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Dhamayanthi

2026-05-06T02:55:51Z

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{{Short description|Indian Tamil writer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{BLP sources|date=October 2018}}'''Dhamayanthi''' is a Tamil fiction writer, poet, lyricist and film director.<ref name="tamilonline.com">{{cite web|url=http://tamilonline.com/thendral/article.aspx?aid=12029|title=Thendral Tamil Magazine – எழுத்தாளர் – தமயந்தி|website=Tamilonline.com|accessdate=8 October 2018}}</ref>

== Life==
Dhamayanthi was born in [[Tirunelveli]], in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. Her parents were teachers, and she imbibed her love for reading and arts from them. She claims that the books her father would gift during her birthday and the inevitable loneliness of childhood made her develop immense interest in books, which later enabled her to develop her passion for writing.<ref name="tamilonline.com"/>

She did her B.A. in English from [[Sarah Tucker College]], Tirunelveli, and her M.A. in English from St. John's, Tirunelveli. Her first couple of short stories were published around this time and she won cash prizes for both. Her subsequent short stories garnered attention and an anthology soon came out. She continued writing poetry, though her fiction was generating more attention and interest. She worked as a [[radio jockey]] and program produce in Tirunelveli before moving to [[Chennai]] to work as a writer in the [[film industry]]. She is a lyricist in the Tamil film industry and wrote many songs. Her first song was from the movie "Vizhithiru".{{citation needed|date=February 2020}}

== Career ==
She writes popular stories of intensity and depth.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vikatan.com/news/tamilnadu/82595-assembly-should-be-filled-with-youngsters-says-writer-dhamayanthi.html|title='சட்டமன்றத்தை இளைஞர்கள் கைப்பற்ற வேண்டும்!' – எழுத்தாளர் தமயந்தி – Assembly should be filled with youngsters, says writer Dhamayanthi|author=V. Neelkandan|date=3 March 2017|website=Vikatan.com|accessdate=8 October 2018}}</ref> She balances her deep concern with gender inequality and socio-political issues and her intent to narrate a tale that reveals the unpredictability of the human mind.<ref name="firstpost.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/living/dhamayanthi-on-adapting-her-short-story-thadayam-for-the-big-screen-wanted-to-explore-womens-choices-4836921.html|title=Dhamayanthi on adapting her short story Thadayam for the big screen: 'Wanted to explore women's choices'|website=Firstpost.com|date=31 July 2018 |accessdate=8 October 2018}}</ref> Her stories focus on the subtle power play in man-woman relationships in a family, which borders on [[physical violence]], and the more obvious violence inflicted upon women.<ref name="tamilonline.com" /> She was inspired to study English literature after she discovered [[Emily Dickinson]].

She published six short story collections, a novel and an essay collection.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sirukathaigal.com/tag/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF/ |title=தமயந்தி | சிறுகதைகள் (Short Stories in Tamil) |access-date=7 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025210532/http://www.sirukathaigal.com/tag/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF/ |archive-date=25 October 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> She translated [[Sylvia Plath]]’s poetry into Tamil.

In television, she debuted as a script writer in [[Samuthirakani]]’s debutant serial produced by Minbimbangal. She directed documentaries on social issues and a docu-fiction on [[surrogate mothers]]. She co-wrote one of the three stories of ''[[Vizhithiru]]'' along with director Meera Kathiravan. She co-wrote the script for the Tamil film ''[[Vizhithiru]]'' (2018). She wrote lyrics for eleven other films.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/31334/cinema/Kollywood/Writer-Damayanthi-turn-as-Lyricist.htm|title=பாடலாசிரியரானார் எழுத்தாளர் தமயந்தி – Writer Damayanthi turn as Lyricist|last=Dinamalar|date=9 May 2015|website=[[Dinamalar]]|access-date=8 October 2018}}</ref> She wrote a script for [[Bharat Bala]] and another to be directed by [[Kutti Revathi]]. ''Thadayam'' is based on her short story published in ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]''.<ref name="firstpost.com"/> Her short story on the [[thermal power station]] – the environmental devastation caused by its effluents – was made into a short film.

==Selected works==
;Tamil books
* கொன்றோம் அரசியை(சிறுகதை) - பனிக்குடம் பதிப்பகம்
* இந்த நதி நனைவதற்கல்ல(கட்டுரை) - பிரக்ஞை
* ஒரு வண்ணத்துப் பூச்சியும் சில மார்புகளும் (சிறுகதை) - கருப்புப் பிரதிகள்
* அக்கக்கா குருவிகள் (சிறுகதை) - போதி
* சாம்பல் கிண்ணம் (சிறுகதை)- போதி
* வாக்குமூலம்(சிறுகதை) - போதி
* நிழலிரவு (சிறுகதை) - காவ்யா பதிப்பகம்
* முற்பகல் ராஜ்ஜியம் (சிறுகதை) - கவிதா பப்ளிகேஷன்
* என் பாதங்களில் படரும் கடல் (கவிதை) - டிஸ்கவரி புக் பேலஸ்
* தமயந்தியின் சிறுகதைகள் - சுப்ரஜா ஶ்ரீதரனின் பதிப்பகம்
* மனம் என்னும் மாய கண்ணாடி - மின்னம்பலம்
* முட்களின் மேல் சில பட்டாம்பூச்சிகள் - பேட்டிகள் மின்னம்பலம்
* வல்லமை தாராயோ - மின்னம்பலம் கட்டுரைகள்

;Tamil songs
* Vizhithiru (Movie) - Vellai Irave (song) - Singers: G.V Prakash Kumar, NSK Ramya
* karichan kuruvi (Movie) - Naan Saami Pulla (song)

== Awards ==
She was conferred ''[[The Hindu]]'' (Tamil) Bharathi award for her contribution to women's writing.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/five-tamil-writers-to-be-honoured-for-their-work/article22388567.ece|title=Five Tamil writers to be honoured for their work|date=6 January 2018|website=The Hindu|accessdate=8 October 2018}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dhamayanthi}}
[[Category:Tamil poets]]
[[Category:Tamil-language lyricists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tamil-language writers]]
[[Category:Indian Tamil people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Sira Assembly constituency

2026-05-05T15:49:02Z

Buymediaspace: Stub.

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Karnataka, India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Sira
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 136
| map_image = 136-Sira constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| district = [[Tumkur district|Tumkur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Chitradurga Lok Sabha constituency|Chitradurga]]
| established = 1951
| electors = {{formatnum:223648}} (2023)<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/15163-karnataka-2023/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2028|7}}
| reservation = None
| mla = [[T. B. Jayachandra]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = [[C. M. Rajesh Gowda]]
}}
'''Sira Assembly constituency''' is one of the 224 constituencies in the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] of [[Karnataka]], in South [[India]]. It is a segment of [[Chitradurga Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite news |title=DELIMITATION OF PARLIAMENTARY AND ASSEMBLY CONSTITUENCIES ORDER, 2008 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |work=Election commission of India |access-date= 9 October 2017}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1952 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || B. N. Ramegowda || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" rowspan="2" | [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || T. Taregowda || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| P. Anjanappa
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || C. J. Muckkannappa || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || B. N. Ramegowda || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || B. Puttakamaiah
|-
| [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || S. A. Lingaiah || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
| [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || P. Mudle Gowda || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || [[C. P. Mudalagiriyappa]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1989]] || S. K. Dasappa
|-
| [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1994]] || B. Sathyanarayana || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || P. M. Ranganath || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || Sathyanarayana. B || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}
|-
| [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || rowspan="2" | [[T. B. Jayachandra]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|-
| [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]] || B. Sathyanarayana || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}
|-
| [[2020 elections in India#Karnataka|2020 By-election]] {{efn|Died on 04/08/2020}} || [[C. M. Rajesh Gowda|Dr. C. M. Rajesh Gowda]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]] || [[T. B. Jayachandra]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}
{{notelist}}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2023 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Sira <ref name=election2023/><ref name="Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Sira">{{cite news |title=Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Sira |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS10136.htm?ac=136 |access-date=11 May 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=13 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250511155752/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS10136.htm?ac=136 |archive-date=11 May 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[T. B. Jayachandra]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 86,084 |percentage = 45.14 |change = {{increase}}10.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = R. Ugresh |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 56,834 |percentage = 29.80 |change = {{increase}}9.54 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[C. M. Rajesh Gowda|Dr. C. M. Rajesh Gowda]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 42,329 |percentage = 22.20 |change = {{decrease}}19.96 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 722 |percentage = 0.38 |change = {{increase}}0.03 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 29,250 |percentage = 15.34 |change = {{increase}}7.95 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 192,539 |percentage = 86.09 |change = {{increase}}3.78 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 190,706}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 223,648 |ref = |change = {{increase}}3.65 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}2.98 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly By-election 2020 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2020 elections in India#Karnataka|2020 Karnataka Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Sira <ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/statistical-report/detailed-bye-election-results/ |title=Bye-Election Results - Election Commission of India |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=old.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[C. M. Rajesh Gowda|Dr. C. M. Rajesh Gowda]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 76,564 |percentage = 42.16 |change = {{increase}}32.75 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[T. B. Jayachandra]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 63,150 |percentage = 34.77 |change = {{decrease}}0.72 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ammajamma B. Sathyanarayana |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 36,783 |percentage = 20.26 |change = {{decrease}}20.98 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Girish |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 1,697 |percentage = 0.93 |change = {{increase}}0.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 643 |percentage = 0.35 |change = {{increase}}0.03 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 13,414 |percentage = 7.39 |change = {{increase}}1.64 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 177,595 |percentage = 82.31 |change = {{decrease}}2.46 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 181,596}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 215,776 |ref = |change = {{increase}}1.47 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Janata Dal (Secular) |swing = {{increase}}0.92 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2018 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Sira <ref name="election2018">{{Cite web |title=Assembly Election Results in 2018, Karnataka |url=https://elections.traceall.in/Karnataka-vidhan-sabha-assembly-election-results/2018 |website=traceall.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = B. Sathyanarayana |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 74,338 |percentage = 41.24 |change = {{increase}}0.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[T. B. Jayachandra]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 63,973 |percentage = 35.49 |change = {{decrease}}15.47 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. R. Gowda |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 16,959 |percentage = 9.41 |change = {{decrease}}3.58 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. M. Nagaraju |party = Independent politician |votes = 14,468 |percentage = 8.03 |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chidanand M. Gowda |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,610 |percentage = 2.00 |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gireesh |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 1,457 |percentage = 0.81 |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kavitha R. Manangi |party = Samanya Janatha Party (Loktantrik) |votes = 1,179 |percentage = 0.65 |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 568 |percentage = 0.32 |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,365 |percentage = 5.75 |change = {{decrease}}4.35 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 180,273 |percentage = 84.77 |change = {{increase}}5.58 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 180,264}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 212,652 |ref = |change = {{increase}}5.52 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal (Secular) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}9.72 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2013 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Sira <ref>{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 : To the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |website=eci.nic.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=2014-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220034253/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[T. B. Jayachandra]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 74,089 |percentage = 50.96 |change = {{increase}}5.94 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Sathyanarayana |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 59,408 |percentage = 40.86 |change = {{increase}}15.46 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. K. Manjunatha |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 18,884 |percentage = 12.99 |change = {{decrease}}4.80 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shashi Kumar. R |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,642 |percentage = 1.13 |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Inthiyaz Ahamed |party = Karnataka Janata Paksha |votes = 1,415 |percentage = 0.97 |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. Rajanna |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,090 |percentage = 0.75 |change = {{decrease}}1.21 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 14,681 |percentage = 10.10 |change = {{decrease}}9.52 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 159,587 |percentage = 79.19 |change = {{increase}}1.63 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 145,380}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 201,531 |ref = |change = {{increase}}15.73 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}5.94 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Sira <ref>{{cite web |title=General Election Karnataka Legislative Assembly 2008 Election Statistics |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous20Elections/Election20Statistics20200820Final.pdf |publisher=Government of Karnataka |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201232433/https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous20Elections/Election20Statistics20200820Final.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[T. B. Jayachandra]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 60,793 |percentage = 45.02 |change = {{increase}}21.69 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Sathyanarayana |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 34,297 |percentage = 25.40 |change = {{decrease}}5.46 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. K. Manjunatha |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 24,025 |percentage = 17.79 |change = {{decrease}}0.84 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = L. Nagaraju Lnr |party = Janata Dal (United) |votes = 7,087 |percentage = 5.25 |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. C. Nagabhushana |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,647 |percentage = 1.96 |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Lingappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,015 |percentage = 1.49 |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Mudalagiriyappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,867 |percentage = 1.38 |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = R. Dasarangappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,510 |percentage = 1.12 |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 26,496 |percentage = 19.62 |change = {{increase}}12.09 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 135,068 |percentage = 77.56 |change = {{increase}}4.79 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 135,023}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 174,139 |ref = |change = {{increase}}17.79 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Dal (Secular) |swing = {{increase}}14.16 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Sira <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006204912/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Sathyanarayana. B |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 33,166 |percentage = 30.86 |change = {{increase}}13.70 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sreenivasaiah (Bhoonahally Seenappa) |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 25,073 |percentage = 23.33 |change = {{decrease}}20.35 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. K. Badeeranna |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 20,022 |percentage = 18.63 |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. K. Siddanna |party = Independent politician |votes = 17,192 |percentage = 16.00 |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ramesh. P. R |party = Janata Party |votes = 7,484 |percentage = 6.96 |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jayamala. D. L |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,924 |percentage = 1.79 |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dasappa. T |party = Kannada Nadu Party |votes = 1,051 |percentage = 0.98 |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Satyanarayana. P. B |party = Independent politician |votes = 915 |percentage = 0.85 |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Thippeswamy. N |party = Independent politician |votes = 650 |percentage = 0.60 |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,093 |percentage = 7.53 |change = {{decrease}}18.98 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 107,591 |percentage = 72.77 |change = {{decrease}}0.50 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 107,477}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 147,844 |ref = |change = {{increase}}5.55 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal (Secular) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}12.82 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Sira <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006053217/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = P. M. Ranganath |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 42,263 |percentage = 43.68 |change = {{increase}}16.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Satyanarayana |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 16,609 |percentage = 17.16 |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. K. Badeeranna |party = Independent politician |votes = 15,601 |percentage = 16.12 |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. K. Dasappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 13,709 |percentage = 14.17 |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = P. B. Satyanarayana |party = Janata Dal (United) |votes = 6,815 |percentage = 7.04 |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. Vijayakumar |party = Independent politician |votes = 952 |percentage = 0.98 |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Srinivasaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 817 |percentage = 0.84 |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 25,654 |percentage = 26.51 |change = {{increase}}23.55 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 102,627 |percentage = 73.27 |change = {{decrease}}0.90 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 96,766}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 5,776 |percentage = 5.63 |change = {{increase}}3.96 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 140,076 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.66 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Dal |swing = {{increase}}13.31 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1994 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Sira <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006211324/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = B. Sathyanarayana |party = Janata Dal |votes = 28,272 |percentage = 30.37 |change = {{increase}}1.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. K. Siddanna |party = Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee |votes = 25,513 |percentage = 27.41 |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = P. M. Ranganath |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 25,317 |percentage = 27.20 |change = {{decrease}}12.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Shantaram |party = Independent politician |votes = 9,883 |percentage = 10.62 |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. S. Narasimhaiam |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 2,954 |percentage = 3.17 |change = {{increase}}1.90 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mahesh Kumar |party = Karnataka Rajya Raitha Sangha |votes = 734 |percentage = 0.79 |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,759 |percentage = 2.96 |change = {{decrease}}7.04 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 94,737 |percentage = 74.17 |change = {{increase}}5.64 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 93,087}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,582 |percentage = 1.67 |change = {{decrease}}4.93 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 127,731 |ref = |change = {{increase}}8.22 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}8.94 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1989 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Sira <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical20Report20karnataka201989.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007070737/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical20Report20karnataka201989.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = S. K. Dasappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 29,699 |percentage = 39.31 |change = {{increase}}7.34 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Satya Narayana |party = Janata Dal |votes = 22,146 |percentage = 29.31 |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. A. Lingaiah |party = Janata Party |votes = 21,832 |percentage = 28.90 |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. T. Mahalingappa |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 961 |percentage = 1.27 |change = {{decrease}}0.50 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,553 |percentage = 10.00 |change = {{increase}}9.87 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 80,890 |percentage = 68.53 |change = {{increase}}6.29 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 75,554}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 5,336 |percentage = 6.60 |change = {{increase}}5.22 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 118,029 |ref = |change = {{increase}}15.52 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}7.34 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Sira <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical20Report20Karnataka201985.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006143216/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical20Report20Karnataka201985.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[C. P. Mudalagiriyappa]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 20,049 |percentage = 31.97 |change = {{increase}}7.40 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. K. Siddanna |party = Independent politician |votes = 19,967 |percentage = 31.84 |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Ganganna |party = Janata Party |votes = 19,321 |percentage = 30.81 |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. V. Satyanarayana Setty |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 1,108 |percentage = 1.77 |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. Ranganatha |party = Independent politician |votes = 919 |percentage = 1.47 |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. H. Chandrasekhar |party = Independent politician |votes = 677 |percentage = 1.08 |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 82 |percentage = 0.13 |change = {{decrease}}45.06 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 63,592 |percentage = 62.24 |change = {{decrease}}8.60 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 62,717}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 875 |percentage = 1.38 |change = {{decrease}}0.12 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 102,174 |ref = |change = {{increase}}18.37 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{decrease}}37.79 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Sira <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical20Report20198320karnatkaa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007124742/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical20Report20198320karnatkaa.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = P. Mudle Gowda |party = Independent politician |votes = 42,015 |percentage = 69.76 |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Krishnaiah. S. N |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 14,800 |percentage = 24.57 |change = {{increase}}18.21 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. H. Chandrasekhar |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,339 |percentage = 3.88 |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ramakrishna. B. G |party = Indian Congress (Socialist) |votes = 531 |percentage = 0.88 |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 27,215 |percentage = 45.19 |change = {{increase}}29.04 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 61,146 |percentage = 70.84 |change = {{decrease}}7.23 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 60,227}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 919 |percentage = 1.50 |change = {{decrease}}1.13 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 86,316 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.62 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing = {{increase}}14.86 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Sira <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical20Report20Karnataka201978.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007164123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical20Report20Karnataka201978.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = S. A. Lingaiah |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 32,270 |percentage = 54.90 |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = P. Mudle Gowda |party = Janata Party |votes = 22,775 |percentage = 38.74 |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Maddanna |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 3,738 |percentage = 6.36 |change = {{decrease}}47.84 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,495 |percentage = 16.15 |change = {{increase}}2.11 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 60,370 |percentage = 78.07 |change = {{increase}}16.35 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 58,783}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,587 |percentage = 2.63 |change = {{increase}}2.63 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 77,328 |ref = |change = {{increase}}10.86 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}0.70 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Sira <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006074555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = B. Puttakamaiah |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 22,669 |percentage = 54.20 |change = {{increase}}9.55 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = P. Mudle Gowda |party = Independent politician |votes = 16,796 |percentage = 40.16 |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. Linganna |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,362 |percentage = 5.65 |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,873 |percentage = 14.04 |change = {{decrease}}10.84 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 43,047 |percentage = 61.72 |change = {{decrease}}5.32 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 41,827}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 69,750 |ref = |change = {{increase}}16.54 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}9.55 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Sira <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical20Report20Mysore201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006083645/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical20Report20Mysore201967.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = B. N. Ramegowda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 16,356 |percentage = 44.65 |change = {{increase}}0.57 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Puttakamaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 7,242 |percentage = 19.77 |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. J. Muckannappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 5,464 |percentage = 14.92 |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. V. S. Setty |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 4,114 |percentage = 11.23 |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Nagaraju |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,455 |percentage = 9.43 |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,114 |percentage = 24.88 |change = {{increase}}15.71 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 40,121 |percentage = 67.04 |change = {{increase}}2.31 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 36,631}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 59,850 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}11.91 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{decrease}}8.60 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Sira <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006093153/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = C. J. Muckkannappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 21,746 |percentage = 53.25 |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mali Mariappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 18,002 |percentage = 44.08 |change = {{decrease}}22.68 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. V. Satyanarayana Setty |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 1,088 |percentage = 2.66 |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,744 |percentage = 9.17 |change = {{decrease}}20.89 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 43,974 |percentage = 64.73 |change = {{increase}}25.65 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 40,836}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 67,939 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}39.01 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}15.12 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1957 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Sira <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111195053/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = T. Taregowda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 33,195 |percentage = 38.13 |change = {{increase}}0.12 }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = P. Anjanappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 24,926 |percentage = 28.63 |change = {{decrease}}9.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Davanam. V. Satyanarayan |party = Independent politician |votes = 7,022 |percentage = 8.07 |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Chandrasekhariah |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 6,926 |percentage = 7.96 |change = {{decrease}}12.42 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. Doddagobari Naik |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 6,739 |percentage = 7.74 |change = {{decrease}}12.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. T. Hanumanthaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,296 |percentage = 4.93 |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. J. Mukkannappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,956 |percentage = 4.54 |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 26,173 |percentage = 30.06 |change = {{increase}}26.46 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 87,060 |percentage = 39.08 |change = {{decrease}}23.95 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 87,060}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 111,390 |ref = |change = {{increase}}156.56 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{decrease}}3.48 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Sira <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MYSORE.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007130946/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MYSORE.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = B. N. Ramegowda |party = Independent politician |votes = 11,387 |percentage = 41.61 |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. Tharegowdaru |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 10,401 |percentage = 38.01 |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. R. Rajappa |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 5,577 |percentage = 20.38 |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 986 |percentage = 3.60 |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 27,365 |percentage = 63.03 |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 27,365}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 43,417 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Independent politician |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Tumkur district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Tumakuru district]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Mysore State]]
{{coord|13.75|76.90|display=title}}

Bodhidharma

2026-05-02T19:52:04Z

Buymediaspace: new!

{{short description|Semi-legendary founder of Zen Buddhism}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025|cs1-dates=ly}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| image = [[File:BodhidharmaYoshitoshi1887.jpg|232px]]
| caption = ''Bodhidharma'', [[Ukiyo-e]] woodblock print by Japanese artist [[Tsukioka Yoshitoshi|Yoshitoshi]], 1887
| name = Bodhidharma
{{aligned table|fullwidth = y
| col1style = text-align:left; padding-right:0.2em;
| col2style = text-align:left;
| class = collapsible collapsed
| above = Names (''details'')
| abovestyle = background: #ccf
| Known in English: | Bodhidharma
| [[Balinese language|Balinese]]: | Darmo
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]: | বোধিধর্ম
| [[Burmese language|Burmese]]: | ဗောဓိဓမ္မ
| Chinese abbreviation: | {{lang|zh|達摩}}
| [[Hanyu Pinyin]]: | ''Pútídámó''
| [[Hindi language|Hindi]]: | बोधिधर्म
| [[Hokkien dialect|Hokkien]]: | ''Tatmo''
| [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]]: | Budhi Darma
| [[Japanese language|Japanese]]: | {{lang|ja|達磨}} ''Daruma''
| [[Kannada]]: | ಬೋಧಿ ಧರ್ಮ
| [[Khmer language|Khmer]]: | ពោធិធម៌ ''Poŭthĭthôrm''
| [[Korean language|Korean]]: | 달마 ''Dalma''
| [[Malay language|Malay]]: | Dharuma
| [[Malayalam]]: | {{lang|ml|[[:ml:ബോധി ധർമ്മൻ|ബോധിധർമ്മൻ]]}} ''Bodhidharman''
| [[Odia language|Odia]]: | ବୋଧିଧର୍ମ ''Bodhidharma''
| [[Nepali language|Nepali]]: | {{lang|ne|बोधि धर्म}}
| [[Persian language|Persian]]: | بودی‌دارما
| [[Sanskrit]]: | {{lang|sa|बोधिधर्म}}
| [[Simplified Chinese characters|Simplified Chinese]]: | {{lang|zh|菩提达摩}}
| [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]]: | බෝධිධර්ම
| [[Tagalog Language|Tagalog]]: | Dharāma
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]: | {{lang|ta|[[:ta:போதிதர்மன்|போதிதருமன்]]}} ''Bhodhidharman''
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]: | {{lang|te|[[:te:బోధిధర్మ|బోధిధర్మ]]}}
| [[Thai language|Thai]]: | {{lang|th|ตั๊กม๊อ}} ''Takmoh''
| [[Standard Tibetan|Tibetan]]: | ''Dharmottāra''
| [[Traditional Chinese characters|Traditional Chinese]]: | {{lang|zh|菩提達摩}}
| [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]]: | Bồ-đề-đạt-ma
| [[Wade–Giles]]: | ''P'u-t'i-ta-mo''
}}
| alias =
| dharma name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| religion = [[Buddhism]]
| school = [[Chan Buddhism|Chan]]
| lineage =
| title = [[Zen master|Chanshi]] 1st Chan Patriarch
| location =
| education = 
| teacher =
| reincarnation of =
| predecessor =
| successor = [[Dazu Huike|Huike]]
| students = Huike
| spouse = 
| children =
| website =
}}
{{Zen Buddhism}}
{{Buddhism and China}}
'''Bodhidharma ''' was a semi-legendary [[Bhikkhu|Buddhist monk]] who lived during the 5th or 6th century CE.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Daruma 達磨 |url=https://www.aisf.or.jp/~jaanus/deta/d/daruma.htm |access-date= |website=[[Japanese Architecture and Art Net Users System]]}}</ref> He is traditionally credited as the transmitter of [[Chan Buddhism]] to [[China]], and is regarded as its first Chinese [[Lineage (Buddhism)|patriarch]].{{efn|name="tradition"}} He is also popularly regarded as the founder of [[Shaolin kung fu]],{{sfn|Shahar|2008|pp=172–173}}{{sfn|Lin|1996|p=183}}{{sfn|Henning|1994}}{{sfn|Henning|Green|2001|p=129}} an idea popularized in the 20th century,{{sfn|Henning|1994}}{{sfn|Henning|Green|2001|p=129}}{{sfn|Shahar|2008|pp=172–173}} but based on the 17th century [[Yijin Jing]] and the Daoist association of ''daoyin'' gymnastics with Bodhidharma.{{sfn|Lin|1996|p=183}}{{sfn|Shahar|2008|pp=172–173}}{{efn|name="Yi Jin Jing"}}{{efn|name="Shaolin_kungfu"}}

Little contemporary biographical information on Bodhidharma exists, and subsequent accounts are layered with legend and unreliable details.{{sfn|McRae|2003|p=26-27}}{{efn|name="Principal_sources"}} According to the principal Chinese sources, Bodhidharma came from the [[Western Regions]],{{sfn|Broughton|1999|p=54–55}}{{sfn|Broughton|1999|p=8}} which typically refers to [[Central Asia]] but can also include the [[Indian subcontinent]]. He is described as either a "[[Persians|Persian]] Central Asian"{{sfn|Broughton|1999|p=54–55}} or a "[[South Indian]] [...] the third son of a great Indian king."{{sfn|Broughton|1999|p=8}}{{efn|name="Origins"}} Aside from the Chinese accounts, several popular traditions also exist regarding Bodhidharma's origins.{{refn|group=note|An Indian tradition regards Bodhidharma to be the third son of a [[Tamil people|Tamil]] [[Pallava dynasty|Pallava king]] from [[Kanchipuram]].{{sfn|Kambe|2012}}{{sfn|Zvelebil|1987|p=125-126}} The Tibetan and Southeast traditions consistently regard Bodhidharma as South Indian.<ref name=Krishna /> Conversely, the Japanese tradition generally regards Bodhidharma as Persian.<ref group=web name="Tojo">{{Cite web |author=Masato Tojo |date=19 April 2010 |title=Zen Buddhism and Persian Culture |url=http://iloapp.waalmdiplomacy.org/blog/journal?ShowFile&doc=1272139314.pdf |access-date=2013-02-19 |archive-date=2014-02-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222132447/http://iloapp.waalmdiplomacy.org/blog/journal?ShowFile&doc=1272139314.pdf }}</ref>}} Throughout [[Buddhist art]], Bodhidharma is depicted as an ill-tempered, large-nosed, profusely bearded, wide-eyed [[Hua–Yi distinction|non-Chinese person]].

The accounts also differ on the date of his arrival. One early account claims that he arrived during the [[Liu Song dynasty]] (420–479 CE). Later accounts date his arrival to the [[Liang dynasty]] (502–557 CE). Bodhidharma was primarily active in the territory of the [[Northern Wei]] (386–534 CE). Modern scholarship dates him to about the early 5th century CE.<ref>{{cite book |title=Encyclopedia of Buddhism |volume=1 |publisher=MacMillan |year=2003 |pages=57, 130}}</ref>

Bodhidharma's teachings and practice center on meditation and the ''[[Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra]]''. The ''[[Anthology of the Patriarchal Hall]]'' (952) identifies Bodhidharma as the 28th Patriarch of Buddhism in an uninterrupted line that extends back to the [[Gautama Buddha]] himself.<ref>Philippe Cornu, ''Dictionnaire enclyclopédique du Bouddhisme''</ref>
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==Names==
Bodhidharma means '[[dharma]] of awakening ([[bodhi]])" in [[Sanskrit]] and was often shortened to simply Dharma in Chinese.<ref name="mw">[[Monier Monier-Williams]] (1899), “बोधिधर्म”, in [http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MWScan/2014/web/webtc/ A Sanskrit–English Dictionary]. Oxford. [[Clarendon Press]].</ref>{{sfn|Soothill|Hodous|1995}} Daruma is the shortened form in Japanese and from where the name of [[Daruma doll|daruma dolls]] derives, themselves modelled after the monk.<ref>Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), [[Daijirin]](in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: [[Sanseidō]].</ref>

Bodhidharma is associated with several other names, and is also known by the name Bodhitara. Faure notes that:
{{blockquote|Bodhidharma's name appears sometimes truncated as Bodhi, or more often as Dharma (Ta-mo). In the first case, it may be confused with another of his rivals, [[Bodhiruci]].{{sfn|Faure|1986}}}}

Bodhidharma is his [[dharma name]]. According to tradition, he was given this name by his teacher [[Prajnatara]] (or Prajñādhara and Panyatara).{{sfn|Eitel|Takakuwa|1904}} His name prior to monkhood is said to have been Jayavarman or Bodhidhana.<ref name=Krishna>{{cite book| title=Bodhidharma: Kata Awal adalah Kata Akhir |author=Anand Krishna |year=2005 |publisher=Gramedia Pustaka Utama |language=id |isbn=979-22-1771-1}}</ref><ref name="mw"/>

Tibetan sources give his name as "Bodhidharmottara" or "Dharmottara", that is, "Highest teaching (dharma) of enlightenment".{{sfn|Goodman|Davidson|1992|p=65}}

His traditional epithets in Chan texts include the "founder" ({{Zh|c=祖師|p=zǔshī}}) as the first teacher of Chan in China, "golden rooster" ({{Zh|s=金雞|p=jīnjī|labels=no}}), "bearded man" ({{Zh|c=鬍子|p=húzi|labels=no}}), "pierced-ear guest" ({{Zh|c=穿耳客|t=|p=chuān ěr kè|labels=no}}, many Indian Buddhist monks wore earrings), "wall-gazing Brahmin" ({{Zh|c=壁觀婆羅門|p=bì guān póluómén|labels=no}}) on account of his nine year meditation at the [[Shaolin Monastery]] by gazing at a wall ([[zazen]]), and "blue-eyed [[Hu (people)|barbarian]]" ({{zh|c=碧眼胡|p=bìyǎnhú|labels=no}}, a general term for non-Han people from the Western regions).{{sfn|Soothill|Hodous|1995}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=碧眼胡 |url=https://dict.revised.moe.edu.tw/dictView.jsp?ID=18252&word=碧眼胡 |website=[[Ministry of Education Mandarin Chinese Dictionary]]}}</ref>

== Biography ==

=== Principal sources ===
[[File:Western Regions 1st century BC(en).png|thumb|left|The Western Regions in the first century BCE]]

There are two known extant accounts written by contemporaries of Bodhidharma. According to these sources, Bodhidharma came from the [[Western Regions]],{{sfn|Broughton|1999|p=54–55}}{{sfn|Broughton|1999|p=8}} and is described as either a "Persian Central Asian"{{sfn|Broughton|1999|p=54–55}} or a "South Indian [...] the third son of a great Indian king."{{sfn|Broughton|1999|p=8}} Later materials draw on these two sources, adding additional details, including a change to being descended from a ''Brahmin'' king,{{sfn|Dumoulin|Heisig|Knitter|2005|p=89}}{{sfn|Dumoulin|Heisig|Knitter|2005|p=87}} which accords with the reign of the [[Pallavas]], who "claim[ed] to belong to a brahmin lineage."{{sfn|Jorgensen|2000|p=159}}<ref>{{cite journal|last=Francis |first=Emmanuel |date=2011 |url=https://journals.equinoxpub.com/index.php/ROSA/article/view/15172 |title=The Genealogy of the Pallavas: From Brahmins to Kings |journal=Religions of South Asia|volume=5 |issue=1/5.2 |doi=10.1558/rosa.v5i1/2.339 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180603021936/https://journals.equinoxpub.com/index.php/ROSA/article/view/15172 |archive-date=2018-06-03 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

The ''[[Western Regions]]'' was a historical name specified in the Chinese chronicles between the 3rd century BCE to the 8th century CE{{sfn|Tikhvinskiĭ|Perelomov|1981|p=124}} that referred to the regions west of [[Yumen Pass]], most often [[Central Asia]] or sometimes, more specifically, the easternmost portion of it (e.g. [[Altishahr]] or the [[Tarim Basin]] in southern [[Xinjiang]]). Sometimes, it was used more generally to refer to other regions to the west of China as well, such as the [[Indian subcontinent]] (as in the novel ''[[Journey to the West]]'').

==== ''The Record of the Buddhist Monasteries of Luoyang'' ====
[[File:Central Asian Buddhist Monks.jpeg|thumb|left|Blue-eyed [[Buddhism in Central Asia|Central Asian monk]] teaching an East Asian monk. A fresco from the [[Bezeklik Thousand Buddha Caves|Bezeklik]], dated to the 9th or 10th century; although [[Albert von Le Coq]] (1913) assumed the [[red hair|red-haired]] monk was a [[Tocharians|Tocharian]],{{sfn|von Le Coq|1913|loc=[http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/VIII-1-B-31/V-1/page-hr/0107.html.en Tafel 19]}} modern scholarship has identified similar [[Caucasian race|Caucasian figures]] of [[:File:BezeklikSogdianMerchants.jpg|the same cave temple]] (No. 9) as ethnic [[Sogdia]]ns,{{sfn|Gasparini|2014|loc=[http://heiup.uni-heidelberg.de/journals/index.php/transcultural/article/view/12313/8711#_edn32 note 32]}} an [[Eastern Iranian people]] who inhabited [[Turpan|Turfan]] as an ethnic minority community during the phases of [[Tang dynasty|Tang Chinese]] (7th–8th century) and [[Kingdom of Qocho|Uyghur rule]] (9th–13th century).<ref>Hansen, Valerie (2012), ''The Silk Road: A New History'', Oxford University Press, p. 98, {{ISBN|978-0-19-993921-3}}.</ref>]]

The earliest text mentioning Bodhidharma is ''[[A record of Buddhist monasteries in Luoyang|The Record of the Buddhist Monasteries of Luoyang]]'' ({{zh|t=洛陽伽藍記}} ''Luòyáng Qiélánjì'') which was compiled in 547 by [[Yang Xuanzhi]] ({{lang|zh|楊衒之}}), a writer and translator of [[Mahayana sutras]] into Chinese. Yang gave the following account:
{{blockquote|At that time there was a monk of the [[Western Regions|Western Region]] named Bodhidharma, a [[Buddhism in Central Asia#Iranian Buddhism|Persian Central Asian]].{{refn|group=note|Bodhidharma's first language was likely one of the many [[Eastern Iranian languages#Classification|Eastern Iranian]] languages (such as Sogdian or Bactrian), that were commonly spoken in most of Central Asia during his lifetime and, in using the more specific term "Persian", Xuànzhī likely erred. As Jorgensen has pointed out, the Sassanian realm contemporary to Bodhidharma was not Buddhist. Johnston supposes that Yáng Xuànzhī mistook the name of the south-Indian Pallava dynasty for the name of the Sassanian Pahlavi dynasty;{{sfn|Jorgensen|2000|p=159}} however, Persian Buddhists did exist within the Sassanian realm, particularly in the formerly [[Greco-Buddhist]] east, see [[Buddhism in Central Asia#Iranian Buddhism|Persian Buddhism]].}} He traveled from the wild borderlands to China. Seeing the golden disks on the pole on top of Yǒngníng's [[stupa]] reflecting in the sun, the rays of light illuminating the surface of the clouds, the jewel-bells on the stupa blowing in the wind, the echoes reverberating beyond the heavens, he sang its praises. He exclaimed: "Truly this is the work of spirits." He said: "I am 150 years old, and I have passed through numerous countries. There is virtually no country I have not visited. Even the distant Buddha-realms lack this." He chanted homage and placed his palms together in salutation for days on end.{{sfn|Broughton|1999|p=54–55}}}}

The account of Bodhidharma in the Luoyan Record does not particularly associate him with meditation, but rather depicts him as a [[thaumaturge]] capable of mystical feats. This may have played a role in his subsequent association with the martial arts and esoteric knowledge.<ref name=eob_ma>{{cite encyclopedia
| title = Martial Arts
| encyclopedia = MacMillan Encyclopedia of Buddhism
| last = Powell
| first = William
| pages = 214–18
| year = 2004
| publisher = MacMillan Reference USA
| location = New York
| isbn = 0-02-865719-5
| volume = 1
}}</ref>

==== Tanlin – preface to the Two Entrances and Four Acts ====
[[File:Le patriarche Bodhidharma (V&A Museum) (9471398169).jpg|thumb|[[Ming dynasty]] (1368–1683) sandstone statue of a seated Bodhidharma ([[Chinese language|Chinese]]: 達磨; [[Pinyin]]: ''Dámó''). 1484.]]
The second account was written by Tanlin (曇林; 506–574). Tanlin's brief biography of the "[[Dharma]] Master" is found in his preface to the ''[[Long Scroll of the Treatise on the Two Entrances and Four Practices]]'', a text traditionally attributed to Bodhidharma and the first text to identify him as [[South India]]n:
{{blockquote|The Dharma Master was a South Indian of the Western Region. He was the third son of a great Indian king. His ambition lay in the Mahayana path, and so he put aside his white layman's robe for the black robe of a monk […] Lamenting the decline of the true teaching in the outlands, he subsequently crossed distant mountains and seas, traveling about propagating the teaching in Han and Wei.{{sfn|Broughton|1999|p=8}}}}

Tanlin's account was the first to mention that Bodhidharma attracted disciples,{{sfn|Broughton|1999|p=9}} specifically mentioning Daoyu ({{lang|zh|道育}}) and [[Dazu Huike]] ({{lang|zh|慧可}}), the latter of whom would later figure very prominently in the Bodhidharma literature. Although Tanlin has traditionally been considered a disciple of Bodhidharma, it is more likely that he was a student of Huike.{{sfn|Broughton|1999|p=53}}

==== ''Record of the Masters and Students of the Laṅka'' ====
The ''[[Lengqie shizi ji|Record of the Masters and Students of the Laṅka]]'' (Léngqié Shīzī Jì 楞伽師資記), which survives both in Chinese and in Tibetan translation (although the surviving Tibetan translation is apparently of older provenance than the surviving Chinese version), states that Bodhidharma is not the first ancestor of Zen, but instead the second. This text instead claims that [[Guṇabhadra (Buddhist monk)|Guṇabhadra]], the translator of the ''[[Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra]]'', is the first ancestor in the lineage. It further states that Bodhidharma was his student. The Tibetan translation is estimated to have been made in the late eighth or early ninth century, indicating that the original Chinese text was written at some point before that.<ref name="TibetanZen">{{citation |last=van Schaik |first=Sam |title=Tibetan Zen, Discovering a Lost Tradition |pages=71–78 |year=2015 |location=Boston |publisher=Snow Lion}}</ref>

Tanlin's preface has also been preserved in Jingjue's (683–750) ''Lengjie Shizi ji'' "Chronicle of the ''Laṅkāvatāra'' Masters", which dates from 713 to 716.{{sfn|Dumoulin|Heisig|Knitter|2005|p=88}}/ca. 715{{sfn|McRae|2003|p=26}} He writes,
{{blockquote|The teacher of the Dharma, who came from South India in the Western Regions, the third son of a great Brahman king."{{sfn|Dumoulin|Heisig|Knitter|2005|p=89}}}}

==== "Further Biographies of Eminent Monks" ====
[[File:Bodhidarma.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|This Japanese scroll calligraphy of Bodhidharma reads, "[[Zen]] points directly to the human heart, see into your nature and become [[Buddhahood|Buddha]]." It was created by [[Hakuin Ekaku]] (1686 to 1769).]]

In the 7th-century historical work "Further Biographies of Eminent Monks" (續高僧傳 ''Xù gāosēng zhuàn''), [[Daoxuan]] ({{lang|zh|道宣}}) possibly drew on Tanlin's preface as a basic source, but made several significant additions:

Firstly, Daoxuan adds more detail concerning Bodhidharma's origins, writing that he was of "South Indian [[Brahmin|Brahman]] stock" (南天竺婆羅門種 ''nán tiānzhú póluómén zhŏng'').{{sfn|Dumoulin|Heisig|Knitter|2005|p=87}}

Secondly, more detail is provided concerning Bodhidharma's journeys. Tanlin's original is imprecise about Bodhidharma's travels, saying only that he "crossed distant mountains and seas" before arriving in Wei. Daoxuan's account, however, implies "a specific itinerary":{{sfn|Broughton|1999|p=56}} "He first arrived at [[Nanyue|Nan-yüeh]] during the [[Liu Song dynasty|Sung period]]. From there, he turned north and came to the Kingdom of Wei"{{sfn|Dumoulin|Heisig|Knitter|2005|p=87}} This implies that Bodhidharma had travelled to China by sea and that he had crossed over the [[Yangtze]].

Thirdly, Daoxuan suggests a date for Bodhidharma's arrival in China. He writes that Bodhidharma makes landfall in the time of the Song, thus making his arrival no later than the time of the Song's fall to the [[Southern Qi]] in 479.{{sfn|Broughton|1999|p=56}}

Finally, Daoxuan provides information concerning Bodhidharma's death. Bodhidharma, he writes, died at the banks of the [[Luo River (Henan)|Luo River]], where he was interred by his disciple Dazu Huike, possibly in a cave. According to Daoxuan's chronology, Bodhidharma's death must have occurred prior to 534, the date of the Northern Wei's fall, because Dazu Huike subsequently leaves Luoyang for [[Ye (ancient China)|Ye]]. Furthermore, citing the shore of the Luo River as the place of death might possibly suggest that Bodhidharma died in [[Emperor Xiaozhuang of Northern Wei#The Heyin Massacre and aftermath|the mass executions at Heyin]] ({{lang|zh|河陰}}) in 528. Supporting this possibility is a report in the [[Chinese Buddhist canon]] stating that a Buddhist monk was among the victims at Héyīn.{{sfn|Broughton|1999|p=139}}

=== Later accounts ===

==== ''Anthology of the Patriarchal Hall'' ====
[[File:Bodhidharma Shaolinsi (cropped).JPG|thumb|upright=0.8|Bodhidharma, stone carving in [[Shaolin Temple]]]]
In the ''[[Anthology of the Patriarchal Hall]]'' (祖堂集 ''Zǔtángjí'') of 952, the elements of the traditional Bodhidharma story are in place. Bodhidharma is said to have been a disciple of [[Prajnatara|Prajñātāra]],{{sfn|Broughton|1999|p=2}} thus establishing the latter as the 27th patriarch in India. After a three-year journey, Bodhidharma reached China in 527,{{sfn|Broughton|1999|p=2}} during the Liang (as opposed to the Song in Daoxuan's text). The ''Anthology of the Patriarchal Hall'' includes Bodhidharma's encounter with [[Emperor Wu of Liang]], which was first recorded around 758 in the appendix to a text by Shenhui ({{lang|zh-hant|神會}}), a disciple of Huineng.{{sfn|McRae|2000}}

Finally, as opposed to Daoxuan's figure of "over 180 years,"{{sfn|Dumoulin|Heisig|Knitter|2005|p=88}} the ''Anthology of the Patriarchal Hall'' states that Bodhidharma died at the age of 150. He was then buried on Mount Xiong'er (熊耳山), to the west of Luoyang. However, three years after the burial, in the [[Pamir Mountains]], [[Song Yun]] ({{lang|zh|宋雲}})—an official of one of the later Wei kingdoms—encountered Bodhidharma, who claimed to be returning to India and was carrying a single sandal. Bodhidharma predicted the death of Song Yun's ruler, a prediction which was borne out upon the latter's return. Bodhidharma's tomb was then opened, and only a single sandal was found inside.

According to the ''Anthology of the Patriarchal Hall'', Bodhidharma left the Liang court in 527 and relocated to [[Mount Song]] near Luoyang and the Shaolin Monastery, where he "faced a wall for nine years, not speaking for the entire time",{{sfn|Lin|1996|p=182}} his date of death can have been no earlier than 536. Moreover, his encounter with the Wei official indicates a date of death no later than 554, three years before the fall of the [[Western Wei]].

==== Daoyuan – Transmission of the Lamp ====
Subsequent to the ''Anthology of the Patriarchal Hall'', the only dated addition to the biography of Bodhidharma is in the ''[[Transmission of the Lamp|Jingde Records of the Transmission of the Lamp]]'' (景德傳燈錄 ''Jĭngdé chuándēng lù'', published 1004 [[Common Era|CE]]), by Daoyuan ({{lang|zh|道原}}), in which it is stated that Bodhidharma's original name had been Bodhitāra but was changed by his master Prajñātāra.{{sfn|Broughton|1999|p=119}} The same account is given by the Japanese master Keizan's 13th-century work of the same title.{{sfn|Cook|2003}}

=== Popular traditions ===
Several contemporary popular traditions also exist regarding Bodhidharma's origins. An Indian tradition regards Bodhidharma to be the third son of a [[Pallava dynasty|Pallava king]] from [[Kanchipuram]].{{sfn|Kambe|2012}} This is consistent with the Southeast Asian traditions which also describe Bodhidharma as a former [[South India]]n Tamil prince who had awakened his [[kundalini]] and renounced royal life to become a monk.<ref name=Krishna /> The Tibetan version similarly characterises him as a South Indian.<ref name=Krishna /> Conversely, the Japanese tradition generally regards Bodhidharma as a red-haired [[Persian people|Persian]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Marchaj |first=Konrad Ryushin |date=13 May 2014 |title=OK, Here's the Deal - Lions Roar |url=https://www.lionsroar.com/ok-heres-the-deal/ |access-date=2023-11-17 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref group=web name="Tojo" />

== Practice and teaching ==
[[File:National Museum of Vietnamese History, September 2017. 38.jpg|thumb|Bodhidharma statue, 19th century, Vietnam]]

=== Two Entrances and Four Practices ===
Bodhidharma is traditionally seen as introducing a [[Mahayana]] Buddhist practice of [[Dhyana in Buddhism|dhyana]] (meditation) in [[China]]. According to modern scholars, like the Japanese scholar of Chan Yanagida Seizan, generally hold that the [[Long Scroll of the Treatise on the Two Entrances and Four Practices|''Two Entrances and Four Practices'']] ''[https://book.bfnn.org/books/0847.htm (]''[https://book.bfnn.org/books/0847.htm 二入四行論'')''] is the only extant work that can be attributed to Bodhidharma and as such, this is the main source for our knowledge of his teaching.<ref name=":1" />

According to this text, Bodhidharma taught two "entrances" to the Dharma. The first is a subitist teaching that directly apprehends the ultimate principle, that is, the true nature or [[buddha-nature]]. The second entrance deals with four practices: (1) accepting all our sufferings as the fruit of past karma, (2) accept our circumstances with equanimity, (3) to be without craving, and (4) to let go of wrong thoughts and practice the six perfections.{{sfn|McRae|2004|pp=29-32}}

According to Yanagida Seizan, the first "entrance of principle", was a [[Subitism|subitist]] teaching which derives from the sudden enlightenment thought of [[Daosheng|Tao-sheng]]; while the four practices are a reworking of the "[[Satipatthana|four foundations of mindfulness]]", which were popular in the late [[Six Dynasties]] period Buddhist meditation circles.<ref name=":1" />

=== Wall-gazing ===
[[File:Bodhidharma, Porcelain, Ming Dynasty (cropped).JPG|thumb|upright=0.8|A [[Blanc de Chine|Dehua ware]] porcelain statuette of Bodhidharma from the late [[Ming dynasty]], 17th century]]
Tanlin, in the preface to ''Two Entrances and Four Practices'', and [[Daoxuan]], in the ''Further Biographies of Eminent Monks'', mentions a practice of Bodhidharma's termed "wall-gazing" (壁觀 ''bìguān''). Both Tanlin{{refn|group=note|{{sfn|Broughton|1999|pp=9, 66}} translates 壁觀 as "wall-examining".}} and Daoxuan<ref group="web">{{cite web |title=''Taishō Shinshū Daizōkyō'', Vol. 50, No. 2060, p. 551c 06(02) |url=http://www.cbeta.org/result/normal/T50/2060_016.htm |url-status=live |archive-date=2008-06-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080605003344/http://www.cbeta.org/result/normal/T50/2060_016.htm}}</ref> associate this "wall-gazing" with "quieting [the] mind"{{sfn|Broughton|1999|p=9}} ({{zh|c=安心|p=ānxīn}}).

In the ''Two Entrances and Four Practices'', the term "wall-gazing" is given as follows:

{{blockquote|Those who turn from delusion back to reality, who ''meditate on walls'', the absence of self and other, the oneness of mortal and sage, and who remain unmoved even by scriptures are in complete and unspoken agreement with reason.{{sfn|Pine|1989|p=3, emphasis added}}{{refn|group=note|{{sfn|Broughton|1999|p=9}} offers a more literal rendering of the key phrase 凝住壁觀 (''níngzhù bìguān'') as "[who] in a coagulated state abides in wall-examining".}}}}

Daoxuan states, "the merits of Mahāyāna wall-gazing are the highest".{{sfn|Dumoulin|Heisig|Knitter|2005|p=96}} These are the first mentions in the historical record of what may be a type of [[Buddhist meditation|meditation]] being ascribed to Bodhidharma. Exactly what sort of practice Bodhidharma's "wall-gazing" was remains uncertain. Nearly all accounts have treated it either as an undefined variety of meditation, as Daoxuan and Dumoulin,{{sfn|Dumoulin|Heisig|Knitter|2005|p=96}} or as a variety of seated meditation akin to the [[zazen]] ({{zh|c=坐禪|p=zuòchán}}) that later became a defining characteristic of Chan. The latter interpretation is particularly common among those working from a Chan standpoint.<ref group="web">{{cite web |author=Keizan Jokin |translator1=Anzan Hoshin |translator2=Joshu Dainen |title=Denkoroku: Record of the Transmission of Luminosity |publisher=White Wind Zen Community |url=http://www.wwzc.org/translations/denkoroku.htm |archive-date=2006-09-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060901213528/http://www.wwzc.org/translations/denkoroku.htm}}</ref><ref group="web">{{cite web |author=Simon Child |title=In The Spirit of Chan |url=https://westernchanfellowship.org/dharma/library/article/in-the-spirit-of-chan/ |work=Western Chan Fellowship |date=October 2000 |access-date=2007-04-03 |url-status=live |archive-date=2007-01-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070102052620/http://www.westernchanfellowship.org/in-the-spirit-of-chan.html}}</ref>

There have also, however, been interpretations of "wall-gazing" as a non-meditative phenomenon.{{refn|group=note|''viz.'',{{Sfn|Broughton|1999|p=67–68}} where a [[Tibetan Buddhism|Tibetan Buddhist]] interpretation of "wall-gazing" as being akin to [[Dzogchen]] is offered.}} Jeffrey Broughton points out that where Bodhidharma's teachings appear in Tibetan translation among the [[Dunhuang manuscripts]], the Chinese phrase "in a coagulated state abides in wall-examining" (ning chu pi-kuan) is replaced in Tibetan with "rejects discrimination and ''abides in brightness''" (rtogs pa spangs te | lham mer gnas na).<ref>Jeffrey Broughton, The Bodhidharma Anthology: The Earliest Records of Zen, page 67, University of California Press, 1999</ref>{{refn|group=note|Stein Tibetan 710, which is a Tibetan translation of the ''Lengqie shizi ji,'' is an exception to this. It has: "remains in purity and gazes at the wall-surface."<ref>Jeffrey Broughton. Early Ch'an Schools in Tibet, in Studies in Ch'an and Hua-yen, page 59, note 47, University of Hawaii Press, 1983</ref>}} Broughton sees this as a curious divergence, as Tibetan translations of Chinese Chan texts are usually quite literal. He concludes that in early Tibet, "wall examining" did not refer to a literal practice of sitting cross-legged facing a wall.<ref>Jeffrey Broughton, The Bodhidharma Anthology: The Earliest Records of Zen, pages 67-68, University of California Press, 1999</ref>
=== The ''Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra'' ===
[[File:Daruma-Bodhidharma.jpg|thumb|Bodhidharma ([[Chinese characters|Chinese]]: 達磨; [[Hiragana]]: だるま; [[Romanization of Japanese|Romaji]]: ''Daruma''), painted by [[Miyamoto Musashi]], swordsman, artist and philosopher who was close to [[Takuan Sōhō|Takuan Soho]], a monk of the [[Rinzai school|Rinzai sect]], who was linked to the [[Samurai|samurai caste]]]]
There are early texts which explicitly associate Bodhidharma with the ''Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra''. Daoxuan, for example, in a late recension of his biography of Bodhidharma's successor [[Dazu Huike|Huike]], has the sūtra as a basic and important element of the teachings passed down by Bodhidharma:

{{blockquote|In the beginning, Dhyana Master Bodhidharma took the four-roll ''Laṅkā Sūtra'', handed it over to Huike, and said: "When I examine the land of China, it is clear that there is only this sutra. If you rely on it to practice, you will be able to cross over the world."{{sfn|Broughton|1999|p=62}}}}

Another early text, the "[[Lengqie shizi ji|''Record of the Masters and Disciples of the Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra'']]" ({{zh|t=楞伽師資記|p=Léngqié Shīzī Jì}}) of Jingjue (淨覺; 683–750), also mentions Bodhidharma in relation to this text. Jingjue's account also makes explicit mention of "sitting meditation" or zuochan/zazen:<ref group="web">{{cite web |title=''Taishō Shinshū Daizōkyō'', Vol. 85, No. 2837, p. 1285b 17(05) |url=http://www.cbeta.org/result/normal/T85/2837_001.htm |url-status=live |archive-date=2008-06-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080605003404/http://www.cbeta.org/result/normal/T85/2837_001.htm}}</ref>

{{blockquote|For all those who sat in meditation, Master Bodhi[dharma] also offered expositions of the main portions of the ''Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra'', which are collected in a volume of twelve or thirteen pages […] bearing the title of "Teaching of [Bodhi-]Dharma".{{sfn|Dumoulin|Heisig|Knitter|2005|p=89}}}}

In other early texts, the school that would later become known as Chan Buddhism is sometimes referred to as the "Laṅkāvatāra school" (楞伽宗 ''Léngqié zōng'').{{sfn|Dumoulin|Heisig|Knitter|2005|p=52}}

The ''Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra'', one of the [[Mahayana sutras]], is a highly "difficult and obscure" text{{sfn|Suzuki|1932|loc=[http://lirs.ru/do/lanka_eng/lanka-intro.htm#preface Preface]}} whose basic thrust is to emphasize "the inner [[Bodhi|enlightenment]] that does away with all duality and is raised above all distinctions".{{sfn|Kohn|1991|p=125}} It is among the first and most important texts for [[East Asian Yogācāra]].{{sfn|Sutton|1991|p=1}}

According to Suzuki, one of the recurrent emphases in the ''Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra'' is a lack of reliance on words to effectively express reality:

{{blockquote|If, Mahamati, you say that because of the reality of words the objects are, this talk lacks in sense. Words are not known in all the Buddha-lands; words, Mahamati, are an artificial creation. In some Buddha-lands ideas are indicated by looking steadily, in others by gestures, in still others by a frown, by the movement of the eyes, by laughing, by yawning, or by the clearing of the throat, or by recollection, or by trembling.{{sfn|Suzuki|1932|loc=XLII}}}}

In contrast to the ineffectiveness of words, the sūtra instead stresses the importance of the "self-realization" that is "attained by noble wisdom"{{sfn|Suzuki|1932|loc=XI(a)}} and, according to Suzuki, occurs "when one has an insight into reality as it is":{{sfn|Suzuki|1932|loc=XVI}} "The truth is the state of self-realization and is beyond categories of discrimination".{{sfn|Suzuki|1932|loc=IX}} According to Suzuki, reflecting his own emphasis on [[kensho]], the sūtra goes on to outline the ultimate effects of an experience of self-realization:

{{blockquote|[The [[bodhisattva]]] will become thoroughly conversant with the noble truth of self-realization, will become a perfect master of his own mind, will conduct himself without effort, will be like a gem reflecting a variety of colours, will be able to assume the body of transformation, will be able to enter into the subtle minds of all beings, and, because of his firm belief in the truth of Mind-only, will, by gradually ascending the stages, become established in Buddhahood.{{sfn|Suzuki|1932|loc=VIII}}}}

== Legends about Bodhidharma ==
Several stories about Bodhidharma have become popular legends, which are still being used in the Chan, Seon, and Zen-tradition.

=== Encounter with Emperor Wu of Liang ===
The ''Anthology of the Patriarchal Hall'' says that in 527, Bodhidharma visited [[Emperor Wu of Liang]], a fervent patron of Buddhism:
{{blockquote|<poem>
Emperor Wu: "How much karmic merit have I earned for ordaining Buddhist monks, building monasteries, having sutras copied, and commissioning Buddha images?"
Bodhidharma: "None. Good deeds done with worldly intent bring good karma, but no merit."
Emperor Wu: "So what is the highest meaning of [[Sacca (Buddhism)|noble truth]]?"
Bodhidharma: "There is no noble truth, there is only emptiness."
Emperor Wu: "Then, who is standing before me?"
Bodhidharma: "I know not, Your Majesty."{{sfn|Broughton|1999|pp=2–3}}</poem>}}

This encounter was included as the first [[kōan]] of the ''[[Blue Cliff Record]]''.

=== Nine years of wall-gazing ===
[[File:Bodhidharma.and.Huike-Sesshu.Toyo.jpg|thumb|right|Dazu Huike offering his arm to Bodhidharma. Ink painting by [[Sesshū Tōyō]], 1496, [[Muromachi period]], Japan.]]
Failing to make a favorable impression in [[South China]], Bodhidharma is said to have travelled to the Shaolin Monastery. After either being refused entry or being ejected after a short time, he lived in a nearby cave, where he "faced a wall for nine years, not speaking for the entire time".{{sfn|Lin|1996|p=182}}

The biographical tradition is littered with apocryphal tales about Bodhidharma's life and circumstances. In one version of the story, he is said to have fallen asleep seven years into his nine years of wall-gazing. Becoming angry with himself, he cut off his eyelids to prevent it from happening again.{{sfn|Maguire|2001|p=58}} According to the legend, as his eyelids hit the floor the first [[Camellia sinensis|tea plants]] sprang up, and thereafter, [[tea]] would provide a stimulant to help keep students of Chan awake during [[Zazen|zuochan]] (zazen).{{sfn|Watts|1962|p=106}}

The most popular account relates that Bodhidharma was admitted into the Shaolin temple after nine years in the cave and taught there for some time. However, other versions report that he "passed away, seated upright";{{sfn|Lin|1996|p=182}} or that he disappeared, leaving behind the ''[[Yijin Jing]]'';{{sfn|Lin|1996|p=183}} or that his legs atrophied after nine years of sitting,{{sfn|Dumoulin|Heisig|Knitter|2005|p=86}} which is why [[Daruma doll]]s have no legs.

=== Huike cuts off his arm ===
In one legend, Bodhidharma refused to resume teaching until his would-be student, [[Dazu Huike]], who had kept vigil for weeks in the deep snow outside of the monastery, cut off his own left arm to demonstrate sincerity.{{sfn|Maguire|2001|p=58}}{{refn|group=note|Daoxuan records that Huìkě's arm was cut off by bandits.{{sfn|Broughton|1999|p=62}}}}

=== Transmission ===
==== Skin, flesh, bone, marrow ====
''Jingde Records of the Transmission of the Lamp'' (景德传灯录) of Daoyuan, presented to the emperor in 1004, records that Bodhidharma wished to return to India and called together his disciples:
{{blockquote|<poem>Bodhidharma asked, "Can each of you say something to demonstrate your understanding?"
Dao Fu stepped forward and said, "It is not bound by words and phrases, nor is it separate from words and phrases. This is the function of the Tao."
Bodhidharma: "You have attained my skin."
The nun Zong Chi{{refn|group=note|Various names are given for this nun. Zōngzhǐ is also known by her title Soji, and by Myoren, her nun name. In the ''Jǐngdé Records of the Transmission of the Lamp'', Dharani repeats the words said by the nun Yuanji in the ''Two Entrances and Four Acts'', possibly identifying the two with each other.{{sfn|Broughton|1999|p=132}} Heng-Ching Shih states that according to the ''Jǐngdé chuándēng lù'' 景德传灯录 the first `bhikṣuni` mentioned in the Chán literature was a disciple of the First Chan Patriarch, Bodhidharma, known as Zōngzhǐ 宗旨 [early-mid 6th century]<ref group=web>{{cite web|title=The Committee of Western Bhikshunis |url=http://www.thubtenchodron.org/BuddhistNunsMonasticLife/the_committee_of_western_bhikshunis.html|access-date=2009-03-12 |work=thubtenchodron.org|date=18 September 2006|url-status=live|archive-date=2014-08-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808090449/http://www.thubtenchodron.org/BuddhistNunsMonasticLife/the_committee_of_western_bhikshunis.html}}</ref>}}{{refn|group=note|In the Shōbōgenzō 正法眼蔵 chapter called Katto ("Twining Vines") by [[Dōgen|Dōgen Zenji]] (道元禅師), she is named as one of Bodhidharma's four Dharma heirs. Although the First Patriarch's line continued through another of the four, Dogen emphasizes that each of them had a complete understanding of the teaching.<ref group=web>{{cite web |author=Zen Nun|title=WOMEN IN ZEN BUDDHISM: Chinese Bhiksunis in the Ch'an Tradition|work=geocities.com |url=http://www.geocities.com/zennun12_8/chanwomen.html |archive-date=2009-10-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091027135930/http://www.geocities.com/zennun12_8/chanwomen.html}}</ref>}} stepped up and said, "It is like a glorious glimpse of the realm of Akshobhya Buddha. Seen once, it need not be seen again."
Bodhidharma; "You have attained my flesh."
Dao Yu said, "The four elements are all empty. The five skandhas are without actual existence. Not a single dharma can be grasped."
Bodhidharma: "You have attained my bones."
Finally, Huike came forth, bowed deeply in silence and stood up straight.
Bodhidharma said, "You have attained my marrow."{{sfn|Ferguson|2000|pp=16-17}}</poem>
}}
Bodhidharma passed on the symbolic robe and bowl of dharma succession to Dazu Huike and, some texts claim, a copy of the ''Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra''.{{sfn|Faure|1986|p=187-198}} Bodhidharma then either returned to India or died.

=== Bodhidharma at Shaolin ===
[[File:Bodhidharma MET DP-12231-038.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Qing dynasty]] (1644–1911) statuette of Bodhidharma. 19th century.]]
{{See also|Shaolin Monastery#Patron saint|l1=Patron Saint of Shaolin monastery|Bodhidharma#Shaolin boxing|l2=Scholars on Shaolin Kung-fu origins}}
Some Chinese myths and legends describe Bodhidharma as being disturbed by the poor physical shape of the Shaolin monks,{{sfn|Garfinkel |2006|p=186}} after which, he instructed them in techniques to maintain their physical condition as well as teaching meditation.{{sfn|Garfinkel |2006|p=186}} He is said to have taught a series of external exercises called the [[Luohan (martial arts)|Eighteen Arhat Hands]]{{sfn|Garfinkel |2006|p=186}} and an internal practice called the Sinew Metamorphosis Classic.{{sfn|Wong|2001|loc=Chapter 3}} In addition, after his departure from the temple, two manuscripts by Bodhidharma were said to have been discovered inside the temple: the ''[[Yijin Jing]]'' and the ''Xisui Jing''. Copies and translations of the ''Yijin Jing'' survive to the modern day. The ''Xisui Jing'' has been lost.{{sfn|Haines|1995|loc=Chapter 3}}

=== Travels in Southeast Asia ===
[[File:Himeji-jo-112113.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Painting of Bodhidharma at [[Himeji Castle]]. [[Edo period]], Japan.|alt=|left]]
According to [[Southeast Asia]]n folklore, Bodhidharma travelled from [[Jambudvipa]] by sea to [[Palembang]], [[Indonesia]]. Passing through [[Sumatra]], [[Java]], [[Bali]], [[Malaysia]], and [[Luzon|Luzon Island]], he eventually entered China through [[Nanyue]]. In his travels through the region, Bodhidharma is said to have transmitted his knowledge of the Mahayana doctrine and the martial arts. Malay legend holds that he introduced [[kata|forms]] to [[silat]].{{sfn|Shaikh Awab|Sutton|2006}} In Tagalog legend, Bodhidharma reached the island of [[Luzon]] in the [[Philippines]] passing through [[Palawan]] and he introduced [[Arnis]] to the locals.

[[Vajrayana]] tradition links Bodhidharma with the 11th-century south Indian monk [[Dampa Sangye]] who travelled extensively to Tibet and China spreading tantric teachings.{{sfn|Edou|1996|p=32, p. 181 n. 20}}

=== Appearance after his death ===
Three years after Bodhidharma's death, Ambassador [[Song Yun]] of northern Wei is said to have seen him walking while holding a shoe at the [[Pamir Mountains]]. Song asked Bodhidharma where he was going, to which Bodhidharma replied, "I am going home." When asked why he was holding his shoe, Bodhidharma answered, "You will know when you reach Shaolin monastery. Don't mention that you saw me or you will meet with disaster." After arriving at the palace, Song told the emperor that he met Bodhidharma on the way. The emperor said Bodhidharma was already dead and buried and had Song arrested for lying. At Shaolin Monastery, the monks informed them that Bodhidharma was dead and had been buried in a hill behind the temple. The grave was exhumed and was found to contain a single shoe. The monks then said, "Master has gone back home," and prostrated three times: "For nine years, he had remained and nobody knew him; Carrying a shoe in hand he went home quietly, without ceremony."{{sfn|Watts|1958|p=32}}

== Lineage ==

=== Construction of lineages ===
The idea of a [[Lineage (Buddhism)|patriarchal lineage]] in Chan dates back to the [[epitaph]] for [[Faru (monk)|Faru]] ({{lang|zh|法如}}), a disciple of the 5th patriarch [[Daman Hongren|Hongren]] ({{lang|zh|弘忍}}). In the ''Long Scroll of the Treatise on the Two Entrances and Four Practices'' and the ''Continued Biographies of Eminent Monks'', Daoyu and Dazu Huike are the only explicitly identified disciples of Bodhidharma. The epitaph gives a line of descent identifying Bodhidharma as the first patriarch.{{sfn|Dumoulin|1993|p=37}}{{sfn|Cole|2009|p=73–114}}{{efn|name="tradition"}}

In the 6th century, the biographies of famous monks were collected. From this genre, the typical Chan lineage was developed:

{{blockquote|These famous biographies were non-sectarian. The Ch'an biographical works, however, aimed to establish Ch'an as a legitimate school of Buddhism traceable to its Indian origins, and at the same time championed a particular form of Ch'an. Historical accuracy was of little concern to the compilers; old legends were repeated, new stories were invented and reiterated until they, too, became legends.{{sfn|Yampolski|2003|p=5-6}}}}

According to McRae, it is not clear that the practitioners surrounding Bodhidharma and his disciple Huike considered themselves as belonging to a unified movement or group, such as a "Chan school", nor did they have any sense of sharing any continuity with the later tradition. He says even the name "proto-Chan" is not really reflective of their activities.<ref>McRae, John (2003) ''Seeing through Zen: Encounter, Transformation, and Genealogy in Chinese Chan Buddhism''. University of California Press. Page 15. </ref>

[[D. T. Suzuki]] contends that the growth in Chan's popularity during the 7th and 8th centuries attracted criticism that it had "no authorized records of its direct transmission from the founder of Buddhism" and that Chan historians made Bodhidharma the 28th patriarch of Buddhism in response to such attacks.{{sfn|Suzuki|1949|p=168}}

=== Six patriarchs ===
The earliest lineages described the lineage from Bodhidharma into the 5th to 7th generation of patriarchs. Various records of different authors are known, which give a variation of transmission lines:
{| class="wikitable"
!
! ''The Continued Biographies of Eminent Monks'' Xu gaoseng zhuàn 續高僧傳 Daoxuan 道宣 (596–667)
! ''The Record of the Transmission of the Dharma-Jewel'' Chuan fabao ji 傳法寶記 Du Fei 杜胐
! ''History of Masters and Disciples of the Laṅkāvatāra-Sūtra'' Lengqie shizi jì 楞伽師資紀記 Jingjue 淨覺 (ca. 683 – ca. 650)
! ''Xianzongji'' 显宗记 of Shenhui 神会
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| 1 ||style="text-align:center;" | Bodhidharma ||style="text-align:center;"| Bodhidharma ||style="text-align:center;"| Bodhidharma ||style="text-align:center;"| Bodhidharma
|- style="text-align:center;"
| rowspan="2"| 2 || rowspan=2 style="text-align:center;" | [[Huike]] 慧可 (487? – 593)
|| Daoyu 道育 || style="text-align:center;" | Daoyu 道育 || style="text-align:center;" | Daoyu 道育
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| [[Huike]] 慧可 (487? – 593) || style="text-align:center;" | [[Huike]] 慧可 (487? – 593) || style="text-align:center;" | [[Huike]] 慧可 (487? – 593)
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| 3 || style="text-align:center;" | [[Sengcan]] 僧璨 (d.606) || style="text-align:center;" | [[Sengcan]] 僧璨 (d.606) || style="text-align:center;" | [[Sengcan]] 僧璨 (d.606) || style="text-align:center;" | [[Sengcan]] 僧璨 (d.606)
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| 4 || style="text-align:center;" | [[Dayi Daoxin|Daoxin]] 道信 (580–651) || style="text-align:center;" | [[Dayi Daoxin|Daoxin]] 道信 (580–651) || style="text-align:center;" | [[Dayi Daoxin|Daoxin]] 道信 (580–651) || style="text-align:center;" | [[Dayi Daoxin|Daoxin]] 道信 (580–651)
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 5 || style="text-align:center;" | [[Daman Hongren|Hongren]] 弘忍 (601–674) ||style="text-align:center;"| [[Daman Hongren|Hongren]] 弘忍 (601–674) || style="text-align:center;" | [[Daman Hongren|Hongren]] 弘忍 (601–674) || style="text-align:center;" | [[Daman Hongren|Hongren]] 弘忍 (601–674)
|-
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:center;" | 6 || rowspan=2 style="text-align:center;" | – || style="text-align:center;" | [[Faru (monk)|Faru]] 法如 (638–689) || style="text-align:center;" | [[Yuquan Shenxiu|Shenxiu]] 神秀 (606? – 706) || rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | [[Huineng]] 慧能 (638–713)
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| [[Yuquan Shenxiu|Shenxiu]] 神秀 (606? – 706) || style="text-align:center;" | Xuanze 玄賾
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| 7 || style="text-align:center;" | – ||style="text-align:center;"| – ||style="text-align:center;"| – ||style="text-align:center;"| Xuanjue 玄覺 (665–713)
|}

=== Continuous lineage from Gautama Buddha ===
Eventually, these descriptions of the lineage evolved into a continuous lineage from Śākyamuni Buddha to Bodhidharma. The idea of a line of descent from Śākyamuni Buddha is the basis for the distinctive lineage tradition of Chan Buddhism.

