thesis |last=Satyanarayana |first=Kasimsetty |title=Gurazada: A Biographical Study |date=1997 |degree=PhD |publisher=University of North Bengal |url=https://ir.nbu.ac.in/handle/123456789/1212}}

[[Category:Early modern history of India]]
[[Category:Hindu dynasties]]
[[Category:Telugu monarchs]]
[[Category:Dynasties of India]]
[[Category:Former monarchies of India]]
[[Category:Raju]]
[[Category:Surnames]]
[[Category:Telugu-language surnames]]
[[Category:Social groups of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Culture of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Kshatriya communities]]

Sarla Aviation

2026-02-26T13:57:33Z

CRVMargarette: Adding A Details

{{Short description|Indian aerospace startup}}

{{Infobox company
| name = Sarla Aviation
| logo =
| type = Private
| industry = [[Aerospace]]
[[Electric aircraft]]
| founded = {{Start date|2023|10}}
| founders = {{ubl|Adrian Schmidt|Rakesh Gaonkar}}
| hq_location_city = [[Bengaluru]]
| hq_location_country = India
| key_people = Adrian Schmidt ([[Chief executive officer|CEO]])
Rakesh Gaonkar ([[Chief technology officer|CTO]])
| products = [[eVTOL]] aircraft
| num_employees = ~70 (2025)
| homepage = {{URL|https://www.sarla-aviation.com/}}
}}
'''Sarla Aviation''' is an Indian aerospace company headquartered in [[Bengaluru]], founded in October 2023. The company develops [[electric vertical takeoff and landing]] (eVTOL) aircraft for urban air mobility in India.<ref>{{cite news|last=Patel|first=Neha|title=Sarla Aviation debuts Shunya eVTOL at Bharat Mobility Expo|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/sarla-aviation-debuts-shunya-evtol-at-bharat-mobility-expo/article69012345.ece|work=The Hindu BusinessLine|date=January 17, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Startup Sarla Aviation commences ground testing of air taxi at Bengaluru facility|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/startup-sarla-aviation-commences-ground-testing-of-air-taxi-at-bengaluru-facility/article70425465.ece|work=The Hindu BusinessLine|date=December 22, 2025}}</ref>
The company is named after Sarla Thakral, India's first female pilot.<ref>{{cite news|last=Sengupta|first=Chiranti|title=How Sarla Aviation is drawing from history to build India's flying future|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/business/how-sarla-aviation-is-drawing-from-history-to-build-indias-flying-future-101738945612345.html|work=Hindustan Times|date=February 5, 2025}}</ref> As of December 2025, Sarla Aviation has commenced ground testing on a sub-scale demonstrator and plans commercial operations by 2028–2029.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bengaluru-Based Aerospace Company Begins Ground Tests Of Electric Air Taxi|url=https://www.news18.com/cities/bengaluru-news/bengaluru-based-aerospace-company-begins-ground-tests-of-electric-air-taxi-ws-e-9785997.html|work=News18|date=December 22, 2025}}</ref>
== History ==
Sarla Aviation was founded in October 2023 by Adrian Schmidt and Rakesh Gaonkar, both having prior experience at the German eVTOL firm [[Lilium GmbH|Lilium]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Mehta|first=Priya|title=Ex-Lilium duo launch Sarla Aviation to bring eVTOL to India|url=https://techcrunch.com/2023/11/15/ex-lilium-duo-launch-sarla-aviation-evtol-india/|work=TechCrunch|date=November 15, 2023}}</ref> The startup raised $13 million across pre-seed, seed, and Series A rounds, including investments from Accel, Zerodha co-founder Nikhil Kamath, and Flipkart co-founder Binny Bansal.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sarla Aviation Begins Ground Tests of India’s Largest Private Electric Air Taxi|url=https://www.oneindia.com/bengaluru/sarla-aviation-begins-ground-tests-of-india-s-largest-private-electric-air-taxi-7947980.html|work=Oneindia News|date=December 22, 2025}}</ref>
In January 2025, the company unveiled a full-scale static prototype named Shunya at the Bharat Mobility Global Expo in [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{cite news|last=PTI|title=Sarla Aviation unveils prototype air taxi, plans to launch flying taxis by 2028|url=https://www.business-standard.com/companies/news/sarla-aviation-unveils-prototype-air-taxi-plans-to-launch-flying-taxis-by-2028-125011701308_1.html|work=Business Standard|date=January 17, 2025}}</ref>
On December 22, 2025, Sarla Aviation announced the start of ground testing for its half-scale eVTOL demonstrator, named SYLLA SYL-X1, at its Bengaluru facility. The 7.5-meter wingspan aircraft was developed in approximately nine months and is described as the largest privately developed eVTOL demonstrator in India.<ref>{{cite news|title=Startup Sarla Aviation commences ground testing of air taxi at Bengaluru facility|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/startup-sarla-aviation-commences-ground-testing-of-air-taxi-at-bengaluru-facility-13737965.html|work=Money Control|date=December 22, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Bengaluru firm begins ground testing of electric flying taxi|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/bengaluru-firm-begins-ground-testing-of-electric-flying-taxi/article70425170.ece|work=The Hindu|date=December 22, 2025}}</ref>
== Aircraft ==
=== Shunya ===
Shunya is the company's planned full-scale production eVTOL aircraft, a six-passenger (plus pilot) design intended for urban air taxi services, with potential uses in air ambulance and cargo.<ref>{{cite news|last=Reddy|first=Sita|title=Shunya: Sarla's six-seater eVTOL targets India's congested skies|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/auto/news/sarla-aviation-unveils-air-taxi-with-up-to-30km-flying-range-launch-date-and-more/articleshow/117357074.cms|work=The Times of India|date=January 20, 2025}}</ref> Reported specifications include a top speed of 250 km/h, a range optimized for 20–30 km urban trips (potentially up to 160 km with future batteries), and a payload of 680 kg.<ref name="toi">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/auto/news/sarla-aviation-unveils-air-taxi-with-up-to-30km-flying-range-launch-date-and-more/articleshow/117357074.cms|work=The Times of India|date=January 20, 2025|title=Sarla Aviation unveils ‘air taxi’ with up to 160km flying range}}</ref> A full-scale static prototype was displayed in 2025, with a planned wingspan of 15 meters.
=== SYLLA SYL-X1 ===
The SYLLA SYL-X1 is a half-scale demonstrator aircraft with a 7.5-meter wingspan, designed for validation of structural integrity, propulsion, and safety systems.<ref>{{cite news|title=Startup Sarla Aviation commences ground testing of air taxi at Bengaluru facility|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/startup-sarla-aviation-commences-ground-testing-of-air-taxi-at-bengaluru-facility/article70425465.ece|work=The Hindu BusinessLine|date=December 22, 2025}}</ref> Built with certification intent, it serves as a technology bridge to the full-scale Shunya. Ground testing began in December 2025.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sarla Aviation Begins Ground Testing Of Electric Air Taxi Ahead Of 2028 Launch|url=https://www.bwdisrupt.com/article/sarla-aviation-begins-ground-testing-of-electric-air-taxi-ahead-of-2028-launch-584499|work=BW Disrupt|date=December 22, 2025}}</ref>
== Manufacturing and operations ==
In November 2025, Sarla Aviation announced a ₹1,300 crore investment for a 500-acre "Sky Factory" manufacturing campus in Anantapur, [[Andhra Pradesh]], targeting production of up to 1,000 aircraft annually by 2029.<ref>{{cite news|last=Joshi|first=Rajesh|title=Sarla Aviation to invest ₹1,300 cr in Andhra eVTOL hub|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/sarla-aviation-to-invest-rs-1300-crore-in-500-acre-aerospace-factory-in-andhra-pradesh-12845678.html|work=Moneycontrol|date=November 15, 2025}}</ref> The company aims to launch initial services in Bengaluru by 2028, expanding to other cities, with plans for vertiport networks and partnerships.<ref>{{cite news|last=Singh|first=Amit|title=Sarla Aviation ties up with Makmor for eVTOL vertiports in India|url=https://www.urbanairmobilitynews.com/air-taxis/indias-sarla-aviation-partners-with-makmor-to-develop-nationwide-network-of-vertiports|work=Urban Air Mobility News|date=June 20, 2025}}</ref>

== See also ==

[[eVTOL]]

[[Urban Air Mobility]]

[[Aviation in India]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==

{{Official website|https://www.sarla-aviation.com/}}

[[Category:Indian companies established in 2023]]
[[Category:Aerospace companies of Asia]]

Priyamanaval

2026-02-22T20:09:09Z

CRVMargarette: revised

{{Short description|Indian soap opera}}
{{Cleanup rewrite|date=December 2023}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Priyamanaval serial.jpg
| image_alt =
| caption =
| alt_name =
| genre = [[Indian soap opera| ]] [[Family]] [[Romance film|Romance]]
| creator =
| screenplay = Amirthraj '''Dialogues''' Vasu Bharathi Kavitha Bharathy
| director = {{plainlist| T.C. Bala Prasad (1-200) E. Vikramadithyan (201-1315)
}}
| starring = [[Praveena]] [[Subhalekha Sudhakar]] Mohammad Azeem Haripriya Isai
 Usha Elizabeth Suraj
| theme_music_composer = Kiran
| open_theme = {{plainlist|
"Priyamanaval" Karthik (vocals) [[Yugabharathi]] (lyrics)
}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes = 1315
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer = [[Vikatan Televistas]]
| cinematography = M.R. Saravana Kumar S.Sakeethiya Seenu
| editor =
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 21–25 minutes
| company = [[Vikatan Televistas]]
| network = [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=y|2015|01|19}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2019|5|11|df=y}}
| related =
}}

'''Priyamanaval''' was an Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language soap opera starring [[Praveena]] and [[Subhalekha Sudhakar]]. It premiered on 19 January 2015 on [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] and ended on 11 May 2019. It was directed by E. Vikramadithyan and produced by [[Vikatan Televistas]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/priyamanaval-crosses-1000-episodes-milestone/articleshow/63949982.cms|title=Priyamanaval crosses 1000 episodes milestone|newspaper=The Times of India|date=28 April 2018|access-date=16 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/priyamanaval-serial-family-celebrations-aired-on-this-weekend/articleshow/63952980.cms|title=priyamanaval-serial-family-celebrations-aired-on-this-weekend|website=Times of India|date=28 April 2018 }}</ref>

Usha Elizabeth Suraj played the negative role of Eshwari for about 800 episodes until 2017.

==Plot==
Umayaal alias Uma is a Sri Lankan refugee marries her lover Krishnan alias Krishna, and together they become rich. Their married life is happy and they have four sons Natrajan "Natraj", Saravana Kumar "Saravanan", Dileepan "Dileepa", and Prabhakaran "Prabha". Uma and Krishnan alias Krishna have supported by Vaidyanathan alias Vaithi, Krishnan's maternal uncle's son. Vaidyanathan alias Vaithi disowned his parents after they tried to kill Krishna and Uma for their love, and he has been supporting both of them since then. Another supporter is Krishnan alias Krishna 's close friend Ayyavu, who with Krishnan alias Krishna starts a successful jewelry transport company with the help of Ayyavu's wife Eshwari.

Eshwari is not happy with having Krishna and Uma in partnership with the company and throws Krishnan alias Krishna out of the company. Uma gives Krishna her jewels and helps him start a new transport company named "UMAYAAL Alias UMA TRANSPORTS". Over time, Umayaal alias Uma Transports becomes successful and the couple grows rich. At the same time, Ayyavu faces loss and goes to jail, and his family become destitute. When Krishna learns of what has happened, he helps Ayyavu and offers him a job, working at Umayaal alias Uma Transports. He is highly loyal to Krishnan alias Krishna.

After 30 years of marriage, Umayaal alias Uma and Krishnan alias Krishna have a happy family, with their four grown-up sons - Natrajan "Natraj", Saravana Kumar "Saravana", Dileepan "Dileepa", and Prabhakaran "Prabha". Krishnan alias Krishna is now a local VIP and the couple are known for their generosity to the needy. Everyone respects them because of their impartiality towards the poor and rich. Umayaal alias Uma desires to lead a happy life with her four sons Natrajan "Natraj" and Saravanan "Saravana", Dileepan "Dileepa", and Prabhakaran "Prabha" and their wife's Avanthika, Bhoomika Kavitha, Swathi, and Isaipriya, and Uma and Krishnan's grandchildren Balachandran Maghizhni, Dwaraka.

Ayyavu, his brother ACP Rathnam and his daughter Sumathi are loyal and have a good friendship with Umayaal alias Uma family but Eshwari and their son Kannan are jealous of their wealth. Kannan plans to destroy their family and steal their assets. He is joined by Krishnan alias Krishna 's maternal uncle and his family who also seek revenge from them.

In the meantime,

Natrajan "Natraj" marries Avanthika

Saravana Kumar "Saravana" marries Bhoomika

Dileepan "Dileepa" marries Kavitha later Swathi

Prabhakaran "Prabha" marries Nandhini later Isaipriya alias Isai.

Just as they start to lead a happy married life, many challenges come across in life due to the torture given by Krishnan alias Krishna's uncle Vinayagm, his daughter Geetha, her husband DCP Giridharan alias Giri, Giri's brother Dharma etc. The family loses Kavitha who is killed by Dharma thus forcing Dileepan to a remarriage with another of his Kutti Mani 's maternal uncle's daughter Swathi. However, without losing hope, they win in their life, Climax scene Dharma is shot by Ulaganaayagi who goes to Jail 3 mathavkalukuppu pirkku

Natrajan "Natraj" & Avanthika son Balachandran

Dileepan "Dileepa" & Kavitha daughter named Dwaraka,

Prabhakaran "Prabha" & Isaipriya job in work happy ending.

==Cast==
===Main===
*[[Praveena]] as Umayaal "Uma" Krishnan (Krishnan's wife, and Natraj, Saravanan, Dileepan and Prabhakaran mother)
** Divya Ganesh as young Uma
*Subhalekha Sudhakar as Krishnan "Krishna" (Uma's husband, Ayyau's best friend, and Natraj, Saravanan, Dileepan and Prabhakaran father)
*VJ Vijay as Natrajan "Natraj" Krishnan (Krishnan and Uma's oldest son, Avanthika's husband and Balachandran's father)
*Sivaranjini Vijay as Avanthika Natraj (Natraj's Wife, Balachandran's mother, Bhoomika's sister, Rajaram and Malliga's elder daughter)
*Dharish Jeyaseelan as Saravana Kumar "Saravana" Krishnan (Uma and Krishnan Second son, Bhoomika's husband and Maghizhni's father)
*Kiran Mai as Bhoomika Saravanan (Saravanan's wife, Maghizhni's mother, Avanthika's sister, Rajaram and Malliga's younger daughter)
*Vineeth Sundaram as Dileepan "Dileepa" Krishnan: (Uma and Krishnan's third son, Swathi's husband/ cousin, Kavitha's widower, Dwaraka's father)
*Niranjani Ashok / replaced by Navya Narayanan as Kavitha Dileepan: (Dileepan's first wife, niece) (dead)
*Abinavya Deepak as Swathi Dileepan: (Dileepan's 2nd wife, niece) / cousin (kuttimani and Radha's daughter)
*Mohammed Azeem / replaced by Karthik Vasudevan as Prabhakaran "Prabha" @ (Prabhakar) Krishnan: Krishnan and Uma's youngest son, Isaipriya's cousin/husband
*Haripriya Isai as Isaipriya (Isai) Prabhakaran: Prabhakaran's wife and cousin

===Supporting===
*Preethi Kumar as Nandhini Rudramoorthy (Prabhakaran's ex-wife, Rudramoorthy's daughter, Vinayagam's niece) (dead)
*Hemanth Kumar as Kumar (Selvi's husband, Swarnam's stepson)
*Bhavana Mahadevappa as Tamilselvi (Selvi) Kumar (Kumar's wife, Kutti Mani and Radha's elder daughter, Swathi and Revathi's sister)
*V. Dasarathy as Kutti Mani aliasMani(Uma and Muthukumar's eldest brother, Radha's husband, Selvi, Swathi and Revathi's father)
*Seema as Revathi (Swathi and Selvi's sister, Kuttimani and Radha's younger daughter)
*Chandini Prakash as DSP Sasirekha IPS (Sasi) (Vinayagam daughter, Dileepan's ex-girlfriend)
*Venkat Subha as Vinayagam (Krishnan's uncle, Geetha, Vaithi's and Sasirekha's father) (dead)
*Ganesh /replaced by Ramnath as Rudramoorthy (Vinayagam's brother, Ram and Nandhini's father)
*Padhmini Saravanan /replaced by Agalaya Agal as Ulaganaayagi Vinayagam (Vinayagam's Wife, Geetha and Vaithi's mother)
*Meenakshi Muruha as Jaya Vinayagam (Vinayagam's second wife, Sasirekha's mother)
*VM Rajeshkannaa as Muthukumar alias Muthu (Isaipriya, Kathir and Isaikuyil's father, Uma and Kutti Mani's brother)
*Abishek Rathan as Kathirkaaman "Kathir" Muthu Kumar (Isaipriya and Isaikuyil's brother, Muthukumar's second son)
*Ultra Shree as Isaikuyil "kuyil" Muthu Kumar (Isai and Kathir's sister, Muthukumar's younger daughter)
*Parthan Siva as DCP Giridharan alias Giri (Geetha's husband, Vinayagam and Ulaganaayagi's son-in-law) (dead)
** & Dharmalingam alias Dharma (Giri's younger brother) (dead)
*Gowthami Vembunathan as Swarnam (Kumar's stepmother, Karpooram, Gowtham and Malar's mother)
*Sundar Annamalai as Karpooram (Kumar's stepbrother, Gowtham and Malar's elder brother, Swarnam's eldest son)
*Jayalakshmi as Thilaga Karpooram (Karpooram's wife, Priya's sister)
*Ameen Fakki as Gowtham (Kumar's stepbrother, Karpooram and Malar's brother, Swarnam's second son)
*Keerthi Vijay as Malar (Kumar's stepsister, Karpooram and Gowtham's younger sister, Swarnam's daughter)
*Vanitha Hariharan as Priya (Thilaga's sister)
*Giri Dwarakish as Vaithieeshwaran "Vaithi" (Vinayagam and Ulaganaayagi son, Geetha's Brother, Susila's husband)
*Nilani as Susila Vaithieeshwaran (Vaithi's wife)
*Krishna Kumar (Gunalan) as ACP Rathnam (Ayyavu's brother and Thenmozhi's husband)
*Caroline Hiltrud as Thenmozhi Rathnam (Rathnam's wife)
*VJ Sam as Kalaiselvan (Kalai) (Prabhakaran's friend)
*Rathnaraj as Chermadurai (Cherma) (Giri's ally)
*Sandhanalakshmi /replaced by Premalatha as Geetha Giridharan (Vinayagam and Ulaganaayagi daughter and Giridharan's wife) (dead)
*Harish G as Ramanathan (Ram) Rudramoorthy (Rudramoorthy's son, Vinayagam's nephew, Nandhini's brother)
*Narayanamurthy Deivanayagam as Subramaniam (Subbu) (Krishnan's former office staff) (dead)
*Egavalli as Sevandhi (Dharma's ally) (dead)
*Mahesh Subramaniam as Nirmal (Bhoomika's childhood friend)
*Usha Elizabeth Suraj /replaced by Babitha as Eshwari Ayyavu (Ayyavu's wife, Sumathi and Kannan's mother)
*Harish Adithya as Kannan Ayyavu (Ayyavu and Eshwari's son, Sumathi's brother) (dead)
*Veera Srinivasan (K. Veera) as Ayyavu (Krishnan's best friend, Eshwari's husband, Kannan and Sumathi's father, and Jambu's Father In Law) (dead)
*Uma Padmanabhan as Radha Mani (Kutti Mani's wife, Selvi, Swathi and Revathi's mother) (dead)
*Vishwanth as Jambulingeshwaran Jambu Manickavaasagam (Sumathi's husband, Ayyavu and Eshwari's son-in-law)
*Subbulakshmi as Sumathi Jambulingeshwaran (Jambu's wife, Kannan's sister, and Ayyavu and Eshwari's daughter)
*Ramki /replaced by KB Bala Subramani as Rajaram (Avanthika and Bhoomika's father, Malliga's husband)
*Balambiga as Malliga Rajaram (Rajaram's wife, Avanthika and Bhoomika's mother)
*Sathish Arunagiri as Sathish (dead)
*Tanuja Krishnappa as Valarmathi (Uma's friend)
*Karthick Chandra as ACP Kamalakannan (Rathnam's Replacement)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.sunnetwork.in/ Official Website] {{in lang|en}}

{{Sun TV shows}}
{{Works by Vikatan Televistas}}

[[Category:Sun TV original programming]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]
[[Category:2015 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romance television series]]
[[Category:2019 Tamil-language television series endings]]
[[Category:Television series by Vikatan Televistas]]

Gopi Krishna (dancer)

2026-02-18T03:06:33Z

CRVMargarette: Added New Data

{{short description|Indian dancer, actor and choreographer}}
{{use dmy dates|date=February 2014}}
{{use Indian English|date=February 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Gopi Krishna
| image = Gopi Krishna dancer.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1935|8|22|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Calcutta]], [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1994|2|18|1935|8|22|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Bombay]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| other_names =
| known_for =
| title = Nataraj, Nritya Samrat
| occupation = Dancer, actor, choreographer
}}
'''Gopi Krishna''' (22 August 1935 – 18 February 1994) was an [[Indian people|Indian]] Kathak dancer, actor and choreographer. He also studied Bharatnatyam. In 1952, at the age of seventeen, Gopi Krishna became one of the youngest choreographers in Hindi film history when he was hired to [[Choreography|choreograph]] dances.

== Life and career ==
Gopi Krishna was born into a family of [[kathak]] dancers. His maternal grandfather [[Pandit]] Sukhdev Maharaj was a teacher of Kathak and his aunt [[Sitara Devi]] was a Kathak dancer who has performed around the world. When he was 11 years old, Gopi Krishna began training under his grandfather. He also learned from [[Shambhu Maharaj]]. In addition to Kathak, Gopi Krishna learned [[Bharatanatyam]] from Mahalingam Pillai and Govind Raj Pillai.<ref name=dance/> Despite suffering from chronic asthma he continued to expand his dance repertoire,<ref name=toi/> receiving the title of "Nataraj" (King of Dancers) at the All Bengal Music Conference at the age of 15.<ref name=dance>{{cite book|last=Banerji|first=Projesh|title=Dance in thumri|year=1986|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=81-7017-212-8|pages=91}}</ref>

In 1952, 17-year-old Gopi Krishna became one of the youngest choreographers in [[Bollywood|Hindi film]] history when he was hired to choreograph dances for [[Madhubala]] in ''Saqi''.<ref name=toi>{{cite news|title=Film industry has lost its Kohinoor|newspaper=Times of India|date=18 February 1994|url=http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/advertise.nsf/%28docid%29/E517C578DEFB54B065256D97003E2990|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322151446/http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/advertise.nsf/(docid)/E517C578DEFB54B065256D97003E2990|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 March 2012}}</ref> In 1955, he appeared in his first film ''[[Jhanak Jhanak Payal Baaje]]''. In the film he played Girdhar, a talented young dancer whose love for his partner jeopardizes his dancing career. The film was successful mainly due to songs like [[Nain so nain naahi milao]], and helped to revitalize public interest in classical dance.<ref name=dance/> He also choreographed many films like [[Grahasti (film)|Grahasti]] (1963), ''[[Dastaan (1972 film)|Dastaan]]'', ''[[Mehbooba (1976 film)|Mehbooba]]'', ''[[Umrao Jaan (1981 film)|Umrao Jaan]]'', ''[[Naache Mayuri]]'' (1986) and ''[[The Perfect Murder (1988 film)|The Perfect Murder]]''.<ref>{{cite book|last=Long|first=Robert Emmet|title=The films of Merchant Ivory|year=1991|publisher=H.N. Abrams|isbn=0-8109-3618-6|pages=262}}</ref> During the 1960s and 70s, he toured India's border posts, entertaining soldiers with [[Sunil Dutt]]'s Ajanta Arts Cultural Troupe.<ref name=toi/> Gopi Krishna later established the Nateshwar Bhavan dance academy and the Nateshwar Nritya Kala Mandir in [[Khar, Mumbai|Khar]] [[Mumbai]].<ref name=toi/> In 1975 the Indian government awarded him India's fourth highest civilian award, the [[Padma Shri]]. He set a world record for the longest continuous Kathak dance at 9 hours and 20 minutes.<ref name=toi/><ref>{{cite book|title=[[Limca Book of Records]]|year=2001|publisher=Bisleri Beverages Ltd.}}</ref> He also acted as master dancer in 'Na moonh chhupake jiyo' in the [[BR Chopra]] film ''[[Humraaz]]'' and 'Champavati tu aaja' for the [[Asit Sen (director)|Asit Sen]] film ''[[Annadata (1972 film)|Annadata]]''. Both times he performed with his dance partner of many films, [[Madhumati]]. He played the character role of Latturam, Guruji in 1985 [[Rishi Kapoor]] and [[Rajesh Khanna]] starrer ''[[Zamana (1985 film)|Zamana]]''. He also appeared in a small role in the legendary TV series ''[[Mahabharat (1988 TV series)|Mahabharat]]''.

== Birth and death ==
Gopi Krishna was born on 22 August 1935 in Calcutta and died on 18 February 1994, of a heart attack, in Bombay.<ref name=toi/><ref name=obituary>{{cite journal|title=Obituaries|journal=Sruti|date=February 1994|issue=112}}</ref>

== Style ==
Gopi Krishna was an exponent of the [[Kathak#Benares Gharana|Benares Gharana]] style of Kathak.<ref name=dance/> He incorporated many elements of [[Kathakali]] and [[Bharatnatyam]] in his dance.

==Personal life==
Gopi Krishna married Kathak dancer Savitri in 1964.<ref name=toi/> His adopted daughter Shampa Sonthalia was born in 1980. She became a choreographer and dancer as well, placing as the winner in the 5th and 7th season of ''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa]]'' where she was paired with actor [[Gurmeet Choudhary]] and [[Ashish Sharma]] respectively.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Aastha Atray Banan|title=Goodbye Sheila, Munni and the deadly jhatkas|journal=Tehelka Magazine|date=4 June 2011|volume=8|issue=22|url=http://tehelka.com/story_main49.asp?filename=hub040611Goodbye.asp|access-date=25 July 2011|archive-date=24 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110824031618/http://www.tehelka.com/story_main49.asp?filename=hub040611Goodbye.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

7. ^ Biography of the [http://www.kashibanarasvaranasi.com/gopi-krinshna Gopi Krishna] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130411052518/http://www.kashibanarasvaranasi.com/gopi-krinshna |date=11 April 2013 }}.

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name | id = 0471438 }}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Krishna, Gopi}}
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Indian choreographers]]
[[Category:1935 births]]
[[Category:1994 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian film choreographers]]
[[Category:Kathak dancers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:Dancers from West Bengal]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dancers]]

Kalya Jagannath Rao

2026-02-07T23:19:35Z

CRVMargarette: put up bio - done

{{Short description|Indian physical chemist}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Kalya Jagannath Rao
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1940|12|7}}
| birth_place = [[Kalya]], [[Karnataka]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| fields = {{ublist | [[Nanomaterials]], [[Ceramics]] }}
| workplaces = {{ublist | [[National College, Bangalore]] | [[National Aerospace Laboratories]] | [[Indian Institute of Science]] }}
| alma_mater = {{ublist | [[University of Mysore]] | [[IIT Kanpur]] | [[Purdue University]] | [[Case Western Reserve University]] }}
| doctoral_advisor = {{ublist| [[C. N. R. Rao]] | C. A. Angell | A. R. Cooper }}
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = Studies on Nanomaterials, Amorphous Materials, Ceramics
| awards = {{ublist | 1984 [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]] | 1993 [[Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science|IACS]] S. R. Palit Award | 1995 MRSI Materials Science Medal | 1999 [[Indian National Science Academy|INSA]] Prize for Materials Science | 2000 [[Indian Institute of Science|IISc]] Alumni Research Award | 2000 [[University of Bordeaux 1|UoB1]] Gold Medal for Research | 2001 [[Chemical Research Society of India|CRSI]] Silver Medal | 2002 MRSI Distinguished Materials Scientist | 2005 [[International Symposium on Circuits and Systems|ISCAS]] Life Time Achievement Award | 2006 [[Ordre des Palmes Académiques]] | 2007 Sir M. Visweswaraiah Award }}
}}

'''Kalya Jagannath Rao''' (born 7 December 1940), popularly known as '''K. J. Rao''', is an Indian physical chemist and an Emeritus professor at the [[Indian Institute of Science]].<ref name="Honorary and Emeritus Faculty">{{Cite web |url=http://sscu.iisc.ac.in/unit-faculty/ |title=Honorary and Emeritus Faculty |date=2016 |publisher=Indian Institute of Science |access-date=22 November 2016 |archive-date=22 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161122160623/http://sscu.iisc.ac.in/unit-faculty/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> He is known for his researches on nanomaterials, amorphous Materials and ceramics<ref name="Brief Profile of the Awardee">{{Cite web |url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/content/Detail.aspx?AID=5 |title=Brief Profile of the Awardee |date=2016 |publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize |access-date=12 November 2016}}</ref> and is an elected fellow of the [[Indian National Science Academy]],<ref name="Indian fellow">{{Cite web |url=http://insaindia.res.in/detail.php?id=N86-0944 |title=Indian fellow |date=2016 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy |access-date=22 November 2016 |archive-date=3 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190103004813/http://insaindia.res.in/detail/N86-0944 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[National Academy of Sciences, India]],<ref name="NASI fellows">{{Cite web |url=http://nasi.nic.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=R |title=NASI fellows |date=2016 |publisher=National Academy of Sciences India}}</ref> International Academy of Ceramics, Asia Pacific Academy of Materials and World Innovation Foundation and the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]].<ref name="Fellow profile">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ias.ac.in/describe/fellow/Rao,_Prof._Kalya_Jagannatha |title=Fellow profile |date=2016 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences |access-date=12 November 2016}}</ref> The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]], the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]], one of the highest Indian science awards, in 1984, for his contributions to chemical sciences.<ref name="View Bhatnagar Awardees">{{cite web | url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/AwardeeList.aspx | title=View Bhatnagar Awardees | publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize | date=2016 | access-date=12 November 2016}}</ref> He is also a recipient of the [[Ordre des Palmes Académiques]] of the Government of France.<ref name="Prestigious French award for Indian scientist">{{Cite web |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/74106/prestigious-french-award-indian-scientist.html |title=Prestigious French award for Indian scientist |date=8 June 2010 |publisher=Deccan Herlad}}</ref>

== Biography ==
[[File:Crawford Hall, University of Mysore.jpg|thumb|235px|University of Mysore]]
Jagannatha Rao, born on 7 December 1940 to Kalya Ananthamurthy and Nagamma at Kalya, a village in the south Indian state of [[Karnataka]], passed BSc hons in 1960 from the [[University of Mysore]] and followed it up with MSc in physical chemistry from the same university in 1961.<ref name="Prof. K.J. Rao - Faculty profile">{{Cite web |url=http://sscu.iisc.ernet.in/k_j_rao.html |title=Prof. K.J. Rao - Faculty profile |date=2016 |publisher=Indian Institute of Science |access-date=22 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229222814/http://sscu.iisc.ernet.in/k_j_rao.html |archive-date=29 December 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The same year, he joined [[National College, Bangalore]] as a lecturer at their chemistry department and worked there until 1964 before enrolling at [[IIT Kanpur]] for his doctoral studies under the guidance of renowned chemist, [[C. N. R. Rao]], a [[Bharat Ratna]] laureate. He secured a PhD in 1967 and continued his post-doctoral studies under the same mentor until 1972. Moving to the US, he also worked under C. A. Angell at [[Purdue University]] and with A. R. Cooper at [[Case Western Reserve University]]. Returning to India in 1972, he joined [[National Aerospace Laboratories]] where he worked until 1978 when he became associated with the [[Indian Institute of Science]] as a professor at the Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit. He worked at the Unit until his superannuation and post-retirement, serves as an Emeritus professor and Ramanna Senior fellow there.<ref name="Honorary and Emeritus Faculty" />

Rao is married to Sudha and the couple has a child Named As Kalya Vijaya Sarathy. The family lives in [[Bengaluru]].

== Legacy ==
Rao has been a part of several research groups; he collaborated with V. C. Veeranna Gowda and C. Narayana Reddy of [[Bangalore University]] for his studies of glasses and ceramics, with S. A. Shivashankar of Indian Institute of Science for studies of zinc oxide [[nanostructures]] and with A. Naik of [[Kuvempu University]] for investigating [[nanomaterials]].<ref name="Glasses and advanced ceramics">{{Cite web |url=http://sscu.iisc.ac.in/faculty/prof-k-j-rao/ |title=Glasses and advanced ceramics |date=2016 |publisher=Indian Institute of Science }}{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> His researches on ceramics and glasses are reported to have returned a new structural model for ionic glasses and a model for glass transition.<ref name="Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners">{{cite web | url=http://www.csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf | title=Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners | publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research | date=1999 | access-date=5 October 2016 | pages=34 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304043957/http://www.csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf | archive-date=4 March 2016 | url-status=dead }}</ref> He discovered energy efficient protocols for the preparation of many advanced ceramics.<ref name="Indian fellow" /> He has released his researches as four books which include ''Structural Chemistry of Glasses'', a comprehensive text on glasses<ref name="Structural Chemistry of Glasses">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xk-lYXtqM-4C&q=K+J+Rao |title=Structural Chemistry of Glasses |last=Rao |first=K. J. |publisher=Elsevier |year=2002 |isbn=9780080439587 |page=562}}</ref> and ''Current Trends in the Science and Technology of Glass''<ref name="Current Trends in the Science and Technology of Glass">{{cite book|author1=H Jain|author2=A R Cooper|author3=K J Rao, D Chakravorty|title=Current Trends in the Science and Technology of Glass: Proceedings of the Indo–US Workshop|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x2AGCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA157|date=1 September 1989|publisher=World Scientific|isbn=978-981-4663-28-1|pages=157–}}</ref> as well as 290 articles published in peer-reviewed journals.<ref name="Browse by Fellow">{{Cite web |url=http://repository.ias.ac.in/view/fellows/Rao=3AKalya_Jagannatha=3A=3A.html |title=Browse by Fellow |date=2016 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences}}</ref><ref name="Kalya Jagannatha Rao on ResearchGate">{{Cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Kalya_Rao |title=Kalya Jagannatha Rao on ResearchGate |date=2016 }}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|Please see ''Selected bibliography'' section}} His work has been cited by many authors{{Refn|group=note|Please see ''Citations'' section}} and he has mentored 24 doctoral and one post graduate student in their studies. He served as the chair of the Materials Research Centre of IISc during 1984–91 and headed the Division of Chemical Sciences from 1992 to 1997. He is one of the founders of the Indo-French Laboratory for Solid State Chemistry (IFLaSC) at IISc which would later earn him a French state honor.<ref name="Indian fellow" />

== Awards and honors ==
The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] awarded Rao the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]], one of the highest Indian science awards, in 1984.<ref name="Chemical Sciences">{{cite web|url=http://www.csir.res.in/External/Heads/career/award/BPRIZE/CHEMICAL_SCIENCES.htm |title=Chemical Sciences |publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research |date=2016 |access-date=7 November 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120912012851/http://www.csir.res.in/external/heads/career/award/BPRIZE/CHEMICAL_SCIENCES.htm |archive-date=12 September 2012 }}</ref> He received the S. R. Palt Award of the [[Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science]] in 1993 and the Material Science Award of the Material Science Society of India (MRSI) in 1995; MRSI would honor him again in 2002 with the Distinguished Materials Scientist of the Year award.<ref name="Indian fellow" /> The Indian National Science Academy awarded him the Materials Science Prize in 1999 and he received two awards in 2000, the Alumni Award for Excellence in Research of the Indian Institute of Science and the gold medal for Research of the [[University of Bordeaux I]].<ref name="Rao Bio Data">{{Cite web |url=http://sscu.iisc.ernet.in/office-forms-15-09-09/kjrbiodat.doc |title=Rao Bio Data |date=2016 |publisher=IISc |access-date=22 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161122220830/http://sscu.iisc.ernet.in/office-forms-15-09-09/kjrbiodat.doc |archive-date=22 November 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Silver Medal of the Chemical Research Society of India reached him in 2002<ref name="Awards: Year - 2002">{{Cite web |url=http://www.crsi.org.in/index.php/crsi-awards/year-1999-2008 |title=Awards: Year - 2002 |date=2016 |publisher=Chemical Research Society of India |access-date=22 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161016123938/http://www.crsi.org.in/index.php/crsi-awards/year-1999-2008 |archive-date=16 October 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and he received the Lifetime Achievement Award and Gold Medal of [[International Symposium on Circuits and Systems]] in 2005. He is a recipient of two state honors; the [[Ordre des Palmes Académiques]] of the Government of France (2006)<ref name="Prestigious French award for Indian scientist" /> and Sir M. Visweswaraiah Award of the Government of Karnataka (2007).<ref name="N. Rudraiah, KJ Rao chosen for Sir M. Visvesvaraya Award">{{Cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/N.-Rudraiah-K.J.-Rao-chosen-for-Sir-M.-Visvesvaraya-Award/article15251459.ece |title=N. Rudraiah, KJ Rao chosen for Sir M. Visvesvaraya Award |date=30 Jun 2008 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> He is an elected fellow of all the three major Indian science academies viz. Indian National Science Academy, Indian Academy of Sciences,<ref name="Fellow profile" /> National Academy of Sciences, India<ref name="NASI fellows" /> and a fellow of the International Academy of Ceramics, Asia Pacific Academy of Materials and World Innovation Foundation. He is also a recipient of honorary doctorates from the Indian Institute of Science (1988) and the [[University of Bordeaux 1]] (2000).<ref name="Indian fellow" />

== Citations ==
* {{cite book|author1=C. N. R. Rao|author2=Kanishka Biswas|title=Essentials of Inorganic Materials Synthesis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YOl8CAAAQBAJ&pg=PA55|date=20 April 2015|publisher=Wiley|isbn=978-1-118-89268-8|pages=55–}}
* {{cite book|author=M. Z. A. Munshi|title=Handbook of Solid State Batteries & Capacitors|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cjG7cjAPDQEC&pg=PA205|year=1995|publisher=World Scientific|isbn=978-981-02-1794-5|pages=205–}}
* {{cite book|author1=Chintamani Nagesa Ramachandra Rao|author2=S. K. Joshi|author3=R. A. Mashelkar|title=Solid State Chemistry: Selected Papers of C.N.R. Rao|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-zJqDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA214|year=1995|publisher=World Scientific|isbn=978-981-02-1808-9|pages=214–}}
* {{cite book|author=Chintamani Nagesa Ramachandra Rao|title=Trends in Chemistry of Materials: Selected Research Papers of C.N.R. Rao|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gJppDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA129|year=2008|publisher=World Scientific|isbn=978-981-283-383-9|pages=129–}}

== Selected bibliography ==

=== Books ===
* {{Cite book |title=Structural Chemistry of Glasses |last=Rao |first=K. J. |publisher=Elsevier |year=2002 |isbn=9780080439587 |page=562}}
* {{cite book|author1=H Jain|author2=A R Cooper|author3=K J Rao, D Chakravorty|title=Current Trends in the Science and Technology of Glass: Proceedings of the Indo–US Workshop|date=1 September 1989|publisher=World Scientific|isbn=978-981-4663-28-1|pages=157–}}

=== Articles ===
* {{Cite journal |author1=Rao, K. J. |author2=Kumar, Sundeep |title=Multialkali phosphate glasses: a new window to understand the mechanism of ion transport |journal=Current Science |date=2003 |volume=85 |issue=7 |pages=945–955 |issn=0011-3891}}
* {{Cite journal |author1=Kumar, Sundeep |author2=Vinatier, Philippe |author3=Levasseur, Alain |author4=Rao, K. J. |title=Investigations of structure and transport in lithium and silver borophosphate glasses |journal=Journal of Solid State Chemistry |date=2004 |volume=177 |issue=4–5 |pages=1723–1737 |doi=10.1016/j.jssc.2003.12.034|bibcode=2004JSSCh.177.1723K }}
* {{Cite journal |author1=Rao, K. J. |author2=Mahesh, Krishnamurthy |author3=Kumar, Sundeep |title=A strategic approach for preparation of oxide nanomaterials |journal=Bulletin of Materials Science |date=2005 |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=19–24 |doi=10.1007/BF02711166 |s2cid=17231730 |issn=0250-4707|doi-access=free }}
* {{Cite journal |author1=Rao, K. J. |author2=Pecquenard, B. |author3=Gies, A. |author4=Levasseur, A. |author5=Etourneau, J. |title=Structural and electrochemical behaviour of sputtered vanadium oxide films: oxygen non-stoichiometry and lithium ion sequestration |journal=Bulletin of Materials Science |date=2006 |volume=29 |issue=5 |pages=535–546 |doi=10.1007/BF02914086 |s2cid=41539504 |issn= 0250-4707|doi-access=free }}
* {{Cite journal |author1=Veeranna Gowda, V. C. |author2=Narayana Reddy, C. |author3=Radha, K. C. |author4=Anavekar, R. V. |author5=Etourneau, J. |author6=Rao, K. J. |title=Structural investigations of sodium diborate glasses containing PbO, Bi2O3 and TeO2: elastic property measurements and spectroscopic studies |journal=Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids |date=2007 |volume=353 |issue=11–12 |pages=1150–1163 |doi=10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2006.12.117|bibcode=2007JNCS..353.1150V |url=http://eprints-bangaloreuniversity.in/7055/1/phy.pdf }}