According to the ''[[Song of Enlightenment]]'' (證道歌 ''Zhèngdào gē'') by [[Yongjia Xuanjue]],{{sfn|Chang|1967}} Bodhidharma was the 28th Patriarch of Chan, in a line of descent from Gautama Buddha via his disciple [[Mahākāśyapa]]:
<poem>Mahakashyapa was the first, leading the line of transmission;
Twenty-eight Fathers followed him in the West;
The Lamp was then brought over the sea to this country;
And Bodhidharma became the First Father here
His mantle, as we all know, passed over six Fathers,
And by them many minds came to see the Light.{{sfn|Suzuki|1948|p=50}}</poem>
The ''Transmission of the Light'' gives 28 patriarchs in this transmission:{{sfn|Cook|2003}}{{sfn|Diener|friends|1991|p=266}}

{{Zen Lineage 28 Patriarchs}}

== Modern scholarship ==
Bodhidharma has been the subject of critical scientific research, which has shed new light on the traditional stories about Bodhidharma.

=== Biography as a hagiographic process ===
According to John McRae, Bodhidharma has been the subject of a [[Hagiography|hagiographic process]] which served the needs of Chan Buddhism. According to him, it is not possible to write an accurate biography of Bodhidharma:

{{blockquote|It is ultimately impossible to reconstruct any original or accurate biography of the man whose life serves as the original trace of his hagiography – where "trace" is a term from Jacques Derrida meaning the beginningless beginning of a phenomenon, the imagined, but always intellectually unattainable, origin. Hence any such attempt by modern biographers to reconstruct a definitive account of Bodhidharma's life is both doomed to failure and potentially, no different in intent from the hagiographical efforts of premodern writers.{{sfn|McRae|2003|p=24}}}}

McRae's standpoint accords with Yanagida's standpoint: "Yanagida ascribes great historical value to the witness of the disciple Tanlin, but at the same time, acknowledges the presence of 'many puzzles in the biography of Bodhidharma'". Given the present state of the sources, he considers it impossible to compile a reliable account of Bodhidharma's life.{{sfn|Dumoulin|Heisig|Knitter|2005|p=89}}

Several scholars have suggested that the composed image of Bodhidharma depended on the combination of supposed historical information on various historical figures over several centuries.{{sfn|McRae|2003|p=25}} Bodhidharma as a historical person may even never have actually existed.{{sfn|Chaline|2003|pp=26–27}}

=== Origins and place of birth ===
Dumoulin comments on the three principal sources. The Persian heritage is doubtful, according to Dumoulin: "In the ''Description of the Lo-yang temple'', Bodhidharma is called a Persian. Given the ambiguity of geographical references in writings of this period, such a statement should not be taken too seriously."{{sfn|Dumoulin|Heisig|Knitter|2005|p=89-90}} Dumoulin considers Tanlin's account of Bodhidharma being "the third son of a great Brahman king" to be a later addition, and finds the exact meaning of "South Indian Brahman stock" unclear: "And when Daoxuan speaks of origins from South Indian Brahman stock, it is not clear whether he is referring to roots in nobility or to India in general as the land of the Brahmans."{{sfn|Dumoulin|Heisig|Knitter|2005|p=90}}

These Chinese sources lend themselves to make inferences about Bodhidharma's origins. "The third son of a Brahman king" has been speculated to mean "the third son of a Pallava king".{{sfn|Kambe|2012}} Based on a specific pronunciation of the Chinese characters 香至 as Kang-zhi, meaning "fragrance extreme",{{sfn|Kambe|2012}} Tsutomu Kambe identifies 香至 to be [[Kanchipuram]], an old capital town in the state [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. According to Tsutomu Kambe, "Kanchi means 'a radiant jewel' or 'a luxury belt with jewels', and puram means a town or a state in the sense of earlier times. Thus, it is understood that the '香至-Kingdom' corresponds to the old capital 'Kanchipuram'."{{sfn|Kambe|2012}}

Acharya Raghu, in his work 'Bodhidharma Retold', used a combination of multiple factors to identify Bodhidharma from the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]] in South India, specifically to the geography around Mt. Sailum or modern day [[Srisailam]].{{sfn|Acharya|2017|p={{page needed|date=March 2023}}}}

The [[Pakistan]]i scholar [[Ahmad Hasan Dani]] speculated that according to popular accounts in Pakistan's northwest, Bodhidharma may be from the region around the [[Peshawar]] valley, or possibly around modern Afghanistan's eastern border with Pakistan.<ref>See Dani, AH, 'Some Early Buddhist Texts from Taxila and Peshawar Valley', Paper, Lahore SAS, 1983; and 'Short History of Pakistan' Vol 1, original 1967, rev ed 1992, and 'History of the Northern Areas of Pakistan' ed Lahore: Sang e Meel, 2001</ref>

=== Caste ===
In the context of the [[Caste system in India|Indian caste system]], the mention of "Brahman king"{{sfn|Dumoulin|Heisig|Knitter|2005|p=89}} acquires a nuance. Broughton notes that "king" implies that Bodhidharma was of a caste of warriors and rulers.{{sfn|Broughton|1999|p=2}} Brahman is, in western contexts, easily understood as Brahmana or [[Brahmin]], which means ''priest''.

=== Abode in China ===
Buswell dates Bodhidharma's abode in China approximately at the early 5th century.{{sfn|Buswell|2004|pp=57, 130}} Broughton dates Bodhidharma's presence in Luoyang to between 516 and 526, when the temple referred to—Yongning Temple ({{lang|zh|永寧寺}}), was at the height of its glory.{{sfn|Broughton|1999|p=55}} Starting in 526, Yǒngníngsì suffered damage from a series of events, ultimately leading to its destruction in 534.{{sfn|Broughton|1999|p=138}}

=== Shaolin boxing ===
The idea that Bodhidharma founded martial arts at the Shaolin Temple was spread in the 20th century.{{sfn|Henning|1994}}{{sfn|Henning|Green|2001|p=129}} Martial arts historians have shown that this legend stems from a 17th-century [[qigong]] manual known as the ''[[Yijin Jing]]'' ("Muscle Change Classic,"{{sfn|Lin|1996|p=183}} "Sinews Transformation's Classic"{{sfn|Shahar|2008|p=163-172}}).{{sfn|Lin|1996|p=183}}{{sfn|Shahar|2008|p=163-172}} While the Shaolin-monks attributed the origins of their fighting-skills to [[Vajrapani]],{{sfn|Shahar|2008|pp=171}} the daoist author of the ''Yijin Jing'' wrongly assumed that the monks attributed these skills to Bodhidharma, due to the daoist tradition of attributing ''daoyin'' gymnastics to Bodhidharma, and the influence of Buddhism on Daoist meditation techniques.{{sfn|Shahar|2008|pp=172}} The preface of this work says that Bodhidharma left behind the ''Yi Jin Jing'', and further states that the monks obtained the fighting skills which made them gain some fame from this manual.{{sfn|Lin|1996|p=183}}{{efn|name="Yi Jin Jing"}}

The attribution of the ''Yijin Jing'' to Bodhidharma has been discredited early on,{{sfn|Shahar|2008|pp=165–173}} and is also rejected by historians like Tang Hao, Xu Zhen, and Matsuda Ryuchi. According to Lin Boyuan, "This manuscript is full of errors, absurdities, and fantastic claims; it cannot be taken as a legitimate source."{{sfn|Lin|1996|p=183}}{{efn|name="Yi Jin Jing"}}

The composition of the text itself has been dated to 1624,{{sfn|Lin|1996|p=183}} while the oldest available copy was published in 1827.{{sfn|Ryuchi|1986}} In the 19th century, when the ''Yijin Jing'' became popular in military circles, and the Shaolin monks started to use it, the Shaolin martial tradition became gradually associated with Bodhidharma.{{sfn|Shahar|2008|pp=172}} The association of Bodhidharma with martial arts only became widespread as a result of the 1904–1907 serialization of the novel ''The Travels of Lao Ts'an'' in ''Illustrated Fiction Magazine'',{{sfn|Henning|1994}} which incorporated this newly developed attribution of Shaolin martial arts to Bodhidharma.{{sfn|Shahar|2008|pp=173}} According to Henning, the "story is clearly a twentieth-century invention," which "is confirmed by writings going back at least 250 years earlier, which mention both Bodhidharma and martial arts but make no connection between the two."{{sfn|Henning|Green|2001|p=129}}{{efn|name="Shaolin_kungfu"}}

== Cultural legacy ==
[[File:Hidemasa I - Daruma, the First Zen Buddhist Patriarch - Walters 71955.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Sperm whale]] tooth [[statuette]] of Bodhidharma, carved by Hidemasa, early 19th century ([[Edo period|Edo]])]]

In the Zen ''[[kōan]]'' tradition, Bodhidharma is mentioned as a significant figure. In [[Dogen]]'s 13th century ''kōan'' collection, the ''[[Shinji Shōbōgenzō]]'', Bodhidharma is mentioned in fourteen different ''kōans''.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Tanahashi |editor-first1=Kazuaki |last=Dogen |first=Eihei |title=The True Dharma Eye: Zen master Dogen's Shobo genzo |publisher=[[Shambhala Publications]] |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-59030-474-7 |url=https://terebess.hu/zen/dogen/tana.pdf |access-date=2023-03-17}}</ref> In ''[[The Gateless Gate]]'' by [[Wumen Huikai]]:
{{Blockquote
|text=''A monk asked Zhaozhou, "What is the meaning of the ancestral teacher's (i.e., Bodhidharma's) coming from the west?" Zhaozhou said, "The cypress tree in front of the hall."''
|sign=''The Gateless Gate'', case no. 37
}}
In a short addendum from 1245 CE, the text refers to a motto attributed to Bodhidharma: "Bodhidharma coming from the west, unattached to any words, pointing directly to the mind of man, advocated seeing into one's [[Buddha-nature|nature]] and becoming Buddha."{{sfn|Sekida|1996|p=141}} The legend of [[Dazu Huike]] and Bodhidharma is recounted in case no. 41 of ''The Gateless Gate''.{{sfn|Sekida|1996|p={{page needed|date=March 2023}}}}

Bodhidharma's image became the inspiration for Japanese [[Daruma doll]]s, which originated in [[Meiwa]]-era [[Takasaki]] as good luck charms.<ref name="autogenerated15">[[#Reference-idKyburz1994|"Omocha": Things to Play (Or Not to Play) with]] p.15</ref><ref>[[#Reference-idKyburz1994|"Omocha": Things to Play (Or Not to Play) with]] p.14</ref> A {{nihongo|Daruma Doll Festival|達磨市|daruma-ichi}} is held at the [[Shorinzan Daruma Temple]] in Takasaki every year, celebrating the city as the birthplace of the Daruma doll. Over 400,000 attendants come to purchase new dolls.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.city.takasaki.gunma.jp/English/TakasakiEvents.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070619043922/http://www.city.takasaki.gunma.jp/English/TakasakiEvents.html|title=The City of Takasaki|archive-date=2007-06-19|website=city.takasaki.gunma.jp}}</ref> The Japanese version of the children's game [[Statues (game)|statues]] is named {{nihongo|"Daruma-san ga koronda"|達磨さんが転んだ||lit. "The [[Daruma doll|Daruma]] Fell Over"}}.

A 1989 South Korean film, ''[[Why Has Bodhi-Dharma Left for the East?]]'', derives its title from a ''[[kōan]]'' about Bodhidharma's legendary transmission of [[Chan Buddhism]] to China.<ref group=web>{{cite web|last=Brennan |first=Sandra|title=Why Has Bodhi-Dharma Left for the East? |url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/why-has-bodhi-dharma-left-for-the-east-v120417 |access-date=2023-03-17 |website=[[Allmovie]]}}</ref> The film screened at the [[1989 Cannes Film Festival]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/258/year/1989.html |title=Festival de Cannes: Why Has Bodhi-Dharma Left for the East? |access-date=2009-08-02 |work=festival-cannes.com |url-status=live |archive-date=2012-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121003194019/http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/258/year/1989.html}}</ref> and was the first South Korean film to release theatrically in the United States. In 1994, the Hong Kong film ''[[Master of Zen]]'' (also known as ''Bodhidharma'') adapted the legends of Bodhidharma's life into a martial arts drama film, partly inspired by the master's association with [[Shaolin Kung Fu]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Pollard |first=Mark|title=REVIEW: Master of Zen (1994) |url=http://www.kungfucinema.com/reviews/master-of-zen-1994 |publisher=Kung Fu Cinema|access-date=2013-03-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140114035831/http://www.kungfucinema.com/reviews/master-of-zen-1994|archive-date=2014-01-14}}</ref> The 2011 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]] [[science fiction]] martial arts film ''[[7 Aum Arivu]]'' features a descendant of Bodhidharma as a main character portrayed by [[Suriya]], with its plot centering on the ancient monk's legendary skills and knowledge. The film faced criticism for its historical inaccuracies, particularly regarding Bodhidharma's age upon entering China. The controversy led to hunger strikes among Indian followers of Bodhidharma.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 November 2011 |title=Buddhist targets '7aum Arivu' for inaccuracy |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2011/nov/06/buddhist-targets-7aum-arivu-for-inaccuracy-307260.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210805065430/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2011/nov/06/buddhist-targets-7aum-arivu-for-inaccuracy-307260.html |archive-date=2021-08-05 |access-date=2021-08-05 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 November 2011 |title='Facts in 7am arivu are inaccurate' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2011/nov/08/facts-in-7am-arivu-are-inaccurate-308209.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210805065409/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2011/nov/08/facts-in-7am-arivu-are-inaccurate-308209.html |archive-date=2021-08-05 |access-date=2021-08-05 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

== Attributed works ==
Modern scholars, such as the Japanese scholar of early Chan, Yanagida Seizan, agree that only one extant text can be attributed to Bodhidharma. This is the [[Long Scroll of the Treatise on the Two Entrances and Four Practices|''Two Entrances and Four Practices'']] ''(二入四行論),'' also known as "Outline of Practice" (二種入 ''Er zhong ru)'', which is part of the larger "''Bodhidharma Anthology''" that also includes teachings from some of Bodhidharma's students, such as [[Dazu Huike|Huike]] and Dharma master Yuan.<ref name=":1">{{cite journal |last=McRae |first=John R. |title=Yanagida Seizan's Landmark Works on Chinese Ch'an |journal=Cahiers d'Extrême-Asie |volume=7 |date=1993 |pages=51–103 |doi=10.3406/asie.1993.1061}}</ref>

There also exists a [[Dunhuang]] manuscript titled ''Treatise of Dhyana Master Bodhidharma'' (''Tianzhu guo Putidamo chan shi lun'' 天竺國菩提達摩禪師論). According to McRae, this text "might be taken as a guide to the teachings of early Chan. The text is probably relatively early, although its putative date of compilation or transcription, 681, is not reliable. Unfortunately, its contents do not lend themselves to precise dating."{{sfn|McRae|1986|p=118}}

=== Later attributions ===
Throughout the history of Chan, various other works became attributed to Bodhidharma and modern scholars have studied these as well, attempting to understand their provenance.<ref name=":1" />{{sfn|Pine|2009|p={{page needed|date=March 2023}}}}

Commonly attributed works include:<ref name=":1" />{{sfn|Pine|2009|p={{page needed|date=March 2023}}}}
* ''Treatise on the Destruction of Characteristics'' (《破相論》 ''Poxiang lun''), also known as the ''Treatise on the Contemplation of the Mind'' (觀心論 ''Kuan-hsin lun''), according to Yanagida, this is a work of [[Yuquan Shenxiu|Shenxiu]].<ref name=":1" />{{sfn|Pine|2009|p={{page needed|date=March 2023}}}}
* ''The Wake-up Treatise'' or ''Treatise on Realizing the Nature''《悟性論 Wu-hsing lun》, according to Yanagida, this is a later reformulation of ideas of the [[East Mountain Teaching|East mountain teachings]] and respond to Shenhui's criticisms of the school.<ref name=":1" />{{sfn|Pine|2009|p={{page needed|date=March 2023}}}}
* ''The Bloodstream Treatise'' (血脈論 ''Xuemai lun''), according to Yanagida, this is a treatise by a member of the [[Oxhead school]] (7th-8th century) of Chan.<ref name=":1" />{{sfn|Pine|2009|p={{page needed|date=March 2023}}}}
*The ''Jueguan lun,'' (Treatise on the Transcendence of Cognition), a text discovered among the Dunhuang manuscripts, has been attributed to Bodhidharma, however it is more likely by an anonymous member of the [[Oxhead school]], an important Chan faction during the [[Tang dynasty]].<ref>The Ceasing of Notions, an Early Zen Text from the Dunhuang Caves with Selected Comments, page 3, Wisdom Publications, 2012</ref>
* ''The Genealogical Treatise'' (''Hsueh-mo lun''), this is a "post-Platform Sutra and immediately pre-[[Mazu Daoyi|Ma-tsu]] text" according to Yanagida, which discusses the teaching that "does not posit words," and "seeing the nature and achieving buddhahood."<ref name=":1" />
* The ''Verses on the Heart Sutra'', "a clearly apocryphal text" that introduces [[Yogachara|Yogacara]] ideas associated with [[Xuanzang|Xuanzang's]] translations into Chan.<ref name=":1" />

=== Pointing directly to one's mind ===
One of the fundamental Chán texts attributed to Bodhidharma is a four-line stanza whose first two verses echo the ''Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra''{{'}}s disdain for words and whose second two verses stress the importance of the insight into reality achieved through "self-realization":
{{blockquote|<poem>A special transmission outside the scriptures
Not founded upon words and letters;
By pointing directly to [one's] mind
It lets one see into [one's own true] nature and [thus] attain Buddhahood.{{sfn|Dumoulin|Heisig|Knitter|2005|p=85}}</poem>
}}

The stanza, in fact, is not Bodhidharma's, but rather dates to the year 1108.{{sfn|Dumoulin|Heisig|Knitter|2005|p=102}}

== See also ==
* [[Chinese Buddhism]]
* [[Linji school|Linji tradition]]
* [[Rinzai school|Rinzai tradition]]
* [[Caodong school|Caodong tradition]]
* [[Sōtō|Sōtō tradition]]
* [[Silk Road transmission of Buddhism]]
* [[Buddhism amongst Tamils]]
* [[Kanchipuram]]
* ''[[Why Has Bodhi-Dharma Left for the East?]]''
* ''[[7 Aum Arivu]]''
* [[Buddhabhadra (translator)|Buddhabhadra]]
* ''[[Dongdu ji]]''

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=note|2}}
{{noteslist|2|refs=


{{efn|name="Origins"|The origins which are mentioned in these sources are:
* "[A] monk of the Western Region named Bodhidharma, a [[Buddhism in Central Asia#Iranian Buddhism|Persian Central Asian]]"{{sfn|Broughton|1999|p=54–55}} c.q. "from Persia"{{sfn|McRae|2003|p=26}} (''Buddhist monasteries, 547'');
* "[A] South Indian of the Western Region. He was the third son of a great Indian king."{{sfn|Broughton|1999|p=8}} (''Tanlin, 6th century CE'');
* "[W]ho came from South India in the Western Regions, the third son of a great Brahman king"{{sfn|Dumoulin|Heisig|Knitter|2005|p=89}} c.q. "the third son of a Brahman of South India"{{Sfn|McRae|2003|p=26}} (''Lankavatara Masters, 713–716''{{sfn|Dumoulin|Heisig|Knitter|2005|p=88}}''/ca. 715''{{sfn|McRae|2003|p=26}});
* "[O]f South Indian Brahman stock"{{sfn|Dumoulin|Heisig|Knitter|2005|p=87}} c.q. "a [[Brahman]] monk from South India"{{sfn|McRae|2003|p=26}} (''Further Biographies, 645'').
Broughton further notes: "The guide's Bodhidharma is an Iranian, not an Indian. There is, however, nothing implausible about an early sixth-century Iranian Buddhist master who made his way to North China via the fabled Silk Road. This scenario is, in fact, more likely than a South Indian master who made his way by the sea route."{{sfn|Broughton|1999|p=54-55}}}}


{{efn|name="Principal_sources"|There are three principal sources for Bodhidharma's biography {{harv|Dumoulin|Heisig|Knitter|2005|p=85-90}}:
* Yang Xuanzhi's ''The Record of the Buddhist Monasteries of Luoyang'' (547);
* Tanlin's preface to the ''Two Entrances and Four Acts'' (6th century CE), which is also preserved in Ching-chüeh's ''Chronicle of the Lankavatar Masters'' (713–716) {{harvnb|Dumoulin|Heisig|Knitter|2005|p=88}};
* Daoxuan's ''Further Biographies of Eminent Monks'' (7th century CE).}}


{{efn|name="Shaolin_kungfu"|{{harvtxt|Henning|Green|2001|p=129}}: "One of the most recently invented and familiar of the Shaolin historical narratives is a story that claims that the Indian monk Bodhidharma, the supposed founder of Chinese Chan (Zen) Buddhism, introduced boxing into the monastery as a form of exercise around a.d. 525. This story first appeared in a popular novel, ''The Travels of Lao T'san'', published as a series in a literary magazine in 1907. This story was quickly picked up by others and spread rapidly through publication in a popular contemporary boxing manual, Secrets of Shaolin Boxing Methods, and the first Chinese physical culture history published in 1919. As a result, it has enjoyed vast oral circulation and is one of the most "sacred" of the narratives shared within Chinese and Chinese-derived martial arts. That this story is clearly a twentieth-century invention is confirmed by writings going back at least 250 years earlier, which mention both Bodhidharma and martial arts but make no connection between the two.}}


{{efn|name="tradition"|{{harvtxt|Yampolski|2003|p=3}}: "Tradition has it that Ch'an was brought to China by a monk, Bodhidharma [...] who is honored as the first Ch'an Patriarch in China."}}


{{efn|name="Yi Jin Jing"|This argument is summarized by modern historian Lin Boyuan in his ''Zhongguo wushu shi''. {{harvtxt|Lin|1996|p=183}}: "As for the "Yi Jin Jing" (Muscle Change Classic), a spurious text attributed to Bodhidharma and included in the legend of his transmitting martial arts at the temple, it was written in the Ming dynasty, in 1624, by the Daoist priest Zining of Mt. Tiantai, and falsely attributed to Bodhidharma. Forged prefaces, attributed to the Tang general Li Jing and the Southern Song general Niu Gao were written. They say that, after Bodhidharma faced the wall for nine years at Shaolin temple, he left behind an iron chest; when the monks opened this chest they found the two books "Xi Sui Jing" (Marrow Washing Classic) and "Yi Jin Jing" within. The first book was taken by his disciple Huike, and disappeared; as for the second, "the monks selfishly coveted it, practicing the skills therein, falling into heterodox ways, and losing the correct purpose of cultivating the Real. The Shaolin monks have made some fame for themselves through their fighting skill; this is all due to having obtained this manuscript." Based on this, Bodhidharma was claimed to be the ancestor of Shaolin martial arts. This manuscript is full of errors, absurdities and fantastic claims; it cannot be taken as a legitimate source."}}
}}

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* {{Citation | last=McRae | first=John R. | date=2000 | contribution=The Antecedents of Encounter Dialogue in Chinese Ch'an Buddhism | contribution-url=http://kr.buddhism.org/zen/koan/John_McRae.htm | editor-last=Heine | editor-first=Steven | editor2-last=Wright | editor2-first=Dale S. | title=The Kōan: Texts and Contexts in Zen Buddhism | publisher=Oxford University Press | access-date=2006-11-30 | archive-date=2012-07-25 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120725041529/http://kr.buddhism.org/zen/koan/John_McRae.htm | url-status=live }}.
* {{Citation | last =McRae | first =John R. | year =2003 | title =Seeing Through Zen. Encounter, Transformation, and Genealogy in Chinese Chan Buddhism | publisher =The University Press Group Ltd | isbn =978-0-520-23798-8}}
* {{Citation | last =McRae | first =John R. | year =2004 | title =Seeing through Zen: Encounter, Transformation, and Genealogy in Chinese Chan Buddhism | publisher =University of California Press}}

* {{Citation |editor-last=Pine |editor-first=Red |title=The Zen Teaching of Bodhidharma: A Bilingual Edition |place=New York |publisher=North Point Press |isbn=0-86547-399-4 |year=1989 |url=https://archive.org/details/zenteachingofbod00bodh }}
* {{Citation |editor-last=Pine |editor-first=Red |title=The Zen Teaching of Bodhidharma |publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux |isbn=978-0-86547-399-7 |year=2009}}

* {{Citation | last = Ryuchi | first =Matsuda 松田隆智 | author-link = Ryuchi Matsuda | year = 1986 | title = Zhōngguó wǔshù shǐlüè 中國武術史略 | publisher = Danqing tushu | location = Taipei 臺北 | language = zh}}

* {{cite book |last=Sekida |first=Katsuki |year=1996 |title=Two Zen Classics. Mumonkan, The Gateless Gate. Hekiganroku, The Blue Cliff Records. Translated with commentaries by Katsuki Sekida |place=New York / Tokyo |publisher=Weatherhill}}
* {{Cite book | last=Shahar | first=Meir | year=2008 | title=The Shaolin Monastery: history, religion, and the Chinese martial arts | publisher=University of Hawaii Press | isbn=978-0-8248-3110-3 | url=https://issuu.com/kenshijm/docs/the_shaolin_monastery_-_history__religion_and_the_}}
* {{Citation | last1=Shaikh Awab |first1=Zainal Abidin|first2=Nigel |last2=Sutton |year=2006|title=Silat Tua: The Malay Dance Of Life |publisher=Azlan Ghanie Sdn Bhd |location=Kuala Lumpur |isbn=978-983-42328-0-1 |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/19637909/Silat-Tua-The-Malay-Dance-of-Life-Preview |access-date=2017-09-08 |archive-date=2016-03-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307065606/https://www.scribd.com/doc/19637909/Silat-Tua-The-Malay-Dance-of-Life-Preview |url-status=live }}
* {{Citation |last1=Soothill |first1=William Edward |last2=Hodous |first2=Lewis |year=1995 |title=A Dictionary of Chinese Buddhist Terms |place=London |publisher=RoutledgeCurzon |url=http://buddhistinformatics.ddbc.edu.tw/glossaries/files/soothill-hodous.ddbc.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140303182232/http://buddhistinformatics.ddbc.edu.tw/glossaries/files/soothill-hodous.ddbc.pdf |archive-date=2014-03-03 }}
* {{Citation | last=Sutton | first=Florin Giripescu | year=1991 | title=Existence and Enlightenment in the'' Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra'': A Study in the Ontology and Epistemology of the Yogācāra School of Mahāyāna Buddhism | place=Albany | publisher=State University of New York Press | isbn=0-7914-0172-3}}.
* {{Citation | editor-last=Suzuki | editor-first=D.T. | editor-link=Daisetz Teitaro Suzuki | title=The Lankavatara Sutra: A Mahayana Text | date=1932 | url=http://lirs.ru/do/lanka_eng/lanka-nondiacritical.htm | access-date=2006-12-05 | archive-date=2012-02-04 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204045533/http://lirs.ru/do/lanka_eng/lanka-nondiacritical.htm | url-status=live }}.
* {{Citation |last=Suzuki |first=D.T. |author-link=Daisetz Teitaro Suzuki |year=1948 |title=Manual of Zen Buddhism |url=http://consciouslivingfoundation.org/ebooks/new2/ManualOfZenBuddhism-manzen.pdf |access-date=2006-11-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721180753/http://consciouslivingfoundation.org/ebooks/new2/ManualOfZenBuddhism-manzen.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-21 }}
* {{Citation | last =Suzuki | first =D.T. | author-link =Daisetz Teitaro Suzuki | year =1949 | title =Essays in Zen Buddhism | place =New York | publisher =Grove Press | isbn =0-8021-5118-3}}
* {{cite book |last1=Tikhvinskiĭ |first1=Sergeĭ Leonidovich |last2=Perelomov |first2=Leonard Sergeevich |year=1981 |title=China and her neighbours, from ancient times to the Middle Ages: a collection of essays |publisher=Progress Publishers}}

* {{cite book |last=von Le Coq |first=Albert |year=1913 |title=Chotscho: Facsimile-Wiedergaben der Wichtigeren Funde der Ersten Königlich Preussischen Expedition nach Turfan in Ost-Turkistan |place=Berlin |publisher=Dietrich Reimer (Ernst Vohsen) |url=http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/LFc-42/V-1/page/0003.html.en |access-date=2016-09-03 |via=NII "Digital Silk Road" / Toyo Bunko |doi=10.20676/00000194 |url-status=live |archive-date=2016-09-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160915144010/http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/LFc-42/V-1/page/0003.html.en }}

* {{Citation |last=Watts |first=Alan W. |author-link=Alan Watts |year=1958 |title=The Spirit of Zen |place=New York |publisher=Grove Press}}
* {{Citation |last=Watts |first=Alan W. |title=The Way of Zen |year=1962 |publisher=Pelican books |location=Great Britain |page=106 |isbn=0-14-020547-0}}
* {{Citation |last=Williams |first=Paul |title=Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations |year=1989 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=0-415-02537-0}}
* {{Citation | last = Wong |first = Kiew Kit |author-link = Wong Kiew Kit |title = The Art of Shaolin Kungfu |publisher = Tuttle Publishing |year = 2001 |isbn = 0-8048-3439-3}}

* {{Citation | last =Yampolski | first =Philip | year =2003 | title =Chan. A Historical Sketch. In: Buddhist Spirituality. Later China, Korea, Japan and the Modern World; edited by Takeuchi Yoshinori | place =Delhi | publisher =Motilal Banarsidass}}

* {{Citation | last=Zvelebil | first=Kamil V. | title=The Sound of the One Hand | journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society | volume=107 | issue=1 | year=1987 | pages=125–126 | doi =10.2307/602960 | publisher=Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 107, No. 1 | jstor=602960 }}.

* {{Citation |author=金实秋 |year=2008 |trans-title=Sino-Japanese-Korean Statue Dictionary of Bodhidharma |language=zh |title=中日韩达摩造像图典 |place=Beijing Shi |publisher=宗教文化出版社 |isbn=978-7-80123-888-7}}
{{refend}}

=== Web sources ===
{{Reflist|group=web}}

==Further reading==
* {{Citation | last =Broughton | first =Jeffrey L. | year =1999 | title =The Bodhidharma Anthology: The Earliest Records of Zen | place =Berkeley | publisher =University of California Press | isbn =0-520-21972-4 |ref=none}}
* {{Citation | editor-last=Red Pine | title=The Zen Teaching of Bodhidharma: A Bilingual Edition | place=New York | publisher=North Point Press | publication-date=1989 | isbn=0-86547-399-4 | year=1989 | url=https://archive.org/details/zenteachingofbod00bodh |ref=none}}
* {{Citation | last =McRae | first =John | year =2003 | title =Seeing Through Zen. Encounter, Transformation, and Genealogy in Chinese Chan Buddhism | publisher =The University Press Group Ltd | isbn =978-0-520-23798-8 |ref=none}}

== External links ==
*{{Commons category-inline|Bodhidharma}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20161113054643/http://ctzen.org/sunnyvale/enUS/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=146&Itemid=57 Essence of Mahayana Practice] By Bodhidharma, with annotations. Also known as "The Outline of Practice." translated by Chung Tai Translation Committee
* [http://www.onmarkproductions.com/html/daruma.shtml Bodhidharma]

{{S-start}}
{{s-rel|bu}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Prajñādhara]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Lineage (Buddhism)|Lineage of Zen Buddhist patriarchs]]|years=}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Huike]]}}
{{S-end}}

{{Chinese Buddhist Pantheon}}
{{Buddhist Pantheon}}
{{Zen}}
{{Buddhism topics}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Chan patriarchs|*1]]
[[Category:Martial arts school founders]]
[[Category:Northern Wei Buddhists]]
[[Category:Indian Buddhist missionaries]]
[[Category:Indian missionaries in China]]
[[Category:Liang dynasty Buddhists]]
[[Category:Northern and Southern dynasties Buddhist monks]]
[[Category:Translators to Chinese]]
[[Category:Founders of religions]]
[[Category:Indian Buddhist monks]]
[[Category:Founders of Buddhist sects]]
[[Category:Shaolin Monastery]]
[[Category:Indian scholars of Buddhism]]
[[Category:Indian royal advisors]]
[[Category:Tamil Buddhists]]
[[Category:Missionary linguists]]
[[Category:Pallava people]]
[[Category:Resurrection]]

N. H. Konaraddi

2026-05-02T14:42:09Z

Buymediaspace: Created a article

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1963)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
'''Ningaraddi Hanamaraddi Konaraddi''' (born 1963) is an Indian politician from [[Karnataka]]. He is an MLA from [[Navalgund Assembly constituency]] in [[Dharwad district]]. He won the [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] representing [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ningaraddi Hanamaraddi Konaraddi in Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023 |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2023/karnataka/ningaraddi-hanamaraddi-konaraddi-navalgund-candidate-s10a069c005/ |access-date=2024-08-22 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Konaraddi is from [[Navalgund]], Dharwad district. His father Hanumareddy Konarddy is a farmer. He completed his graduation in commerce in 1983.<ref>{{Cite web |title=N H Konaraddi(JD(S)):Constituency- NAVALGUND(DHARWAD) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://myneta.info/karnataka2013/candidate.php?candidate_id=882 |access-date=2024-08-22 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Konaraddi won from [[Navalgund Assembly constituency]] representing [[Indian National Congress]] in the [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]]. He polled 86,081 votes and defeated his nearest rival, [[Shankar Patil Munenakoppa]] of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], by a margin of 22,199 votes. He became an MLA for the first time in 2013 representing [[Janata Dal (Secular)]], winning the [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]]. He lost as a Janata Dal (S) candidate to BJP's [[Shankar Patil Munenakoppa|Shankar B. Patil Munenakoppa]] in the [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web | title=Karnataka Election: Navalgund Assembly constituency result 2023 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/elections/karnataka/acno69-acno69.html |access-date=2024-08-22 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-06 |title=Prime contenders look to make the most of split in votes in Navalgund |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hubballi/prime-contenders-look-to-make-the-most-of-split-in-votes-in-navalgund/articleshow/100000298.cms |access-date=2024-08-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Later, he shifted to [[Indian National Congress]] in December 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=H Pavan |title=JD(S) ex-MLA N H Konaraddi set to join Congress on Dec 14 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/jds-ex-mla-n-h-konaraddi-set-to-join-congress-on-dec-14-1060130.html |access-date=2024-08-22 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en|date=12 December 2021}}</ref>

In August 2024, he led a protest march in [[Dharwad]] against the governor's decision to permit investigation against the [[Chief minister of Karnataka|chief minister]] in the MUDA scam.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-19 |title=Minister leads protest march in Dharwad in support of Siddaramaiah |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/minister-leads-protest-march-in-dharwad-in-support-of-siddaramaiah/article68543566.ece |access-date=2024-08-22 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Konaraddi, N. H.}}
[[Category:1967 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Janata Dal (Secular) politicians]]
[[Category:People from Dharwad district]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2013–2018]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2023–2028]]

Unni Lalu

2026-04-30T19:41:03Z

Buymediaspace: Stub

{{Short description|Indian film actor}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
'''Unni Lalu''' is an Indian film actor, predominantly known for his work in the Malayalam film industry. He is best known for his roles in [[Freedom Fight (film)|Freedom Fight]] and [[Rekha (2023 film)|Rekha]].<ref name="freedom">{{Cite web |last=Cris |date=2022-02-10 |title=Freedom Fight review: Jeo Baby's anthology is enjoyable, makes you think |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/freedom-fight-review-jeo-baby-s-anthology-enjoyable-makes-you-think-160853 |access-date=2024-09-02 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref><ref name="rekha">{{Cite web |title=Rekha review: Vincy Aloshious, Unni Lalu elevate a formulaic revenge drama |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/rekha-review-vincy-aloshious-unni-lalu-elevate-a-formulaic-yet-absorbing-revenge-drama/72f238cc09471 |access-date=2024-09-02 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and career ==
Unni Lalu was born in [[Kozhikode|Kozhikode, Kerala]], the son of Balasubramaniam and Sreeja. He began acting in 2017 with the Malayalam film [[Tharangam (2017 film)|Tharangam]].{{citation needed|date= September 2024}}

== Filmography ==
=== As actor ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Tharangam (2017 film)|Tharangam]]'' || Deepu ||
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Freedom Fight (film)|Freedom Fight]]'' || Lakshmanan ||<ref name="freedom"/>
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2023 || ''[[Maharani (2023 film)|Maharani]]'' || Shibu ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2023-10-01 |title=Shine Tom Chacko, Roshan Mathew's Maharani, gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/Oct/01/shine-tom-chacko-roshan-mathews-maharani-gets-a-release-date-48183.html |access-date=2024-09-03 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Rekha (2023 film)|Rekha]]'' || Arjun ||<ref name="rekha"/>
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2024 || ''Kattis Gang'' || Anand ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-08 |title=Unni Lalu-starrer Kattis Gang Trailer Promises Suspenseful Thriller |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/unni-lalu-starrer-kattis-gang-trailer-promises-suspenseful-thriller-8882699.html |access-date=2024-09-03 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Gumasthan]]'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-23 |title=Shooting Of Bibin George-starrer Malayalam Film Gumasthan From October 24: Reports |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/shooting-of-bibin-george-starrer-malayalam-film-gumasthan-from-october-24-reports-8630681.html |access-date=2024-09-24 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2025 || ''[[Rekhachithram]]'' || Young Vincent ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Asif Ali and Anaswara Rajan to star in Jofin T Chacko's 'Rekhachithram' |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/entertainment/southcinema/asif-ali-and-anaswara-rajan-to-star-in-jofin-t-chacko-s-rekhachithram/ar-AA1oBV3S?apiversion=v2&noservercache=1&domshim=1&renderwebcomponents=1&wcseo=1&batchservertelemetry=1&noservertelemetry=1 |access-date=2024-09-02 |website=www.msn.com}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Officer on Duty]]'' || Praveen ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Santhosh |first=Vivek |date=2025-01-17 |title=Kunchacko Boban's Officer on Duty gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Jan/17/kunchacko-bobans-officer-on-duty-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-01-18 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''Parannu Parannu Chellan'' || Jiju ||<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-04-19 |title=Sidharth Bharathan and Unni Lalu to headline 'Paranu Paranu Paranu Chellan' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/sidharth-bharathan-and-unni-lalu-to-headline-paranu-paranu-paranu-chellan/articleshow/109434409.cms |access-date=2024-09-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Innocent (2025 film)|Innocent]]'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=Cinema Express |date=2025-10-21 |title=Althaf Salim-starrer Innocent gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Oct/21/althaf-salim-starrer-innocent-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-10-25 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2026 || ''[[Bhishmar]]'' || ||<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-03-15 |title='Bhishmar' trailer released: Dhyan Sreenivasan and Vishnu Unnikrishnan’s film promises a musical romantic thriller |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/bhishmar-trailer-released-dhyan-sreenivasan-and-vishnu-unnikrishnans-film-promises-a-musical-romantic-thriller/articleshow/129583747.cms |access-date=2026-03-20 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| {{Pending film| Unmadham}} || {{TableTBA}} ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-25 |title=Kunchacko Boban-Lijomol Jose film titled Unmadham, gets release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2026/Apr/25/kunchacko-boban-lijomol-jose-film-titled-unmadham-gets-release-date |access-date=2026-04-30 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name}}

[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Artists from Kerala]]

Kana Kaanum Kaalangal (2022 TV series)

2026-04-28T16:32:58Z

Buymediaspace:

{{Short description|Indian Tamil-language television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Other uses|KKK (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Kana Kaanum Kaalangal S3 Poster.jpg
| caption = Season 3 poster
| genre = {{ubl|[[Coming-of-age story|Coming-of-age]]|[[Teen drama]]|}}
| writer = Mani & Adi (Season2&3), Shivakanth (season1)
| director = M. Ramesh Baarathi Jaswini. J Shiva Aravind Manoj Chidambaram Manivannan Nitiz Maz Vijay Kumar Rajendran
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Aravinth Seiju]]
* Pragatheeswaran
* Sangeetha
* Bharath
* Raja Vetri Prabhu
* Irfan
* Teja Venkatesh
* Deepika Venkatachalam
* Aashik Gopinath
* Vishwa Mithran
* Keerthan Subash
* Surendar KPY
* Parvez
* Sathya Narayanan
* Karthikeyan DK
* Akshatha
* Kalyani
}}
| theme_music_composer = Shakti Sree Gopalan
| open_theme =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| num_seasons = 3
| num_episodes = 361
| list_episodes =
| producer = R. Venkatesh Babu
| location = [[Chennai]]
| cinematography = Sathish Kumar M. Vijay Ananth Prabu
| editor = G.Pa Vinoth
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = approx. 30 minutes per episode
| company = Global Villagers
| network = [[JioHotstar]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2022|04|21|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2025|02|14|df=y}}
| related = ''[[Kana Kaanum Kaalangal]]''
}}

'''''Kana Kaanum Kaalangal''''' ({{translation|Periods of Dreaming}}) also known by the initialism '''''KKK''''', is a 2022 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language television series that airs on [[Disney+ Hotstar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-ta/hit-serial-kana-kaanum-kaalangal-webseries-in-disney-ott.html|title=ஆஹா.. கனா காணும் காலங்கள் இப்போ OTT-ல் வெப் சீரிஸா வருது! செம update|website=Behindwoods.com|date=20 April 2022|access-date=30 April 2022|archive-date=20 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220420112614/https://tamil.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-ta/hit-serial-kana-kaanum-kaalangal-webseries-in-disney-ott.html|url-status=live}}</ref> It is a [[reboot (media)|reboot]] of the 2006 television series [[Kana Kaanum Kaalangal|of the same name]], which aired on [[Star Vijay]]. The story revolves around the struggles of a group of high school students and what they face during their secondary school life such as jealousy, rivalry, misunderstandings, arguments and personal grudges.

The first season of Kana Kaanum Kaalangal which consists of 132 episodes, was released through the streaming service [[Disney+ Hotstar]] on 22 April 2022 ended on 8 December 2022.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/popular-tamil-show-kana-kaanum-kaalangal-set-to-return-after-15-years-deets-inside/articleshow/88611568.cms|title=Popular Tamil show 'Kana Kaanum Kaalangal' set to return after 15 years; deets inside|newspaper=[[Times Of India]]|date=31 December 2021|archive-date=11 January 2022|access-date=30 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111160159/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/popular-tamil-show-kana-kaanum-kaalangal-set-to-return-after-15-years-deets-inside/articleshow/88611568.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.behindtalkies.com/kana-kaanum-kaalangal-new-season-on-disney-plus-hotstar/|title=ஹாட் ஸ்டாரில் கனா காணும் காலங்கள் 2 – முக்கிய ரோலில் நடிக்கும் ஒரே ஒரு முன்னாள் சீசன் நடிகர். (மாஸ்டர் விஜய் மாதிரி ரோலாம்)|date=19 April 2022 |publisher=tamil.behindtalkies.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/tamil/movies/kana-kaanum-kaalangal-will-telecast-from-april-22nd-on-hotstar-389985|title=மலர் டீச்சர் பார்க்க ஆசையா? ஏப்ரல் 22 ஆம் தேதி ரெடியாகுங்க|date=20 April 2022|publisher=zeenews.india.com|access-date=30 April 2022|archive-date=30 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430040827/https://zeenews.india.com/tamil/movies/kana-kaanum-kaalangal-will-telecast-from-april-22nd-on-hotstar-389985|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2022/jan/04/vijay-tv-kana-kaanum-kaalangal-promo-video-is-out-3767776.html|title=Kana Kaanum Kaalangal web series|date=4 January 2022|publisher=www.dinamani.com|access-date=30 April 2022|archive-date=30 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430040827/https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2022/jan/04/vijay-tv-kana-kaanum-kaalangal-promo-video-is-out-3767776.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/web-series/whats-special-about-kana-kaanum-kaalangal-new-season-on-disney-plus-hotstar|title=கனா காணும் காலங்கள் ஓ.டி.டி: முக்கிய ரோலில் நடித்திருக்கும் அந்த ஒரேயொரு பழைய முகம் யார் தெரியுமா?|date=19 April 2022|publisher=cinema.vikatan.com|access-date=30 April 2022|archive-date=2 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220502002627/https://cinema.vikatan.com/web-series/whats-special-about-kana-kaanum-kaalangal-new-season-on-disney-plus-hotstar|url-status=live}}</ref> The second season was released on 21 April 2023 and ended with 112 episodes from 27 October 2023.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ipdtamil.com/2023/04/11/kana-kaanum-kaalangal-season-2-to-stream-on-disney-plus-hotstar-from-this-date-tamil-news/|title=Kana Kaanum Kaalangal season 2 to stream on Disney Plus Hotstar from this date! – Tamil News|date=11 April 2023|publisher=ipdtamil.com|access-date=13 April 2023|archive-date=13 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413134615/https://ipdtamil.com/2023/04/11/kana-kaanum-kaalangal-season-2-to-stream-on-disney-plus-hotstar-from-this-date-tamil-news/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/kana-kaanum-kaalangal-season-2-release-date-announced-latest-viral-promo-video-disney-hotstar-tamil-news-335437|title=Kana Kaanum Kaalangal season 2 to stream on Disney Plus Hotstar from this date!|date=10 April 2023|work=www.indiaglitz.com|access-date=13 April 2023|archive-date=13 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413134615/https://www.indiaglitz.com/kana-kaanum-kaalangal-season-2-release-date-announced-latest-viral-promo-video-disney-hotstar-tamil-news-335437|url-status=live}}</ref> The third season premiered on 30 August 2024 and ended with 102 episodes from 14 February 2025.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.oneindia.com/television/kana-kaanum-kaalangal-season-3-will-start-airing-on-august-30th-on-disney-hot-star-634633.html|title=கனா காணும் காலங்கள் சீசன் 3: ஆரம்பமே அதகளம்.. அதிலும் முதல் எபிசோடில் அதிர்ச்சி கொடுத்த கூல் சுரேஷ்|date=31 August 2024|publisher=tamil.oneindia.com|access-date=5 September 2024|archive-date=8 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240908234706/https://tamil.oneindia.com/television/kana-kaanum-kaalangal-season-3-will-start-airing-on-august-30th-on-disney-hot-star-634633.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kanaa-kaanum-kaalangal-disney-hotstar-renews-web-series-for-season-3/article68500224.ece|title='Kanaa Kaanum Kaalangal': Disney+ Hotstar renews web series for season 3|date=8 August 2024|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=5 September 2024|archive-date=11 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240911110530/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kanaa-kaanum-kaalangal-disney-hotstar-renews-web-series-for-season-3/article68500224.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

The series stars Teja Venkatesh, Raja Vetri Prabhu, [[Aravinth Seiju]] and Deepika Venkatachalam, Aashik Gopinath Bryan, while VJ Sangeetha, [[Irfan (actor)|Irfan]], Rajesh, Bharath Kumar, Deepika Venkatachalam, Akshathaa Ajit, Pranika Dhakshu, Pragatheeswaran a.k.a. Yugaa Pragathees, Aegan, VJ Kalyani, Surendar VJ, Parvez Musharaf and others appear in supporting roles. Filming for the series commenced in mid-June 2021.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/popular-show-kanaa-kaanum-kalangal-season-6-to-stream-on-april-22/articleshow/90930155.cms|title=Popular show Kanaa Kaanum Kalangal to stream on April 22|newspaper=[[Times Of India]]|date=19 April 2022|archive-date=30 April 2022|access-date=30 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430071615/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/popular-show-kanaa-kaanum-kalangal-season-6-to-stream-on-april-22/articleshow/90930155.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The series premiered on 21 April 2022. It also aired on [[Star Vijay]] from 26 December 2022 on Monday to Friday at 5:30 PM.

==Plot==
===Season 1===
The show commences with a depiction of a school and its correspondent, Mr. Sakthivel, engaging in conversation with the cleaner, Sagayam, concerning its reopening following the pandemic. Subsequently, we are introduced to Kalaiarasan, also known as Kalai from Namakkal, a young boy observed sitting in front of a house with a knife, and the circumstances surrounding this situation remain undisclosed. He is apprehended by Inspector Nagarajan, who sustains a scar below his left eye due to Kalai. Kalai ultimately finds himself in a juvenile center, where Nagarajan attempts to take his life by utilizing other inmates. Jayakumar, the warden, intervenes and rescues Kalai, sending him to Siragugal Higher Matriculation Secondary School, thereby allowing him an opportunity to restart his life. Mr. Sakthivel advises Kalai to refrain from anger and encourages him to forge friendships of good character. Kalai is employed at Sultan Bhai’s Hotel. Upon Kalai’s entry into the classroom, he is subjected to ragging by Gautham and his associates (Vicky, Gopi, Pandi, Kicha, Vasanth, Shwetha), but Abirami (Abi) steps in to defend him. In a fit of anger, Gautham reports Kalai to Abi’s mother, who is Arvind’s wife. One day, Shwetha orchestrates a scheme by placing her ring in Kalai’s bag, which is witnessed by Abi. Shwetha then lodges a complaint with Puchiappan Sir (Attai Poochi) regarding her missing ring. Although Attai Poochi penalizes Kalai, Abi’s intervention reveals Shwetha’s deceit. Gautham confronts Shwetha about the incident, yet Vicky, Gopi, Pandi, and Vasanth express their support for her. Kicha expresses admiration for Parvathy (Paru). On another occasion, Aadhiseshan, referred to as Psycho Aadhi, harasses Abi in an attempt to win her affection; however, Kalai loses his temper and physically confronts him. Upon discovering this altercation, Rajmohan Sir, Bhairavan Sir, Attai Poochi Sir, Vineeth (Jerry Sir), Malar Miss, and Mr. Sakthivel intervene to halt the conflict. As Attai Poochi Sir prepares to punish Kalai, Abi intervenes by disclosing Aadhi’s misconduct. Following the disturbance, Rajmohan Sir escorts Aadhi to the police station. Sakthivel Sir advises Kalai not to lose his composure. Kalai informs his warden, Jayakumar, regarding his transgressions. Jayakumar confronts Kalai and grants him a second chance. Several days later, the 25th-anniversary celebrations are concluded. Subsequently, Mr. Sakthivel suffers a lorry accident. Before his demise, he instructs his son Gunasekar (Guna Sir) to assume the role of correspondent of Siragugal School. Guna Sir, who had previously struggled with alcoholism, had been estranged from his father due to his drinking habits. He pledges to abstain from alcohol henceforth. Following Mr. Sakthivel's death, Guna Sir takes on the role of correspondent. Months later, Inspector Nagarajan encounters Kalai near Naachiyappan’s Modern School, where Kalai had enacted a koothu drama and received the first prize in an interschool competition; he seizes him and transports him to a secret location near Redhills. Kalai endures brutal torture at the hands of the merciless Inspector Nagarajan. Consequently, Gautham’s Gang (Gautham, Vicky, Gopi, Pandi, Vasanth, and Kicha) and Kalai’s Gang (Chellamuthu, Rajeev, Kuzhandhaivelu, Lavakushan) choose to play cricket near the haunted bungalow where Kalai was previously restrained. Nagarajan summons his mercenaries from Northern India to eliminate Kalai without a trace. However, due to the intervention of Gautham’s Gang and Kalai’s Gang, their plans are thwarted. Enraged, Nagarajan attempts to eliminate them. Just then, Guna Sir and Jerry Sir arrive, overpowering Nagarajan and his henchmen. While the entire group rallies to rescue Kalai, Nagarajan rises and aims his gun at Kalai. Suddenly, a gunshot is heard as Warden Jayakumar arrives, delivering a slap to Nagarajan for his brutality and placing him under arrest. Jayakumar instructs the entire group to ensure Kalai is admitted to the hospital. Under Jerry Sir’s guidance, Kalai begins his recovery. After a few days, Paru is rescued from her forced marriage by the collaboration of Kalai’s and Gautham’s Gangs. They undertake examinations and achieve commendable results. Raghu, who is Sakthivel Sir’s elder son, allies with Siragugal School’s Principal Bhairavan and Modern School’s Correspondent Naachiyappan to take control of Siragugal School.

===Season 2===

Following the highly anticipated release of the 11th-grade examination results, Gautham's group decided to commemorate the occasion by consuming alcoholic beverages. On their way to the local wine shop, an unanticipated encounter with Pandi's father, a respected bakery owner in the community, instilled a sense of anxiety within the group. To mitigate the risk of potential repercussions, they swiftly opted for beer instead of stronger alcoholic options. Just as they prepared to open a bottle, their childhood friend, Bullet, intervened in an attempt to dissuade them from making a regrettable decision. Unfortunately, Bullet's efforts were compromised as he became intoxicated during the encounter. Seizing the opportunity while Bullet was distracted, Gautham's group discreetly exited the wine shop, only to be detected during a phone conversation with associates of Naachiyappan, a prominent individual whose presence they greatly feared.

With the commencement of the new school term, a fresh cohort of students from Naachiyappan's Modern School—Sangeetha, Madan, Mathangi, Praveen, and Naveen—transferred to Siragugal School, following a detention strategy executed by Naachiyappan. They were soon joined by Sangeetha, who contributed to the evolving dynamics within the school environment. The departure of Jerry Sir created a void that was subsequently filled by Tilottama Miss, the newly appointed educator, taking charge of the students.

Meanwhile, Praveen and Naveen, notorious for their substance abuse facilitated by their dealer, Boodhalingam, crossed a significant line when they disseminated a video that revealed Sangeetha's distressing past, leading to an emotional breakdown for her. In a demonstration of solidarity, Malar Miss, along with Kalai, Abi, Nandhini, Shwetha, and Paru, intervened to support Sangeetha, encouraging her to persist with her education amid the turmoil. During a candid discussion, Sangeetha confided in Kalai about the emotional pain inflicted by Praveen and Naveen, prompting Kalai to take decisive action against the two instigators.

After two years of rigorous training, Santhosh Kumar, affectionately known as Santhosh Sir, returned to oversee the Student President Leadership (SPL) Elections. Gautham, Kalai, and Madan emerged as the primary candidates for the position. However, tensions escalated when Praveen and Naveen vandalized Gautham's campaign poster, falsely attributing the act to Kalai and his associates. In response to the growing conflict, Guna Sir and Amirtha Miss, Raghu's former spouse, urged the candidates to seek reconciliation, underscoring the importance of integrity in leadership. They mandated that the SPL candidates submit a deposit of Rs. 10000 as part of the electoral regulations. While Madan and Gautham promptly complied, Kalai encountered a setback when Praveen and Naveen absconded with his funds to finance their drug purchases. Abi generously offered financial assistance to Kalai, who reluctantly accepted the support after considerable deliberation.

Things go awry when Raju steals Gautham's speech, and claims to have written it for Kalai. Kalai, unaware of this, opens the speech competition, and Gautham's gang is shocked to hear his speech being recited by Kalai. Gautham, however doesnt fumble, and improvises on the spot, and gradually insults Kalai, alleging him as a thief who steals the efforts of others. Raju confesses, and Kalai beats him up angrily. He tries his best to convince Gautham that he didnt know about Raju's Misdeed, but Gautham doesnt believe him and insults him, while Abi is disappointed by his actions. Sangeetha comforts Kalai. Madhan and Gautham begin campaigning. Kicha overhears Raju and Chella talking about their campaign, and lies to Gautham that they are trying to bribe people. Kalai again gets insulted, despite his efforts to make peace, as he is thought to be bribing others with his hotel food. Kalai gets mad, and berates his gang, but eventually they apologise and he forgives them, reconciling. He also tells Abi, and she finally believes him.

The next day, the results are about to be released, and initially, Kalai is seeming to be leading, but Gautham overtakes. His gang is confident that he will win, but eventually, Madan is revealed to be the winner, shocking the 2 gangs.

Madan's rise to the SPL position was marred by unethical behaviors, such as selling IPL tickets to younger students. When Malar Miss confronted him alongside Gautham's and Kalai’s group regarding his questionable conduct, Amirtha Miss intervened to de-escalate the situation. One critical day, Kalai discovered Praveen and Naveen smoking on school premises. Outraged by their blatant contravention of school regulations, Kalai confronted them physically, though he ultimately chose to forgive them afterward.

Infuriated by the perceived humiliation, Praveen and Naveen devised a plot against Kalai, enlisting Madan to their cause. Their associates subsequently launched a brutal attack on Gautham and framed Kalai for the incident. Gautham's mother, upon witnessing her son's injuries, demanded accountability from Kalai, who claimed his innocence, asserting that he had no involvement in orchestrating the assault.

Concurrently, Kalai's group, alongside Sangeetha, expressed significant concern for his well-being, apprehensive that the situation was deteriorating. Santhosh Sir, known for his stringent demeanor, imposed severe disciplinary measures on Kalai; however, due to the intervention of Malar Miss and Amirtha Miss, Kalai's expulsion was ultimately averted. Amirtha Miss imposed a strict condition: if Kalai himself were involved in the trouble again, he would resign immediately. Acknowledging the seriousness of the situation, Kalai accepted her stipulations.

Reunited with his group and Sangeetha, Kalai expressed to Gautham's circle his intention to focus on his studies. At the same time, he firmly stated that, had he been present during the previous incident, he would have directly confronted the aggressors. However, Praveen and Naveen, undeterred by Kalai’s resolve, taunted him and warned him to maintain his distance, thereby laying the groundwork for an ongoing conflict.

Shortly after, the students received their deposit back from Guna and began preparing seriously for the upcoming examinations, motivated by the announcement of a tour for those who passed. During this time, Santhosh spotted a cigarette on the school premises, which caused panic in Praveen and Naveen. In an attempt to frame Kalai again, they placed a box of cigarettes in his bag. However, their plan failed when Chella noticed the act and, taking a risky decision, removed the box and placed it in Poochi’s bag instead. Poochi, confused, was left wondering how it ended up there. Upon learning of Praveen and Naveen’s role in the incident, Kalai confronted and warned them.

The examination results were soon announced, and only twelve students—Abi, Kalai, Aadhi, Kuzhandhai, Madan, Mathangi, Shwetha, Sangeetha, Parvathy, Nandhini, Gautham, and Kicha—passed. The others were disheartened, knowing they wouldn’t be able to join the tour. However, Amirtha intervened and suggested that all students be allowed to participate, bringing hope to the rest of the class.

Tragedy struck that same day when a past mistake came back to haunt Gautham and his group: photos from their earlier visit to a bar were published by Nachiappan, who had been waiting for the right moment to tarnish the school’s reputation. The revelation enraged the school authorities. Santhosh punished the boys, and their parents were informed. However, Kalai privately spoke to Guna and convinced him to hear Gautham’s side of the story, believing they would not have engaged in any inappropriate behavior.

The gang then admitted to Guna that they had not consumed any alcohol and had only gone to the bar for fun. Guna, believing in their sincerity, decided to help. With the support of his friends, he reframed the story, claiming that the boys had gone to the bar to distribute awareness flyers to drinkers, urging them to reform. This version of the story went viral, and the school’s reputation was restored.

Despite this, Gautham remained suspicious and did not fully believe Kalai when he claimed to have helped gain Guna’s trust on their behalf.

The much-anticipated tour finally commenced, and everything went smoothly—until the final day, when Sangeetha went missing. After several tense hours, Aadhi was found with her, leading Santhosh to assume that Aadhi had misbehaved initially. However, it was soon revealed that Aadhi had saved her from a group of thugs who had nearly attacked them. The teachers promptly apologized to Aadhi and praised him for his maturity and bravery.

After the tour, the group attended a village festival, dressing up as iconic characters from popular films. As the celebrations concluded, Kalai was nearly spotted by Boodhalingam but managed to escape unnoticed. However, Abi, having followed him, confronted Kalai about his strange behavior every time Boodhalingam was nearby. Emotionally overwhelmed, Kalai finally decided to confide in her about his past and the reason he feared Boodhalingam.

A few years ago, Kalai and his family were living a peaceful and happy life. His elder sister, named Thenmozhi, was known for her righteous nature. In 2022, one day at the factory where she worked, a man named Ravi attempted to misbehave with her and was also involved in supplying drugs to other workers. Ravi was later revealed to be the younger brother of Boodhalingam. Kalai's family filed a complaint against him.

However, Inspector Nagarajan, who was corrupt, sided with the perpetrators. Offended by the family's accusations, he grew angry. Seizing the opportunity, the villains planned a brutal attack. While Kalai had stepped out to buy groceries, Boodhalingam killed Kalai's father Narayanan and mother, and Ravi assaulted Thenmozhi, and they set his house on fire. Kalai returned only to find his entire family dead. Devastated and consumed by grief, he set out to avenge their deaths.

Though initially overpowered, Kalai managed to bounce back. He killed Ravi in front of Boodhalingam and severely injured him before surrendering to the police. This incident was depicted in the first episode of Season 1.

Abi becomes emotional upon hearing his story and assures him that she will support him and never judge him. Meanwhile, Gautham, who was serving as the SPL (School Pupil Leader), learns—along with Guna—that Madhan is closely associated with Naachiappan and has not fulfilled his responsibilities as SPL. Consequently, Gautham is selected for the position, having secured the second-highest number of votes after Madhan.

Life returns to normal, and the school even wins the inter-school sports meet. On the night of the sports day’s closing ceremony, Abi hugs Kalai to congratulate him on setting a new district record in the long jump. Kalai, moved by her gesture, hugs her back. This moment is witnessed by Sangeetha, who breaks down emotionally upon seeing them together.
The Next Day, while Sangeetha worries, Aadhi consoles her, unaware of her problems.

Boodhalingam, upon seeing the news of Kalai's extraordinary success in the long jump, was consumed by a furious rage at the mere thought of Kalai still being alive. In his blind anger, he summoned Inspector Nagaraj to his warehouse. When Nagaraj arrived, Boodhalingam unleashed his fury, physically assaulting him and demanding to know Kalai's location. Nagaraj, visibly shaken and trembling with fear, warned Boodhalingam that his name was on the encounter list. He then disclosed his intentions to eliminate Kalai, revealing that he had enlisted the help of henchmen linked to Salem Kadhirvel.
The Henchmen try to kill Kalai using a lorry, but he narrowly escapes and reaches the hotel.
After showing the Sports certificate to Aanandhagopi Master and Bhir Bhai, they praise him for his achievements.
After that, Bhai warns about Boodhalingam's Arrival at the hotel during his absence.
On the same evening, while Sangeetha is concerned about Kalai and Abi hugging, the commerce students send her an anonymous love message. When the commotion is heard, the phone accidentally falls. Aadhi picks up the phone, whether intentionally or not, and discovers the love message before turning it off.

The following day, Sangeetha brings her phone to school and expresses her concerns to Guna Sir and Malar Miss, who then inform Santhosh Sir to carry out an unexpected cellphone search. During this search, Santhosh discovers the phone in Aadhi's bag. Oblivious to the situation, Aadhi becomes the target of punishment.

Bhairavan proposes that Guna Sir should expel Aadhi and file an eve-teasing complaint against him. Aadhi insists that he is innocent.

Aadhi feels disheartened when Abi, Kalai, and Sangeetha label him a pervert. Meanwhile, Sangeetha experiences guilt when the actual culprits apologize to her.

Later that night, as Kalai heads to the grocery store for his hotel, he is followed by Boodhalingam's henchmen. After a lengthy pursuit, Kalai's older brother, who works at Bhai's Hotel, escorts him to the hotel. On the same street, Aadhi is out buying groceries for his family, wearing the same T-shirt as Kalai. Mistaking Aadhi for Kalai, Boodhalingam's henchmen break the light and attack Aadhi, stabbing him.

Aadhi is in pain and succumbs to his death. The next day, his parents are devastated, and his funeral occurs. Everyone from school comes and pays respect, and they feel guilty for misjudging him. Mani, Aadhi's new friend, lashes out at the students for not trusting him and labelling him as a criminal when he had never done anything wrong, especially Sangeetha, whom Aadhi had consoled. Boodhalingam arrives at the funeral and realises Kalai is not dead, and Kalai also realises he was the intended target of Boodhalingam. Kalai tells Abi everything and decides to kill Boodhalingam. He reaches the hideout of Boodhalingam and initially has the upper hand, attacking his thugs, but Boodhalingam hits him on the head and knocks him out.

Boodhalingam drives to his warehouse, and Abi tells Guna and Santhosh everything, and they go to search for Kalai. Boodhalingam mercilessly tortures Kalai, breaking his right arm and scratching his chest with a knife. Guna and Santhosh arrive and fight him; the former saves Kalai, while the latter smashes a bottle on Boodhalingam's head, knocking him out. The cops arrive and arrest Boodhalingam, while Kalai is admitted to the hospital, and his gang, master and Bhai, learns the truth. Abi is heartbroken to hear about Kalai's injuries and weeps.

Gautham's gang also learns about it and tells Abi's mother, who is mad at Abi for hanging out with Kalai. She lashes at Gautham for his tattletale. Gautham is annoyed that she supports Kalai. Kalai reaches school again, and Abi supports him, but he decides not to love her again. During Aadhi's memorial, Kalai reveals his identity to everyone, and they are shocked. Gautham's gang mocks him, but he doesn't care. The whole school is disturbed by everything. Boodhalingam tries to bribe his way out of prison, but he fails and is sentenced to remand.

Praveen and Naveen decide to continue their weed business again, along with Madhan, who wants revenge for losing his SPL to Gautham. PT Sir spots one of the packets and reports it to Guna, but by the time they come, it's gone, as the duo have taken it. Gautham is assigned to find out who is smuggling weed. He assumes Kalai is responsible, and beats him up, but Kalai's gang defend him and argues with Gautham, criticising his judgment, and telling him that he has no right to talk about Kalai, as he himself went to drink at a bar. Gautham defends himself and claims that Kalai is his suspect due to his backstory and his coming from jail. Kalai tells him not to be hasty and tells him that he suspects Praveen and Naveen, due to his past battle with them.

Gautham reluctantly agrees, and soon enough, he manages to trick them into almost revealing their misdeeds. They panic and attempt to escape, but Attai Poochi, Guna, Malar and others catch them, while the cops arrive and arrest them.

That evening, Gautham goes to Kalai's hotel with his friends. They are unaware of why they are there. Gautham orders food and eats. Afterwards, his friends leave, and Gautham pays the bill, writing something down. Kalai takes it, and it says, "Sorry for Everything". Kalai goes out and sees Gautham walking. He calls him, and Gautham begins to apologise for everything. He tells him he never meant to be rude, but his situation made it as such. Kalai also apologises for not telling the truth earlier, and they finally end their enmity.

Malar and Guna boldly confront Naveen and Praveen in jail, delivering a firm message: it’s time to reform and abandon their destructive addiction to marijuana. Their visit is not just a casual encounter; it’s a wake-up call that demands reflection and change.

Meanwhile, the surprising revival of the friendship between Gautham and Kalai captivates the entire class, marking a significant shift in dynamics. As they come to terms with Aadhi’s absence, the group decisively embraces Manikandan, known as Fire Mani, integrating him into their tight-knit circle. United by their shared experiences, they prepare for the upcoming exams with determination and solidarity.

Madhan recognizes the need for accountability and takes a decisive step to apologize for his past misdeeds. The class grants him their forgiveness, collectively choosing to move forward and focus on their studies with a renewed sense of purpose. Following this transformative period, Guna and Malar seal their love in a wedding ceremony that’s a powerful reminder of commitment, with their supportive classmates standing by them.

Six years later, the group has evolved into accomplished individuals, each commanding their respective fields with confidence. Kalai has established himself as a formidable writer, crafting compelling stories that resonate deeply. Gautham and Abi stand united as a married couple, solidifying their partnership. Nandhini thrives as a dedicated doctor, while Chella captures attention as an exceptional actor. Vasanth and Vicky assert their vision as directors, navigating the competitive film industry with gusto. Pandi and Lavakushan are making a difference as food inspection officers, promoting public health with unwavering diligence. Manikandan fulfils his promise by providing for both his family and Aadhi’s, ensuring that their friendship continues to thrive.

In a pivotal reunion, Raju makes a decisive visit to Gautham and Abi, prompting a heartfelt reconciliation. They take this opportunity to reflect on their shared history and reaffirm their commitment to supporting Nandhini and Kalai in pursuing their passions. Acknowledging the complexities of their love lives, Nandhini and Kalai confront the reality of their family’s disapproval, yet they remain unwavering in their hopes for the future, ready to challenge the obstacles that lie ahead.

The second season concludes as PT sir calls out the next batch of students for Season 3.