== See also ==
* [[C. N. R. Rao]]
{{portal|India|Chemistry}}

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{SSBPST recipients in Chemical Science}}
{{Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Laureates of Karnataka}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rao, Kalya Jagannath}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Chemical Science]]
[[Category:1940 births]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]
[[Category:Scientists from Karnataka]]
[[Category:University of Mysore alumni]]
[[Category:IIT Kanpur alumni]]
[[Category:Purdue University alumni]]
[[Category:Case Western Reserve University alumni]]
[[Category:Indian physical chemists]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Bangalore University]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the Indian Institute of Science]]
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Sciences, India]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian chemists]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Ordre des Palmes Académiques]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian technology writers]]

Donkupar Roy ministry

2026-02-06T15:54:16Z

CRVMargarette: Added A Data

{{short description|Cabinet of Meghalaya (2008–2009)}}
{{Infobox government cabinet
| cabinet_type = Ministry
| cabinet_number = 20th
| jurisdiction = [[Meghalaya]]
| flag = Flag of India.svg
| flag_border = true
| incumbent =
| image =
| image_size = 150px
| caption = [[Donkupar Roy]]
| date_formed = 19 March 2008
| date_dissolved = 19 March 2009
| government_head = [[Donkupar Roy]]
| government_head_title = Chief Minister
| state_head = {{ubl|[[Shivinder Singh Sidhu]] (until 30 June 2008)|[[Ranjit Shekhar Mooshahary]] (from 1 July 2008)}}
| state_head_title = Governor
| deputy_government_head_title = Deputy Chief Ministers
| deputy_government_head = {{ubl|[[Hopingstone Lyngdoh]]|[[Timothy Shira]]}}
| members_number = 12
| former_members_number =
| total_number =
| political_parties = {{ubl|{{color box|{{party color|United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)}}}} [[United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)|United Democratic Party]] (3)|{{color box|{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}}} [[Nationalist Congress Party]] (3)|{{color box|{{party color|Hill State People's Democratic Party}}}} [[Hill State People's Democratic Party]] (2)|{{color box|{{party color|Khun Hynniewtrep National Awakening Movement}}}} [[Khun Hynniewtrep National Awakening Movement]] (1)|{{color box|{{party color|BJP}}}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (1)|{{color box|{{party color|Independent}}}} [[Independent politician|Independents]] (2)}}
| legislature_status = [[Coalition government|Coalition]]
| opposition_cabinet =
| opposition_party = {{color box|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}}} [[Indian National Congress]]
| opposition_leader = [[D. D. Lapang]]
| election = [[2008 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| last_election = [[2013 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
| legislature_term = 5 years
| budget =
| advice_and_consent1 =
| advice_and_consent2 =

| incoming_formation =
| outgoing_formation =
| previous = [[Fourth Lapang ministry]]
| successor = [[Fifth Lapang ministry]]
}}

The '''Donkupar Roy ministry''' was the 20th [[council of ministers]] of the Indian state of [[Meghalaya]] headed by Chief Minister [[Donkupar Roy]]. The ministry was formed on 19 March 2008 with the appointment of chief minister Roy of the [[United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)|United Democratic Party]] who formed a coalition government along with several other parties following the [[2008 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|state election]] which resulted in a hung-assembly.<ref>{{cite web |last= |date=19 March 2008 |title=Donkupar Roy is new Meghalaya CM |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/donkupar-roy-is-new-meghalaya-cm/story-QFA4OJjOa33egjJGRjf5wI.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509175544/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/donkupar-roy-is-new-meghalaya-cm/story-QFA4OJjOa33egjJGRjf5wI.html |archive-date=9 May 2021 |access-date=26 August 2025 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> The ministry remained in office until the chief minister's resignation a year later, on 19 March 2009 following his defeat in a vote of no-confidence.

== History ==

The [[2008 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|state assembly election]] held in March 2008 resulted in no single political party securing a majority. The ruling [[Indian National Congress]] emerged as the single-largest party with 25 seats followed by the [[Nationalist Congress Party]] with 14 seats and the [[United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)|United Democratic Party]] with 11 seats. Governor [[Shivinder Singh Sidhu]] re-appointed [[D. D. Lapang]] as the chief minister despite the Congress not having a majority in the legislature.<ref>{{cite web |last=Karmakar |first=Rahul |last2=Ali |first2=Syed Sajjad |date=11 March 2008 |title=No majority but Lapang sworn in as CM |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/no-majority-but-lapang-sworn-in-as-cm/story-M97xZWijpMSo5GJlOzVeDJ.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508164003/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/no-majority-but-lapang-sworn-in-as-cm/story-M97xZWijpMSo5GJlOzVeDJ.html |archive-date=8 May 2021 |access-date=26 August 2025 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

However, on 18 March 2008, ahead of a vote of no-confidence in the legislature, Lapang chose to resign. He was replaced by [[Donkupar Roy]] of the [[United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)|United Democratic Party]] who formed the [[Meghalaya Progressive Alliance]] coalition along with the other non-Congress parties and formed the government. He was sworn-in into office the following day.

== Cabinet formation ==

The Meghalaya Progressive Alliance government consisted of five parties and two independents. The parties included the United Democratic Party, the [[Nationalist Congress Party]], the [[Hill State People's Democratic Party]], the [[Khun Hynniewtrep National Awakening Movement]], and the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. Three ministers each from the United Democratic Party and the Nationalist Congress Party, two from the Hill State People's Democratic Party, one each from the Khun Hynniewtrep National Awakening Movement and the Bharatiya Janata Party, and two independent legislators were inducted into the council of ministers on 20 March 2008.<ref>{{cite web |last= |date=20 March 2008 |title=Part I — Appointments, Postings, Transfers, Powers, Leave and other Personal Notices |url=https://megpns.gov.in/gazette/2008/03/20-03-08-I.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250826225541/https://megpns.gov.in/gazette/2008/03/20-03-08-I.pdf |archive-date=26 August 2025 |access-date=26 August 2025 |website=Gazette of Meghalaya |publisher=Printing and Stationary Department, Government of Meghalaya |format=PDF |publication-place=India}}</ref>

The government faced a vote of no-confidence on March 2009 after two ministers- [[Paul Lyngdoh]] and Adviser Pariong resigned from the cabinet and withdrew their support from the government. At the same time, two other independent legislators also withdrew their support from the government. This subsequently led to the government losing its majority in the legislature.<ref>{{cite web |last= |date=15 May 2012 |title=Meghalaya government loses majority: Meghalaya government lost its majority in the 60-member house after a senior minister quit and joined Congress |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2009/Mar/11/meghalaya-government-loses-majority-32249.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250826225907/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2009/Mar/11/meghalaya-government-loses-majority-32249.html |archive-date=26 August 2025 |access-date=26 August 2025 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> Following the resignation of the chief minister, [[president's rule]] was imposed in the state.

== List of ministers ==

{{Cabinet table start|hiderefcol=y}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = {{ubl|'''[[Chief Minister of Meghalaya|Chief Minister]]''' and also incharge of:|Department of Planning||Department of Personnel|All other departments not assigned to any other Minister.}}
| minister1 = [[Donkupar Roy]]
| minister1_termstart = 19 March 2008
| minister1_termend = 19 March 2009
| minister1_party = United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = {{ubl|'''[[List of deputy chief ministers of Meghalaya|Deputy Chief Minister]]''' and|Minister of Home (Police)|Minister of Public Works Development (Roads)}}
| minister1 = [[Hopingstone Lyngdoh]]
| minister1_termstart = 20 March 2008
| minister1_termend = 19 March 2009
| minister1_party = Hill State People's Democratic Party
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = {{ubl|'''[[List of deputy chief ministers of Meghalaya|Deputy Chief Minister]]''' and|Minister of Community and Rural Development|Minister of Arts and Culture|Minister of Information Technology|Minister of Printing and Stationery}}
| minister1 = [[Timothy Shira]]
| minister1_termstart = 20 March 2008
| minister1_termend = 19 March 2009
| minister1_party = Nationalist Congress Party
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = {{ubl|Minister of Urban Affairs|Minister of Municipal Affairs|Minister of Sports and Youth Affairs|Minister of Parliamentary Affairs}}
| minister1 = [[Paul Lyngdoh]]
| minister1_termstart = 20 March 2008
| minister1_termend = 12 March 2009
| minister1_party = Khun Hynniewtrep National Awakening Movement
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = {{ubl|Minister of Taxation|Minister of Public Works Development (Buildings)|Minister of Food and Civil Supplies|Minister of Secretariat Administration}}
| minister1 = J. Antonius Lyngdoh
| minister1_termstart = 20 March 2008
| minister1_termend = 19 March 2009
| minister1_party = United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = {{ubl|Minister of Public Health Engineering|Minister of Home (Passport)|Minister of Relief and Rehabilitation}}
| minister1 = [[Alexander Laloo Hek]]
| minister1_termstart = 20 March 2008
| minister1_termend = 19 March 2009
| minister1_party = BJP
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = {{ubl|Minister of Finance|Minister of Power|Minister of Housing|Minister of General Administration|Minister of Tourism}}
| minister1 = [[Conrad Sangma]]
| minister1_termstart = 20 March 2008
| minister1_termend = 19 March 2009
| minister1_party = Nationalist Congress Party
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = {{ubl|Minister of Higher and Technical Education|Minister of Information and Public Relations|Minister of Stamps and Registrations}}
| minister1 = [[Manas Chaudhuri]]
| minister1_termstart = 20 March 2008
| minister1_termend = 19 March 2009
| minister1_party = [[Independent politician|IND]]
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = {{ubl|Minister of Agriculture|Minister of Minor Irrigation|Minister of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary|Minister of Revenue}}
| minister1 = E. C. Boniface Bamon
| minister1_termstart = 20 March 2008
| minister1_termend = 19 March 2009
| minister1_party = Nationalist Congress Party
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = {{ubl|Minister of Social Welfare|Minister of Transport|Minister of Soil and Water Conservation|Minister of Home (Civil Defence and Home Guards)}}
| minister1 = Nimarson Momin
| minister1_termstart = 20 March 2008
| minister1_termend = 19 March 2009
| minister1_party = United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = {{ubl|Minister of Health and Family Welfare|Minister of Horticulture|Minister of Re-organisation|Minister of Elections}}
| minister1 = Adviser Pariong
| minister1_termstart = 20 March 2008
| minister1_termend = 12 March 2009
| minister1_party = Hill State People's Democratic Party
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = {{ubl|Minister of Mining and Geology|Minister of Excise|Minister of Weights and Measures|Minister of Border Trade}}
| minister1 = Don Kupar Massar
| minister1_termstart = 20 March 2008
| minister1_termend = 19 March 2009
| minister1_party = [[Independent politician|IND]]
}}
{{Cabinet table end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Meghalaya ministries|Roy]]
[[Category:Indian ministries established in 2008]]
[[Category:Indian ministries disestablished in 2009]]

Onlymyhealth

2026-02-05T04:40:02Z

CRVMargarette: Starting New Pg Basic Info

{{Short description|Indian health and wellness website}}
{{Orphan|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox website
| name = Onlymyhealth
| logo = Website logo.png
| type = Health and lifestyle
| language = [[Hindi]], [[English language|English]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| language_count = 3
| founded = 2009
| country_of_origin = [[India]]
| owner = MMI Online Limited<ref name=":12"/>
| editor = Megha Mamgain ([[Managing Editor]] of Health & Lifestyle, [[Jagran New Media]])
| key_people =
| industry = Health and lifestyle
| website =
| current_status = Active
| headquarters = [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
}}

'''Onlymyhealth''' is an Indian health and wellness website based in [[Noida|Noida, Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Ohri |first=Kapil |date=2010-06-03 |title=Jagran Prakashan launches health and lifestyle portal Onlymyhealth.com |url=https://www.afaqs.com/news/digital/27270_jagran-prakashan-launches-health-and-lifestyle-portal-onlymyhealthcom |access-date=2024-08-02 |website=afaqs! |language=en}}</ref> Founded in 2009, it operates as a subsidiary of Jagran New Media,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Choudhary |first=Deepsekhar |title=ONDC makes content-to-commerce pitch to news media platforms |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/technology/ondc-makes-content-to-commerce-pitch-to-news-media-platforms-12707121.html |website=[[Network18 Group|Money Control]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-08 |title=Jagran New Media Becomes First Indian Digital Publisher to Join with ONDC Network to Launch Khojle.com |url=https://www.onlymyhealth.com/jagran-new-media-and-ondc-network-come-together-to-launch-ecommerce-khojle-1715150664 |access-date=2024-08-02 |website= |language=en}}</ref> a division of [[Jagran Prakashan|Jagran Prakashan Limited]], a media conglomerate active in print, radio, and digital platforms.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhula |first=Pooja |date=2022-09-19 |title=Who Owns Your Media: Jagran Group and the story of India's most read daily |url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2022/09/19/who-owns-your-media-jagran-group-and-the-story-of-indias-most-read-daily |access-date=2024-08-02 |website=[[Newslaundry]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Overview ==
The website publishes content on health topics such as disease management, fitness, home remedies,<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Pahwa |first=Nikhil |date=2010-06-04 |title=Updated: Jagran's Online Division MMI Online Launches OnlyMyHealth.com; Mobile; Education Portal Next |url=https://www.medianama.com/2010/06/223-jagran-onlymyhealth-mmi/ |access-date=2024-08-02 |website=MEDIANAMA |language=en-US}}</ref> and parenting, available in Hindi, English, and Tamil.<ref name=":12"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=மாரியப்பன் |first=சுடர்லெட்சுமி |date=2024-07-13 |title=உங்கள் பல் மஞ்சளாக மாறிவிட்டதா? யோசிக்காம இத பண்ணுங்க! |url=https://kalkionline.com/wellness/have-your-teeth-turned-yellow-do-this-without-thinking |access-date=2024-08-02 |website=Kalki Online |language=ta}}</ref> A Tamil-language section was introduced in August 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jagran New Media Expands Its Health & Wellness Vertical Onlymyhealth.com To Tamil |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/india/jagran-new-media-expands-its-health-and-wellness-vertical-onlymyhealthcom-to-tamil-10092358 |access-date=2024-08-02 |website= |language=en}}</ref> According to third-party analytics reports, the platform saw a 35% increase in monthly traffic within the health category in April 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jagran Thrives on Trust |url=https://www.exchange4media.com/media-print-news/jagran-thrives-on-trust-shailesh-gupta-106631.html |website=exchange4media}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jagran Media Crosses 100-million user mark |url=https://www.exchange4media.com/digital-news/jagran-new-media-crosses-100-million-user-mark-121673.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Dahiya |first=Surbhi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ymLdEAAAQBAJ&dq=Onlymyhealth+subsidiary+of+Jagran+New+Media&pg=PT482 |title=Indian Media Giants: Unveiling Business Dynamics of Print Legacies in India |date=2022-04-30 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-93-91050-10-8 |language=en}}</ref>

Onlymyhealth organizes the HealthCare Heroes Conclave & Awards, an event recognizing contributions to healthcare.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sensharma |first=Aalok |title=Onlymyhealth.com organises HealthCare Heroes Awards 2020 to honour 'Corona warriors'; check complete list of winners |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/lifestyle/onlymyhealthcom-organises-healthcare-heroes-awards-2020-to-honour-corona-warriors-check-complete-list-of-winners-10017891 |access-date=2024-08-02 |website= |language=en}}</ref> The inaugural ceremony in October 2020 focused on [[COVID-19 pandemic|COVID-19]] response efforts, with [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare|Union Health Minister]] [[Harsh Vardhan (Delhi politician)|Dr. Harsh Vardhan]] attending as a guest.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-28 |title=Onlymyhealth.com announces 1st edition of HealthCare Heroes Awards 2020 |url=https://www.adgully.com/onlymyhealth-com-announces-1st-edition-of-healthcare-heroes-awards-2020-96832.html |access-date=2024-08-02 |website=www.adgully.com |language=en-US}}</ref> The fourth edition was held in February 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Healthcare Heroes Awards 2023- मेंटल हेल्थ, होलिस्टिक वेलनेस और नेचर विद न्यूट्रीशन के लिए ये रहे नॉमिनी - these are nominees for Healthcare Heroes Awards 2023 under the category Mental health holistic wellness and nature with nutrition |url=https://www.jagran.com/lifestyle/health-these-are-nominees-for-healthcare-heroes-awards-2023-under-the-category-mental-health-holistic-wellness-and-nature-with-nutrition-23343542.html |access-date=2024-08-02 |website= |language=hi}}</ref>

== Initiatives ==
In May 2023, the website collaborated with HerZindagi to host an awareness campaign ahead of [[Menstrual Hygiene Day]], focusing on menstrual hygiene education and societal [[taboo]]s.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=afaqs! |date=2023-05-30 |title=HerZindagi and OnlyMyHealth celebrated Period Party to mark Menstrual Hygiene Day |url=https://www.afaqs.com/companies/herzindagi-and-onlymyhealth-celebrated-period-party-to-mark-menstrual-hygiene-day |access-date=2024-08-02 |website= |language=en}}</ref>

== Awards and recognition ==
In 2019, Onlymyhealth received the Best Health Awareness award at the Indian Healthcare Excellence Awards and the Best Content in a Healthcare/Fitness Blog/Website award at the India Content Leadership Conference.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{Official website|https://www.onlymyhealth.com/}}

[[Category:Internet properties established in 2009]]
[[Category:Indian websites]]

Sewagram Express

2026-02-04T01:44:28Z

CRVMargarette: page edit

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{more citations needed|date=October 2013}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Sewagram Superfast Express
| image =
| caption =
| type = [[Express trains in India|SuperFast]]
| locale = [[Maharashtra]]
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|1867|02|18}}
| last =
| operator = [[Central Railway zone|Central Railway]]
| ridership =
| start = [[Mumbai CSMT|CSMT Mumbai]] (CSMT)
| stops = 26
| end = {{stnlnk|Nagpur Junction}} (NGP)
| distance = {{convert|833|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 14 hours 50 minutes
| frequency = Daily
| class = AC 2 tier, AC 3 tier, Sleeper Class, General Unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = On-board catering, E-catering
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage = Available
| otherfacilities =
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|allk=on}}
| el =
| trainnumber = 12139 / 12140
| speed = {{convert|130|km/h|0|abbr=on}} maximum, {{convert|56|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.
| map = [[File:Sewagram Express (Nagpur - Mumbai) Route map.jpg|250px]]
| map_state =
}}

The 12139 / 12140 '''Sewagram Superfast Express''' is an [[Express trains in India|Superfast Express]] train belonging to [[Indian Railways]] that runs between [[Mumbai CSMT]] and {{stnlnk|Nagpur Junction}} in India.

It operates as train number 12139 from Mumbai CSMT to Nagpur Junction and as train number 12140 in the reverse direction.

==Coaches==

The 12139/40 Mumbai CSMT Nagpur Sewagram Superfast Express presently has 1 AC 2 tier, 3 AC 3 tier, 9 Sleeper Class and 5 General Unreserved coaches.

As with most train services in India, coach composition may be amended at the discretion of Indian Railways depending on demand.

==Service==

The 12139 Mumbai CSMT Nagpur Sewagram Superfast Express covers the distance of 837 kilometres in 15 hours 10 mins (55.19 km/h) and in 15 hours 00 mins (55.80 km/h) as 12140 Nagpur Mumbai CSMT Sewagram Superfast Express.

==Routeing==

The 12139/12140 Sewagram Superfast Express runs via {{stnlnk|Kalyan Junction}}, [[Nashik Road]], {{stnlnk|Bhusaval Junction}}, [[Akola Junction]], {{stnlnk|Badnera Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Wardha Junction}} to {{stnlnk|Nagpur Junction}}.

The slip coaches of the Mumbai CSMT [[Balharshah Junction railway station|Balharshah]] are detached/attached at {{stnlnk|Wardha Junction}}.

==Traction==

The train is hauled by an [[Electric Loco Shed, Ajni|Ajni Loco Shed]]-based [[WAP-7]] electric locomotive from end to end.

==Time table==

12139 Mumbai CSMT Nagpur–Sewagram Superfast Express leaves Mumbai CSMT daily at 15:00 hrs IST and reaches Nagpur Junction at 06:10 hrs IST the next day.

12140 Nagpur Mumbai CSMT–Sewagram Superfast Express leaves Nagpur Junction daily at 20:50 hrs IST and reaches Mumbai CSMT at 11:40 hrs IST the next day.

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:12139 Nagpur Sewagram Express with Ajni based WAP 7 locomotive.jpg|12139 Sewagram Express with [[Electric Loco Shed, Ajni|Ajni]]-based [[Indian locomotive class WAP-7|WAP-7]] locomotive
File:12139 Sewagram Express - Nagpur bound Sleeper Class coach.jpg|12139 Sewagram Express – Nagpur-bound [[Indian Railways coaching stock|Sleeper Class]] coach
File:12139 Sewagram Express - Nagpur bound AC 3 tier coach.jpg|12139 Sewagram Express – Nagpur-bound [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC 3 tier]] coach
File:12139 Sewagram Express - Nagpur bound AC 2 tier coach.jpg|12139 Sewagram Express – Nagpur-bound [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC 2 tier]] coach
File:12139 Sewagram Express - Balharshah bound AC 3 tier coach.jpg|12139 Sewagram Express – [[Balharshah Junction railway station|Balharshah]] bound [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC 3 tier]] coach
File:12139 Sewagram Express - Balharshah bound Sleeper Class coach.jpg|12139 Sewagram Express – [[Balharshah Junction railway station|Balharshah]] bound [[Indian Railways coaching stock|Sleeper Class]] coach
File:12139 Sewagram Express - Balharshah Train board.jpg|12139 Sewagram Express – [[Balharshah Junction railway station|Balharshah]] Train board
File:12139 Balharshah Sewagram Express with Ajni based WAP 7 locomotive.jpg|12139 [[Balharshah Junction railway station|Balharshah]] Sewagram Express with [[Electric Loco Shed, Ajni|Ajni]]-based [[Indian locomotive class WAP-7|WAP-7]] locomotive
</gallery>

==External links==
*{{cite web|url=http://www.indianrail.gov.in|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000407093943/http://www.indianrail.gov.in/|archive-date=7 April 2000|url-status=dead|title=Welcome to Indian Railway Passenger reservation Enquiry|accessdate=2014-05-30|df=dmy-all}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.irctc.co.in/|title=IRCTC Online Passenger Reservation System|publisher=irctc.co.in|accessdate=2014-05-30|archive-date=3 March 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070303131207/http://www.irctc.co.in/|url-status=dead}}
*{{cite web|url=https://www.irfca.org|title=[IRFCA] Welcome to IRFCA.org, the home of IRFCA on the internet.|publisher=IRFCA|accessdate=2014-05-30}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Railways in Western India}}

[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Transport in Nagpur]]
[[Category:Transport in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]

Fear Files

2026-01-13T03:27:34Z

CRVMargarette:

{{Short description|Indian horror television series}}
{{For|the video game of same name|F.E.A.R. Files}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{More citations needed|date=May 2014}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Fear Files.png
| caption =
| genre = [[Horror (genre)|Horror]] [[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]]
| creator =
| writer =
| director =
| creative_director =
| narrator = [[Imran Hasnee]] [[Tanushree Dutta]] [[Nikitin Dheer]]
| theme_music_composer =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 4
| num_episodes = 437
| list_episodes =
| producer =
| cinematography =
| camera = Multi camera Single Camera
| runtime = 40 - 60 minutes approximately
| network = [[Zee TV]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2012|06|30|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2019|02|10|df=y}}
| related =
}}

'''''Fear Files''''' is an Indian [[Hindi|Hindi-language]] horror anthology television series which aired from 30 June 2012 to 10 February 2019 on [[Zee TV]]. It was produced by [[Contiloe Pictures]], [[Essel Vision Productions]], Bodhi Tree Multimedia, Dreamzz Images, BBC India, and Shri Jagganaath Entertainment.

==Series overview==
{| class="wikitable"
!Season
!Season title
!Start date
!End date
!Episodes
|-
|1
|''Fear Files: Darr Ki Sacchi Tasvirein''
|30 June 2012
|13 April 2014
|179
|-
|2
|''Fear Files: Dehshat Dobara''
|19 April 2014
|28 September 2014
|43
|-
|3
|''Fear Files: Har Mod Pe Darr''
|25 April 2015
|8 November 2015
|58
|-
|4
|''Fear Files: Darr Ki Sacchi Tasvirein''
|22 July 2017
|10 February 2019
|157
|}

==External links==
*{{Official website|https://www.zee5.com/tvshows/details/fear-files-2017/0-6-621}}
*{{IMDb title|2259464}}
* [https://www.zee5.com/tvshows/details/fear-files/0-6-246 Fear Files: Darr Ki Sacchi Tasvirein] Streaming on [[ZEE5]]

[[Category:2012 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian horror fiction television series]]
[[Category:Paranormal reality television series]]
[[Category:Zee TV original programming]]

Govindapalle

2026-01-09T20:59:39Z

CRVMargarette:

{{Multiple issues|
{{Cleanup rewrite|date=June 2024}}
{{Unreliable sources|date=June 2024}}
{{Orphan|date=June 2024}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Govindapalle
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname = Gonpalle
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|15.3532|N| 78.5216|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Nandyal district|Nandyal]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for = Cultivation
| government_type = Major Gram Panchyati
| governing_body =
| leader_title = [[Member of Parliament|MP]]
| leader_name = [[Byreddy Shabari]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 238
| population_total = 10000
| population_as_of =
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 518563
| registration_plate = AP 21&39
| website =
| footnotes =
| leader_title2 = [[Member Of Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
| leader_name2 = [[Bhuma Akhila Priya]]
| leader_title3 = [[Sarpanch]]
| leader_name3 = N.Mariyamma
| leader_title4 = Vice Sarpanch
| leader_name4 = I.Naga Sesha Reddy
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| image_map =
}}

'''Govindapalle''' is a village in Sirvella Mandal of [[Nandyal district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]], India.

==Geography==
Sirivella is at {{coord|15.3532|N|78.5216|E|}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maps, Weather, and Airports for Govindapalle, India |url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/02/Govindapalle.html |access-date=2024-06-24 |website=www.fallingrain.com}}</ref> It has an average elevation of {{Convert|238|m|ft|abbr=on}}. Its PIN number is 518502.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Govindapalle Pin Code - 518502, All Post Office Areas PIN Codes, Search kurnool Post Office Address |url=https://news.abplive.com/pincode/andhra-pradesh/kurnool/govindapalle-pincode-518502.html |access-date=2024-06-24 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
Govindpalle is a village in Sirivel Mandal in [[Nandyal district|Nandyal District]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Village & Panchayats {{!}} Nandyal District {{!}} India |url=https://nandyal.ap.gov.in/village-panchayats/ |access-date=2024-06-24 |language=en-US}}</ref> of [[Andhra Pradesh|Andhra Pradesh State]], [[India]]. It belongs to the Rayalaseema region. It is located 20 km east of the district headquarters [[Nandyal]], 4 km from Sirivel, and 263 km from the state capital [[Amaravati]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=CANARA BANK WARANGAL Branches IFSC Code, MICR Code & Phone Number |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/wealth/ifsccode/bank-canara-bank,state-andhra-pradesh,district-warangal.cms |access-date=2024-06-24 |website=The Economic Times |language=en}}</ref>

== Census details ==
The local language is [[Telugu language|Telugu]]. As of the 2011 Indian census, Govindpalle's total population is 7250, the number of houses are 1815 and the female population is 50.3%. The village's literacy rate is 57.0% and the female literacy rate is 23.3%.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Govindpalle Village Population - Sirvel - Kurnool, Andhra Pradesh |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/594329-govindpalle-andhra-pradesh.html |access-date=2024-06-24 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Nandyal district]]

Kadammanitta Ramakrishnan

2025-11-27T05:35:01Z

CRVMargarette: minor edit

{{short description|Indian poet}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Kadammanitta Ramakrishnan
| image = Kadaman.jpg
| birth_name = M. R. Ramakrishna Panikkar
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1935|3|22}}
| birth_place = [[Kadammanitta]], [[Pathanamthitta]], Kerala, India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2008|3|31|1935|3|22}}
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the]] [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = {{Start date|1996|||df=yes}}
| term_end = {{End date|2001|||df=yes}}
| predecessor = R. Ramachandran Nair
| successor = [[Malethu Sarala Devi]]
| constituency = [[Aranmula Assembly constituency|Aranmula]]
|office1 = President, [[Purogamana Kala Sahitya Sangham]]
| term_start1 = {{Start date|2002|||df=yes}}
| term_end1 = {{End date|2008|||df=yes}}
| predecessor1 = [[N. V. P. Unithiri]]
| successor1 = [[U. A. Khader]]
| occupation = Poet
| spouse = Santha
| awards = {{ublist|1982 [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]] | 1995 [[Asan Smaraka Kavitha Puraskaram|Asan Prize]] | Al Abu Dhabi Malayalam Samajam Award| New York Malayalam International Foundation Award | Muscat Kerala Samskarika Kendram Award | 2004 [[List of Malayalam literary awards#Basheer Award|Basheer Puraskaram]] | 2006 Mahakavi Pandalam Keralavarma Poetry Award}}

}}
'''M. R. Ramakrishna Panikkar''' (22 March 1935 – 31 March 2008), popularly known as '''Kadammanitta Ramakrishnan''' or '''Kadammanitta''', was an Indian poet. He was born in [[Kadammanitta]] province of [[Pathanamthitta]] district, [[Kerala]]. His childhood experiences, especially the [[Patayani]] songs, had a strong influence on his literary work.<ref name=Patayani>[http://www.mathrubhumi.com/nri/pravasibharatham/article_388460/ "പടയണിശീലും കടമ്മനിട്ട കവിതയും നഗരം ശ്രവിച്ചപ്പോള്"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419025203/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/nri/pravasibharatham/article_388460/ |date=19 April 2014 }}. ''[[Mathrubhumi]]''. 3 September 2013. Retrieved 18 April 2014.</ref>

==Early life==
Ramakrishnan was born on 22 March 1935 to Meletharayil Raman Nair and Kuttiyamma. He completed schooling at his home village of [[Kadammanitta]] and at the nearby town of [[Pathanamthitta]].<ref name="The Hindu"/> He was influenced by the traditional religious art form of [[Patayani]] even from his childhood.<ref name=Patayani/> After his degree studies, he went to [[Kolkata]] and then reached [[Chennai]]. He was employed with the Postal Audits and Accounts department in 1959. He worked in [[Thiruvananthapuram]] from 1967 until his retirement in 1992.<ref name="The Hindu"/>

==Literary life==
Ramakrishnan's poem ''Njan'' was published in 1965 in [[M. Govindan]]'s ''Sameeksha'' magazine.<ref name=IANS/>

Kadammanitta played a role in reviving interest in poetry by holding thousands of recital sessions in every nook and corner of Kerala in the 1970s and 80s.<ref name="The Hindu"/> His work has been widely appreciated for its force, energy, and folk touch, and his work gave a mass appeal and popularity making poetry enjoyable even to commonman.<ref name=Patayani/> Ramakrishnan's close association with literary and cultural luminaries, which included [[M. Govindan]], [[Ayyappa Paniker]], [[M. V. Devan]], [[P. K. Balakrishnan]], [[O. N. V. Kurup]], [[Kavalam Narayana Panicker]], D.Vinayachandran, and K. V. Thampi, helped him in the endeavour to give a popular image to Malayalam poetry recital.<ref name="The Hindu"/> He had recited his fiery works at thousands of venues all over the state, besides editing a poetry journal ''Kerala Kavitha'' that attempted to take the essence of poetry from the academic cloisters to the realms of everyday life.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xnZLAQAAIAAJ |title=Indian Literature, Volume 50 |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |year=2006 |pages=14–15|isbn=9788126017928 }}</ref>

==Other activities==
A [[communist]], he was involved with the student federation as well as communist party during his college days.<ref name=IANS>{{cite news | url=http://www.godubai.com/gulftoday/printarc.asp?aid=121213 | title=Kadammanitta passes away | work=Gulf Today | access-date=18 April 2014 | archive-date=19 April 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419014200/http://www.godubai.com/gulftoday/printarc.asp?aid=121213 | url-status=dead }}</ref> In 1992, he became the vice president of CPI-M's cultural wing, [[Purogamana Kala Sahitya Sangham]] (Progressive Association for Art and Letters), and in 2002 its president.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.sites.google.com/site/purogamanakalasahithyasangham/state-presidents-general-secretaries | title=State Presidents/General Secretaries | publisher=[[Purogamana Kala Sahitya Sangham|PuKaSa]] | access-date=18 April 2014 | archive-date=19 April 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419020833/https://www.sites.google.com/site/purogamanakalasahithyasangham/state-presidents-general-secretaries | url-status=dead }}</ref> In 1996, he was elected to Kerala state legislative assembly from [[Aranmula]] constituency in [[Pathanamthitta]] district.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/archive/electionanalysis/AE/S11/partycomp107.htm | title=Aranmula Assembly Constituency | publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] | access-date=18 April 2014}}</ref> He was still continuing as the President of Purogamana Kala Sahithya Sangham when he died.

==Death==
Ramakrishnan died at 9 o'clock in the morning of 31 March 2008 at M.G.M. Memorial Medical Centre in [[Pathanamthitta]], nine days after celebrating his 73rd birthday. He had been undergoing treatment for [[myeloid leukaemia]] for the past three months. He was survived by his wife, Santha, daughter, Geetha Devi, and son, Geetha Krishnan.<ref name="The Hindu">[https://web.archive.org/web/20080921104926/http://www.hindu.com/2008/04/01/stories/2008040154420400.htm "Kadammanitta Ramakrishnan dead"]. ''The Hindu''. 1 April 2008. Retrieved 8 July 2013.</ref><ref>[http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Kerala/Poet-Kadammanitta-passes-away/Article1-294686.aspx "Poet Kadammanitta passes away"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140418220823/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Kerala/Poet-Kadammanitta-passes-away/Article1-294686.aspx |date=18 April 2014 }}. ''Hindustan Times''. 1 April 2008. Retrieved 8 July 2013.</ref> He was cremated with full state honours at the premises of his home in his birth village.

==Major works==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* ''Kurathi''<ref name="Kurathi - Kadamanitta Kavithakal">Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/WRFNdJ3IMmc Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20210228190745/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WRFNdJ3IMmc Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WRFNdJ3IMmc |title=Kurathi - Kadamanitta Kavithakal |last=Gayathri Productions |date=2019-01-22 |via=YouTube |access-date=2019-01-22}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
* ''Kadinjool Pottan''<ref name="The Hindu : Poetry in a new (arc-)light">{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/lf/2003/07/05/stories/2003070501230200.htm |title=Poetry in a new (arc-)light |date=5 July 2003 |website=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=2019-01-22}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
* ''Misrathalam''<ref name="Ramakrishnan">{{cite book|author=Kadammanitta Ramakrishnan|title=Misrathalam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b_AjQAAACAAJ|publisher=Lipi Publications|isbn=978-81-88801-21-3}}</ref>
* ''Mazha Peyyunnu Maddhalam Kottunnu''<ref name="Mazha Peyyunnu Maddalam Kottunnu">{{Cite web |url=http://www.indulekha.com/index.php?route=product/product&product_id=1260 |title=Mazha Peyyunnu Maddalam Kottunnu |date=2019-01-22 |website=indulekha.com |access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref>
* ''Kadammanittayude Kavithakal''
* ''Vellivelicham''<ref>{{cite book|title=Vellivelicham|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Fb9KVaWt3gC|publisher=D C Books|isbn=978-81-240-1222-2}}</ref>
* ''Sooryasila''<ref name="Kadammanitta Ramakrishnan profile">{{Cite web |url=https://www.veethi.com/india-people/kadammanitta_ramakrishnan-profile-2239-25.htm |title=Kadammanitta Ramakrishnan profile |date=2019-01-22 |website=veethi.com |access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref>
* ''Shantha''<ref name="The Hindu : Poetry in a new (arc-)light" />
* ''Kuppayilundoru Maanikyam''<ref name="Kadammanitta Ramakrishnan profile" />
* ''Ee Poochayaanente Dukham''<ref name="Kadammanitta Ramakrishnan profile" />
* ''Kunje Mulappaal Kudikkaruth''<ref name="The Hindu : Poetry in a new (arc-)light" />
{{div col end}}

==Awards==
{{Div col|colwidth=50em}}
* [[Kerala Sahithya Akademi Award]] 1982 (Kadammanittayude Kavithakal)<ref name="Awards for Poetry">{{Cite web |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/ksa/Awards/poetry.htm |title=Awards for Poetry |date=2019-01-22 |website=Kerala Sahitya Akademi |access-date=2019-01-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626195512/http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/ksa/Awards/poetry.htm |archive-date=26 June 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Asan Smaraka Kavitha Puraskaram|Asan Prize]] 1995 (Kadammanittayude Kavithakal)<ref name="ASAN MEMORIAL ASSOCIATION">{{Cite web |url=http://asaneducation.com/asan_association/awards.html#list |title=ASAN MEMORIAL ASSOCIATION |date=2019-01-22 |website=asaneducation.com |access-date=2019-01-22 |archive-date=13 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413145952/http://asaneducation.com/asan_association/awards.html#list |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Abu Dhabi Malayalam Samajam Award<ref name="Kadammanitta Ramakrishnan profile" />
* New York Malayalam International Foundation Award<ref name="Recipients Since 1995">{{Cite web |url=http://www.pravasidoha.org/basheerpuraskaram.htm |title=Recipients Since 1995 |date=2019-01-22 |website=pravasidoha.org |access-date=2019-01-22 |archive-date=20 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220055118/http://www.pravasidoha.org/basheerpuraskaram.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Muscat Kerala Samskarika Kendram Award<ref name="Kadammanitta Ramakrishnan profile" />
* [[List of Malayalam literary awards#Basheer Award|Basheer Puraskaram]] (2004)<ref name="Recipients Since 1995" />
* Mahakavi Pandalam Keralavarma Poetry Award(2006)<ref name="Kadammanitta Ramakrishnan profile" />
{{div col end}}

==See also==
* [[Kadammanitta Ramakrishnan Award]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140419020435/http://kadammanittafoundation.com/ Kadammanitta Foundation]

{{Malayalam Literature |state=collapsed}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramakrishnan, Kadammanitta}}
[[Category:Malayalam poets]]
[[Category:People from Pathanamthitta]]
[[Category:1935 births]]
[[Category:2008 deaths]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 1996–2001]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Poets from Kerala]]
[[Category:Deaths from cancer in India]]
[[Category:People from Aranmula]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]

List of institutions of higher education in Arunachal Pradesh

2025-11-17T00:06:52Z

CRVMargarette: expanded content

{{Short description|None}}
{{Refimprove|date=February 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
This is a '''list of institutions of higher education in Arunachal Pradesh''':

As of 15 March 2024, Arunachal Pradesh has one central university, one state university, one deemed university, eight private universities and one state private Open University.