==Series overview==
===Streaming===
{{Series overview

| color1 = #74E387
| episodes1 = 132
| start1 = {{Start date|2022|04|22|df=yes}}
| end1 = {{End date|2022|12|08|df=yes}}
| color2 = #004000
| episodes2 = 112
| start2 = {{Start date|2023|04|21|df=yes}}
| end2 = {{End date|2023|10|27|df=yes}}
| color3 = #FCBA03
| episodes3 = 102
| start3 = {{Start date|2024|08|30|df=yes}}
| end3 = {{End date|2025|02|14|df=yes}}}}

===Television broadcast===
{{Series overview
| color1 = #74E387
| episodes1 = 132
| start1 = {{Start date|2022|12|26|df=yes}}
| end1 = {{End date|2023|04|17|df=yes}}
| color2 = #004000
| episodes2 =
| start2 =
| end2 =
}}

==Cast and characters==
===Season 1-2===
====Starring====
* Bharath Kumar as Gunasekhar "Guna" (Malar’s love interest) (Main Protagonist)
* VJ Sangeetha (Season 1) / Parveen<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/tamil-actress-sangeetha-announces-her-exit-from-tv-show-kanakanum-kaalangal-2-actress-praveena-to-play-malar-teacher/articleshow/99376482.cms|title=Tamil actress Sangeetha announces her exit from TV show 'Kanakanum Kaalangal 2'; actress Praveento play Malar teacher?|newspaper=The Times of India|date=10 April 2023|publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|archive-date=11 April 2023|access-date=13 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411111626/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/tamil-actress-sangeetha-announces-her-exit-from-tv-show-kanakanum-kaalangal-2-actress-praveena-to-play-malar-teacher/articleshow/99376482.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> (Season 2-present) as Malar (Guna’s love interest) (Main Protagonist)
* [[Irfan (actor)|Irfan]] as Vineeth alias "Jerry" (season 1)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/irfan-to-appear-in-kanaa-kaanum-kalangal-again-after-14-years/articleshow/91341411.cms|title=Irfan to appear in Kanaa Kaanum Kalangal again after 14 years|newspaper=[[Times Of India]]|date=5 May 2022|archive-date=11 May 2022|access-date=15 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511045240/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/irfan-to-appear-in-kanaa-kaanum-kalangal-again-after-14-years/articleshow/91341411.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Aravinth Seiju|Aravinth Seiju]] as Kalaiarasan "Kalai" (Abi’s love interest) (Main Protagonist)
* Deepika Venkatachalam as Abirami "Abi" (Kalai’s love interest) (Season 1,2) (Main Protagonist)
* Raja Vetri Prabhu as Gautham (Nandhini’s love interest)(Season 1,2) (Sometimes Antagonist, Sometimes Protagonist)
* Teja Venkatesh as Nandhini (Gautham’s love interest) (Season 1,2)
* Aashik Gopinath as Krishnamoorthy "Kicha" (Season 1,2)

====Supporting====
* Vishwa Mithran as Rajeev "Raju" (Season 1,2)
* Aegan as Chellamuthu "Chella" (Season 1,2)
* KPY Surendar as Aadhisehan Ilavarasu "Aadhi", (died) (Season 1,2)
* Akshathaa Ajit as Stella (Season 1,2)
* VJ Kalyani (Season 1) / Preethi Krishnan (Season 2-present) as Shwetha <ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/actress-preethi-krishnan-the-cast-of-tv-show-kanakanum-kaalangal-2-says-i-am-really-excited-to-play-the-role/articleshow/99658664.cms|title=Actress Preethi Krishnan the cast of TV show 'Kanakanum Kaalangal 2'; says "I am really excited to play the role"|newspaper=The Times of India|date=21 April 2023|publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|archive-date=21 April 2023|access-date=21 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421070728/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/actress-preethi-krishnan-the-cast-of-tv-show-kanakanum-kaalangal-2-says-i-am-really-excited-to-play-the-role/articleshow/99658664.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> (Season 1,2)
* Parvez Musharaf as Vicky (Season 1,2)
* Sathyanarayanan (Dolby Sathya)as Gopi (Season 1,2) (Antagonistically Sarcastic)
* Keerthan Subash as Vasanth "Dude", "English Erumai" (Season 1,2)
* Pragatheeswaran as Pandi a.k.a. Bakery Pandi (Season 1,2)
* Pranika (Season 1) / Abeneya Nethrun (Season 1,2) as Parvathy "Paru" (Kicha’s love interest)
* KPY Thidiyan as Kuzhandhaivelu " Kuzhandhai" (Season 1,2)
* Lavakushan as Lavakushan "Prachanai" (Season 1,2)
* Sathya SK as Santhosh Kumar "Santhosh Sir" (Dubbed by: Vignesh a.k.a. Vicky) (Season 2-present)
* Selva as Naveen (Season 2)
* Mona as Mathangi (Season 2)
* DK Karthikeyan as Praveen (Season 2) (Antagonist)
* Smeha Manimegalai as Sangeetha (Season 2)
* Naresh as Madhan (Season 2) (Antagonist)
* TSK as Bullet (Guna’s best friend)
* Rahul Vinod as Manikandan (Season 2)
* Samyuktha Shanmuganathan as Amritha (Season 2)
* Velu Lakshmanan (Aryan) as Raghu (season 1) (Main Antagonist)
* Rajmohan as PT Master
* Deepika Damu as Haritha (season 1)
* Preethiga as Preethi (season 1)
* [[Seetha (Malayalam actress)|Seetha Anil]] as Maariamma, Nandhini's mother (Season 1,2)
* Deepthi Shree as Devi, Nandhini's younger sister (Season 1,2)
* Bharath Mohan as Saravanan (Season 1,2)
* Kamalesh PK as Arvind, who is Abi's father (Season 1,2)
* Kavitha Solairaja as Abi's mother (Season 1,2) (Dubbed by: Meenalochani) (Side-Antagonist)
* Udhaya as Sagayam (Watchman)
* KPY Pazhani as Puchiappan a.k.a. Poochi Sir or Attai Poochi
* Priyanka Kumar as Tilottama Miss (Season 2)
* Boys Rajan as Bhairavan, School Principal of Siragugal School, Kanchipuram.
* Bharath Kalyan as Naachiyappan, Modern School Correspondent (Main Antagonist)
* Sanjay Mohan as Richie, Student of Modern School, Kanchipuram. (Season 1,2)
* Saro as Saro (Season 1,2)
* Ashika Yash as Ashika (Season 1,2)
* Vidur as Vidur
* Murali as Moile
* Maurish Frank as Ayogya
* Surya as Senior role
* Vishal Prabu as Senior role
* Monisha Ravishankar as Sanghavi, Jerry's close friend in school days (Episode 42)(archival footage of old [[Kana Kaanum Kaalangal]])
* [[Rajesh (Tamil actor)|Rajesh]] as Mr. Sakthivel (Passed)
* Sandy Master as Judge (dance competition)
* [[Kalaiyarasan|Kalaiarasan]] as Judge(drama competition)
* [[M. J. Shriram|MJ Sriram Parthasarathy]] as Judge (singing competition)
* Padmapriya as Judge
* [[Santhosh Prathap]] as Rockstar Ashok
* [[Mohan Vaidya (singer)|Mohan Vaidya]] as Tamil sir
* [[Anu Mohan (Tamil actor)|Anumohan]] as social sir
* [[R. Aravindraj]] as Maths sir
* [[Arun Prasath]] as himself
* Archana as herself
* [[Rithika Tamil Selvi|Rithika Tamilselvi]] as herself
* Vazhakku Enn Muthuraman as Warden Jayakumar, who saves Kalai from the cruel Inspector Nagarajan (Season 1, 2)
* Murattu Pandian Babloo as Boodhalingam, a marijuana dealer and the arch-nemesis of Kalai, is responsible for the murder and incineration of Kalai's family. (Season 2) (Antagonist)
* Minor Yogi as Ravi, Boodhalingam's younger brother, whom Kalai killed. (Season 2) (Antagonist)
* Yusuf Ferozkhan as S. Kabilan IPS, Superintendent of Police, who is Santhosh Sir's friend during his IPS training in Hyderabad, who saves Kalai from Boodhalingam and arrests the latter. (Season 2) (Supporting Cast)
* Rameshkumar as Sultan Bhai, who runs a restaurant in Kanchipuram. (Season 1)
* Sai Gopi as A senior police officer who arrests Praveen and Naveen for the Marijuana Case. (Season 2)
* Tamil Selvi as Kalai's Mother (Season 2).
* Santhiya as Thenmozhi, Kalai's sister, who got assaulted and killed by Boodhalingam's brother Ravi (Season 2).
* VP Jegannathan as Pandi's father, who is a Bakery Owner.
* Guitar P. Manikandaraj as Gopi's Father, who is a Wine Shop Owner in [Kanchipuram].

===Season 3===
* Bharath Kumar as Gunasekhar "Guna" (School Correspondent)
* Parveen<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/tamil-actress-sangeetha-announces-her-exit-from-tv-show-kanakanum-kaalangal-2-actress-praveena-to-play-malar-teacher/articleshow/99376482.cms|title=Tamil actress Sangeetha announces her exit from TV show 'Kanakanum Kaalangal 2'; actress Praveento play Malar teacher?|newspaper=The Times of India|date=10 April 2023|publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|archive-date=11 April 2023|access-date=13 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411111626/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/tamil-actress-sangeetha-announces-her-exit-from-tv-show-kanakanum-kaalangal-2-actress-praveena-to-play-malar-teacher/articleshow/99376482.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> (Season 2-present) as Malar (School Head Misters) Guna's wife
* [[Sathya SK]] as Santhosh Sir (Dubbed By: Aadhithya. M)
* Murali Radhakrishnan as Jeeva 11A Class Teacher & Biology Teacher
* Mounica as Vennila Chemistry Teacher
*Kiran Kondaa as Madan Physics Teacher
* Bhuvaneshwari Rameshbabu as Mahalakshmi "Maha"
* Sangeetha V as Rekha (Maha's mother)
* Aravinth Seiju as Kalaiarasan a.k.a. Writer Kalai (Maha's Guardian)
* Suresh Chakravarthy as Pannaiyar
* Cool Suresh as Kaasi (Rekha's Manager)
* Aniiruth Kanakarajan as Karthik
* Sakthi Raj as Shakthi
* Vijay Duke as Sasikumar (from Madurai)
* Aneessh Sivashanmugham as Bujji Babu
* Jagabar Sathik as John
* Jasmine Praveen as Janani
* RK Dhanusha as Nikitha
* Baanumathi as Pooja Tiwari (from Rajasthan)
* Feroz as Magesh
* Prince Xavier as Ranjith
* Thafia AbuThahir as Madhi
* Dharshini as Yamini
* Aakarsha Sunil as Priya
* Ajith Kumar as Egambaram "Egs"
* Birla Bose as Dhinakaran (Karthik's Father, Kanchipuram Inspector)
* Arumugavel as Pazhani (Sakthi's Father, Police Constable)
* unknown as Shilpa (Girl's hostel warden)
* TSR -Dharmaraj as Tiger Muthuvel Pandiyan (Boys' hostel warden)
* Udhaya as Sagayam (Watchman)
* Kaadhal Sugumar as Sugu
* Prakash Rajan as Nikitha's Father who is also a teacher in Siragugal School (Dubbed by Arun Kumar)
* Pooja Fiya as Nikitha's Stepmother, who is also a teacher in Siragugal School.
* Udumalai Ravi as Bujji Babu's Father
* VP Jegannathan as Vaazhavandhaan, Sasi Kumar's Father in Madurai.

== Episodes ==
===Season 1===
{{Episode table |overall= |title= |director= |writer= |airdate= |episodes=
{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|Title = Back to School
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|04|22|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate = {{Start date|2022|12|26|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|Title = First Warning
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|04|22|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate = {{Start date|2022|12|27|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|Title = The Challenge
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|04|22|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate = {{Start date|2022|12|28|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|Title = To New Beginnings
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|04|22|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate = {{Start date|2022|12|29|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|Title = The Known Stranger
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|04|29|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate = {{Start date|2022|12|30|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|Title = Latecomer
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|04|29|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate = {{Start date|2023|01|2|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 7
|Title = Heartfelt
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|04|29|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate = {{Start date|2023|01|3|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 8
|Title = Ray Of Hope
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|05|6|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate = {{Start date|2023|01|3|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 9
|Title = The Last Hope
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|05|6|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate = {{Start date|2023|01|4|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 10
|Title = The Revenge
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|05|6|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate = {{Start date|2023|01|5|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 11
|Title = The Rescuer
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|05|13|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate = {{Start date|2023|01|6|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 12
|Title = Jerry's Arrival
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|05|13|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate = {{Start date|2023|01|9|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 13
|Title = The First Impression
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|05|13|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate = {{Start date|2023|01|10|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 14
|Title = The Missing Data
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|05|13|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate = {{Start date|2023|01|11|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 15
|Title = Ray Of Light
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|05|20|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate = {{Start date|2023|01|12|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 16
|Title = Siragugal's Hidden Gem
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|05|20|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate = {{Start date|2023|01|13|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 17
|Title = Tragedy Strikes
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|05|20|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 18
|Title = The Big Offer
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|05|20|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 19
|Title = Teaming Up
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|05|27|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 20
|Title = Trickster Principal
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|05|27|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 21
|Title = The Trap
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|05|27|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 22
|Title = An Unexpected Call
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|05|27|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 23
|Title = The Viral Post
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|06|3|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 24
|Title = The Second Warning
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|06|3|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 25
|Title = Siragugal's Reunion
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|06|3|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 26
|Title = An Uncertain Situation
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|06|3|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 27
|Title = My Hero - Nandhini
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|06|10|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 28
|Title = The Second Warning
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|06|10|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 29
|Title = A Surprise Visit
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|06|10|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 30
|Title = The Concern
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|06|10|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 31
|Title = The Missing Document
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|06|17|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 32
|Title = The Confession
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|06|17|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 33
|Title = The Defaulters' List
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|06|17|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 34
|Title = The Decision
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|06|17|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 35
|Title = The Misfortune
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|06|24|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 36
|Title = The Visit
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|06|24|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 37
|Title = Twist And Turns
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|06|24|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
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}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 38
|Title = Sakthivel's Death - The Promise
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|06|24|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
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{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 39
|Title = The Next Correspondent
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|07|1|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
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{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 40
|Title = Partner in Crime
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|07|1|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
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}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 41
|Title = The Wrong Decision
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|07|1|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
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}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 42
|Title = Saving Nandhini and Memories of Sanghavi
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|07|1|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
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}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 43
|Title = The Aftermath
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|07|8|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
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}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 44
|Title = The Parent-Teacher Meeting
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|07|8|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 45
|Title = The Remembrance
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|07|8|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
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}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 46
|Title = Attai Poochi's Nightmare
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|07|8|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 47
|Title = The Need
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|07|15|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 48
|Title = A Conviction
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|07|15|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
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}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 49
|Title = Smart Poochi 2.0
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|07|15|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 50
|Title = The Support System
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|07|15|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 51
|Title = The Forgotten Subject
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|07|22|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 52
|Title = The Surprise
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|07|22|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 53
|Title = The Reminiscence
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|07|22|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
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}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 54
|Title = The Great Escape
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|07|22|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 55
|Title = Gowtham's Treat
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|07|29|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 56
|Title = The Special Cake
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|07|29|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 57
|Title = The Quotation
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|07|29|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
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{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 58
|Title = A Tough Challenge
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|07|29|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
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{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 59
|Title = The Wicked Nachiyappan
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|08|5|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
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}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 60
|Title = The Rift
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|08|5|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
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{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 61
|Title = The Admission Campaign
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|08|5|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 62
|Title = Madhavan and the Modern School
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|08|5|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
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{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 63
|Title = The Uproar
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|08|12|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
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}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 64
|Title = The New Rivals
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|08|12|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
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{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 65
|Title = A Ticket to Team Up
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|08|12|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
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{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 66
|Title = The Confrontation
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|08|12|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
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{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 67
|Title = A New Entry
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|08|19|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 68
|Title = Principal vs Jerry
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|08|19|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 69
|Title = The Informant
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|08|19|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 70
|Title = The Preparation
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|08|19|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 71
|Title = Strategy or Luck?
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|08|26|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 72
|Title = A Shocker for Gowtham
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|08|26|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 73
|Title = Zero to Hero
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|08|26|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 74
|Title = A Friend in Need
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|08|26|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 75
|Title = An Unexpected Announcement
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|09|2|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 76
|Title = Cupid, Cupid, Being Stupid
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|09|2|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 77
|Title = Gang Wars
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|09|2|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 78
|Title = The Hidden Gem
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|09|2|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 79
|Title = Guardian Angel and the Dancing Devil
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|09|9|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 80
|Title = The Lost Legend
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|09|9|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 81
|Title = The Broken Heart
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|09|9|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 82
|Title = Unity Is Strength
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|09|9|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 83
|Title = Welcome to Modern School
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|09|16|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 84
|Title = The Battle Begins
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|09|16|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 85
|Title = The First Victory
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|09|16|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 86
|Title = Rise of the King
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|09|16|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 87
|Title = A Storm Awaits
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|09|23|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 88
|Title = A Star-studded Performance
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|09|23|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 89
|Title = Hardwork Never Fails
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|09|23|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 90
|Title = The Evil Plot
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|09|23|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 91
|Title = Good Always Prevails
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|09|30|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 92
|Title = Willpower Is the Superpower
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|09|30|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 93
|Title = The Judgement Day
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|09|30|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 94
|Title = You Reap What You Sow
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|09|30|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 95
|Title = Ghost from the Past
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|10|7|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
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{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 96
|Title = Trapped
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|10|7|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 97
|Title = The Disappointment
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|10|7|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 98
|Title = The Missing
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|10|7|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 99
|Title = In Search of the Past
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|10|14|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 100
|Title = Find the Past to Fight the Present
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|10|14|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 101
|Title = Cover Your Tracks
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|10|14|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 102
|Title = The Failed Attempt
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|10|14|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 103
|Title = Suspicion
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|10|21|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 104
|Title = The Latest Challenge
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|10|21|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 105
|Title = A Smart Solution
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|10|21|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 106
|Title = The Missing Link
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|10|21|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 107
|Title = The Final Piece of the Puzzle
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|10|28|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 108
|Title = The Game Changer
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|10|28|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 109
|Title = A Narrow Escape
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|10|28|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 110
|Title = The Power of Friendship
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|10|28|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 111
|Title = The Healing
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|11|4|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 112
|Title = Teachers in Distress
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|11|4|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 113
|Title = The Protest
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|11|4|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 114
|Title = A Warm Welcome
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|11|4|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 115
|Title = The Unwilling Bride
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|11|11|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 116
|Title = Parvathy's SOS
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|11|11|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 117
|Title = Hard Work or Smart Work?
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|11|11|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 118
|Title = Justice is Served
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|11|11|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 119
|Title = Right and Wrong
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|11|18|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 120
|Title = Fueling the Fire
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|11|18|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 121
|Title = A Wolf in a Sheep's Clothing
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|11|18|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 122
|Title = A Miracle
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|11|18|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 123
|Title = Old is Gold
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|11|25|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 124
|Title = New Experience
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|11|25|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 125
|Title = Learnnig with Ease
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|11|25|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 126
|Title = The Special Class
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|11|25|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 127
|Title = The Chemistry
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|12|2|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 128
|Title = A Bittersweet Day
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|12|2|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 129
|Title = The Bet
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|12|2|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 130
|Title = Plan B
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|12|9|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 131
|Title = The Stroke
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|12|9|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 132
|Title = The Start of New Beginning
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|12|9|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}
}}

=== Season 2 ===
{{Episode table |overall= |title= |director= |writer= |airdate= |episodes=
{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|Title = Dreamy Day
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|04|21|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate = {{Start date|2022|12|26|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|Title = The Result
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|04|21|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|Title = Time To Celebrate
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|04|21|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|Title = Family Comes First
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|04|21|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|Title = Failed Attempts
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|04|28|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|Title = New Entries
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|04|28|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 7
|Title = New Friends, New Enemies
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|04|28|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 8
|Title = The Lab Accident
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|04|28|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 9
|Title = A Father's Anger
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|05|5|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 10
|Title = Respect
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|05|5|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 11
|Title = The Offer
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|05|5|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 12
|Title = He Is Back
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|05|5|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 13
|Title = Blast From The Past
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|05|12|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 14
|Title = The Outcast!
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|05|12|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 15
|Title = Who Is The Culprit?
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|05|12|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 16
|Title = The Birthday Surprise
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|05|12|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 17
|Title = The Video
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|05|19|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 18
|Title = Rising Without Fear
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|05|19|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 19
|Title = The Candidates
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|05|19|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 20
|Title = The Nominations
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|05|19|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 21
|Title = Spoken Thanglish
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|05|26|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 22
|Title = Election Rules
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|05|26|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 23
|Title = The Wall of Siragugal
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|05|26|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 24
|Title = The Cost of the Fight
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|05|26|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 25
|Title = Timely Help
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|06|02|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 26
|Title = Where Is The Money?
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|06|02|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 27
|Title = Abi To The Rescue
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|06|02|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 28
|Title = The Election Task
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|06|02|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 29
|Title = The Stolen Speech
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|06|9|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 30
|Title = Broken Trust and Broken Heart
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|06|9|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 31
|Title = Friends Forever
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|06|9|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 32
|Title = The Voting
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|06|9|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 33
|Title = The Counting Begins
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|06|16|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 34
|Title = The Unexpected Winner
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|06|16|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 35
|Title = The Aftereffects
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|06|16|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 36
|Title = The Deposit Money
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|06|16|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 37
|Title = Unknown Gangsters
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|06|23|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 38
|Title = The Expulsion
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|06|23|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 39
|Title = Saved with a Condition
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|06|23|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 40
|Title = Kalai's Explanation
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|06|23|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 41
|Title = Cozened
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|06|30|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 42
|Title = The Tour Idea
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|06|30|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 43
|Title = Group Study
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|06|30|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 44
|Title = Conditions Apply
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|06|30|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 45
|Title = Twisted Plan
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|07|7|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 46
|Title = Exam Situation
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|07|7|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 47
|Title = Surprise Invigilater
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|07|7|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 48
|Title = The Marks
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|07|7|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 49
|Title = Sponsored Student
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|07|14|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 50
|Title = The News
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|07|14|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 51
|Title = Total Disappointment
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|07|14|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 52
|Title = Guna to the Rescue
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|07|14|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 53
|Title = The Antidote
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|07|21|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 54
|Title = Unheard Emotions
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|07|21|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 55
|Title = Tour Incharge
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|07|21|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 56
|Title = The Journey Begins
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|07|21|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 57
|Title = The Arrival
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|07|28|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 58
|Title = A Lover's Struggle
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|07|28|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 59
|Title = The Accidental Heroine
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|07|28|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 60
|Title = Reneging Promises
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|07|28|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 61
|Title = Love at First Sight
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|08|4|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 62
|Title = The Dead Lovers
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|08|4|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 63
|Title = Swept Off His Feet
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|08|4|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 64
|Title = The Misunderstood Hero
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|08|4|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 65
|Title = Incomplete Conversations
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|08|11|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 66
|Title = Sports Day
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|08|11|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 67
|Title = The Hesitation
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|08|11|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 68
|Title = The Engagement Gets Interrupted
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|08|11|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 69
|Title = An Possessive Abi
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|08|18|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 70
|Title = The Thiruvizha
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|08|18|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 71
|Title = The Accidental Performers
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|08|18|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 72
|Title = The Haunting Truth
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|08|18|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 73
|Title = Rebelious Sister
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|08|25|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 74
|Title = Wrath Unleashed
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|08|25|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 75
|Title = War of Words
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|08|25|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 76
|Title = Mother's Anger
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|08|25|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 77
|Title = The Unexpected Blood Donor
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|09|01|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 78
|Title = Angel of Sports
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|09|01|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 79
|Title = It's All About Sports
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|09|01|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 80
|Title = Heartwarming Apologies
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|09|01|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 81
|Title = The List of Names
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|09|8|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 82
|Title = The True SPL
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|09|8|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 83
|Title = The Practice Sessions
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|09|8|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 84
|Title = Inauguration of the Sports Day
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|09|8|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 85
|Title = United We Run
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|09|15|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 86
|Title = Bruce Lee Kicha
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|09|15|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 87
|Title = District Record
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|09|15|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 88
|Title = True Champions
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|09|15|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 89
|Title = The Victory
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|09|22|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 90
|Title = Hurtful Silence
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|09|22|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 91
|Title = Targeted
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|09|22|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 92
|Title = Victim of Fate
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|09|22|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 93
|Title = Dark Death
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|09|29|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 94
|Title = Untold Story
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|09|29|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 95
|Title = Wrong Target
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|09|29|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 96
|Title = Facing the Enemy
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|09|29|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 97
|Title = Ruthless Abduction
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|10|6|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 98
|Title = Wounded Hearts
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|10|6|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 99
|Title = Past Unveiled
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|10|6|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 100
|Title = Broken Bonds
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|10|6|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 101
|Title = Accidental Discovery
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|10|13|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 102
|Title = The Hunt
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|10|13|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 103
|Title = Enemies to Friends
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|10|13|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 104
|Title = Unmendable Mistakes
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|10|13|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 105
|Title = Cheerful Moments
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|10|20|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 106
|Title = The Farewell Day
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|10|20|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 107
|Title = Emotional Speeches
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|10|20|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 108
|Title = Hard to Say Goodbye
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|10|20|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 109
|Title = The Final Exam
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|10|27|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 110
|Title = Last Day at School
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|10|27|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 111
|Title = Just Married
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|10|27|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 112
|Title = The End Is Just the Beginning
|DirectedBy = Ravi Kanna
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|10|27|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate =
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

}}

===Season 3 ===
{{Episode table |overall= |title= |director= |writer= |airdate= |episodes=
{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|Title = Roses on Thorns
|DirectedBy = Nitiz Maz
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|08|30|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate = {{Start date|2024|08|30|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|Title = Gates of Hope
|DirectedBy = Nitiz Maz
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|08|30|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate = {{Start date|2024|08|30|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|Title = Best Enemies
|DirectedBy = Nitiz Maz
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|08|30|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate = {{Start date|2024|08|30|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|Title = New Class, New Stories
|DirectedBy = Nitiz Maz
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|08|30|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate = {{Start date|2024|08|30|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|Title = Different Parenting
|DirectedBy = Nitiz Maz
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|09|06|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate = {{Start date|2024|09|06|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|Title = Rep Elections
|DirectedBy = Nitiz Maz
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|09|06|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate = {{Start date|2024|09|06|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber =7
|Title = Haunted Hostel
|DirectedBy = Nitiz Maz
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|09|06|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate = {{Start date|2024|09|06|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 8
|Title = Double Twin Flames
|DirectedBy = Nitiz Maz
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|09|06|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate = {{Start date|2024|09|06|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 9
|Title = Unexpected Candidates
|DirectedBy = Nitiz Maz
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|09|13|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate = {{Start date|2024|09|13|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 10
|Title = Physics VS Chemistry
|DirectedBy = Nitiz Maz
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|09|13|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate = {{Start date|2024|09|13|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 11
|Title = Family Promises
|DirectedBy = Nitiz Maz
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|09|13|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate = {{Start date|2024|09|13|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 12
|Title = Sakthi Or Maha
|DirectedBy = Nitiz Maz
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|09|13|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate = {{Start date|2024|09|13|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 13
|Title = Bullet is Back
|DirectedBy = Nitiz Maz
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|09|20|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate = {{Start date|2024|09|13|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 14
|Title = Reality Check
|DirectedBy = Nitiz Maz
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|09|20|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate = {{Start date|2024|09|13|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 15
|Title = Bitter Past
|DirectedBy = Nitiz Maz
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|09|20|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate = {{Start date|2024|09|13|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 16
|Title = How to save Siragugal?
|DirectedBy = Nitiz Maz
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|09|20|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate = {{Start date|2024|09|13|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}
{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 17
|Title = Attack Mode
|DirectedBy = Vijay Kumar Rajendran
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|09|27|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate = {{Start date|2024|09|13|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 18
|Title = Consequences
|DirectedBy = Vijay Kumar Rajendran
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|09|27|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate = {{Start date|2024|09|13|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 19
|Title = The Spotlight
|DirectedBy = Vijay Kumar Rajendran
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|09|27|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate = {{Start date|2024|09|13|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 20
|Title = Impactful Street Play
|DirectedBy = Vijay Kumar Rajendran
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|09|27|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate = {{Start date|2024|09|13|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 21
|Title = Narrow Escape
|DirectedBy = Vijay Kumar Rajendran
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|10|04|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate = {{Start date|2024|09|13|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 22
|Title = Hunger Strike
|DirectedBy = Vijay Kumar Rajendran
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|10|04|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate = {{Start date|2024|09|13|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 23
|Title = The Boys are Back
|DirectedBy = Vijay Kumar Rajendran
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|10|04|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate = {{Start date|2024|09|13|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 24
|Title = The Sacrifices
|DirectedBy = Vijay Kumar Rajendran
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|10|04|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate = {{Start date|2024|09|13|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 25
|Title = Court Order
|DirectedBy = Vijay Kumar Rajendran
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|10|11|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate = {{Start date|2024|09|13|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 26
|Title = Conceited Attitude
|DirectedBy = Vijay Kumar Rajendran
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|10|11|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate = {{Start date|2024|09|13|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 27
|Title = Bold Class Rep
|DirectedBy = Vijay Kumar Rajendran
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|10|11|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate = {{Start date|2024|09|13|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 28
|Title = Eavesdropping
|DirectedBy = Vijay Kumar Rajendran
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|10|11|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate = {{Start date|2024|09|13|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 29
|Title = Bujji's Efforts
|DirectedBy = Vijay Kumar Rajendran
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|10|18|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate = {{Start date|2024|09|13|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 30
|Title = Insulted Father
|DirectedBy = Vijay Kumar Rajendran
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|10|18|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate = {{Start date|2024|09|13|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 31
|Title = The Question Paper
|DirectedBy = Vijay Kumar Rajendran
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|10|18|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate = {{Start date|2024|09|13|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 32
|Title = Exam Preparations
|DirectedBy = Vijay Kumar Rajendran
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|10|18|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate = {{Start date|2024|09|13|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 33
|Title = Exam Day
|DirectedBy = Vijay Kumar Rajendran
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|10|25|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate = {{Start date|2024|09|13|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 34
|Title = Manipulated Scores
|DirectedBy = Vijay Kumar Rajendran
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|10|25|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate = {{Start date|2024|09|13|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 35
|Title = Cheaters Always Losers
|DirectedBy = Vijay Kumar Rajendran
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|10|25|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate = {{Start date|2024|09|13|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 36
|Title = Supreased Truth
|DirectedBy = Vijay Kumar Rajendran
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|10|25|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate = {{Start date|2024|09|13|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 37
|Title = The Parents' Meeting
|DirectedBy = Vijay Kumar Rajendran
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|11|01|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate = {{Start date|2024|09|13|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 38
|Title = Guilty Until Proven Innocent
|DirectedBy = Vijay Kumar Rajendran
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|11|01|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate = {{Start date|2024|09|13|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 39
|Title = Silenced by Punishment
|DirectedBy = Vijay Kumar Rajendran
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|11|01|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate = {{Start date|2024|09|13|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 40
|Title = Humiliation and Shame
|DirectedBy = Vijay Kumar Rajendran
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|11|01|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate = {{Start date|2024|09|13|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 41
|Title = The Ignored Gang
|DirectedBy = Vijay Kumar Rajendran
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|11|08|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate = {{Start date|2024|09|13|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 42
|Title = The Cultural Event
|DirectedBy = Vijay Kumar Rajendran
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|11|08|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate = {{Start date|2024|09|13|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 43
|Title = Impromptu Speech
|DirectedBy = Vijay Kumar Rajendran
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|11|08|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate = {{Start date|2024|09|13|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 44
|Title = Intellectual Theft
|DirectedBy = Vijay Kumar Rajendran
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|11|08|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate = {{Start date|2024|09|13|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 45
|Title = Authoritative Parenting
|DirectedBy = Vijay Kumar Rajendran
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|11|15|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate = {{Start date|2024|09|13|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 46
|Title = Caged Bird
|DirectedBy = Vijay Kumar Rajendran
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|11|15|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate = {{Start date|2024|09|13|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 47
|Title = Failed Efforts
|DirectedBy = Vijay Kumar Rajendran
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|11|15|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate = {{Start date|2024|09|13|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 48
|Title = Never Give Up
|DirectedBy = Vijay Kumar Rajendran
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|11|15|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate = {{Start date|2024|09|13|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 49
|Title = Overall Trophy
|DirectedBy = Vijay Kumar Rajendran
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|11|22|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate = {{Start date|2024|09|13|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 50
|Title = Shattered Reality
|DirectedBy = Vijay Kumar Rajendran
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|11|22|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate = {{Start date|2024|09|13|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 51
|Title = Still Not Friends
|DirectedBy = Vijay Kumar Rajendran
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|11|22|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate = {{Start date|2024|09|13|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 52
|Title = Misunderstood by Friends
|DirectedBy = Vijay Kumar Rajendran
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|11|22|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate = {{Start date|2024|09|13|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 53
|Title = Lonesome
|DirectedBy = Vijay Kumar Rajendran
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|11|29|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate = {{Start date|2024|09|13|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 54
|Title = Trouble Child
|DirectedBy = Vijay Kumar Rajendran
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|11|29|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate = {{Start date|2024|09|13|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 55
|Title = Bonding with Friends
|DirectedBy = Vijay Kumar Rajendran
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|11|29|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate = {{Start date|2024|09|13x|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 56
|Title = Risky Wish
|DirectedBy = Vijay Kumar Rajendran
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|11|29|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate = {{Start date|2024|09|13x|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 57
|Title = The Great Escape
|DirectedBy = Vijay Kumar Rajendran
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|12|06|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate = {{Start date|2024|09|13x|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 58
|Title = Unexpected Opportunity
|DirectedBy = Vijay Kumar Rajendran
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|12|06|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate = {{Start date|2024|09|13x|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 59
|Title = Supportive Friends
|DirectedBy = Vijay Kumar Rajendran
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|12|06|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate = {{Start date|2024|09|13x|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 60
|Title = The Invite
|DirectedBy = Vijay Kumar Rajendran
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|12|06|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate = {{Start date|2024|09|13x|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 61
|Title = Parents' consent
|DirectedBy = Vijay Kumar Rajendran
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|12|13|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate = {{Start date|2024|09|13x|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 62
|Title = Boarding Time
|DirectedBy = Vijay Kumar Rajendran
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|12|13|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate = {{Start date|2024|09|13x|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 63
|Title = The Journey
|DirectedBy = Vijay Kumar Rajendran
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|12|13|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate = {{Start date|2024|09|13x|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 64
|Title = Sasi's Girl
|DirectedBy = Vijay Kumar Rajendran
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|12|13|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate = {{Start date|2024|09|13x|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 65
|Title = Disappointing Menu
|DirectedBy = Vijay Kumar Rajendran
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|12|20|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate = {{Start date|2024|09|13x|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 66
|Title = No Religious Barriers
|DirectedBy = Vijay Kumar Rajendran
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|12|20|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate = {{Start date|2024|09|13x|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 67
|Title = Movie Time
|DirectedBy = Vijay Kumar Rajendran
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|12|20|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate = {{Start date|2024|09|13x|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 68
|Title = The Missing Goat
|DirectedBy = Vijay Kumar Rajendran
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|12|20|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate = {{Start date|2024|09|13x|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 69
|Title = Supernatural Search
|DirectedBy = Vijay Kumar Rajendran
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|12|27|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate = {{Start date|2024|09|13x|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 70
|Title = Loving Granny
|DirectedBy = Vijay Kumar Rajendran
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|12|27|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate = {{Start date|2024|09|13x|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 71
|Title = Granny's Unexpected Decision
|DirectedBy = Vijay Kumar Rajendran
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|12|27|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate = {{Start date|2024|09|13x|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 72
|Title = Sasi's Ear piercing
|DirectedBy = Vijay Kumar Rajendran
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|12|27|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate = {{Start date|2024|09|13x|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 73
|Title = Surprise Trip
|DirectedBy = Vijay Kumar Rajendran
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|01|03|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate = {{Start date|2024|09|13x|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 74
|Title = Thug Life
|DirectedBy = Vijay Kumar Rajendran
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|01|03|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate = {{Start date|2024|09|13x|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 75
|Title = Eerie Stories
|DirectedBy = Vijay Kumar Rajendran
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|01|03|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate = {{Start date|2024|09|13x|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 76
|Title = Arson
|DirectedBy = Vijay Kumar Rajendran
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|01|03|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate = {{Start date|2024|09|13x|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 77
|Title = Shattered Parents
|DirectedBy = Vijay Kumar Rajendran
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|01|10|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate = {{Start date|2024|09|13x|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 78
|Title = Master Returns
|DirectedBy = Vijay Kumar Rajendran
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|01|10|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate = {{Start date|2024|09|13x|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 79
|Title = New Feelings
|DirectedBy = Vijay Kumar Rajendran
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|01|10|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate = {{Start date|2024|09|13x|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 80
|Title = Gang Reputation
|DirectedBy = Vijay Kumar Rajendran
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|01|10|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate = {{Start date|2024|09|13x|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 81
|Title = Acceptance
|DirectedBy = Vijay Kumar Rajendran
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|01|17|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate = {{Start date|2024|09|13x|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 82
|Title = Broken Bond
|DirectedBy = Vijay Kumar Rajendran
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|01|17|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate = {{Start date|2024|09|13x|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 83
|Title = Growing Distance
|DirectedBy = Vijay Kumar Rajendran
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|01|17|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate = {{Start date|2024|09|13x|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 84
|Title = Is It Love?
|DirectedBy = Vijay Kumar Rajendran
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|01|17|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate = {{Start date|2024|09|13x|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 85
|Title = Budding Director
|DirectedBy = Vijay Kumar Rajendran
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|01|24|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate = {{Start date|2024|09|13x|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 86
|Title = Madhi's Proposal
|DirectedBy = Vijay Kumar Rajendran
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|01|24|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate = {{Start date|2024|09|13x|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 87
|Title = The Super Singer
|DirectedBy = Vijay Kumar Rajendran
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|01|24|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate = {{Start date|2024|09|13x|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 88
|Title = A Short Film by Karthick
|DirectedBy = Vijay Kumar Rajendran
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|01|24|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate = {{Start date|2024|09|13x|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 89
|Title = The Abduction
|DirectedBy = Vijay Kumar Rajendran
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|01|31|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate = {{Start date|2024|09|13x|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 90
|Title = Helpless Maha
|DirectedBy = Vijay Kumar Rajendran
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|01|31|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate = {{Start date|2024|09|13x|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 91
|Title = Locked Up
|DirectedBy = Vijay Kumar Rajendran
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|01|31|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate = {{Start date|2024|09|13x|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 92
|Title = Smart Thinking
|DirectedBy = Vijay Kumar Rajendran
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|01|31|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate = {{Start date|2024|09|13x|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 93
|Title = Brave Souls
|DirectedBy = Vijay Kumar Rajendran
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|02|07|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate = {{Start date|2024|09|13x|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 94
|Title = Reap What You Sow
|DirectedBy = Vijay Kumar Rajendran
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|02|07|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate = {{Start date|2024|09|13x|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 95
|Title = Science Projects
|DirectedBy = Vijay Kumar Rajendran
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|02|07|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate = {{Start date|2024|09|13x|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 96
|Title = Best Friends Forever
|DirectedBy = Vijay Kumar Rajendran
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|02|07|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate = {{Start date|2024|09|13x|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 97
|Title = The Innocent Suspect
|DirectedBy = Vijay Kumar Rajendran
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|02|14|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate = {{Start date|2024|09|13x|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 98
|Title = The Truth
|DirectedBy = Vijay Kumar Rajendran
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|02|14|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate = {{Start date|2024|09|13x|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 99
|Title = A Bold Move
|DirectedBy = Vijay Kumar Rajendran
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|02|14|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate = {{Start date|2024|09|13x|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 100
|Title = The Confession
|DirectedBy = Vijay Kumar Rajendran
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|02|14|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate = {{Start date|2024|09|13x|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 101
|Title = Truth Alone Triumphs
|DirectedBy = M. Ramesh Baarathi
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|02|14|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate = {{Start date|2024|09|13x|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}

{{#invoke:Episode list|sublist
|EpisodeNumber = 102
|Title = Friendship is the Real Treasure
|DirectedBy = M. Ramesh Baarathi
|WrittenBy = Praveen Bennett
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|02|14|df=y}}
|SerialAirDate = {{Start date|2024|09|13x|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = #8A4500
}}
}}

==Production==
===Release===
The first teaser for the show was released in January 2022 and it was officially set to launch in February 2022, however due to some technical error during the shooting for the show, the release date was pushed to 22 April 2022.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chennaicitynews.net/cinema/kanaa-kaanum-kaalangal-web-series-airing-exclusively-on-the-disney-hotstar-from-april-22-2022-with-new-stars-and-brand-new-look/|title="Kanaa Kaanum Kaalangal" Web series – Airing exclusively on the Disney+ Hotstar from April 22, 2022 with new stars and brand new look!|date=21 April 2022|publisher=www.chennaicitynews.net|access-date=30 April 2022|archive-date=21 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421070027/https://www.chennaicitynews.net/cinema/kanaa-kaanum-kaalangal-web-series-airing-exclusively-on-the-disney-hotstar-from-april-22-2022-with-new-stars-and-brand-new-look/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.hotstar.com/ca/tv/kana-kaanum-kaalangal/1260097087 Official Website] at [[Hotstar]]
* {{IMDb title|11492864}}

{{STAR Vijay TV shows}}
{{Disney+ Hotstar Tamil original programming}}
[[Category:Tamil-language web series]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Disney+ Hotstar original programming]]
[[Category:Star Vijay original programming]]
[[Category:Tamil-language school television series]]
[[Category:Tamil-language teen television series]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romance television series]]
[[Category:2022 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:2022 Tamil-language television seasons]]
[[Category:2023 Tamil-language television seasons]]
[[Category:2024 Tamil-language television seasons]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]

Mirat-ul-Uroos (2012 TV series)

2026-04-22T10:01:46Z

Buymediaspace: Created info

{{Short description|Pakastani TV series (2012–2013)}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=September 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Aaina Dulhan Ka logo-image (Mirat-ul-Uroos).jpg
| caption = Intertitle on [[Zindagi (TV channel)|Zindagi]] as ''Aina Dulhan Ka'' featuring [[Aamina Sheikh]] (right) and [[Mehwish Hayat]].
| alt_name = Aaina Dulhan Ka
| genre = [[Romance film|Romance]] [[Family drama]]
| writer = [[Umera Ahmad]]
| director = [[Anjum Shahzad]]
| starring = {{ubl|[[Aamina Sheikh]]|[[Mikaal Zulfiqar]]|[[Mehwish Hayat]]|[[Ahsan Khan (actor)|Ahsan Khan]]}} {{small|([[#Cast|For entire cast see the section on cast below]])}}
| country = Pakistan
| language = Urdu
| company = [[7th Sky Entertainment]]
| runtime = Approx. 40-45 Minutes
| channel = [[Geo Entertainment]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2012|12|4}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2013|6|6|df=y}}
| num_episodes = 30
| based_on = ''[[Mirat-ul-Uroos]]'' by [[Nazir Ahmad Dehlvi]]
| open_theme = {{ubl|''Mera Chhota Sa Ek Sapna Hai'' (sung by [[Fariha Pervez]]) | ''Har Saans Gawahi Deta Hai'' {{small|(sung by [[Mehwish Hayat]])}}}}
| num_seasons = 1
| theme_music_composer = {{ubl|'''Composer'''|Shani Haider|'''Lyricist'''|Naseer Turabi}}
}}

'''''Mirat-ul-Uroos''''' ([[Urdu]]:{{nastaliq| مراۃُ العروس}}[[literal translation|lit]]: The Mirror of the Bride) is a [[Pakistani dramas|Pakistani telenovela]] inspired by the [[Mirat-ul-Uroos|novel of the same name]] by [[Nazir Ahmad Dehlvi]]. It was directed by [[Anjum Shahzad]] and written by [[Umera Ahmad]]. It aired on [[Geo Entertainment]] in Pakistan from 4 December 2012 to 6 June 2013. The story of the serial is linked to the original story of the two sisters Akbari and Asghari and revolves around the granddaughters of Akbari, played by [[Aamina Sheikh]] and [[Mehwish Hayat]], and the grandsons of Asghari, played by [[Mikaal Zulfiqar]] and [[Ahsan Khan]].<ref>{{Cite news |access-date=2021-01-30 |work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1138403 |title=Pakistan's quiet gender revolution}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |access-date=2021-01-30|publisher=www.tv.com.pk|url=http://www.tv.com.pk/tvshow/Mirat-ul-Uroos/119|title=Mirat-ul-Uroos}}</ref>

== Plot summary ==
''Mirat-ul-Uroos'' contrasts the lives of the grandchildren of Akbari and Asghari. Akbari's first granddaughter Aiza is arrogant, a spendthrift and has been raised with a lot of love, while her second granddaughter Aima is the exact opposite of Aiza. Asghari's grandsons are Hammad and Hashim, who fall for and eventually marry Aiza and Aima. Aiza shows her true colours in her in-laws' house. Hammad has an extramarital affair, and Aiza leaves him, but they eventually reunite.

== Cast ==
* [[Mehwish Hayat]]<ref name="مہوش حیات">{{Cite web|access-date=2021-01-31|publisher=Urdu VOA|url=https://www.urduvoa.com/a/mirat-ul-uroos-and-mehwish-hayat/1585076.html|title='مراة العروس' مہوش حیات کی خوبصورت اداکاری سے سجا ڈرامہ}}</ref> as Aima
* [[Aamina Sheikh]] as Aiza
* [[Ahsan Khan (actor)|Ahsan Khan]] as Hashim
* [[Mikaal Zulfiqar]]<ref>{{Cite web|access-date=30 January 2021|publisher=tellychakkar|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/i-have-not-followed-any-indian-serial-pakistani-actor-mikaal-zulfiqar-141129|title=I have not followed any Indian serial: Pakistani actor Mikaal Zulfiqar|date=29 November 2014}}</ref> as Hammad
* [[Samina Ahmad]] as Asghari
* [[Ayesha Khan (Pakistani actress)|Ayesha Khan]] as Akbari
* [[Momal Sheikh]] as Hamna
* Umer Naru as Farhan
* Afraz Rasool as Zain
* [[Sarah Khan]] as Javeria a.ka. Joey
* [[Saba Faisal]] as Rafia; Hammad and Haashim's mother
* [[Azra Mohyeddin]] as Amna; Aiza and Aima's mother
* Mohsin Gillani as Wajahat Akbar Choudhary; Hammad and Haashim's father
* Hashim Butt as Naasir Asghar Choudhry; Aiza and Aima's father

== Soundtrack ==
The theme song of the series "Har Saans Gawahi Deta Hai" was performed by Mehwish Hayat and [[Fariha Pervez]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.pakistantoday.com.pk/2016/06/16/mehwish-hayat-to-perform-in-coke-studio-season-9/|title=Mehwish Hayat to perform in Coke Studio season 9|date=16 June 2016|website=Pakistan Today|archive-date=29 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629002454/https://archive.pakistantoday.com.pk/2016/06/16/mehwish-hayat-to-perform-in-coke-studio-season-9/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Production==
=== Background and development ===

''[[Mirat-ul-Uroos]]'', the first novel in Urdu literature, was written by [[Nazir Ahmad Dehlvi]], also known as Deputy Nazir Ahmad, and first published in 1869. The novel promotes the cause of female education in Muslim and Indian society.<ref>{{Cite news |access-date=2021-01-25 |work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |url=https://www.dawnnews.tv/news/1096933 |title='اردو ادب کے وہ 10 بہترین ناول جنہوں نے بہت متاثر کیا'}}</ref> This TV adaptation is the third of Nazir's novel, but producer [[Abdullah Kadwani]] clarified that it is not a direct adaptation, rather inspired by the novel, with the story picking up where the original novel concludes.<ref name="مہوش حیات"/> Renowned Pakistani author and screenwriter [[Umera Ahmad]] penned the script, having previously collaborated with the production house on serials like ''[[Doraha (TV series)|Doraha]]'' (2008) and ''[[Meri Zaat Zarra-e-Benishan]]'' (2010).

== International broadcast ==
''Mirat-ul-Uroos'' was also broadcast in [[India]] by [[Zindagi (TV channel)|Zindagi]], under the title ''Aaina Dulhan Ka'', premiering on 10 November 2014 and ending its run on 13 December 2014. Due to its popularity in India, it started to run again from 8 May 2015 at 6 pm.<ref name=zndadkbamm>
* {{cite web| url=http://www.afaqs.com/news/story/42400_Zindagi-Strengthens-Programming-Line-up-with-3-New-Shows | title=Zindagi Strengthens Programming Line-up with Mastana Mahi, Badi Aapa and Aaina Dulhan Ka| publisher=afaqs! | date=6 November 2014 | access-date=30 January 2021}}
* {{cite web | url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/zindagi-to-have-three-new-shows/ | title=Zindagi to have three new shows, Mastana Mahi, Badi Aapa and Aaina Dulhan Ka | publisher=The Indian Express | date=7 November 2014 | access-date=30 January 2021}}
* {{cite web | url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-zindagi-launches-three-new-shows-2032862 | title=Zindagi launches three new shows, Mastana Mahi, Badi Aapa and Aaina Dulhan Ka| publisher=DNA | date=7 November 2014 | access-date=30 January 2021}}
</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://harpalgeo.tv/program/mirat-ul-uroos Official website]

{{Geo TV Programs}}{{Programmes broadcast by Zindagi}}

[[Category:Urdu-language telenovelas]]
[[Category:Pakistani telenovelas]]
[[Category:2012 telenovelas]]
[[Category:2012 Pakistani television series debuts]]
[[Category:2013 Pakistani television series endings]]
[[Category:Geo TV original programming]]
[[Category:Zee Zindagi original programming]]

Neena Mittal

2026-04-20T05:52:56Z

Buymediaspace: Created details

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Neena Mittal
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = '''Member of [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]]'''
| term_start = 2022
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Hardial Singh Kamboj]]
| successor =
| office1 =
| term_start1 =
| term_end1 =
| successor1 =
| party = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| spouse =
| children =
| parents =
| constituency = [[Rajpura Assembly constituency|Rajpura]]
}}
'''Neena Mittal''' is an Indian politician. She/he was elected to the [[Rajpura Assembly constituency]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] in the [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]] as a member of the [[Aam Aadmi Party]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/patiala/neena-mittal-only-woman-to-win-seat-in-dist-376855 | title=Neena Mittal only woman to win seat in Patiala district | publisher=Tribune | date=10 March 2022 | accessdate=11 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/rajpura-punjab-assembly-election-results-2022-live-winner-runner-up-candidates-7810307/ | title=Rajpura (Punjab) Assembly Election Results 2022 Live: AAP's Nina Mittal defeats BJP's Jagdish Kumar Jagga to win Rajpura seat | publisher=The Indian Express | date=10 March 2022 | accessdate=11 March 2022}}</ref><ref name="The Chosen 12 March 2022">{{cite news|last1=Goyal |first1=Divya |title=The Chosen 13: 'Padwoman', Moga's doctor among Punjab's women MLAs |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/punjab-elections-results-aap-victory-congress-sad-candidates-7816401/ |access-date=20 March 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=12 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

==Member of Legislative Assembly==
She represents the [[Rajpura Assembly constituency]] as MLA in the Punjab Assembly. The Aam Aadmi Party gained a strong 79% majority in the [[sixteenth Punjab Legislative Assembly]] by winning 92 out of [[List of constituencies of the Punjab Legislative Assembly|117 seats]] in the [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]]. MP [[Bhagwant Mann]] was sworn in as [[List of chief ministers of Punjab (India)|Chief Minister]] on 16 March 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=16 March 2022 |title=AAP's Bhagwant Mann sworn in as Punjab Chief Minister |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/punjab-assembly/aaps-bhagwant-mann-sworn-in-as-punjab-cm/article65230309.ece |access-date=22 March 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

;[[16th Punjab Assembly#Committees|Committee assignments of Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
*Member (2022–23) [[Punjab Assembly Committee on Government Assurances|Committee on Government Assurances]]<ref name="Committee on Government Assurances">{{cite web |title=vidhan Sabha |url=http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=34&Itemid=119 |website=punjabassembly.nic.in |access-date=2022-06-13 |archive-date=2021-05-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514050545/http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=34&Itemid=119 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*Member (2022–23) [[Punjab Assembly Committee on Agriculture and its allied activities|Committee on Agriculture and its allied activities]]<ref name="Committee on Agriculture and its allied activities">{{cite web |title=Vidhan Sabha |url=http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=806&Itemid=119 |website=punjabassembly.nic.in}}</ref>

==Electoral performance ==
{{transcluded section|source=Rajpura Assembly constituency}}
{{#section:Rajpura Assembly constituency|Assembly Election 2022}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mittal, Neena}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Punjab, India MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Aam Aadmi Party politicians from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Women members of the Punjab Legislative Assembly]]

{{PunjabIN-AAP-politician-stub}}

Bachhav Shobha Dinesh

2026-04-18T23:01:18Z

Buymediaspace: Starting A Details - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Dr. Bachhav Shobha Dinesh
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1959|09|29|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Dhule]], Maharastra
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| constituency = [[Dhule Lok Sabha constituency|Dhule]]
| term_start = June 2024
| predecessor = [[Subhash Bhamre]]
| successor =
| office1 = Mayor of [[Nashik Municipal Corporation]]
| term1 = 20 March 1999 – 15 March 2002
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| spouse = Dinesh Motiram Bachhav
| parents = Laxmanrao Bhau Patil, Nirmala
| children = 1 Son, 2 Daughters
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source = https://sansad.in/ls/members/biographyM/5773?from=members
}}
'''Dr. Shobha Dinesh Bachhav''' is an Indian politician. She is a [[Member of Parliament (India)|Member of Parliament]] from [[Dhule Lok Sabha constituency|Dhule Lok Sabha Constituency]]. She became a member of [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|Maharashtra State legislative Assembly]] from [[Nashik Assembly constituency|Nashik]] in 2004. She is a member of [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-05 |title=Dhule election results 2024 live updates: Congress' Bachhav Shobha Dinesh wins |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/dhule-election-results-2024-live-updates-bjps-bhamre-subhash-ramrao-vs-congs-bachhav-shobha-dinesh/articleshow/110664981.cms |access-date=2024-06-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name="Dhule Lok Sabha Seat Winner Shobha Dinesh Bachhav: कौन हैं डॉ. शोभा? धुले में BJP को दी करारी शिकस्त, जानें सांसद के बारे में सब कुछ">{{cite news |last1=TV9 Bharatvarsh |first1= |date=7 June 2024 |title=Dhule Lok Sabha Seat Winner Shobha Dinesh Bachhav: कौन हैं डॉ. शोभा? धुले में BJP को दी करारी शिकस्त, जानें सांसद के बारे में सब कुछ |url=https://www.tv9hindi.com/elections/lok-sabha-election/maharashtra-chunav/shobha-dinesh-bachhav-congress-won-dhule-maharashtra-over-bjp-subhash-ramrao-bhamre-2658148.html |accessdate=14 October 2024 |language=}}</ref><ref name="Doctors {{!}} Healthy corps">{{cite news|last1=India Today|title=Doctors {{!}} Healthy corps|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-doctors-healthy-corps-2565856-2024-07-13|accessdate=9 November 2024|date=13 July 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241109153202/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-doctors-healthy-corps-2565856-2024-07-13|archivedate=9 November 2024|language=en}}</ref>

== Political career ==
Bachhav was the mayor of [[Nashik Municipal Corporation]] and a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] from Nashik. She was also a MoS for Health in Maharashtra State Government.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=DNA Web |title=Shobhatai Bachhav, Dr Rahul Aher file nominations |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-shobhatai-bachhav-dr-rahul-aher-file-nominations-1293033#google_vignette |access-date=2025-02-20 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref>
Bachhav was elected as a Member of Parliament from [[Dhule Lok Sabha constituency|Dhule Lok Sabha Constituency]] in the [[2024 Indian general election]], defeating [[Subhash Bhamre]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|Bharatiya Janta Party]] by a margin of over 3000 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Dhule, Maharashtra Lok Sabha Election Results 2024 Highlights: Bachhav Shobha Dinesh Secures the Seat by 3831 Votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha/story/dhule-maharashtra-lok-sabha-election-results-2024-live-updates-clse-2547808-2024-06-04 |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Dhule Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Lok Sabha Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MP, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/dhule-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-lok-sabha-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mp-margin-8917302.html |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dinesh, Bachhav Shobha}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:21st-century women politicians]]
[[Category:Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance candidates in 2024 Indian general election]]
[[Category:1959 births]]

{{Maharashtra-INC-politician-stub}}

Anil Tatkare

2026-04-18T21:42:29Z

Buymediaspace: Starting Data

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1953)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Anil Tatkare
| office = Member of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Council]]
| term_start = 26 March 2010
| term_end = 31 May 2018
| constituency = ''[[Raigad–Ratnagiri–Sindhudurg Local Authorities constituency|Raigad–Ratnagiri–Sindhudurg Local Authorities]]''
| succeeded = [[Aniket Tatkare]]
| preceded = [[Bhaskar Jadhav]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1953|8|31}}
| children = 2 ([[Avdhoot Tatkare|Avadhut]], Sandeep)
| relations = ''[[Political families of Maharashtra#The Tatkare Family, Raigad|Tatkare family]]''
| party = [[Nationalist Congress Party - Sharadchandra Pawar|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)]] (2024-present)
| other_party = [[Shiv Sena]] (2019-2024)
[[Nationalist Congress Party]] (until 2019)
| birth_name = Anil Dattatray Tatkare
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], Maharashtra, India
| spouse = Shubhada Tatkare (m.1977)
| parents = Dattatray Tatkare (father) Geeta Tatkare (mother)
| caption = Tatkare in 2019
| image = ADT_1.jpg
}}

'''Anil Dattatray Tatkare''' (born 31 August 1953) is an Indian politician from [[Maharashtra]]. He served as a Member of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Council]] for the [[Raigad–Ratnagiri–Sindhudurg Local Authorities constituency|Raigad–Ratnagiri–Sindhudurg Local Authorities]] for two consecutive terms from 2010 to 2018. On 20 February 2024, he was appointed as the Vice President of the Maharashtra unit of the [[Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tatkare Anil Dattatray(Independent(IND)):Constituency- Pen(RAIGAD) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/mh2009/candidate.php?candidate_id=2507 |access-date=2025-08-16 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Early life and background ==
Tatkare was born on 31 August 1953 in [[Mumbai]], Maharashtra, to Dattatray Tatkare and Geeta Tatkare, and was raised in [[Kolad]], located in the [[Raigad district]]. His father, served as the Chairperson of the Panchayat Samiti in the district council for 17 years. He completed his higher secondary education in 1971 from Kolad High School. He is the eldest of five siblings, and the elder brother of [[Sunil Tatkare]], who is the [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]] for [[Raigad Lok Sabha constituency|Raigad]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-02-22 |title=Elder brother of Sunil Tatkare enters Sharad Pawar's party |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/elder-brother-of-sunil-tatkare-joins-sharad-pawars-party/articleshow/107897517.cms |access-date=2025-08-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Political career ==
Tatkare began his political journey as a member of the [[Raigad District Council]] from 1997 to 2002. When the seat was later reserved for women in 2002, his wife, Shubhada Tatkare, succeeded him and went on to win three consecutive terms, serving from 2002 to 2017. He was associated with the [[Nationalist Congress Party]] from its inception in 1999 until 2019.

In 2009, he contested the [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|Maharashtra Legislative Assembly elections]] from the [[Pen Assembly constituency|Pen constituency]] as an [[Independent politician|Independent]] candidate. He lost by a small margin to [[Dhairyashil Patil]] of the [[Peasants and Workers Party of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes AC: Pen 2009 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha-details/2009/maharashtra/pen/30/30896/www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha-details/2009/maharashtra/pen/30/30896/206 |access-date=2025-08-16 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref>

In 2010, following the election of sitting MLC [[Bhaskar Jadhav]] as an MLA in 2009, a by-election was held for the [[Raigad–Ratnagiri–Sindhudurg Local Authorities constituency|Raigad–Ratnagiri–Sindhudurg Local Authorities]] seat. Tatkare contested and won the by-poll, serving his first term from 2010 to 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-03-28 |title=NCP candidate wins Maha council poll |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai/ncp-candidate-wins-maha-council-poll/story-MV9yqzFMEK5oEcIBCWSFyL.html |access-date=2025-08-16 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> He was re-elected in 2012 and completed a full six-year term until 31 May 2018. He has not contested any elections since completing his [[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] tenure in May 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-05-04 |title=Warring Congress and NCP come together for legislative council polls |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai/warring-congress-and-ncp-come-together-for-legislative-council-polls/story-WaTbBxzBlHawVnOJ0C0qLN.html |access-date=2025-08-16 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

After two decades with the [[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]], Tatkare joined the [[Shiv Sena]] in 2019 along with his son, [[Avdhoot Tatkare|Avadhut Tatkare]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-09 |title=NCP's Avdhut Tatkare, his father join Shiv Sena; Bhaskar Jadhav to follow suit |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/ncp-s-avdhut-tatkare-his-father-join-shiv-sena-bhaskar-jadhav-to-follow-suit/story-7XCxEGamFog0azIYeQaDLK.html |access-date=2025-08-16 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> In February 2024, following the [[2023 Nationalist Congress Party split|split]] in the [[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]], he joined the [[Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar|Sharad Pawar-led faction]] and was appointed Vice President of the [[Maharashtra]] state unit.<ref>{{Cite web |last=S |first=Swapnil |date=2024-02-22 |title=सुनील तटकरेंचे बंधू शरद पवार गटात, अनिल तटकरेंची महाराष्ट्र प्रदेश उपाध्यक्षपदी नियुक्ती |url=https://marathi.freepressjournal.in/maharashtra/anil-tatkare-brother-of-sunil-tatkare-joins-ncp-sharad-pawar-faction |access-date=2025-08-16 |website=marathi.freepressjournal.in |language=mr}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Anil Tatkare has been married to Shubhada Tatkare since 1977. His son, [[Avdhoot Tatkare|Avadhut Tatkare]], is a former MLA for [[Shrivardhan Assembly constituency|Shrivardhan]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Avadhut Anil Tatkare(Nationalist Congress Party(NCP)):Constituency- SHRIVARDHAN(RAIGAD) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/maharashtra2014/candidate.php?candidate_id=1121 |access-date=2025-08-16 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> and another son, [[Sandeep Tatkare]], is also active in Raigad district politics.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Saurabh |date=2016-11-07 |title='Spurned' Tatkare nephew joins Shiv Sena {{!}} 'Spurned' Tatkare nephew joins Shiv Sena |url=https://www.asianage.com/mumbai/spurned-tatkare-nephew-joins-shiv-sena-218 |access-date=2025-08-16 |website=www.asianage.com |language=en}}</ref> The [[Political families of Maharashtra#The Tatkare Family, Raigad|Tatkare family]] has held significant influence in Raigad district politics for decades.

== References ==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tatkare, Anil}}
[[Category:Members of the Maharashtra Legislative Council]]
[[Category:1953 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Gourab Chatterjee

2026-04-18T06:36:29Z

Buymediaspace: data!

{{Short description|Indian film and television actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Gourab Chatterjee
| image = Gourab Chatterjee.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Chatterjee in 2013
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1984|6|15}}
| birth_place = [[Kolkata]], West Bengal, India
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| other_names =
| known_for =
| father = Gautam Chatterjee
| relatives = [[Uttam Kumar]] (grandfather)
| spouse = [[Anindita Bose]] (m. 2013; div. 2015) 
{{marriage|Dr. Devlina Kumar|2020}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Gourab Chatterjee-Devlina Kumar get married, their wedding pics are straight out of a fairytale |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/gourab-chatterjee-devlina-kumar-get-married-their-wedding-pics-are-straight-out-of-a-fairytale/photostory/79656708.cms |work=The Times of India |date=10 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
| occupation = Actor
}}
'''Gourab Chatterjee''' is an Indian film and television actor based in [[Kolkata]]. He is the grandson of [[Uttam Kumar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/Now-Tarun-Kumars-grandson-in-films/articleshow/12425023.cms|title=Now, Tarun Kumar's grandson in films – Times of India|work=The Times of India |accessdate=22 October 2017}}</ref>

== Career ==
His debut film, ''[[Bhalobasar Onek Naam]]'' (2006), was directed by film director [[Tarun Majumdar]] and co-starred [[Soumitra Chatterjee]] and [[Moushumi Chatterjee]].<ref>{{cite news |title=ভবানীপুরের চাটুজ্জেবাড়ির আরও দুই ভাই |url=https://eisamay.indiatimes.com/entertainment/cinema/sourav-and-gourav-chatterjee-habe-kept-the-tradition-of-their-family/articleshow/77148486.cms |work=[[Ei Samay]] |date=25 July 2020 |language=bn}}</ref>

== Filmography ==

=== Films ===
*''[[Aamar Boss]]''
*''[[Oti Uttam]]''<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chatterjee |first1=Arindam |title='Oti Uttam' to star Mahanayak |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/oti-uttam-to-star-mahanayak-uttam-kumar/cid/1810970 |work=The Telegraph|location=India |date=30 March 2021}}</ref> (2024)
*''Kojagori'' (Upcoming)
*''Kirtan''
* ''[[Mayaa]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sankha |first1=Ghosh |title=Raajhorshee De's next 'Maya' based on Shakespeare's Macbeth – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/raajhorshee-des-next-maya-based-on-shakespeares-macbeth/articleshow/84432313.cms |work=The Times of India |date=15 July 2021 |language=en}}</ref>''
*''[[Ghore Pherar Gaan]]''
*''Circus er Ghora''
*''[[Baba Baby O]]'' (2022)
*''Ekti Bangali Alien-er Golpo (Zee Bangla Cinema Originals)'' (2021)
*''Aloukik Obhijaan (Zee Bangla Cinema Originals)'' (2021)
* ''Ke Tumi Nandini'' (2019)<ref>{{cite news |title=Meet the cast of this unique love story |url=https://epaper.timesgroup.com/Olive/ODN/TimesOfIndia/shared/ShowArticle.aspx?doc=TOIKM/2019/04/26&entity=Ar02103&sk=E5CE8039&mode=image |work=The Times of India |date=26 April 2019}}</ref>
* ''Pather Sesh Kothay'' (2012)
* ''[[Rang Milanti]]'' (2010)
* ''[[Eti (film)|Eti]]'' (2008)
* ''Krishnakanter Will'' (2007)
* ''Bhalobasar Anek Naam'' (2006)

=== Television ===
* ''[[Durga (2008 series)|Durga]]'' as ''Rupam'' ([[Star Jalsha]]) (2008–2010)<ref name=":0">{{cite news |title=Actor Gourab Chatterjee turns a year older – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/actor-gourab-chatterjee-turns-a-year-older/articleshow/76381911.cms |work=The Times of India |date=15 June 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
* ''Ghore Pherar Gaan'' as ''Rick Banerjee'' ([[Star Jalsha]]) (2012–2013)<ref>{{cite news |title=Gourab's stepping into a new role – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/Gourabs-stepping-into-a-new-role/articleshow/7474038.cms |work=The Times of India |date=11 January 2017 |language=en}}</ref>
* ''[[Bodhuboron]]'' as ''Satyaki Chowdhury'' ([[Star Jalsha]]) (2013–2017)<ref name=":0"/>
* ''[[Adorini]]'' as ''Rayan Sen'' ([[Star Jalsha]]) (2017–2018)<ref>{{cite news |title=Throwback Thursday: Adorini actor Gourab Chatterjee posts a childhood pic with his sister – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/throwback-thursday-adorini-actor-gourab-chatterjee-posts-a-childhood-pic-with-his-sister/articleshow/63727329.cms |work=The Times of India |date=12 April 2018 |language=en}}</ref>
* ''[[Karunamoyee Rani Rashmoni]]'' as ''Mathuramohan Biswas'' [[Zee Bangla]] (2018–2021)<ref name="rr">{{cite news |last1=সংবাদদাতা |first1=নিজস্ব |title=Rani Rashmoni: শেষ দৃশ্যে অভিনয়ের পরেই সেট থেকে পালিয়ে এসেছি: গৌরব চট্টোপাধ্যায় |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/gourab-chatterjee-will-complete-his-journey-in-mega-rani-rashmoni-very-soon-dgtl/cid/1299569 |work=anandabazar.com |date=21 August 2021|language=bn}}</ref>
*''Lockdown Diary – Honeymoon'' ([[Zee Bangla]]) (2020)
*
* ''[[Mahapeeth Tarapeeth]]'' as ''[[Rabindranath Tagore]]'' ([[Star Jalsha]]) (2021)<ref>{{cite news |last1=Samadder |first1=Tulika |title=Mahapith Tarapith: শান্তির খোঁজে বামদেবের কাছে কবিগুরু! গৌরব সাজলেন রবিঠাকুর |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/gourav-chatterjee-will-play-the-role-of-rabindranath-thakur-in-the-mega-serial-mahapith-tarapith-on-star-jalsha-31630484605532.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210901095246/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/gourav-chatterjee-will-play-the-role-of-rabindranath-thakur-in-the-mega-serial-mahapith-tarapith-on-star-jalsha-31630484605532.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 September 2021 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] Bangla |date=1 September 2021 |language=bn}}</ref>
*''[[Gaatchora]]'' as ''Riddhiman Singha Roy'' ([[Star Jalsha]]) (2021–2023)<ref>{{cite news |last1=চৌধুরী |first1=সৌমিতা |title=Solanki-Gourab's Gatchora: 'মথুরবাবু' গৌরবের সঙ্গে 'কাদম্বিনী' শোলাঙ্কির 'গাঁটছড়া'! কী বললেন টলিপাড়ার নতুন জুটি? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/solanki-roy-and-gourab-chatterjee-pair-new-bengali-serial-gatchora-reveals-about-their-character-soc-311993-2021-11-08 |work=[[Aaj Tak]] বাংলা |date=8 November 2021 |language=bn}}</ref>
*''[[Tentulpata]]'' as Rishiraj "Rishi" Singha Roy ([[Star Jalsha]]) (2024-2025)
*''Milon Hobe Koto Dine'' as Gora Sen ([[Star Jalsha]]) (2025–present)

===Web series===
* ''Charitraheen'' (29 September 2018)
* ''Do Not Disturb'' (8 December 2018)
* ''Shei je Holud Pakhi''(2018)
* ''Bou Keno Psycho'' (21 February 2019)
* ''Bonno Premer Golpo'' (2020)
* ''Shei je Holud Pakhi-Season 2''(2021)

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chatterjee, Gourab}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors in Bengali cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Bengali television actors]]
[[Category:1984 births]]
[[Category:People from Bhowanipore]]

Cassicade Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:32:25Z

Buymediaspace: new!