{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible plainrowheaders" border="1" style="text-align:left; width:76%"
|+ Universities of [[Arunachal Pradesh]]
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |University
! scope="col" style="width: 15%;" |Location
! scope="col" style="width: 10%;" |Type
! scope="col" style="width: 10%;" |Established
! scope="col" style="width: 20%;" |Specialization
! scope="col" style="width: 05%;" class="unsortable"|Website
|-
!scope="row" | [[Arunachal Pradesh University]]
| [[Pasighat]]
| State Affiliating University
| 2022
|Arts & Social Sciences, Commerce & Management
| {{URL|http://www.apupsg.ac.in}}
|-
!scope="row"|[[Arunachal University of Studies]]
|[[Namsai, Arunachal Pradesh]]
|State private - non-affiliating
|2012
|Engineering & Technology, Paramedical Sciences, Management, Agriculture, Arts, Social Sciences, Design, Performing Arts, Commerce, Management and Legal Studies.
|{{URL|http://www.arunachaluniversity.ac.in}}
|-
!scope="row" | [https://www.apexuniversity.edu.in/ Apex Professional University]
| [[Pasighat]]
| State Private University
| 2013
| Professional courses: Pharmacy, Vedic Studies, Science, Education, Legal Studies, Library & Information Science, Commerce & Management, Arts & Social Science, Paramedical Science and Skill Development & Vocational Studies
| {{URL|http://www.apexuniversity.edu.in}}
|-
|-
!scope="row"| Central Institute of Himalayan Cultural Studies
| Tenga Valley, West Kameng District, Arunachal Pradesh
| Affiliated to Sanskrit University Varanasi, funded by Ministry of Culture, Government of India
|
|
| {{URL|http://www.cihcs.edu.in/}}
|-
!scope="row" | [[Himalayan University]]
| [[Itanagar]]
| State private - non-affiliating
| 2013
| All courses
| {{URL|http://www.himalayanuniversity.com/}}
|-
!scope="row" | [[Indira Gandhi Technological and Medical Sciences University]]
| [[Ziro]]
| Technical and medical university - unitary
| May 2012
| Medical, Engineering, Paramedical Sciences, Management, Agriculture
| {{URL|http://www.igtamsu.ac.in}}
|-
!scope="row" | [[North East Frontier Technical University (NEFTU)]]
| [[Along, Arunachal Pradesh]]
| Technical university
| March 2014
| Engineering, Paramedical Sciences, Management, Arts & Science
| {{URL|http://www.neftu.edu.in}}
|-
!scope="row" | [[Venkateshwara Open University]]
| [[Itanagar]]
| Private open university - non-affiliating
| 2012
| Open learning
| {{URL|http://www.vou.ac.in}}
|-
!scope="row" | [[North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology]]
| [[Nirjuli]]
| Deemed - non-affiliating
| 1986 (2005{{Dagger}})
| Technology, Science, Management
| {{URL|http://www.nerist.ac.in}}
|-
!scope="row" | [[Rajiv Gandhi University]]
| [[Itanagar]]
| Central - affiliating
| 1984
| General
| {{URL|http://www.rgu.ac.in}}
|-
!scope="row" | [[The Global University]]
| [[Itanagar]]
| State Private University
| 2017
| General
| {{URL|https://www.tgu.ac.in}}
|-
|}
{{Dagger}} granted deemed university status

== Architecture colleges ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Architecture colleges in Arunachal Pradesh
! Institute !! Location !! Type !! Establishment !! Courses !! Website
|-
| Department of Architecture, [[Indira Gandhi Technological and Medical Sciences University]] || [[Ziro]] || [[Privately held company|Private]] || 2014|| B.Arch.|| http://www.igtamsu.ac.in
|}

== Engineering colleges ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Engineering colleges in Arunachal Pradesh
! Institute !! Location !! Type !! Establishment !! Courses !! Website
|-
|Faculty of Engineering & Technology, Arunachal University of Studies || [[Namsai, Arunachal Pradesh|Namsai]] || State University|| 2012|| Diploma, BTech, MTech, Phd || http://www.arunachaluniversity.ac.in
|-

|-
| [[North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology]] || [[Nirjuli]] || Central|| 1986|| Certificate, Diploma, BTech, MTech, Phd || http://www.nerist.ac.in
|-
| [[National Institute of Technology, Arunachal Pradesh]] || [[Yupia]] || Central || 2010 || BTech || http://www.nitap.in/
|-
| [[Rajiv Gandhi Government Polytechnic]] || [[Itanagar]] || State || 2002 || Diploma || http://www.rggp.ac.in
|-
| Tomi Polytechnic College || [[Basar, Arunachal Pradesh|Basar]] || Private || 2006 || Diploma ||
|-
|Department of Engineering And Technology, [[Indira Gandhi Technological and Medical Sciences University]], [[Ziro]], [[Arunachal Pradesh]] || [[Ziro]] || Private || 2012 || Diploma (Engineering) - B.Tech Integrated, B.Tech.||
|-
| [[North East Frontier Technical University (NEFTU)|North East Frontier Technical University Campus]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/arunachal-assembly-condemns-nido-tanias-death-favours-strong-antiracial-act/article5752063.ece|title=Arunachal Assembly condemns Nido Tania's death, favours strong anti-racial Act|date=5 March 2014|website=Thehindu.com}}</ref> || Aalo, [[West Siang district|West Siang]] || Private Technical University || 2014 || B.Tech || http://www.neftu.edu.in/
|}

== Medical colleges ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Medical colleges in Arunachal Pradesh
|-
! College !! Location !! Type !! Establishment !! Courses !! Website
|-
| North East Homeopathic Medical College || [[Itanagar]] || Central || 2002 || BHMS ||
|-
| Faculty of Medical And Paramedical Sciences, [[Indira Gandhi Technological and Medical Sciences University]] || [[Ziro]] || Private || 2012 || Bachelor in Physiotherapy (BPT), B.Sc. (Radiology and Imaging Technology), B.Sc. (Optometry) ||
|-
| [[Tomo Riba Institute of Health and Medical Sciences]]|| [[Naharlagun]] || Government || 2017 || MBBS||https://www.trihms.org/
|-
| IGTAMSU School of Nursing, [[Indira Gandhi Technological and Medical Sciences University]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.indiannursingcouncil.org/reg-ins/anm_23jun15.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2015-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150709051807/http://www.indiannursingcouncil.org/reg-ins/anm_23jun15.pdf |archive-date=2015-07-09 |url-status=dead }}</ref> || [[Ziro]] || Private || 2015 || A.N.M.||
|}

== Law colleges ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Law colleges in Arunachal Pradesh
|-
! College !! Location !! Type !! Establishment !! Courses !! Website
|-
| Faculty of Legal Studies, Arunachal University of Studies || [[Namsai, Arunachal Pradesh|Namsai]] || University || 2012 || Ph.D., LLM, LLB & BA-LLB Integrated || http://www.arunachaluniversity.ac.in/
|-
| Arunachal Law Academy || [[Naharlagun]] || Private || 2007 || LLB || https://web.archive.org/web/20120331210552/http://arunachallawacademy.org/
|-
| Jarbom Gamlin Govt Law College || Jote || State || 2019 || LLB || http://jgglc.ac.in/index.html
|}

== Degree colleges ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Degree colleges in Arunachal Pradesh
|-
! College !! Location !! Type !! Establishment !! Courses !! Website
|-
| Wangcha Rajkumar Government College|| [[Deomali]] || State || 1997 || B.A, B.Com || https://www.wrgcollege.edu.in/ ||
|-
| Arunachal Community College || [[Itanagar]] || Private || 2009 || ||
|-
| College of Horticulture & Forestry || [[Pasighat]] || Central || 2001 || BSc ||
|-
| Daying Ering College of Teacher's Education || [[Pasighat]] || Private || 2010 || BEd ||
|-
| Dera Natung Government College || [[Itanagar]] || State || 1979 || BA, BCom, BSc ||
|-
| [[Don Bosco College, Itanagar|Don Bosco College]] || [[Itanagar]] || Private || 2002 || BA || http://www.dbcitanagar.com
|-
| [[Donyi Polo Government College, Kamki|Donyi Polo Govt. College]] || Kamki || State || 1996 || BA ||
|-
| Doying Gumin College || [[Pasighat]] || Private || 2004 || BA ||
|-
| [[Government College, Bomdila|Government College]] || [[Bomdila]] || State || 1988 || BA ||
|-
| Government College || [[Seppa]] || State || 2009 || BA ||
|-
| Government College || Yachuli || State || 2007 || BA ||
|-
| Government Degree College<ref name="auto">{{cite web|title=Three new govt. colleges|url=http://www.echoofarunachal.com/?p=21778|website=Echoofarunachal.com|access-date=25 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305040433/http://www.echoofarunachal.com/?p=21778|archive-date=5 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> || [[Daporijo]] || State || 2012 || BA ||
|-
| Government Degree College<ref name="auto"/> || [[Doimukh]] || State || 2012 || BA ||
|-
| Hills College of Teacher Education || [[Naharlagun]] || Private || 2006 || BEd || http://www.hcte.org/
|-
| [[Indira Gandhi Government College, Tezu|Indira Gandhi Govt. College]] || [[Tezu]] || State || 1986 || BA, BCom || http://iggctezu.org/
|-
| [[Jawaharlal Nehru College]]|| [[Pasighat]] || State || 1964 || BA, BCom, BSc || http://jncpasighat.org
|-
| Model College, Geku || Geku || State || 2014 || BA, B.Com, BSc. ||
|-
| [[Rang Frah Government College, Changlang|Rang Frah Govt. College]] || [[Changlang]] || State || 1996 || BA ||
|-
| [[St Claret College, Ziro|St Claret College]] || [[Ziro]] || Private || 2003 || BA, B.Com, Mass Com || http://www.sccz.edu.in
|-
| Siang Royal Academy || [[Pasighat]] || Private || 2011 || BEd || http://www.siangroyalacademy.com
|-
| St. Francis De Sales College || [[Along, Arunachal Pradesh|Along]] || Private || 2007 || BA ||
|-
| Tadar Taniang Govt. Degree College || [[Nyapin]] || State || 2012 || BA ||
|-
| Dorjee Khandu Government College || [[Tawang]] || State || 2016 || BA ||
|-
|}

== Autonomous institution ==
* [[National Institute of Technology, Arunachal Pradesh]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Education in India}}

{{Education in Arunachal Pradesh}}

[[Category:Lists of universities and colleges in India by state or union territory|Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Arunachal Pradesh-related lists|Education]]
[[Category:Education in Arunachal Pradesh]]

Numismatic Society of India

2025-11-15T22:23:23Z

CRVMargarette: Starting The Data W/ Infobox

The '''Numismatic Society of India''' ('''NSI''') is the foremost [[numismatic]] society in India. It was founded in 1910 by a group of (mainly) expatriate Englishmen associated with [[British rule in India]]. The founding members were Rev. G.P. Taylor, [[Richard Burn (Indologist)|Sir Richard Burn]], H.R. Nevil, [[H. Nelson Wright|H.N. Wright]], [[R. B. Whitehead|R.B. Whitehead]] and Framji Thanawala. The first President was [[John Stanley (judge)|Sir John Stanley]], Chief Justice of the [[Allahabad High Court]].<ref>[https://thenumismatics.org/ Numismatic Society of India]</ref> [[R. B. Whitehead]] was the first Honorary Fellow of the Numismatic Society of India.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bivar |first=A. D. H. |date=1967 |title=Richard Bertram Whitehead 1879-1967 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/42664477 |journal=The Numismatic Chronicle |volume=7 |pages=279–286 |issn=0078-2696}}</ref> NSI is situated within the [[Banaras Hindu University]] campus.

==Selected publications==
;Journal (digitised editions only)
*[https://archive.org/details/journalofthenumi014346mbp ''The journal of the Numismatic Society of India Vol. I, 1939.''] (1972 reprint)
*[https://archive.org/details/journalofthenumi015660mbp ''The journal of the Numismatic Society of India Vol. III, 1941.''] (1973 reprint)
*[https://archive.org/details/journalofthenumi015662mbp ''The journal of the Numismatic Society of India Vol. VII, 1945, Parts I & II. Professor H.S. Hodiwala commemoration volume.''] (1976 reprint)
;Index
*Gupta, Parmeshwari Lal. (1950) [https://archive.org/details/journalofthenumi014347mbp ''Index to the Journal of the Numismatic Society of India Vols. I to X (1939–1948).''] Bombay: The Numismatic Society of India.

==Medals and awards==
The Numismatic Society of India recognizes academic achievement by conferring the following awards:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thenumismatics.org/research/|title = Numismatic Society of India - Research}}</ref>
*Nelson Wright Medal in Bronze
*Akbar Silver Medal
*Chakra Vikram Medal of Gold and Silver
*C.H. Bidulph Bronze Medal
*Prof. M. Rama Rao Medal
*Shree T. Desikachari Silver Medal
*Prof. M.H. Krishna-Mythic Society Silver Medal

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Numismatic associations|India]]
[[Category:Clubs and societies in India|Numismatic Society]]
[[Category:1910 establishments in British India|Numismatic Society]]
[[Category:Awards for numismatics]]

Jatindra Rajendra Mahavidyalaya

2025-10-28T14:48:38Z

CRVMargarette: Structure improved and content revised

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Jatindra Rajendra Mahavidyalaya
| image = Jatindra Rajendra Mahavidyalaya, Amtala, Murshidabad, West Bengal, India.jpg
| established = {{start date and age|1986}}
| type = Undergraduate college [[Public college]]
| president = Nazneen Khan
| principal = Dr. Prasanta Kumar Roy
| city = [[Amtala, Murshidabad|Amtala]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| country = [[India]]
| postcode = 742121
| coordinates = {{coord|23|55|59.20|N|88|27|19.00|E|display=title, inline}}
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India
| campus = Rural
| website = [http://www.jrm.org.in/ Jatindra Rajendra Mahavidyalaya]
| affiliations = [[University of Kalyani]]
|}}
'''Jatindra Rajendra Mahavidyalaya''', ({{Langx|bn|যতীন্দ্র রাজেন্দ্র মহাবিদ্যালয়}}) also known as '''Amtala College''' established in 1986, is a general degree college of [[Amtala, Murshidabad|Amtala]] in [[Murshidabad district]]. It offers undergraduate courses in arts. It is affiliated to [[University of Kalyani]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Affiliated College of University of Kalyani |url=http://www.klyuniv.ac.in/list_colleges.html |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301165259/http://www.klyuniv.ac.in/list_colleges.html |archivedate=2012-03-01 }}</ref>

== History ==
Especially the then MLA of [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]] (RSP) and political leader Jayanta Biswas tried to establish a college for this locality. The process of establishing the Institution was initiated by Guru Prasad Biswas and Birendranath Biswas. They donated 1.5 lakhs for the Institution and the college was named after their respective fathers, Jatindranath and Rajendranath. The land was provided by Amtala High School.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jrm.org.in/|title=JRM|last=|first=|date=|website=jrm.org.in|access-date=18 March 2017}}</ref>

==Departments==

===Arts===

*[[Bengali language|Bengali]]
*[[English language|English]]
*[[Sanskrit]]
*[[History]]
*[[Political Science]]
*[[Education]]
*[[Philosophy]]
*[[Arabic]]

==Accreditation==
In 2016 Jatindra Rajendra Mahavidyalaya was awarded 'C++' grade by the [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council]] (NAAC).<ref>{{cite web|title=Institutions Accredited/Re-accredited by NAAC with validity |url=http://www.naac.gov.in/sites/naac.gov.in/files/Institutions_Accredited_by_NAAC_with_validity.pdf |publisher=[[National Assessment and Accreditation Council]]|accessdate=22 February 2012 |format=PDF |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512054040/http://www.naac.gov.in/sites/naac.gov.in/files/Institutions_Accredited_by_NAAC_with_validity.pdf |archivedate=12 May 2012 }}</ref> The college is recognized by the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] (UGC).<ref>[http://www.ugc.ac.in/inside/browse_reco_colleges.php?st=West%20Bengal Colleges in WestBengal, University Grants Commission] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111116042454/http://www.ugc.ac.in/inside/browse_reco_colleges.php?st=West+Bengal |date=2011-11-16 }}</ref>
==Notable alumni==
*[[Atiul Islam]], Film director

==See also==
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[List of institutions of higher education in West Bengal]]
*[[Education in India]]
*[[Education in West Bengal]]
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.jrm.org.in/}}
*[http://www.klyuniv.ac.in/ University of Kalyani]
*[http://www.ugc.ac.in/ University Grants Commission]
*[http://www.naac.gov.in/ National Assessment and Accreditation Council]

{{University of Kalyani}}

[[Category:Colleges affiliated to University of Kalyani]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1986]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Murshidabad district]]
[[Category:1986 establishments in West Bengal]]

National Highway 117 (India, old numbering)

2025-10-17T06:18:08Z

CRVMargarette: redirect created

#REDIRECT [[National Highway 12 (India)]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R with history}}
}}

Miss India

2025-09-25T12:28:05Z

CRVMargarette: New...

'''Miss India''' may refer to:

==Beauty pageants==
* [[Femina Miss India]], selects representatives to compete in [[Miss World]]
** [[Femina Miss India Bangalore]]
** [[Femina Miss India Delhi]]
** [[Femina Miss India South]]
* [[Miss India Worldwide India]], selects representative for [[Miss India Worldwide]]
* [[Miss India International]]
* [[Miss Earth India]]
* [[Miss India USA]], in the United States
* [[Miss India Connecticut]], in the United States

==Other uses==
* [[Miss India (film)|''Miss India'' (film)]], a 2020 film by Narendra Nath
* ''Miss India'', a 1957 film by [[S. D. Burman]]
* [[Miss India (TV series)|''Miss India'' (TV series)]], 2004–2007
* [[Miss New India|''Miss New India'']], 2011 novel by Bharati Mukherjee

==See also==
* [[India at the Big Four international beauty pageants]]
* [[Elite Model Look India]], an annual modelling contest
* [[Glamanand Supermodel India]], that sends its winners to Miss Grand International
* [[I Am She–Miss Universe India]], a former pageant
* [[Miss Diva]], part of Femina Miss India that sends its winners to Miss Universe
* [[Miss Divine Beauty]], selects India's representatives to compete at Miss Earth and Miss International
* [[Miss Earth India]], women who represent India at Miss Earth
* [[Miss Transqueen India]], an Indian beauty pageant for transgender people

{{disambiguation}}
[[Category:Beauty pageants in India]]
[[Category:Indian awards]]

Kanianwali, Faridkot

2025-08-13T21:40:54Z

CRVMargarette: put up new bio

{{Short description|Village in Faridkot, Punjab, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kanianwali
| other_name = ਕਾਨਿਆਂਵਾਲੀ
| settlement_type = Village
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Punjab, India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| coordinates = {{Coord| 30.697241 | 74.480578 |display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Faridkot district|Faridkot]]
| government_type = Sarpanch
| governing_body = Gram panchayat
| unit_pref = Metric
| population_total = 984
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Census of India 2011 (Punjab) |url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s3ca9c267dad0305d1a6308d2a0cf1c39c/uploads/2016/09/2018052293.pdf |website=cdn.s3waas.gov.in |page=56}}</ref>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code = 151203
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Sadiq (town)]], [[Faridkot, India]]
| website =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Gram panchayat]]
}}
'''Kanianwali''' ([[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]: ਕਾਨਿਆਂਵਾਲੀ) is a village located in [[Faridkot district]] of [[Punjab]] State.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kanianwali · Punjab 152026, India |url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Kanianwali,+Punjab+152026/@30.6967751,74.4781104,17z/data=!4m6!3m5!1s0x39176169ffc29a1f:0x2605f74e3307a8f1!8m2!3d30.6248809!4d74.5184968!16s/g/1tm281zc?entry=ttu&g_ep=EgoyMDI1MDYxMS4wIKXMDSoASAFQAw== |access-date=2025-06-14 |website=Kanianwali · Punjab 152026, India |language=en}}</ref> The Village has a population of 984 of which 506 are males while 478 are females as per the population census of 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kanianwali Village Population - Faridkot - Faridkot, Punjab |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/35500-kanianwali-punjab.html |access-date=2025-06-14 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref> The total geographical area of the village is about 392 hectares with 201 number of households.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Directorate of census operations Punjab |first=District Census Handbook |title=Census of India 2011 |url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s3ca9c267dad0305d1a6308d2a0cf1c39c/uploads/2016/09/2018052293.pdf |website= |page=50}}</ref> The postal code of the village is 151212.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gurudwara Jand Sahib Pin Code {{!}} Postal Code (Zip Code) of Gurudwara Jand Sahib, Faridkot, Punjab, India |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/pincode/punjab/faridkot/gurudwara-jand-sahib |access-date=2025-06-14 |website=India TV News |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />{{PunjabIN-geo-stub}}

[[Category:Villages in Faridkot district]]

2018 Chennai Super Kings season

2025-07-31T20:26:28Z

CRVMargarette: put up basic info w/ refs

{{Short description|Indian Premier League cricket team season}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2018}}
{{Infobox cricket club season
| club = Chennai Super Kings
| image =
| season = [[2018 Indian Premier League|2018]]
| captain = [[MS Dhoni]]
| coach = [[Stephen Fleming]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/sports/cricket/190118/indian-premier-league-ipl-2018-chennai-super-kings-stephen-fleming-head-coach.html|title=Stephen Fleming appointed as head coach of CSK in 2018 IPL|publisher=[[deccan chronicle]]|date=19 January 2018}}</ref>
| ground = [[M.A.Chidambaram Stadium]], [[Chennai]] [[Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium|MCA Stadium]], [[Pune]]
| comp1 = [[2018 Indian Premier League|IPL League]]
| comp1 result = Champions
| comp2 =
| comp2 result =
| most runs = [[Ambati Rayudu]] (602)
| most wickets = [[Shardul Thakur]] (16)
| prevseason = [[Chennai Super Kings in 2015|2015]]
| nextseason = [[Chennai Super Kings in 2019|2019]]
}}

[[Chennai Super Kings]] (CSK) franchise cricket team based in [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India, plays in the [[Indian Premier League]] (IPL). They are one of the eight teams that competed in the [[2018 Indian Premier League]]. It was revealed that [[Mahendra Singh Dhoni]] would lead the team for the ninth season in succession, while [[Michael Hussey]] is in his first season as the team's batting coach.