{{Short description|Former constituency of the Puducherry Legislative Assembly}}

{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = SLA
| name = Cassicade
| state = [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]
| established = 1964
| abolished= 2006
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| electors =
}}
'''Cassicade''' was a [[Puducherry Legislative Assembly|state assembly constituency]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]. It was in existence from the [[1964 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1964]] to the [[2006 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|2006]] state elections.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1964 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1964]] || A. S. Kankeyan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1969 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1969]] || Ansari P. Duraisamy || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1974 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1974]] || Ansari P. Duraisamy || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}}
|-
| [[1977 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1977]] || Ansari P. Duraisamy || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || V. Kathirvelu || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
| [[1985 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || P. Kannan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1990 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || P. Kannan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1991 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1991]] || M. Elango || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[1996 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1996]] || P. Kannan || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[2001 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|2001]] || K. Lakshminarayanan || {{Full party name with color|Puducherry Munnetra Congress}}
|-
| [[2006 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|2006]] || K. Lakshminarayanan || {{Full party name with color|Puducherry Munnetra Congress}}
|}

== Election results ==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2006|2006]]|{{party color|Puducherry Munnetra Congress}}|49.05}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2001|2001]]|{{party color|Puducherry Munnetra Congress}}|51.52}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1996|1996]]|{{party color|Independent politician}}|63.21}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1991|1991]]|{{party color|Janata Dal}}|49.97}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1990|1990]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|52.52}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1985|1985]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|62.76}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1980|1980]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}|51.63}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1977|1977]]|{{party color|Janata Party}}|47.01}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1974|1974]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}}|38.91}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1969|1969]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|60.33}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1964|1964]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|39.98}}
}}

=== Assembly Election 2006 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Cassicade<ref>{{cite web |title=Puducherry 2006 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3437-puducherry-2006/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925222225/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3437-puducherry-2006/ |website=Election Commission of India|archive-date=25 September 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pondicherry-pmc-wins-from-bussy-cassicade-constituency/articleshow/1525097.cms |date=11 May 2005 |title=Pondicherry: PMC wins from Bussy, Cassicade constituency |website=Times of India}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Lakshminarayanan |party=Puducherry Munnetra Congress |votes=4,942 |percentage=49.05% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=G. Ravichandiran |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,726 |percentage=46.90% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=D. Deenadhayalan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=210 |percentage=2.08% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=V. Govindan |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=169 |percentage=1.68% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=216 |percentage=2.14% |change=-16.65% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,076 |percentage=77.76% |change= 9.33% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 12,957 |change =-6.35% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Puducherry Munnetra Congress|loser=Puducherry Munnetra Congress |swing= -2.47% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2001 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Cassicade<ref>{{cite web |title=Puducherry 2001 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3436-puducherry-2001/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927050359/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3436-puducherry-2001/ |website=Election Commission of India|archive-date=27 September 2021 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Lakshminarayanan |party=Puducherry Munnetra Congress |votes=4,875 |percentage=51.52% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Malar Mannan |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=3,097 |percentage=32.73% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=V. Balaji |party=Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar) |votes=1,360 |percentage=14.37% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Murali . D. |party=Independent politician |votes=130 |percentage=1.37% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,778 |percentage=18.79% |change=-13.35% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=9,462 |percentage=68.44% |change= 11.21% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 13,835 |change =-13.35% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Puducherry Munnetra Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= 1.55% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1996 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Cassicade<ref>{{cite web |title=Puducherry 1996 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3434-puducherry-1996/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917135105/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3434-puducherry-1996/ |website=Election Commission of India|archive-date=17 September 2021 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Kannan |party=Independent politician |votes=6,501 |percentage=63.21% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Narayanasamy |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,195 |percentage=31.06% |change=-14.36% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Thiagarajan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=304 |percentage=2.96% |change=0.49% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Panneerselvam |party=All India Indira Congress (Tiwari) |votes=125 |percentage=1.22% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Devatha Oupendran |party=Janata Party |votes=49 |percentage=0.48% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,306 |percentage=32.14% |change=27.59% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,285 |percentage=66.08% |change= 8.86% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 15,966 |change =-10.11% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Janata Dal |swing= 13.23% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1991 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Cassicade<ref>{{cite web |title=Puducherry 1991 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3433-puducherry-1991/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917135604/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3433-puducherry-1991/ |website=Election Commission of India|archive-date=17 September 2021 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Elango |party=Janata Dal |votes=4,927 |percentage=49.97% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Shanmugan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,478 |percentage=45.42% |change=-7.10% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Balavengatraman |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=243 |percentage=2.46% |change=0.62% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mahavir Jain |party=Independent politician |votes=85 |percentage=0.86% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=449 |percentage=4.55% |change=-3.66% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=9,859 |percentage=57.22% |change= -9.07% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 17,761 |change =1.53% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Dal |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -2.55% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1990 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1990 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Cassicade<ref>{{cite web |title=Puducherry 1990 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3431-puducherry-1990/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917130547/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3431-puducherry-1990/ |website=Election Commission of India|archive-date=17 September 2021 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Kannan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,040 |percentage=52.52% |change=-10.24% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Anandavelu |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=5,095 |percentage=44.30% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=L. Balavengatraman |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=212 |percentage=1.84% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=G. Alamelu |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=127 |percentage=1.10% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=945 |percentage=8.22% |change=-36.44% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=11,500 |percentage=66.29% |change= -2.55% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 17,494 |change =42.09% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -10.24% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1985 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Cassicade<ref>{{cite web |title=Puducherry 1985 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3430-puducherry-1985/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917140417/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3430-puducherry-1985/ |website=Election Commission of India|archive-date=17 September 2021 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Kannan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,273 |percentage=62.76% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Saraswati Subbiah |party=Communist Party of India |votes=1,521 |percentage=18.10% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=G. Sambath |party=Janata Party |votes=1,090 |percentage=12.97% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Sukumaran |party=Indian Congress (Socialist) |votes=518 |percentage=6.17% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,752 |percentage=44.66% |change=15.47% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,402 |percentage=68.84% |change= -4.07% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 12,312 |change =12.41% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress (I) |swing= 11.13% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1980 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Cassicade<ref>{{cite web |title=Puducherry 1980 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3428-puducherry-1980/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927041541/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3428-puducherry-1980/ |website=Election Commission of India|archive-date=27 September 2021 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=V. Kathirvelu |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes=3,948 |percentage=51.63% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ansari P. Duraisamy |party=Janata Party |votes=1,716 |percentage=22.44% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Sugumaran |party=Indian National Congress (U) |votes=849 |percentage=11.10% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Krishnaraj |party=Independent politician |votes=531 |percentage=6.94% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Munisamy (Durai) |party=Independent politician |votes=273 |percentage=3.57% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=L. Ramalingam |party=Independent politician |votes=112 |percentage=1.46% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=U. Mahabal Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=107 |percentage=1.40% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=D. Expo Ramanathan |party=Independent politician |votes=47 |percentage=0.61% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,232 |percentage=29.19% |change=17.40% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,647 |percentage=72.91% |change= 7.14% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,953 |change =-5.60% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress (I) |loser=Janata Party |swing= 4.61% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1977 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Cassicade<ref>{{cite web |title=Puducherry 1977 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3426-puducherry-1977/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927043330/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3426-puducherry-1977/ |website=Election Commission of India|archive-date=27 September 2021 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ansari P. Duraisamy |party=Janata Party |votes=3,551 |percentage=47.01% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Arumughom |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,661 |percentage=35.23% |change=1.58% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ponnurangam S. |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,341 |percentage=17.75% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=890 |percentage=11.78% |change=6.52% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,553 |percentage=65.77% |change= -12.84% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,603 |change =15.66% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress (Organisation) |swing= 8.10% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1974 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1974 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Cassicade<ref>{{cite web |title=Puducherry 1974 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3425-puducherry-1974/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917133352/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3425-puducherry-1974/ |website=Election Commission of India|archive-date=17 September 2021 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ansari P. Duraisamy |party=Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes=2,996 |percentage=38.91% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Durai Munisami |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,591 |percentage=33.65% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Anandavelu |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=1,936 |percentage=25.15% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sivaprakam. N. |party=Independent politician |votes=78 |percentage=1.01% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Varadarajulu Alias Varadhan. P. |party=Independent politician |votes=51 |percentage=0.66% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Subramanian. N. Alias Ramu |party=Independent politician |votes=47 |percentage=0.61% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=405 |percentage=5.26% |change=-23.83% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,699 |percentage=78.61% |change= 9.13% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,032 |change =51.11% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress (Organisation) |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -21.42% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1969 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1969 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Cassicade<ref>{{cite web |title=Puducherry 1969 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3423-puducherry-1969/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917140530/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3423-puducherry-1969/ |website=Election Commission of India|archive-date=17 September 2021 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ansari P. Duraisamy |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,721 |percentage=60.33% |change=20.35% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Azhwar |party=Communist Party of India |votes=1,409 |percentage=31.24% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thillai Kanagaraj |party=Independent politician |votes=380 |percentage=8.43% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,312 |percentage=29.09% |change=15.38% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=4,510 |percentage=69.48% |change= -1.57% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 6,639 |change =3.15% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 20.35% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1964 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1964 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Cassicade}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=A. S. Kankeyan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,799 |percentage=39.98% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kuppusamy Mudaliar |party=Independent politician |votes=1,182 |percentage=26.27% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Saraswati |party=Indian People's Front |votes=880 |percentage=19.56% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sivaprakasam |party=Independent politician |votes=572 |percentage=12.71% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Siyali Venku Chetty |party=Independent politician |votes=67 |percentage=1.49% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=617 |percentage=13.71% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=4,500 |percentage=71.05% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 6,436 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{coords|11.938|79.828|display=title}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Puducherry}}
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Puducherry]]
[[Category:Politics of Puducherry]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1964]]
[[Category:1964 establishments in Pondicherry]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2006]]
[[Category:2006 disestablishments in India]]

Huzurabad Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T02:12:50Z

Buymediaspace: Put Up Stub - done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Telangana legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Huzurabad
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Telangana (31-Huzurabad highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Huzurabad Assembly constituency within Telangana
| mla = [[Kaushik Reddy]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
| latest_election_year = [[2023_elections_in_India#Telangana|2023]]
| state = [[Telangana]]
| district = [[Karimnagar district|Karimnagar]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Karimnagar Lok Sabha constituency|Karimnagar]]
| established = 1951
| electors = 2,36,872
| reservation = None
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 31
}}
'''Huzurabad''' is a constituency of the [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]]. It is in [[Karimnagar district]] and partly in [[Hanamkonda district]]. It is part of [[Karimnagar Lok Sabha constituency]].

In 2021, the seat was vacated following the resignation of [[Etela Rajender]] and again re-elected on 2 November.<ref>{{Cite news|date=12 June 2021|title=Former TRS minister Etela Rajender resigns as MLA, set to join BJP|work=Business Standard|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/former-trs-minister-etela-rajender-resigns-as-mla-set-to-join-bjp-121061200446_1.html|access-date=12 June 2021}}</ref>

==Mandals==
The assembly constituency currently comprises the following mandals:
{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!Mandal !!District
|-
| [[Huzurabad]]
| rowspan=4|[[Karimnagar district|Karimnagar]]
|-
| [[Jammikunta]]
|-
| [[Veenavanka]]
|-
| [[Illanthakunta]]
|-
| [[Kamalapur, Karimnagar|Kamalapur]]
| [[Hanamkonda district|Hanamkonda]]
|}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
=== [[Hyderabad State (1948–1956)|Hyderabad State]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year!!Name
! colspan="2" |Political Party
|-
| [[1952 Hyderabad Legislative Assembly election|1952]]||Ponnamaneni Narayan Rao
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1952 Hyderabad Legislative Assembly election|1952]]||J Venkatesam
|{{Full party name with color|Socialist Party}}
|}

=== [[United Andhra Pradesh|Andhra Pradesh]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year!!Name
! colspan="2" |Political Party
|-
| [[1957 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]||P. Narsing Rao
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]||Gadipalli Ramulu
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]||N. R. Polsani
|-
| [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]||Vodithela Rajeswar Rao
|-
| [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]]||Duggirala Venkatarao
|-
| [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]]||Kotha Raji Reddy
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]||Duggirala Venkatarao
|-
| [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]||Kethiri Sai Reddy
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]]|| rowspan="2" |[[E. Peddi Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
| [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]|| rowspan="2" |[[V. Lakshmikantha Rao]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi|rowspan=4}}
|-
| 2008
|-
| [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]|| rowspan="2" |[[Etela Rajender]]
|-
| 2010 By-election
|}

=== [[Telangana]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year!!Name
! colspan="2" |Political Party
|-
| [[2014 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Etela Rajender]]
|{{Full party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|-
|[[2021 elections in India#Telangana|2021]] by-election
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| rowspan="1" |[[Kaushik Reddy|Padi Kaushik Reddy]]
|{{Full party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|}

==Election results==
===Telangana Legislative Assembly Election, 2023===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|Telangana Assembly Elections, 2023]]: Huzurabad (Assembly constituency)}}{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Bharat Rashtra Samithi|candidate= [[Kaushik Reddy]]|votes=80,333|percentage=38.38|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Etela Rajendar]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=63,460|percentage=30.32|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Vodithala Pranav|party=Indian National Congress|votes=53,164|percentage=25.4|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Palle Prashanth Goud|votes=2,150|percentage=1.03|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|party=None of the above|votes=1,208|percentage=0.58|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=16,873|percentage=8.06|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=2,09,311|percentage=|change=}}{{Election box gain with party link|winner=Bharat Rashtra Samithi|loser=Bharatiya Janata Party|swing=}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021 by-election===
{{Election box begin | title= By-elections, 2021: Huzurabad<ref name="Huzurabad Assembly constituency 2021 By Election Result">{{cite news |title=Huzurabad Assembly constituency 2021 By Election Result |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcByeNov2021/ConstituencywiseS2931.htm?ac=31 |access-date=8 July 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250708174242/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcByeNov2021/ConstituencywiseS2931.htm?ac=31 |archive-date=8 July 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Etela Rajender]]|votes=1,07,022|percentage=51.96|change=+51.01}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telangana Rashtra Samithi|candidate=[[Gellu Srinivas Yadav]]|votes=83,167|percentage=40.38|change=-18.96}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Balmoor Venkat]]|votes=3,014|percentage=1.46|change=-33.14}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the above]]|votes=1,036|percentage=0.50|change=-1.12}}
{{Election box majority||votes=23,855|percentage=11.58|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=2,06,013|percentage=86.92|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Telangana Rashtra Samithi
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== Telangana Legislative Assembly election, 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|Telangana Assembly Elections, 2018]]: Huzurabad (Assembly constituency)}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Telangana Rashtra Samithi|candidate=[[Etela Rajender]]|percentage=59.34|votes=1,04,840|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Kaushik Reddy]]|votes=61,121|percentage=34.60|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=2,867|percentage=1.62|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Barige Gattaiah Yadav|votes=2660|percentage=1.51|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Raghu Puppala|votes=1,683|percentage=0.95|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=43,719|percentage=24.74|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,76,675|percentage=84.40|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Telangana Rashtra Samithi

|loser = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== Telangana Legislative Assembly election, 2014 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|Telangana Assembly Elections, 2014]]: Huzurabad (Assembly constituency)<ref name="auto">{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20231203022810/https://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=997&cid=31 Huzurabad Results]}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Telangana Rashtra Samithi|candidate=[[Etela Rajender]]|votes=95,315|percentage=58.76|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Kethiri Sudarshan Reddy|votes=38,278|percentage=23.60|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=Kashyap Reddy Muddasani|votes=15,642|percentage=9.64|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=E. Bheema Rao|votes=5,075|percentage=3.13|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Republican Party of India (Athawale)|candidate=Myakamalla Rathnaiah|votes=1,992|percentage=1.23|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Pyramid Party of India|candidate=Chintha Anilkumar|votes=1,711|percentage=1.05|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Kothuri Ramesh|votes=1,479|percentage=0.91|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the above]]|votes=1,445|percentage=0.89|change=}}{{Election box majority|votes=57,037|percentage=35.16|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,62,201|percentage=77.32|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Telangana Rashtra Samithi
|loser = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2010 by-election ===
{{Election box begin | title=By-election, 2010: Huzurabad}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Telangana Rashtra Samithi|candidate=[[Etela Rajender]]|votes=93,026|percentage=67.36|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Muddasani Damodar Reddy]]|votes=13,799|percentage=9.99|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress
|candidate=V. K. Mohan Rao
|votes=12,540
|percentage=9.08
|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=79,227|percentage=55.36|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,43,122|percentage=70.73|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Telangana Rashtra Samithi
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== Andhra Pradesh Assembly election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Andhra Pradesh Assembly Elections, 2009]]: Huzurabad (Assembly constituency)<ref name="auto1"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Telangana Rashtra Samithi|candidate=[[Etela Rajender]]|votes=56,752|percentage=38.82|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=V Krishna Mohan Rao|votes=41,717|percentage=28.54|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Praja Rajyam Party|candidate=Pingili Venkateshwar Reddy|votes=24,785|percentage=16.96|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=15,035|percentage=10.28|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,46,178|percentage=71.64|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Telangana Rashtra Samithi
|loser = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== By-election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin | title=By-election, 2008: Huzurabad}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Telangana Rashtra Samithi|candidate=[[V. Lakshmikantha Rao]]|votes=53,547|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=K.Sudarshan Reddy|votes=32,727|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=20,820|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Telangana Rashtra Samithi
|loser = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== Andhra Pradesh Assembly election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Huzurabad]]<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/huzurabad-andhra-pradesh-assembly-constituency#2009|title=Huzurabad Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency|website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Telangana Rashtra Samithi|candidate=[[V. Lakshmikantha Rao]]|votes=81,121|percentage= 62.93|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=Enugala Peddi Reddy|votes=36,451|percentage=28.28|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party= Lok Janshakti Party|candidate=Enugala Bheema Rao|votes=05,281|percentage= 4.10|change=}}

{{Election box majority|votes=44,671|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,28,908|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Telangana Rashtra Samithi
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[Huzurabad]]
* [[List of constituencies of Telangana Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://kalyanchandra.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/31-Huzurabad.pdf Huzurabad 2018 Assembly Results Boothwise]

{{Assembly constituencies of Telangana}}
{{coord|18.20|79.40|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Telangana]]
[[Category:Karimnagar district]]
[[Category:Hanamkonda district]]
[[Category:Politics of Telangana]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]

Pushpa (film series)

2026-04-10T04:11:34Z

Buymediaspace: Made new info needs work

{{Short description|Indian film series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Pushpa film logo.png
| caption = Series logo
| director = [[Sukumar]]
| writer = '''Story and Screenplay''': Sukumar '''Dialogue''': Srikanth Vissa
| producer = {{ubl |Naveen Yerneni|Yalamanchili Ravi Shankar}}
| starring = {{Ubl|[[Allu Arjun]]|[[Rashmika Mandanna]]|[[Fahadh Faasil]]|[[Jagadeesh Prathap Bandari]]|[[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]]|[[Anasuya Bharadwaj]]|[[Dhananjaya (actor)|Dhananjaya]]|[[Ajay Ghosh]]|[[Rao Ramesh]]|[[Jagapathi Babu]]}}
| cinematography = [[Miroslaw Kuba Brozek]]
| editing = [[Karthika Srinivas]] [[Ruben (film editor)|Ruben]] ([[Pushpa: The Rise]]) [[Naveen Nooli]] ([[Pushpa 2: The Rule]])
| music = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| studio = [[Mythri Movie Makers]] Muttamsetty Media Sukumar Writings
| distributor = {{plainlist|
* [[Mythri Movie Makers]] (Telugu) (1 & 2)
* [[Lyca Productions]] and Sri Lakshmi Movies (Tamil) (1)
* [[AGS Entertainment]] (Tamil) (2)
* Goldmines Telefilms and [[AA Films]] (Hindi) (1)
* [[AA Films]] (Hindi) (2)
* Swagath Enterprises (Kannada) (1)
* N Cinemas (Kannada) (2)
* Prithviraj Productions (Malayalam) (1)
* E4 Entertainment (Malayalam) (2)
}}
| released = {{Film date|fy=no|2021|12|17|[[Pushpa: The Rise]]|2024|12|05|[[Pushpa 2: The Rule]]|df=y}}
| runtime = 403 minutes (2 films)
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = ₹750–835
crore (2 films)
| gross = ₹2,002–2,193.5 crore (2 films){{efn|name="pushpa1"}}{{efn|name="pushpa2"}}
}}
'''''Pushpa''''' is an Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[action drama film|action drama]] [[film series]] created by [[Sukumar]] and produced by [[Mythri Movie Makers]], Muttamsetty Media and [[Sukumar|Sukumar Writings]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=4 December 2024|title=All the 'Firsts' the Pushpa Franchise Brought into Allu Arjun's Life|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/!entertainment/all-the-firsts-the-pushpa-franchise-brought-into-allu-arjuns-life-enn24120403655|website=[[ETV Network|ETV Bharat]]|access-date=5 December 2024|archive-date=7 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241207141856/https://www.etvbharat.com/amp/en/!entertainment/all-the-firsts-the-pushpa-franchise-brought-into-allu-arjuns-life-enn24120403655|url-status=live}}</ref> The series stars [[Allu Arjun]] in the titular role, alongside an [[ensemble cast]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=divya.bhonsale|title=Pushpa: The Rise movie review: Allu Arjun, Rashmika Mandanna's movie gets mixed reviews from audiences|url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/entertainment/pushpa-the-rise-movie-review-allu-arjun-rashmika-mandanna-movie-gets-mixed-reviews-from-audiences-drb-r48sha|access-date=6 January 2022|website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd|language=en|archive-date=17 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211217130418/https://newsable.asianetnews.com/entertainment/pushpa-the-rise-movie-review-allu-arjun-rashmika-mandanna-movie-gets-mixed-reviews-from-audiences-drb-r48sha|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pushpa 2 Movie Review: Allu Arjun And Fahadh Faasil Deliver Mass Entertainer Of The Year |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/pushpa-2-movie-review-allu-arjun-and-fahadh-faasil-deliver-mass-entertainer-of-the-year-9145536.html#goog_rewarded |access-date=2024-12-04 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=7 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241207201520/https://www.news18.com/movies/pushpa-2-movie-review-allu-arjun-and-fahadh-faasil-deliver-mass-entertainer-of-the-year-9145536.html#goog_rewarded |url-status=live }}</ref> Pushpa Raj is a laborer who rises through the ranks of a red sandalwood smuggling syndicate in the late 1990s. He starts out working for a small sum, but dreams of a better life. ''Pushpa'' franchise is the [[List of highest-grossing Indian films#Highest-grossing franchises|Fourth-highest-grossing Indian film franchise]].

The first installment, ''[[Pushpa: The Rise]]'', was released on 17 December 2021 and became the [[List of Indian films of 2021#Box office collection|highest-grossing Indian film of 2021]]. The second installment, ''[[Pushpa 2: The Rule]]'', was released on 5 December 2024. The sequel broke several opening day records and became the highest day-one grossing film ever in India. It eventually emerged as the [[List of Indian films of 2024#Box office collection|highest-grossing Indian film of 2024]], [[List of highest-grossing Telugu films|second-highest-grossing Telugu film]], and the [[List of highest-grossing Indian films|third-highest-grossing Indian film of all time]].

==Films==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Film
! Release date
! Director
! Screenwriter(s)
! Story by
! Producer(s)
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |''[[Pushpa: The Rise]]''
||17 December 2021
| rowspan="3" |[[Sukumar]]
| rowspan="3" |Sukumar,
Srikanth Vissa
| rowspan="3" |Sukumar
| rowspan="3" |Naveen Yerneni, Yalamanchili Ravi Shankar
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |''[[Pushpa 2: The Rule]]''
||5 December 2024
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |''Pushpa 3: The Rampage''||TBA
|}

=== ''Pushpa: The Rise'' (2021) ===
Pushpa Raj "Pushpa" is the only son of Parvathamma, a mistress to a village head at a village in Chittoor. Ostracised from his paternal family, Pushpa grows up to be a labourer, working for the illegal traders of red sandalwood. He rises through their ranks quickly, learning the tricks of the trade. Pushpa gradually becomes the trusted aide of a deadly goon, Konda Reddy. Mangalam Srinu, a man who minces no words and means business, is a crucial link to the business of Reddy and his men. How does Pushpa chart his growth as a red sandalwood baron and rise above them?

=== ''Pushpa 2: The Rule'' (2024) ===
After his head-on confrontation with Bhanwar Singh Shekhawat in the [[Pushpa: The Rise|first part]], Pushpa rises to become the undisputed king of the sandalwood smuggling world. His power grows to the extent that he manages to install his close aide as the Chief Minister of the state. However, challenges arise when Bhanwar Singh Shekhawat, Mangalam Srinu, and Pratap Reddy emerge as significant obstacles, threatening Pushpa both personally and professionally. How Pushpa overcomes them and emerges victorious forms the crux of ''Pushpa 2''.

=== ''Pushpa 3: The Rampage'' (TBA) ===
Shortly after the release of ''[[Pushpa 2: The Rule]]'', Sukumar confirmed that he and Allu Arjun would return for a third and final film in the series in future.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 December 2024 |title=Confirmed! Pushpa makers announce Pushpa 3: The Rampage, read to know when it will go on floors |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/confirmed-pushpa-makers-announce-pushpa-3-the-rampage-read-to-know-when-it-will-go-on-floors-article-12884111.html/amp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241207153120/https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/confirmed-pushpa-makers-announce-pushpa-3-the-rampage-read-to-know-when-it-will-go-on-floors-article-12884111.html/amp |archive-date=7 December 2024 |access-date=5 December 2024 |website=Money Control}}</ref>

The ''Pushpa 2: The Rule'' [[post-credits scene]] showcased the continuation of the story with a [[cliffhanger]] and the title for the third and final part revealed as ''Pushpa 3: The Rampage'' which reportedly set to release on 8 December 2030.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pushpa 3 The Rampage: Allu Arjun, Rashmika Mandanna won't start threequel with director Sukumar before... {{!}} Report |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-pushpa-3-the-rampage-allu-arjun-rashmika-mandanna-won-t-start-threequel-with-director-sukumar-before-fahadh-faasil-vijay-devarakonda-pushpa-2-the-rule-3121036 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241205111835/https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-pushpa-3-the-rampage-allu-arjun-rashmika-mandanna-won-t-start-threequel-with-director-sukumar-before-fahadh-faasil-vijay-devarakonda-pushpa-2-the-rule-3121036 |archive-date=5 December 2024 |access-date=5 December 2024 |work=DNA India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=5 December 2024 |title=REVEALED: Allu Arjun-starrer Pushpa 2 – The Rule ends with the promise of a sequel titled Pushpa 3 – The Rampage |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/revealed-allu-arjun-starrer-pushpa-2-rule-ends-promise-sequel-titled-pushpa-3-rampage/ |access-date=5 December 2024 |work=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref>

== Development ==
Post the success of ''[[Rangasthalam]]'' (2018), Sukumar narrated a script to [[Mahesh Babu]], with whom he previously worked in ''[[1: Nenokkadine]]'' (2014).<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|title=Mahesh Babu, Sukumar to team up again?|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/mahesh-babu-sukumar-to-team-up-again/articleshow/63762177.cms|access-date=5 February 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=29 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211229212329/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/mahesh-babu-sukumar-to-team-up-again/articleshow/63762177.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Babu, who liked the story, gave a nod to the project,<ref name=":3" /> and was reported to start the shoot after completing [[Vamshi Paidipally]]'s project ''[[Maharshi (2019 film)|Maharshi]]'' (2019).<ref name=":3" /> In mid-April 2018, [[Mythri Movie Makers]], which collaborated with Sukumar in their previous film ''Rangasthalam'', officially announced the project which was tentatively titled as ''#SSMB26'', thus marking their second collaboration with Babu and Sukumar.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Sukumar to team up with Mahesh Babu in next?|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/sukumar-to-team-up-with-mahesh-babu-in-next/articleshow/63868842.cms|access-date=5 February 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=29 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211229155659/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/sukumar-to-team-up-with-mahesh-babu-in-next/articleshow/63868842.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>{{Efn|Mythri Movie Makers, made their debut in film production, with [[Mahesh Babu]]'s ''[[Srimanthudu]]'' (2015)}} The film was expected to begin in January 2019, but, in that March, Babu walked out of Sukumar's project citing creative differences, and he confirmed this through [[Twitter]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=5 March 2019|title=Mahesh Babu film with Rangasthalam director Sukumar shelved due to creative differences|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/mahesh-babu-film-with-rangasthalam-director-sukumar-shelved-due-to-creative-differences-1470452-2019-03-05|access-date=5 February 2021|website=India Today|language=en|archive-date=14 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514114234/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/mahesh-babu-film-with-rangasthalam-director-sukumar-shelved-due-to-creative-differences-1470452-2019-03-05|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=5 March 2019|title=Mahesh Babu walks out of Sukumar's film due to 'creative differences'|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/mahesh-babu-walks-out-sukumar-s-film-due-creative-differences-97764|access-date=5 February 2021|website=The News Minute|language=en|archive-date=6 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210306090624/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/mahesh-babu-walks-out-sukumar-s-film-due-creative-differences-97764|url-status=live}}</ref> The actor instead signed his next project with [[Anil Ravipudi]] titled as ''[[Sarileru Neekevvaru]]'',<ref>{{Cite web|title=Creative differences halt Mahesh Babu-Sukumar film|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/mar/05/creative-differences-halt-mahesh-sukumar-film-10391.html|access-date=5 February 2021|website=[[Cinema Express]]|date=5 March 2019 |language=en|archive-date=9 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209153245/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/mar/05/creative-differences-halt-mahesh-sukumar-film-10391.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Mahesh Babu clarifies for that his film with Sukumar isn't happening, here's why!|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/mahesh-babu-clarifies-that-his-film-with-sukumar-isnt-happening-heres-why/articleshow/68265020.cms|access-date=5 February 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=29 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211229213840/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/mahesh-babu-clarifies-that-his-film-with-sukumar-isnt-happening-heres-why/articleshow/68265020.cms|url-status=live |last1=Nyayapati |first1=Neeshita }}</ref> whereas Sukumar approached [[Allu Arjun]] for his next film, marking his reunion with the director after a decade since ''[[Arya 2]]'' (2009);<ref>{{Cite web|date=4 March 2019|title=Allu Arjun and 'Arya' fame director Sukumar to team up for 'AA20'|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/allu-arjun-and-arya-fame-director-sukumar-team-aa20-97739|access-date=5 February 2021|website=The News Minute|language=en|archive-date=7 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107063633/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/allu-arjun-and-arya-fame-director-sukumar-team-aa20-97739|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Mythri Movie Makers]] which earlier associated with Babu and Sukumar's project also agreed to produce the venture.<ref>{{Cite web|date=5 March 2019|title=Allu Arjun joins hands with Sukumar; Mahesh Babu opts out of the director's film|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/allu-arjun-joins-hands-with-sukumar-5611779/|access-date=5 February 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-date=3 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403094918/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/allu-arjun-joins-hands-with-sukumar-5611779/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Speaking with ''[[Press Trust of India]]'', Sukumar said: "with Mahesh Babu, I couldn't make him cool. He is very [[Light skin|fair]]. So, the backdrop was the same but the story is different."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-26 |title=Pushpa director Sukumar initially wanted to make the film with Mahesh Babu: 'Couldn't make him cool…' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/pushpa-director-sukumar-initially-wanted-to-make-the-film-with-mahesh-babu-allu-arjun-7690413/ |access-date= |website=The Indian Express |archive-date=29 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929183914/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/pushpa-director-sukumar-initially-wanted-to-make-the-film-with-mahesh-babu-allu-arjun-7690413/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Sukumar described the storyline as follows: "the [[Illegal logging|red sanders heist]] in the hills of Andhra is a convoluted nexus that unfurls in the course of the narrative through a [[coolie]]-turned-[[Smuggling|smuggler]].<ref name="Ramachandran 2020">{{cite web | last=Ramachandran | first=Naman | title=India's Allu Arjun Starts Smuggling Saga 'Pushpa' (Exclusive) | website=Variety | date=11 November 2020 | url=https://variety.com/2020/film/asia/allu-arjun-pushpa-smuggling-saga-starts-production-1234828907/ | access-date=11 November 2020 | archive-date=11 November 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111090550/https://variety.com/2020/film/asia/allu-arjun-pushpa-smuggling-saga-starts-production-1234828907/ | url-status=live }}</ref> Sukumar explored the subject of red sandalwood smuggling when he read about such incidents in [[Andhra Pradesh]] years ago. Sukumar did his research and thought of developing the project as a [[Streaming television|web series]]. However, he later decided to make it as a feature film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/allu-arjun-s-pushpa-2-in-5-points-rashmika-mandanna-demands-rs-3-crore-sukumar-reshoots-film-1900056-2022-01-14|title=Allu Arjun's Pushpa 2 in 5 points | Rashmika Mandanna demands {{INR|3 crore}}, Sukumar reshoots film|website=India Today|date=14 January 2022 |access-date=16 January 2022|archive-date=15 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115040209/https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/movies/regional-cinema/story/allu-arjun-s-pushpa-2-in-5-points-rashmika-mandanna-demands-rs-3-crore-sukumar-reshoots-film-1900056-2022-01-14|url-status=live}}</ref> He personally went for location scouting across [[Nallamala Hills]] as the film is set in [[Rayalaseema]] and [[Nellore district|Nellore]] and the plot revolves around red sanders smuggling.<ref name="cast">{{Cite web|title=Vijay Sethupathi to play villain in Allu Arjun and Sukumar's film 'AA 20'|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2019/Oct/28/vijay-sethupathi-to-play-villain-in-allu-arjun-and-sukumars-film-aa-20-2053928.html|access-date=29 October 2019|website=The Indian Express|date=8 October 2019 |archive-date=29 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029142837/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2019/oct/28/vijay-sethupathi-to-play-villain-in-allu-arjun-and-sukumars-film-aa-20-2053928.amp|url-status=live}}</ref> Since most of the film takes place in a rural backdrop, Allu Arjun was reported to have learned the [[Telugu dialects|Chittoor accent]] for the film,<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|title=Allu Arjun mastering Chittoor accent for Sukumar's rustic actioner?|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/allu-arjun-mastering-chittoor-accent-for-sukumars-rustic-actioner/articleshow/74314005.cms|access-date=5 February 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=29 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211229191032/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/allu-arjun-mastering-chittoor-accent-for-sukumars-rustic-actioner/articleshow/74314005.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> and the makers hired a team from [[Bollywood]] to work on his look.<ref name=":5" /> The story is set against the backdrop of [[Seshachalam Hills|Seshachalam]] forest, located in the hilly region of [[Tirumala]].<ref name="cast" />

The film's title ''Pushpa'' was officially announced on 8 April 2020, on the occasion of Allu Arjun's birthday and a poster was also released.<ref>{{Cite news|title='Pushpa' First Look: Allu Arjun slips into a rugged avatar for Sukumar's rustic actioner|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/pushpa-first-look-allu-arjun-slips-into-a-rugged-avatar-for-sukumars-rustic-actioner/articleshow/75039984.cms|access-date=5 February 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=22 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622013101/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/pushpa-first-look-allu-arjun-slips-into-a-rugged-avatar-for-sukumars-rustic-actioner/articleshow/75039984.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Before the release of ''[[Pushpa: The Rise]]'' in 2021, the film was announced to release in [[Two-part film|two parts]], with the filmmakers stating that the maiden part would release that year, whereas the latter part would release the year after (2022).<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 May 2021 |title=Allu Arjun's Pushpa to be released in two parts, first part will be out in August 2021 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/allu-arjun-s-pushpa-to-be-released-in-two-parts-announce-makers-101621000200473.html |access-date=8 February 2024 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=26 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126091621/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/allu-arjun-s-pushpa-to-be-released-in-two-parts-announce-makers-101621000200473.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Initially, 10% of the sequel's footage was shot back-to-back with the first part, however, Sukumar decided to alter the sequel's story to reportedly fulfill the audience's anticipation and correct the previous film's mistakes.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 April 2022 |title=Did Sukumar alter the script of 'Pushpa 2' post 'KGF2' Success? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/did-sukumar-alter-the-script-of-pushpa-2-post-kgf2-success/articleshow/91099193.cms?from=mdr |access-date=8 February 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=8 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240208181718/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/did-sukumar-alter-the-script-of-pushpa-2-post-kgf2-success/articleshow/91099193.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref> The scripting part of the film was completed by July 2022 in [[Hyderabad]].<ref>{{Cite web |access-date=13 March 2022 |title=Director Sukumar Makes Big Changes in Allu Arjun's Pushpa 2 Script for This Reason? |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/director-sukumar-makes-big-changes-in-allu-arjuns-pushpa-2-script-for-this-reason-4870193.html |work=News18 |archive-date=13 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220313080733/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/director-sukumar-makes-big-changes-in-allu-arjuns-pushpa-2-script-for-this-reason-4870193.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The official title, ''Pushpa 2: The Rule'', was announced on 22 August 2022. An inaugural [[Muhurat shot|muhurat]] puja ceremony was held on the same day in Hyderabad with the presence of the film's cast and crew.<ref>{{Cite web |access-date=21 August 2022 |title=Pushpa The Rule update! Allu Arjun, Rashmika Mandanna's film to go on floor with pooja ceremony on Aug 22 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/pushpa-the-rule-update-allu-arjun-rashmika-mandanna-s-film-to-go-on-floor-with-pooja-ceremony-on-aug-22-1990762-2022-08-21 |work=India Today |date=21 August 2022 |archive-date=21 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220821151449/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/pushpa-the-rule-update-allu-arjun-rashmika-mandanna-s-film-to-go-on-floor-with-pooja-ceremony-on-aug-22-1990762-2022-08-21 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=22 August 2022 |title=Allu Arjun, Rashmika Mandanna starring 'Pushpa 2' begins shooting, pooja held |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/allu-arjun-rashmika-mandanna-starring-pushpa-2-begins-shooting-pooja-held/articleshow/93711299.cms?from=mdr |access-date=8 February 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=8 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240208181719/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/allu-arjun-rashmika-mandanna-starring-pushpa-2-begins-shooting-pooja-held/articleshow/93711299.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Casting ===
Allu Arjun played the titular character Pushpa Raj, a red-sandalwood smuggler, and sported a bearded look for his role in the film.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Photo Proof: Allu Arjun's "Pushpa" is based on red sandalwood smuggling|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/photo-proof-allu-arjuns-pushpa-is-based-on-red-sandalwood-smuggling/articleshow/75042196.cms|access-date=18 June 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=26 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210626035717/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/photo-proof-allu-arjuns-pushpa-is-based-on-red-sandalwood-smuggling/articleshow/75042196.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Rashmika Mandanna]] was cast as the film's lead actress,<ref>{{Cite news|title=It's Official! The gorgeous Rashmika Mandanna will be romancing Allu Arjun in Sukumar's film|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/its-official-the-gorgeous-rashmika-mandanna-will-be-romancing-allu-arjun-in-sukumars-film/articleshow/68774308.cms|access-date=5 February 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=29 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211229182518/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/its-official-the-gorgeous-rashmika-mandanna-will-be-romancing-allu-arjun-in-sukumars-film/articleshow/68774308.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> with an official announcement made on [[Allu Arjun]]'s birthday (8 April 2019).<ref>{{Cite web|date=8 April 2019|title=It's CONFIRMED! Rashmika Mandanna to play the female lead in Allu Arjun and Sukumar's AA20|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/south-gossip/article/its-confirmed-rashmika-mandanna-to-play-the-female-lead-in-allu-arjun-and-sukumars-aa20/396289|website=timesnownews.com|access-date=29 July 2021|archive-date=29 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211229155657/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/south-gossip/article/its-confirmed-rashmika-mandanna-to-play-the-female-lead-in-allu-arjun-and-sukumars-aa20/396289|url-status=live}}</ref> Mandanna in an online interaction confirmed that she will be learning a new dialect for the film, like Arjun, which is slightly based on the dialect of Chittoor.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Rashmika Mandanna confirms learning a new dialect for Pushpa|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/rashmika-mandanna-confirms-learning-a-new-dialect-for-pushpa/articleshow/75405872.cms|access-date=5 February 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=26 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126083921/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/rashmika-mandanna-confirms-learning-a-new-dialect-for-pushpa/articleshow/75405872.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Rashmika brushing up her Telugu for Sukumar's next|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/rashmika-brushing-up-her-telugu-for-sukumars-next/articleshow/75205487.cms|access-date=5 February 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=12 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201212095906/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/rashmika-brushing-up-her-telugu-for-sukumars-next/articleshow/75205487.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Jisshu Sengupta]] was originally offered to play the antagonist but he refused due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|ongoing COVID-19 pandemic]] and time constraints.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fahadh Faasil's part in Pushpa The Rise was first offered to this Bengali actor – Exclusive!|url=https://thetimesbureau.com/fahadh-faasils-part-in-pushpa-the-rise-was-first-offered-to-this-bengali-actor-exclusive-202112/|access-date=28 January 2022|website=thetimesbureau.com|archive-date=6 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406132939/https://thetimesbureau.com/fahadh-faasils-part-in-pushpa-the-rise-was-first-offered-to-this-bengali-actor-exclusive-202112/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=This Bengali actor was first offered Fahadh Faasil's role in 'Pushpa – The Rise' – Exclusive!|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/did-you-know/this-bengali-actor-was-first-offered-fahadh-faasils-role-in-pushpa-the-rise-exclusive/articleshow/88518571.cms|access-date=28 January 2022|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=4 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240304224918/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/did-you-know/this-bengali-actor-was-first-offered-fahadh-faasils-role-in-pushpa-the-rise-exclusive/articleshow/88518571.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Vijay Sethupathi]] entered talks to play the antagonist in October 2019, having worked with Sukumar in the director's production venture ''[[Uppena]]'' (2021),<ref>{{Cite news|title=Makkal Selvan Vijay Sethupathi likely to play the antagonist opposite Allu Arjun?|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/makkal-selvan-vijay-sethupathi-likely-to-play-the-antagonist-opposite-allu-arjun/articleshow/71807116.cms|access-date=5 February 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=29 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211229213838/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/makkal-selvan-vijay-sethupathi-likely-to-play-the-antagonist-opposite-allu-arjun/articleshow/71807116.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Did Vijay Sethupathi get a whopping amount as salary for AA20?|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/did-vijay-sethupathi-get-a-whopping-amount-as-salary-for-aa20/articleshow/71850192.cms|access-date=5 February 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=24 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210724170527/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/did-vijay-sethupathi-get-a-whopping-amount-as-salary-for-aa20/articleshow/71850192.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> and was confirmed to be part of the film in January 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Vijay Sethupathi to play the antagonist in Allu Arjun's next film|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/vijay-sethupathi-to-play-the-antagonist-in-allu-arjun-s-next-film/story-oLUAldpeE9m8y8VVMM2a0L.html|website=Hindustan Times|date=10 January 2020|access-date=4 February 2020|archive-date=26 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200126130112/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/vijay-sethupathi-to-play-the-antagonist-in-allu-arjun-s-next-film/story-oLUAldpeE9m8y8VVMM2a0L.html|url-status=live}}</ref> However, in July 2020, Sethupathi left the film citing scheduling conflicts.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Vijay Sethupathi confirms opting out of Allu Arjun's 'Pushpa'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijay-sethupathi-confirms-opting-out-of-allu-arjuns-pushpa/articleshow/76935654.cms|access-date=14 July 2020|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=13 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200713183238/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijay-sethupathi-confirms-opting-out-of-allu-arjuns-pushpa/articleshow/76935654.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Post Sethupathi's exit, [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]],<ref>{{Cite news|title=Vikram to replace Vijay Sethupathi in THIS multilingual film? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vikram-to-replace-vijay-sethupathi-in-this-multilingual-film/articleshow/79443377.cms|access-date=5 February 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624131930/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vikram-to-replace-vijay-sethupathi-in-this-multilingual-film/articleshow/79443377.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Bobby Simha]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/bobby-simha-to-replace-vijay-sethupathi-in-allu-arjuns-pushpa-news-tamil-ujhfL0ghigcej.html|title=Bobby Simha to replace Vijay Sethupathi in Allu Arjun's Pushpa?|work=Sify|access-date=16 November 2021|archive-date=16 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116033757/https://www.sify.com/movies/bobby-simha-to-replace-vijay-sethupathi-in-allu-arjuns-pushpa-news-tamil-ujhfL0ghigcej.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[R. Madhavan|Madhavan]]<ref>{{Cite news|title=Not part of Allu Arjun's 'Pushpa', clears R Madhavan|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/not-part-of-allu-arjuns-pushpa-clears-r-madhavan/articleshow/78402119.cms|access-date=5 February 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=29 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211229192536/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/not-part-of-allu-arjuns-pushpa-clears-r-madhavan/articleshow/78402119.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Arya (actor)|Arya]]<ref name="thenewsminute.com">{{Cite web|date=26 December 2020|title=Arya to replace Vijay Sethupathi in Allu Arjun's 'Pushpa'?|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/arya-replace-vijay-sethupathi-allu-arjun-s-pushpa-140330|access-date=5 February 2021|website=The News Minute|language=en|archive-date=29 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729105943/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/arya-replace-vijay-sethupathi-allu-arjun-s-pushpa-140330|url-status=live}}</ref> were reported to be playing negative roles in the film, but ultimately [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam actor]] [[Fahadh Faasil]] was announced as the film's antagonist in March 2021, thus marking his debut in [[Telugu cinema]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Balachandran|first=Logesh|date=21 March 2021|title=Fahadh Faasil to play antagonist in Allu Arjun's Pushpa|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/fahadh-faasil-to-play-antagonist-in-allu-arjun-s-pushpa-1781778-2021-03-21|url-status=live|access-date=21 March 2021|website=[[India Today]]|archive-date=22 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210322042428/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/fahadh-faasil-to-play-antagonist-in-allu-arjun-s-pushpa-1781778-2021-03-21}}</ref> For his role in the film, Fahadh sported a bald look and a rough moustache.<ref>{{Cite magazine|author=Janani K. |date=August 28, 2021 |title=Fahadh Faasil plays Bhanwar Singh Shekhawat in Allu Arjun's Pushpa. See his stunning makeover|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/fahadh-faasil-plays-bhanwar-singh-shekhawat-in-allu-arjun-s-pushpa-see-his-stunning-makeover-1846365-2021-08-28|access-date=11 November 2021|magazine=India Today|language=en|archive-date=11 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111155622/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/fahadh-faasil-plays-bhanwar-singh-shekhawat-in-allu-arjun-s-pushpa-see-his-stunning-makeover-1846365-2021-08-28|url-status=live}}</ref>

Kannada actor [[Dhananjaya (actor)|Dhananjaya]] was reported to be playing a pivotal role in April 2020.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Dolly Dhanajaya to play a major role in Telugu movie 'Pushpa'?|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/dolly-dhanajaya-to-play-a-major-role-in-telugu-movie-pushpa/articleshow/75180162.cms|access-date=5 February 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=26 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126083930/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/dolly-dhanajaya-to-play-a-major-role-in-telugu-movie-pushpa/articleshow/75180162.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> In November 2020, [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]] was cast in a supporting role and was present in the film's second schedule.<ref name="Telugu">{{Cite web|date=11 October 2020|title=సుక్కు సినిమాలో సునీల్, ఆయన రికమండేషన్ – Sunil In Pushpa Movie|url=https://tv9telugu.com/trivikram-recommends-sunil-for-pushpa-movie-327583.html|access-date=26 November 2020|website=TV9 Telugu|language=en-US|archive-date=26 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126083922/https://tv9telugu.com/entertainment/tollywood/trivikram-recommends-sunil-for-pushpa-movie-327583.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Sunil's character was reported to have [[Splitting (psychology)|grey shades]] in the film.<ref name="thenewsminute.com" /> Though it was reported that [[Anasuya Bharadwaj]] was playing a crucial role, she later clarified that she wasn't approached for the film.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Vyas|date=3 March 2021|title=Anasuya not on board for 'Pushpa'|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/anasuya-not-on-board-for-pushpa-675015|url-status=live|access-date=4 March 2021|website=[[The Hans India]]|archive-date=3 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303050836/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/anasuya-not-on-board-for-pushpa-675015}}</ref> However, Bharadwaj joined the film's shooting in April 2021.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|date=23 April 2021|title=Anasuya Bharadwaj joins sets of Allu Arjun and Fahadh's 'Pushpa'|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/anasuya-bharadwaj-joins-sets-allu-arjun-and-fahadhs-pushpa-147713|access-date=26 April 2021|website=The News Minute|language=en|archive-date=26 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426045520/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/anasuya-bharadwaj-joins-sets-allu-arjun-and-fahadhs-pushpa-147713|url-status=live}}</ref> In July 2021, [[Sritej]] confirmed that he was cast in the role of Pushpa Raj's brother.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web|last=Naramaneni|first=Ram|date=24 July 2021|title='పుష్ప' సినిమా గురించి ఇంట్రస్టింగ్ విషయాలు రివీల్ చేసిన శ్రీతేజ్.. మరో లెవల్ అట..|url=https://tv9telugu.com/entertainment/tollywood/telugu-actor-sri-tej-interesting-facts-about-pushpa-movie-506887.html|url-status=live|access-date=26 July 2021|website=[[TV9 Telugu]]|language=te|archive-date=26 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726053953/https://tv9telugu.com/entertainment/tollywood/telugu-actor-sri-tej-interesting-facts-about-pushpa-movie-506887.html}}</ref> The film had three antagonists, with Sunil and Anasuya, being the antagonists in the first part,<ref>{{Cite news|title=Anasuya Bharadwaj to play Dakshayani in Allu Arjun, Rashmika Mandanna's 'Pushpa;' first look poster out|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/anasuya-bharadwaj-to-play-dakshayani-in-allu-arjun-rashmika-mandannas-pushpa-first-look-poster-out/articleshow/87620119.cms|access-date=11 November 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=11 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111092138/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/anasuya-bharadwaj-to-play-dakshayani-in-allu-arjun-rashmika-mandannas-pushpa-first-look-poster-out/articleshow/87620119.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Sunil as 'Mangalam Srinu' looks intense in Allu Arjun's 'Pushpa'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/sunil-as-mangalam-srinu-looks-intense-in-allu-arjuns-pushpa/articleshow/87565787.cms|access-date=11 November 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=11 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111155622/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/sunil-as-mangalam-srinu-looks-intense-in-allu-arjuns-pushpa/articleshow/87565787.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> while Fahadh's character, Bhanwar Singh Shekhawat, the main antagonist, will appear only at the end of the first part and will continue throughout its sequel.<ref>{{Cite web|date=11 November 2021|title=Fahadh Faasil in Pushpa to Sanjay Dutt in KGF 2, 5 villains in upcoming films to look forward to|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/fahadh-faasil-pushpa-sanjay-dutt-kgf-2-5-villains-upcoming-films-look-forward-938577|access-date=11 November 2021|website=PINKVILLA|language=en|archive-date=26 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126091617/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/fahadh-faasil-pushpa-sanjay-dutt-kgf-2-5-villains-upcoming-films-look-forward-938577|url-status=live}}</ref> Jagadeesh was cast by Sukumar after he watched his performances in the films ''[[Mallesham]]'' (2019) and [[George Reddy (film)|''George Reddy'']] (2019).<ref>{{Cite web|title=The ones who won|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2021/dec/28/the-ones-who-won-2400344.html|access-date=4 January 2022|website=The New Indian Express|date=28 December 2021 |archive-date=4 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220104060313/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2021/dec/28/the-ones-who-won-2400344.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In an interview, [[Jagadeesh Prathap Bandari]] revealed that he had left 15 smaller projects for working in the film.<ref>{{Cite web|date=26 December 2021|title=Exclusive : Jagadeesh Prathap Bandari Interview {{!}} #site_titleExclusive : Jagadeesh Prathap Bandari Interview|url=https://www.klapboardpost.com/exclusive-jagadeesh-prathap-bandari-interview/|access-date=4 January 2022|language=en-US|archive-date=26 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211226113810/https://www.klapboardpost.com/exclusive-jagadeesh-prathap-bandari-interview/|url-status=live|work=klapboard}}</ref> [[Samantha Ruth Prabhu|Samantha]] joined the production in late-November 2021. She shot for the [[Item number|item song]] "Oo Antava Oo Oo Antava" alongside Allu Arjun and others.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hymavathi|first=Ravali|date=30 November 2021|title=Samantha Begins Her Shoot For Special Dance Number In Allu Arjun's 'Pushpa' Movie|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/samantha-begins-her-shoot-for-special-dance-number-in-allu-arjuns-pushpa-movie-717611|access-date=4 January 2022|website=thehansindia.com|language=en|archive-date=4 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220104054816/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/samantha-begins-her-shoot-for-special-dance-number-in-allu-arjuns-pushpa-movie-717611|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Pushpa: A special set erected to shoot Samantha's dance number with Allu Arjun|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/pushpa-a-special-set-erected-to-shoot-samanthas-dance-number-with-allu-arjun/articleshow/87852507.cms|access-date=4 January 2022|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=26 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126091618/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/pushpa-a-special-set-erected-to-shoot-samanthas-dance-number-with-allu-arjun/articleshow/87852507.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

For the second part, [[Jagapathi Babu]] was roped in for a pivotal role in April 2023<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/exclusives/exclusive-jagapathi-babu-confirms-entry-in-allu-arjuns-pushpa-2-says-sukumar-gives-me-the-best-characters-1217647 | title=EXCLUSIVE: Jagapathi Babu confirms entry in Allu Arjun's Pushpa 2, says 'Sukumar gives me the best characters' | date=20 April 2023 | website=pinkvilla.com | access-date=2 May 2023 | archive-date=2 May 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230502214521/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/exclusives/exclusive-jagapathi-babu-confirms-entry-in-allu-arjuns-pushpa-2-says-sukumar-gives-me-the-best-characters-1217647 | url-status=live}}</ref> while [[Sreeleela]] was finalised for an item song.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=3 November 2024 |title=Guntur Kaaram actor Sreeleela, Allu Arjun to dance in a Pushpa 2 song: Report |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/guntur-kaaram-actor-sreeleela-allu-arjun-to-dance-in-a-pushpa-2-song-report-2627391-2024-11-03 |work=India Today|date=3 November 2024 }}</ref> Later [[Saurabh Sachdeva]], Tarak Ponnappa, [[Satya (Telugu actor)|Satya]] and [[Adithya Menon]] were also reported to be in the second part of the film.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=18 November 2024 |title=Animal fame Saurabh Sachdeva to star in Allu Arjun starrer Pushpa 2? Here's what we know! |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/animal-fame-saurabh-sachdeva-star-allu-arjun-starrer-pushpa-2-heres-know/ |work=Bollywood Hungama|date=18 November 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |access-date=18 November 2024 |title=Meet Kannada actor who is seen with half-shaved head in Pushpa 2 The Rule trailer; was also part of Devara Part 1 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/kannada-actor-tarak-ponnappa-half-shaved-allu-arjun-pushpa-2-the-rule-trailer-devara-101731916681263.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=18 November 2024 |archive-date=18 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241118135920/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/kannada-actor-tarak-ponnappa-half-shaved-allu-arjun-pushpa-2-the-rule-trailer-devara-101731916681263.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Filming ===
In July 2019, the makers planned to start filming during the occasion of [[Vijayadashami|Dusshera]] (7 October 2019).<ref>{{Cite news|title=Allu Arjun and Sukumar film to go on floors this Dussehra?|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/allu-arjun-and-sukumar-film-to-go-on-floors-this-dussehra/articleshow/70427884.cms|access-date=5 February 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=26 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126091619/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/allu-arjun-and-sukumar-film-to-go-on-floors-this-dussehra/articleshow/70427884.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> However, the launch event of the film took place on 30 October 2019,<ref>{{Cite news|title=#AA20 Pooja Ceremony: Allu Arjun will romance Rashmika Mandanna in this Sukumar directorial|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/aa20-pooja-ceremony-allu-arjun-will-romance-rashmika-mandanna-in-this-sukumar-directorial/articleshow/71815351.cms|access-date=5 February 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=4 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804041900/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/aa20-pooja-ceremony-allu-arjun-will-romance-rashmika-mandanna-in-this-sukumar-directorial/articleshow/71815351.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> with a formal ''[[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]]'' ceremony ([[muhurat shot]]) held in [[Hyderabad]] at the office of Mythri Movie Makers,<ref>{{Cite web|date=30 October 2019|title=Allu Arjun's film with Sukumar goes on floors in Hyderabad. See pics|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/allu-arjun-s-film-with-sukumar-goes-on-floors-in-hyderabad-see-pics-1614007-2019-10-30|access-date=5 February 2021|website=India Today|language=en|archive-date=9 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209173631/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/allu-arjun-s-film-with-sukumar-goes-on-floors-in-hyderabad-see-pics-1614007-2019-10-30|url-status=live}}</ref> with the film's cast and crew being present at the event.<ref>{{Cite web|date=30 October 2019|title=Allu Arjun's next with Sukumar goes on floors|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/allu-arjun-next-with-sukumar-goes-on-the-floor-6094239/|access-date=5 February 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-date=29 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211229155656/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/allu-arjun-next-with-sukumar-goes-on-the-floor-6094239/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=30 October 2019|title=Allu Arjun's film with Sukumar goes on floors in Hyderabad. See pics|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/allu-arjun-s-film-with-sukumar-goes-on-floors-in-hyderabad-see-pics-1614007-2019-10-30|url-status=live|access-date=4 March 2021|website=India Today|language=en|archive-date=9 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209173631/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/allu-arjun-s-film-with-sukumar-goes-on-floors-in-hyderabad-see-pics-1614007-2019-10-30}}</ref> In December 2019, Sukumar performed a test shoot in [[Kerala]]'s [[Athirappilly Falls]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/special-video-by-aa20-team-for-sukumars-birthday/articleshow/73200336.cms|title=Special video by #AA20 team for Sukumar's birthday|website=The Times of India|access-date=4 February 2020|archive-date=11 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411015209/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/special-video-by-aa20-team-for-sukumars-birthday/articleshow/73200336.cms|url-status=live |last1=Nyayapati |first1=Neeshita }}</ref> After Allu Arjun's involvement in the promotions of ''[[Ala Vaikunthapurramuloo]]'' (2020),<ref name=":5" /> the makers planned to shoot the first schedule of the film in Kerala in March 2020, with Arjun joining the schedule, however, the filming was halted due to [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Corona virus brings Tollywood to a standstill|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/corona-virus-brings-tollywood-to-a-standstill/articleshow/74673115.cms|access-date=5 February 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=21 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200321142855/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/corona-virus-brings-tollywood-to-a-standstill/articleshow/74673115.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

For a six-minute action sequence in the film, the team planned to hire action choreographers from [[South India]], instead of opting for foreign technicians.<ref name="Desk">{{Cite news|author=The Hindu Net Desk|date=11 May 2020|title=Allu Arjun's 'Pushpa' action sequence made on a budget of {{INR|6 crore}}|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/allu-arjuns-pushpa-action-sequence-made-on-a-budget-of-6-crore/article31555954.ece|access-date=5 February 2021|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=11 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411015208/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/allu-arjuns-pushpa-action-sequence-made-on-a-budget-of-6-crore/article31555954.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Thus, the film became a "[[Make in India]]" project, and an initiative to provide employment to the workers from the [[Cinema of India|Indian film industry]], after some technicians faced employment crisis due to the pandemic.{{Citation needed|date=November 2021}} This sequence was reported to be made a cost of {{INRConvert|6|c}} and Allu Arjun trained intensively for it.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Allu Arjun's Pushpa: 6-minute 'Made in India' action sequence to cost around Rs 6 crore|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/allu-arjuns-pushpa-6-minute-made-in-india-action-sequence-to-cost-around-rs-6-crore/articleshow/75691441.cms|access-date=5 February 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=11 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411015211/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/allu-arjuns-pushpa-6-minute-made-in-india-action-sequence-to-cost-around-rs-6-crore/articleshow/75691441.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Desk" />

In June 2020, the makers planned to resume the shoot at [[Ramoji Film City]] in [[Hyderabad]],<ref>{{Cite news|title=Allu Arjun and Rashmika Mandanna to resume the shoot of Pushpa?|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/allu-arjun-and-rashmika-mandanna-to-resume-the-shoot-of-pushpa/articleshow/76397429.cms|access-date=5 February 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=17 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210317190758/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/allu-arjun-and-rashmika-mandanna-to-resume-the-shoot-of-pushpa/articleshow/76397429.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> and later planned to shoot the film at [[Nalgonda]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Team of Pushpa to resume shooting in a dense forest in Nalgonda?|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/team-of-pushpa-to-resume-shooting-in-a-dense-forest-in-nalgonda/articleshow/76686654.cms|access-date=5 February 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=26 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226095724/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/team-of-pushpa-to-resume-shooting-in-a-dense-forest-in-nalgonda/articleshow/76686654.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> After the government permitted film shootings with a minimal crew,<ref>{{Cite news|title=Pushpa: Allu Arjun and Rashmika Mandanna starrer to go on floors from November in Vizag|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/pushpa-allu-arjun-and-rashmika-mandanna-starrer-to-go-on-floors-from-november-in-vizag/articleshow/78888392.cms|access-date=5 February 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=7 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107053754/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/pushpa-allu-arjun-and-rashmika-mandanna-starrer-to-go-on-floors-from-november-in-vizag/articleshow/78888392.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> the makers resumed filming on 10 November 2020 in the [[Maredumilli]] forest in Andhra Pradesh,<ref name="Ramachandran 2020" /><ref>{{Cite news|title=Pushpa update: Allu Arjun and Rashmika Mandanna to resume shooting for Sukumar's film from November 10|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/pushpa-update-allu-arjun-and-rashmika-mandanna-to-resume-shooting-for-sukumars-film-from-november-10/articleshow/79122833.cms|access-date=10 November 2020|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=9 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109154150/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/pushpa-update-allu-arjun-and-rashmika-mandanna-to-resume-shooting-for-sukumars-film-from-november-10/articleshow/79122833.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> and completed it within 14 days.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Spotted: Allu Arjun rocking casuals as he arrives in the city after shooting for Pushpa|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/spotted-allu-arjun-rocking-casuals-as-he-arrives-in-the-city-after-shooting-for-pushpa/articleshow/79408056.cms|access-date=5 February 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=29 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211229213841/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/spotted-allu-arjun-rocking-casuals-as-he-arrives-in-the-city-after-shooting-for-pushpa/articleshow/79408056.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The team then moved to [[Rajahmundry]] in December 2020 to shoot key sequences, but that was postponed to January 2021, as twelve crew members working on the film were diagnosed with COVID-19.<ref>{{Cite news|title=''Pushpa'' shooting is halted after twelve crew members tested positive for COVID-19? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/pushpa-shooting-is-halted-after-twelve-crew-members-tested-positive-for-covid-19/articleshow/79548201.cms|access-date=28 June 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=18 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118014241/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/pushpa-shooting-is-halted-after-twelve-crew-members-tested-positive-for-covid-19/articleshow/79548201.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Allu Arjun starrer Pushpa shoot postponed to January after team members test COVID 19 positive?|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/allu-arjun-starrer-pushpa-shoot-postponed-january-after-team-members-test-covid-19-positive-579465|access-date=28 June 2021|website=PINKVILLA|date=3 December 2020|language=en|archive-date=28 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628042946/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/allu-arjun-starrer-pushpa-shoot-postponed-january-after-team-members-test-covid-19-positive-579465|url-status=live}}</ref> The shooting later resumed in January 2021 and the production house tweeted that two schedules at [[Rampachodavaram]] and Maredumilli were completed within February 2021.<ref>{{Cite news|title='Pushpa' update: Allu Arjun and Rashmika starrer wraps up two hectic schedules |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/pushpa-update-allu-arjun-and-rashmika-starrer-wraps-up-two-hectic-schedules/articleshow/80721799.cms|access-date=4 March 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=21 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210221075750/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/pushpa-update-allu-arjun-and-rashmika-starrer-wraps-up-two-hectic-schedules/articleshow/80721799.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The team also finished a schedule at Kerala in March 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|last=K.|first=Janani|date=3 March 2021|title=Allu Arjun spotted driving in Hyderabad after wrapping up Pushpa shoot in Kerala. See pics|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/allu-arjun-spotted-driving-in-hyderabad-after-wrapping-up-pushpa-shoot-in-kerala-see-pics-1775218-2021-03-03|url-status=live|access-date=4 March 2021|website=India Today|archive-date=5 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305053550/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/allu-arjun-spotted-driving-in-hyderabad-after-wrapping-up-pushpa-shoot-in-kerala-see-pics-1775218-2021-03-03}}</ref>

The shooting of the film was put on hold due to restrictions following the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|second wave of COVID-19 pandemic in India]],<ref>{{Cite news|title=Night curfew brings Tollywood film shoots to an abrupt halt|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/night-curfew-brings-tollywood-film-shoots-to-an-abrupt-halt/articleshow/82167248.cms|access-date=29 July 2021|website=The Times of India|date=20 April 2021 |language=en|archive-date=29 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729104442/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/night-curfew-brings-tollywood-film-shoots-to-an-abrupt-halt/articleshow/82167248.cms|url-status=live |last1=Yellapantula |first1=Suhas }}</ref> and Allu Arjun was also diagnosed with COVID-19 in late April.<ref>{{Cite news|title=#CovidScare on the sets of Pushpa: Allu Arjun tests positive for Covid-19|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/covidscare-on-the-sets-of-pushpa-allu-arjun-tests-positive-for-covid-19/articleshow/82303661.cms|access-date=29 July 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=29 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729104441/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/covidscare-on-the-sets-of-pushpa-allu-arjun-tests-positive-for-covid-19/articleshow/82303661.cms|url-status=live |last1=Nyayapati |first1=Neeshita }}</ref> The team resumed the final leg of shooting on 6 July 2021,<ref>{{Cite news|title=Allu Arjun resumes shooting for Sukumar's 'Pushpa'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/allu-arjun-resumes-shooting-for-sukumars-pushpa/articleshow/84164691.cms|access-date=29 July 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=29 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729104440/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/allu-arjun-resumes-shooting-for-sukumars-pushpa/articleshow/84164691.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> with a major schedule filmed in [[Secunderabad]],<ref>{{Cite news|title=Allu Arjun's 'Pushpa' is nearing its completion|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/allu-arjuns-pushpa-is-nearing-its-completion/articleshow/84848636.cms|access-date=29 July 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=26 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126091618/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/allu-arjuns-pushpa-is-nearing-its-completion/articleshow/84848636.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> but came to a halt on 24 July 2021 when Sukumar was diagnosed with [[dengue fever]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|date=25 July 2021|title=Director Sukumar recovering well from dengue|language=en-US|work=Deccan Chronicle|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/250721/director-sukumar-recovering-well-from-dengue.html|access-date=8 August 2021|archive-date=8 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210808153046/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/250721/director-sukumar-recovering-well-from-dengue.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The filming resumed after Sukumar recovered from the disease.<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite news|title=Allu Arjun's 'Pushpa' is nearing its completion|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/allu-arjuns-pushpa-is-nearing-its-completion/articleshow/84848636.cms|access-date=11 November 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=29 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729104442/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/allu-arjuns-pushpa-is-nearing-its-completion/articleshow/84848636.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> On 22 August 2021, Fahadh Faasil joined the shooting schedule of the film.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Fahadh Faasil joins Allu Arjun's 'Pushpa' shoot|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/fahadh-faasil-joins-allu-arjuns-pushpa-shoot/articleshow/85531819.cms|access-date=11 November 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=11 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111155628/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/fahadh-faasil-joins-allu-arjuns-pushpa-shoot/articleshow/85531819.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> After wrapping her portions in the Hindi film ''[[Goodbye (2022 film)|Goodbye]]'', Rashmika joined the shoot for filming her portions.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Rashmika Mandanna kickstarts shoot for Pan-India film 'Pushpa' after wrapping the shoot schedule of 'Goodbye'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/rashmika-mandanna-kickstarts-shoot-for-pan-india-film-pushpa-after-wrapping-the-shoot-schedule-of-goodbye/articleshow/84472206.cms|access-date=11 November 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=11 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111155627/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/rashmika-mandanna-kickstarts-shoot-for-pan-india-film-pushpa-after-wrapping-the-shoot-schedule-of-goodbye/articleshow/84472206.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> In September 2021, she rejoined the shoot after a brief break.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Rashmika Mandanna rejoins Allu Arjun to shoot for Pushpa; bids adieu to Aura|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/rashmika-mandanna-rejoins-allu-arjun-to-shoot-for-pushpa-bids-adieu-to-aura/articleshow/85945878.cms|access-date=11 November 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=11 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111155621/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/rashmika-mandanna-rejoins-allu-arjun-to-shoot-for-pushpa-bids-adieu-to-aura/articleshow/85945878.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> On 8 September, Allu Arjun headed to Maredumilli to film the final schedule.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Allu Arjun heads off Maredumilli to film the final schedule of 'Pushpa-The Rise'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/allu-arjun-heads-off-maredumilli-to-film-the-final-schedule-of-pushpa-the-rise/articleshow/86030104.cms|access-date=11 November 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=11 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111155622/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/allu-arjun-heads-off-maredumilli-to-film-the-final-schedule-of-pushpa-the-rise/articleshow/86030104.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> After a month-long production, on 4 October, the team started shooting face off scenes between Allu Arjun and Fahadh Faasil.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Allu Arjun and Fahadh Faasil shoot face-off scenes for Pushpa|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/allu-arjun-and-fahadh-faasil-shoot-face-off-scenes-for-pushpa/articleshow/86754356.cms|access-date=11 November 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=11 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111155626/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/allu-arjun-and-fahadh-faasil-shoot-face-off-scenes-for-pushpa/articleshow/86754356.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The song "[[Srivalli (song)|Srivalli]]" was mainly shot in [[Thirumalai Kovil]], [[Tenkasi]] district of Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=24 June 2023 |title=Where Was The Srivalli Song From Pushpa: The Rise Shot? |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/where-was-the-srivalli-song-from-pushpa-the-rise-shot-8165431.html |work=News18 |archive-date=24 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230624172514/https://www.news18.com/movies/where-was-the-srivalli-song-from-pushpa-the-rise-shot-8165431.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Finally, a [[Oo Antava Oo Oo Antava|special song]] special song featuring [[Samantha Ruth Prabhu|Samantha]] was filmed in November 2021 at a specially constructed set at the [[Ramoji Film City]] and "Ey Bidda Idi Na Adda" ({{Translation|This is my area}}) song was filmed at the Mallikarjun Swami Temple of [[Beeramguda]]. After this, the film entered into the [[post-production]] phase.<ref>{{Cite web|date=15 November 2021|title=Samantha to shoot for a special song in Hyderabad for 'Pushpa: The Rise'|url=https://telanganatoday.com/samantha-to-shoot-for-a-special-song-in-hyderabad-for-pushpa-the-rise|access-date=4 January 2022|website=Telangana Today|language=en-US|archive-date=4 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220104054815/https://telanganatoday.com/samantha-to-shoot-for-a-special-song-in-hyderabad-for-pushpa-the-rise|url-status=live}}</ref>

Speaking to the media at a promotional event of Tamil version in [[Chennai]], Allu Arjun said that "We had about 400–500 cars in the forest that would take us from point A to B. In some places, there were no roads and we had to create a pathway with whatever was available. The filming itself took us almost two years, that is why I say this: the effort we had put in for ''Pushpa'' is equal to four films."<ref>{{Cite news|last=S|first=Srivatsan|date=14 December 2021|title=Allu Arjun: The effort for 'Pushpa' equals four films|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/allu-arjun-on-pushpa/article37952972.ece|access-date=4 January 2022|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=4 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220104053543/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/allu-arjun-on-pushpa/article37952972.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

The shooting of the second part began with a test shoot on 30 October 2022 in [[Hyderabad]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 October 2022 |title=Allu Arjun begins shooting for 'Pushpa: The Rule', on-set picture goes viral |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/allu-arjun-begins-shooting-for-pushpa-the-rule-on-set-picture-goes-viral/articleshow/95180705.cms?from=mdr |access-date=8 February 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=8 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240208183307/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/allu-arjun-begins-shooting-for-pushpa-the-rule-on-set-picture-goes-viral/articleshow/95180705.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=31 October 2022 |title=Allu Arjun begins shoot of Pushpa 2: The Rule; cinematographer Miroslaw Kuba Brozek shares behind-the-scenes photo |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/allu-arjun-begins-shoot-pushpa-2-rule-cinematographer-miroslaw-kuba-brozek-shares-behind-scenes-photo/ |website=Bollywood Hungama |date=31 October 2022 |archive-date=31 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031225628/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/allu-arjun-begins-shoot-pushpa-2-rule-cinematographer-miroslaw-kuba-brozek-shares-behind-scenes-photo/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In January 2023, an action sequence was shot in [[Visakhapatnam]].<ref>{{cite web |access-date=20 January 2023 |title=Allu Arjun to shoot for an action sequence for Pushpa: The Rule in Vizag; see pic |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/allu-arjun-shoot-action-sequence-pushpa-rule-vizag-see-pic/ |website=Bollywood Hungama |date=20 January 2023 |archive-date=20 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120170928/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/allu-arjun-shoot-action-sequence-pushpa-rule-vizag-see-pic/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In March 2023, some scenes were shot in [[Bangalore]].<ref>{{cite web |access-date=20 March 2023 |title=Allu Arjun's Pushpa 2 next schedule to be shot in Bengaluru. Fahadh Faasil to be part of it |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/allu-arjun-fahadh-faasil-pushpa-2-shoot-bengaluru-2348987-2023-03-20 |website=India Today |date=20 March 2023 |archive-date=20 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320073124/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/allu-arjun-fahadh-faasil-pushpa-2-shoot-bengaluru-2348987-2023-03-20 |url-status=live }}</ref> Rumours were circulated that the shooting of the film was stopped as director was unsatisfied but later turned out to be false as shooting was again started after a few days.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=3 April 2023 |title=WHAT! Pushpa 2 Shooting STOPPED, 2023 Release CANCELLED Because Director 'Unsatisfied'? |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/pushpa-2-allu-arjun-shooting-stopped-2023-release-cancelled-rashmika-mandanna-7454347.html |website=News18 |date=3 April 2023 |archive-date=3 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403113609/https://www.news18.com/movies/pushpa-2-allu-arjun-shooting-stopped-2023-release-cancelled-rashmika-mandanna-7454347.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |access-date=3 April 2023 |title='Pushpa 2' shooting stopped and 2023 release cancelled? Here's everything we know about Allu Arjun's upcoming film |url=https://economictimes.com/news/new-updates/pushpa-2-shooting-stopped-and-2023-release-cancelled-heres-everything-we-know-about-allu-arjuns-upcoming-film/articleshow/99219476.cms |website=The Economic Times|date=3 April 2023 }}</ref>

In April 2023, some forest sequences were shot in [[Malkangiri]] district of [[Odisha]].<ref>{{cite news |access-date=10 April 2023 |title=Pushpa-2 team chooses erstwhile Maoists' bastion in Odisha for shooting |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chen-cinema/pushpa-2-team-chooses-erstwhile-maoists-bastion-in-odisha-for-shooting/article66717780.ece/ |website=The Hindu |date=10 April 2023 |archive-date=10 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410004253/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chen-cinema/pushpa-2-team-chooses-erstwhile-maoists-bastion-in-odisha-for-shooting/article66717780.ece/amp/ |url-status=live |last1=Barik |first1=Satyasundar }}</ref> Jagapathi Babu was cast in April 2023.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=21 April 2023 |title=Jagapathi Babu confirms signing Allu Arjun's Pushpa 2, has THIS to say about his role |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/jagapathi-babu-confirms-signing-allu-arjuns-pushpa-2-2362981-2023-04-21 |website=India Today |date=21 April 2023 |archive-date=21 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421162150/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/jagapathi-babu-confirms-signing-allu-arjuns-pushpa-2-2362981-2023-04-21 |url-status=live }}</ref> Fahadh Faasil joined the sets in May 2023 while Rashmika joined the sets in June 2023.<ref>{{cite news |access-date=18 May 2023 |title=Pic: Fahadh Faasil Joins Allu Arjun In 'Pushpa 2: The Rule' For A Thrilling Vengeance |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/pic-fahadh-faasil-joins-allu-arjun-in-pushpa-2-the-rule-for-a-thrilling-vengeance/articleshow/100325683.cms |website=Times of India |date=18 May 2023 |archive-date=18 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230518094632/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/pic-fahadh-faasil-joins-allu-arjun-in-pushpa-2-the-rule-for-a-thrilling-vengeance/articleshow/100325683.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=28 June 2023 |title=Rashmika Mandanna starts shooting for Pushpa 2; drops a behind-the-scenes picture |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/rashmika-mandanna-starts-shooting-pushpa-2-drops-behind-scenes-picture/ |website=Bollywood Hungama |date=28 June 2023 |archive-date=28 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230628140146/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/rashmika-mandanna-starts-shooting-pushpa-2-drops-behind-scenes-picture/ |url-status=live }}</ref> On 3 June 2023, a bus carrying crew artist from the film met with an accident near the [[Vijayawada–Hyderabad Expressway]].<ref>{{cite web |access-date=3 June 2023 |title=Allu Arjun starrer Pushpa 2 crew meets with bus accident in Telangana: Report |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/allu-arjun-starrer-pushpa-2-crew-meets-bus-accident-telangana-report/ |website=Bollywood Hungama |date=3 June 2023 |archive-date=3 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603125359/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/allu-arjun-starrer-pushpa-2-crew-meets-bus-accident-telangana-report/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In July 2023, an action sequence was shot in [[Visakhapatnam Port]] along with 50 stuntmans, where Allu Arjun hanged upside down almost 100 feet above the ground using a crane.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=30 June 2023 |title=Allu Arjun Shoots Huge Action Scene At Vizag Port, Said To Be The 'Highlight' Of Pushpa 2 |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/allu-arjun-shoots-huge-action-scene-at-vizag-port-said-to-be-the-highlight-of-pushpa-2-8218699.html |publisher=News18 |archive-date=30 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630155402/https://www.news18.com/movies/allu-arjun-shoots-huge-action-scene-at-vizag-port-said-to-be-the-highlight-of-pushpa-2-8218699.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In August 2023, some scenes were shot in [[Ramoji Film City]].<ref>{{cite web |access-date=5 August 2023 |title=Allu Arjun kicks off another extensive schedule of Pushpa 2 in Ramoji studios in Hyderabad |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/allu-arjun-kicks-off-another-extensive-schedule-pushpa-2-ramoji-studios-hyderabad/ |website=Bollywood Hungama |date=5 August 2023 |archive-date=5 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230805143531/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/allu-arjun-kicks-off-another-extensive-schedule-pushpa-2-ramoji-studios-hyderabad/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=6 August 2023 |title=Pushpa 2: Allu Arjun Begins Shooting For A Brand New Schedule At Ramoji Film City; Deets Inside |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/pushpa-2-allu-arjun-begins-shooting-for-a-brand-new-schedule-at-ramoji-film-city-deets-inside-8518189.html |work=News18}}</ref> In November 2023, the filming resumed in Hyderabad.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=10 November 2023 |title=Allu Arjun and Pushpa director Sukumar start the shoot of sequel in Hyderabad |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/allu-arjun-pushpa-director-sukumar-start-shoot-sequel-hyderabad/ |website=Bollywood Hungama |date=10 November 2023 |archive-date=10 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110232547/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/allu-arjun-pushpa-director-sukumar-start-shoot-sequel-hyderabad/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In December 2023, the filming was postponed due to Allu Arjun's health.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=2 December 2023 |title=Pushpa The Rule shooting postponed due to Allu Arjun's health; here's what we know |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/pushpa-the-rule-shooting-postponed-due-to-allu-arjun-s-health-here-s-what-we-know-101701495682919.html |website=Hindustan Times |date=2 December 2023 |archive-date=2 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202070848/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/pushpa-the-rule-shooting-postponed-due-to-allu-arjun-s-health-here-s-what-we-know-101701495682919.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In March 2024, some sequences were shot in Vizag and [[Yaganti Temple]].<ref>{{cite web |access-date=10 March 2024 |title=Massive crowd welcomes Allu Arjun to Vizag for Pushpa 2 shoot |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/massive-crowd-welcomes-allu-arjun-vizag-pushpa-2-shoot/ |website=Bollywood Hungama |date=10 March 2024 |archive-date=10 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240310121214/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/massive-crowd-welcomes-allu-arjun-vizag-pushpa-2-shoot/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=20 March 2024 |title=Rashmika Mandanna aka Srivalli shares photo of shooting Pushpa 2: The Rule at Yaganti Temple |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/rashmika-mandanna-aka-srivalli-shares-photo-shooting-pushpa-2-rule-yaganti-temple/ |website=Bollywood Hungama |date=20 March 2024 |archive-date=20 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240320120541/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/rashmika-mandanna-aka-srivalli-shares-photo-shooting-pushpa-2-rule-yaganti-temple/ |url-status=live }}</ref> It was later reported that the makers spend {{INR}}50–60 crore for the [[Gangamma Jatara]] performance and a fight sequence.<ref>{{cite web |date=29 February 2024 |title=Pushpa 2: Makers of Allu Arjun Starrer Shoot Mega Song and Fight Sequence, Spend Rs 50 Cr On It |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/pushpa-2-makers-of-allu-arjun-starrer-shoot-mega-song-and-fight-sequence-spend-rs-50-cr-on-it-8797491.html |website=News18 |access-date=29 February 2024 |archive-date=29 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240229073844/https://www.news18.com/movies/pushpa-2-makers-of-allu-arjun-starrer-shoot-mega-song-and-fight-sequence-spend-rs-50-cr-on-it-8797491.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=11 April 2024 |title=Allu Arjun Starrer Pushpa 2 Spends Rs 60 Cr on a 6-Minute Scene; OTT Rights Sold at Rs 100 Cr: Report |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/allu-arjun-starrer-pushpa-2-spends-rs-60-cr-on-a-6-minute-scene-ott-rights-sold-at-rs-100-cr-report-8847691.html |website=News18 |date=11 April 2024 |archive-date=11 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240411041906/https://www.news18.com/movies/allu-arjun-starrer-pushpa-2-spends-rs-60-cr-on-a-6-minute-scene-ott-rights-sold-at-rs-100-cr-report-8847691.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In April 2024, a massive underwater sequence was shot in Hyderabad.<ref>{{cite news |access-date=30 April 2024 |title=Allu Arjun's 'Pushpa 2: The Rule' Cinematographer Gives A Glimpse Of The Underwater Scenes In The Making! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/allu-arjuns-pushpa-2-the-rule-cinematographer-gives-a-glimpse-of-the-underwater-scenes-in-the-making/articleshow/109718787.cms |website=Times of India |archive-date=1 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240501000133/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/allu-arjuns-pushpa-2-the-rule-cinematographer-gives-a-glimpse-of-the-underwater-scenes-in-the-making/amp_articleshow/109718787.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> In May 2024, it was reported that the film will have multiple endings and to maintain secrecy the makers opted the no phone policy on the film set.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=29 May 2024 |title=Director Sukumar to shoot multiple endings of Pushpa: The Rule, bars phones on set |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/director-sukumar-to-shoot-multiple-endings-of-pushpa-the-rule-bars-phones-on-set-9359118/lite/ |website=The Indian Express|date=29 May 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=30 May 2024 |title='Pushpa 2' makers take extreme measures to prevent spoilers |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/southern_cinema/pushpa-2-makers-take-extreme-measures-to-prevent-spoilers-1503305035.html |website=The Statesman |date=29 May 2024 |archive-date=29 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240529151206/https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/southern_cinema/pushpa-2-makers-take-extreme-measures-to-prevent-spoilers-1503305035.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In July 2024, it was reported that shooting of film was delayed due to rift and creative differences between Allu Arjun and Sukumar,<ref>{{cite web |access-date=18 July 2024 |title=All is not well with Allu Arjun and 'Pushpa 2' director Sukumar? Here's the truth |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/allu-arjun-sukumar-fall-out-pushpa-the-rule-2-postponed-2568484-2024-07-18 |work=India Today |date=18 July 2024 |archive-date=18 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718070455/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/allu-arjun-sukumar-fall-out-pushpa-the-rule-2-postponed-2568484-2024-07-18 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |access-date=17 July 2024 |title=Is a cold war brewing between Allu Arjun & 'Pushpa' director Sukumar? |url=https://economictimes.com/magazines/panache/is-a-cold-war-brewing-between-allu-arjun-pushpa-director-sukumar/articleshow/111817152.cms |website=The Economic Times|date=17 July 2024 }}</ref> however they were later proven to be false rumours as shooting was restarted again in Hyderabad.<ref>{{cite news |access-date=20 July 2024 |title=Producer Bunny Vasu Quashes Rumours About A Rift Between Allu Arjun And 'Pushpa 2' Director Sukumar: 'They Both Have A Well Established Bond' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/producer-bunny-vasu-quashes-rumours-about-a-rift-between-allu-arjun-and-pushpa-2-director-sukumar-they-both-have-a-well-established-bond/articleshow/111871008.cms |work=Times of India |date=20 July 2024 |archive-date=20 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240720012330/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/producer-bunny-vasu-quashes-rumours-about-a-rift-between-allu-arjun-and-pushpa-2-director-sukumar-they-both-have-a-well-established-bond/articleshow/111871008.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=22 July 2024 |title=Pushpa 2 Shooting: పుష్ప 2 సినిమా షూటింగ్ మళ్లీ షురూ.. ఎప్పటి నుంచంటే! |url=https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/pushpa-2-the-rule-shooting-update-allu-arjun-sukumar-movies-shooting-set-to-resume-121721661456671.html |website=Hindustan Times |language=Telugu |archive-date=23 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240723035035/https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/pushpa-2-the-rule-shooting-update-allu-arjun-sukumar-movies-shooting-set-to-resume-121721661456671.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=22 August 2024 |title=Allu Arjun and Sukumar reassures December 6 release for 'Pushpa 2', Dismiss delay speculations |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/allu-arjun-and-sukumar-reassures-december-6-release-for-pushpa-2-dismiss-delay-speculations/articleshow/112695365.cms |access-date=22 August 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=22 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240822052153/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/allu-arjun-and-sukumar-reassures-december-6-release-for-pushpa-2-dismiss-delay-speculations/articleshow/112695365.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

Sets depicting 1990s and 2000s [[Japan]] and [[Malaysia]] were recreated at Ramoji Film City, though plans were to [[Location shooting|shoot on location]], recces at [[Bangkok]], Malaysia, and Japan determined that budget and time constraints would not allow it.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 July 2024 |title=Throwback: How Pushpa 2 makers created Malaysia and Japan for Allu Arjun in Hyderabad |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/throwback-how-pushpa-2-makers-created-malaysia-and-japan-for-allu-arjun-in-hyderabad/articleshow/112027112.cms |access-date=10 August 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=10 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240810175849/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/throwback-how-pushpa-2-makers-created-malaysia-and-japan-for-allu-arjun-in-hyderabad/articleshow/112027112.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> In August 2024, the climax of the film was shot.<ref>{{Cite web |access-date=5 August 2024 |title='Pushpa 2: The Rule': Allu Arjun, Sukumar finally resume shoot amid fallout rumours |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/pushpa-2-the-rule-allu-arjun-sukumar-finally-resume-shoot-amid-fallout-rumours-2576991-2024-08-05 |work=India Today |date=5 August 2024 |archive-date=5 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240805093800/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/pushpa-2-the-rule-allu-arjun-sukumar-finally-resume-shoot-amid-fallout-rumours-2576991-2024-08-05 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |access-date=5 August 2024 |title='Pushpa 2' Shoot Update! Allu Arjun's starrer films an intense climax action sequence |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/pushpa-2-shoot-update-allu-arjuns-starrer-films-an-intense-climax-action-sequence/articleshow/112282568.cms |website=Times of India|date=5 August 2024 }}</ref> An item number featuring Sreeleela was filmed in November 2024 in Hyderabad.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=7 November 2024 |title=Sreeleela Begins Shooting Special Song With Allu Arjun For Pushpa 2: The Rule |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/sreeleela-begins-shooting-special-song-with-allu-arjun-for-pushpa-2-the-rule-article-115047970 |work=Times Now |date=7 November 2024 |archive-date=8 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241108230545/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/sreeleela-begins-shooting-special-song-with-allu-arjun-for-pushpa-2-the-rule-article-115047970 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |access-date=9 November 2024 |title=Sreeleela's leaked picture with Allu Arjun from 'Pushpa 2' sets confirms a dance number |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/sreeleelas-leaked-picture-with-allu-arjun-from-pushpa-2-sets-confirms-a-dance-number/articleshow/115095850.cms |work=Times of India|date=9 November 2024 }}</ref> The whole shooting of the film including a romantic song was wrapped by late November 2024.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=26 November 2024 |title=Allu Arjun wraps up shooting Pushpa 2: '5 years of Pushpa; what a journey…' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/allu-arjun-wraps-up-shooting-pushpa-2-5-years-of-pushpa-what-a-journey-9691924/ |work=The Indian Express|date=26 November 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=27 November 2024 |title=Rashmika Mandanna broke down on last day of Pushpa 2 shoot, hints at part 3 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/rashmika-mandanna-broke-down-last-day-pushpa-2-shoot-hints-part-3-allu-arjun-sukumar-pushpa-3-2640831-2024-11-27 |work=India Today |date=27 November 2024 |archive-date=27 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127195004/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/rashmika-mandanna-broke-down-last-day-pushpa-2-shoot-hints-part-3-allu-arjun-sukumar-pushpa-3-2640831-2024-11-27 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=27 November 2024 |title=Allu Arjun and Rashmika Mandanna wrap Pushpa 2 with last-minute song shoot in Hyderabad |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/allu-arjun-rashmika-mandanna-wrap-pushpa-2-with-last-minute-song-shoot/5f82159d21572 |work=ottplay.com |archive-date=1 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241201222426/https://www.ottplay.com/news/allu-arjun-rashmika-mandanna-wrap-pushpa-2-with-last-minute-song-shoot/5f82159d21572 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Cast and crew ==
=== Cast ===
{{Cast indicator|Y|G|appeared=the ''Pushpa'' film series}}

{| class="wikitable" width ="85%" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" |Character
! colspan="2" |Films
|-
! style="text-align:center;" |''[[Pushpa: The Rise]]'' (2021)
! style="text-align:center;" |''[[Pushpa 2: The Rule]]'' (2024)
|-
! Pushpa Raj
| colspan="2" | [[Allu Arjun]]<hr>{{small|Master Dhruvan}}{{ref|young|Y}}
|-
!Srivalli
| colspan="2" |[[Rashmika Mandanna]]
|-
![[Superintendent of police|SP]] Bhanwar Singh Shekhawat [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
| colspan="2" |[[Fahadh Faasil]]
|-
!Kesava "Mondelu"
| colspan="2" |[[Jagadeesh Prathap Bandari]]
|-
!Mangalam Srinu
| colspan="2" |[[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]]
|-
!Dakshayani "Daksha"
| colspan="2" |[[Anasuya Bharadwaj]]
|-
![[Member of Parliament|MP]] Bhumireddy Siddappa Naidu
| colspan="2" |[[Rao Ramesh]]
|-
!Parvatamma
| colspan="2" |[[Kalpa Latha]]
|-
!Molleti Mohan Raj
| colspan="2" |[[Ajay (actor)|Ajay]]
|-
!Molleti Dharma Raj
| colspan="2" |[[Sritej]]
|-
!Molleti Kaveri
| colspan="2" |Pavani Karanam
|-
!Konda Reddy
|[[Ajay Ghosh]]
| style="background:#d3d3d3;" |
|-
!Jaali Reddy
| colspan="2" | [[Dhananjaya (actor)|Dhananjaya]]
|-
!Jakka Reddy
| colspan="2" |Shanmukh
|-
!Chennai Murugan
| colspan="2" |[[Mime Gopi]]
|-
!Muniratnam
| colspan="2" |Dayanand Reddy
|-
![[Sub-inspector|SI]] Kupparaj
| colspan="2" |[[Brahmaji]]
|-
!Mogileesu
|Raj Tirandasu
| style="background:#d3d3d3;" |
|-
![[Deputy Superintendent of Police|DSP]] Govindappa
|[[Shatru (actor)|Shatru]]
| style="background:#d3d3d3;" |
|-
!Central Minister Kogatam Veera Pratap Reddy
| style="background:#d3d3d3;" |
|[[Jagapathi Babu]]
|-
![[Chief minister (India)|CM]] KVM Narasimha Reddy
| style="background:#d3d3d3;" |
|[[Aadukalam Naren]]
|-
!Hameed
| style="background:#d3d3d3;" |
|[[Saurabh Sachdeva]]
|-
!Hiroshi
| style="background:#d3d3d3;" |
|[[Vithaya Pansringarm]]
|-
![[Item number]]
|[[Samantha Ruth Prabhu]]{{ref|guest|G}} {{Small|("[[Oo Antava Oo Oo Antava]]")}}
|[[Sreeleela]]{{ref|guest|G}} {{Small|("[[Kissik]]")}}
|}

=== Crew ===
{| class="wikitable" width="100%" style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" |Occupation
! colspan="2" |Film
|-
! style="text-align:center;" |''[[Pushpa: The Rise]]'' (2021)
! style="text-align:center;" |''[[Pushpa 2: The Rule]]'' (2024)
|-
!Director
| colspan="2" |[[Sukumar]]
|-
!Producer
| colspan="2" |Naveen Yerneni Yalamanchili Ravi Shankar
|-
!Writer
| colspan="2" |Sukumar
|-
!Dialogues
| colspan="2" |Srikanth Vissa
|-
!Cinematography
| colspan="2" |[[Miroslaw Kuba Brozek]]
|-
!Editor
|[[Karthika Srinivas]] [[Ruben (film editor)|Ruben]]
|[[Naveen Nooli]]
|-
!Music
| colspan="2" |[[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|}

== Box office ==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
! style="text-align:centr;" |Film
! style="text-align:centr;" |Release date
! style="text-align:centr;" |Budget
! style="text-align:centr;" |Box office revenue
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |''[[Pushpa: The Rise]]''
|{{Date|Dec 17, 2021}}
|{{INRConvert|200|c|year=2021|mode=historical}}– {{INRConvert|250|c|year=2021|mode=historical}}{{efn|''[[The Tribune (India)|The Tribune]]'',<ref>{{cite web|title=New Releases: Shava Ni Girdhari Lal {{!}} Spider-Man: No Way Home {{!}} Pushpa|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/new-releases-350947|website=[[The Tribune (India)|The Tribune]]|date=16 December 2021|access-date=16 December 2021|quote=Set for a pan-India release, this much-anticipated film has been shot over 180 days on a budget of Rs 150 crore promising a whole new cinematic experience.|archive-date=16 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211216151012/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/new-releases-350947|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[News 18]]'',<ref>{{cite web|title=Allu Arjun's Fee For Pushpa: The Rule Will Blow Your Mind|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/allu-arjuns-fee-for-pushpa-the-rule-will-blow-your-mind-5700499.html|website=[[News 18]]|date=17 August 2022|access-date=3 October 2022|quote=Pushpa Part one was made at a budget of approximately Rs 140 crore.|archive-date=3 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003162359/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/allu-arjuns-fee-for-pushpa-the-rule-will-blow-your-mind-5700499.html|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Outlook India|Outlook]]'',<ref>{{cite web|title=Allu Arjun, Rashmika Mandanna Demand Fee Hike For 'Pushpa: The Rule'|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/allu-arjun-rashmika-mandanna-demand-fee-hike-for-pushpa-the-rule--news-220015|website=[[Outlook India|Outlook]]|date=31 August 2022|access-date=1 October 2022|archive-date=1 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001030925/https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/allu-arjun-rashmika-mandanna-demand-fee-hike-for-pushpa-the-rule--news-220015|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[GQ India]]'',<ref>{{cite web|title=Baahubali to RRR: 7 most expensive South films ever made|url=https://www.gqindia.com/entertainment/content/baahubali-to-rrr-7-most-expensive-south-films-ever-made|website=[[GQ India]]|date=31 May 2022|access-date=16 October 2022|archive-date=24 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924053324/https://www.gqindia.com/entertainment/content/baahubali-to-rrr-7-most-expensive-south-films-ever-made|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Mashable|Mashable India]]'',<ref>{{cite web|title='RRR' To 'Pushpa: The Rise'; 7 Most Expensive South Indian Movies|url=https://in.mashable.com/entertainment/36807/rrr-to-pushpa-the-rise-7-most-expensive-south-indian-movies|website=[[Mashable|Mashable India]]|date=16 August 2022|access-date=16 October 2022|archive-date=16 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221016074554/https://in.mashable.com/entertainment/36807/rrr-to-pushpa-the-rise-7-most-expensive-south-indian-movies|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[NDTV]]''<ref>{{cite web |title=Pushpa के लिए सितारों ने लिए करोड़ों रुपये, जानें किसे मिले सबसे ज्यादा पैसे|url=https://ndtv.in/bollywood/pushpa-the-rise-stars-charged-crores-for-the-film-know-the-salary-of-the-cast-2700454|website=[[NDTV]]|access-date=16 October 2022}}</ref> and ''[[The Times of India]]''<ref>{{cite news|title='Pushpa' box office collection day 2: Allu Arjun and Rashmika Mandanna starrer set a post-pandemic record!|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/box-office/pushpa-box-office-report-sets-post-pandemic-record/articleshow/88372023.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=11 March 2024|quote=The film made with a whopping budget of Rs 200 crores has minted around Rs 365 crores in its theatrical run and now streaming on the OTT platforms in all the languages.|archive-date=11 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240311161636/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/box-office/pushpa-box-office-report-sets-post-pandemic-record/articleshow/88372023.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> stated the budget as ₹200 crore. But ''[[The Indian Express]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=Rashmika Mandanna on Pushpa's success: 'We didn't anticipate the madness of the film…'|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/rashmika-mandanna-on-pushpas-success-8176456/|website=[[The Indian Express]]|date=27 September 2022|access-date=1 October 2022|archive-date=1 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001063553/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/rashmika-mandanna-on-pushpas-success-8176456/|url-status=live}}</ref> and ''[[Zoom (Indian TV channel)|Zoom]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=Allu Arjun's Pushpa shatters Spider-Man: No Way Home and Sooryavanshi; takes the biggest opening of 2021|url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/telugu-cinema/allu-arjuns-pushpa-shatters-spider-man-no-way-home-and-sooryavanshi-takes-the-biggest-opening-of-2021-article-88350867|website=[[Zoom (Indian TV channel)|Zoom]]|date=17 December 2021|access-date=16 October 2022|archive-date=29 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929183919/https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/telugu-cinema/allu-arjuns-pushpa-shatters-spider-man-no-way-home-and-sooryavanshi-takes-the-biggest-opening-of-2021-article-88350867|url-status=live}}</ref> reported the budget as ₹250 crore.}}
|{{INRConvert|360|c|year=2021|mode=historical}}–{{INRConvert|393.5|c|year=2021|mode=historical}}{{efn|name="pushpa1"|''[[News 18|News 18 Telugu]]'' mentioned it as ₹360 crores.<ref>{{cite web|title=Top Highest Grosser Indian Movies: భారతీయ బాక్సాఫీస్ దగ్గర ఎక్కువ వసూళ్లు సాధించిన సినిమాలు.. KGF2, RRR,పఠాన్ ప్లేసెస్ ఎక్కడంటే..|url=https://telugu.news18.com/photogallery/movies/top-highest-grosser-indian-movies-from-rrr-kgf-2-to-kantara-bahubali-pathaan-these-are-the-movies-which-highest-gross-indian-movies-now-rrr-movie-cross-kgf-2-life-time-collections-ta-1670896-page-2.html|website=[[News 18|News 18 Telugu]]|date=17 March 2023|access-date=18 March 2023|archive-date=29 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929183705/https://telugu.news18.com/photogallery/movies/top-highest-grosser-indian-movies-from-rrr-kgf-2-to-kantara-bahubali-pathaan-these-are-the-movies-which-highest-gross-indian-movies-now-rrr-movie-cross-kgf-2-life-time-collections-ta-1670896-page-2.html|url-status=live}}</ref> While ''[[The Times of India]]'' reported the collection to be ₹365 crore.<ref name="BO">{{cite news|title='Pushpa: The Rise' completes 50 days at the box office; Allu Arjun, Rashmika Mandanna's film grosses Rs 365 crore worldwide|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/box-office/pushpa-the-rise-completes-50-days-at-the-box-office-allu-arjun-rashmika-mundakka-film-grosses-rs-365-crore-worldwide/articleshow/89341663.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=4 February 2022|access-date=4 February 2022|archive-date=4 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204124153/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/box-office/pushpa-the-rise-completes-50-days-at-the-box-office-allu-arjun-rashmika-mundakka-film-grosses-rs-365-crore-worldwide/articleshow/89341663.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Later ''[[Pinkvilla]]'' reported the collection to be ₹393.50 crore.<ref name="BO2">{{Cite web |last=Jogani |first=Rishil |date=22 October 2024 |title=Devara Part 1 vs Pushpa The Rise vs Saaho: Comparing the worldwide box office of Pan-Indian biggies |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/devara-part-1-vs-pushpa-the-rise-vs-saaho-comparing-the-worldwide-box-office-of-pan-indian-biggies-1354733 |access-date=23 October 2024 |website=[[Pinkvilla]] |language=en |archive-date=10 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241110091346/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/devara-part-1-vs-pushpa-the-rise-vs-saaho-comparing-the-worldwide-box-office-of-pan-indian-biggies-1354733 |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |''[[Pushpa 2: The Rule]]''
|{{Date|Dec 5, 2024}}
|{{INRConvert|400|c|year=2024}}–{{INRConvert|500|c|year=2024}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-23 |title=Allu Arjun की 'पुष्पा 2' का बजट होगा 500 करोड़, मेकर्स ने दिया रिलीज डेट का हिंट |url=https://www.aajtak.in/entertainment/news/story/allu-arjun-pushpa-2-budget-500-crores-makers-plan-release-10-language-by-august-2023-tmovs-1504621-2022-07-23 |access-date=2024-12-17 |website=आज तक |language=hi |archive-date=15 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915055924/https://www.aajtak.in/entertainment/news/story/allu-arjun-pushpa-2-budget-500-crores-makers-plan-release-10-language-by-august-2023-tmovs-1504621-2022-07-23 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=11 May 2022 |title=Rs 100 crore for Allu Arjun, Rs 200 crore in production cost! Pushpa 2's budget will blow your mind |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/allu-arjun-s-pushpa-2-budget-is-bigger-than-the-first-part-the-amount-will-blow-your-mind-1947987-2022-05-11 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511073641/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/allu-arjun-s-pushpa-2-budget-is-bigger-than-the-first-part-the-amount-will-blow-your-mind-1947987-2022-05-11 |archive-date=11 May 2022 |access-date=11 May 2022 |work=India Today}}</ref>
|{{INRConvert|1642|c|year=2024}}–{{INRConvert|1800|c|year=2024}}{{efn|name="pushpa2"|''Pushpa 2''{{'s}} reported worldwide grosses vary between ₹1,642 crore (''[[The Hans India]]''<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sangam |first1=Sowmya |title=Pushpa 2 Ends Box Office Run, Sets New Indian Film Records |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/pushpa-2-ends-box-office-run-sets-new-indian-film-records-941288 |website=The Hans India |access-date=1 September 2025 |language=en |date=31 January 2025}}</ref>) – ₹1,800 crore (''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'';<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sharma |first1=Bhavana |title=Allu Arjun's Pushpa 2 OTT release: The final streaming date is here |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/ott/allu-arjuns-pushpa-2-the-rule-finally-streaming-on-ott-1857032 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en |date=27 January 2025}}</ref> ''[[The Indian Express]]''<ref>{{cite web |title=Allu Arjun's Pushpa 2: The Rule to be out on OTT; Netflix to stream extended cut |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/allu-arjuns-pushpa-2-the-rule-to-be-out-on-ott-netflix-to-stream-extended-cut-9802087/ |website=The Indian Express |language=en |date=27 January 2025}}</ref>).}}
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align:centr;" |Total
! style="text-align:centr;" |{{INRConvert|600|c}}–{{INRConvert|750|c}}
! style="text-align:centr;" |{{INRConvert|2002|c}}–{{INRConvert|2193.5|c}}
|}

== Accolades ==

=== ''Pushpa: The Rise'' ===
{{Main|List of accolades received by Pushpa: The Rise}}
At the [[69th National Film Awards]], ''Pushpa: The Rise'' won two awards – [[National Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] (Arjun) and [[National Film Award for Best Music Direction|Best Music Direction]] (Prasad). At the [[67th Filmfare Awards South]], it won seven awards meant for Telugu films, including [[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Telugu|Best Film]], [[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Telugu|Best Director]] (Sukumar) and [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Telugu|Best Actor]] (Arjun).

==See also==
* [[List of Indian film series]]
* [[List of highest-grossing Indian films#Highest-grossing franchises|List of highest-grossing franchises]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|9389998|title=Pushpa: The Rise}}
* {{IMDb title|16539454|title=Pushpa 2: The Rule}}
* {{IMDb title|34915500|title=Pushpa 3: The Rampage}}

{{Pushpa (film series)}}

[[Category:Pushpa (film series)| ]]
[[Category:Film series introduced in 2021]]
[[Category:Action film franchises]]
[[Category:Films released in separate parts]]
[[Category:Indian film series]]

Vilayat Khan

2026-03-27T11:32:34Z

Buymediaspace: improve section for clarity

{{short description|Indian musician}}
{{for multi|the Sufi teacher|Vilayat Inayat Khan|the Agra Gharana Singer|Vilayat Hussain Khan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vilayat Khan
| image = Vilayat Khan.jpg
| image_size = 260px
| caption = Vilayat Khan in 1989
| birth_name = Vilayat Khan
| alias =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1928|8|28|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Gouripur, Bangladesh|Gouripur, Mymensingh]], [[East Bengal]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2004|03|13|1928|08|28|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Mumbai]], India
| occupation = [[Sitar|sitar player]]
| years_active = 1939 {{endash}} 2004
| awards = "Aftab-e-Sitar" (Sun of the Sitar) from the [[President of India]] "Bharat Sitar Samrat" by the Artistes Association of India Silver Medal at the [[1st Moscow International Film Festival]] in 1959
}}

'''Vilayat Khan''' (28 August 1928{{ref|birthdate}} – 13 March 2004) was an [[Hindustani classical music|Indian classical]] [[sitar]] player,<ref name=TheHindu>{{cite news|title=No Compromise in his Art (an interview with Vilayat Khan)|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sundaymagazine/no-compromises-in-his-art/article28526199.ece
|newspaper=The Hindu newspaper|date=28 March 2004|access-date=10 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404154543/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sundaymagazine/no-compromises-in-his-art/article28526199.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 April 2022}}</ref><ref name=LAT>{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2004-mar-16-me-khan16-story.html |newspaper=Los Angeles Times newspaper|agency=Associated Press|date=16 March 2004|title=Ustad Vilayat Khan, 76; Leading Indian Sitar Player, Composer (obituary)|access-date=12 March 2024|archive-date=13 October 2020|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201013085854/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2004-mar-16-me-khan16-story.html}}</ref> considered by many to be the greatest sitarist of his age.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2004/mar/25/guardianobituaries.artsobituaries | title=Vilayat Khan | newspaper=The Guardian | date=25 March 2004 | last1=Hunt | first1=Ken }}</ref> Along with [[Imdad Khan]], [[Enayat Khan]], and [[Imrat Khan]], he is credited with the creation and development of ''gayaki ang'' (a technique that emulates the vocal [[melisma]] of [[Hindustani classical music]]) on the sitar.

He recorded his first 78-RPM disc at the age of 8 and gave his last concert in 2004 at the age of 75.<ref name=NYT/> He has composed the music for several films, including [[Jalsaghar]] (1958), [[The Guru (1969 film)|The Guru]] (1969), and [[Kadambari (1976 film)|Kadambari]] (1976).

==Early life==
Vilayat was born in [[Gouripur, Bangladesh|Gouripur, Mymensingh]] in then [[East Bengal]] in [[British India]] and current [[Bangladesh]].<ref name=NYT/> His father [[Enayat Khan]] was recognised as a leading sitar and [[surbahar]] (bass sitar) player of his time, as had been his grandfather, [[Imdad Khan]], before him. He was taught in the family style, known as the [[Imdadkhani gharana]] by his father and other relatives in the family. Imdadkhani gharana is also called [[Etawah gharana]] known after a small city close to [[Agra]] where Imdad Khan lived. This family represents the sixth generation of musicians that dates back to the [[Mughal Empire]].<ref name=NYT/><ref>{{cite news |title= Reliving the magic|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1041209/asp/calcutta/story_4102173.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041220200134/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1041209/asp/calcutta/story_4102173.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 December 2004|newspaper= The Telegraph India|location=Calcutta|date=9 December 2004|access-date=10 March 2024}}</ref><ref name=LAT/>

However, Enayat Khan died when Vilayat was only ten, so much of his education came from the rest of his family: his uncle, sitar and surbahar maestro [[Wahid Khan]],<ref name=NYT/><ref name=TheHindu1>{{cite news|title=Vilayat Khan, a maverick musician|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/vilayat-khan-a-maverick-musician/article27581595.ece |newspaper=The Hindu newspaper|date=26 March 2004|access-date=10 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240310175957/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/vilayat-khan-a-maverick-musician/article27581595.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 March 2024}}</ref> his maternal grandfather, singer Bande Hassan Khan, and his mother, Bashiran Begum, who had studied the practice procedure of his forefathers. His maternal uncle, Zinde Hussain, looked after his [[riyaz]] (practice). As a boy, Vilayat wanted to be a singer, but his mother, herself from a family of vocalists, felt he had a strong responsibility to bear the family torch as a sitar maestro.<ref name=NYT/>

==Performing career==
[[File:Vilayat Khan, Sitarvadak.jpg|thumb|Vilayat Khan in 1954]]
[[File:President Dr. Radhakrishnan with Utsad Vilayat Khan at Rashtrapati Bhavan.jpg|thumb|Vilayat Khan with President Dr. Radhakrishnan at Rashtrapati Bhavan, 1963]]
Vilayat Khan performed at the ''All Bengal Music Conference'', as his first concert, organised by Bhupen Ghosh in Kolkata with [[Ahmed Jan Thirakwa]] on tabla. His performance at the concert organised by Vikramaditya Sangeet Parishad, Mumbai, in 1944 drew the headline "Electrifying Sitar". In the 1950s, Vilayat Khan worked closely with instrument makers, especially the famous sitar-makers Kanailal & Hiren Roy, to further develop the instrument. Also, he liked to perform without a [[tanpura]] drone, filling out the silence with strokes to his [[chikari]] strings.

Some [[raga]]s he would somewhat re-interpret (Bhankar, Jaijaivanti), others he invented himself (Enayatkhani Kanada, Sanjh Saravali, Kalavanti, Mand Bhairav), but he was first and foremost a traditional interpreter of grand, basic ragas such as Yaman, [[Shree (Hindustani raga)|Shree]], [[Todi (raga)|Todi]], [[Darbari]] and [[Bhairavi (Hindustani)|Bhairavi]]. He was known for improvisation with his knack for finding different patterns in the ragas he played.

Vilayat Khan was both a traditional sitar player and a maverick innovator in his music. He was given a lot of credit for developing a sitar style called 'gayaki ang', where his sitar attempted to mimic the sound of the human voice and seemed to give the audience a sense that the sitar was singing. He invented a technique of bending a note after the sitar string was plucked, creating a sound after-effect from it. This technique later influenced other sitar players.<ref name=NYT/><ref name=LAT/>

When he died from lung cancer in 2004, Vilayat Khan had been recording for over 65 years and broadcasting on [[All India Radio]] almost as long. He had been touring outside India off and on for more than 50 years, and was probably the first Indian musician to play in England in 1951 after independence. In the 1990s, his recording career reached a climax of sorts with a series of ambitious CDs for India Archive Music in New York, some traditional, some controversial, some eccentric. During his long career, he toured and performed in [[South Asia]], [[China]], [[Africa]], [[Europe]] and the former [[Soviet Union]].<ref name=LAT/>

Vilayat composed and conducted the score for three feature films – Satyajit Ray's ''[[Jalsaghar]]'' (1958) in Bengali,<ref name=NYT/><ref name=TheHindu4>{{cite news|title=A life well lived|author= Manjari Sinha|url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/music/article31337.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|date=9 October 2009|access-date=10 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240310181956/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/A-life-well-lived/article16885689.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 March 2024}}</ref> Merchant-Ivory Productions' ''[[The Guru (1969 film)|The Guru]]'' (1969) in English,<ref name=NYT/> and Madhusudan Kumar's ''Kadambari'' (1976) in Hindi. He won a silver medal for his music for Satyajit Ray's ''[[Jalsaghar]]'' at the [[1st Moscow International Film Festival]] in 1959.<ref name="Moscow1959">{{cite web|url=http://www.moscowfilmfestival.ru/miff34/eng/archives/?year=1959|title=1st Moscow International Film Festival (1959) (scroll down to read under Silver medals)|access-date=10 March 2024|work=Moscow International Film Festival website|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116210640/http://www.moscowfilmfestival.ru/miff34/eng/archives/?year=1959|archive-date=16 January 2013}}</ref> Vilayat gave a chance to newcomer singer [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]] in Kadambari — the first song in her long and successful career.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b73345f01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181230060353/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b73345f01|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 December 2018|title = Kadambari (1976)}}</ref>

==Personal life==
The [[Imdad Khan]] family is of [[Rajput]] lineage.<ref>Deepak Raja (2003), booklet for [[Ulhas Kashalkar]]'s ''Tribute to Vilayat Khan'' CD. India Archive Music IAMCD 1071, p. 21.</ref> In an informal continuation of his Rajput lineage, Vilayat Khan's father [[Enayat Khan]] kept a Hindu name of Nath Singh. Vilayat Khan himself composed many [[bandish]]es using the pen name, '''Nath Piya'''. In an interview given to Karan Thapar for the BBC in early 2002, Vilayat Khan admitted to having the Rajput name – Kahan Singh.<ref>{{Citation|last=itvindia|title=FTF Ustad Vilayat Khan 3 4 2002|date=13 January 2012|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9twgLWlMEV8&t=253|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128043303/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9twgLWlMEV8&t=253|archive-date=28 January 2021|url-status=dead|access-date=4 December 2018}}</ref>

Khan spent much of his life in [[Calcutta]] (now [[Kolkata]]). He was married twice.<ref name=LAT/> With his first wife, Monisha Hazra, he had three children—Yaman Khan, Sufi singer [[Zila Khan]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Sufi singer Zila Khan to perform at Jamia|url=http://www.sify.com/news/sufi-singer-zila-khan-to-perform-at-jamia-news-education-lchrOffafdj.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140809045717/http://www.sify.com/news/sufi-singer-zila-khan-to-perform-at-jamia-news-education-lchrOffafdj.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 August 2014|newspaper=Sify news|date=7 February 2011|agency=IANS|access-date=22 January 2012}}</ref> and sitarist [[Shujaat Khan]] (b. 1960).<ref>{{cite news|author=Varinder Singh|date=21 March 2004|title=Sammelan loses star guest|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040321/spectrum/main7.htm|newspaper=Tribune India|access-date=22 January 2012}}</ref><ref name=LAT/>

By his second marriage, Vilayat Khan had one son, Hidayat (b. 1975), also a professional sitarist. Vilayat Khan was also survived by his younger brother, [[Imrat Khan]]. The brothers played duets in their youth but had a severe falling-out and for years were not on speaking terms. Vilayat's nephews [[Rais Khan]], [[Nishat Khan]], and [[Irshad Khan]] are also sitar players.<ref name=NYT/>

Vilayat took few disciples other than his sons; among the best-known are [[Kashinath Mukherjee]] (younger brother of film director [[Hrishikesh Mukherjee]]), [[Arvind Parikh]], Debashis Datta and Hasu Patel.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rochester.edu/news/show.php?id=2811|title = Hasu Patel, Prominent Sitar Player, to Perform at University}}</ref> He also gave sitar lessons to [[Big Jim Sullivan]], the famous English [[session musician]]. He trained his daughter, [[Zila Khan|Zila]], in sitar and vocal music and also made her a formal student in a ceremony in 1991. The ceremony appears in a documentary made in 1991 and also in India's Ministry of External Affairs film on his life, entitled ''Spirit to Soul''. Vilayat Khan made the United States his second home and had a residence in [[Princeton, New Jersey]] besides [[Dehradun]] and [[Kolkata]], India.<ref name=NYT/><ref name=LAT/>

==Controversy==
In 1964 and 1968, respectively, Vilayat was awarded the [[Padma Shri]] and [[Padma Bhushan]] awards – India's fourth and third highest civilian honours for service to the nation – but refused to accept them,<ref name=NYT/><ref name=LAT/> declaring the committee musically incompetent to judge him. "Pointing out that sitar and its 'Parampara' (tradition) had seen the longest ever tradition in his family and his ancestors had chiseled the 'Gayaki Ang' (style mimicking the sound of human voice), crucial to the playing of the instrument, Khan said no other 'gharana' was older than his in this arena."<ref name=LAT/>

In January 2000, when he was awarded the [[Padma Vibhushan]], the second-highest civilian award, he again refused, going so far as to call it "an insult". This time he stated that he would not accept any award that other sitar players, his juniors and, in his opinion, less deserving, had been given before him. "If there is any award for sitar in India, I must get it first", he said, adding that "there has always been a story of wrong time, wrong person, and wrong award in this country".<ref name=TheHindu/>

He alleged that the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]] had been influenced by lobbying, politics, and favouritism while deciding the awardees. He was awarded the 1995 [[List of Sangeet Natak Akademi fellows|Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship]], the highest honour conferred by [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]], India's National Academy for Music.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sangeetnatak.gov.in/sna/fellowslist.htm |title=SNA: List of Sangeet Natak Akademi ''Ratna Puraskar'' winners (Akademi Fellows) |publisher=Sangeet Natak Akademi website |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304023617/http://sangeetnatak.gov.in/sna/fellowslist.htm |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=10 March 2024}}</ref>

Among other honours he turned down was the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]] Award in 1995. For a while, he also boycotted [[All India Radio]]. The only titles he accepted were the special decorations of "Bharat Sitar Samrat" by the ''Artistes Association of India'' and "Aftab-e-Sitar" (Sun of the Sitar) from President [[Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed]].

==Death and legacy==
[[File:Vilayat Khan 2014 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|Vilayat Khan 2014 stamp of India]]
Vilayat Khan died on 13 March 2004 in [[Mumbai]] at age 75. The [[Press Trust of India]] reported that Vilayat Khan had lung cancer, diabetes, and hypertension.<ref name=LAT/><ref name=TheHindu/> Among his survivors were his wife, two daughters, and two sons [[Shujaat Khan]] and Hidayat Khan, who are also sitar players.<ref name=NYT/>

[[NDTV]] (New Delhi Television) reportedly quoted the prime minister of India, [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]], saying this in a statement, "Ustad Vilayat Khan was a child prodigy to whom goes the credit of taking the sitar beyond the shores of this country."<ref name=NYT>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/15/arts/vilayat-khan-76-musician-who-redefined-sitar-playing.html |author=Jon Pareles|date=15 March 2004|title=Vilayat Khan, 76, Musician Who Redefined Sitar Playing -(obituary) |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=12 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220710065246/https://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/15/arts/vilayat-khan-76-musician-who-redefined-sitar-playing.html|archive-date=10 July 2022|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In September 2014, a postage stamp featuring Khan was released by [[India Post]] commemorating his contributions.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Govind |first=Ranjani |date=3 September 2014 |title=Four of eight commemorative stamps feature musical legends from State |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/four-of-eight-commemorative-stamps-feature-musical-legends-from-state/article6376803.ece |access-date=22 December 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

According to [[The Hindu]] newspaper, "As for the eternal question, who is the greatest of them all, it would appear that there are many greats and there is Vilayat Khan", "... an artist who had transformed his instrument to resemble the human voice".<ref name=TheHindu5>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-reviews/the-sixth-string-of-vilayat-khan-review-touch-of-music/article26290488.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 September 2023|access-date=10 March 2024|author=Anuradha Raman|date=16 February 2019|title='The Sixth String of Vilayat Khan' review: Touch of Music (Walking in the footsteps of a sitar legend)|newspaper=The Hindu newspaper|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928091257/https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-reviews/the-sixth-string-of-vilayat-khan-review-touch-of-music/article26290488.ece}}</ref>

==Selected discography==
;Primary artist
* ''India's Master of the Sitar'' (1969, Capitol/EMI)
;Contributing artist
* ''[[The Rough Guide to the Music of India and Pakistan]]'' (1996, [[World Music Network]])
* ''When Time Stood Still'' with [[Kishan Maharaj]] (2006, Navras).

==Footnotes==
{{note|vocalism}} He kept his childhood interest in vocal music all his life, often singing in concerts, and composed [[khyal]] bandishes using the pen name ''Nath Piya''.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{Commons category|Vilayat Khan}}
* ''The Autobiography of Ustad Vilayat Khan: Komal Gandhar''; co-written with Sankarlal Bhattacharjee, Sahityam, [[Kolkata]].

{{Authority control}}
{{SangeetNatakAkademiFellowship}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Vilayat}}
[[Category:1928 births]]
[[Category:2004 deaths]]
[[Category:Capitol Records artists]]
[[Category:Deaths from lung cancer in India]]
[[Category:Indian sitar players]]
[[Category:Hindustani instrumentalists]]
[[Category:Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Bengali musicians]]
[[Category:Etawah gharana]]
[[Category:People from Gouripur Upazila]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian musicians]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship]]

Boyi Satya

2026-03-26T12:50:39Z

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{{Short description|Handball player from India}}
{{Orphan|date=July 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}

'''Boyi Satya''' (born 2 August 2007)<ref>https://kheloindia.gov.in/uploads/KIYG_2021_Participation.pdf Serial No.86 Handball</ref> is a handball player from [[Andhra Pradesh]]. She plays for the Andhra Pradesh state team.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=K. Kalyan Krishna |date=2025-07-06 |title=Handball and hope: Vijayawada's Satya rises on national stage, dreams of India jersey |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/good-news/2025/Jul/06/handball-and-hope-vijayawadas-satya-rises-on-national-stage-dreams-of-india-jersey |access-date=2025-07-06 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Satya is from a village near [[Vijayawada]], Krishna district, Andhra Pradesh. She is born to Boyi Kanaka Raju and Boyi Adilakshmi. Her father Raju has supported her despite his family and friends advising him not to send a girl outstation. She younger sister, Roshni Teja, is studying intermediate. She is studying second year BCom specialising in Taxation and Procedures at Kakaraparti Bhavanarayana College (KBN), Vijayawada.<ref name=":0" /> She joined the sports hostel run by the Sports Authority of Andhra Pradesh in [[Mylavaram]] in her fifth class.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2025-04-14 |title=అదరలేదు, బెదరలేదు - విజయం వైపు దూసుకుపోతున్న యువతి |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/te/!state/yuva-story-on-handball-player-satya-in-vijayawada-ap-andhra-pradesh-news-aps25041402192 |access-date=2025-07-06 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=te}}</ref>

== Career ==
She represented Andhra Pradesh in eight National Handball Championships organised under the aegis of [[Handball Federation of India]] and [[Handball Association of India]]. She started playing handball in Class 7. At KBN college, she trains under Physical Education director Hemachandra Rao.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=The Hans |date=2021-09-07 |title=Vijayawada: Girls handball team off to Lucknow to play national-level tourney |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/vijayawada-girls-handball-team-off-to-lucknow-to-play-national-level-tourney-705305 |access-date=2025-07-06 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Vijayawada handball player aims for Olympic Glory {{!}} The New Indian Express Vijayawada - newspaper - Lisez cet article sur Magzter.com |url=https://www.magzter.com/fr/stories/newspaper/The-New-Indian-Express-Vijayawada/VIJAYAWADA-HANDBALL-PLAYER-AIMS-FOR-OLYMPIC-GLORY |access-date=2025-07-06 |website=Magzter |language=fr}}</ref>

In 2019, Satya represented the state for the first time and was part of the team that played in the Sub-Junior Nationals held in Uttarakhand. In 2021, she played for Andhra Pradesh in the Junior Nationals at Uttar Pradesh and was also in the team that played the Khelo India Nationals at Haryana in the same year. In 2023 and 2024, she played the under-19 Nationals in Delhi and Haryana respectively.<ref name=":0" />

She represented the Acharya Nagarjuna University in the South Zone Inter-University tournament held at Tamil Nadu in 2025 before playing the 47th Junior Nationals in Uttar Pradesh. In 2025, she was also part of the senior Andhra Pradesh team and played in the 53rd Senior Nationals at Agra.<ref name=":0" />

=== Awards ===
Satya received the 'Best Female Sportsperson award' from chief minister [[N. Chandrababu Naidu|Chandrababu Naidu]] for 2025 on the occasion of Women's Day.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Satya, Boyi}}
[[Category:2007 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian women's handball players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]

William J. Anderson (bodyguard)

2026-03-25T19:50:24Z

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{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = William J. Anderson
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|allegiance = {{UK}}
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| commands = [[25th (County of London) Cyclist Battalion|25th Cyclist Battalion]]
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| battles = [[Third Anglo-Afghan War]]
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| awards = [[India General Service Medal (1909)|India General Service Medal (1908)]]
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'''William John Anderson''', was a British [[Sergeant]] attached to the [[25th (County of London) Cyclist Battalion|25th Cyclist Battalion]], and the personal bodyguard to [[Reginald Dyer]].

==Career==
On 13 April 1919 Anderson became eyewitness to the [[Jalianwalla Bagh Massacre]].<ref name=Lon25>{{cite web |title=London 25th Regt |url=https://www.25thlondon.com/wja.htm |website=www.25thlondon.com |access-date=15 February 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260215165618/https://www.25thlondon.com/wja.htm|archive-date=15 February 2026}}</ref><ref name=Snow>{{cite book |last1=Snow |first1=Philip |title=The Fall of Hong Kong: Britain, China, and the Japanese Occupation |date=1 January 2003 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-10373-1 |page=451 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Um5eZLwurzoC&pg=PA451 |language=en}}</ref> That day he had travelled to [[Jallianwala Bagh]] in [[Reginald Dyer]]'s car along with [[Frederic Cecil Currer Briggs|Captain Briggs]], [[Mountiford Hickman Llewellyn Morgan|M. H. L. Morgan]], and Dyer's other bodyguard, Arthur William Pizzey.<ref name=Wagner.159>Wagner, pp. 159-160</ref><ref name=Collett.258>Collett, pp. 258-260</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=London 25th Regt |url=https://www.25thlondon.com/soldiers-p.htm |website=www.25thlondon.com |access-date=15 February 2026}}</ref>

From 23 May 1919 to 20 September 1919, Anderson served in the [[Third Anglo-Afghan War]], for which he was awarded the [[India General Service Medal (1909)|India General Service Medal (1908)]].<ref>{{cite book |title=War Office: Campaign Medal and Award Rolls 1793-1949 ( |date=5 October 1921 |publisher=National Archives of the UK |location=Kew |page=3}}</ref>

==Recollection==
Just after completing his book, ''Six Minutes to Sunset'', [[Arthur Swinson]] was contacted by Anderson and interviewed.<ref name=Ilahi2020>{{cite book |last1=Ilahi |first1=Shereen |title=Imperial Violence and the Path to Independence: India, Ireland and the Crisis of Empire |date=2020 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=978-1-350-15306-6 |page=10 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BQBbEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA10|language=en |chapter=Introduction}}</ref><ref name=Swinson1964>{{cite book |last1=Swinson |first1=Arthur |title=Six Minutes to Sunset: The Story of General Dyer and the Amritsar Affair |date=1964 |publisher=Life Span Publishers and Distributors |page=210 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uoR0AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA210|chapter=Postscript|language=en|isbn=
978-81-039094-3-0}}</ref> Anderson confirmed that he was a sergeant in the 25th Cyclist Battalion and was Dyer's personal bodyguard.<ref name=Swinson1964/> He recalled that on 11 April 1919, he accompanied Dyer from [[Jalandhar]] to Amritsar by car, and that on 13 April, during the [[Jallianwala Bagh Massacre]], he stood a few paces behind Dyer as the firing began.<ref name=Swinson1964/> He described how the crowd first fell and then scattered, and that the shooting paused intermittently, with "low moans" audible from the crowd.<ref name=Swinson1964/> Dyer targeted the fire at specific areas, while Anderson noticed Captain Briggs tugging at Dyer's sleeve, as Dyer remained calm and composed.<ref name=Swinson1964/> Anderson reported feeling no fear and saw no immediate threat from the crowd.<ref name=Swinson1964/>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book |last1=Collett |first1=Nigel |title=The Butcher of Amritsar: General Reginald Dyer |date=2007 |publisher=A&C Black |isbn=1-85285-575-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XuQC5pgzCw4C|language=en}}
*{{cite book |last1=Wagner |first1=Kim A. |title=Amritsar 1919: An Empire of Fear & the Making of a Massacre |date=2019 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-24546-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bziIDwAAQBAJ|language=en}}

[[Category:British Indian Army officers]]
[[Category:Jallianwala Bagh massacre]]
[[Category:Interwar India]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]

Sāmāyika

2026-03-25T08:50:56Z

Buymediaspace: Entry.

{{Short description|Vow of periodic concentration in Jainism}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2016}}
{{Jainism}}
'''''Sāmāyika''''' is the second ''siksavrata'' (ritual restraint) in [[Jainism]],{{sfn|Jaini|1998|pp=180–181}}{{efn|name="siksavrata"}} and one of the essential duties prescribed for both the ''[[Śrāvaka (Jainism)|Śrāvaka]]'' (householders) and [[Jain monasticism|ascetics]]. It is commonly interpreted as a practice of "brief periods in meditation," to achieve equanimity, but connotes more than meditation.{{sfn|Johnson|1995|pp=189–190}} According to Dundas, ''samayika'' seems to have meant "correct behavior" in early Jainism,{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=170}} and for a Jain householder is the voluntary ritual practice of "assuming temporary ascetic status".{{sfn|Johnson|1995|pp=189–190}}

==Etymology==
The name ''Sāmāyika'' is derived from the term ''samaya'' "time" in [[Prakrit]]. According to Dundas, ''samayika'' seems to have meant "correct behavior" in early Jainism.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=170}}

Jains use ''samayika'' to denote the practice of meditation. According to ''Achārya [[Pujyapada]]'s [[Sarvārthasiddhi]]'':
{{blockquote|The preposition ‘''sam''’ means one state of being. For instance, ghee becomes one with the thing mixed. To become one is ''samaya''. That, which has oneness as its object, is ''sāmāyikam''.{{sfn|Jain, S.A.|1960|p=203}}}}

==Texts==
According to the Jain text, ''[[Purushartha Siddhyupaya]]'' (95):
{{blockquote|After renouncing all attachments and aversions, and adopting a sense of equanimity in all objects, one should practise, many times, periodic concentration (''sāmāyika''), the principal means to realize the true nature of the Self.{{sfn|Jain|2012|p=95}}}}

The ''Puruşārthasiddhyupāya'' further states:
{{blockquote|For the sake of strengthening the performance of daily meditation (''sāmāyika''), one must undertake fasting twice each lunar fortnight (''proşadhopavāsa'').{{sfn|Jain|2012|p=98}}}}

According to the Jain text, [[Ratnakaranda śrāvakācāra]] (104), while performing ''sāmayika'', one should meditate on:
{{blockquote|"I am involved in the ''[[Saṃsāra (Jainism)|saṃsāra]]'' (cycle of transmigration) in which there is no protection for souls, which is inauspicious, transitory and full of pain, and of the nature of not-Self; ''[[Moksha (Jainism)|moksha]]'' is the opposite of this"-thus should one meditate while performing ''sāmayika''.}}

==Practice==

===Aim===
According to [[Padmanabh Jaini]], ''sāmāyika'' is a practice of "brief periods in meditation" in Jainism that is a part of ''siksavrata'' (ritual restraint).{{sfn|Jaini|1998|pp=180–181}} The goal of ''Sāmāyika'' is to achieve equanimity, and it is the second ''siksavrata''.{{efn|name="siksavrata"|The first is desavakasika (staying in a restrained surrounding, cutting down worldly activities). The third is ''posadhopavasa'' (fasting on the 8th and 14th days on lunar waxing and waning cycles). The fourth is ''dana'' (giving alms to Jain monks, nuns or spiritual people).{{sfn|Jaini|1998|pp=180–181}}}}

According to Johnson, as well as Jaini, ''samayika'' connotes more than meditation, and for a Jain householder is the voluntary ritual practice of "assuming temporary ascetic status".{{sfn|Johnson|1995|pp=189–190}}

According to Champat Rai Jain, ''sāmāyika'' aims at perfection in conduct and complete renunciation, and is "the sole and the immediate cause of salvation."{{efn|Champat Rai Jain: "''Sāmāyika'' aims at the attainment of divinity through perfection in conduct, which, consisting, as it does, in the purest and most complete form of renunciation, is the sole and the immediate cause of salvation, that is of wholeness and freedom from the pain and misery of ''[[Saṃsāra (Jainism)|saṃsāra]]'' (births and deaths)."{{sfn|Jain, Champat Rai|1975|p=254–255}}}}

''Sāmāyika'' is also one of the five kinds of conduct (''cāritra'') other kinds being reinitiation, purity of non-injury, slight passion and perfect conduct. It is of two kinds — with and without time limit.{{sfn|Jain, S.A.|1960|p=261}}

===Procedure===
The ''sāmāyika'' is performed for an ''antara-muhurta'' (about 48 minutes) every day. According to [[Champat Rai Jain]], householders perform the ''sāmāyika'' one to three times a day, "gradually extending its duration also from one ''antaramuhurta'' to three times as much at each sitting."{{efn|Champat Rai Jain: "The layman who has just entered the path observes the ''sāmāyika'' meditation but once daily in the morning, for he is not able to tear himself away from business and pleasure at that early stage in his spiritual career to be able to perform it more often; but as he progresses onwards, he takes to its observance three times – morning, noon and evening – every day, gradually extending its duration also from one ''antaramuhurta'' to three times as much at each sitting."{{sfn|Jain, Champat Rai|1975|p=254–255}}}}

The posture for ''sāmāyika'' may be either{{sfn|Jain, Champat Rai|1926|p=39-40}}
# ''padma āsana'', the sitting posture, with inter-locked legs (the right one placed on the left thigh and the left on the right), the hands placed in the lap with the palms facing upwards (the right one being on the top), and with attention fixed on the foremost point of the nose;
# ''khadga āsana'', the standing posture, with feet at a distance of about two inches from each other, the hands resting naturally by the sides, but not so as to touch the body; and attention fixed on the point of the nose as in the ''padma āsana''; or
# ''ardha padma āsana'' or the semi-padma posture, which differs from the padma in respect of the position of the left leg, which is placed under the right thigh.

Facing north or east the ''śrāvaka'' bows to the ''[[Pañca-Parameṣṭhi]]''.{{sfn|Jain, Champat Rai|1917|p=44, 61}} He then recites the [[Namokara mantra]] a certain number of times, and finally devotes himself to holy meditation. This consists in:{{sfn|Jain, Champat Rai|1917|p=45}}
*''[[pratikramana]]'', recounting the sins committed and repenting for them,
*''pratyākhyanā'', resolving to avoid particular sins in future,
*''sāmāyika karma'', renunciation of personal attachments, and the cultivation of a feeling of regarding every body and thing alike,
*''stuti'', praising the four and twenty ''Tīrthankaras'',
*''vandanā'', devotion to a particular ''Tirthankara'', and
*''[[Kayotsarga|kāyotsarga]]'', withdrawal of attention from the body (physical personality) and becoming absorbed in the contemplation of the spiritual Self.

''Sāmayika'' can be performed anywhere, at a temple, private residence, forest and the like, but shouldn't be open to disturbance.{{sfn|Jain, Champat Rai |1917|p=45}}

=== Householders ===
A layperson includes ''samayika'' ritual with other ritual practices such as ''Puja'' in a Jain temple and doing charity work.{{sfn|Jaini|1998|pp=180–182}}{{sfn|Jain, S.A.|1992|p=261}}{{sfn|Shah|2004|pp=128–131}} In Jainism, six essential duties are prescribed for a ''[[Śrāvaka (Jainism)|śrāvaka]]'' (householder), out of which one duty is ''Samayika''. These help the laity in achieving the principle of ''[[Ahimsa in Jainism|ahimsa]]'' which is necessary for his/her spiritual upliftment.{{sfn|Jain|2012|p=v}} The ''sāmayika vrata'' (vow to meditate) is intended to be observed three times a day if possible; other-wise at least once daily. Its objective is to enable the ''śrāvaka'' to abstain from all kinds of sins during the period of time fixed for its observance. The usual duration of the ''sāmayika'' vow is an ''antara mūharta'' (a period of time not exceeding 48 minutes).{{sfn|Jain, Champat Rai |1917|p=44}}

During this period, which the layman spends in study and meditation, he vows to refrain from the commission of the five kinds of sin — injury, falsehood, theft, unchastity and love of material possessions in any of the three ways. These three ways are:{{sfn|Jain, Champat Rai |1917|pp=27, 44}}-
* by an act of mind, speech or body (''krita''),
* inciting others to commit such an act (''kārita''),
* approving the commission of such an act by others (''anumodanā'').

The householders, due to the absence of all sinful activities during the period of meditation (''sāmāyika''), observe great vows, although the conduct-deluding ''karmas'' remain in operation.

According to ''Achārya [[Pujyapada]]'s [[Sarvārthasiddhi]]'':
{{blockquote|One attains the great vows when one practises ''sāmāyika'' (concentration) at a particular place and time, since one is free from minute and gross injury and so on. It is argued that it would be perfect restraint and discipline (''sanyan''). But it is untenable, as there is the presence of karmas or passions which arrest complete restraint. In that case these should not be called great vows. No. These are called great vows figuratively.{{sfn|Jain, S.A.|1960|p=203}}}}

Jain texts list down five transgressions of the vow of ''sāmāyika''. These are: misdirected activity of the speech, mind, and body, lack of earnestness, and absent mindedness.

=== Ascetics ===
The ascetic has to perform the ''sāmāyika'' three times a day. According to Champat Rai Jain, for accomplished ascetics, embodying desirelessness, their whole life is "a continuous ''sāmāyika''."{{efn|Champat Rai Jain: "The ascetic who has successfully passed through the preliminary stages of renunciation, as a householder, is expected to be an embodiment of desirelessness itself, so that his whole life is, as it were, a continuous ''sāmāyika'' from one end to the other."{{sfn|Jain, Champat Rai|1975|p=254–255}}}}

In performing the ''samayika'' meditation the following points are prescribed for the monk:{{sfn|Jain, Champat Rai|1926|p=41-43}}
#she should not perform it disrespectfully,{{sfn|Jain, Champat Rai|1926|p=41}}
#nor filled with pride of learning,
#nor to be considered pious by her fellow-women,
#nor in a manner to cause disturbance to any other living being,
#she should not move the body about at the time,
#nor force it into a crooked position, e.g. bending the fingers.
#not contract or gather together the bodily limbs,{{sfn|Jain, Champat Rai|1926|p=42}}
#not raise herself up and down like a fish on the top of a wave;
#she should rid her mind of all cruel thoughts;
#she should not encircle her knees with her hands;
#she should not become engaged in its performance imbued with fear,
#or with disgust, or without understanding its aim,
#or filled with conceit at her supernatural acquisitions (if any),
#nor with pride of birth;
#she should not take to it (samayika) sneakingly, that is as a thief, i.e., behind the back of the (preceptor),
#nor neglect its proper time,
#she should not allow the mind to be filled with unholy thoughts of hatred and the like for others;
#she should not excite fear in any one's heart,
#not talk to any one at the time,
#nor think evil of any one,
#nor suffer herself to frown,
#nor entertain ungenerous sentiments in her heart,
#nor allow her gaze to wander about in different directions,{{sfn|Jain, Champat Rai|1926|p=43}}
#nor sit down without carefully inspecting the ground, to avoid causing injury to insect life,
#nor lose interest in the middle of the process.
#nor should she neglect it altogether for the want of any of the necessary accessories,
#she shouldn't allow her heart to be assailed by desire for sense-gratification,
#nor omit to recite the whole of the recitation, nor get up in the middle (that is, before the end of the text appointed for the purpose),
#nor blur over her words, nor hurry over some parts and linger unnecessarily over others;
#nor mumble, like a dumb person, nor make faces or signs,
#nor vociferate in a croaky voice, like a frog; and,
#she should not allow her mind to play the truant at the time, that is, to run after the good things of the world.