Kings retained their former skipper MS Dhoni, Suresh Raina and all rounder Ravindra Jadeja from their [[Chennai Super Kings in 2015|IPL 2015]] squad for 33 crores before [[List of 2018 Indian Premier League personnel changes|2018 player auction]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/ipl-player-retention-2018-rcb-retain-virat-kohli-ms-dhoni-returns-to-csk/articleshow/62367936.cms|title=Dhoni, Raina and Jadeja retained by CSK in 2018 IPL|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=9 January 2018}}</ref>

The home matches of the Chennai Super Kings were under threat following the [[2018 Cauvery water dispute]] and about 4000 security personnel were deployed in wake of the homecoming match for CSK against the [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] on April 10, 2018, at the [[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/4000-security-personnel-to-be-deployed-for-chennai-ipl-match-in-wake-of-disruption-threat/articleshow/63686826.cms|title=4,000 security personnel to be deployed for Chennai IPL match in wake of Cauvery protests - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-04-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Protests over Cauvery find new ground in IPL|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/protests-over-cauvery-find-new-ground-in-ipl/articleshow/63618950.cms|website=Times of India|access-date=2018-04-10|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=IPL 2018: Madras HC hears PIL seeking stay on forthcoming season, issues notices to BCCI and Centre|url=https://www.firstpost.com/firstcricket/sports-news/ipl-2018-madras-hc-hears-pil-seeking-stay-on-forthcoming-season-issues-notices-to-bcci-and-centre-4417823.html|website=Firstpost|access-date=2018-04-10|language=en}}</ref> However, later BCCI announced that [[Pune]] would be the new temporary home ground for CSK for the remainder of the tournament following the ongoing protests in the state which couldn't be controlled by the security officials.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/ipl/cauvery-protests-force-ipl-out-of-chennai-pune-is-new-csk-home-5133774/|title=Cauvery protests force IPL out of Chennai, Pune is new CSK home|date=2018-04-12|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2018-04-12|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/top-stories/cauvery-turmoil-forces-bcci-to-shift-csk-home-games-to-pune/articleshow/63719100.cms|title=Cauvery turmoil forces BCCI to shift CSK home games to Pune - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-04-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/23112063/ipl-matches-moved-chennai-security-concerns|title=Dhoni to return to Pune as CSK forced to move home venue|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=2018-04-12}}</ref>

In March 2019, a webseries titled ''[[Roar of The Lion (documentary)]]'' is set to be released based on CSK's epic success at the 2018 IPL where they managed to clinch the 2018 IPL trophy after serving a 2-year suspension.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/kabir-khan-ms-dhoni-roar-of-the-lion-hotstar-56222724/|title=MS Dhoni bared his soul in Roar of the Lion: Kabir Khan|date=2019-03-12|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=2019-03-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/ms-dhoni-to-feature-in-hotstar-docu-drama-roar-of-the-lion-5612155/|title=MS Dhoni to feature in Hotstar's docu-drama Roar of the Lion|date=2019-03-05|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=2019-03-12}}</ref>

==IPL auction 2018==
[[File:Shane watson 2016 crop7.jpg|thumb|[[Shane Watson|Watson]] was the highest Overseas Buy for [[Chennai Super Kings|CSK]]]]
Chennai Super Kings bought the following players in the [[List of 2018 Indian Premier League personnel changes|2018 auction]]:*[[Kedar Jadhav]]
{{columns-list|colwidth=20em|
*[[Dwayne Bravo]]
*[[Karn Sharma]]
*[[Shane Watson]]
*[[Shardul Thakur]]
*[[Ambati Rayudu]]
*[[Murali Vijay]]
*[[Harbhajan Singh]]
*[[Faf du Plessis]]
*[[Mark Wood (cricketer)|Mark Wood]]
*[[Sam Billings]]
*[[Imran Tahir]]
*[[Deepak Chahar]]
*[[Mitchell Santner]]
*[[Lungi Ngidi]]
*[[KM Asif]]
*[[Narayan Jagadeesan]]
*[[Kanishk Seth (cricketer)|Kanishk Seth]]
*[[Monu Singh]]
*[[Dhruv Shorey]]
*[[Kshitiz Sharma]]
*[[Chaitanya Bishnoi]]
}}

==Squad==
* Players with international caps are listed in '''bold'''.

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%;"
|-
! No.
! Name
! Nationality
! Birth date
! Batting style
! Bowling style
! Year signed
! Salary
! Notes
|-
! colspan="9" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| Batsmen
|-
|3|| '''[[Suresh Raina]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2018|04|07|1986|11|27|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|11|c|1}} ||
|-
|9|| '''[[Ambati Rayudu]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2018|04|07|1985|9|23|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|2.2|c|-3}}||
|-
|13|| '''[[Faf du Plessis]]''' || {{cr|RSA}} || {{birth date and age2|2018|04|07|1984|7|13|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|1.6|c|-3}} || Overseas
|-
|66|| [[Dhruv Shorey]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2018|04|07|1992|6|5|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|20|l|-3}} ||
|-
|81|| '''[[Kedar Jadhav]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2018|04|07|1985|3|26|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|7.8|c|1}} ||
|-
|1|| '''[[Murali Vijay]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2018|04|07|1984|4|1|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|2|c|-3}} ||
|-
! colspan="9" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| All-rounders
|-
|5|| [[Kshitiz Sharma]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2018|04|07|1990|4|21|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[fast bowling|medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|20|l|-3}} ||
|-
|8|| '''[[Ravindra Jadeja]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2018|04|07|1988|12|6|df=y}} || Left-handed || [[Slow left-arm orthodox]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|7|c|1}} ||
|-
|33|| '''[[Shane Watson]]''' || {{cr|AUS}} || {{birth date and age2|2018|04|07|1981|6|17|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[fast bowling|fast medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|4|c|-3}} || Overseas
|-
|36|| '''[[Karn Sharma]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2018|04|07|1987|10|23|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|5|c|-3}} ||
|-
|47|| '''[[Dwayne Bravo]]''' || {{cr|TRI}} || {{birth date and age2|2018|04|07|1983|10|7|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[fast bowling|medium fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|6.4|c|-3}} || Overseas
|-
|72|| '''[[David Willey (cricketer)|David Willey]]''' || {{cr|ENG}} || {{birth date and age2|2018|04|07|1990|2|28|df=y}} || Left-handed || Left-arm [[Fast bowling|fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|2|c|-3}} || Overseas
|-
! colspan="9" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| Wicket-keepers
|-
|7|| '''[[MS Dhoni]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2018|04|07|1981|7|7|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|15|c|1}}|| Captain
|-
|18|| [[Narayan Jagadeesan]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2018|04|07|1995|12|24|df=y}} || Right-handed || || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|20|l|-3}} ||
|-
|77|| '''[[Sam Billings]]''' || {{cr|ENG}} || {{birth date and age2|2018|04|07|1991|6|15|df=y}} || Right-handed || || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|1|c|-3}}|| Overseas
|-
! colspan="9" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| Bowlers
|-
|10|| [[Chaitanya Bishnoi]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2018|04|07|1994|8|25|df=y}} || Left-handed || [[Slow left-arm orthodox]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|20|l|-3}} ||
|-
|11|| '''[[Mark Wood (cricketer)|Mark Wood]]''' || {{cr|ENG}} || {{birth date and age2|2018|04|07|1990|1|11|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|1.5|c|-3}} || Overseas
|-
|22|| '''[[Lungi Ngidi]]''' || {{cr|RSA}} || {{birth date and age2|2018|04|07|1996|3|29|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|50|l|-3}} || Overseas
|-
|23|| [[Monu Kumar]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2018|04|07|1994|11|5|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|20|l|-3}} ||
|-
|24|| [[KM Asif]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2018|04|07|1993|7|24|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|40|l|-3}} ||
|-
|27|| '''[[Harbhajan Singh]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2018|04|07|1980|7|3|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|2|c|-3}} ||
|-
|34|| [[Kanishk Seth (cricketer)|Kanishk Seth]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2018|04|07|1997|11|4|df=y}} || Right-handed || Left-arm [[fast bowling|medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|20|l|-3}} ||
|-
|54|| '''[[Shardul Thakur]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2018|04|07|1991|10|16|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|2.6|c|-3}} ||
|-
|74|| '''[[Mitchell Santner]]''' || {{cr|NZ}} || {{birth date and age2|2018|04|07|1992|2|5|df=y}} || Left-handed || [[Slow left-arm orthodox]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|50|l|-3}} || Overseas
|-
|90|| [[Deepak Chahar]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2018|04|07|1992|8|7|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|80|l|-3}} ||
|-
|99|| '''[[Imran Tahir]]''' || {{cr|RSA}} || {{birth date and age2|2018|04|07|1979|3|27|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|1|c|-3}} || Overseas
|-
|}

==Administration and support staff==
* Owner – [[N. Srinivasan]] ([[India Cements]])
* Head coach – [[Stephen Fleming]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/sports/cricket/190118/indian-premier-league-ipl-2018-chennai-super-kings-stephen-fleming-head-coach.html|title=Stephen Fleming appointed as head coach of CSK in 2018 IPL|publisher=[[deccan chronicle]]|date=19 January 2018}}</ref>
* Batting coach - [[Michael Hussey]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/99473/indian-premier-league-2018-michael-hussey-appointed-csks-batting-coach-ipl-chennai-super-kings-news|title=Michael Hussey appointed CSK batting coach|work=Cricbuzz|access-date=2018-01-06|language=en}}</ref>
* Bowling coach – [[Lakshmipathy Balaji]]
* Bowling consultant – [[Eric Simons]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Chennai Super Kings appoint Eric Simons as bowling consultant|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/cricket/chennai-super-kings-appoint-eric-simons-bowling-consultant|date=14 February 2018}}</ref>
* Fielding coach – [[Rajiv Kumar (cricketer)|Rajiv Kumar]]<ref>{{cite web|title=IPL 2018: Dhoni's Ranji skipper Rajiv now CSK fielding coach|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/top-stories/dhonis-ranji-skipper-rajiv-now-csk-fielding-coach/articleshow/63537717.cms|date=30 March 2018}}</ref>
* Physical trainer – Gregory King<ref name="staff">{{cite web|title=The Official Website of Chennai Super Kings|url=http://www.chennaisuperkings.com/players/players.aspx|publisher=Chennai Super Kings|access-date=11 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130606071759/http://chennaisuperkings.com/players/players.aspx|archive-date=6 June 2013|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
* Physio – Tommy Simsek<ref name="staff"/>
* Team Doctor – Dr.Madhu
* Team manager – Russell Radhakrishnan<ref name="staff"/>

==Season overview==

===Standings===

{{2018 Indian Premier League Points table}}

=== Results by match ===
{{#invoke:sports rbr table|table|legendpos=b|header=Match
|label1= Ground
| res1=[[Wankhede Stadium|A]]/[[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium|H]]/[[Punjab Cricket Association Stadium|A]]/[[Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium|H]]/[[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium|A]]/[[M Chinnaswamy Stadium|A]]/[[Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium|H]]/[[Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium|H]]/[[Eden Gardens|A]]/[[Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium|H]]/[[Sawai Mansingh Stadium|A]]/[[Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium|H]]/[[Feroz Shah Kotla|A]]/[[Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium|H]]
|label2= Result
| res2=W/W/L/W/W/W/L/W/L/W/L/W/L/W
|label3= Position
| res3=1/1/3/1/1/1/1/1/2/1/2/2/2/2

|text_H=Home|text_A=Away
|color_W=green2|text_W=Win
|color_D=yellow2|text_D=Draw
|color_L=red2|text_L=Loss
|color_1=1st|color_2=2nd|color_3=3rd|color_18-=red1

|updated=20 May 2018
|source=[[#Fixtures|Fixtures]]
|date=March 2018
}}

==Fixtures==

===League stage===
{{hatnote|All times are in [[Indian Standard Time]] ([[UTC+05:30]])}}

{{#section:2018 Indian Premier League|match1}}
----
{{#section:2018 Indian Premier League|match5}}
----
{{#section:2018 Indian Premier League|match12}}
----
{{#section:2018 Indian Premier League|match17}}
----
{{#section:2018 Indian Premier League|match20}}
----
{{#section:2018 Indian Premier League|match24}}
----
{{#section:2018 Indian Premier League|match27}}
----
{{#section:2018 Indian Premier League|match30}}
----
{{#section:2018 Indian Premier League|match33}}
----
{{#section:2018 Indian Premier League|match35}}
----
{{#section:2018 Indian Premier League|match43}}
----
{{#section:2018 Indian Premier League|match46}}
----
{{#section:2018 Indian Premier League|match52}}
----
{{#section:2018 Indian Premier League|match56}}

===Playoff stage===

====Qualifier 1====
{{#section:2018 Indian Premier League|match57}}
----

====Final====
{{main|2018 Indian Premier League final}}
{{#section:2018 Indian Premier League|match60}}

==Statistics==

===Most runs===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!Name
!Mat
!Inn
!Runs
!HS
!Ave
!SR
|-
|'''[[Ambati Rayudu]]'''

|16
|16
|602
|100[[not out|*]]
|43.00
|149.75
|-
|[[Shane Watson]]

|15
|15
|555
|117[[not out|*]]
|39.64
|154.59
|-
|[[MS Dhoni]]

|16
|15
|455
|79[[not out|*]]
|75.83
|150.66
|-
|[[Suresh Raina]]

|15
|15
|445
|75[[not out|*]]
|37.08
|132.44
|-
|[[Faf du Plessis]]

|6
|6
|162
|67[[not out|*]]
|32.40
|125.58
|-
|}
* '''Source:''' ESPNcricinfo<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?id=12210;team=4343;type=tournament|title=CSK Most Runs in IPL 2018|publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

===Most wickets===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!Name
!Mat
!Inn
!Wkts
!BBI
!Ave
!Eco
|-
|'''[[Shardul Thakur]]'''

|13
|13
|16
|2/18
|26.93
|9.23
|-
|[[Dwayne Bravo]]

|16
|16
|14
|2/16
|38.07
|9.96
|-
|[[Lungi Ngidi]]

|7
|7
|11
|4/10
|14.18
|6.00
|-
|[[Ravindra Jadeja]]

|16
|14
|11
|3/18
|27.54
|7.39
|-
|[[Deepak Chahar]]

|12
|12
|10
|3/15
|27.80
|7.28
|}
* '''Source:''' ESPNcricinfo<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?id=12210;team=4343;type=tournament|title=CSK Most Wickets in IPL 2018|publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Chennai Super Kings}}

[[Category:Chennai Super Kings seasons]]

Chembarambakkam Lake

2025-07-23T09:08:54Z

CRVMargarette: Updated and refined page content

{{Short description|Lake in Kancheepuram District, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox body of water
| name = Chembarambakkam Lake
| native_name ={{native name|ta|செம்பரம்பாக்கம் ஏரி}}
| image = File:East Chembarambakkam Lake SE Aerial Jul25 A7CR 06036.jpg
| caption = Aerial view of the lake from the southeast
| alt = Aerial view of the lake from the southeast
| image_bathymetry =
| caption_bathymetry =
| location = [[Kancheepuram district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[South India]]
| pushpin_map = Tamil Nadu
| pushpin_map_alt = Location of the lake within Tamil Nadu
| coords = {{Coord|13.01158|N|80.06063|E|type:waterbody_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| type = [[Reservoir]]
| inflow =
| outflow = [[Adyar River]]
| catchment =
| basin_countries = India
| length =
| width =
| area = {{convert|3800|acre|km2}}
| depth =
| max-depth =
| volume =
| residence_time =
| shore =
| elevation =
| islands =
| cities = Chennai
}}

'''Chembarambakkam Lake''' is located in [[Kancheepuram district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India, about {{Convert|25|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Chennai. It is the biggest of the two important rain-fed reservoirs, the other one being the [[Puzhal Lake]], that supply drinking water to Chennai city . The [[Adyar River]] originates from this lake. A part of drinking water supply to Chennai metropolis is drawn from this lake. This was the first [[artificial lake]] built by [[Rajendra Chola I]], the son of [[Rajaraja Chola]], and Thiripuvana Madeviyar, prince of [[Kodumbalur]].

During [[2019 Chennai water crisis|Chennai's water crisis of 2019]], Chembarambakkam Lake dried up.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/chennai-news/despite-searing-heat-piped-water-supply-cut-by-40-per-cent-in-chennai-2055480|title=Water Crisis In Chennai, Desperate Locals Pay Double For Private Supply: 10 Points|website=NDTV.com|access-date=2019-06-19}}</ref>

==The lake==
Chembarambakkam lake was known as Puliyur Kottam. It is one of the 24 {{lang|ta-Latn|kottams}} (villages) that existed even during the later [[Chola]] period in Thondai Mandalam which had [[Kanchipuram]] as its headquarters. The lake was built by [[Rajendra Chola]], the son of [[Rajaraja Chola]].<ref>{{cite news
| last = J
| first = Mohan
| title = A lifeline that ravaged Chennai
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| date = 9 December 2015
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chembarambakkam-a-lifeline-that-ravaged-chennai/article7964069.ece
| access-date = 9 December 2015}}</ref>

The full tank level is {{Convert|85.40|ft|m|2|abbr=on}}. The full capacity of the lake is 3,645 million cubic ft (3.64 Tmc ft)(103215 million liters)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Live storage, water levels and rainfall data for Chennai Lakes |url=https://numerical.co.in/numerons/collection/5e127ba3545c9d1c18f23221 |access-date=2025-06-04 |website=numerical.co.in}}</ref>.However, acute sedimentation has eroded more than 40% of its water holding capacity.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Kotteeswaran
| first = C.S.
| title = Water, water... not many lakes to store
| newspaper = Deccan Chronicle
| location = Chennai
| url = http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/cities/chennai/water-water-not-many-lakes-store-787
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111205034318/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/cities/chennai/water-water-not-many-lakes-store-787
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 5 December 2011
| access-date = 2 Dec 2011}}</ref> There is an ancient [[Shiva]] temple and Kanni Koil located here.{{Citation needed|date=September 2009}}

==Pipelines==
There are two pipelines existing from the lake's water treatment plant. The existing pipeline on Poonamallee Bypass Road has the capacity to convey only half of the 530 million litres that can be treated at the plant. In 2012, Chennai Metrowater started evaluating the feasibility of laying a third pipeline with a diameter of about 2,000&nbsp;mm from the Chembarambakkam water treatment plant at a cost of {{INR}} 650 million, which will run parallel to the existing one for over 6.5&nbsp;km.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-01-28 |title=Metrowater moots a third pipeline |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/metrowater-moots-a-third-pipeline/article2840616.ece |access-date=2024-05-13 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Chembarambakkam tank.jpg|Chembarambakkam tank, drinking water provider of Chennai
File:16-lock view of chembarambakkam tank.jpg|16-lock view of Chembarambakkam tank
File:Main 5-lock view of chembarambakkam tank.jpg|Main 5-lock view of Chembarambakkam tank
File:Water gushing out of tank when water released during the sep-oct of 2011.jpg|Water gushing out of tank when water was released during Sep-Oct of 2011
File:Water gushing out of tank when water released during 2011.jpg|Water gushing out of tank when water was released during 2011
</gallery>

==See also==
{{Portal|India}}
* [[Puzhal lake]]
* [[Water management in Chennai]]
* [[Birding in Chennai]]

==References==
{{commons category}}
{{reflist}}

{{Chennai Topics}}
{{Hydrography of Chennai}}
{{Hydrography of Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Lakes of Chennai]]
[[Category:Reservoirs in Tamil Nadu]]

{{Chennai-geo-stub}}

1987 elections in India

2025-06-27T23:27:29Z

CRVMargarette: typo fix

{{Short description|none}} 
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = Elections in India
| country = India
| previous_election = 1985 elections in India
| previous_year = 1985
| election_date = 1987
| next_election = 1988 elections in India
| next_year = 1988
}}
{{Politics of India}}

'''Elections in the Republic of India''' in '''1987''' included elections to six state legislative assemblies, seats in the [[Rajya Sabha]] and the posts of President and vice president.