==Notes==
{{Notelist|2}}

==References==
{{reflist|25em}}

== Sources ==
{{refbegin}}

* {{citation | last =Dundas | first =Paul | year =2002 | orig-date =1992 | author-link =Paul Dundas | title =The Jains | edition =Second |publisher=[[Routledge]] | isbn =978-0-415-26605-5 | location =London and New York | url ={{Google books|X8iAAgAAQBAJ|plainurl=yes}}}}

* {{citation | last =Jain | first =Champat Rai | year =1917 | ref ={{sfnref|Jain, Champat Rai|1917}} | author-link =Champat Rai Jain | title =The Householder's Dharma: English Translation of The Ratna Karanda Sravakachara | publisher =The Central Jaina Publishing House| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kLAlAQAAIAAJ }}
* {{citation | last =Jain | first =Champat Rai | year =1926 | ref ={{sfnref|Jain, Champat Rai|1926}} | author-link =Champat Rai Jain | title =Sannyasa Dharma| publisher = Belveders Palace| location = [[Allahabad]]|url =https://archive.org/details/SannyasaDharma}}
* {{cite book | last1 =Jain | first1 =Champat Rai | year =1975 | ref ={{sfnref|Jain, Champat Rai|1975}} | author-link =Champat Rai Jain | title =The Key Of Knowledge | edition =Third | publisher =Today and Tomorrow's Printers | location =New Delhi | url =https://archive.org/details/keyofknowledge}}
* {{citation | last =Jaini | first =Padmanabh S. | year =1998 | orig-date =1979 | title =The Jain Path of Purification | publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] | location =Delhi | isbn =978-81-208-1578-0 |url={{Google books|wE6v6ahxHi8C|plainurl=yes}} }}
* {{citation | last =Jain | first =S.A. | year =1960 | ref ={{sfnref|Jain, S.A.|1960}} | title=Reality | edition =Second| publisher =Jwalamalini Trust |url =https://books.google.com/books?id=uRIaAAAAMAAJ}}
* {{citation |last=Jain |first=S.A. | date =1992 | orig-year =1960 | ref ={{sfnref|Jain, S.A.|1992}}| title =Reality (English Translation of Srimat Pujyapadacharya's Sarvarthasiddhi) |edition =Second |publisher=Jwalamalini Trust |url=https://archive.org/details/Reality_JMT}}
* {{Citation | last =Jain | first =Vijay K. | year =2012 | title =Acharya Amritchandra's Purushartha Siddhyupaya | publisher =Vikalp Printers | isbn =9788190363945 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=4iyUu4Fc2-YC&pg=PR14}}

* {{citation |last=Johnson |first=W.J. |year=1995 |title=Harmless Souls: Karmic Bondage and Religious Change in Early Jainism with Special Reference to Umāsvāti and Kundakunda |url={{Google books|vw8OUSfQbV4C|plainurl=yes}} |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-1309-0 }}

* {{citation |last=Sangave |first=Vilas Adinath |author-link=Vilas Adinath Sangave |title=Jain Community: A Social Survey |url={{Google books|FWdWrRGV_t8C|plainurl=yes}} |date=1980 |publisher=[[Popular Prakashan]] |location=Bombay |edition=2nd |isbn=978-0-317-12346-3 }}
* {{citation | last =Shah | first=Natubhai | date =2004 |orig-date=1998 | title=Jainism: The World of Conquerors |url={{Google books|qLNQKGcDIhsC|plainurl=yes}} |volume=I |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |isbn=978-81-208-1938-2 }}
{{refend}}

{{Jainism topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Samayika}}
[[Category:Jain practices]]

Dutch East India Company

2026-03-24T11:42:24Z

Buymediaspace: quick update

{{Short description|1602–1799 Dutch trading company}}
{{other uses|East India Company (disambiguation)}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox company
| name = United East India Company{{efn|The direct translation of the Dutch name {{lang|nl|Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie}} is ''United East-India Company''. For the VOC's different English-language [[trade name]]s, see articles: [[East India Company (disambiguation)]]; [[Greater India]]; [[East India]]; [[East Indies]]; [[Dutch East Indies]]; [[Dutch India]]; [[Voorcompagnie]]; [[List of Dutch East India Company trading posts and settlements]].}} {{nobold|1602–1799}}
| logo = VOC.svg
| logo_size = 100
| image = Flag of the Dutch East India Company.svg
| image_caption = Company flag (1630)
| native_name = {{ubli|Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie|Generale Vereenichde Geoctrooieerde Compagnie {{lang|en|italic=no|(original name)}}|Vereenigde Nederlandsche Geoctroyeerde Oostindische Compagnie {{noitalic|(formal name)}}
}}
| native_name_lang = nl
| type = Partially [[state-owned enterprise]]
| fate = [[Dissolution (law)|Dissolved]] and [[Nationalization|nationalised]] as [[Dutch East Indies]]
| predecessor = {{collapsible list|bullets=y|title={{nobold|{{lang|nl|[[Voorcompagnie]]ën}}{{\}}Pre-companies (1594–1602){{efn|The so-called {{lang|nl|voorcompagnieën}} (or pre-companies) include: {{lang|nl|italic=no|[[Compagnie van Verre]]}} (Amsterdam, 1594–1598), {{lang|nl|italic=no|[[Voorcompagnie|Nieuwe Compagnie]]}}, {{lang|nl|italic=no|[[Voorcompagnie|Eerste Verenigde Compagnie op Oost-Indië]]}} (Amsterdam, 1598–1601), {{lang|nl|italic=no|[[Voorcompagnie|Oude Oost-Indische Compagnie]]}} (Amsterdam, 1598–1601), {{lang|nl|italic=no|Verenigde Amsterdamse Compagnie}}, {{lang|nl|italic=no|Nieuwe of Tweede Compagnie}}, {{lang|nl|italic=no|[[Brabantsche Compagnie]]}}, {{lang|nl|italic=no|[[Nieuwe Brabantsche Compagnie]]}}, {{lang|nl|italic=no|Magelhaensche Compagnie{{\}}Rotterdamse Compagnie}}, {{lang|nl|italic=no|Middelburgse Compagnie}}, {{lang|nl|italic=no|[[Veerse Compagnie]]}} (Zeeland, 1597), {{lang|nl|italic=no|Verenigde Zeeuwse Compagnie}} (Middelburg & Veere, 1600), {{lang|nl|italic=no|[[Compagnie van De Moucheron]]}} (Zeeland, 1600), and {{lang|nl|italic=no|[[Voorcompagnie|Delftse Vennootschap]]}}. Niels Steensgaard notes, "the {{lang|nl|voorcompagnieën}} were not [[Incorporation (business)|incorporated]], but were run by a number of {{lang|nl|bewindhebbers}}, who were joined together like partners in a simple company, i.e. traded on joint account".<ref>{{cite book |last=Steensgaard |first=Niels |title=The Asian Trade Revolution of the Seventeenth Century |url=https://archive.org/details/asiantraderevolu0000stee |url-access=registration |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=1974 |isbn=0-226-77139-3}}</ref>}}}}
|{{lang|nl|italic=no|[[Compagnie van Verre]]}}|{{lang|nl|italic=no|[[Brabantsche Compagnie]]}}|{{lang|nl|italic=no|[[Compagnie van De Moucheron]]}}|{{lang|nl|italic=no|[[Veerse Compagnie]]}}}}
| foundation = {{start date and age|df=y|1602|03|20}},<ref>{{cite web|url=http://entoen.nu/voc/en|title=The Dutch East India Company (VOC)|publisher=Canon van Nederland|access-date=19 March 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101201212719/http://entoen.nu/voc/en|archive-date=1 December 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> by a government-directed [[consolidation (business)|consolidation]] of the {{lang|nl|voorcompagnieën}}/pre-companies
| defunct = {{end date and age|df=y|1799|12|31}}
| founder = [[Johan van Oldenbarnevelt]] and the [[States General of the Dutch Republic|States General]]
| location_city = {{plainlist|
* [[Amsterdam]], [[Dutch Republic]] (global headquarters)
* [[Batavia, Dutch East Indies|Batavia]], Dutch East Indies (second headquarters or overseas administrative center)}}
| area_served = {{hlist|[[South East Asia]]|[[South Asia]]|[[Asia–Pacific]]|[[Southern Africa]]}}
| key_people = {{plainlist|
* {{ill|Heeren XVII|nl|Heren XVII}}{{\}}Lords Seventeen{{efn|As the board of directors}} (Dutch Republic, 1602–1799)
* [[Governors-general of the Dutch East Indies]]{{efn|As the ''de facto'' [[chief executives]]}} ([[Batavia, Dutch East Indies|Batavia]], 1610–1800)}}
| industry = [[Conglomerate (company)|Proto-conglomerate]]
| products = [[Spice trade|Spices]], silk, [[porcelain]], [[metals]], livestock, tea, grain, rice, [[soybeans]], [[sugar industry|sugarcane]], [[South African wine|wine]], [[Coffee production in Indonesia|coffee]], [[slaves]]
}}
[[File:Michiel Jansz van Mierevelt - Johan van Oldenbarnevelt.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|The United East India Company was the brainchild of [[Johan van Oldenbarnevelt]], the leading statesman of the Dutch Republic.]]
[[File:SA 3025-De binnenplaats van de Beurs van Hendrick de Keyser.jpg|alt=|thumb|The stock exchange of Hendrick de Keyser]]
The '''United East India Company''' ({{langx|nl|Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie}} {{IPA|nl|vərˈeːnɪɣdə oːstˈɪndisə kɔmpɑˈɲi|}}; {{abbr.}}'''VOC''' {{IPA|nl|veː(j)oːˈseː|}}), commonly known as the '''Dutch East India Company''', was a [[chartered company|chartered]] [[trading company]] and one of the first [[joint-stock companies]] in the world.<ref>{{cite web |title=Exchange History NL – 400 years: the story |url=https://www.beursgeschiedenis.nl/en/the-story/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006122346/https://www.beursgeschiedenis.nl/en/the-story/ |archive-date=6 October 2022 |access-date=6 October 2022 |website=Exchange History NL}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Fergusson |first1=Niall |title=The Ascent of Money – A Financial History of the World |publisher=Penguin |edition=2009 |location=London |pages=128–132}}</ref> Established on 20 March 1602<ref>{{cite web|title=VOC Knowledge Center – VOC Beginnings|url=https://voc-kenniscentrum.nl/vocbegin.html|website=VOC-Kenniscentrum|language=nl|access-date=6 October 2022|archive-date=1 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001004110/https://www.voc-kenniscentrum.nl/vocbegin.html|url-status=live}}</ref> by the [[States General of the Netherlands]] amalgamating [[Voorcompagnie|existing companies]], it was granted a 21-year [[monopoly]] to carry out trade activities in Asia.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fergusson |first1=Niall |title=The Ascent of Money |publisher=Penguin |location=London |page=129 |edition=2009 |quote=[a monopoly on] all Dutch trade east of the Cape of Good Hope and west of the Straits of Magellan}}</ref> Shares in the company could be purchased by any citizen of the [[Dutch Republic]] and bought and sold in open-air [[secondary markets]], one of which became the [[Amsterdam Stock Exchange]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fergusson |first1=Niall |title=The Ascent of Money – A Financial History of the World |publisher=Penguin Books |location=London |pages=129–133 |edition=2009}}</ref> The company possessed quasi-governmental powers, including the ability to wage war, imprison and execute convicts,<ref>{{cite web |date=11 November 2010 |title=Slave Ship Mutiny: Program Transcript |url=http://www.pbs.org/wnet/secrets/transcripts/slave-ship-mutiny-program-transcript/755/ |work=Secrets of the Dead |publisher=PBS |access-date=12 November 2010 |archive-date=15 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140415010629/http://www.pbs.org/wnet/secrets/transcripts/slave-ship-mutiny-program-transcript/755/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> negotiate treaties, strike [[Coinage of the Dutch East India Company|its own coins]], and establish colonies.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ames |first=Glenn J. |title=The Globe Encompassed: The Age of European Discovery, 1500–1700 |year=2008 |pages=102–103}}</ref> Because it traded across multiple colonies and countries from both the East and the West, the VOC is sometimes considered to have been the world's first [[multinational corporation]].<ref>[http://www.kb.nl/themas/geschiedenis-en-cultuur/koloniaal-verleden/voc-1602-1799 Koloniaal Verleden] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150207085730/http://www.kb.nl/themas/geschiedenis-en-cultuur/koloniaal-verleden/voc-1602%E2%80%931799 |date=7 February 2015 }} VOC at the [[National Library of the Netherlands]] (in Dutch)</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Updated 10.19.2016 |first=Ben Phelan Posted 01 07 2013 |title=Dutch East India Company: The World's First Multinational |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/roadshow/articles/dutch-east-india-company-the-worlds-first-multinational/ |access-date=2024-01-27 |website=Antiques Roadshow |publisher=PBS}}</ref>

Statistically, the VOC eclipsed all of its rivals in the Asian trade. Between 1602 and 1796, the VOC sent nearly a million Europeans to work in the Asia trade on 4,785 ships, and netted for their efforts more than 2.5 million tons of Asian trade goods and slaves. By contrast, the rest of Europe combined sent 882,412 people from 1500 to 1795. The fleet of the English, later British [[East India Company]], the VOC's nearest competitor, was a distant second to its total traffic, with 2,690 ships and one-fifth the tonnage of goods carried by the VOC. The VOC enjoyed huge profits from its spice monopoly through most of the 17th century.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |last=Van Boven |first=M. W. |date=2006 |title=Memory of the World – Archives of the Dutch East India Company: Nomination Form – VOC Archives Appendix 2 |url=http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/files/22635/11546101681netherlands_voc_archives.doc/netherlands%2Bvoc%2Barchives.doc |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020170457/http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D22635%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html |archive-date=20 October 2016 |access-date=10 February 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Having been established in 1602 to profit from the [[Maluku Islands|Malukan]] spice trade, the VOC established a capital in the port city of [[Jayakarta]] in 1619 and changed its name to [[Batavia, Dutch East Indies|Batavia]], now [[Jakarta]]. Over the next two centuries, the company acquired additional ports as trading bases and safeguarded their interests by taking over surrounding territory.<ref>{{cite book |last=Vickers |first=Adrian |author-link=Adrian Vickers |date=2005 |title=A History of Modern Indonesia |url=https://www.academia.edu/42846019 |url-access=registration |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-511-13492-0}}</ref> It remained an important trading concern and paid annual dividends that averaged to about 18% of the capital for almost 200 years.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Taylor |first=Bryan |title=The Rise And Fall Of The Largest Corporation In History |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/rise-and-fall-of-united-east-india-2013-11 |access-date=2024-04-30 |website=Business Insider}}</ref> Weighed down by smuggling, corruption and growing administrative costs in the late 18th century, the company went bankrupt and was formally dissolved in 1799. Its possessions and debt were taken over by the government of the Dutch [[Batavian Republic]].

==Company name, logo, and flag==
[[File:17th century plaque to Dutch East India Company (VOC), Hoorn.jpg|thumb|upright=1.36|A 17th-century plaque to the [Dutch] United East India Company, the VOC, in [[Hoorn]]]]
[[File:VOC-Amsterdam.svg|thumb|upright|The logo of the [[Amsterdam]] Chamber of the VOC]]
In Dutch, the name of the company was the ''Vereenigde Nederlandsche Geoctroyeerde Oostindische Compagnie'', abbreviated as the VOC, literally the 'United Dutch Chartered East India Company' (the United East India Company).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fergusson |first1=Niall |title=The Ascent of Money |publisher=Penguin Books |location=London |page=129 |edition=2009|quote=[which cites Note 11: Ronald Findlay and Kevin H. O'Rouke, 'Power and Plenty: Trade, War, and the World Economy in the Second Millenium' (Princeton, 2007), page 178)]}}</ref> The company's [[monogram]] logo consisted of a large capital 'V' with an O on the left and a C on the right half and was possibly the first globally recognised [[corporate logo]].<ref name="TimothyBrook">[[Timothy Brook|Brook, Timothy]]: ''[[Vermeer's Hat: The Seventeenth Century and the Dawn of the Global World]]''. (London: [[Profile Books]], 2008) {{ISBN|1-84668-120-0}}</ref> It appeared on corporate items, such as flags, cannons, and coins.<ref name="TimothyBrook" /><ref name="auto">{{cite web |author=Zuber, Charles |title=VOC: The logo that lasted |url=http://designonline.org.au/the-logo-that-lasted/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221027060659/http://designonline.org.au/the-logo-that-lasted/ |archive-date=2022-10-27 |access-date=22 January 2017 |publisher=Designonline.org.au}}</ref>

The first letter of the hometown of the chamber conducting the operation was placed on top. The monogram's versatility, flexibility, clarity, simplicity, symmetry, timelessness, and symbolism are considered notable characteristics of the VOC's professionally designed logo. Those elements ensured its success at a time when the concept of the [[corporate identity]] was virtually unknown.<ref name="TimothyBrook" /><ref name="auto"/> An Australian [[vintner]] has used the VOC logo since the late 20th century, having re-registered the company's name for the purpose.<ref>{{cite news |author=Tim Treadgold |date=13 March 2006 |title=Cross-Breeding |work=[[Forbes]] |url=https://www.forbes.com/global/2006/0313/062.html |url-status=live |access-date=2 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130604205147/http://www.forbes.com/global/2006/0313/062.html |archive-date=4 June 2013}}</ref>

Around the world, and especially in English-speaking countries, the VOC is widely known as the 'Dutch East India Company'. The name 'Dutch East India Company' is used to make a distinction from the [British] [[East India Company]] (EIC) and other East Indian companies, such as the [[Danish East India Company]], [[First French East Indies Company|French East India Company]], [[Portuguese East India Company]], and the [[Swedish East India Company]]. The company's alternative names that have been used include the 'Dutch East Indies Company', 'United East India Company', 'Jan Company', or 'Jan Compagnie'.<ref>[http://european-heritage.org/netherlands/alkmaar/dutch-east-india-company The Dutch East India Company] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906121307/http://european-heritage.org/netherlands/alkmaar/dutch-east-india-company |date=6 September 2015}}, ''European Heritage Project''</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gresham.ac.uk/lectures-and-events/the-dutch-east-indies-company-the-first-100-years |title=The Dutch East Indies Company – The First 100 Years [Transcript] |publisher=Gresham College (gresham.ac.uk) |author=Crump, Thomas |date=1 March 2006 |access-date=21 August 2017 |archive-date=26 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190126215044/http://www.gresham.ac.uk/lectures-and-events/the-dutch-east-indies-company-the-first-100-years |url-status=live}}</ref>

==History==
===Origins===
{{See also|First Dutch Expedition to Indonesia|Second Dutch Expedition to Indonesia|Voorcompagnie}}
{{Further|Spice trade|Cape Route}}

Before the [[Dutch Revolt]], which began in 1566/68, the Brabant city of [[Antwerp]] had played an important role as a distribution center in northern Europe. After 1591, the Portuguese used an international syndicate of the German [[Fugger family]] and [[Welser family]], as well as Spanish and Italian firms, which operated out of [[Hamburg]] as the northern staple port to distribute their goods, thereby cutting Dutch merchants out of the trade. At the same time, the Portuguese trade system was unable to increase supply to satisfy growing demand, in particular the demand for pepper. Demand for spices was relatively [[Price elasticity of demand|inelastic]]; therefore, each lag in the supply of pepper caused a sharp rise in pepper prices.

In 1580, the [[Kingdom of Portugal|Portuguese crown]] was [[Iberian Union|united]] in a [[personal union]] with the [[Spanish crown]], known as the [[Iberian Union]], with which the [[Dutch Republic]] was at war. The [[Portuguese Empire]] thus became an appropriate target for Dutch military incursions. These factors motivated Dutch merchants to enter the intercontinental spice trade themselves. Further, a number of Dutch merchants and explorers, such as [[Jan Huyghen van Linschoten]] and [[Cornelis de Houtman]], obtained firsthand knowledge of the "secret" Portuguese trade routes and practices, providing further opportunity for the Dutch to enter the trade.{{sfn|De Vries|Van der Woude |1997 |page=383}}

The stage was set for Dutch expeditions to the [[Indonesia|Indonesian islands]], beginning with [[James Lancaster]] in 1591, [[Cornelis de Houtman]] in 1595 and in 1598, [[Jacob Corneliszoon van Neck|Jacob Van Neck]] in 1598, Lancaster again in 1601, among others. During the four-ship exploratory expedition by [[Frederick de Houtman]] in 1595 to [[Bantam (city)|Banten]], the main pepper port of West Java, the crew clashed with Portuguese and indigenous Javanese. Houtman's expedition then sailed east along the north coast of [[Java]], losing twelve crew members to a Javanese attack at Sidayu and killing a local ruler in [[Madura]]. Half the crew were lost before the expedition made it back to the Netherlands in 1596, but with enough spices to make a considerable profit.{{sfn|Ricklefs |1993 |page=27}}

[[File:De terugkomst in Amsterdam van de tweede expeditie naar Oost-Indië, Hendrik Cornelisz Vroom, 1599, Rijksmuseum SK-A-2858.jpg|thumb|260px|The return of the [[Second Dutch Expedition to Indonesia|second Asia expedition]] of [[Jacob van Neck]] in 1599 by [[Cornelis Vroom]]]]

In 1598, an increasing number of fleets were sent out by competing merchant groups from around the Netherlands. Some fleets were lost, but most were successful, with some voyages producing high profits. In 1598, a [[Second Dutch Expedition to Indonesia|fleet of eight ships]] under [[Jacob van Neck]] were the first Dutch fleet to reach the 'Spice Islands' of Maluku, also known as the Moluccas, cutting out the Javanese middlemen. The ships returned to Europe in 1599 and 1600 and the expedition made a 400 percent profit.{{sfn|Ricklefs |1993 |page=27}}

In 1600, the Dutch joined forces with the Muslim Hituese on [[Ambon Island]] in an anti-Portuguese alliance, in return for which the Dutch were given the sole right to purchase spices from Hitu. Dutch control of Ambon was achieved when the Portuguese surrendered their fort in Ambon to the Dutch-Hituese alliance. In 1613, the Dutch expelled the Portuguese from their [[Solor]] fort, but a subsequent Portuguese attack led to a second change of hands. Following this second reoccupation, the Dutch again captured Solor in 1636.{{sfn|Ricklefs |1993 |pages=25-28}}

East of [[Solor]], on the island of [[Timor]], Dutch advances were halted by an autonomous and powerful group of Portuguese Eurasians called the [[Topasses]]. They remained in control of the [[Sandalwood]] trade. Their resistance lasted throughout the 17th and 18th centuries, causing [[Portuguese Timor]] to remain under the Portuguese sphere of control.<ref>{{in lang|pt}} Matos, Artur Teodoro de (1974), ''Timor Portugues, 1515–1769'', Lisboa: Instituto Histórico Infante Dom Henrique.</ref><ref>{{in lang|nl}} Roever, Arend de (2002), ''De jacht op sandelhout: De VOC en de tweedeling van Timor in de zeventiende eeuw'', Zutphen: Walburg Pers.</ref>

===Formative years===
[[File:Sd2-baggala.JPG|thumb|[[Mughal Bengal]]'s baghlah was a type of ship widely used by Dutch traders in the [[Indian Ocean]], the [[Arabian Sea]], the [[Bay of Bengal]], the [[Strait of Malacca]] and the [[South China Sea]].]]
[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Reproductie van een plattegrond van Batavia uit circa 1627 TMnr 496-3.jpg|thumb|Reproduction of a map of the city of Batavia c.{{nbsp}}1627, collection [[Tropenmuseum]]]]
[[File:Waere affbeeldinge Wegens het Casteel ende Stadt BATAVIA gelegen opt groot Eylant JAVA Anno 1681.jpg|thumb|Dutch Batavia in 1681, built in what is now [[North Jakarta]]]]

At the time, it was customary for a company to be funded only for the duration of a single voyage and to be liquidated upon the return of the fleet. Investment in these expeditions was a very high-risk venture, because of the usual dangers of piracy, disease and shipwreck, and because the interplay of [[inelastic demand]] and relatively [[elastic supply]]{{efn|In the medium term, as new suppliers could enter the market. In the short term the supply was, of course, also inelastic.}} of spices could make prices tumble, thereby ruining prospects of profitability. To manage such risk, the forming of a [[cartel]] to control supply would seem logical. In 1600, the English were the first to adopt this approach by bundling their resources into a monopoly enterprise, the [[East India Company|English East India Company]], thereby threatening their Dutch competitors with ruin.{{sfn|De Vries|Van der Woude |1997 |pages=384-385}}

In 1602, the Dutch government followed suit, sponsoring the creation of a single "United East Indies Company" that was also granted monopoly over the Asian trade.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.nationaalarchief.nl/onderzoeken/archief/1.04.02/invnr/1/file/NL-HaNA_1.04.02_1_01 |title=Octrooi verleend door de Staten-Generaal betreffende de alleenhandel ten oosten van Kaap de Goede Hoop en ten westen van de Straat van Magallanes voor de duur van 21 jaar |year=1602 |publication-place=Amsterdam |pages=5 |language=nl |trans-title=Patent granted by the States General concerning exclusive trade east of the Cape of Good Hope and west of the Strait of Magallanes for a period of 21 years |quote='Dese vereenichde Compaignie sal beginnen ende aenvanck nemen met desen Jaere xvi C ende twee ende sal gedurende den tyt van eenentwintich Jaren achter (This United Company shall commence operations in the year of 1602, and shall continue for a period of twenty-one consecutive years)' |access-date=22 April 2022 |orig-date=20 March 1602 |via=Nationaal Archief |archive-date=22 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422184915/https://www.nationaalarchief.nl/onderzoeken/archief/1.04.02/invnr/1/file/NL-HaNA_1.04.02_1_01 |url-status=live}}</ref> For a time in the seventeenth century, it was able to monopolise the trade in nutmeg, mace, and cloves and to sell these spices across European kingdoms and Emperor [[Akbar]] the Great's [[Mughal Empire]] at 14–17 times the price it paid in [[Indonesia]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Southeast Asia in the Age of Commerce, 1450–1680|last=Reid|first=Anthony|publisher=Yale University Press|year=1993|location=New Haven, Connecticut|pages=290}}</ref>

While Dutch profits soared, the local economy of the Spice Islands was destroyed, because as a monopoly buyer, the VOC forced the prices paid to the local producers in the Spice Islands down to low levels. With a capital of 6,440,200 [[guilder]]s,<ref>{{cite book|first=John|last=Bruce|title=Annals of the Honorable East-India Company|url=https://archive.org/details/annalshonorable00brucgoog|year=1810|publisher=Black, Parry, and Kingsbury|page=[https://archive.org/details/annalshonorable00brucgoog/page/n42 28]}}</ref> the new company's charter empowered it to build forts, maintain armies, and conclude treaties with Asian rulers. It provided for a venture that continued for 21 years, with a financial accounting only at the end of each decade.{{sfn|De Vries|Van der Woude |1997 |pages=384-385}}

[[File:Willem Blaeu00.jpg|thumb|Early map of the Maluku Islands made during the [[Age of Discovery]], by [[Willem Blaeu]], 1630. North is on the right, with [[Sultanate of Ternate|Ternate]] as the rightmost followed by [[Sultanate of Tidore|Tidore]], both were known as the [[Spice Islands]] (trade secret, outposts of the VOC). |left]]

In February 1603, the company seized the [[Santa Catarina (ship)|''Santa Catarina'']], a 1,500-ton Portuguese merchant [[carrack]], off the coast of the [[Malay Peninsula]]. That same year, a joint Dutch-English force captured another Portuguese carrack off [[Macau]].<ref>{{cite book |author-link=C. R. Boxer |last=Boxer |first=C. R. |title=Fidalgos in the Far East, 1550–1770 |publisher=Martinus Nijhoff |location=The Hague |date=1948 |page=50}}</ref> The proceeds from the sale of the cargo of the two vessels was equivalent to more than 50% of the VOC's original subscription capital.<ref name="boyajian">{{cite book |last=Boyajian |first=James C. |title=Portuguese Trade in Asia under the Habsburgs, 1580–1640 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C0lrDYYzMyAC&pg=PA151 |page=151 |publisher=JHU Press |date=2008 |isbn=978-0-8018-8754-3 |access-date=2 June 2016 |archive-date=11 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411160033/https://books.google.com/books?id=C0lrDYYzMyAC&pg=PA151 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1603, the first permanent Dutch trading post in Indonesia was established in [[Banten]], [[West Java]]. In 1611, another was established at [[Jayakarta]] (later "Batavia" and then "Jakarta").{{sfn|Ricklefs |1993 |page=29}} In 1610, the VOC established the post of [[governor-general of the Dutch East Indies|governor-general]] to more firmly control their affairs in Asia. To advise and control the risk of [[despotism|despotic]] governors-general, a [[Council of the Indies (Dutch)|Council of the Indies]] (''Raad van Indië'') was created. The governor-general effectively became the main administrator of the VOC's activities in Asia. The ''Heeren XVII'', a body of 17 shareholders representing different chambers, continued to officially have overall control.{{sfn|Ricklefs |1993 |pages=25-28}}

[[File:Amboina. 17th century print, most likely English..jpg|thumb|''The Isle of Amboina'', a [[17th century]] print, probably English]]

The VOC headquarters were located in [[Governorate of Ambon|Ambon]] during the tenures of the first three governors-general (1610–1619), but it was not a satisfactory location. Although it was at the centre of the spice production areas, it was far from the Asian trade routes and other VOC areas of activity ranging from Africa to India to Japan.<ref>Om Prakash, ''The Dutch East India Company and the Economy of Bengal, 1630–1720'' (Princeton University Press, 1985)</ref><ref>William De Lange, ''Pars Japonica: the first Dutch expedition to reach the shores of Japan'', (2006)</ref> A location in the west of the archipelago was thus sought. The Straits of Malacca were strategic but became dangerous following the Portuguese conquest, and the first permanent VOC settlement in Banten was controlled by a powerful local ruler and subject to stiff competition from Chinese and English traders.{{sfn|Ricklefs |1993 |pages=25-28}}

In 1604, a second English [[East India Company]] voyage commanded by [[Sir Henry Middleton]] reached the islands of [[Ternate]], [[Tidore]], [[Ambon Island|Ambon]] and [[Banda Islands|Banda]]. In Banda, they encountered severe VOC hostility, sparking Anglo-Dutch competition for access to spices. From 1611 to 1617, the English established trading posts at [[Sukadana]] (southwest [[Kalimantan]]), [[Makassar]], [[Jayakarta]] and [[Jepara]] in [[Java]], and Aceh, [[Pariaman]] and [[Jambi]] in [[Sumatra]], which threatened Dutch ambitions for a monopoly on East Indies trade.{{sfn|Ricklefs |1993 |page=29}}

In 1620, diplomatic agreements in Europe ushered in a period of collaboration between the Dutch and English spice trades.{{sfn|Ricklefs |1993 |page=29}} This ended with the notorious [[Amboyna massacre]], where ten Englishmen were arrested, tried and beheaded for conspiracy against the Dutch government.<ref name="MILLER_XVI">{{cite book |editor-last=Miller |editor-first=George |title=To The Spice Islands and Beyond: Travels in Eastern Indonesia |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1996 |location=New York|pages=xvi |isbn=967-65-3099-9 |no-pp=true}}</ref> Although this caused outrage in Europe and a diplomatic crisis, the English quietly withdrew from most of their Indonesian activities, except trading in Banten, and focused on other Asian interests.

===Growth===
[[File:Melaka-St-Paul-Dutch-graves-2182.jpg|thumb|Graves of Dutch dignitaries in the ruined [[St. Paul's Church, Malacca]], in the former [[Dutch Malacca]]]]
[[File:De handelsloge van de VOC in Hougly in Bengalen Rijksmuseum SK-A-4282.jpeg|thumb|260px|Dutch East India Company factory in [[Hugli-Chuchura]], [[Mughal Bengal]]. Hendrik van Schuylenburgh, 1665.]]

In 1619, [[Jan Pieterszoon Coen]] was appointed governor-general of the VOC. He saw the possibility of the VOC becoming an Asian power, both political and economic. On 30 May 1619, Coen, backed by a force of nineteen ships, stormed Jayakarta, driving out the Banten forces; and from the ashes established [[Batavia, Dutch East Indies|Batavia]] as the VOC headquarters. In the 1620s almost the entire native population of the [[Banda Islands]] was driven away, starved to death, or killed in an attempt to replace them with Dutch plantations.{{sfn|Ricklefs |1993 |page=30}} These plantations were used to grow [[nutmeg]] for export. Coen hoped to settle large numbers of Dutch colonists in the East Indies, but implementation of this policy never materialised, mainly because very few Dutch were willing to emigrate to Asia.<ref>The Dutch Seaborne Empire 1600–1800, page 218</ref>

Another of Coen's ventures was more successful. A major problem in the European trade with Asia at the time was that the Europeans could offer few goods that Asian consumers wanted, except silver and gold. European traders therefore had to pay for spices with the precious metals, which were in short supply in Europe, except for Spain and Portugal. The Dutch and English had to obtain it by creating a trade surplus with other European countries. Coen discovered the obvious solution for the problem: to start an intra-Asiatic trade system, whose profits could be used to finance the spice trade with Europe. In the long run this obviated the need for exports of precious metals from Europe, though at first it required the formation of a large trading-capital fund in the Indies. The VOC reinvested a large share of its profits to this end in the period up to 1630.{{sfn|De Vries|Van der Woude |1997 |page=386}}

The VOC traded throughout Asia, benefiting mainly from [[Bengal]]. Ships coming into Batavia from the Netherlands carried supplies for VOC settlements in Asia. Silver and copper from Japan were used to trade with the world's wealthiest empires, [[Mughal India]] and [[Qing China]], for silk, cotton, porcelain, and textiles. These products were either traded within Asia for the coveted spices or brought back to Europe. The VOC was also instrumental in introducing European ideas and technology to Asia. The company supported Christian missionaries and traded modern technology with China and Japan. A more peaceful VOC trade post on [[Dejima]], an [[artificial island]] off the coast of [[Nagasaki, Nagasaki|Nagasaki]], was for more than two hundred years the only place where Europeans were permitted to trade with [[Japan]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Globe Encompassed: The Age of European Discovery, 1500–1700|author=Ames, Glenn J.|year=2008|page=115}}</ref> When the VOC tried to use military force to make [[Ming dynasty]] China open up to Dutch trade, the Chinese defeated the Dutch in [[Sino–Dutch conflicts|a war over the Penghu islands]] from 1623 to 1624, forcing the VOC to abandon [[Penghu]] for [[Taiwan]]. The Chinese defeated the VOC again at the [[Battle of Liaoluo Bay]] in 1633.

The Vietnamese [[Nguyen lords]] defeated the VOC in [[Battle of the Gianh River (1643)|a 1643 battle]] during the [[Trịnh–Nguyễn War]], blowing up a Dutch ship. The Cambodians defeated the VOC in the [[Cambodian–Dutch War]] from 1643 to 1644 on the Mekong River.

[[File:Dutch settlement at Chunchura on the Hugli river, West Benga Wellcome V0050427 (cropped).jpg|thumb|260px|Dutch settlement in [[Bengal Subah]]]]

In 1640, the VOC obtained the port of [[Galle]], [[Dutch Ceylon|Ceylon]], from the Portuguese and broke the latter's monopoly of the [[cinnamon]] trade. In 1658, [[Gerard Pietersz Hulft]] laid siege to [[Colombo]], which was captured with the help of King [[Rajasinghe II]] of [[Kandy]]. By 1659, the Portuguese had been expelled from the coastal regions, which were then occupied by the VOC, securing for it the monopoly over cinnamon.
To prevent the Portuguese or the English from ever recapturing [[Sri Lanka]], the VOC went on to conquer the entire [[Dutch Malabar|Malabar Coast]] from the Portuguese, almost entirely driving them from the west coast of India.

In 1652, [[Jan van Riebeeck]] established a resupply outpost at the Cape of Storms (the southwestern tip of Africa, now [[Cape Town]], South Africa) to service company ships on their journey to and from East Asia. The cape was later renamed [[Cape of Good Hope]] in honour of the outpost's presence. Although non-company ships were welcome to use the station, they were charged exorbitantly. This post later became a full-fledged colony, the [[Dutch Cape Colony|Cape Colony]], when more Dutch and other Europeans started to settle there.

Through the seventeenth century VOC trading posts were also established in [[Persia]], [[Dutch Bengal|Bengal]], [[Dutch Malacca|Malacca]], [[Thailand|Siam]], [[Dutch Formosa|Formosa]] (now Taiwan), as well as the [[Dutch Malabar|Malabar]] and [[Dutch Coromandel|Coromandel]] coasts in India. Direct access to mainland China came in 1729 when a [[Canton Factories|factory]] was established in [[Guangzhou|Canton]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hertroijes |first1=Frasie |title=Meeting the Dutch: cooperation and conflict between Jesuits and Dutch merchants in Asia, 1680–1795 |journal=Paper Presented at the Conference of ENIUGH, London |year=2011 |page=10 |url=http://research.uni-leipzig.de/eniugh/congress/fileadmin/eniugh2011/dokumente/Going_Dutch_Hertroijs_2011_4_7.pdf |access-date=28 July 2018 |archive-date=7 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407020410/http://research.uni-leipzig.de/eniugh/congress/fileadmin/eniugh2011/dokumente/Going_Dutch_Hertroijs_2011_4_7.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 1661, [[Ming dynasty|Ming]] general Koxinga led a fleet to defeat the Dutch. After Koxinga's [[Ming dynasty|Ming loyalists]] defeated Dutch reinforcements from Java in 1662, Frederick Coyett, the Dutch commander, surrendered Taiwan.<ref name="Andrade">{{cite book|last=Andrade|author1-link=Tonio Andrade|first=Tonio|title=How Taiwan Became Chinese: Dutch, Spanish and Han Colonization in the Seventeenth Century|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=2005|url=http://www.gutenberg-e.org/andrade/andrade11.html#s02/|access-date=16 May 2012|archive-date=19 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419085256/http://gutenberg-e.org/andrade/andrade11.html#s02/|url-status=live}}</ref> (''see'' [[History of Taiwan]]).

In 1663, the VOC signed the "Painan Treaty" with several local lords in the [[Painan]] area that were revolting against the [[Aceh Sultanate]]. The treaty allowed the VOC to build a trading post in the area and eventually to monopolise the trade there, especially the gold trade.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 July 1982 |title=170 tahun kepahlawanan minangkabau |url=http://majalah.tempointeraktif.com/id/arsip/1982/07/31/BK/mbm.19820731.BK47129.id.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314193208/http://majalah.tempointeraktif.com/id/arsip/1982/07/31/BK/mbm.19820731.BK47129.id.html |archive-date=14 March 2012 |access-date=11 March 2012 |website=Majalah Tempo Online |language=indonesian}}</ref>

By 1669, the VOC was the richest private company the world had ever seen, with over 150 merchant ships, 40 warships, 50,000 employees, a private army of 10,000 soldiers, and a [[dividend]] payment of 40% on the original investment.{{efn|The share price had appreciated significantly, so in that respect the dividend was less impressive.}}

Many of the VOC employees inter-mixed with the indigenous peoples and expanded the population of [[Indos in pre-colonial history]].<ref>{{cite web |last=De Witt |first=D. |work=Children of the VOC at |title=The Easternization of the West: The Role of Melaka, the Malay-Indonesian archipelago and the Dutch (VOC). (International seminar by the Melaka State Government, the Malaysian Institute of Historical and Patriotism Studies (IKSEP), the Institute of Occidental Studies (IKON) at the National University of Malaysia (UKM) and the Netherlands Embassy in Malaysia. Malacca, Malaysia, 27 July 2006 |url=http://www.dutchmalaysia.net/press/Easternization.html |access-date=14 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090814022910/http://www.dutchmalaysia.net/press/Easternization.html |archive-date=14 August 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Blusse |first=Leonard |title=Strange Company: Chinese Settlers, Mestizo Women and the Dutch in VOC Batavia. (Dordrecht-Holland; Riverton, US, Foris Publications, 1986. xiii, 302p.) number: 959.82 B659}}</ref>

===Reorientation===
Around 1670, two events caused the growth of VOC trade to stall. In the first place, the highly profitable trade with Japan started to decline. The loss of the outpost on [[Formosa]] to [[Koxinga]] in the 1662 [[siege of Fort Zeelandia]] and related internal turmoil in [[China]] (where the [[Ming dynasty]] was being replaced with the China's [[Qing dynasty]]) brought an end to the silk trade after 1666. Though the VOC substituted [[Mughal Bengal]]'s for Chinese silk, other forces affected the supply of Japanese silver and gold. The [[shogunate]] enacted a number of measures to limit the export of these precious metals, in the process limiting VOC opportunities for trade, and severely worsening the terms of trade. Therefore, Japan ceased to function as the linchpin of the intra-Asiatic trade of the VOC by 1685.{{sfn|De Vries|Van der Woude |1997 |pages=434-435}}

Even more importantly, the [[Third Anglo-Dutch War]] temporarily interrupted VOC trade with Europe. This caused a spike in the price of pepper, which enticed the English East India Company (EIC) to enter this market aggressively in the years after 1672. Previously, one of the tenets of the VOC pricing policy was to slightly over-supply the pepper market, so as to depress prices below the level where interlopers were encouraged to enter the market (instead of striving for short-term [[Profit maximization|profit maximisation]]). The wisdom of such a policy was illustrated when a fierce price war with the EIC ensued, as that company flooded the market with new supplies from India. In this struggle for market share, the VOC (which had much larger financial resources) could wait out the EIC. Indeed, by 1683, the latter came close to bankruptcy; its share price plummeted from 600 to 250; and its president [[Josiah Child]] was temporarily forced from office.{{sfn|De Vries|Van der Woude |1997 |pages=430-433}}

However, the writing was on the wall. Other companies, like the [[Louis XIV's East India Company|French East India Company]] and the [[Danish East India Company]] also started to make inroads on the Dutch system. The VOC therefore closed the theretofore flourishing open pepper emporium of [[Bantam (city)|Bantam]] by a treaty of 1684 with the Sultan. Also, on the [[Dutch Coromandel|Coromandel Coast]], it moved its chief stronghold from [[Pulicat]] to [[Nagapattinam]], so as to secure a monopoly on the pepper trade to the detriment of the French and the Danes.{{efn|During the [[War of the Grand Alliance|Nine Years' War]], the French and Dutch companies came to blows on the Indian Subcontinent. The French sent naval expeditions from metropolitan France, which the VOC easily countered. On the other hand, the VOC conquered the important fortress of [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]] after a siege of only 16 days by an expedition of 3,000 men and 19 ships under Laurens Pit from [[Nagapattinam]] in September 1693. The Dutch then made the defenses of the fortress impregnable, which they came to regret when the Dutch government returned it to the French by the [[Peace of Ryswick]] in exchange for tariff concessions in Europe by the French.{{sfn|Chaudhuri|Israel|1991|page=424}}}} However, the importance of these traditional commodities in the Asian-European trade was diminishing rapidly at the time. The military outlays that the VOC needed to make to enhance its monopoly were not justified by the increased profits of this declining trade.{{sfn|De Vries|Van der Woude |1997 |pages=433-434}}

Nevertheless, this lesson was slow to sink in and at first the VOC made the strategic decision to improve its military position on the [[Dutch Malabar|Malabar Coast]] (hoping thereby to curtail English influence in the area, and end the drain on its resources from the cost of the Malabar garrisons) by using force to compel the [[Saamoothiri|Zamorin]] of [[Kozhikode|Calicut]] to submit to Dutch domination. In 1710, the Zamorin was made to sign a treaty with the VOC undertaking to trade exclusively with the VOC and expel other European traders. For a brief time, this appeared to improve the company's prospects. However, in 1715, with EIC encouragement, the Zamorin renounced the treaty. Though a Dutch army managed to suppress this insurrection temporarily, the Zamorin continued to trade with the English and the French, which led to an appreciable upsurge in English and French traffic. The VOC decided in 1721 that it was no longer worth the trouble to try to dominate the [[Malabar pepper]] and spice trade. A strategic decision was taken to scale down the Dutch military presence and in effect yield the area to EIC influence.{{sfn|Chaudhuri|Israel|1991|pages=428-429}}

[[File:De Lannoy Surrender.JPG|250px|thumb|[[Eustachius De Lannoy]] of the Dutch East India Company surrenders to Maharaja [[Marthanda Varma]] of the Indian [[Kingdom of Travancore]] after the [[Battle of Colachel]] (depiction at [[Padmanabhapuram Palace]]).]]

In the 1741 [[Battle of Colachel]], warriors of [[Travancore]] under Raja [[Marthanda Varma]] defeated the Dutch. The Dutch commander Captain [[Eustachius De Lannoy]] was captured. Marthanda Varma agreed to spare the Dutch captain's life on condition that he joined his army and trained his soldiers on modern lines. This defeat in the [[Travancore–Dutch War]] is considered the earliest example of an organised Asian power overcoming European military technology and tactics; and it signalled the decline of Dutch power in India.{{efn|However, the VOC had been defeated many times before. On the Indian subcontinent, the EIC had suffered a resounding defeat in its [[Anglo-Mughal War (1686–1690)|war]] against the Mughals.{{sfn|Chaudhuri|Israel|1991|pages=435-436}}}}

The attempt to continue as before as a low volume-high profit business enterprise with its core business in the spice trade had therefore failed. The company had however already (reluctantly) followed the example of its European competitors in diversifying into other Asian commodities, like tea, coffee, cotton, textiles, and sugar. These commodities provided a lower profit margin and therefore required a larger sales volume to generate the same amount of revenue. This structural change in the commodity composition of the VOC's trade started in the early 1680s, after the temporary collapse of the EIC around 1683 offered an excellent opportunity to enter these markets. The actual cause for the change lies, however, in two structural features of this new era.

In the first place, there was a revolutionary change in the tastes affecting European demand for Asian textiles, coffee and tea, around the turn of the 18th century. Secondly, a new era of an abundant supply of capital at low interest rates suddenly opened around this time. The second factor enabled the company easily to finance its expansion in the new areas of commerce.{{efn|It was also helpful that the price war with the EIC in the early decade had caused the accumulation of enormous inventories of pepper and spices, which enabled the VOC to cut down on shipments later on, thereby freeing up capital to increase shipments of other goods.{{sfn|De Vries|Van der Woude |1997 |page=436}}}} Between the 1680s and 1720s, the VOC was therefore able to equip and man an appreciable expansion of its fleet, and acquire a large amount of precious metals to finance the purchase of large amounts of Asian commodities, for shipment to Europe. The overall effect was approximately to double the size of the company.{{sfn|De Vries|Van der Woude |1997 |pages=436-437}}

The tonnage of the returning ships rose by 125 percent in this period. However, the company's revenues from the sale of goods landed in Europe rose by only 78 percent. This reflects the basic change in the VOC's circumstances that had occurred: it now operated in new markets for goods with an elastic demand, in which it had to compete on an equal footing with other suppliers. This made for low profit margins.{{sfn|De Vries|Van der Woude |1997 |pages=437-440}} The business information systems of the time made this difficult to discern for the managers of the company, which may partly explain the mistakes they made from hindsight. This lack of information might have been counteracted (as in earlier times in the VOC's history) by the business acumen of the directors. By this time these were almost exclusively recruited from the political ''[[Regenten|regent]]'' class, which had long since lost its close relationship with merchant circles.{{sfn|De Vries|Van der Woude |1997 |pages=441-442}}

Low profit margins in themselves do not explain the deterioration of revenues. To a large extent the costs of the operation of the VOC had a "fixed" character (military establishments; maintenance of the fleet and such). Profit levels might therefore have been maintained if the increase in the scale of trading operations that in fact took place had resulted in [[economies of scale]]. However, though larger ships transported the growing volume of goods, labour productivity did not go up sufficiently to realise these. In general the company's overhead rose in step with the growth in trade volume; declining gross margins translated directly into a decline in profitability of the invested capital. The era of expansion was one of "profitless growth".{{sfn|De Vries|Van der Woude |1997 |page=447}}

Specifically: "[t]he long-term average annual profit in the VOC's 1630–70 'Golden Age' was 2.1 million guilders, of which just under half was distributed as dividends and the remainder reinvested. The long-term average annual profit in the 'Expansion Age' (1680–1730) was 2.0 million guilders, of which three-quarters was distributed as dividend and one-quarter reinvested. In the earlier period, profits averaged 18 percent of total revenues; in the latter period, 10 percent. The annual return of invested capital in the earlier period stood at approximately 6 percent; in the latter period, 3.4 percent."{{sfn|De Vries|Van der Woude |1997 |page=447}}

Nevertheless, in the eyes of investors the VOC did not do too badly. The share price hovered consistently around the 400 mark from the mid-1680s (excepting a hiccup around the [[Glorious Revolution]] in 1688), and they reached an all-time high of around 642 in the 1720s. VOC shares then yielded a return of 3.5 percent, only slightly less than the yield on Dutch government bonds.{{sfn|De Vries|Van der Woude |1997 |page=448}}

===Decline and fall===
[[File:Chinezenmoord Van Stolk.jpg|thumb|A print of the [[1740 Batavia massacre]]]]
[[File:The East Indiaman General Goddard capturing Dutch East Indiamen, June 1795, by Thomas Luny.jpg|thumb|{{circa|1796}} painting of the British East Indiaman ''[[General Goddard (ship)|General Goddard]]'' attacking seven VOC East Indiamen on 14 June 1795 by [[Thomas Luny]]]]

After 1730, the fortunes of the VOC started to decline. Five major contributing factors are attributed to its decay in the 50 years between 1730 and 1780:{{sfn|De Vries|Van der Woude |1997 |pages=449-455}}
* There was a steady erosion of intra-Asiatic trade because of changes in the Asiatic political and economic environment that the VOC could do little about.{{specify|date=July 2025}} These factors gradually squeezed the company out of Persia, [[Dutch Suratte|Suratte]], the Malabar Coast, and Bengal. The company had to confine its operations to the belt it physically controlled, from Ceylon through the Indonesian archipelago. The volume of this intra-Asiatic trade, and its profitability, therefore had to shrink.
* The way the company was organised in Asia (centralised on its hub in Batavia), which initially had offered advantages in gathering market information, began to cause disadvantages in the 18th century because of the inefficiency of first shipping everything to this central point. This disadvantage was most keenly felt in the tea trade, where competitors like the EIC and the [[Ostend Company]] shipped directly from China to Europe.
* The "venality" of the VOC's personnel (in the sense of corruption and non-performance of duties), though a problem for all East India Companies at the time, seems to have plagued the VOC on a larger scale than its competitors. To be sure, the company was not a "good employer". Salaries were low, and "private-account trading" was officially not allowed. It proliferated in the 18th century to the detriment of the company's performance.{{efn|A particularly egregious example was that of the "[[Amfioen Society]]". This was a business of higher VOC-employees that received a monopoly of the opium trade on Java, at a time when the VOC had to pay monopoly prices to the EIC to buy the opium in Bengal.}} From about the 1790s onward, the phrase ''perished under corruption'' (''vergaan onder corruptie'', also abbreviated VOC in Dutch) came to summarise the company's future.
* A problem that the VOC shared with other companies was the high mortality and morbidity rates among its employees. This decimated the company's ranks and enervated many of the survivors.
* A further issue was caused by the VOC's [[dividend policy]]. The dividends distributed by the company had exceeded the surplus it garnered in Europe in every decade from 1690 to 1760 except 1710–1720. However, in the period up to 1730 the directors shipped resources to Asia to build up the trading capital there. Consolidated bookkeeping therefore probably would have shown that total profits exceeded dividends. In addition, between 1700 and 1740 the company retired 5.4 million guilders of long-term debt. The company therefore was still on a secure financial footing in these years. This changed after 1730. While profits plummeted the ''bewindhebbers'' only slightly decreased dividends from the earlier level. Distributed dividends were therefore in excess of earnings in every decade but one (1760–1770). To accomplish this, the Asian capital stock had to be drawn down by 4 million guilders between 1730 and 1780, and the [[market liquidity|liquid]] capital available in Europe was reduced by 20 million guilders in the same period. The directors were therefore constrained to replenish the company's liquidity by resorting to short-term financing from anticipatory loans, backed by expected revenues from home-bound fleets.<ref>Gaastra, Femme (2003), ''The Dutch East India Company: Expansion and Decline'' (Zutphen: Walberg Pers).</ref>
Despite these problems, the VOC in 1780 remained an enormous operation. Its capital in the Republic, consisting of ships and goods in inventory, totalled 28 million guilders; its capital in Asia, consisting of the liquid trading fund and goods en route to Europe, totalled 46 million guilders. Total capital, net of outstanding debt, stood at 62 million guilders. The prospects of the company at this time therefore were not hopeless, had one of the plans for reform been undertaken successfully. In 1780, the [[Fourth Anglo-Dutch War]] broke out, with wartime British attacks on the Dutch East India Company reducing the VOC's fleet by half and severely weakening its position in Asia. As a result of the war, the VOC suffered damages of up to 43 million guilders. Loans to keep the company operating reduced its net assets to zero.{{sfn|De Vries|Van der Woude |1997 |pages=454-455}}

From 1720 on, the market for sugar from Indonesia declined as the competition from cheap sugar from [[Brazil]] increased. European markets became saturated. Dozens of Chinese sugar traders went bankrupt, which led to massive unemployment, which in turn led to gangs of unemployed [[coolies]]. The Dutch government in Batavia did not adequately respond to these problems. In 1740, rumours of deportation of the gangs from the Batavia area led to widespread rioting. The Dutch military searched houses of Chinese in Batavia for weapons. When a house accidentally burnt down, military and impoverished citizens started slaughtering and pillaging the Chinese community.<ref>{{cite book|author=Kumar, Ann|title=Java and Modern Europe: Ambiguous Encounters|year=1997|page=32}}</ref> This [[1740 Batavia massacre|massacre of the Chinese]] was deemed sufficiently serious for the board of the VOC to start an official investigation into the Government of the Dutch East Indies for the first time in its history.

Following the end of the Fourth Anglo-Dutch War in 1783, the VOC's financial issues worsened considerably. After vain attempts at reorganisation by the provincial States of [[Holland]] and [[Zeeland]], the board of directors in the VOC were sacked in 1796 and the company's management was handed over to a ''Committee for Affairs relating to East India Trade and Possessions'' (Dutch: ''Comité tot de zaken van de Oost-Indische handel en bezittingen'').<ref>{{Citation |last=Koenders |first=Pieter |title=TANAP And The Co-Operation Between ANRI And Nationaal Archief |date=2007-01-01 |work=The Archives of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) and the Local Institutions in Batavia (Jakarta) |pages=169–180 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004163652.1-556.9 |access-date=2024-01-27 |publisher=BRILL |doi=10.1163/ej.9789004163652.1-556.9 |isbn=978-90-474-2179-5|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=VOC – United Dutch East India Company {{!}} Western Australian Museum |url=http://museum.wa.gov.au/explore/dirk-hartog/voc-united-dutch-east-india-company |access-date=2024-01-27 |website=museum.wa.gov.au |language=en}}</ref> The outbreak of the [[French Revolutionary Wars]] sealed the fate of the VOC, as the fall of the [[Dutch Republic]] and its replacement by the [[Batavian Republic]] in 1795 led the Dutch and British to now be at war. British attacks on VOC shipping and colonies led to more losses, and though the VOC charter was renewed several times it was allowed to expire on 31 December 1799, nationalising the company.<ref name="tanap">TANAP, The end of the VOC</ref>

==Organisational structure==
[[File:Simon_Fokke,_Afb_010097014121.jpg|thumb|The '''Gentlemen Seventeen''', in the Directors' Room at the [[East India House (Amsterdam)|East India House]], Amsterdam.]]
While the VOC mainly operated in what later became the [[Dutch East Indies]] (modern Indonesia), the company also had important operations elsewhere. It employed people from different continents and origins in the same functions and working environments. Although it was a Dutch company, its employees included not only people from the Netherlands, but also many from Germany and other countries. Besides the diverse north-west European [[workforce]] recruited by the VOC in the [[Dutch Republic]], the VOC made extensive use of local Asian labour markets. As a result, the personnel of the various VOC offices in Asia consisted of European and Asian employees. Asian or [[Eurasian]] workers could be employed as sailors, soldiers, writers, carpenters, smiths, or as simple unskilled workers.<ref>Anderson, Clare; Frykma, Niklas; van Voss, Lex Heerma; Rediker, Marcus (2013). ''Mutiny and Maritime Radicalism in the Age of Revolution: A Global Survey'', page 113-114</ref> At the height of its existence, the VOC had 25,000 employees who worked in Asia and 11,000 who were en route.{{sfn|De Vries|Van der Woude |1997 |page=462}} Also, while most of its [[shareholder]]s were Dutch, about a quarter of the initial shareholders were Zuid-Nederlanders (people from an area that includes modern Belgium and [[Luxembourg]]), and there were also a few dozen Germans.<ref>Howard, Michael C. (2011). ''Transnationalism and Society: An Introduction'', page 121</ref>

The VOC had two types of shareholders: the ''participanten'', who could be seen as non-managing members, and the 76 ''bewindhebbers'' (later reduced to 60) who acted as managing directors. This was the usual set-up for Dutch [[joint-stock company|joint-stock companies]] at the time. The innovation in the case of the VOC was that the liability of not just the ''participanten'' but also of the ''bewindhebbers'' was limited to the paid-in capital (usually, ''bewindhebbers'' had unlimited liability). The VOC therefore was a [[limited company|limited liability company]]. Also, the capital would be ''permanent'' during the lifetime of the company. As a consequence, investors that wished to liquidate their interest in the interim could only do this by selling their share to others on the [[Euronext Amsterdam|Amsterdam Stock Exchange]].{{sfn|De Vries|Van der Woude |1997 |page=385}}
''Confusion of confusions'', a 1688 dialogue by the Sephardi Jew [[Joseph de la Vega]] analysed the workings of this one-stock exchange.

The VOC consisted of six Chambers (''Kamers'') in port cities: [[Amsterdam]], [[Delft]], [[Rotterdam]], [[Enkhuizen]], [[Middelburg, Zeeland|Middelburg]] and [[Hoorn]]. Delegates of these chambers convened as the ''Heeren XVII'' (the Lords Seventeen). They were selected from the ''bewindhebber''-class of shareholders.{{sfn|De Vries|Van der Woude |1997 |pages=384-385}}

Of the ''Heeren XVII'', eight delegates were from the Chamber of Amsterdam (one short of a majority on its own), four from the Chamber of Zeeland, and one from each of the smaller Chambers, while the seventeenth seat was alternatively from the Chamber of Middelburg-Zeeland or rotated among the five small Chambers. Amsterdam had thereby the decisive voice. The Zeelanders in particular had misgivings about this arrangement at the beginning. The fear was not unfounded, because in practice it meant Amsterdam stipulated what happened.

The six chambers raised the start-up capital of the Dutch East India Company:
{| class="wikitable"
!Chamber!!Capital ([[Dutch guilder|Guilders]])
|-
|Amsterdam || align=center|3,679,915
|-
|Middelburg || align=center|1,300,405
|-
|Enkhuizen || align=center|540,000
|-
|Delft || align=center|469,400
|-
|Hoorn || align=center|266,868
|-
|Rotterdam || align=center|173,000
|-
!Total:!!6,424,588
|}

The raising of capital in Rotterdam did not go so smoothly. A considerable part originated from inhabitants of [[Dordrecht]]. Although it did not raise as much capital as Amsterdam or Middelburg-Zeeland, Enkhuizen had the largest input in the [[Share (finance)|share]] capital of the VOC. Under the first 358 shareholders, there were many small entrepreneurs, who dared to take the [[risk]]. The minimum investment in the VOC was 3,000 guilders, which priced the company's stock within the means of many merchants.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Globe Encompassed: The Age of European Discovery, 1500–1700|author=Ames, Glenn J.|year=2008|page=103}}</ref>

[[File:AMH-5460-NA Uniform for VOC soldiers (cropped).jpg|thumb|{{circa|1783}} illustration of three VOC soldiers in the Dutch East Indies]]

Among the early shareholders of the VOC, immigrants played an important role. Under the 1,143 tenderers were 39 [[German people|Germans]] and no fewer than 301 from the [[Southern Netherlands]] (roughly present Belgium and Luxembourg, then under [[Habsburg]] rule), of whom [[Isaac le Maire]] was the largest subscriber with ƒ85,000. The ''Heeren XVII'' (Lords Seventeen) met alternately six years in Amsterdam and two years in Middelburg-Zeeland. They defined the VOC's general policy and divided the tasks among the Chambers. The Chambers carried out all the necessary work, built their own ships and warehouses and traded the merchandise. The ''Heeren XVII'' sent the ships' masters off with extensive instructions on the route to be navigated, prevailing winds, currents, shoals and landmarks. The VOC also produced its own [[nautical charts|charts]].

In the context of the [[Dutch–Portuguese War]] the company established its headquarters in Batavia, [[Java island|Java]] (now [[Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]]). Other colonial outposts were also established in the [[East Indies]], such as on the [[Maluku Islands]], which include the [[Banda Islands]], where the VOC forcibly maintained a monopoly over [[nutmeg]] and [[mace (spice)|mace]]. Methods used to maintain the monopoly involved [[extortion]] and the violent suppression of the native population, including [[mass murder]].<ref>[[Hanna, Willard A.]] (1991). Indonesian Banda: Colonialism and its Aftermath in the Nutmeg Islands. Bandanaira: Yayasan Warisan dan Budaya Banda Naira.</ref> In addition, VOC representatives sometimes used the tactic of burning spice trees to force indigenous populations to grow other crops, thus artificially cutting the supply of spices like nutmeg and cloves.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Globe Encompassed: The Age of European Discovery, 1500–1700|author=Ames, Glenn J.|year=2008|page=111}}</ref>

==Shareholder activism and governance issues==
[[File:VOC duit.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|Both sides of a [[duit]], a [[Coinage of the Dutch East India Company|coin minted in 1735 by the VOC]]]]

The seventeenth-century Dutch businessmen, especially the VOC investors, were possibly history's first recorded investors to seriously consider the problems of [[corporate governance]].<ref>Frentrop, Paul: ''A History of Corporate Governance, 1602–2002''. (Brussels: Deminor, 2003, {{ISBN|9090170677}})</ref><ref>Lukomnik, Jon: ''Thoughts on the Origins and Development of the Modern Corporate Governance Movement and Shareholder Activism'' (chapter 22, page 450–460), in ''The Handbook of Board Governance: A Comprehensive Guide for Public, Private and Not – for – Profit Board Members'', edited by Richard Leblanc (John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2016)</ref> [[Isaac Le Maire]], who is known as history's first recorded [[short seller]], was also a sizeable shareholder of the VOC. In 1609, he complained of the VOC's poor corporate governance. On 24 January 1609, Le Maire filed a petition against the VOC, marking the first recorded expression of [[shareholder activism]]. In what is the first recorded corporate governance dispute, Le Maire formally charged that the VOC's board of directors (the Heeren XVII) sought to "retain another's money for longer or use it ways other than the latter wishes" and petitioned for the liquidation of the VOC in accordance with standard business practice.<ref>Gelderblom, Oscar; De Jong, Abe; Jonker, Joost (2010). ''Putting Le Maire into Perspective: Business Organization and the Evolution of Corporate Governance in the Dutch Republic, 1590–1610'', in J. Koppell, ed., ''Origins of Shareholder Advocacy''. (New York: Palgrave Macmillan)</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://corpgov.net/2011/10/unfi-goes-virtual-only-shareowners-should-protest/ |title=Will UNFI Go Virtual-Only Again? Not if Shareowners Just Say No |publisher=CorpGov.net |last=McRitchie |first=James |date=6 October 2011 |access-date=28 December 2016 |archive-date=25 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160625000439/http://www.corpgov.net/2011/10/unfi-goes-virtual-only-shareowners-should-protest/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Mueller, Dennis C. (ed.), (2012). ''The Oxford Handbook of Capitalism'', page 333. (New York: Oxford University Press)</ref> Initially the largest single shareholder in the VOC and a ''bewindhebber'' sitting on the board of governors, Le Maire apparently attempted to divert the firm's profits to himself by undertaking 14 expeditions under his own accounts instead of those of the company. Since his large shareholdings were not accompanied by greater voting power, Le Maire was soon ousted by other governors in 1605 on charges of embezzlement, and was forced to sign an agreement not to compete with the VOC. Having retained stock in the company following this incident, in 1609 Le Maire would become the author of what is celebrated as "first recorded expression of shareholder advocacy at a publicly traded company".<ref>Frentrop, Paul (2009). ''The First Known Shareholder Activist: The Colorful Life and Times of Isaac le Maire (1559–1624)'', in Frentrop/Jonker/Davis 2009, 11–26</ref><ref>Frentrop, Paul; Jonker, Joost; Davis, S. (ed.), (2009). ''Shareholder Rights at 400: Commemorating Isaac Le Maire and the First Recorded Expression of Investor Advocacy'' (The Hague: Remix Business Communications, 2009)</ref><ref>Hansmann, Henry; Pargendler, Mariana (2013). ''The Evolution of Shareholder Voting Rights: Separation of Ownership and Consumption''. (Yale Law Journal, Volume 123, pages 100–165, 2014)</ref>

In 1622, the history's first recorded [[shareholder revolt]] also happened among the VOC investors who complained that the company account books had been "smeared with bacon" so that they might be "eaten by dogs." The investors demanded a "reeckeninge," a proper financial audit.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/04/27/no-accounting-skills-no-moral-reckoning/ |author=Soll, Jacob |title=No Accounting Skills? No Moral Reckoning |work=The New York Times |date=27 April 2014 |access-date=10 April 2016 |archive-date=6 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170206023102/https://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/04/27/no-accounting-skills-no-moral-reckoning/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The 1622 campaign by the [[shareholder]]s of the VOC is a testimony of genesis of [[corporate social responsibility]] (CSR) in which shareholders staged protests by distributing pamphlets and complaining about management self enrichment and secrecy.<ref>De Jongh, Matthijs (2010). ''Shareholder Activism at the Dutch East India Company 1622–1625'', in ''Origins of Shareholder Advocacy'' (Palgrave Macmillan, 2011)</ref>

==Main trading posts, settlements, and colonies==
{{Main|List of Dutch East India Company trading posts and settlements}}

{{See also|:Category:Former settlements and colonies of the Dutch East India Company|l1=Former settlements and colonies of the Dutch East India Company (VOC)}}
{{See also|:Category:Former trading posts of the Dutch East India Company|l1=Former trading posts of the Dutch East India Company (VOC)}}
{{See also|:Category:Populated places established by the Dutch East India Company|l1=Populated places established by the Dutch East India Company (VOC)}}
{{See also|Company rule in the Dutch East Indies}}

The company's global headquarters were in [[Amsterdam]], with other posts in the Dutch cities of [[Delft]], [[Enkhuizen]], [[Hoorn]], [[Middelburg, Zeeland|Middelburg]] and [[Rotterdam]]. In Africa, the trading posts and colonies were in [[Dutch Mauritius]] in 1638-1658 and 1664–1710, and in the [[Dutch Cape Colony]] between 1652 and 1806. The South Asian and Indonesian posts and colonies of the company were in [[Batavia, Dutch East Indies]], [[Dutch Coromandel]] in 1806–1825, [[Dutch Suratte]] in 1616-1825, [[Dutch Bengal]] from 1827 to 1825, [[Dutch Ceylon]] from 1640 to 1796, and [[Dutch Malabar]] from 1661 to 1795.

The Japanese post was in [[Hirado, Nagasaki]] from 1609 to 1641, but was relocated to [[Dejima]] from 1641 to 1853. In Taiwan, the company had bases in [[Anping, Tainan|Anping]] ([[Fort Zeelandia (Taiwan)|Fort Zeelandia]]), [[Tainan]] ([[Fort Provincia]]), [[Wang-an, Penghu]] on the [[Pescadores Islands]] (Fort Vlissingen; 1620–1624), [[Keelung]] ([[Santisima Trinidad (Taiwan)|Fort Noord-Holland]] and Fort Victoria) and [[Tamsui]] ([[Fort Antonio]]).

In Malaysia, the company was based in [[Dutch Malacca]] in 1641-1795 and 1818–1825. In Thailand, the company was based in [[Ayutthaya Kingdom|Ayutthaya]] in 1608–1767. In Vietnam, the company was based in [[Hanoi]]/Tonkin in 1636–1699, and in [[Hội An (city)|Hội An]] in 1636–1741.
[[File:Fort Rotterdam, Makassar, Indonesia - 20100227-02.jpg|thumb|[[Fort Rotterdam]] in [[Makassar]], built by the VOC in 1673]]
[[File:Melaka-Dutch-Square-2201.jpg|thumb|upright|The Dutch Square in [[Malacca]], with [[Christ Church, Malacca|Christ Church]] (centre) and the [[Stadthuys]] (right)]]
[[File:Kasteel de Goede Hoop Gateway.JPG|thumb|upright|The gateway to the [[Castle of Good Hope]], a bastion fort built by the VOC in the 17th century]]

==''VOC mentality''==
{{Cquote| (...) I don't understand why you're all being so negative and unpleasant. Let's just be happy with each other. Let's just say "the Netherlands can do it" again: that VOC mentality. Look across our borders. Dynamism! Don't you think?|200px||[[Jan Pieter Balkenende]], then Dutch Prime Minister, reacted to the criticism of his government policy during the parliamentary debate, September 2006{{efn|Jan Peter Balkenende: "Ik begrijp niet waarom u er zo negatief en vervelend over doet. Laten we blij zijn met elkaar. Laten we zeggen: 'Nederland kan het weer!', die VOC-mentaliteit. Over grenzen heen kijken! Dynamiek! Toch?" [Original in Dutch, loosely translated from footage]}}<ref>Oostindie, Gert: ''Postcolonial Netherlands Sixty-Five Years of Forgetting, Commemorating, Silencing''. (Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2010, {{ISBN|9789089643537}}), page 252</ref><ref>Jonsson, Stefan; Willén, Julia (eds.): ''Austere Histories in European Societies: Social Exclusion and the Contest of Colonial Memories''. (London: Routledge, 2016), page 67</ref>}}The VOC's history (and especially its dark side) has always been a potential source of controversy. In 2006 when the [[Dutch Prime Minister]] [[Jan Pieter Balkenende]] referred to the pioneering entrepreneurial spirit and [[work ethic]]s of the [[Dutch people]] and [[Dutch Republic]] in [[Dutch Golden Age|their Golden Age]], he coined the term "VOC mentality" (''[[:nl:VOC-mentaliteit|VOC-mentaliteit]]'' in Dutch).{{efn|Balkenende: "Let us be optimistic! Let us say, 'It is possible again in The Netherlands!' That VOC mentality: looking across borders with dynamism!" [translated from the original text in Dutch].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.humanityinaction.org/knowledgebase/433-zwarte-piet-a-bitter-treat-racial-issues-in-the-netherlands-and-the-u-s |author1=Boerhout, Laura |author2=Jung, Mariska |author3=Marcinkowski, Paul |year=2012 |title=Zwarte Piet, a Bitter Treat? Racial Issues in The Netherlands and the U.S. |publisher=HumanityInAction.org |access-date=2 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170207113628/http://www.humanityinaction.org/knowledgebase/433-zwarte-piet-a-bitter-treat-racial-issues-in-the-netherlands-and-the-u-s |archive-date=7 February 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}

For Balkenende, the VOC represented Dutch [[business acumen]], [[entrepreneurship]], adventurous spirit, and decisiveness. However, it unleashed a wave of criticism, since such romantic views about the Dutch Golden Age ignores the inherent historical associations with colonialism, exploitation and violence. Balkenende later stressed that "it had not been his intention to refer to that at all".<ref name="voc_mentality">{{cite web |url=http://www.internationaleonline.org/research/decolonising_practices/39_the_dutch_voc_mentality_cultural_policy_as_a_business_model |author=Kooiman, Mirjam |title=The Dutch VOC mentality. Cultural Policy as a Business Model |publisher=L'internationale (internationaleonline.org) |date=23 September 2015 |access-date=23 January 2017 |archive-date=6 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170206131548/http://www.internationaleonline.org/research/decolonising_practices/39_the_dutch_voc_mentality_cultural_policy_as_a_business_model |url-status=live}}</ref> But in spite of criticisms, the "VOC-mentality", as a characteristic of the selective historical perspective on the Dutch Golden Age, has been considered a key feature of Dutch cultural policy for many years.<ref name="voc_mentality" />

==Criticism==
[[File:Natives of Arrakan sell slaves to the Dutch East India Company (1663).jpg|thumb|Natives of [[Rakhine State|Arakan]] sell slaves to the Dutch East India Company, c.{{nbsp}}1663 CE.]]

The company has been criticised for the results of its quasi-absolute commercial monopoly, [[colonialism]], [[exploitation of labour|exploitation]] (including use of [[slave labour]]), [[History of slavery|slave trade]], use of violence, [[environmental destruction]] (including [[deforestation]]), and for its overly [[bureaucratic]] organisational structure.<ref name="RussellShorto">[[Russell Shorto|Shorto, Russell]] (2013). ''Amsterdam: A History of the World's Most Liberal City''.</ref>

Batavia, corresponding to present day Jakarta, was the headquarters of the Dutch East India Company, and had a strict social hierarchy in the colony. According to Marsely L. Kahoe in ''The Journal of Historians of Netherlandish Art'', "it is misleading to understand Batavia, as some scholars have, as representing a pragmatic and egalitarian order that was later corrupted by the colonial situation. In fact, the social stratification and segregation of Batavia derived in certain ways directly from its Dutch plan."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dutch Batavia: Exposing the Hierarchy of the Dutch Colonial City|url=https://jhna.org/articles/dutch-batavia-exposing-hierarchy-dutch-colonial-city/|access-date=2021-03-08|website=Journal of Historians of Netherlandish Art|language=en-US|archive-date=21 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121154341/https://jhna.org/articles/dutch-batavia-exposing-hierarchy-dutch-colonial-city/|url-status=live}}</ref>

There was an extraordinarily high mortality rate among employees of the VOC due to shipwrecks, illnesses such as scurvy and dysentery, and clashes with rival trading companies and pirates.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shipwreck, sickness and pirates: the dangers of working for the East India Company |url=https://www.rmg.co.uk/stories/blog/library-archive/shipwreck-sickness-pirates-dangers-working-east-india-company |access-date=2023-10-23 |website=www.rmg.co.uk |language=en}}</ref> Between 1602 and 1795, about one million seamen and craftsmen departed from Holland, but only 340,000 returned. J.L. van Zanden writes that "the VOC 'consumed' approximately 4,000 people per year."<ref>{{Cite book|last=van.|first=Zanden, J. L.|title=The rise and decline of Holland's economy : merchant capitalism and the labour market|date=1993|publisher=Manchester University Press|pages=9, 77|oclc=654324718}}</ref>

===Colonialism, monopoly and violence===
{{Further|Category:Military history of the Dutch East India Company|l1=Military history of the Dutch East India Company|Category:Battles involving the Dutch East India Company|l2=Battles involving the Dutch East India Company|European colonization of Africa|Western imperialism in Asia|European colonization of Southeast Asia|Spice wars|Amboyna massacre|Batavia massacre|Lamey Island Massacre}}
{{Cquote|Your Honours know by experience that trade in Asia must be driven and maintained under the protection and favour of Your Honours' own weapons, and that the weapons must be paid for by the profits from the trade; so that we cannot carry on trade without war nor war without trade.|200px||[[Jan Pieterszoon Coen]], the VOC's ''de facto'' chief executive [in the [[East Indies]]], to the [[Heeren XVII]], the VOC's board of directors [in the [[Dutch Republic]]], in 1614<ref>Phillips, Andrew; Sharman, J.C.: ''International Order in Diversity: War, Trade and Rule in the Indian Ocean''. (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2015, {{ISBN|9781107084834}}), page 109</ref>
}}The VOC charter allowed it to act as a quasi-sovereign state and engaged in brutal conquests.<ref name="Tarling1999">{{cite book|author=Nicholas Tarling|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GIz4CDTCOwcC&pg=PA86|title=The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1999|isbn=978-0-521-66370-0|pages=86–|author-link=Nicholas Tarling|access-date=8 March 2021|archive-date=11 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411160028/https://books.google.com/books?id=GIz4CDTCOwcC&pg=PA86|url-status=live}}</ref> One example is the [[Dutch conquest of the Banda Islands]], between 1609 and 1621, after the islands resisted the nutmeg monopoly. The Dutch launched punitive expeditions that resulted in the near-destruction of Bandanese society.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ittersum|first=Martine Julia van|date=2016-05-18|title=Debating Natural Law in the Banda Islands: A Case Study in Anglo–Dutch Imperial Competition in the East Indies, 1609–1621|journal=History of European Ideas|volume=42|issue=4|pages=459–501|doi=10.1080/01916599.2015.1101216|issn=0191-6599|doi-access=free}}</ref> They invaded the main [[Banda Islands|Bandanese island]] of [[Lontor (island)|Lontor]] in 1621. 2,800 Bandanese were killed, mostly from famine, and 1,700 were enslaved during the attack.<ref name="Straver">{{Cite book |last=Straver |first=Hans |date=2018 |title=Vaders en dochters: Molukse historie in de Nederlandse literatuur van de negentiende eeuw en haar weerklank in Indonesië |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5wJGDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA90 |location=Hilversum |publisher=Uitgeverij Verloren |pages=90–91 |isbn=9789087047023 |access-date=17 June 2020 |quote=Om hierin naar behooren te voorzien is het noodig dat Banda t'eenemaal vermeesterd en met ander volk gepeupleerd worde. |language=nl |archive-date=11 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411160029/https://books.google.com/books?id=5wJGDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA90 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The total population of the islands was estimated at 15,000 people before the conquest. Although the exact number remains uncertain, it is estimated that around 14,000 people were killed, enslaved or fled elsewhere, with only 1,000 Bandanese surviving in the islands, and were spread throughout the nutmeg groves as forced labourers.<ref>{{cite journal|first=Vincent C.|last=Loth|date=1995|title=Pioneers and Perkeniers: The Banda Islands in the 17th Century|journal=[[Cakalele (journal)|Cakalele]]|volume=6|publisher=[[University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa]]|location=Honolulu|hdl=10125/4207|pages=13–35}}</ref> The treatment of slaves was harsh and the native Bandanese population dropped to 1,000 by 1681.<ref name="Tarling1999" /> 200 slaves were imported annually to sustain the slave population at a total of 4,000.<ref>{{Cite book|last=van Zanden |first=J. L.|title=The rise and decline of Holland's economy : merchant capitalism and the labour market|date=1993|publisher=Manchester University Press|page=77|oclc=654324718}}</ref>

In 1623 on [[Ambon Island|Ambon]] (Amboina), VOC officials arrested, tortured, and executed ten English East India Company employees along with Japanese and Portuguese auxiliaries for an alleged conspiracy, an episode known as the [[Amboyna massacre]] that ended Anglo-Dutch cooperation in the Moluccas and showcased the Company's reliance on judicial coercion to police its monopolies.<ref>{{cite book |last=Clulow |first=Adam |title=Amboina, 1623: Fear and Conspiracy on the Edge of Empire |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=2019 |isbn=978-0231175128}}</ref>{{Page needed|date=September 2025}}

In 1740, amid a severe downturn in Batavia's sugar economy, VOC troops and allied militias killed thousands of ethnic Chinese residents; scholarly estimates range from about 5,000 to over 10,000 deaths in what became known as the [[1740 Batavia massacre|Batavia massacre]].<ref>{{cite book |title=The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia, Volume 2 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1999 |isbn=9780521663700 |editor-last=Tarling |editor-first=Nicholas |pages=86–88}}</ref>

Earlier, in 1636, VOC forces mounted a punitive expedition on [[Lamey Island Massacre|Lamey]] (Lamay) Island off Taiwan after shipwreck incidents; most inhabitants were killed or deported and the island was effectively depopulated.<ref>{{cite book |last=Andrade |first=Tonio |title=How Taiwan Became Chinese: Dutch, Spanish and Han Colonization in the Seventeenth Century |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=2008 |isbn=9780231144601}}</ref>

===Dutch slave trade and slavery under the VOC colonial rule===
{{Further|History of slavery|Slavery in South Africa|Meermin slave mutiny}}

By the time the settlement was established at the [[Dutch Cape Colony|Cape]] in 1652, the VOC already had a long experience of practicing [[slavery]] in the [[East Indies]]. [[Jan van Riebeeck]] concluded within two months of the establishment of the Cape settlement that [[slave labor]] would be needed for the hardest and dirtiest work. Initially, the VOC considered enslaving men from the indigenous [[Khoikhoi]] population, but the idea was rejected on the grounds that such a policy would be both costly and dangerous. Most Khoikhoi had chosen not to labor for the Dutch because of low wages and harsh conditions. In the beginning, the settlers traded with the Khoikhoi, but the harsh working conditions and low wages imposed by the Dutch led to a series of wars. The European population remained under 200 during the settlement's first five years, and war against neighbors numbering more than 20,000 would have been foolhardy. Moreover, the Dutch feared that Khoikhoi people, if enslaved, could always escape into the local community, whereas foreigners would find it much more difficult to escape and survive or avoid recapture.<ref name="Byrnes-slave-economy">{{cite book |last=Byrnes |first=Rita |title=South Africa: A Country Study |publisher=GPO for the Library of Congress |year=1996 |location=Washington |pages=Establishing a Slave Economy |url=http://countrystudies.us/south-africa/5.htm |access-date=10 August 2018 |archive-date=11 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180811031816/http://countrystudies.us/south-africa/5.htm |url-status=live}}</ref>

Between 1652 and 1657, a number of unsuccessful attempts were made to obtain men from the [[Dutch East Indies]] and from [[Mauritius]]. In 1658, however, the VOC landed two shiploads of slaves at the Cape, one containing more than 200 people brought from [[Dahomey]] (later Benin), the second with almost 200 people, most of them children, captured from a Portuguese slaver off the coast of Angola. Except for a few individuals, these were to be the only slaves ever brought to the Cape from West Africa.<ref name="Byrnes-slave-economy" /> From 1658 to the end of the company's rule, many more slaves were brought regularly to the Cape in various ways, chiefly by Company-sponsored slaving voyages and slaves brought to the Cape by its return fleets. From these sources and by natural growth, the slave population increased from zero in 1652 to about 1,000 by 1700. During the 18th century, the slave population increased dramatically to 16,839 by 1795. After the slave trade was initiated, all of the slaves imported into the Cape until Britain passed the [[Slave Trade Act 1807]] were from East Africa, Mozambique, Madagascar, and South and Southeast Asia. Large numbers were brought from [[Dutch Ceylon|Ceylon]] and the Indonesian archipelago. Prisoners from other countries in the VOC's empire were also enslaved. The slave population, which exceeded that of the European settlers until the first quarter of the nineteenth century, was overwhelmingly male and was thus dependent on constant imports of new slaves to maintain and to augment its size.<ref name="Byrnes-slave-economy" />

By the 1660s the Cape settlement was importing slaves from Ceylon, Malaya (Malaysia), and Madagascar to work on the farms.<ref name="Appiah p732">{{cite book |last=Appiah |first=Anthony |author2=Henry Louis Gates |title=Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2004 |pages=732 |isbn=978-0-19-517055-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TMZMAgAAQBAJ&dq=slave+trade+%22dutch+east+india+trading+company%22&pg=PA732 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407031804/https://books.google.com/books?id=TMZMAgAAQBAJ&dq=slave+trade+%22dutch+east+india+trading+company%22&pg=PA732 |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 April 2022}}</ref> Conflict between Dutch farmers and Khoikhoi broke out once it became clear to the latter that the Dutch were there to stay and that they intended to encroach on the lands of the pastoralists. In 1659 Doman, a Khoikhoi who had worked as a translator for the Dutch and had even traveled to Java, led an armed attempt to expel the Dutch from the Cape peninsula. The attempt was a failure, although warfare dragged on until an inconclusive peace was established a year later. During the following decade, pressure on the Khoikhoi grew as more of the Dutch became free burghers, expanded their landholdings, and sought pastureland for their growing herds. War broke out again in 1673 and continued until 1677, when Khoikhoi resistance was destroyed by a combination of superior European weapons and Dutch manipulation of divisions among the local people. Thereafter, Khoikhoi society in the western Cape disintegrated. Some people found jobs as shepherds on European farms; others rejected foreign rule and moved away from the Cape. The final blow for most came in 1713 when a Dutch ship brought smallpox to the Cape. Hitherto unknown locally, the disease ravaged the remaining Khoikhoi, killing 90 percent of the population.<ref name="Byrnes-slave-economy" /> Throughout the eighteenth century, the settlement continued to expand through internal growth of the European population and the continued importation of slaves. The approximately 3,000 Europeans and slaves at the Cape in 1700 had increased by the end of the century to nearly 20,000 Europeans, and approximately 25,000 slaves.<ref name="Byrnes-slave-economy" />

==Archives and records==
The VOC's operations (trading posts and colonies) produced not only warehouses packed with spices, coffee, tea, textiles, porcelain and silk, but also shiploads of documents. Data on political, economic, cultural, religious, and social conditions spread over an enormous area circulated between the VOC establishments, the administrative centre of the trade in [[Batavia, Dutch East Indies|Batavia]] (modern-day [[Jakarta]]), and the board of directors (the {{ill|Heeren XVII|nl|Heren XVII}}/Gentlemen Seventeen) in the Dutch Republic.<ref>Balk, G.L.; van Dijk, F.; Kortlang, D.J.; Gaastra, F.S. ''et al.''.: ''The Archives of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) and the Local Institutions in Batavia (Jakarta)''. (BRILL, 2007, {{ISBN|9789004163652}})</ref> Twenty-five million pages of VOC records survive, held in Jakarta; [[Colombo]], Sri Lanka; [[Chennai]], India; [[Cape Town]], South Africa; and [[The Hague]], the Netherlands. In 2003, [[UNESCO]] added this collection of records to its [[Memory of the World Programme|Memory of the World international register]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Archives of the Dutch East India Company [Documentary heritage submitted by Netherlands and recommended for inclusion in the Memory of the World Register in 2003] |url=https://www.unesco.org/en/memory-world/archives-dutch-east-india-company |access-date=2 February 2017 |publisher=UNESCO Memory of the World Programme}}</ref>

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[East India Company (disambiguation)]]
* [[Muscovy Company]]
* [[Levant Company]]
* [[British East India Company]]
* [[Danish East India Company]]
* [[Dutch West India Company]]
* [[Portuguese East India Company]]
* [[Compagnie des Indes (disambiguation)|Compagnie des Indes]]
* [[Danish West India Company]]
* [[Hudson's Bay Company]]
* [[Mississippi Company]]
* [[South Sea Company]]
* [[Ostend Company]]
* [[Swedish East India Company]]
* [[Emden Company]]
* [[Austrian East India Company]]
* [[Swedish West India Company]]
* [[Russian-American Company]]
{{div end}}
* [[10649 VOC]], a minor planet, the asteroid VOC ({{langx|nl|link=no|Vereeniging van de Oostindische Compagnie||East India Company}}), the 10649th asteroid registered, a main-belt asteroid

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{cite book |last1=De Vries |first1=Jan |author-link1=Jan de Vries (historian) |last2=Van der Woude |first2=Ad |year=1997 |title=The First Modern Economy: Success, Failure, and Perseverance of the Dutch Economy, 1500–1815 |url=https://archive.org/details/firstmodernecono0000devr |url-access=registration |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-57061-1 }}
* {{cite book |last=Ricklefs |first=M. C. |author-link=M. C. Ricklefs |title=A History of Modern Indonesia Since c. 1300 |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmoderni0000rick_i0z4 |url-access=registration |publisher=MacMillan |year=1993 |location=London |isbn=0-333-57689-6}}
* {{cite book |last1=Chaudhuri |first1=K. N. |author-link1=Kirti N. Chaudhuri |last2=Israel |first2=J. I. |author-link2=Jonathan Israel |editor-last1=Israel |editor-first1=J. I. |editor-link=Jonathan Israel |year=1991 |title=The Anglo-Dutch Moment: Essays on the Glorious Revolution and Its World Impact |url=https://archive.org/details/anglodutchmoment0000unse |url-access=registration |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-39075-3 }}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikisource|nl|Octrooi van de VOC}}
* [http://www.inghist.nl/Onderzoek/Projecten/DAS/voyages VOC voyages] – online database of voyages of VOC ships
* [http://www.atlasofmutualheritage.nl/en/ Atlas of Mutual Heritage] – online atlas of VOC and GWC settlements
* {{in lang|nl|cap=yew}} [http://vocopvarenden.nationaalarchief.nl/default.aspx Database of VOC crew members] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322115642/http://vocopvarenden.nationaalarchief.nl/default.aspx |date=22 March 2016}}
* [http://www.vochistory.org.au/ VOC Historical Society] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727065844/http://www.vochistory.org.au/ |date=27 July 2020 }}
* [http://vocwarfare.net VOC Warfare]
* [https://sejarah-nusantara.anri.go.id/foreword/ VOC archive from the Indonesian national archives] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727065854/https://sejarah-nusantara.anri.go.id/foreword/ |date=27 July 2020 }}

{{Navboxes|list1=
{{Chartered companies}}
{{Foreign trade in Imperial China |state=collapsed}}
{{Dutch colonies|East India}}
{{Dutch Formosa}}
{{Governors-general of the Dutch East Indies}}
{{Governor of Dutch Mauritius}}
{{Governors of the Cape Colony}}
{{DutchplacenamesAus}}
{{Economic history of the Netherlands}}
}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Dutch East India Company]]
[[Category:1602 establishments in the Dutch Republic]]
[[Category:1800 disestablishments in the Batavian Republic]]
[[Category:Chartered companies]]
[[Category:Colonial Indian companies]]
[[Category:Companies based in Amsterdam]]
[[Category:Companies disestablished in 1800]]
[[Category:Companies established in 1602]]
[[Category:Companies formerly listed on Euronext Amsterdam]]
[[Category:Conglomerate companies]]
[[Category:Defunct companies of the Netherlands]]
[[Category:Former monopolies]]
[[Category:History of the Dutch Empire]]
[[Category:India–Netherlands relations]]
[[Category:Maritime history of the Dutch Republic]]
[[Category:Military history of the Dutch Empire]]
[[Category:Multinational companies headquartered in the Netherlands]]
[[Category:Shipping companies of the Dutch Republic]]
[[Category:Dutch slave trade]]
[[Category:Trading companies established in the 17th century]]
[[Category:Trading companies of the Dutch Republic]]
[[Category:Trade monopolies]]

Kichhu Sanglap Kichhu Pralap

2026-03-23T17:55:52Z

Buymediaspace: typo fix

{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kichhhu Sanlap Kichhu Pralap
| image = Kichhhu Sanlap Kichhu Pralap (1999) film poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = DVD Cover
| director = [[Ashoke Viswanathan]]
| producer = {{Unbulleted list|Ashoke Viswanathan|[[Hillol Das]]|[[Romesh Gandhi]]}}
| writer =
| screenplay = Ashoke Viswanathan
| story =
| based_on = 
| starring = {{Unbulleted list|[[Sanjiban Guha]]|[[Nandini Ghosal]]|Ashoke Viswanathan|[[Laboni Sarkar]]}}
| narrator = Ashoke Viswanathan
| music = [[Gautam Chattopadhyay]]
| cinematography = Subhashish Banerjee
| editing = Mahadeb Shi
| production_companies = H.G. Films, AV Production, Rainbow Productions
| distributor = Drishyakavya<ref name="iffi"/>
| released = {{Film date|1999}}
| runtime = 118 min<ref name="iffi"/>
| country = India
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<ref name="iffi"/>
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Kichhhu Sanlap Kichhu Pralap''''' ({{langx|en|'''Dialogue and Delirium'''}})<ref name="iffi"/> is a 1999 [[Cinema of India|Indian]] [[Bengali language|Bengali]] [[drama film]] directed and produced by [[Ashoke Viswanathan]],<ref name="KSKP">{{cite web |url=http://www.gomolo.com/kichhu-sanglap-kichhu-prolap-movie/15116 |title=Kichhu Sanglap Kichhu Prolap |access-date=10 January 2017 |date=2000 |publisher=gomolo.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150110034410/http://www.gomolo.com/kichhu-sanglap-kichhu-prolap-movie/15116 |archive-date=10 January 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> starting [[Ashoke Viswanathan]], [[Sanjiban Guha]] and [[Nandini Ghosal]] in the lead roles.<ref name="washingtonbanglaradio"/><ref name="Cast">{{cite web |url=http://www.gomolo.com/kichhu-sanglap-kichhu-prolap-movie-cast-crew/15116 |title=Kichu Songlap Kichu Prolap |access-date=10 January 2017 |date=2000 |publisher=gomolo.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120231441/http://www.gomolo.com/kichhu-sanglap-kichhu-prolap-movie-cast-crew/15116 |archive-date=20 January 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="filmlinks4u">{{cite web |url=http://www.filmlinks4u.net/2011/01/kichhu-sanglap-kichhu-prolap-2000-bengali-movie-watch-online.html |title=Kichu Songlap Kichu Prolap |access-date=10 January 2017 |date=2000 |publisher=filmlinks4u.net |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140813043857/http://www.filmlinks4u.net/2011/01/kichhu-sanglap-kichhu-prolap-2000-bengali-movie-watch-online.html |archive-date=13 August 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Screenplay written by Ashoke Viswanathan collaboratively with Shankar Bhaterjee, Prhalad Chattopadhay and Mrinmoy nandi.

The film is mostly based on Kolkata's gossip in Indian [[College Street Coffee House|Coffee House]] of [[College Street (Kolkata)|College Street]], the relationship between two young couple and outside the film will probably appeal to [[communists]] and the intellectuals of Kolkata city in that time.<ref name="washingtonbanglaradio">{{cite web |url=http://www.washingtonbanglaradio.com/content/111564110-kichu-songlap-kichu-prolap-1999-leftist-bengali-movie-released-free-online-rajshri |title=Kichu Songlap Kichu Prolap (1999) |website=washingtonbanglaradio.com |publisher=washingtonbanglaradio.com |access-date=10 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110162032/http://www.washingtonbanglaradio.com/content/111564110-kichu-songlap-kichu-prolap-1999-leftist-bengali-movie-released-free-online-rajshri |archive-date=10 January 2017 |url-status=usurped }}</ref>

The film was generally received well by critics and won Indian Panorama at [[IFFI]] (1999)<ref name="iffi">{{cite book |year=1999 |chapter=Feature Film Section |editor=K.N.T. Sastry |title=Indian Cinema the Indian Panorama 1999 |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/FrmIP1998Award.aspx?PdfName=IP1998.pdf |publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]] |publication-date=January 1999 |page=35 |access-date=14 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304105726/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/FrmIP1998Award.aspx?PdfName=IP1998.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and [[National Film Awards]] (1999).<ref name="washingtonbanglaradio"/><ref name="46thawardPDF">{{cite book |year=2000 |chapter=Synopses: Feature Films |editor=Kaveri Bamnzai |title=46th National Film Awards 1999 |url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/46_nff_1999.pdf |publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]] |page=152 |access-date=10 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304001145/http://dff.nic.in/2011/46_nff_1999.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Cast==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[N. Viswanathan]]
* [[Sanjiban Guha]] as Newton<ref name="washingtonbanglaradio" />
* [[Nandini Ghosal]] as Ananya<ref name="washingtonbanglaradio" />
* [[Ashoke Viswanathan]] as Arup, narrator<ref name="washingtonbanglaradio" />
* [[Tamal Ray Chowdhury]]
* [[Shyamal Bhattacharya]]
* [[Biswajit Chakraborty]]
* [[Amal Kar]]
* [[Sheo Kumar Jhunjhunwala]]
* [[Gautam Chattopadhyay]]
* [[Sumit Ghoshal]]
* [[Swaraj Chatterjee]]
* [[Pilu Bhattacharya]]
* [[Sankar Ghosh]]
* Gautam Mukherjee
* [[Shayamal Sengupta]]
* [[Shankar Bhattacharjee]]
* [[Goutam Sen]]
* [[Shyamal Sarkar]]
* [[Kunal Bhattacharjee]]
* [[Subhash Sarkar]]
* [[Sninda Shaha Chowdhury]]
* [[Mrinal Haldar]]
* [[Debjani Roy]]
* [[Dhritiman Chakrabarti]]
* [[Aboni Bhatercharjee]]
* [[Dibyendu Mukherjee]]
* [[Laboni Sarkar]]
{{div col end}}

==Music==
===List of tracks===
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Kichhu Sanglap Kichhu Prolap
| note1 =
| length1 =
| lyrics1 =
| writer1 =
| extra1 = Madhumati Maitra
| title2 = Amar Priya Cafe
| note2 =
| length2 =
| lyrics2 =
| writer2 =
| extra2 = [[Gautam Chattopadhyay]]
| title3 = Dhandar Thekeo Jotil Tumi
| note3 =
| length3 =
| lyrics3 =
| writer3 =
| extra3 = Subrata Das
| title4 = Kotoki Korar Aachhe Baki
| note4 =
| length4 =
| lyrics4 =
| extra4 = Gautam Chattopadhyay
| total_length =
}}

==Awards==
* Won - Indian Panorama at [[International Film Festival of India]] (IFFI) (1999)<ref name="iffi"/>
* Won - [[National Film Award – Special Jury Award (Feature Film)|Special Jury Award]] at [[46th National Film Awards]] (1999)<ref name="washingtonbanglaradio"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title}}
* [http://www.ashokeviswanathan.com/Flims.html KSKP] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424152716/http://www.ashokeviswanathan.com/Flims.html |date=24 April 2017 }} at ashokeviswanathan.com

[[Category:1999 films]]
[[Category:1999 drama films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films set in India]]
[[Category:Films directed by Ashoke Viswanathan]]

Kerala backwaters

2026-03-19T15:33:36Z

Buymediaspace: updated page

{{Short description|Lagoon network in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Designation list
| designation1 = Ramsar
| designation1_offname = Ashtamudi Wetland
| designation1_date = 19 August 2002
| designation1_number = 1204<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ashtamudi Wetland|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1204|access-date=25 April 2018}}</ref>
| designation2 = Ramsar
| designation2_offname = Vembanad-Kol Wetland
| designation2_date = 19 August 2002
| designation2_number = 1214<ref>{{Cite web|title=Vembanad-Kol Wetland|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1214|access-date=25 April 2018}}</ref>
}}
[[File:House Boat DSW.jpg|thumb|A houseboat view from [[Vembanad Lake]]]]
[[File:Kerala Backwaters.png|thumb|Map of the backwaters in [[Kerala]]]]

The '''Kerala backwaters''' are a network of [[brackish]] [[lagoon]]s and canals running parallel to the [[Arabian Sea]] along the [[Malabar Coast|Malabar coast]] of [[Kerala]] state in south-western [[India]]. It also includes interconnected lakes, rivers, and inlets, a labyrinthine system formed by more than {{convert|900|km|mi|abbr=on}} of waterways, and sometimes compared to [[bayou]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fudomouth.net/intertext/ap_subcontinent03.htm|title=Austin Pick: A Billion People in a Coconut Shell|access-date=2008-12-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202163016/http://fudomouth.net/intertext/ap_subcontinent03.htm|archive-date=2 February 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> The network includes five large lakes linked by canals, both man made and natural, fed by 38 rivers, and extending virtually half the length of the Kerala state. The backwaters were formed by the action of waves and shore currents creating low [[barrier island]]s across the mouths of the many rivers flowing down from the [[Western Ghats]] range. In the midst of this landscape there are a number of towns and cities, which serve as the start and end points of backwater cruises.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaholidayguide.com/blog/kerala-backwater-houseboat-tours|title=11 Prime Destinations in Kerala for Backwater Tour|access-date=2014-07-01|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707081106/http://www.indiaholidayguide.com/blog/kerala-backwater-houseboat-tours|archive-date=7 July 2014}}</ref> There are 34 backwaters in Kerala.{{sfn|Chandran|2018|p=342}} Out of it, 27 are located either closer to [[Arabian Sea]] or parallel to the sea.{{sfn|Chandran|2018|p=342}} The remaining 7 are inland navigation routes.{{sfn|Chandran|2018|p=342}}

The backwaters have a unique ecosystem: Freshwater from the rivers meets the seawater from the Arabian Sea. A [[Barrage (dam)|barrage]] has been built near [[Thanneermukkom]], so salt water from the sea is prevented from entering the deep inside, keeping the fresh water intact. Such fresh water is extensively used for [[irrigation]] purposes.<ref name = "Book"/><ref name = "Backwater1">{{cite web |title=Backwaters in Kerala |url=http://www.keralabackwater.com/kerala-backwaters-travel/backwaters-in-kerala.html |date=2015 |website=Kerala Backwater |publisher=Kerala Backwater Pvt. Ltd. |access-date=25 April 2015 |archive-date=3 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703065628/http://www.keralabackwater.com/kerala-backwaters-travel/backwaters-in-kerala.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Many unique species of aquatic life including [[crab]]s, [[frog]]s and [[mudskipper]]s, water birds such as [[tern]]s, [[kingfisher]]s, [[darter]]s and [[cormorant]]s, and animals such as [[otter]]s and [[turtle]]s live in and along the backwaters. [[Arecaceae|Palm]] trees, [[pandanus]] shrubs, various leafy plants, and bushes grow alongside the backwaters, providing a green hue to the surrounding landscape.<ref name = "Backwater1"/>

[[File:Kerala Backwaters Sunset.JPG|thumb|right |Sunset in the backwaters]]
[[File:Kottappuram-nileshwaram-house-boat.jpg|thumb|right |[[Kavvayi Backwaters]] in [[Nileshwaram]], [[Kasaragod district|Kasaragod]]]]

==Hydrography==
[[National Waterway 3 (India)|National Waterway 3]] from [[Kollam]] to [[Kottappuram, Thrissur|Kottappuram]] covers a distance of {{convert|205|km|abbr=on}} and runs almost parallel to the coastline of southern Kerala facilitating both cargo movement and backwater tourism.<ref name = "Book">Ayub, Akber (ed), ''Kerala: Maps & More'', ''Backwaters'', 2006 edition 2007 reprint, pp. 40–53, Stark World Publishing, Bangalore, {{ISBN|81-902505-2-3}}</ref> [[Vembanad]], covering an area of {{convert|2033|km2|abbr=on}}, is Kerala's largest lake. The lake has a large network of canals that meander through the region of [[Kuttanad]]. The important rivers from north to south are the [[Valapattanam River|Valapattanam]] {{convert|110|km|abbr=on}}, [[Chaliyar]] {{convert|169|km|abbr=on}}, [[Kadalundi River|Kadalundipuzha]] {{convert|130|km|abbr=on}}, [[Bharathappuzha]] {{convert|209|km|abbr=on}}, [[Chalakudy River|Chalakudy]] {{convert|130|km|abbr=on}}, [[Periyar (river)|Periyar]] {{convert|244|km|abbr=on}}, [[Pamba River|Pamba]] {{convert|176|km|abbr=on}}, [[Achankovil]] {{convert|128|km|abbr=on}}, [[Meenachil River|Meenachil]] {{convert|75|km|abbr=on}}, and [[Kallada River|Kalladayar]] {{convert|121|km|abbr=on}}. Other than these, there are 35 more small rivers and rivulets flowing down from the Ghats. Most of these rivers are navigable up to the midland region, in country crafts.

[[Vembanad Lake]] is the longest backwater in Kerala, as well as the longest lake in India.{{sfn|Chandran|2018|p=342}} The [[Kochi]] city, [[Kuttanad]], [[Kumarakom]], and [[Pathiramanal]] Island are located in this long backwater.{{sfn|Chandran|2018|p=342}} The [[Vellayani Lake]], the [[Pookode Lake]], and the [[Sasthamcotta Lake]] are the freshwater lakes in Kerala.{{sfn|Chandran|2018|p=342}} [[Sasthamcotta Lake|Sasthamcotta]] is the largest among them.{{sfn|Chandran|2018|p=342}} The Kerala backwaters host three of the world’s [[Ramsar Convention]]-listed [[wetland]]s: [[Ashtamudi Lake]], [[Sasthamkotta Lake]], and the [[Vembanad Lake|Vembanad-Kol wetlands]] are noted as being [[List of Ramsar wetlands of international importance|wetlands of international importance]].{{sfn|Chandran|2018|p=342}}

==Tourism==

=== Houseboats ===
[[File:Backwater Malabar 1913.JPG|thumbnail|right|A backwater in the [[Kollam]] region, c. 1913]]
[[File:KumarakomHouseBoat.jpg|thumbnail|right|Houseboat on [[Vembanad lake]] ]]
[[File:Kerala Houseboat (191490747).jpeg|thumbnail|A houseboat at Biyyam backwater, [[Ponnani]], [[Malappuram district|Malappuram]]]]

''[[Kettuvallam]]'' (Kerala houseboats) in the backwaters are one of the prominent tourist attractions in Kerala. More than 2,000 of these ply the waterways.<ref>{{cite news|last=Abraham |first=Tanya |title=Eco-friendly boats to ply backwaters |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2005103101070300.htm&date=2005/10/31/&prd=mp& |date=31 October 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090520163825/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2005103101070300.htm&date=2005%2F10%2F31%2F&prd=mp& |archive-date=20 May 2009 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=20 October 2015 |url-status=usurped }}</ref> The Kerala government has classified the tourist houseboats as platinum, gold, and silver. {{clarify|date=October 2025}}

The ''Kettuvallam'' were traditionally used as grain barges, to transport the rice harvested in the fertile fields alongside the backwaters. Thatched roof covers over wooden hulls, {{convert|100|ft|m|abbr=on}} in length, providing protected from the elements. At some point in time, the boats were used as living quarters by the royalty. Converted to accommodate tourists, the houseboats have become floating cottages having a sleeping area, with western-style toilets, a dining area and a sit out on the deck. Most tourists spend the night on a houseboat. Food is cooked on board by the accompanying staff—mostly having a flavour of Kerala. The houseboats are of various patterns and can be hired as per the size of the family or visiting group. The living-dining room is usually open on at least three sides providing a grand view of the surroundings, including other boats, throughout the day when it is on the move. It is brought to a standstill at times of taking food and at night. After sunset, the boat crew provide burning coils to drive away mosquitoes. ''Ketuvallam'' are motorised but generally proceed at a slow speed for smooth travel. All ''Ketuvallam'' have a generator and most bedrooms are air-conditioned. At times, as per the demand of customers, electricity is switched off and lanterns are provided to create a rural setting<ref name = "Book"/><ref name = "Backwater1"/>
[[File:Kerala-Backwaters Alppuzha.JPG|right|thumb |A launch wades through water hyacinth in a canal in [[Alappuzha district]]]]

[[Beypore]], located {{convert|10|km|abbr=on}} south of [[Kozhikode]] at the mouth of the [[Chaliyar River]], is a famous fishing harbour, port and boatbuilding centre. Beypore has a 1,500-year tradition of boatbuilding. The skills of the local shipwrights and boatbuilders have widely sought after.

===Ferry services===
[[File:Uru.jpg|thumbnail|An ''[[Uru (boat)|Uru]]'' built at [[Beypore]], [[Kozhikode|Calicut]], which is situated on the mouth of the River [[Chaliyar]]]]
Regular ferry services connect most locations on both banks of the backwaters.<ref name = "Book"/> The [[Kerala State Water Transport Department]] operates ferries for passengers as well as tourists. It is the cheapest mode of transport through the backwaters.

===Resorts===
[[File:Kerala Backwaters Resort.jpg|right|thumb |Resort at Kumarakom]]
[[Ashtamudi lake]], which was a sleepy destination for years, has been transformed into a busy tourist destination with plush resorts around the Lake and the backwaters.<ref name = "Book"/> Under the "Jeevananu Ashtamudi, Jeevikkanam Ashtamudi" initiative, Kollam Corporation has introduced upgrades like '''musical fountains''', '''floating gardens''', '''electric boats''', and '''biodiversity circuits''', enriching the backwater tourism experience while reducing environmental impact.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-11-20 |title=Kollam Corporation readies projects to promote Ashtamudi backwater tourism |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kollam-corporation-readies-projects-to-promote-ashtamudi-backwater-tourism/article68890020.ece |access-date=2025-08-11 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

=== Impact on ecosystem ===

The unregulated proliferation of motorised [[houseboat]]s in the lakes and backwaters has raised concerns regarding the adverse impact of [[pollution]] from [[diesel engine]]s and [[outboard motor]]s on the fragile ecosystem.

==Economic significance==
Connected by artificial canals, the backwaters form an economical means of transport, and a large local trade is carried on by inland navigation. Fishing, along with fish curing, is an important industry.

Kerala backwaters have been used for centuries by the local people for transportation, fishing and agriculture. The region has supported the efforts of the local people to earn a livelihood. In more recent times, agricultural efforts have been strengthened with the reclamation of some backwater lands for rice growing, particularly in the Kuttanad area. Boat-making has been a traditional craft, so has been the [[coir]] industry.<ref name = "Backwater1"/>
[[File:Kerala backwaters, Sheep, India.jpg|thumb |right |[[Paddy field]]s in the Kuttanad region]]
[[File:Edappal malappuram(district) kerala infia.jpg|thumbnail|[[Paddy field]] at [[Edappal]], on the bank of Biyyam backwater, [[Ponnani]]]]
Kuttanad region is crisscrossed with waterways that run alongside extensive paddy fields, as well as fields of [[cassava]], [[banana]] and [[Yam (vegetable)|yam]]. The crops are grown on the low-lying ground and irrigated with fresh water from the canal and waterways connected to [[Vembanad]] lake. [[Palakkad district|Palakkad]], the granary of Kerala, lies on the bank of [[Bharathappuzha]] river. [[Thrissur Kole Wetlands|Thrissur-Ponnani Kole Wetlands]] are fertile. [[Ponnani]] Kole Wetlands lie on the bank of Biyyam backwater. The area is similar to the [[Dike (construction)|dikes]] of the Netherlands, where land has been reclaimed from the sea and crops are grown.<ref name = "Backwater3">{{cite web | url = http://www.keralabackwater.com/kerala-backwaters-travel/backwaters-in-kerala.html | title = Kuttanad Bacwaters | access-date = 2007-12-31 | publisher = Kerala Backwater | archive-date = 3 July 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130703065628/http://www.keralabackwater.com/kerala-backwaters-travel/backwaters-in-kerala.html | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Ecological significance==
Vembanad Wetland is included in the list of wetlands of international importance, as defined by the [[Ramsar Convention]] for the conservation and sustainable use of [[wetland]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ramsar.org/sitelist.pdf |title=The List of Wetlands of International Importances |access-date=2008-01-07 |publisher=The Secretariat of the Convention on Wetlands (Ramsar, Iran, 1971) Rue Mauverney 28, CH-1196 Gland, Switzerland |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080102104335/http://www.ramsar.org/sitelist.pdf |archive-date= 2 January 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Boat races==
{{See also|Vallam Kali}}
[[Chundan Vallam|Chundan vallams]] or snake boats are narrowboats over {{convert|100|ft|m}} long, with a raised prow that stands {{convert|10|ft|m}} above water and resembles the hood of a snake. Traditionally these were used by local rulers to transport soldiers during waterfront wars. In modern times, it has spawned a new sport – the [[Vallam Kali]] (boat race). Each Chandan vallam accommodates about a hundred muscular oarsmen.<ref name = "Book"/>

Boat races are occasions of great excitement and entertainment with thousands gathered on the banks to watch and cheer. Most of these races are held in the Kuttanad Region<ref name = "Book"/>

[[File:Kerala boatrace.jpg|thumb|right|[[Aranmula Uthrattadi Vallamkali]]]]

The boat races starts with [[Champakulam Moolam Boat Race]] which is held on the [[Pamba River]] in the village [[Champakulam]] on Moolam day (according to the Malayalam Era M.E) of the Malayalam month Midhunam, the day of the installation of the deity at the Ambalappuzha Sree Krishna Temple.

When [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] visited Kerala in 1952, four traditional Chundan valloms went to receive him. A snake boat race was organized for him. He was so impressed that when he went back to Delhi, he sent back a gleaming silver trophy for a boat race. Even today, the 1.5  km [[Nehru Trophy Boat Race]] is the most prestigious.

The Thazhathangadi boat race held every year on the Meenachil river, at Thazhathangadi, Kottayam is one of the oldest and most popular boat races in the state. In 1956, emperor of Ethiopia, [[Haile Selassie]] visited Thazhathangadi during his imperial tour of India, and witnessed the boat race. Subsequently winners of the race were given the Haile Selassie Ever rolling trophy.

Other renowned boat races are: Indira Gandhi Boat Race, [[Champakulam Moolam Boat Race]], [[Aranmula Uthrattadi Vallamkali]], [[Payippad Jalotsavam]], [[Kallada Boat Race]] and [[Kumarakom Boat Race]].

==Backwater regions==

===Kuttanad===
[[File:A view of Kuttanad..കുട്ടനാട്, ഒരു ദൃശ്യം.jpg|thumb|right|A houseboat - Scene from Nedumudi, [[Kuttanad]]]]
[[File:Kerala backwaters, Cruise, India.jpg|thumb|right|Houseboat on the lake]]

Important in the ancient history of South India, Kuttanadu is a region spanning the [[Alappuzha district|Alappuzha]] and [[Kottayam district|Kottayam]] districts; it is well known for its vast paddy fields and geographical peculiarities. The region is the lowest lying of any in India and is one of the few places in the world where farming is carried around 1.2 to 3.0 metres (4 to 10 ft) below sea level. Four of Kerala's major rivers—the Pamba, Meenachil, Achankovil, and Manimala—flow into the region, and it is well known for its boat races.

[[Vembanad Lake]], the largest lake in Kerala is at the heart of Backwater tourism, with hundreds of [[kettuvallams]] plying it and with numerous resorts on its banks. The [[Kumarakom Bird Sanctuary]] is located on the east coast of the lake.

The major occupation in Kuttanadu is farming, with rice the most important agricultural product; it is the major rice producer in the state. This activity gives the area its moniker of "The Rice Bowl of Kerala". Large farming areas near Vembanad Lake were reclaimed from the lake. In 2013, the [[Food and Agriculture Organization]] (FAO) of the United Nations formally declared the below-sea-level farming system in Kuttanad as [[Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems]] (GIAHS).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.keralatourism.org/kerala-article/heritage-status-kuttanad/455 |title=FAO Heritage Status to Kuttanad |access-date=2016-12-22 |website=Kerala Tourism}}</ref>

===Kollam===
[[File:House boat, Kollam.jpg|thumb|right|A houseboat - Scene from Trevally, [[Kollam]]]]
[[Kollam]] (earlier known as Quilon) was one of the leading trade centres of the ancient world, eulogised by travellers such as [[Ibn Battuta]] and [[Marco Polo]]. It is also the starting point of the backwater waterways. The [[Ashtamudi Lake|Ashtamudi Kayal]], known as the gateway to the backwaters, covers about 30 per cent of Kollam.<ref name = "Book"/> Sasthamcotta Kayal, the large freshwater lake is 28.5  km from Kollam city.

====Islands of Kollam====
{{Main|Islands of Kollam}}
The islands are some of the most eye‑catching and beautiful features of [[Ashtamudi Lake|Lake Ashtamudi]], [[Kollam]]. Most of these islands are potential tourism spots in the [[Kerala|state]]. The [[Indian Railways]] also planning to develop one of the islands in [[Kollam]] for a tourism project.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Bhushi-dam-area-may-get-a-holiday-resort/articleshow/38503817.cms |title=Bhushi dam area may get a holiday resort - Times of India |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=17 July 2014 |access-date=11 March 2015}}</ref> There are both large and small islands, some inhabited and others uninhabited. There are more than 15 islands in [[Ashtamudi Lake]]. The important islands in [[Kollam]] are:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ashtamudilake.com/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090814152442/http://www.ashtamudilake.com/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=14 August 2009 |title=KOLLAM - THE PRINCE OF ARABIAN SEA - The Hindu |access-date=11 March 2015}}</ref>
[[File:A top view of Ashtamudi backwaters.jpg|right|thumb|Aerial view of [[Ashtamudi Lake|Ashtamudi backwaters]]]]
* [[Munroe Island]]
* [[Chavara Thekkumbhagom]]
* Perungalam
* St. Sebastian Island
* San Thome Island
* Pezhumthuruth
* [[Kakkathuruth]]
* Pattamthuruth
* Paliyanthuruthu (''Palliyamthuruthu'')
* Neettum thuruth
* Puthenthuruth
* Poothuruth
* Pannaykkathuruth
* Veluthuruth
* Neeleswaram thuruth

====Estuaries of Paravur====

[[File:Estuary in Paravur Thekkumbhagam.jpg|thumb|right|Estuary at [[Paravur Thekkumbhagam]]]]

{{Main|Estuaries of Paravur}}
[[Estuaries of Paravur|Paravur Estuaries]] lie near to the south-western coast of [[Kollam]].<ref name=Vishaw2007>{{cite web |last=Vishaw |title=Estuaries of India |url=http://www.indianofficer.com/topic/2152-estuaries-of-india/ |date=7 December 2007 |website=Indian Officer |access-date=25 April 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403064149/http://www.indianofficer.com/topic/2152-estuaries-of-india/ |archive-date=3 April 2015}}</ref> It is world-famous for its natural beauty, backwater locations, white-sand beaches and concentration of temples in every square kilometer.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.paravurmunicipality.in/ml/history |title=Paravur Municipality |access-date=16 March 2015 |archive-date=10 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010082406/http://www.paravurmunicipality.in/ml/history |url-status=dead }}</ref> The peninsula of [[Paravur, Kollam|Paravur]] is one of the most visited in [[Kollam district]]. Both north and south tips of [[Paravur, Kollam|Paravur]] town have both peninsula and estuary. [[Pozhikara]] is north and [[Thekkumbhagam]] is south of [[Paravur, Kollam|Paravur]].<ref name=Vishaw2007/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iaeng.org/publication/WCE2009/WCE2009_pp694-699.pdf |title=Impact of Sea-Sand Filling in the Paravur-Kappil Backwaters, Southern Kerala with Special Reference to Phytoplankton Productivity |access-date=16 March 2015}}</ref> Another estuary mouth in [[Pozhikara]], located very close to the [[Pozhikara]] Devi Temple, was breached in 2014 under the supervision of the Water Resources Department (WRD), after a gap of 14 years.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/paravur-estuary-breached/article5960820.ece |title=Paravur estuary breached :The Hindu |website=[[The Hindu]] |date=29 April 2014 |access-date=16 March 2015}}</ref>

===Munroe Island===
{{Main|Munroe Island}}
[[File:Mundro Island Way.jpg|thumb|Street View of Mundro Island]]
[[File:BoatService.jpg|thumb|Boat view from Mundro Island]]
[[Munroethuruth]] or [[Munroe Island]] is a place surrounded by Kallada River, [[Ashtamudi Lake]] and [[Sasthamkotta Lake]] in [[Kollam district]], Munroe Island is a cluster of eight tiny islands, Blessed with a number of criss-cross canals and zigzag water channels, this Island plays a host to many migratory birds from various
countries around the world. You can watch birds such as Kingfisher, Woodpecker, Egret, Bee-eater, Crow pheasant, and Paddy Birds. There is yet another rare chance to see the traditional Indian spice plants such as Pepper, Nutmeg and Cloves. ([http://southernbackwaters.com/village.htm])

The first community tourism programme in the State will start functioning from the MunroeThuruthu islands. Coir making is a
home industry to almost all the village living people. It is very interesting to watch the [[coir]] making by the village ladies with the help of weaving Wheels. They make the coir ropes by hand. In addition to this, on the way, you can see the process of extracting coconut oil from the "copra" [dried coconut]. Among the routine traditional engagements, duck, poultry farm and prawn breeding are common in all houses.

===Thiruvananthapuram===
====Vellayani Lake====
{{main|Vellayani Lake}}
[[File:Harverting lotus leafs.jpg|thumbnail|[[Vellayani Lake]]]]
It is one of the freshwater lakes in Kerala.{{sfn|Chandran|2018|p=342}} It is located in the city of [[Thiruvananthapuram]], which is also Kerala's administrative headquarters.{{sfn|Chandran|2018|p=342}} It is located nearer to [[Kovalam]] beach.

====Thiruvallam====
[[Tourism in Thiruvananthapuram#Thiruvallam|Thiruvallam backwaters]] are just 6  km from [[Thiruvananthapuram]], the state capital. Known for its canoe rides, Thiruvallam is becoming increasingly popular with tourists. Two rivers, the Killi and the [[Karamana River|Karamana]], come together at Thiruvallam. Not far from Thiruvallam is the [[Tourism in Thiruvananthapuram#Veli Lagoon|Veli Lagoon]], where there are facilities for water sports, a waterfront park and a floating bridge. The [[Akkulam]] Boat club, which offers boating cruises on Akkulam Lake and a park for children, is also a popular tourist attraction near Thiruvallam.

===Wayanad===
[[File:Chembra Peak seen from Pookode Lake.JPG|thumbnail|[[Pookode Lake]], one of the seven inland backwaters in Kerala.]]

====Pookode Lake====
{{main|Pookode Lake}}
[[File:Flower in Pookode lake.jpg|thumbnail|''[[Nelumbo nucifera]]'' in [[Pookode Lake]]]]
[[Wayanad]] is home to one of the state's freshwater lakes - [[Pookode Lake]].{{sfn|Chandran|2018|p=342}} It is also one of the 7 inland navigation backwaters in Kerala.{{sfn|Chandran|2018|p=342}} [[Panamaram]], the rivulet which ultimately becomes [[Kabani River]], originates from the Pookode lake.<ref>{{cite web|title=Waynad: Rivers | url=http://wayanad.nic.in/river.htm | work=Waynad District website | publisher=Collectorate, Wayanad, Kerala State | access-date=22 December 2011}}</ref> It is spread across an area of 8.5 hectares and with a maximum depth of 6.5 metres.<ref>{{cite web|title=Lakes and Islands|url=http://www.keralatourism.org/wayanad/lakes-islands.php|access-date=13 June 2021|archive-date=1 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201111632/https://www.keralatourism.org/wayanad/lakes-islands.php|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Kannur===
[[Kavvayi Backwaters|Kavvayi backwater]] is a stunningly beautiful backwater destination tucked away near [[Payyannur]] in the district of [[Kannur]]. [[Kavvayi Backwaters]] form the biggest wetland in north [[Kerala]]. With its five rivers, the [[Kavvai puzha River|Kavvayi River]], and its tributaries- [[Kankole|Kankol]], Vannathichal, Kuppithodu, and [[Kuniyan River|Kuniyan]] – flows together to form the Kavvayi kayal. Adorned with many small islands, a relaxing boat ride in these waters is the best way to enjoy the mesmerizing greenery of the surroundings.

===Kasargod===
[[Kasaragod district|Kasargod]] in north Kerala is a backwater destination, known for rice cultivation, coir processing and lovely landscape, it has the sea to the west and the [[Western Ghats]] to the north and east. Cruise options are Chandragiri and Valiyaparamba near [[Kavvayi Backwater]]. Chandragiri has situated 4  km to the southeast of Kasargod town and takes tourists to the historic [[Chandragiri Fort, Kerala|Chandragiri fort]]. [[Valiyaparamba]] is a scenic backwater stretch near Kasargod. Four rivers flow into the backwaters near Kasargod and there are many small islands along these backwater stretches, where birds can be seen.

===Kozhikode===
[[Kozhikode]] has backwaters which are largely unexplored by tourist hordes. [[Elathur, Kozhikode|Elathur]], the [[Canoly Canal]] and the [[Kallayi River]] are favourite haunts for boating and cruising. [[Korapuzha]], the venue of the Korapuzha Jalotsavam, is a popular water sports destination.

===Malappuram===
The coastal region of [[Malappuram district|Malappuram]] contains the backwaters like Biyyam, Manoor, [[Veliyankode]], Kodinhi, etc. Biyyam backwater which lies south of [[Bharathappuzha]] river (which is also the second longest river of Kerala) is the largest among them. Biyyam backwater and [[Conolly Canal]] together empties into [[Arabian Sea]] near [[Puthuponnani]] promontory.

==Literature==
Two prominent writers in the region are Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai and Arundhati Roy.

[[Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai]], (1912–1999), the Padmabhusan and [[Jnanpith Award|Jnanpith]] and [[Sahitya Akademi Award|Sahitya Akedemi]] award-winning writer, was born in Thakazhi village in [[Alappuzha district]].<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.india9.com/i9show/Thakazhi-Sivasankara-Pillai-26060.htm | title = Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai | access-date = 2007-12-31 | publisher = india9.com}}</ref> He wrote in Malayalam. His novel ''[[Chemmeen]]'' has been translated into most Indian languages and several foreign languages.

[[Arundhati Roy]] (born 1961) was brought up in Ayemenem near Kottayam, and her [[Booker Prize]]–winning ''[[The God of Small Things]]'' is set in Kerala.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chitram.org/mallu/ar.htm |title=Arundhati Roy – a life full of beginnings and no ends |access-date=2007-12-31 |publisher=chitram.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928095039/http://www.chitram.org/mallu/ar.htm |archive-date=28 September 2007 }}</ref>

==Movies==
A number of movies were filmed in the backwaters around Alleppey and other parts of the state.
* Numerous Malayalam movies
Some other major movies include
* Most scenes of Tamil movie [[Autograph (2004 film)|Autograph]] and Kannada movie [[My Autograph]]
* Crucial scenes in Tamil movie [[Vinnaithaandi Varuvaayaa]] and its remakes in Hindi [[Ekk Deewana Tha]], Telugu [[Ye Maaya Chesave]]
* Song "Jiya jale" and Scenes in Hindi movie [[Dil Se..]]
* Hindi movie [[Tashan (film)|Tashan]]
* Hindi film [[Alone (2015 Hindi film)|Alone]]
* Tamil movie [[Kuselan]]

==Photo gallery==
<gallery>
Image:Photos taken from a boat ride along the Kavvayi backwaters, Payyannur, Kannur (79).jpg|[[Kavvayi Backwaters]], [[Kannur district|Kannur]]
Image:Paravur backwaters & beaches.jpg|Estuary in [[Paravur, Kollam|Paravur]]
Image:Kerala Water Transport DS.jpg|Public transport boat service in Kerala
Image:Around Alappuzha backwaters Kerala.jpg|[[Kerala]] Backwaters
Image:Kadaloondi puzha.jpg|Estuary in [[Kadalundi]]-[[Vallikkunnu]] border
Image:Puthuponnani (2).JPG|[[Puthuponnani]] promontary
Image:House Boat View DSW.jpg|[[Kettuvallam|Houseboats]] on Kerala water-ways
Image:C1common (16).jpg|Kerala Backwaters
Image:Tvm-veli-akkulam-backwaters3.jpg|Lagoon at Veli - [[Akkulam]] stretch, [[Trivandrum]]
Image:Paravur Lake, Kollam - An evening scene.jpg|An evening view of [[Paravur Kayal|Paravur Lake]], City of [[Kollam]]
Image:Tvm-veli-backwaters2.jpg|Veli Lake and Backwaters, [[Trivandrum]]
Image:Kerala backwater.jpg|Backwater in [[Ashamudi Lake]]
Image:Kerala Backwaters Cricket.JPG|Children play cricket in a narrow stretch along the backwaters
Image:Cherai Lagoon1.jpg|Lagoon near the [[Cherai Beach]] in [[Ernakulam]]
Image:Cherai Lagoon2.jpg|Lagoon near the [[Cherai Beach]] in [[Ernakulam]]
Image:Kerala backwater 20080218-11.jpg|A boat in a canal near [[Vembanad]] lake
Image:Kerala Backwaters Tour.JPG|Boats
Image:Kerala Backwaters, India.JPG|Local villagers
File:A Houseboat in Backwaters of Kerala.jpg|A Houseboat in Backwaters of Kerala
File:A Houseboat In Kerala Backwaters.jpg|A Houseboat In Kerala Backwaters
File:Kerala Backwaters at Dawn.jpg|Kerala Backwaters at Dawn
File:Boat Service Mundro.jpg|Boat Service in [[Munroe Island]]
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[List of dams and reservoirs in Kerala]]
* [[List of mountains in Kerala]]
* [[List of rivers of Kerala]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Notes==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book|title=Mathrubhumi Yearbook Plus - 2019|publisher=P. V. Chandran, Managing Editor, Mathrubhumi Printing & Publishing Company Limited, Kozhikode|year=2018|location=Kozhikode|last=Chandran |first=VP|edition=Malayalam }}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{commons}}

*[https://www.keralaholidays.com/ Kerala Holidays] - Tour packages and travel information related to Kerala backwaters
* {{Wikivoyage inline}}
{{Waters of South Asia}}
{{Waters of Kerala}}
{{Kerala topics}}
{{Tourism in Kerala}}

{{coord|9.86348|N|76.3594|E|source:kolossus-nlwiki|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kerala Backwaters}}

[[Category:Tourism in Kerala]]
[[Category:Estuaries of India]]
[[Category:Ramsar sites in India]]
[[Category:Landforms of Kerala]]
[[Category:Lagoons of India]]
[[Category:Water transport in Kerala]]

Ancestral House of Rajendra Prasad

2026-03-13T22:47:58Z

Buymediaspace: Starting A Details

{{Short description|Historic house museum in Siwan, Bihar, India}}
{{distinguish|text=[[Sadaqat Ashram]], Dr. Rajendra Prasad's another house in [[Patna]]}}
{{Infobox museum
| name = Ancestral House of Rajendra Prasad
| image = Dr rajendra prasad house.jpg
| caption = Front of the House
| imagesize = 250
| pushpin_map =
| coordinates = {{coord|25.459376|81.8599815|display=inline}}
| established =
| dissolved =
| location = [[Ziradei]], [[Siwan district|Siwan]], [[Bihar]], [[India]]
| type = [[Historic house museum]]
| collections =
| collection_size =
| director =
| curator =
| leader_type = Maintain & Protected by
| leader = [[Archaeological Survey of India]]
| embedded = {{Infobox historic site
| embed = yes
| designation1 = MANI
| designation1_offname = Ancestral House of [[Dr. Rajendra Prasad]] the First [[President of India]]
| designation1_criteria =
| designation1_date = {{start date and age|df=yes|2001|7|26}}
| delisted1_date =
| designation1_partof =
| designation1_number = N-BR-65<ref name="ASI MNI"></ref>
| designation1_free1name = Callection circle
| designation1_free1value = [[List of Monuments of National Importance in Bihar|Patna]]
| designation2_free1name =
| designation2_free1value =
| designation1_free3name =
| designation1_free3value =
}}
| website =
}}

The '''Ancestral House of Rajendra Prasad''' also known as '''''Dr. [[Rajendra Prasad]]'s Ancestral House''''', is located in [[Ziradei]] block of [[Siwan district]], state of [[Bihar]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Dr Rajendra Prasad's ancestral house lies forgotten in the narrow lanes of Ziradei |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/dr-rajendra-prasads-ancestral-house-lies-forgotten-in-the-narrow-lanes-of-ziradei-1157674.html#google_vignette |website=[[News18]] |access-date=12 August 2025 |language=en}}</ref> This house holds immense historical and national importance, representing a significant landmark in the life of a key figure in [[Indian independence movement|India's independence movement]].<ref>{{cite web |title=About Rajendra Prasad "Rajendra Babu" - Digital Sansad |url=https://sansad.in/uploads/02122021_163540_1021206167_0eb433c44b.pdf |website=sansad.in |publisher=Digital Sansad Team, [[Parliament of India]] |access-date=12 August 2025}}</ref> The house is now a protected monument, maintained by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]]'s [[Patna]] circle<ref>{{cite web |title=Chronicle of Rajendra babu's life at home gallery |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/bihar/chronicle-of-rajendra-babu-s-life-at-home-gallery/cid/1369956 |website=telegraphindia.com |publisher=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |access-date=12 August 2025}}</ref> since July 26, 2001<ref>{{cite web |title=CONVERSION OF RESIDENCE OF DR. RAJENDRA PRASAD INTO NATIONAL MUSEUM |url=https://eparlib.sansad.in/bitstream/123456789/408884/1/25435.pdf |website=Digital Sansad |publisher=Team Digital Sansad, asked Dr. Sahabuddin, ex-MP Siwan |access-date=13 August 2025 |language=English}}</ref> with serial number '''N-BR-65'''<ref name="ASI MNI">[http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_alphalist_bihar.asp List of Centrally protected Monuments / Sites under the jurisdiction of Bihar (Patna Circle) - Archaeological Survey of India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140625010759/http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_alphalist_bihar.asp |date=2023-05-15 }}.</ref> in the list of [[Monuments of National Importance]] for [[List of Monuments of National Importance in Bihar|Bihar state]].<ref>{{cite web |title=List of Centrally Protected Monuments (ASI) |url=https://www.nma.gov.in/showfile.php?lang=1&level=1&ls_id=965&lid=1276&nma_type=0 |website=nma.gov.in |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |access-date=14 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Monuments Details - Archaeological Survey of India - Patna Circle - Archaeological Survey of India - Patna Circle |url=https://www.asipatnacircle.gov.in/monuments-details |website=www.asipatnacircle.gov.in |publisher=ASI - Patna Circle |access-date=14 August 2025}}</ref>

== History ==
{{Rajendra Prasad series}}
{{Main|Rajendra Prasad}}
This is the ancestral home of Dr. [[Rajendra Prasad]], who was first [[President of India]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Centrally Protected Monuments/Sites: State-wise and Circle-wise |url=https://asi.nic.in/pdf/CPM%20List%202024_(3698).pdf |website=asi.nic.in |access-date=14 August 2025}}</ref> Prasad ji was born in this house in the year 1884.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dr Rajendra Prasad's 137th birth anniversary marked; birthplace yet to see development |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/english/bharat/dr-rajendra-prasads-birthplace-remains-undeveloped-while-the-nation-celebrates-his-137th-birth-anniversary/na20211203101828424 |website=[[ETV Bharat News]] |access-date=13 August 2025 |language=en |date=3 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Conversion of Dr. Rajendra Prasad House into National Memorial |url=https://elibrary.sansad.in/items/cb5e6229-7f8d-453c-ad8d-3c53ce14040b |website=Digital Sansad |publisher=[[Parliament of India]] |access-date=13 August 2025}}</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Dr Rajendra Prasad House.jpg
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Sadaqat Ashram]]
* [[List of Monuments of National Importance in Bihar]]
* [[List of museums in India]]
* [[Archeological Survey of India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Siwan}}

[[Category:Siwan district]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Siwan district]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Bihar]]
[[Category:History of Siwan district]]
[[Category:Monuments of National Importance in Bihar]]

Bugga Ramalingeswara Swamy Temple

2026-03-11T07:42:42Z

Buymediaspace:

{{short description|Hindu temple in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox temple
| name = Bugga Ramalingeswara Swamy Temple
| image =Tadpatri, Andhra Pradesh ruins of Ramalingeshvara Hindu temple, 1868 photo.jpg
| alt =
| caption =Bugga Ramalingeswara Temple, photographed c. 1868 by Edmund David Lyon
| map_type = India Andhra Pradesh
| map_caption =
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| district = [[Anantapur district]]
| location = [[Tadipatri]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = Lord [[Shiva]]
| year_completed = Between 1490 and 1525
| architecture =
| creator =
| website =
|native_name=బుగ్గరామలింగేశ్వర స్వామి ఆలయం|native_name_lang=Telugu}}
[[File:06a - Musical Pillars and Main Unfinished Gopuram.JPG|thumb|Musical pillars and the main unfinished gopuram]]
'''Bugga Ramalingeswara Swamy Temple''' ({{Langx|te|బుగ్గరామలింగేశ్వర స్వామి ఆలయం}}) is a [[Shiva]] shrine situated on the southern bank of the [[Penna River]] in [[Tadipatri]], [[Anantapur district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pr_EgFKZ8msC&q=Bugga+Ramalingeswara+temple|title=Arch. Series|date=1960|publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh, Department of Archaeology|language=en}}</ref> It was built between 1490 and 1509 by [[Pemmasani Ramalinga Nayudu I]], a chieftain of the [[Gooty|Gutti]]-[[Gandikota]] region during the reign of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]].<ref name=":0" />

The presiding deity is a [[Lingam|linga]], considered to be ‘[[swayambhu]]’ (naturally occurring or self originated).<ref name=":1" /> The temple has seven small independent pillars in front of the [[Vishnu]] shrine and when struck they produce '[[Svara|saptaswara]]' (the seven musical notes).<ref name=":2">Bhaskar, V. S. "District Census Handbook, Anantapur, Part XII-A & B, Series-29". p. 21. <q>''The seven small independent pillars in the temple when touched produce 'Saptaswara' (the seven musical notes).''[http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/2999/1/37970_2001_ANA.pdf]</q></ref> The gopurams of the temple are unfinished and were described by architectural historian James Anderson as ‘wonders’.<ref name="On the road" />

== Description ==
The Bugga Ramalingeswara Swamy Temple is {{cvt|4|km}} from [[Tadipatri]] railway station. It was likely built between 1490 and 1509 during the reign of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Reddy|first=V. K. Rakesh|date=2015-08-10|title=Apathy hits Bugga Ramalingeswara Swamy temple|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/apathy-hits-bugga-ramalingeswara-swamy-temple/article7520316.ece|access-date=2020-10-24|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> As per the Tadipatri ''[[kaifiyat]]'' collected by [[Colin Mackenzie]] in 1802, the temple was built by Ramalinga Nayudu, a chieftain of the [[Gooty|Gutti]]-[[Gandikota]] region in Vijayanagara Empire.<ref name=":0" />

The temple consists of a sanctum, ''ardhmandapa'', and ''mukhamandapa'' in an axial line. The temple contains bas relief structures illustrating episodes from ''[[Ramayana]]'' and ''[[Mahabharata]]''. The presiding deity (linga) being a ‘[[swayambhu]]’ (naturally occurring or self originated).<ref name=":1" /> Unlike other Hindu temples where the deities are east-facing, in this temple the Shiva linga faces west.<ref name="On the road"/> When struck, the seven pillars in front of the Vishnu shrine produce '[[Svara|saptaswara]]' (a musical scale).<ref name=":2" />

The architectural historian James Anderson described the gopurams of this temple as ‘wonders’.<ref name="On the road">{{cite web |title=Bugga Ramalingeswara Temple: Visit this offbeat gem from the Vijayanagara era |url=https://www.beontheroad.com/2019/11/bugga-ramalingeswara-temple-offbeat-weekend-getaway-from-bangalore.html |website=www.beontheroad.com |accessdate=25 October 2020}}</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:01 - Sri Bugga Ramalingeswara Temple.JPG| Entrance to [[Garbhagriha|Garbhagudi]]
File:04 - On the Banks of River Pennar.JPG| Unfinished gopuram
File:05 - Unfinished Temple Gopuram.JPG|Unfinished gopuram
File:06 - Musical Pillars - Vijayanagar Style.JPG|Musical pillars
File:07 - Rocks used for Construction - Vijayanagar Era.JPG|Rocks used for construction
File:Bugga Ramalingeswara temple.jpg| Inside the temple
File:Panoramic view of Sri Rameswara Temple in Tadipatri.jpg|Panoramic view of the temple
File:Rameswaraswamy temple-Dr. Murali Mohan Gurram (2).jpg| Temple carvings
</gallery>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Bugga Ramalingeswara Temple, Tadipatri}}
*https://www.inrootz.in/historic-places/religious-spiritual-temples/pl60/Bugga-Ramalingeswara-Temple-Tadipatri-Anantapur
*{{cite web|url=http://www.hindubooks.org/templesofindia/siva_to_be_adored/andhra_pradesh/tadipatri.htm|publisher=hindubooks.org|title=Tadipatri - Bugga Ramalingeswara Swamy Aalayam|accessdate=2016-09-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170820120128/http://www.hindubooks.org/templesofindia/siva_to_be_adored/andhra_pradesh/tadipatri.htm|archive-date=20 August 2017|url-status=dead}}
*{{cite web|url=https://www.trawell.in/andhra/anantapur/bugga-ramalingeswara-swamy-temple-tadipatri|publisher=trawell.in|title=Bugga Ramalingeswara Swamy Temple - Tadipatri, Anantapur|accessdate=2016-09-12}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.yatrastotemples.com/sri-bugga-ramalingeswara-swamy-temple-tadipathri/|publisher=yatrastotemples.com|title=Sri Bugga Ramalingeswara Swamy Temple in Tadipathri | Anantapur | Andhra Pradesh|accessdate=2016-09-12}}

{{Hindu Temples in Andhra Pradesh}}

{{coord|14.9184|78.0101|type:landmark_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Anantapur district]]
[[Category:15th-century architecture]]
[[Category:16th-century architecture]]

Poozhithodu Weir

2026-03-10T17:11:23Z

Buymediaspace: Made some post v1

[[File:Poozhithodu barrage.jpg|thumb|250px|Poozhithodu Barrage]]

'''Poozhithodu Weir''' is a small diversion dam in [[Kavilumpara]] panchayath in [[Maruthonkara|Maruthomkara]] village of [[Kozhikode]] district in [[Kerala]], [[India]]. This project is a run – off the river scheme utilizing water from Illiani puzha and [[Kadanthrapuzha]] . It is 61 km away from Kozhikode and near to [[Perambra]] town.The weir is constructed across Kadanthrapuzha.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Diversion Structures in Kozhikode District – KSEB Limited Dam Safety Organisation|url=https://dams.kseb.in/?p=180|access-date=2021-07-29|language=en-US}}{{CC-notice|cc=bysa2.5}} </ref> The weir is a {{Convert|6|m}} high and {{Convert|57|m}} long concrete Gravity type dam. Water from the weir is directed through a channel which is 790 meter in length to a forebay tank. From there the weter is taken to Poozhithode Power station using a penstock pipe which is 125 meter long and 1.5 meter in diameter. The Project started in 2009 and was completed in 2011. The Power plant capacity is 4.8 Megawatts and annual production is 10.97 million units. <ref>{{Citation|title=പൂഴിത്തോട് ജലവൈദ്യുത പദ്ധതി|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-X2Rf-md9xo&list=RDCMUCAK0P7b-eQ7u5waz93Ld_Ww&index=19|language=en|access-date=2021-08-03}}</ref>