==Overall Results==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! Date(s)
!State
! colspan="2" |Government before election
!Chief Minister before election
! colspan="2" |Government after election
!Chief Minister after election
!Maps
|-
|16 February 1987
| [[1987 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|Mizoram]]
| {{Full party name with color|Mizo National Front}}
| [[Laldenga]]
| {{Full party name with color|Mizo National Front}}
| [[Laldenga]]
| [[File:IN-MZ.svg|50px]]
|-
|rowspan="2|23 March 1987
|[[1987 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|{{Full party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir National Conference}}
|[[Farooq Abdullah]]
|{{Full party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir National Conference}}
|[[Farooq Abdullah]]
|[[File:IN-JK.svg|50px]]
|-
|[[1987 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|Kerala]]
|{{Full party name with color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
|[[K. Karunakaran]]
| {{Full party name with color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
|[[E. K. Nayanar]]
|[[File:IN-KL.svg|50px]]
|-
|10 April 1987
|[[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|West Bengal]]
| {{Full party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
| [[Jyoti Basu]]
| {{Full party name with color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|[[Jyoti Basu]]
| [[File:IN-WB.svg|50px]]
|-
|
|[[1987 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|Haryana]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Bansi Lal]]
| {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|[[Devi Lal]]
| [[File:IN-HR.svg|50px]]
|-
|18 November 1987
|[[1987 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|Nagaland]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Hokishe Sema]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Hokishe Sema]]
| [[File:IN-NL.svg|50px]]
|}

==Legislative Assembly elections==
===Haryana===
{{Main|1987 Haryana Legislative Assembly election}}
{{election table|title=Summary of results of the Haryana Legislative Assembly election, 1987<ref name=haryana1987>{{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1987/Statistical%20Report%20Haryana%201987.pdf |title=Statistical Report of General Election, 1987 to the Legislative Assembly of Haryana |publisher=Election Commission of India |accessdate=2018-02-28}}</ref>|sortable=yes}}
|- align=center
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" class="unsortable"|
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=center|Political Party 
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" |No. of candidates 
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" |No. of elected 
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" |Number of Votes 
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" |% of Votes 
|-
| {{party color cell|Lok Dal}}
|align="left"|[[Lok Dal]]||69||60||2,349,397||38.58%
|-
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|align="left"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]||20||16||613,819||10.08%
|-
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|align="left"|[[Indian National Congress]]||0||5||1,776,820||29.18%
|-
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|align="left"|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]||4||1||47,434||0.78%
|-
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
|align="left"|[[Communist Party of India]]||5||1||32,738||0.54%
|-
| {{party color cell|Independent (politician)}}
|align="left"|[[Independent (politician)|Independents]]||1045||7||1,128,803||18.54%
|-
|
! Total !! 1322 !! 90 !! 6,089,130 !!
|-
|}

===Jammu and Kashmir===
{{Main|1987 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election}}
{{Election results
|image=[[File:India Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly 1987.svg]]
|party1=[[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]]|votes1=857830|seats1=40|sc1={{decrease}}6
|party2=[[Indian National Congress]]|votes2=525261|seats2=26|sc2=0
|party3=[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|votes3=132528|seats3=2|sc3=New
|party20=Others|votes20=181175|seats20=0|sc20=0
|party21=Independents|votes21=903971|seats21=8|sc21={{increase}}6
|total_sc={{increase}}1
|invalid=61590
|electorate=3555549
|source=ECI<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3793-jammu-kashmir-1987/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1987 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=10 February 2022}}</ref>
}}

===Kerala===
{{Main|1987 Kerala Legislative Assembly election}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+'''Party Wise Results<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/pdf/KLA/KL_1987_ST_REP.pdf|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1987 to the Legislative Assembly of Kerala|publisher=Election Commission of India|year=1987|pages=3}}</ref>'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/kerala/assembly-constituencies/1987-election-results.html|title=Kerala Assembly Election Results in 1987|website=www.elections.in|access-date=2019-04-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19870415-red-letter-day-in-kerala-congressi-out-of-power-left-democratic-front-forms-govt-799835-1987-04-15|title=Red letter day in Kerala: Congress(I) out of power, Left Democratic Front forms govt|date=April 15, 1987|first=Sreedhar|last1=Pillai|first2=Prabhu|last2=Chawla|website=India Today|language=en|access-date=2019-05-16}}</ref>
!Party
!Seats
|----
|[[Communist Party of India|Communist Party of India (CPI)]]
|16
|----
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|Communist Party of Indian (Marxist) (CPM)]]
|38
|----
|[[Indian Congress (Socialist) – Sarat Chandra Sinha|Indian Congress (Socialist-Sarat Chandra Sinha) ICS(SCS)]]
|6
|----
|[[Indian National Congress|Indian National Congress (INC)]]
|33
|----
|[[Janata Party|Janta Party (JNP)]]
|7
|----
|[[Lok Dal|Lok Dal (LKD)]]
|1
|----
|[[Kerala Congress|Kerala Congress (KEC)]]
|5
|----
|[[Indian Union Muslim League|Indian Union Muslim League (IUML)]]
|15
|----
|[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party (RSP)]]
|5
|----
|Independent (IND)
|14
|----
|Total
|140
|----
|}

===Mizoram===
{{Main|1987 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election}}
{{Election results
|image=[[File:India Mizoram Legislative Assembly 1987.svg]]
|party2=[[Indian National Congress]]|votes2=76152|seats2=13|sc2={{decrease}}7
|party3=[[Mizoram People's Conference]]|votes3=54717|seats3=3|sc3={{decrease}}5
|party1=[[Independent (politics)|Independents]]{{efn|Independents included the winning [[Mizo National Front]] candidates}}|votes1=99996|seats1=24|sc1={{increase}}22
|total_sc={{increase}}10
|valid=230865
|invalid=2691
|electorate=322066
|source=ECI<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3659-mizoram-1987/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1987 to the Legislative Assembly of Mizoram |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 15 July 2021}}</ref>
}}
{{notelist}}

===Nagaland===
{{Main|1987 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election}}
{{Election results
|image=[[File:India Nagaland Legislative Assembly 1987.svg]]
|party1=[[Indian National Congress]]|votes1=193199|seats1=34|sc1=+10
|party2=[[Naga National Democratic Party]]|votes2=140112|seats2=18|sc2=–6
|party3=[[Nagaland Peoples Front]]|votes3=43782|seats3=1|sc3=New
|party4=[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|votes4=926|seats4=0|sc4=New
|party5=Independents|votes5=157173|seats5=7|sc5=–5
|total_sc=0
|invalid=6980
|electorate=581953
|source=ECI<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3637-nagaland-1987/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1987 to the Legislative Assembly of Nagaland |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 August 2021}}</ref>
}}

===West Bengal===
{{Main|1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election}}
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:right
!colspan=2|Party
!Candidates
!Seats
!Votes
!%
|-
|rowspan=8 align=left|[[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]]
|align=left|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|212
|187
|10,285,723
|39.12
|-
|align=left|[[All India Forward Bloc]]
|34
|26
|1,534,795
|5.84
|-
|align=left|[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]
|23
|18
|1,036,138
|3.94
|-
|align=left|[[Communist Party of India]]
|12
|11
|503,854
|1.92
|-
|align=left|[[Revolutionary Communist Party of India]]
|3
|1
|118,985
|0.42
|-
|align=left|[[Marxist Forward Bloc]]
|2
|2
|107,732
|0.41
|-
|align=left|[[Biplobi Bangla Congress]]
|1
|0
|42,261
|0.16
|-
|align=left|[[West Bengal Socialist Party]] and [[Democratic Socialist Party (Prabodh Chandra)]]
|7
|6
|288,915
|1.10
|-
|colspan=2 align=left|[[Indian National Congress|Indian National Congress (I)]]
|294
|40
|10,989,520
|41.81
|-
|colspan=2 align=left|[[Socialist Unity Centre of India]]
|46
|2
|237,674
|0.90
|-
|colspan=2 align=left|[[Indian Union Muslim League]]
|36
|1
|162,850
|0.62
|-
|colspan=2 align=left|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|57
|0
|134,867
|0.51
|-
|colspan=2 align=left|[[Janata Party]]
|30
|0
|41,475
|0.16
|-
|colspan=2 align=left|[[Lok Dal]]
|18
|0
|10,032
|0.04
|-
|colspan=2 align=left|[[Indian Congress (Socialist-Sarat Chandra Sinha)]]
|4
|0
|3,335
|0.01
|-
|colspan=2 align=left|Independents
|718
|0
|784,937
|2.99
|-
|colspan=2 align=left|'''Total'''
|'''1,497'''
|'''294'''
|'''26,283,093'''
|'''100'''
|-
|align=left colspan=6|Source:ECI<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReportWestBengal87.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1987 to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
|}

==Rajya Sabha==
{{Main|1987 Indian Rajya Sabha elections}}

==President==
{{Main|1987 Indian presidential election}}
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
!Candidate
!Electoral Values
|-
|[[R. Venkataraman]]
|740,148
|-
|[[V. R. Krishna Iyer]]
|281,550
|-
|Mithilesh Kumar
|2,223
|-
|'''Total'''
|'''1,023,921'''
|-
|}

==Vice-president==
{{Main|1987 Indian vice presidential election}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/statistical-report/statistical-reports/ |title=Election Results - Full Statistical Reports |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}

{{Indian elections}}

[[Category:1987 elections in India]]
[[Category:1987 elections in Asia|India]]
[[Category:1987 in India]]
[[Category:Elections in India by year]]

2021 Royal Challengers Bangalore season

2025-06-25T13:46:28Z

CRVMargarette: put up new data first draft

{{Short description|Indian Premier League cricket team season}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Infobox cricket club season
| club = Royal Challengers Bangalore
| season = [[2021 Indian Premier League|2021]]
| image =
| coach = [[Simon Katich]] [[Mike Hesson]]
| captain = [[Virat Kohli]]
| ground = [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bengaluru]]
| comp1 = [[2021 Indian Premier League|League stage]]
| comp1 result = 3rd
| comp2 = [[2021 Indian Premier League#Eliminator|Eliminator]]
| comp2 result = Lost
| most runs = [[Glenn Maxwell]] (513)
| most wickets = [[Harshal Patel]] (32)
| most catches =
| most dismissals =
| prevseason = [[2020 Royal Challengers Bangalore season|2020]]
| nextseason = [[2022 Royal Challengers Bangalore season|2022]]
}}

The [[2021 Indian Premier League|2021 season]] was the 14th season for the IPL [[cricket (sport)|cricket]] franchise [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]]. They were one of the eight teams competed in the tournament.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=IPL 2021 Auction: VIVO Remains The Title Sponsor As BCCI Releases The Player Auction List|url=https://cricket.yahoo.net/news/ipl-2021-auction-vivo-remains-175508420|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=12 February 2021|website=Yahoo! Cricket}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=BCCI looking to get players vaccinated, UAE not a back-up option for IPL|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/bcci-looking-to-get-players-vaccinated-uae-not-a-back-up-option-for-ipl-1249660|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=30 January 2021|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref> The team was captained by [[Virat Kohli]] with [[Mike Hesson]] as a team coach. After qualifying for the playoffs, they were eliminated from the tournament as they were beaten by [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] in the Eliminator match.

This was the last season in IPL for [[AB de Villiers]] who announced his retirement on 19 November 2021.

==Background==
=== Player retention and transfers ===
{{Main|List of 2021 Indian Premier League personnel changes}}
The Royal Challengers Bangalore retained 12 players and released ten players.<ref>{{cite web|last=|first=|title=IPL 2021 PLAYER RETENTIONS LIST|url=https://www.iplt20.com/news/228284/ipl-2021-player-retentions-list|access-date=20 January 2021|date=20 January 2021|publisher=IPLt20}}</ref>

'''Retained Players:''' [[Virat Kohli]] ([[Captain (cricket)|C]]), [[AB de Villiers]] ([[Captain (cricket)#Vice-captain|VC]]), [[Devdutt Padikkal]], [[Mohammed Siraj]], [[Navdeep Saini]], [[Washington Sundar]], [[Yuzvendra Chahal]], [[Josh Philippe]], [[Pavan Deshpande]], [[Shahbaz Ahmed (cricketer)|Shahbaz Ahmed]], [[Adam Zampa]], [[Kane Richardson]], [[Daniel Sams (cricketer)|Daniel Sams]], [[Harshal Patel]]

'''Released Players:''' [[Chris Morris (cricketer)|Chris Morris]], [[Aaron Finch]], [[Moeen Ali]], [[Isuru Udana]], [[Dale Steyn]], [[Shivam Dube]], [[Umesh Yadav]], [[Pawan Negi]], [[Gurkeerat Mann]], [[Parthiv Patel]] (retired).

'''Added Players:''' [[Glenn Maxwell]], [[Mohammed Azharuddeen]], [[Sachin Baby]], [[Kyle Jamieson]], [[Srikar Bharat]], [[Rajat Patidar]], [[Dan Christian]], [[Suyash Prabhudessai]], [[Finn Allen]]

==Squad==
* Players with international caps are listed in '''bold'''.

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%;"
|-
! No.
! Name
! Nationality
! Birth date
! Batting style
! Bowling style
! Year signed
! Salary
! Notes
|-
! colspan="9" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| Batters
|-
|8|| [[Tim David]] || {{cr|SIN}} || {{birth date and age2|2021|04|11|1996|3|16|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2021 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|20|l|-3}} || Overseas<ref name=REP>{{Cite web|title= RCB rope in Wanindu Hasaranga and Dushmantha Chameera for IPL 2021|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/rcb-rope-in-hasaranga-and-chameera-for-ipl-2021-1274243|access-date=21 August 2021|work=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|11|| [[Sachin Baby]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2021|04|11|1988|12|18|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2021 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|20|l|-3}} ||
|-
|18|| '''[[Virat Kohli]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2021|04|11|1988|11|5|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2008 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|17|c|1}} || Captain
|-
|19|| [[Rajat Patidar]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2021|04|11|1993|6|1|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2021 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|20|l|-3}} ||
|-
|37|| '''[[Devdutt Padikkal]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2021|04|11|2000|07|07|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;" | 2019 || style="text-align:right;" | {{INRConvert|20|l|-3}} ||
|-
|{{NA}}|| [[Suyash Prabhudessai]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2021|04|11|1997|12|6|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast-medium]] || style="text-align:center;" | 2021 || style="text-align:right;" | {{INRConvert|20|l|-3}} ||
|-
! colspan="9" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;" | All-rounders
|-
|5|| '''[[Washington Sundar]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2021|04|11|1999|10|5|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|3.2|c|-3}} || Unavailable due to finger injury<ref>{{Cite web|title=Akash Deep replaces injured Washington in RCB|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/118798/ipl-2021-akash-deep-replaces-injured-washington-sundar-in-rcb-cricbuzzcom|access-date=30 August 2021|website=CricBuzz|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|21|| [[Shahbaz Ahmed (cricketer)|Shahbaz Ahmed]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2021|04|11|1994|12|12|df=y}} || Left-handed || [[Slow left-arm orthodox]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2020 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|20|l|-3}} ||
|-
|32|| '''[[Glenn Maxwell]]''' || {{cr|AUS}} || {{birth date and age2|2021|04|11|1988|10|14|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2021 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|14.25|c|1}} || Overseas
|-
|49|| '''[[Wanindu Hasaranga]]''' || {{cr|SL}} || {{birth date and age2|2021|04|11|1997|7|27|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2021 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|50|l|-3}} || Overseas<ref name=REP/>
|-
|54|| '''[[Dan Christian]]''' || {{cr|AUS}} || {{birth date and age2|2021|04|11|1983|5|4|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast-medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2021 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|4.8|c|1}} || Overseas
|-
|95 || '''[[Daniel Sams (cricketer)|Daniel Sams]]''' || {{cr|AUS}} || {{birth date and age2|2021|04|11|1992|10|27|df=y}} || Right-handed || Left-arm [[Fast bowling|fast-medium]] || style="text-align:center"| 2021 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|20|l}} ||Overseas
|-
|{{NA}}|| [[Pavan Deshpande]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2021|04|11|1989|9|16|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2020 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|20|l|-3}} ||
|-
! colspan="9" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| Wicket-keepers
|-
|1|| '''[[Josh Philippe]]''' || {{cr|AUS}} || {{birth date and age2|2021|04|11|1997|6|1|df=y}} || Right-handed || || style="text-align:center;"| 2020 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|20|l|-3}} || Overseas
|-
|15||[[K. S. Bharat]]|| {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2021|04|11|1993|10|3|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2021 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|20|l|-3}} ||
|-
|17|| '''[[AB de Villiers]]''' || {{cr|SA}} || {{birth date and age2|2021|04|11|1984|2|17|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|11|c|1}} || Overseas, Vice-captain
|-
|{{NA}}|| [[Mohammed Azharuddeen]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2021|04|11|1994|3|22|df=y}} || Right-handed || || style="text-align:center;"| 2021 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|20|l|-3}} ||
|-
|{{NA}}|| '''[[Finn Allen]]''' || {{cr|NZ}} || {{birth date and age2|2021|04|11|1999|4|22|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2021 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|20|l|-3}} || Overseas, Replacement for Josh Philippe<ref>{{Cite web|title=New Zealand top order batsman Finn Allen named Josh Philippe's replacement for IPl 2021|url=https://www.royalchallengers.com/rcb-cricket-news/news/official-announcement-rcb-name-finn-allen-as-josh-philippes-replacement-for|access-date=2021-03-11|website=www.royalchallengers.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Finn Allen signs up with Royal Challengers Bangalore as replacement for Josh Philippe|url=https://www.iplt20.com/news/228480/finn-allen-signs-up-with-royal-challengers-bangalore-as-replacement-for-josh-philippe|access-date=2021-03-11|website=www.iplt20.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
! colspan="9" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| Spin Bowlers
|-
|3|| '''[[Yuzvendra Chahal]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2021|04|11|1990|7|23|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|6|c|-3}} ||
|-
|63|| '''[[Adam Zampa]]''' || {{cr|AUS}} || {{birth date and age2|2021|04|11|1992|3|31|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] ||style="text-align:center;"| 2020 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|1.5|c|-3}} || Overseas, Unavailable for personal reasons.<ref name=zr>{{Cite web|title=Zampa, Richardson pull out of IPL 2021|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/117237/zampa-richardson-pull-out-of-ipl-2021|access-date=2021-04-26|website=Cricbuzz|language=en}}</ref>
|-
! colspan="9" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| Pace Bowlers
|-
|9|| [[Harshal Patel]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2021|04|11|1990|11|23|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || style="text-align:center;" | 2021 || style="text-align:right;" | {{INRConvert|20|l}} ||
|-
|12|| '''[[Kyle Jamieson]]''' || {{cr|NZ}}|| {{birth date and age2|2021|04|11|1994|12|30|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|Fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2021 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|15|c|1}} || Overseas
|-
|27|| [[George Garton]] || {{cr|ENG}}|| {{birth date and age2|2021|04|11|1997|4|15|df=y}} || Left-handed || Left-arm [[Fast bowling|Fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2021 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|20|l|-3}} || Overseas, Replacement for Kane Richardson<ref>{{Cite web|title=IPL 2021: RCB Sign England Seamer George Garton to Complete Overseas Player Quota|url=https://www.news18.com/cricketnext/news/ipl-2021-rcb-sign-england-seamer-george-garton-to-complete-overseas-player-quota-4126688.html|access-date=25 August 2021|website=News18|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|47|| '''[[Kane Richardson]]''' || {{cr|AUS}} || {{birth date and age2|2021|04|11|1991|2|12|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast-medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2020 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|4|c|-3}} || Overseas, Unavailable for personal reasons.<ref name=zr />
|-
|73|| '''[[Mohammed Siraj]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2021|04|11|1994|3|13|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast-medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|2.6|c|-3}} ||
|-
|96|| '''[[Navdeep Saini]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2021|04|11|1992|11|23|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|3|c|-3}} ||
|-
|{{NA}}|| '''[[Scott Kuggeleijn]]''' || {{cr|NZ}} || {{birth date and age2|2021|04|11|1992|1|3|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast-medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2021 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|50|l|-3}} || Overseas, Unavailable due to national duty<ref>{{Cite web|title=RCB recruit Scott Kuggeleijn as replacement for Kane Richardson|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2021-rcb-recruit-scott-kuggeleijn-as-replacement-for-kane-richardson-1261382|access-date=28 April 2021|work=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|{{NA}}||'''[[Dushmantha Chameera]]''' || {{cr|SL}} || {{birth date and age2|2021|04|11|1992|1|11|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2021 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|50|l|-3}} || Overseas<ref name=REP/>
|-
|{{NA}}|| [[Akash Deep]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2021|04|11|1996|12|15|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[fast bowling|medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2021 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|20|l|-3}} || Replacement for Washington Sundar
|-
! colspan="9" style="text-align: center;"| Source: [https://www.royalchallengers.com/rcb-squad RCB Players]
|}

==Administration and support staff==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%;"
|-
! Position
! Name
|-
| Owner|| [[United Spirits|United Spirits Limited]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=IPL 2019: Meet The Owners Of The 8 Teams Taking The Field In Season 12|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/sports-trends/ipl-2019-meet-the-owners-of-the-8-teams-taking-the-field-in-season-12-2542331.html|access-date=17 March 2021|website=Moneycontrol}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=About Us {{!}} Royal Challengers Bangalore|url=https://www.royalchallengers.com/about-us|access-date=17 March 2021|website=www.royalchallengers.com}}</ref>
|-
|Chairman|| Prathmesh Mishra
|-
|Vice President and Head|| Rajesh Menon
|-
|Team manager|| Soumyadeep Pyne
|-
|Director of cricket operations & head coach|| [[Mike Hesson]]
|-
|Batting consultant|| [[Sanjay Bangar]]
|-
|Batting and spin bowling coach|| [[Sridharan Sriram]]
|-
|Bowling coach|| [[Adam Griffith]]
|-
|Head of scouting and fielding coach|| [[Malolan Rangarajan]]
|-
|Head physiotherapist|| Evan Speechly
|-
|Strength and conditioning coach|| [[Basu Shanker]]
|-
|Team doctor|| Dr. Charles Minz
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"| Source: [https://www.royalchallengers.com/rcb-squad RCB Staff]
|}

==Kit manufacturers and sponsors==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%;"
|-
! Kit manufacturer
! Shirt sponsor (chest)
! Shirt sponsor (back)
! Shirt sponsor (chest)
|-
|[[Puma (brand)|Puma]]
|[[Muthoot Pappachan Group|Muthoot Fincorp]]
|[[DP World]]
|[[Exide Industries|Exide]]
|-
! colspan="4" style="text-align:right;"| Source : [https://www.royalchallengers.com/ royalchallengers.com]
|}
{{col-5}}
|{{Cricket uniform
| pattern_la = _goldborder
| pattern_b = _black_chest
| pattern_ra = _goldborder
| pattern_pants =
| leftarm = 000000
| body = FF0000
| rightarm = 000000
| pants = FF0000
| title = Home [[Cricket clothing and equipment|kit]]
}}
{{col-end}}

==Teams and standings==
=== Results by match ===
{{#invoke:sports rbr table|table|legendpos=b
|header=Round
|label2= Result
| res2=[[#match 1|W]]/[[#Match 6|W]]/[[#Match 10|W]]/[[#Match 16|W]]/[[#Match 19|L]]/[[#Match 22|W]]/[[#Match 26|L]]/[[#Match 30|L]]/[[#Match 35|L]]/[[#Match 38|W]]/[[#Match 43|W]]/[[#Match 46|W]]/[[#Match 51|L]]/[[#Match 56|W]]
|label3= Position
| pos3=1/1/1/1/2/1/3/3/3/3/3/3/3/3
| color_W = green2|text_W=Win
| color_NR = yellow2|text_NR=No Result
| color_L = red2|text_L=Loss
| color_1-2=green1| color_3-4=#ffc
| source = Fixtures
}}

{{2021 Indian Premier League Points table|showteam=RCB}}

==League stage==
{{hatnote|All times are in [[Indian Standard Time]] ([[UTC+05:30]])}}
The full schedule was published on the IPL website on 7 March 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|title=BCCI announces schedule for VIVO IPL 2021|url=https://www.iplt20.com/news/228478/bcci-announces-schedule-for-vivo-ipl-2021|access-date=18 March 2021|website=www.iplt20.com|language=en}}</ref>
{{main|2021 Indian Premier League #League stage}}

=== Matches ===
{{#section:2021 Indian Premier League|match1}}
----
{{#section:2021 Indian Premier League|match6}}
----
{{#section:2021 Indian Premier League|match10}}
----
{{#section:2021 Indian Premier League|match16}}
----
{{#section:2021 Indian Premier League|match19}}
----
{{#section:2021 Indian Premier League|match22}}
----
{{#section:2021 Indian Premier League|match26}}
----
{{#section:2021 Indian Premier League|match31}}
----
{{#section:2021 Indian Premier League|match35}}
----
{{#section:2021 Indian Premier League|match39}}
----
{{#section:2021 Indian Premier League|match43}}
----
{{#section:2021 Indian Premier League|match48}}
----
{{#section:2021 Indian Premier League|match52}}
----
{{#section:2021 Indian Premier League|match56}}

===Playoffs===
{{main|2021 Indian Premier League #Playoffs}}
;Eliminator
{{#section:2021 Indian Premier League|match58}}

==Statistics==

===Most runs===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!No.
!Name
!Match
!Inns
!NO
!Runs
!HS
!Ave.
!BF
!SR
!100s
!50s
!0
!4s
!6s
|-
| 1 ||[[Glenn Maxwell]]|| 15 || 14 || 2
! 513
|| 78 || 42.75 || 356 || 144.10 || 0 || 6 || 1 || 48 || 21
|-
| 2 ||[[Devdutt Padikkal]]|| 14 || 14 || 1
! 411
|| 101[[Not out|*]] || 31.61 || 328 || 125.30 || 1 || 1 || 2 || 44 || 14
|-
| 3 ||[[Virat Kohli]]|| 15 || 15 || 1
! 405
|| 72[[Not out|*]] || 28.92 || 339 || 119.40 || 0 || 3 || 0 || 43 || 9
|-
| 4 ||[[AB de Villiers]] || 15 || 14 || 4
! 313
|| 76[[Not out|*]] || 31.30 || 211 || 148.34 || 0 || 2 || 1 || 23 || 16
|-
| 5 ||[[K.S. Bharat]] || 8 || 7 || 2
! 191
|| 78[[Not out|*]] || 38.22 || 156 || 122.43 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 10 || 8
|-
| 6 ||[[Rajat Patidar]] || 4 || 4 || 0
! 71
|| 31 || 17.75 || 62 || 114.51 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 3 || 3
|-
| 7 ||[[Kyle Jamieson]] || 9 || 7 || 3
!65
|| 16[[Not out|*]] || 16.25 || 55 || 118.08 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 5 || 3
|}
Glenn Maxwell was the fifth-highest run scorer in IPL 2021
* '''Source: ESPNcricinfo'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=RCB Most runs in IPL 2021|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?class=6&id=2021&team=4340&type=year|access-date=25 September 2021|work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

===Most wickets===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!No.
!Name
!Match
!Inns
!Overs
!Maidens
!Runs
!Wickets
!BBI
!Ave.
!Econ.
!SR
!4W
!5W
|-
| 1 || [[Harshal Patel]] || 15 || 15 || 56.2 || 0 || 459
! 32
|| 5/27 || 14.34 || 8.14 || 10.5 || 1 || 1
|-
| 2 || [[Yuzvendra Chahal]]|| 15|| 15 || 53.0 || 1 || 374
! 18
|| 3/11 || 20.77 || 7.05 || 17.6 || 0 || 0
|-
| 3 || [[Mohammed Siraj]] || 15 || 15 || 52.0 || 1 || 353
! 11
|| 3/27 || 32.09 || 6.78 || 28.3 || 0 || 0
|-
| 4 || [[Kyle Jamieson]] || 9 || 9 || 28.0 || 1 || 269
! 9
|| 3/41 || 29.88 || 9.60 || 18.6 || 0 || 0
|-
| 5 || [[Shahbaz Ahmed (cricketer)|Shahbaz Ahmed]]|| 11 || 6 || 14.0 || 0 || 92
! 7
|| 3/7 || 13.14 || 6.57 || 12.00 || 0 || 0
|-
| 6 || [[Dan Christian]] || 9 || 9 || 16.4 || 0 || 155
! 4
|| 2/14 || 38.75 || 9.30 || 25.0 || 0 || 0
|-
!rowspan=3|7 || [[Washington Sundar]] || 6 || 6 || 16.0 || 0 || 118
! 3
|| 1/7 || 39.33 || 7.37 || 32.0 || 0 || 0
|-
| [[George Garton]] || 5 || 5 || 15.0 || 0 || 135
! 3
| 1/27 || 45.00 || 9.00 || 30.0 || 0 || 0
|-
| [[Glenn Maxwell]] || 15 || 6 || 16.0 || 0 || 135
! 3
|| 2/23 || 45.00 || 8.43 || 32.0 || 0 || 0
|}
*Harshal Patel won the Purple Cap as he is highest wicket taker in the competition.
* '''Source: '''Cricinfo<ref>{{Cite web|title=RCB Most wickets in IPL 2021|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?class=6&id=2021&team=4340&type=year|access-date=25 September 2021|work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

==Player of the match awards==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! No.
! Date
! Player
! Opponent
! Result
! Contribution
! Ref.
|-
| 1 || {{dts|1=2021|2=4|3=9|format=dmy}} ||[[Harshal Patel]] || [[Mumbai Indians]] ||Won by 2 wickets || 5/27 (4 overs)||<ref>{{Cite web|title=Harshal, de Villiers steer RCB home in tight opener|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2021-1249214/mumbai-indians-vs-royal-challengers-bangalore-1st-match-1254058/match-report|access-date=9 April 2021|work=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2 || {{dts|1=2021|2=4|3=14|format=dmy}} ||[[Glenn Maxwell]] || [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] ||Won by 6 runs || 59 (41)||<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shahbaz grabs win for Royal Challengers with three-wicket over|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2021-1249214/sunrisers-hyderabad-vs-royal-challengers-bangalore-6th-match-1254063/match-report|access-date=13 April 2021|work=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 3 || {{dts|1=2021|2=4|3=18|format=dmy}} ||[[AB de Villiers]] || [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] ||Won by 38 runs || 76[[Not out|*]] (34)||<ref>{{Cite web|title=AB de Villiers and Glenn Maxwell make it three out of three for RCB|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2021-1249214/royal-challengers-bangalore-vs-kolkata-knight-riders-10th-match-1254067/match-report|access-date=18 April 2021|work=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 4 || {{dts|1=2021|2=4|3=22|format=dmy}} ||[[Devdutt Padikkal]] || [[Rajasthan Royals]] ||Won by 10 wickets || 101[[Not out|*]] (52)||<ref>{{Cite web|title=Padikkal 101*, Kohli 72* flatten Royals in ten-wicket win|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2021-1249214/royal-challengers-bangalore-vs-rajasthan-royals-16th-match-1254073/match-report|access-date=22 April 2021|work=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 5 || {{dts|1=2021|2=4|3=27|format=dmy}} ||[[AB de Villiers]] || [[Delhi Capitals]] ||Won by 1 run || 75[[Not out|*]] (42)||<ref>{{Cite web|title=de Villiers blitz trumps Hetmyer-Pant fightback in one-run win as RCB regain top spot|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2021-1249214/delhi-capitals-vs-royal-challengers-bangalore-22nd-match-1254079/match-report|access-date=28 April 2021|work=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|6 ||{{dts|1=2021|2=9|3=26|format=dmy}}
||[[Glenn Maxwell]] ||[[Mumbai Indians]] ||Won by 54 runs ||56 (37) and 2/23 (4 overs) ||<ref>{{Cite web|title=Harshal Patel hat-trick caps comprehensive Royal Challengers Bangalore win |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2021-1249214/royal-challengers-bangalore-vs-mumbai-indians-39th-match-1254108/match-report |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date= 26 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
|7 ||{{dts|1=2021|2=9|3=29|format=dmy}}
|| [[Yuzvendra Chahal]] ||[[Rajasthan Royals]] ||Won by 7 wickets || 2/18 (4 overs) || <ref>{{Cite web|title=Chahal, Garton and Shahbaz show RCB's bowling might |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2021-1249214/rajasthan-royals-vs-royal-challengers-bangalore-43rd-match-1254103/match-report |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date= 29 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
|8 ||{{dts|1=2021|2=10|3=3|format=dmy}}
|| [[Glenn Maxwell]] ||[[Punjab Kings]] ||Won by 6 runs || 57 (33) || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2021-1249214/royal-challengers-bangalore-vs-punjab-kings-48th-match-1254090/match-report |title=Glenn Maxwell and Yuzvendra Chahal fire Royal Challengers Bangalore into the playoffs |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=3 October 2021}}</ref>
|-
|9 ||{{dts|1=2021|2=10|3=8|format=dmy}}
|| [[K. S. Bharat]] ||[[Delhi Capitals]] ||Won by 7 wickets || 78[[not out|*]] (52) || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2021-1249214/royal-challengers-bangalore-vs-delhi-capitals-56th-match-1254101/match-report |title=KS Bharat's last-ball six powers RCB home; Glenn Maxwell fires again |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=8 October 2021}}</ref>
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.royalchallengers.com/ Official Website]
{{2021 Indian Premier League}}
{{Royal Challengers Bangalore}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Royal Challengers Bangalore in 2021}}
[[Category:2021 Indian Premier League]]
[[Category:Royal Challengers Bengaluru seasons|2021]]

Malayath Appunni

2025-06-24T10:23:15Z

CRVMargarette:

{{Short description|Indian poet}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Malayath Appunni
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| pseudonym =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1943|8|15}}
| birth_place = [[Tirur]], [[Malappuram]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = Writer
| nationality = Indian
| period =
| genre = [[Poetry]], [[children's literature]]
| movement =
| debutworks =
| influences =
| influenced =
| signature =
| website =
| footnotes =
| notableworks =
}}
{{Given name hatnote|Appunni|Malayath|lang=Malayali}}'''Malayath Appunni''' (born 15 August 1943) is a [[Malayalam language]] [[poet]] and [[children's literature|children's writer]] from [[Kerala]], [[India]].<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20000929083124/http://www.calicutcity.com/persons/malayathappunni.htm "Eminent Personalities: Malayath Appunni"]}}. Calicutcity.com. Retrieved 7 July 2013.</ref> Born in Thekken Kuttoor in [[Tirur]], [[Malappuram district]], Appunni writes simple poetry. He has won the [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]]<ref>
[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/award-for-malayath-appunni/article840386.ece "Award for Malayath Appunni"]. ''The Hindu''. 21 October 2010. Retrieved 7 July 2013.</ref> and the [[List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Malayalam|Sahitya Akademi Award]] for Malayalam Writers in 2019.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-06-24 |title='Malayath Appunni stands out for his simplicity' |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kozhikode/malayath-appunni-stands-out-for-his-simplicity/article28129518.ece |access-date=2023-05-22 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Works==

=== Poems ===
* ''Aravu Madukal''
* ''Thekkottulla Theevandi''
* ''Karthika Nakshatram''
* ''Nhaval Pazhangal''
* ''Puzhakkarayil''
* ''Pachilayude Chiri''

=== Children's literature ===
* ''Kazhcha Bungalow''
* ''Nirangal''
* ''Thenthullikal''
* ''Velicham''
* ''Panchara Mittayi''
* ''Panchavarnakkilikal''
* ''Kunhikkuttanum Koottukaranum''
* ''Kunhan Kurukkan''
* ''Kittuppanikker''

==Awards==
* Award by Kerala State Institute for Children's Literature (1997) for ''Thenthullikal''<ref name=":0" />
* [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Children's Literature]] (1998) for ''Kambilikuppayam''<ref name=":0" />
* [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Overall Contributions]] for his overall contributions to Malayalam literature (2010)<ref name=":0" />
* Krishna Geethi Poetry Prize (2010) for ''Pachilayude Chiri''<ref name=":0" />
* [[List of Malayalam literary awards#Kendra Sahitya Akademi Award for Children's Literature (Bal Sahitya Puraskar)|Kendra Sahitya Akademi Award for Children's Literature]] (2019) for overall contributions.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=മലയത്ത് അപ്പുണ്ണിക്ക് കേന്ദ്രസാഹിത്യ അക്കാദമി ബാലസാഹിത്യ പുരസ്‌കാരം; അനൂജ അകത്തൂട്ടിന് യുവപുരസ്‌കാരം|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/books/news/kendra-sahitya-akademi-bal-sahitya-award-for-malayath-appunni-and-yuva-puraskar-for-anuja-akathoottu-1.3872419|access-date=2021-07-26|website=Mathrubhumi|date=14 June 2019 |language=ml}}</ref>
* [[Kunjunni Award]] (2024)<ref>{{cite news |title=കുഞ്ഞുണ്ണി പുരസ്‌കാരം മലയത്ത് അപ്പുണ്ണിക്ക് |language=ml |newspaper=[[Janmabhumi]] |date=18 April 2024 |url=https://janmabhumi.in/2024/04/18/3189636/news/kerala/kunjunni-purashakram/ |access-date=19 April 2024}}</ref>
* Moodadi Award
* Akshara Kalari Award

==References==
<references />

{{Malayalam Literature |state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Appunni, Malayath}}
[[Category:1943 births]]
[[Category:People from Malappuram]]
[[Category:Writers from Malappuram district]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Indian children's writers]]
[[Category:Malayalam poets]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Poets from Kerala]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:Novelists from Kerala]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]

Hericium rajendrae

2025-05-28T02:28:12Z

CRVMargarette: put up new info - done

{{Short description|Species of fungus}}

{{Speciesbox
| image =
| taxon = Hericium rajendrae
| authority = K. Das, Singh, 2019
| synonyms =
| synonyms_ref =
}}

'''''Hericium rajendrae''''' is a species of [[Edible mushroom|edible]] fungus in the family [[Hericiaceae]] native to the [[Himalayas]], first described by Upendra Singh and Kanad Das in 2019. It can be distinguished from other ''Hericium'' growing in India by reddish white to pale red coloured [[Basidiocarp|fruiting bodies]].<ref name="das2019">{{Cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=Upendra |last2=Das |first2=Kanad |date=2019-05-15 |title=Hericium rajendrae sp. nov. (Hericiaceae, Russulales): an edible mushroom from Indian Himalaya |url=http://www.schweizerbart.de/papers/nova_hedwigia/detail/108/90811/Hericium_rajendrae_sp_nov_Hericiaceae_Russulales__?af=crossref |journal=Nova Hedwigia |language=en |volume=108 |issue=3–4 |pages=505–515 |doi=10.1127/nova_hedwigia/2019/0527 |issn=0029-5035 |s2cid=108647438|url-access=subscription }}</ref> It is collected and eaten by the local population, and called by them ''Lal guchha chyun'' in [[Garhwali language]].

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IndexFungorum|827600}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q107739302}}

[[Category:Russulales]]
[[Category:Fungi of India]]
[[Category:Fungi described in 2019]]
[[Category:Fungus species]]

Institute of Management Studies, Devi Ahilya University

2025-05-15T01:25:46Z

CRVMargarette: put up a bio

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{more citations needed|date=June 2013}}
{{Infobox university
|name = Institute of Management Studies
|image = LOGO IMS DAVV INDORE.jpg
|established = {{start date|1969}}
|type = Autonomous
|director = Sangeeta Jain<ref>{{cite web|title=Faculty|url=http://www.ims.dauniv.ac.in/Faculty.php|website=ims.dauniv.ac.in|accessdate=15 April 2018}}</ref>
|city = Indore
|state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
|country = India
|undergrad =
|postgrad =
|campus = [[urban area|Urban]]
|website = {{URL|http://www.ims.dauniv.ac.in/}}
}}

'''Institute of Management Studies''' ('''IMS''') is the [[University Teaching Department]] of [[Devi Ahilya University, Indore]] specializing in [[Management Education]]. It offers various management courses leading to the degrees Master of Business Administration [[MBA]], Bachelor of Business Administration ([[Bachelor of Business Administration|BBA]]) and integrated MBA i.e. (BBA+MBA) in several disciplines, (BBA+MBA)Hospital administration was started as a branch of management studies in India by this institution and holds the record of providing best of the administrator's in the field also IMS was first Institute of the state to start (BBA+MBA) i.e. Integrated MBA in [[E-commerce]].
It offers the following branches for Management:
* [[Hospital Administration]] ([[MBA]])
* [[Hospital Administration]] (Integrated MBA)
* [[E-commerce]] ([[MBA]])
* [[E-commerce]] (Integrated MBA)
* Financial Administration ([[MBA]])
* [[Disaster Management]] ([[MBA]])
* [[Human resources|Human Resources]] ([[MBA]])
* [[Marketing Management]] ([[MBA]])
* Full Time ([[MBA]])
* Executive ([[MBA]])
* Ph.D.
* M.Phil.

==History==
The institute was established in 1969 and was then called the Department of Business Administration. It is the oldest institute of the city that offers an MBA degree. Initially, the organization offered only a '[[Distance Education]]' degree in business administration with a three-year duration. However, the intake capacity was later increased. Today, it has more than 3,000 students of various disciplines studying as full-time or part-time candidates.

==Location==
The institute is located within the university campus ([[Takshashila Campus]]) adjacent to the Education Multimedia Research Center, near the university's School of Law. The Takshashila Campus is at the outer part of Indore near Bhawarkua at [[Khandwa]] road.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.ims.dauniv.ac.in/}}

{{Authority control}}

{{coord missing|Madhya Pradesh}}

[[Category:Education in Indore]]
[[Category:Business schools in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:1969 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1969]]

Jagdev Singh Kamalu

2025-02-18T09:55:58Z

CRVMargarette: updated details

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
'''Jagdev Singh Kamalu''' is a politician from [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]. He is MLA from [[Maur Mandi|Maur]] constituency (Number 95).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Members|url=http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/members/detail/191|access-date=2021-07-14|website=punjabassembly.nic.in}}</ref> He contested from [[Aam Aadmi Party]] in the year 2017 and won, defeating the incumbent MLA Janmeja Singh Sekhon.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Service|first=Tribune News|title=Jolt for senior Maur leaders as AAP MLA Jagdev Singh Kamalu joins Congress|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/jolt-for-senior-maur-leaders-as-kamalu-joins-congress-262987|access-date=2021-07-15|website=Tribuneindia News Service|language=en}}</ref> In 2021, Kamalu rebelled and moved to [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Punjab: Three rebel AAP MLAs join Congress amid party's internal turmoil|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/jun/04/punjab-three-rebel-aap-mlas-join-congress-amid-partysinternal-turmoil-2311558.html|access-date=2021-07-15|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title="Joining Kejriwal A Mistake": AAP's Punjab Ally Merges With Congress|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/kejriwal-a-mistake-aaps-ally-punjab-ekta-party-mlas-meet-rahul-gandhi-merge-with-congress-2466793|access-date=2023-01-27|agency=Press Trust of India|date=18 June 2021|website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|in-la}}
{{IN MLA box
| state= Punjab
| constituency= Maur
| before= [[Janmeja Singh Sekhon]] ([[Shiromani Akali Dal|SAD]])
| after= [[Sukhveer Singh Maiserkhana]] ([[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]])
| years= [[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2017]] – [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]] }}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kamalu, Jagdev Singh}}
[[Category:Aam Aadmi Party politicians from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Malviya Nagar

2024-12-23T06:35:07Z

CRVMargarette:

'''Malviya Nagar''' is the name of a number of residential colonies mainly in some metro cities India which are named after [[Madan Mohan Malaviya]]:

*[[Malviya Nagar (bathinda)|Malviya Nagar (Bathinda)]]
*[[Malviya Nagar (Allahabad)]]
*[[Malviya Nagar (Delhi)]]
**[[Malviya Nagar metro station]]
*[[Malviya Nagar (Bhopal)]]
*[[Malviya Nagar (Indore)]]
*[[Malviya Nagar (Lucknow)]]
*[[Malviya Nagar (Jaipur)]]

== See also ==
*[[Malviya Nagar Assembly constituency (disambiguation)]]

{{disambig}}