== Specifications ==
{| class="wikitable"
|Dam/Weir: Poozhithodu
|-
|Location
|Latitude:11⁰39’4.5”N
Longitude:75⁰51’47.5”E
|Dam Features
|-
|
|Type of Dam
|Concrete gravity
|-
|Panchayath
|Kavilumpara
|Classification
|Weir
|-
|Village
|Maruthomkara
|Maximum Water Level (MWL)
|EL 272.6 m
|-
|District
|Kozhikode
|Full Reservoir Level ( FRL)
|EL 271.35 m
|-
|River Basin
|Kuttiady
|Storage at FRL
|Diversion only
|-
|River
|Illianipuzha & Kadanthrapuzha
|Height from deepest foundation
|6.0 m
|-
|Release from Dam to river
|Kadanthra puzha
|Length
|56.95 m
|-
|Taluk through which release flows
|Koyilandy
|Spillway
|No spillway
|-
|Year of completion
|2011
|Crest Level
|EL 271.35 m
|-
|Name of Project
|Poozhithode Small Hydro Electric Project
|River Outlet
|
|-
|Purpose of Project
|Hydro Power
|Officers in charge & phone No.
|Executive Engineer, KG Division, Kakkayam, PIN-673615 Phone.9446008466
|-
|Installed capacity of the Project
|3×1.6(4.8MW)
|Assistant Executive Engineer, SHEP, Kakkayam, PIN- 673615 Phone.9446045170
|-
|Project Identification Code ( PIC)
|Nil
|-
|
|}

==External links==
*[https://dams.kseb.in/?p=180 Diversion Structures in Kozhikode District] - KSEB
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-X2Rf-md9xo&list=RDCMUCAK0P7b-eQ7u5waz93Ld_Ww&index=18 Poozhithode SHEP Short film]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Dams in Kerala}}

{{Coord|11|39|4|N|75|51|48|E|region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Dams completed in 2011]]
[[Category:Dams in Kozhikode district]]

Reena Bhatti

2026-03-06T15:55:25Z

Buymediaspace: Made the page w/ refs

{{Short description|Indian mountaineer}}
{{Infobox climber
| name = Reena Bhatti
| image =File:Everest Base Camp 2023.jpg
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1989}}<ref name=":38" />
| birth_place = [[Hisar district]], [[Haryana]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| nationality = Indian
| majorascents = fastest Indian woman to climb [[Mount Everest]] and [[Lhotse|Mount Lhotse]]
| spouse =
| children =
| Website =
}}

'''Reena Bhatti''', also known as '''Himputri''', is an Indian [[Mountaineering|mountaineer]] from [[Haryana]], [[India]].<ref name=":38">{{Cite web |last=Siwach |first=Sukhbir |date=2025-04-18 |title=Now, woman mountaineer seeks govt job, financial aid after Haryana offered Rs 4 crore to Vinesh Phogat |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/mountaineer-govt-job-financial-aid-haryana-4-crore-vinesh-phogat-9950797/lite/ |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Hindu |first=The |date=2025-04-17 |title=Haryana mountaineer seeks better job, higher cash reward |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/haryana-mountaineer-seeks-better-job-higher-cash-reward/article69461733.ece/ |access-date=2025-05-01 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":41">{{Cite news |title=Hisar woman mountaineer seeks job from govt |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/hisar-woman-mountaineer-seeks-job-from-govt-101744918499337.html |access-date=1 May 2025 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref> She is known for summiting multiple high-altitude peaks, including [[Mount Everest]] and [[Lhotse|Mount Lhotse]], which she reportedly climbed within a span of 20.5 hours in May 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-04 |title=हरियाणा की रीना स्नो लेपर्ड मिशन पर: 7000 मीटर से ऊंची 5 चोटियों की चढ़ाई पर मिलती है उपाधि, पहली बाधा पार - Hisar News |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/haryana/hisar/news/haryana-daughter-reena-bhatti-target-snow-leopard-mission-133428977.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907045938/https://www.bhaskar.com/amp/local/haryana/hisar/news/haryana-daughter-reena-bhatti-target-snow-leopard-mission-133428977.html |archive-date=2024-09-07 |access-date=2025-05-01 |work=Dainik Bhaskar |language=hi |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=रीना भट्टी ने 20.5 घंटे में 2 चोटियों को किया फतह |url=https://m.dainiktribuneonline.com/article/reena-bhatti-climbed-2-peaks-in-20-5-hours/562342/amp |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=Dainik Tribune |language=en}}</ref> Bhatti has participated in over 20 mountaineering expeditions across the [[Himalayas]], [[Central Asia]], and [[Europe]] since 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-16 |title=PHOTOS: हरियाणा की बेटी ने 15 अगस्त को माउंट एल्ब्रुस पर फहराया तिरंगा, -20 डिग्री से कम था तापमान |url=https://hindi.news18.com/photogallery/haryana/chandigarh-city-reena-bhatti-of-haryana-hoisted-the-tricolor-on-mount-elbrus-on-august-15-the-temperature-was-less-than-minus-20-degrees-hrrm-4473415.html |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=24 घंटे में माउंट एल्‍ब्रुस फतह करने का दावा, ऐसा करने वाली देश की पहली महिला बनीं हिसार की रीना भट्टी - Reena Bhatti of Hisar became first woman in country to scale Mount Elbrus in 24 hours jagran special |url=https://www.jagran.com/haryana/hisar-reena-bhatti-of-hisar-became-first-woman-in-country-to-scale-mount-elbrus-in-24-hours-jagran-special-22992122.html |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Bhatti was born in Balak village in [[Barwala, Hisar|Barwala]] tehsil of [[Hisar district]], [[Haryana]].<ref name=":39">{{Cite web |title=Despite scaling 20 summits, Reena awaits govt recognition |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/despite-scaling-20-summits-reena-awaits-govt-recognition/amp |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref> Born into a modest family, Bhatti is the daughter of a tractor mechanic.<ref name=":39" /> She earned a [[Master of Computer Applications]] (MCA) degree in 2017 and worked in the private sector before beginning her mountaineering career.<ref name=":38" />

== Career ==
Bhatti began [[mountaineering]] in 2019 and has participated in expeditions in India and internationally, climbing peaks with different altitudes and technical requirements.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Haryana News: हिसार की बेटी रीना भट्टी ने देश का नाम किया बुलंद, आमा डब्लम की चोटी की फतेह {{!}} News in Hindi |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/delhi-ncr-haryana/haryana-news-reena-bhatti-climbs-ama-dablam-peak/1932683/amp |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=zeenews.india.com}}</ref>

=== Notable expeditions ===

* [[Mount Everest]] and [[Lhotse|Mount Lhotse]] (2024): In May 2024, Bhatti summited Mount Everest (8,848.86 m) and Mount Lhotse (8,516 m) within a span of 20.5 hours, reportedly becoming the fastest Indian woman to climb both peaks.<ref>{{Cite news |title=रीना ने माउंट एवरेस्ट, माउंट ल्होत्से चोटी को 20.50 घंटे में किया फतह |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/haryana/hisar/news/reena-conquered-mount-everest-mount-lhotse-peak-in-2050-hours-133066818.html |access-date=1 May 2025 |work=Bhaskar}}</ref><ref name=":38" /> This was her second attempt, following an earlier expedition in 2023 that ended short of the summit due to technical challenges.<ref>{{Cite web |title=माउंट एवरेस्ट सहित 23 चोटियां की फतेह, अब नौकरी की आस... मैकेनिक की बेटी ने हरियाणा के CM से लगाई गुहार |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/punjab-and-haryana/chandigarh/haryana-tractor-mechanic-daughter-reena-who-conquered-23-peaks-including-mount-everest-appeals-for-job/articleshow/120399175.cms |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref>
* [[Mount Elbrus]] (2022): In August 2022, Bhatti climbed both the western (5,642 m) and eastern (5,621 m) summits of Mount Elbrus in Russia within a 24-hour period.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Independence Day: हरियाणा की बेटी ने माउंट एल्ब्रुस पर फहराया तिरंगा, -20 डिग्री से कम था तापमान |url=https://www.amarujala.com/haryana/hisar/reena-bhati-of-haryana-hoisted-the-tricolor-on-mount-elbrus-on-independence-day |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref> She undertook this climb in association with the Har Ghar Tiranga campaign.<ref name=":39" />
* [[Ama Dablam]] (2023): Bhatti summited Ama Dablam (6,812 m) in Nepal in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hisar News: पर्वतारोही रीना भट्टी ने अमा डबलम चोटी को फतह किया |url=https://www.amarujala.com/haryana/hisar/mountaineer-reena-bhatti-conquers-ama-dablam-peak-hisar-news-c-21-hsr1020-244268-2023-10-20 |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref>
* Mount Kang Yatse and Mount Dzo Jongo (2022): In [[Ladakh]], Bhatti climbed Mount Kang Yatse (6,270 m) and Mount Dzo Jongo (6,240 m) in a single expedition lasting approximately 70 hours.<ref name=":40">{{Cite news |title=Despite record 23 summits, Reena Bhatti still awaits recognition from Haryana government |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/despite-record-23-summits-reena-bhatti-still-awaits-recognition-from-haryana-government/articleshow/120437702.cms |access-date=2025-05-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
In 2022, Bhatti participated in the "Depression Against Running" relay, described as one of the longest relay races held in India.<ref name=":41" />

== Award and recognition ==
* Sir Chhotu Ram Memorial Bharat Gaurav Award (2024): Bhatti received this award in November 2024 in recognition of her achievements in mountaineering.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Haryana News : पर्वतारोही रीना भट्टी को मिला सर छोटूराम मेमोरियल भारत गौरव अवार्ड |url=https://m.dainiktribuneonline.com/article/haryana-news-mountaineer-reena-bhatti-received-sir-chhotu-ram-memorial-bharat-gaurav-award/630574/amp |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=Www.dainiktribuneonline.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Public engagement ==
In 2025, Bhatti publicly appealed to the [[Government of Haryana]] for recognition of her accomplishments, requesting employment and financial assistance similar to that extended to athletes from other sports disciplines.<ref name=":39" />

In July 2025, Bhatti served as a brand ambassador for a half‑marathon held on Ambala Road, [[Kaithal]], as part of an awareness campaign against drug abuse in Haryana.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2025-07-14 |title=Saini urges youth to join fight against drug abuse |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/saini-urges-youth-to-join-fight-against-drug-abuse-101752430958677.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250716004849/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/saini-urges-youth-to-join-fight-against-drug-abuse-101752430958677.html |archive-date=2025-07-16 |access-date=2025-07-22 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us |url-status=live }}</ref> She participated in the event alongside chief minister [[Nayab Singh Saini]] and other prominent figures.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhatti, Reena}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian mountain climbers]]
[[Category:Indian female mountain climbers]]
[[Category:Mountain climbers from Haryana]]
[[Category:Indian summiteers of Mount Everest]]
[[Category:1989 births]]

Ninagaagi Kaadiruve

2026-03-03T21:45:48Z

Buymediaspace: Made the stub initial version

{{No plot|date=February 2025}}
{{Short description|Indian film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ninagaagi Kaadiruve
| image = Ninagaagi Kaadiruve.jpg
| caption = DVD cover
| director = [[Jolly Bastian]]
| producer = B V Sathish Babu
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| starring = {{Plainlist|
*Vishal Hegde
*[[Pooja Gandhi]]
}}
| narrator =
| music = Robin Gurung
| cinematography = P Rajan
| editing = K Girish Kumar
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2009|10|16}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Ninagaagi Kaadiruve''''' is a 2009 Indian [[Kannada]]-language film directed by [[Jolly Bastian]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/pooja-gets-an-assurance/articleshow/22175546.cms|title=Pooja gets an assurance|newspaper=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|date=9 April 2009|accessdate=12 November 2022}}</ref> starring Vishal Hegde and [[Pooja Gandhi]] in lead roles.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2009/Jan/19/poojas-twin-endearing-acts-19109.html|title=Pooja's twin endearing acts|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=19 January 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/its-a-first-for-pooja/articleshow/22268199.cms|title=It's a first for Pooja|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|date=29 December 2008}}</ref>

==Cast==

* Vishal Hegde as Nandan
* [[Pooja Gandhi]] as Swetha
* [[Dileep Raj]] as Vishwas
* [[M. S. Umesh]]
* Suresh Mangalore
* Mohan Juneja
* Bank Suresh
* Dr Vijaykumar
* Rakesh Lobo

==Music==

{{Infobox album
| name = Ninagaagi Kaadiruve
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Robin Gurung
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2009
| recorded = 2009
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 20:46
| language = Kannada
| label =
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year = 2008
| year = 2009
| next_title =
| next_year = 2010
| misc = {{external music video| header = Official audio
|{{YouTube| jNWTyjJEAS0| Ninagaagi Kaadiruve- Full Album}}
}}
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 20:46
| title1 = Bahumanavade Neenu
| extra1 = [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]]
| length1 = 4:36
| title2 = Jhoom Jhoom Anuva
| extra2 = [[K. S. Chithra]]
| length2 = 3:53
| title3 = Rampam Rangina
| extra3 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
| length3 = 3:07
| title4 = Iduve Jeevana
| extra4 = Kavitha Jayaram
| length4 = 5:00
| title5 = Ninagagi Kadiruve
| extra5 = Smrithi Surendranath, Nachiket Abhyankar
| length5 = 4:50
}}

== Reception ==
=== Critical response ===

R G Vijayasarathy of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' scored the film at 1.5 out of 5 stars and says "Pooja Gandhi looks glamorous in the song sequences, but her performance is average. Vishal Hegde is the pick of the lot. Dileep scores in the villain's role though it is not well defined. The Bahumaanavaadhe song is well composed by Robin Gurang. Camera work is just passable. All in all, Ninagaagi Kaadiruve is a big yawn. Watch it only if you do not have any other alternative".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-kannada-movie-review-ninagaagi-kaadiruve/20091016.htm|title=Ninagaagi Kaadiruve is an amateurish attempt|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=16 October 2009}}</ref> A critic from [[Deccan Herald]] wrote "Touted a suspense-thriller-cum-love story, ‘Ninagagi...’ preys on viewers’ nerves. Coming just a week after ‘Huchchi’, Pooja’s nervous pants and shrieks do not register, damaging the nearly non-existent storyline. She should also be taught the nuances of diction. Another mystery is why an actor like Dileep Raj chose such a role. Jolly Bastian has taken everyone for a jolly ride with this one".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/amp/content/30998/ninagagi-kaadhiruway.html|title=Ninagagi Kaadhiruway|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=16 October 2009}}</ref> A critic from [[Bangalore Mirror]] wrote "Though it is commendable that Pooja Gandhi is dubbing for her roles, her accent adds to the snickering moments for the audience. Ninagaagi Kaadiruve is not a bad film and is worth a watch but it could have been much better".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/ninagaagi-kaadiruve-an-amateurish-attempt/articleshow/22021043.cms|title=Ninagaagi Kaadiruve: An amateurish attempt|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|date=16 October 2009}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2009 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2009 films]]
[[Category:2009 Indian films]]

Administrative divisions of Assam

2026-03-03T13:48:57Z

Buymediaspace:

{{short description|Regional divisions in Assam}}
[[File:Assam districts map.svg|thumb|400px|Administrative division of Assam:
{{Legend-col
|{{legend|#02D554|[[Lower Assam division|Lower Assam]]}}
|{{legend|#CE88E0|[[North Assam Division|North Assam]]}}
|{{legend|#FF8182|[[Upper Assam division|Upper Assam]]}}
|{{legend|#FFCD01|[[Central Assam division|Central Assam]]}}
|{{legend|#FF8027|[[Barak Valley]]}}
}}]]
The state of [[Assam]] in India has five regional divisions, each comprising a number of districts. The Divisional Commissioner is the head of administration of a division.{{citation needed|date=July 2023}}

== History ==
{{Location map+ |India Assam|float=right |width=300 |caption={{center|Location of the oldest urban centres recognised as a municipality region of Assam before 1947.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.unil.ch/files/live/sites/igu-urban/files/shared/Manta.pdf|title=Urbanisation and Growth of Small Towns in Assam, India|work=Rinku Manta, Research Scholar, Deptt. of Geography - Gauhati University and Dr. Jnanshree Borah, Associate Professor, Deptt. of Geography: Arya Vidyapeeth and Cotton College - Gauhati University|date=2005|access-date=2017-04-07|archive-date=2020-10-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026171344/https://www.unil.ch/files/live/sites/igu-urban/files/shared/Manta.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pL_GfLfK3lYC&q=permanent+centres+of+commerce&pg=PA1|title=Report on the Administration of North East India|work=K. M. Mittal|date=1921}}</ref>}}|places=
{{Location map~ |India Assam|lat=27.48|long=95.00|label_size=80 |label=[[Dibrugarh]]|position=left}}
{{Location map~ |India Assam|lat=26.02|long=90.00|label_size=80 |label=[[Dhubri]]|position=bottom}}
{{Location map~ |India Assam|lat=26.17|long=90.62|label_size=80 |label=[[Goalpara]]|position=top}}
{{Location map~ |India Assam|lat=26.52|long=93.97|label_size=80 |label=[[Golaghat]]|position=right}}
{{Location map~ |India Assam|lat=26.17|long=91.75|label_size=80|label=[[Guwahati]]|position=top}}
{{Location map~ |India Assam|lat=26.75|long=94.22|label_size=80 |label=[[Jorhat]]|position=left}}
{{Location map~ |India Assam|lat=26.35|long=92.67|label_size=80 |label=[[Nagaon]]|position=right}}
{{Location map~ |India Assam|lat=26.63|long=92.8|label_size=80 |label=[[Tezpur]]|position=left}}
{{Location map~ |India Assam|lat=24.82|long=92.8|label_size=80 |label=[[Silchar]]|position=right}}
|default_width=240|border=none}}
In 1874, Assam was constituted as a ''Chief Commissioner's province'' with the seat of the government in [[Shillong]], the erstwhile capital of Assam, which is now in [[Meghalaya]]. To better administer the six districts of Goalpara, Kamrup, Sonitpur, Nagaon (formerly, Nowgong), Sivasagar (formerly, Sibsagar) and Lakhimpur, (the districts in the Brahmaputra valley, also called [[Assam Valley]]), the Judge of Assam Valley was given the additional charge of a commissioner in 1880.<ref>"In 1879, Sir Bayley, therefore, proposed to the Government of India that the Judge of Assam Valley to be the ex-officio Commissioner of Assam Valley. High Court objected to the proposal. But Government of India approved the scheme and the Chief Commissioner invested the Judge of Assam with the powers of a Commissioner of a Division." {{harv|Bose|1985|p=32}}</ref> In 1905, the offices of the Judge and the Commissioner were segregated in the Assam Valley;<ref>{{harv|Bose|1985|p=33}}</ref> in addition to adding a separate Commissioner's office for the administration of the Hill Districts and Surma Valley.<ref>{{harv|Bose|1985|p=36}}</ref>
==List of divisions==
===Current divisions===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:86%"
|-
! Division Name !! Divisional Office !! Districts
!Population
!Area
|-
| [[Barak Valley division|Barak Valley]] || [[Silchar]] || [[Cachar district|Cachar]], [[Hailakandi district|Hailakandi]], and [[Karimganj district|Karimganj]]
|3,612,581
|
|-
| [[Central Assam Division|Central Assam and Hills]] || [[Nagaon]] || [[Dima Hasao district|Dima Hasao]], [[Hojai district|Hojai]], [[Karbi Anglong district|Karbi Anglong]], [[West Karbi Anglong district|West Karbi Anglong]], [[Morigaon district|Morigaon]], and [[Nagaon district|Nagaon]]
|5,894,460
|
|-
| [[Lower Assam Division|Lower Assam]] || [[Guwahati]] || [[Baksa district|Baksa]], [[Barpeta district|Barpeta]], [[Bajali district|Bajali]], [[Bongaigaon district|Bongaigaon]], [[Chirang district|Chirang]], [[Dhubri district|Dhubri]], [[Goalpara district|Goalpara]], [[Nalbari district|Nalbari]], [[Kamrup Metropolitan district|Kamrup Metropolitan]], [[Kamrup district|Kamrup Rural]], [[Kokrajhar district|Kokrajhar]], and [[South Salmara-Mankachar district|South Salmara-Mankachar]], [[Tamulpur]]
|13,179,980
|
|-
| [[North Assam Division|North Assam]] || [[Tezpur]] || [[Biswanath district|Biswanath]], [[Darrang district|Darrang]], [[Sonitpur district|Sonitpur]], and [[Udalguri district|Udalguri]]
|4,246,834
|
|-
| [[Upper Assam Division|Upper Assam]] || [[Jorhat]] || [[Charaideo district|Charaideo]], [[Dhemaji district|Dhemaji]], [[Dibrugarh district|Dibrugarh]], [[Golaghat district|Golaghat]], [[Jorhat district|Jorhat]], [[Lakhimpur district|Lakhimpur]], [[Majuli district|Majuli]], [[Sivasagar district|Sivasagar]], and [[Tinsukia district|Tinsukia]]
|7,840,943
|
|}
<ref>{{harv|Press Trust of India2015}}</ref>

===Proposed divisions (new) {{cn|date=August 2022}} ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:86%"
|-
! Division Name !! Divisional Office !! Districts
|-
| [[Assam Hills]] || [[Diphu]] || [[Dima Hasao district|Dima Hasao]], [[Karbi Anglong district|Karbi Anglong]], and [[West Karbi Anglong district|West Karbi Anglong]]
|-
| [[Barak Valley]] || [[Silchar]] || [[Cachar district|Cachar]], [[Hailakandi district|Hailakandi]], and [[Karimganj district|Karimganj]]
|-
| [[Bodoland]] || [[Kokrajhar]] || [[Baksa district|Baksa]], [[Chirang district|Chirang]], [[Kokrajhar district|Kokrajhar]], and [[Udalguri district|Udalguri]]
|-
| [[Central Assam]] || [[Nagaon]] || [[Hojai district|Hojai]], [[Morigaon district|Morigaon]], and [[Nagaon district|Nagaon]]
|-
| [[Kamrup region|Kamrup]] || [[Guwahati]] || [[Darrang district|Darrang]], [[East Kamrup district|East Kamrup]], [[Kamrup Metropolitan district|Kamrup Metropolitan]], [[Kamrup Rural district|Kamrup Rural]], and [[South Kamrup district|South Kamrup]]
|-
| [[Lower Assam]] || [[Bongaigaon]] || [[Barpeta district|Barpeta]], [[Bajali district|Bajali]], [[Bongaigaon district|Bongaigaon]], [[Dhubri district|Dhubri]], [[Goalpara district|Goalpara]], [[Nalbari district|Nalbari]], and [[South Salmara-Mankachar district|South Salmara-Mankachar]]
|-
| [[North Assam]] || [[Tezpur]] || [[Biswanath district|Biswanath]], [[Lakhimpur district|Lakhimpur]], and [[Sonitpur district|Sonitpur]]
|-
| [[Upper Assam]] || [[Jorhat]] ||[[Charaideo district|Charaideo]], [[Dhemaji district|Dhemaji]], [[Dibrugarh district|Dibrugarh]], [[Golaghat district|Golaghat]], [[Jorhat district|Jorhat]], [[Majuli district|Majuli]], [[Sivasagar district|Sivasagar]], and [[Tinsukia district|Tinsukia]]
|}

==Municipal corporations==
===Municipal corporation (present)===
* [[Guwahati]]
* [[Dibrugarh]]
* [[Silchar]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1161222/jsp/northeast/story_126084.jsp#.WOeV1BIrIch|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223005542/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1161222/jsp/northeast/story_126084.jsp#.WOeV1BIrIch|url-status=dead|archive-date=December 23, 2016|title=Citizens submit memo to Sonowal, ''The Telegraph (Calcutta – Gauhati)''|work=Avik Chakraborty|date=21 December 2016|access-date=21 December 2016}}</ref>

==Oldest recognised and constantly inhabited urban areas==
The list of the oldest urban areas based on the earliest years of formation of the civic bodies,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.unil.ch/files/live/sites/igu-urban/files/shared/Manta.pdf|title=Urbanisation and Growth of Small Towns in Assam, India|work=Rinku Manta, Research Scholar, Deptt. of Geography - Gauhati University and Dr. Jnanshree Borah, Associate Professor, Deptt. of Geography: Arya Vidyapeeth and Cotton College - Gauhati University|date=2005|access-date=2017-04-07|archive-date=2020-10-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026171344/https://www.unil.ch/files/live/sites/igu-urban/files/shared/Manta.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pL_GfLfK3lYC&q=permanent+centres+of+commerce&pg=PA1|title=Report on the Administration of North East India|work=K. M. Mittal|date=1921}}</ref> constituted before [[Indian Independence Act 1947|India's Independence of 1947]].
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:86%"
! Type || Formation period||| Urban areas
|-
| [[Nagar Palika|Municipal board region]] || [[Independence Day (India)|Prior to India's independence in 1947]] ||
{{div col|small=no|colwidth=22em}}
# [[Guwahati]]<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mJroCwAAQBAJ|title=Economics Of Informal Milk Producing Units In Assam – Guwahati municipal region, 1853, reconstituted 1873. |first=Jugal|last=Saikia|date=8 April 2016|publisher=Notion Press|access-date=5 August 2016|via=Google Books|isbn=9789352069385 }}</ref>
# [[Silchar]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://silchartoday.com/silchar/silchar-municipal-board-silchar-municipality-assam/|title=Silchar Municipal Board (Silchar Municipality) Assam – Silchar Karimganj Hailakandi – ''Silchar municipal region, 1922''|access-date=5 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160728100952/http://silchartoday.com/silchar/silchar-municipal-board-silchar-municipality-assam/|archive-date=28 July 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
# [[Dibrugarh]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dibrugarhmunicipality.org.in/|title=Dibrugarh Municipal Board – ''Dibrugarh municipal region, 1873.''|access-date=2017-04-07|archive-date=2016-06-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611150105/http://dibrugarhmunicipality.org.in/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
# [[Goalpara]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://goalparamb.org.in/Aboutus.html|title=Goalpara Municipal Board-About Us – ''Goalpara municipal region, 1875.''|access-date=2017-04-07|archive-date=2016-06-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160625135907/http://goalparamb.org.in/Aboutus.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
# [[Dhubri]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dhubrimb.org.in/|title=Dhubri Municipal Board – ''Dhubri municipal region, 1883.''}}</ref>
# [[Nagaon]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nagaon.gov.in/hist.html|title=Nagaon – History – ''Nagaon municipal region, 1893.''|access-date=2017-04-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418063334/http://nagaon.gov.in/hist.html|archive-date=2018-04-18|url-status=dead}}</ref>
# [[Tezpur]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tezpurmb.co.in/AboutMunicipalBoard.aspx|title=About Municipal Board – Tezpur – ''Tezpur municipal region''|access-date=2017-04-07|archive-date=2016-06-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624164612/http://www.tezpurmb.co.in/AboutMunicipalBoard.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref>
# [[Jorhat]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jorhatmunicipalboard.org/jorhat_municipal_board.php|title=Jorhat Municipal Board(JBM), Jorhat, Assam – ''Jorhat municipal region, 1909''|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160327181336/http://jorhatmunicipalboard.org/jorhat_municipal_board.php|archive-date=2016-03-27}}</ref>
# [[Golaghat]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150119/jsp/northeast/story_9079.jsp#.V0OXAZMrIcg|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630120603/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150119/jsp/northeast/story_9079.jsp#.V0OXAZMrIcg|url-status=dead|archive-date=June 30, 2015|title=AGP lists civic poll candidates – ''Golaghat municipal region, 1920''|access-date=5 August 2016}}</ref>

{{div col end}}
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
===Sources===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=Bose |first=M L |title=Development of Administration in Assam |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |location=New Delhi |year=1985}}
* {{cite newsgroup |author=Press Trust of India |title=Assam reorganises different divisions |date=October 31, 2015 |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/assam-reorganises-different-divisions-115103101125_1.html |access-date=November 1, 2015}}
{{refend}}

[[Category:Divisions of Assam| ]]
[[Category:Assam-related lists]]

Sanghol

2026-03-03T05:39:26Z

Buymediaspace: Page updated with relevant improvements

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sanghol
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Ucha Pind
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India#India Punjab
| pushpin_relief = yes
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Punjab, India
| coordinates = {{coord|30|47|02|N|76|23|20|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Fatehgarh Sahib district|Fatehgarh Sahib]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 141128
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 01628
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = Khamano
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Sanghol''' is a historical village located in [[Fatehgarh Sahib District]] of [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]], India dating to the [[Harrapan civilisation]]. It is also known as Uchha Pind Sanghol. It is about 40 km from [[Chandigarh]] on the way to [[Ludhiana]] and approximately 10 km from [[Dholewal]]. It is of archaeological significance.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_exca_indi_punjab.asp|title=Archaeological Survey of India}}</ref> Excavations at the site have yielded coins and [[Seal (emblem)|seals]] related to [[Toramana]] and [[Mihirakula]] belonging to central Asia. A [[Buddhist]] [[stupa]] was excavated in 1968, and in February 1985 117 carved stone slabs, including 69 pillars, 35 crossbars, figures and figurines, was excavated by the experts of the [[Directorate of Archaeology]], Punjab. Scholars have said they are [[Kushan Empire|Kushan]] sculptures of the [[Mathura, Uttar Pradesh|Mathura]] school of the 1st and 2nd centuries AD. They are in [[Sanghol Museum]]. Some of the art pieces from this museum sometimes go on display as special exhibits at various museums around the world.

Situated on the top of a mound, Ucha Pind Sanghol is spread over an area of 200 km.

==Archaeobotany==
Among the remains at Sanghol are several fire altars dated to the Kushan period ({{circa}} 100-300 CE), which would have been used to perform [[yajna]] fire sacrifices. When excavated, the altars were full of ash and loose soil, with [[carbonization|carbonised]] plant material identifiable as including burnt grains and pulses, seeds, and fruits, as well as wood [[charcoal]]. The grains and pulses included rice (''Oryza sativa''), barley (''Hordeum vulgare''), wheat (''[[Triticum aestivum]]''), [[mung bean|mung]] (''Vigna radiata''), urad (''[[Vigna mungo]]''), [[lentil]]s (''Lens culinaris''), and sesame (''Sesamum indicum''). These are all included in the [[Yajurveda]]'s list of twelve sacred grains to be used for sacrifices. Two grains of horsegram (''[[Dolichos biflorus]]'') and four grains of grasspea (''[[Lathyrus sativus]]'') were also identified among the burnt remains; based on their very small quantity, and their absence from Vedic texts discussing suitable yajna materials, the horsegram and grasspea were likely not intended to be included in the sacrifice and only accidentally ended up mixed in with the other grains and pulses that were meant to be sacrificed.<ref name="Saraswat and Pokharia 1997">{{cite journal |last1=Saraswat |first1=K. S. |last2=Pokharia |first2=Anil K. |title=On the Remains of Botanical Material used in Fire-Sacrifice Ritualized during Kushana Period at Sanghol (Punjab) |journal=Pragdhara |date=1997 |volume=8 |pages=149-81 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342096107_On_the_Remains_of_Botanical_Material_used_in_Fire-Sacrifice_Ritualized_during_Kushana_Period_at_Sanghol_Punjab |access-date=3 March 2026}}</ref>{{rp|150-1, 162-4}}

Edible fruits and nuts included wild jujube (''[[Ziziphus nummularia]]''), cultivated jujube (''[[Ziziphus jujuba]]''), dates, almonds, walnuts, grapes (or more likely, raisins), chilgoza (''[[Pinus gerardiana]]''), pistachio, and gular-fig (''[[Ficus glomerata]]''). Chilgoza was probably then, as now, imported from Afghanistan or the Himalayas.<ref name="Saraswat and Pokharia 1997"/>{{rp|162, 166}}

Medicinal fruits and seeds included emblic myrabolan (''[[Emblica officinalis]]''), nutmeg (''[[Myristica fragrans]]''), [[tulasi]] (''Ocimum sanctum''), chebulic myrabolan (''[[Terminalia chebula]]''), khanda or phok (''[[Ephedra (plant)|Ephedra]]'' sp.), and black pepper (''Piper nigrum''). Of these, ''Ephedra'' is particularly important because it may represent the ancient [[soma (drink)|soma]], which held great religious and cultural importance and was [[somayajna|an important component of yajna sacrifices]]. A few seeds of an unspecified wild sedge (''[[Cyperus]]'' sp.) also survived, but their condition was not good enough to identify a specific species.<ref name="Saraswat and Pokharia 1997"/>{{rp|162, 168-9}}

Wood charcoals included pipal (''[[Ficus religiosa]]''), gular (''Ficus glomerata''), palash or dhak (''[[Butea monosperma]]''), deodar (''[[Cedrus deodara]]''), tamal (''[[Cinnamomum tamala]]''), sandalwood (''[[Santalum album]]''), and kaith (''[[Feronia limonia]]''). Apart from kaith, all are mentioned in Puranic texts as recommended for use in yajna sacrifices. Deodar, tamal, and sandalwood are not native to the region, and would probably have been imported — deodar and tamal from the Himalayan regions, and sandalwood from southern India. Sandalwood was historically fairly expensive, so its use at Sanghol was likely in limited amounts.<ref name="Saraswat and Pokharia 1997"/>{{rp|162, 170-1}}

==Museum==
{{main|Sanghol Museum}}
Sanghol is famed for the [[Sanghol Museum]]. It belongs to the civilisation of Harappan which is retained by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI).It has various antiques that were discovered during the excavations at Sanghol. The various sculptures of stone are the eye catching attractions of the museum which are displayed in the Upper gallery. Maps, charts, photographs, graphs and drawings are arranged chronically. It displays art forms of Kushana period (extending between 2nd and 3rd century).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.holidayiq.com/Sanghol-Fatehgarh-Sahib-Sightseeing-1100-14293.html|title=SANGHOL HISTORIC PLACE IN FATEHGARH|website=SANGHOL HISTORIC PLACE IN FATEHGARH}}</ref> A large of number of relics dating from the late [[Indus Valley Civilization|Harappan]] civilization (1720 – 1300 BC) to 6th century AD is found here.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://fatehgarhsahib.nic.in/sanghol.htm |title=Fatehgarhsahib website (govt.owned) |publisher=Fatehgarhsahib.nic.in |date=1990-04-10 |accessdate=2012-07-06}}</ref> More than 15000 artefacts were collected from this site and majority of them are displayed in this museum.

==Gallery==
<gallery>
Image:Sanghol_India_Stupa_site_description.JPG|Sanghol Ancient Stupa site info
File:Sanghol Buddha in the style of Mathura.jpg|Sanghol Buddha in the [[Art of Mathura|style of Mathura]]
Image:Sanghol_India_Supa_site_photo1.JPG|Stupa site
Image:SangholIndia_PArt_of_stupa_site.JPG|Stupa Site, part on the side
Image:SangholIndia_Ancient_Site_1-2AD.JPG|Ancient Site
Image:Sanghol_India_Village_gathering_place.JPG|Village Chowk
Image:Sanghol_India_Part_of_excavation.JPG|Part of Excavation
Image:Sanghol_India_Museum_Description_Board.JPG|Museum info board
Image:Sanghol_India_Museum.JPG|Museum building
Image:Sanghol_India_excavated_site_in_village.JPG|Another excavation in village
Image:Sanghol_India_Anciant_Stupa_site.JPG|Stupa site another angle
Image:Sanghol_india_ancient_site_info_board.JPG|Info board on road
Image:Sanghol_India_anciant_site_overview.JPG|Buddhist ancient site
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Fatehgarh Sahib district}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Indus Valley Civilisation sites]]
[[Category:Fatehgarh Sahib]]
[[Category:Villages in Fatehgarh Sahib district]]
[[Category:Bara culture]]

Locker (film)

2026-03-03T02:31:08Z

Buymediaspace: Created article - done

{{Use Indian English|date=September 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name =
| image = Locker (film).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Rajasekar Natarajan Yuvaraj Kannan
| writer =
| producer =
| starring = {{Plainlist|
*Vignesh Shanmugham
*Niranjini Ashokan
*[[Nivas Adithan]]
}}
| cinematography = Thanikai Dasan
| editing = Srikanth Kanaparthi
| music = Vykunth Srinivasan
| studio = Narayanan Selvam Productions
| runtime = 129 mins
| distributor = Action Reaction Jenish
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2023|11|24|ref1=}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Locker''''' is a 2023 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language action drama film written and directed by Rajasekar Natarajan and Yuvaraj Kannan. Produced by Narayanan Selvam Productions, the film stars Vignesh Shanmugham, Niranjini Ashokan and [[Nivas Adithan]] in the lead roles. The film was released theatrically on 24 November 2023.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*Vignesh Shanmugham as Jana
*Niranjini Ashokan as Pooja
*[[Nivas Adithan]] as Chakravarthy
*Subramanian Madhavan as an auditor
*Taj Babu as Kathir
*Prakash as Venkat
*Bennet
*Arumugham
}}

== Production ==
The film was produced by Narayanan Selvam Productions, with director duo Rajasekar Natarajan and Yuvaraj Kannan signed on to make their debut.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vibrant Robbery Thriller 'Locker'! |url=https://www.telugutimes.net/article/vibrant-robbery-thriller-locker |website=Telugu Times - USA NRI Telugu News Telugu News Papers In USA}}</ref>

== Release and reception ==
The film had a theatrical release on 24 November 2023 across Tamil Nadu. A reviewer from ''[[Times Now]]'' noted that "despite occasional moments of boredom and distraction, ''Locker'' succeeds in delivering a decent cinematic experience" and that "while it may not be groundbreaking or flawless, the movie manages to strike a balance between its various elements, creating an engaging cinematic journey".<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 24, 2023 |title=Locker Movie Review: Vignesh Shanmugham Film Is All About Deceiving People, Falling In Love |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/tamil/locker-movie-review-vignesh-shanmugham-film-is-all-about-deceiving-people-falling-in-love-review-105421860 |website=TimesNow}}</ref> Critics from ''[[Zee News]]'' and ''[[Dinamalar]]'' gave the film mixed reviews, with the latter rating it at 2 out of 5.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 30, 2017 |title=லாக்கர் |url=https://m.dinamalar.com/vimar-detail.php?id=3367 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231125114822/https://m.dinamalar.com/vimar-detail.php?id=3367 |archive-date=25 November 2023 |website=Dinamalar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=கிரைம் திரில்லராக இந்த வார திரையில்... லாக்கர் பட விமர்சனம்! |url=https://zeenews.india.com/tamil/videos/locker-film-review-474324 |website=Zee Hindustan Tamil}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|30027789}}

[[Category:2023 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2023 films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Blood Brothers (2007 Indian film)

2026-03-03T01:26:00Z

Buymediaspace: updated page

{{Use Indian English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Blood Brothers
| image =
| writer = [[Matthew Robbins (screenwriter)|Matthew Robbins]]
| starring = [[Siddharth Narayan|Siddharth]] [[Ayesha Takia]] [[Pankaj Kapur]] [[Pavan Malhotra]]
| director = [[Vishal Bhardwaj]]
| producer = [[Bill Gates Foundation]] [[Mira Nair]]
| cinematography = [[Guillermo Navarro]]
| editing = Dattaraya Godhodke Meghana Manchanda Sen
| released = {{Film date|2007|09|07|[[Toronto International Film Festival]]|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| runtime = 13 minutes
}}
'''''Blood Brothers''''' is a 2007 [[short film]] on [[HIV-AIDS]] directed by [[Vishal Bhardwaj]]. The film, written by [[Matthew Robbins (screenwriter)|Matthew Robbins]], is one of the short films made on HIV-AIDS on behalf of the [[Bill Gates foundation]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Democratisation of cinema brings best films to India|url=http://www.sunday-guardian.com/masala-art/democratisation-of-cinema-brings-best-films-to-india|accessdate=8 May 2012|newspaper=[[Sunday Guardian]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208121800/https://www.sunday-guardian.com/masala-art/democratisation-of-cinema-brings-best-films-to-india|archive-date=8 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/dec/16slide9-actors-we-miss.htm|title=Actors we missed this year|publisher=Rediff|access-date=2011-10-23}}</ref> It was released as one of the four segments of the anthology film ''[[AIDS JaaGo]]'' (''AIDS Awake''), with [[Positive (2007 film)|''Positive'' (2007 film)]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=World AIDS Day 2022: Must-watch Bollywood movies that raised AIDS awareness |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/bollywood/world-aids-day-2020-7-must-watch-bollywood-movies-that-raised-aids-awareness |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-01 |title=On World AIDS Day, Here’re 4 Bollywood Movies That Raised Awareness About HIV AIDS |url=https://www.idiva.com/entertainment/bollywood/on-world-aids-day-here-are-bollywood-movies-that-raised-awareness-about-hiv-aids/18046432 |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=iDiva |language=en-IN}}</ref>

''Blood Brothers'' features [[Siddharth Narayan|Siddharth]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=5 Bollywood films and one anthology that dealt with HIV/AIDS with great sensitivity |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/5-bollywood-films-and-one-anthology-that-dealt-with-hiv-aids-with-great-sensitivity/cid/1901314}}</ref> [[Pavan Malhotra]] and [[Ayesha Takia]] in lead roles. Vishal chose cinematographer [[Guillermo Navarro]] to shoot his film. The movie premiered at the [[Toronto International Film Festival]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Hollywood Reporter|year=2007|publisher=Hollywood Reporter Inc.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y0cbAQAAIAAJ|volume=401}}</ref>

==Plot==

The film revolves around a successful advertising campaign manager named Arjun Dutt. During a routine [[medical check-up]], he discovers that he is [[HIV positive]]. He is totally devastated. Instead of accepting the truth and informing his pregnant wife and son, he runs away from his home and job.

While wandering like a beggar through the trains, he is robbed by a group of thugs who beat him up and leave him for dead, then a doctor takes him to his hospital. After coming to his senses, Siddharth tries to leave but is stopped by the doctor. The doctor conducts another test to find that Siddharth is actually HIV negative.

Siddharth returns to his family and while searching through his doctor's records discovers that another patient, also named Arjun Dutt, is [[HIV positive]] while he has always been HIV negative. He is now faced with the dilemma of revealing the truth to the blissfully unaware man, or remaining silent.

==Cast==
* [[Siddharth Narayan|Siddharth]] – Arjun Dutt
* [[Ayesha Takia]] – Keya
* [[Pankaj Kapur]] – Dr. Bhootnath
* [[Pavan Malhotra]] – Arjun Dutt (Coach)
* [[Mukti Mohan]]

== Reception ==
A review for the ''Indian Journal for Medical Ethics'' stated, "There are sensitive portrayals by the lead actors, and Pankaj Kapur is a delight in a brief role as the gruff, straight-talking doctor."<ref>{{Cite web |title=A wake-up call on HIV |url=https://ijme.in/articles/a-wake-up-call-on-hiv/?galley=html |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=Indian Journal of Medical Ethics |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0893395|Blood Brothers}}

{{Vishal Bhardwaj}}
{{Mira Nair}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Blood Brothers (Short Film)}}
[[Category:2007 films]]
[[Category:2007 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Indian short films]]
[[Category:Indian pregnancy films]]
[[Category:HIV/AIDS in Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Vishal Bhardwaj]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vishal Bhardwaj]]

{{2000s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Jawaharlal Nehru National College of Engineering

2026-02-27T13:15:47Z

Buymediaspace: added references

{{Short description|Engineering college in Shimoga, Karnataka, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Jawaharlal Nehru New College of Engineering
| image = JNNCE, Shivamogga, Karnataka (2026) 24.jpg
| caption = Administrative section of the college, in 2026
| image_size = 225px
| motto = [[sanskrit]]: [[Satyameva Jayate]]
| mottoeng = Truth alone triumphs
| established = 1980<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://jnceshimoga.batchmates.com/ |title=Jawaharlal Nehru New College of Engineering |access-date=7 June 2011 |archive-date=19 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110819004835/http://jnceshimoga.batchmates.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| type = [[Engineering College]]
| principal = Dr. K Nagendra Prasad
| city = [[Shimoga]]
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| country = India
| coor = {{coord|13|57|57|N|75|36|46.5|E|region:IN}}
| students = ~4000
| administrative_staff = ~400<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://jnnce.ac.in/about.php |title=About |access-date=7 June 2011 |archive-date=21 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721150322/http://jnnce.ac.in/about.php |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| affiliations = [[Visvesvaraya Technological University]]
| accreditation = [[National Board of Accreditation]] and [[All India Council for Technical Education]]
| website = http://www.jnnce.ac.in
}}
'''Jawaharlal Nehru New College of Engineering''' or '''JNNCE''' is an engineering college established in 1980 by the National Education Society (NES) in Shimoga, Karnataka, India. It is affiliated to the Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belgaum and is accredited by the National Board of Accreditation (NBA), All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE). The college campus is spread over an area of more than {{convert|55|acre|m2}}. The college offers seven undergraduate engineering degrees (B.E) and four postgraduate degrees. The Research and Development (R & D) centers in engineering and business departments offer Ph.D. and M.Sc. (Engineering) degrees by research.

[[File:JNNCE, Shivamogga, Karnataka (2026) 01.jpg|thumb|right|Arch at the entrance of the college, in 2026]]
[[File:JNNCE, Shivamogga, Karnataka (2026) 18.jpg|thumb|right|College sports pavilion in 2026]]
[[File:JNNCE, Shivamogga, Karnataka (2026) 09.jpg|thumb|right|College bus shelter, in 2026]]
[[File:JNNCE, Shivamogga, Karnataka (2026) 10.jpg|thumb|right|College campus, in 2026]]

==Facilities==
The campus is spread over an area of more than 55 acres. The railway station is about 3 km from college and the [[Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation|KSRTC]] bus stand is nearly 6 km. There is also a Post Office inside the college campus.

===Hostels===
The college has separate hostel facilities both for boys and girls. Four hostels for boys, namely, Tunga, Bhadra, Krishna and Sharavathi, are located in the campus. The girls' hostel is a building located near to the college outside the campus. P.G. and Final B.E. students are provided with single rooms.

===Transportation===
The city is connected by number of college bus. The college has provided bus facility for students coming from [[Bhadravathi, Karnataka|Bhadravathi]]. College buses run between the college and every other part of city throughout the day.
Bus timings to college are 7:10{{nbsp}}am, 8:05{{nbsp}}am, 10:15{{nbsp}}am. Bus timing from college are 12:40{{nbsp}}pm, 1:30{{nbsp}}pm, 5:25{{nbsp}}pm. Busses also operate until 8:30{{nbsp}}pm for the convenience of hostel students.

===Bank facility===
The Canara bank is situated in the campus and it offers banking service to the staff and students of the college.

==Academic profile==
===Admission===
Students are admitted to undergraduate courses on basis of their merit in the [[Common Entrance Test|Karnataka CET]] test, or in the COMED-K undergraduate test. Students are also admitted through a management quota also that does not require merit(donation). There is a lateral entry scheme in place, by which students holding [[diploma]] degrees can enter directly to the second year of study in engineering.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://jnnce.ac.in/jnncenew/J%20N%20N%20C%20E%20site/admission.htm |title=J N N C E |website=jnnce.ac.in |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171003205542/http://jnnce.ac.in/jnncenew/J%20N%20N%20C%20E%20site/admission.htm |archive-date=2017-10-03}}</ref>

===Departments===
;Basic Science<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://jnnce.ac.in/department.php |title=Departments |access-date=7 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721150635/http://jnnce.ac.in/department.php |archive-date=21 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Mathematics]]
* [[Physics]]
* [[Chemistry]]

;Undergraduate
*[[Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning]]
* [[Electrical and Electronics Engineering]]
* [[Telecommunication Engineering]]
* [[Mechanical Engineering]]
* [[Civil Engineering]]
* [[Computer Science|Computer Science Engineering]]
* [[Information Science|Information Science Engineering]]
* [[Industrial engineering|Industrial & Production Engineering]]
* [[Electronics and Communication Engineering]]

;Postgraduate
* [[Master of Business Administration]]
* [[Master of Computer Applications]]
* [[Master of Engineering|M. Tech]] in Computer Science Engineering
* M.Tech. in Networking and Internet Engineering
* M.Tech. in [[Design engineer|Design Engineering]]

{{clear}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{commons category}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Engineering colleges in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Affiliates of Visvesvaraya Technological University]]
[[Category:Monuments and memorials to Jawaharlal Nehru]]
[[Category:Education in Shimoga]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Shimoga district]]

Greater China

2026-02-27T05:55:38Z

Buymediaspace: quick update

{{Short description|Region with cultural ties to Chinese people}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox Chinese
| s = 大中华
| t = 大中華
| p = Dà Zhōnghuá
| bpmf = {{bpmfsp|ㄉㄚˋ|ㄓㄨㄥˉ|ㄏㄨㄚˊ}}
| j = Daai6 zung1 waa4
| poj = Tāi Tiong-hôa
| order = ts
| w = {{tonesup|Ta4 Chung1-hua2}}
| mi = {{IPAc-cmn|d|a|4|.|zh|ong|1|.|h|ua|4}}
| ci = {{IPAc-yue|d|aai|6|-|z|ung|1|-|w|aa|4}}
}}

In [[ethnogeography]], "'''Greater China'''" is a loosely defined term that refers to the region sharing cultural and economic ties with the [[Chinese people]], often used by international enterprises or organisations in unofficial usage.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pact row could harm Greater China economic integration: ANZ |url=http://focustaiwan.tw/news/aeco/201404020006.aspx |access-date=6 November 2018 |work=Focus Taiwan |date=2 April 2014}}</ref><ref>[http://www.mtvasia.com/News/200901/20017375.html MTV Channels In Southeast Asia and Greater China To Exclusively Air The Youth Inaugural Ball]{{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090522023815/http://www.mtvasia.com/News/200901/20017375.html |date=22 May 2009}} – MTV Asia</ref><ref>1 June 2008, [https://tva.onscreenasia.com/2008/05/universal-music-group-realigns-presence-in-greater-china/ Universal Music Group realigns presence in Greater China] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171214184139/https://tva.onscreenasia.com/2008/05/universal-music-group-realigns-presence-in-greater-china/ |date=14 December 2017}}, Television Asia</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Lee |first=James |title='Greater China' is a harmful myth |url=https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/editorials/archives/2021/08/06/2003762109 |access-date=30 October 2023 |website=[[Taipei Times]] |date=6 August 2021}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=January 2025}} The notion contains a "great deal of ambiguity in its geographical coverage and politico-economic implications",<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Huang |first=Jianli |year=2010 |title=Conceptualizing Chinese Migration and Chinese Overseas: The Contribution of Wang Gungwu |journal=Journal of Chinese Overseas |pages=12}}</ref> because some users use it to refer to "the commercial ties among ethnic Chinese, whereas others are more interested in cultural interactions, and still others in the prospects for political reunification".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Harding |first=Henry |year=1993 |title=The concept of "Greater China": Themes, variations and reservations |journal=The China Quarterly |volume=136 |pages=660–686 |doi=10.1017/S030574100003229X |s2cid=154522700}}</ref> The term encompass "linkages among regional Chinese communities",<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Harding |first=Harry |date=December 1993 |title=The Concept of "Greater China": Themes, Variations and Reservations* |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/china-quarterly/article/concept-of-greater-china-themes-variations-and-reservations/FAED34F84F7A8CF25CB3328991218293 |journal=The China Quarterly |volume=136 |pages=660–686 |doi=10.1017/S030574100003229X |s2cid=154522700 |issn=1468-2648|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=william>{{Cite journal |last=William |first=Yat Wai Lo |year=2016 |title=The concept of greater China in higher education: adoptions, dynamics and implications |journal=Comparative Education |volume=52 |pages=26–43 |doi=10.1080/03050068.2015.1125613 |quote=However, some analysts see the Greater China concept as a way to summarise 'the linkages among the fair-flung international Chinese community', thereby incorporating Singapore and overseas Chinese communities in their usage of the term (Harding 1993, 660; also see Wang 1993). |doi-access=free}}</ref> but usually refers to an area encompassing the [[People's Republic of China]] ([[mainland China]], [[Hong Kong]], [[Macau]]) and the [[Republic of China]] (known as [[Taiwan]]), places where the majority population is culturally Chinese.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ft.com/content/af5dbc86-c977-11e0-9eb8-00144feabdc0 |title=Apple overtakes Lenovo in China sales |publisher=Financial Times |date=18 August 2011 |access-date=19 November 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111127212949/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/af5dbc86-c977-11e0-9eb8-00144feabdc0.html#axzz1eCA9hvjd |archive-date=27 November 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |script-title=zh:4月29日日间新闻摘要(大中华区)|trans-title=29 April: Daily news summary (Greater China) |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/《路透晚报》-4月29日日间新闻摘要大中华区-idCNL3S22B0EP |work=Reuters |date=29 April 2019 |language=zh}}</ref>

The term's usage is contested; some observers in Taiwan characterise the term as harmful or a conflation of distinct polities and markets,<ref name=":0" /> while the Chinese government has avoided it, either to allay fears of its economic expansionism or to avoid suggesting Taiwan (known as the Republic of China) and the People's Republic of China are on equal footing.{{original research inline|date=June 2025}} Several articles in ''[[The China Quarterly]]'' see the Greater China concept as a way to summarise "the linkages among the fair-flung international Chinese community", thereby incorporating [[Singapore]] and overseas Chinese communities in their usage of the term,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Harding |first1=Harry |title=The Concept of "Greater China": Themes, Variations and Reservations |journal=The China Quarterly |date=December 1993 |volume=136 |pages=660–686 |doi=10.1017/S030574100003229X}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Gungwu |title=Greater China and the Chinese Overseas |journal=The China Quarterly |date=December 1993 |volume=136 |pages=926-948 |doi=10.1017/S0305741000032392}}</ref><ref name=william /> whereas Chinese-Australian sinologist [[Wang Gungwu]] has characterised the concept as a "myth", and "wrong" if applied to [[overseas Chinese]] communities.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |year=2001 |title=Greater China |encyclopedia=Dictionary of the Political Thought of the People's Republic of China |publisher=M. E. Sharpe |last=He |first=Henry Yuhuai |pages=47–48 |isbn=978-0-765-60569-6 |script-title=zh:大中华}}</ref>

==Usage==
[[Multinational corporation]]s frequently use the term when naming their [[Corporate headquarters|headquarters]] in the region. For example, [[Procter & Gamble]] uses the term to name its regional headquarters in [[Guangzhou]] that also operates in [[Hong Kong]] and [[Taipei]];<ref>{{cite web |title=P&G in Greater China |url=https://www.pgcareers.com/location-greaterchina |website=www.pgcareers.com |access-date=16 March 2020 |language=en}}</ref> [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] uses it when referring to its regional headquarters in [[Shanghai]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Isabel Ge Mahe named Apple's managing director of Greater China |url=https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2017/07/isabel-ge-mahe-named-apple-managing-director-of-greater-china/ |access-date=16 March 2020 |work=Apple Newsroom}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last2=Mickle |first1=Andrew|last1=Dowell|first2=Tripp |title=Apple Closes All Its Stores Outside China Over Coronavirus |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/apple-closes-all-its-stores-outside-china-over-coronavirus-11584172214 |website=Wall Street Journal |access-date=16 March 2020 |date=14 March 2020}}</ref>

The term is often used to avoid invoking sensitivities over the [[political status of Taiwan]].<ref name="Aretz 2007"/> Contrastingly, it has been used in reference to [[Chinese irredentism]] in [[Chinese nationalism|nationalist]] contexts, such as the notion that China should reclaim its "lost territories" to create a Greater China.<ref name="source">{{Cite book |title=Revolution, State Succession, International Treaties and the Diaoyu/Diaoyutai Islands |last=Tseng |first=Hui-Yi |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |year=2017 |isbn= 9781443893688 |page = 66 }}</ref><ref name="Source2">{{Cite book |title=China, the United Nations, and World Order |last=Kim |first=Samuel S. |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |year=1979 |isbn=9780691100760 |page=[https://archive.org/details/chinaunitednatio0000kims/page/43 43] |url=https://archive.org/details/chinaunitednatio0000kims/page/43 }}</ref>

==History==
[[File:China Proper 1944.png|thumb|upright=1.2|Map from the 1944 American propaganda film ''[[The Battle of China]]'', showing the territories of the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]]: [[China proper]], [[Manchuria]], [[Outer Mongolia|Mongolia]], [[Xinjiang Province, Republic of China|Sinkiang]], and [[Tibet Area (administrative division)|Tibet]]]]
[[File:烏坵嶼地標.jpg|thumb|Territories claimed by the Republic of China on a monument to [[Chiang Kai-shek]] in [[Wuqiu, Kinmen|Wuqiu]]]]

The term has been used for a long time, but with differing scopes and connotations.

During the 1930s, [[George Cressey]], an American academic who did work for the US State Department throughout his career, used the term to refer to the entirety of the territory controlled by the [[Qing dynasty]], as opposed to [[China proper]].<ref name="Harding">{{cite journal
| first = Harry
| last = Harding
| title = The Concept of 'Greater China': Themes, Variations and Reservations
| journal = The China Quarterly
| issue = 136, Special Issue: Greater China
| pages = 660–686
| date = December 1993| volume = 136
| doi = 10.1017/S030574100003229X
| s2cid = 154522700
}}
</ref> Usage by the United States on government maps in the 1940s as a political term included territories [[History of the Republic of China|claimed by the Republic of China]] that were part of the previous Qing Empire, or geographically to refer to topographical features associated with China that may or may not have lain entirely within Chinese political borders.<ref name="Harding" />

The concept began to appear again in Chinese language sources in the late 1970s, referring to the growing commercial ties between the mainland and Hong Kong, with the possibility of extending these to Taiwan, with perhaps the first such reference being in a Taiwanese journal ''Changqiao'' in 1979.<ref name="Harding" />

The English term subsequently re-emerged in the 1980s to refer to the growing economic ties between the regions as well as the possibility of political unification.<ref name="Harding" /> It is not an institutionalized entity such as the [[European Union|EU]], [[ASEAN]], or [[African Union|AU]]. The concept is a generalization to group several markets seen to be closely linked economically and does not imply [[sovereignty]].<ref name="Aretz 2007">{{cite book | first = Tilman | last = Aretz | title = The greater China factbook | publisher = Taiwan Elite Press | location = Taipei | year = 2007 | url = http://www.books.com.tw/exep/prod/booksfile.php?item=0010380377 | isbn = 978-986-7762-97-9  | oclc = 264977502 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090131200221/http://www.books.com.tw/exep/prod/booksfile.php?item=0010380377 | archive-date = 31 January 2009 }}</ref> The concept does not always include Taiwan, for instance Cisco uses "Greater China and Taiwan" to refer to the market.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Rundown: Pegatron's Tesla Ambitions, Tech Sector Bonuses, and Cisco's New Software Center |url=https://topics.amcham.com.tw/2021/01/january-rundowns-business-w2/ |website=topics.amcham.com.tw |date=18 January 2021 |publisher=Taiwan Topics |access-date=18 January 2021}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Adoption of Chinese literary culture]]
* [[Bamboo network]]
* [[Chinese expansionism]]
* [[Chinese imperialism]]
* [[Chinese irredentism]]
* [[Chinese nationalism]]
* [[Sinosphere]]
* [[Nanyang (region)|Nanyang]]
* [[History of China]]
* [[List of tributaries of China]]
* [[Nine-dash line]]
* [[Sinocentrism]]
* [[Sinophone]]
* [[Greater Britain]]
{{colend}}
{{-}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Cross-Strait relations}}
{{Pan-nationalist concepts}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Chinese nationalism]]
[[Category:Country classifications|China, Greater]]
[[Category:Cross-strait relations]]
[[Category:Cultural regions|China, Greater]]
[[Category:Geography of China]]
[[Category:Historical regions of Asia]]

Jharkhand Bijli Vitran Nigam Limited

2026-02-19T23:16:44Z

Buymediaspace: Put Up New Pg

{{Short description|State-owned utility company in Jharkhand state, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Jharkhand Bijli Vitran Nigam Limited (JBVNL)
| logo = JBVNL logo.png
| logo_size =
| former_name = Jharkhand State Electricity Board (JSEB)
| type = [[Statutory body]]
| foundation = 23 October 2013
| defunct =
| location = Engineering Building,
H.E.C, Dhurwa, [[Ranchi]], [[India]], 834004
| area_served = [[Jharkhand]]
| industry = Generation & distribution of electricity
| key_people = Avinash Kumar, IAS (Managing Director)
| parent = [[Department of Energy (Jharkhand)|Department of Energy, Jharkhand]]
| owner = [[Government of Jharkhand]]
| num_employees =
| homepage = {{URL|https://jbvnl.co.in/}}
}}
'''Jharkhand Bijli Vitran Nigam Limited (JBVNL)''', formerly '''Jharkhand State Electricity Board (JSEB)''' is a [[Government of Jharkhand]] enterprise, entrusted with the generation and distribution of electrical power in the state of [[Jharkhand]], India. It suffers a loss of more than {{INR}}1,000 crore (US$200mn) every year.<ref name=hindu/>

JSEB was established on March 10, 2001, under the Electricity (Supply) Act, 1948, resulted from the bifurcation of [[Bihar]]. In 2011, it was revealed that in the last ten years, as much as {{INR}}80 crores in outstanding dues to various units had been waived.<ref name=hindu>{{cite news| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/other-states/article2062878.ece| title = Koda's bail plea rejected - The Hindu| website = [[The Hindu]]| date = 30 May 2011}}</ref> Former Chief Minister [[Madhu Koda]], in prison for graft since 2008, waived of a {{INR}}10 crore bill from a company owned by fellow minister Vinod Sinha, who is also in jail on graft charges.

JBVNL was incorporated on October 23, 2013, and commenced operations on January 6, 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jharkhand Bijli Vitran Nigam Limited |url=https://jbvnl.co.in/compprofile#:~:text=The%20company%20started%20operations%20on,JSEB)%20in%20the%20year%202013. |access-date=2025-03-09 |website=jbvnl.co.in}}</ref>

==Power Plants==
* [[Patratu Thermal Power Station]]. It has an installed capacity of 840 MW. The generating units of the power plant are very old and is operating at around 10% PLF.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-12-29/news/27607079_1_ntpc-official-ptps-patratu-thermal-power-station| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140322001816/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-12-29/news/27607079_1_ntpc-official-ptps-patratu-thermal-power-station| url-status = dead| archive-date = 22 March 2014| title = Business News Live, Share Market News - Read Latest Finance News, IPO, Mutual Funds News}}</ref> The power plant is undergoing renovation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jseb.org.in/ptps.html |title=Official Website Jharkhand State Electriciy Board |accessdate=2014-08-21 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140821222227/http://www.jseb.org.in/ptps.html |archivedate=2014-08-21 }}</ref>
* Subernrekha Hydel Power Station, [[Sikidiri]], a 130 MW (2x65 MW) hydel power plant.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.jseb.org.in/shrp.html| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140821215325/http://www.jseb.org.in/shrp.html| archive-date = 2014-08-21| title = Official Website Jharkhand State Electriciy Board..}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Patratu Super Thermal Power Project]]
*[[Bihar State Electricity Board]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.jseb.org.in/ official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140821221324/http://www.jseb.org.in/ |date=21 August 2014 }}
* [http://www.jseb.org.in/j_generation.php Official website of Jharkhand Urja Utpadan Nigam Limited] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140821224737/http://www.jseb.org.in/j_generation.php |date=21 August 2014 }}

{{Power Plants of Jharkhand}}

[[Category:State electricity agencies of India]]
[[Category:Energy in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:State agencies of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Electric-generation companies of India]]
[[Category:Year of establishment missing]]

{{Electric-power-stub}}
{{India-econ-stub}}
{{Jharkhand-stub}}

Nicholson Cemetery, Delhi

2026-02-17T11:26:27Z

Buymediaspace: Made some info needs work

{{Short description|Cemetery in Delhi, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox cemetery
| name = Nicholson Cemetery
| image = Nicholson Cemetery 01.jpg
| caption = Nicholson Cemetery
| established = 1857
| country = India
| location = [[Delhi]]
| coordinates = {{coord|28.66919|77.22519|display=inline}}
| type = Christian
| style =
| owner = St. James Church
| size =
| graves =
| interments =
| cremations =
| leases =
| website =
| political =
}}
'''Nicholson Cemetery''', formerly known as the '''Old Delhi Military Cemetery''' and the '''Kashmere Gate Cemetery''', is a [[Christian cemetery]] located in [[Kashmere Gate, Delhi]], India inside the [[Civil Lines, Delhi|Civil lines]] area just outside [[Old Delhi]]. It is located near the [[Kashmere Gate (Delhi Metro)|Kashmere Gate Metro Station]] and west of the [[Inter State Bus Terminals|Inter State Bus Terminal]]. It is the site of the earliest known Christian burials in [[Delhi NCR]]. The cemetery was established in 1857 and is named after Brigadier-General [[John Nicholson (East India Company officer)|John Nicholson]], a [[Victorian era]] military officer who played a pivotal role during the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]. The [[St. James' Church, Delhi|St. James' Church]], who owns the cemetery, is the oldest place of worship for the [[Christianity in Delhi|Christian community of Delhi]]. The church, along with the cemetery and the Victorian-era buildings and houses built during the 1800s in the Kashmere Gate neighbourhood, was once considered to be a "centripetal" part of Christians in Delhi.<ref>{{cite news | last=G. Dastidar | first=Avishek | url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1403353201.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181117072527/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1403353201.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=17 November 2018 | title=Church rings in chimes of change | work=[[The Hindustan Times]] | location=New Delhi | date=24 December 2007 | accessdate=3 November 2012 | publisher= }}</ref>

According to the Indian Paranormal Society the headless apparition of John Nicholson haunts the place.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-2755964241.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410000553/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-2755964241.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=10 April 2016 | title=Capital's tourist trail gets a spooky twist | work=The Hindustan Times | location=New Delhi | date=10 September 2012 | accessdate=3 November 2012 | publisher= }}</ref> There are also other speculations that the ghosts of Europeans haunt the place.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/supplement/story/20091221-creatures-of-the-night-741510-2009-12-10 | title=Creatures of the night | author=Vivian Smith, Ronald | journal=[[India Today]] | date=11 September 2009 | access-date=3 November 2012}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Nicholson Cemetery Map.png|thumb|280px|Location of Nicholson Cemetery in Kashmere Gate, St. James Church is shown at right bottom corner.]]
[[File:Nicholson's Cemetery 3.jpg|thumb|Grave of John Nicholson]]
[[File:Nicholson's Cemetery 1.jpg|thumb|Scattered graves at Nicholson Cemetery]]
Nicholson Cemetery is located near the Kashmere Gate area near metro station and west of Inter State Bus Terminal.<ref>{{cite book|last=Smith|first=Ronald Vivian|title=The Delhi that no-one knows|year=2005|publisher=[[Orient Blackswan]]|location=New Delhi|isbn=8180280209|pages=119}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Veteran cartoonist T. Samuel passes away|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/veteran-cartoonist-t-samuel-passes-away/article4060451.ece|accessdate=5 November 2012|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=3 November 2012|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]}}</ref> Established in 1857, Nicholson Cemetery is the oldest Christian cemetery in Delhi NCR. It was known as the Old Delhi Military Cemetery or Kashmere Gate Cemetery (because of being just outside of [[Old Delhi]]) until the early 1900s, when it was named after John Nicholson, a brigadier-general in the British Army.<ref>{{cite book|last=Harvey|first=David Charles|title=[[Monuments to Courage: Victoria Cross Monuments and Headstones]]|year=1999|publisher=Kevin & Kay Patience|pages=82 | volume=1 |oclc=59437297}}</ref><ref name="Llewellyn-Jones">{{cite book|last=Llewellyn-Jones|first=Rosie|title=The Great Uprising in India, 1857-58: Untold Stories, Indian and British|year=2007|publisher=Boydell & Brewer|location=Woodbridge|isbn=978-1843833048|pages=188|authorlink=Rosie Llewellyn-Jones}}</ref>

John Nicholson was born on 11 December 1822 in [[Dublin]], Ireland. His father, Alexander Nicholson, was a physician. The Nicholson family moved to [[Lisburn]], after the demise of Alexander in 1830. Nicholson was afterwards sent to the college at [[Dungannon]]. His maternal uncle, Sir [[James Weir Hogg]], obtained a cadetship for him in the [[Bengal Infantry]]. He joined for duty at [[Banaras]], and was attached to the 41st native infantry. In December 1839, he was posted to the 27th native infantry at [[Firozpur]]. He served in the [[First Anglo-Afghan War]] (1839–1842) and [[First Anglo-Sikh War]] (1845-1846), but he was best known for his pivotal role in the Indian Mutiny of 1857 especially during the [[Siege of Delhi]].<ref name="DNB">{{DNB|inline=1|wstitle=Nicholson, John (1821-1857)}}</ref>

The Indian Rebellion of 1857 began as a [[mutiny]] of [[sepoy]]s of the [[East India Company]]'s army on 10 May 1857, in the town of [[Meerut]], and soon escalated into other mutinies and civilian rebellions largely in the [[Upper Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests|upper Gangetic plain]] and [[central India]], with the major hostilities confined to present-day [[Uttar Pradesh]], Bihar, northern [[Madhya Pradesh]], and the Delhi region.<ref name=intro-refs>{{Harvnb|Bandyopadhyay|2004|pp=169–172}} {{Harvnb|Bose|Jalal|2003|pp=88–103}} Quote: "The 1857 rebellion was by and large confined to [[Upper Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests|northern Indian Gangetic Plain]] and central India.", {{Harvnb|Brown|1994|pp=85–87}}, and {{Harvnb|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|pp=100–106}}</ref> Nicholson was deputy-commissioner at [[Peshawar]] during that time. He played an instrumental role during the Siege of Delhi, one of the decisive conflicts of the rebellion. The assault of Delhi took place on 14 September 1857, and Nicholson was selected to command the main storming party. He was shot in chest by a sepoy of rebellions. He was carried to a hospital tent, but after lingering a few days he died of his wounds on 23 September.<ref name="DNB" />

The number of casualties resulted from the Siege of Delhi created the rising demand for a Christian cemetery in the area. A new burial-ground was opened in front of the Kashmere Gate, near to [[Ludlow Castle, Delhi|Ludlow Castle]]. Nicholson was among the first people who were buried there. A white marble slab from the [[Red Fort]] was taken to build his tombstone and epitaph on it reads:<ref name="Llewellyn-Jones" /><ref>[[:File:Nicholson Cemetery John Nicholson 02.jpg]]</ref>
{{Quotation|The grave of Brigadier General John Nicholson who led the assault of Delhi but fell in the hour of victory mortally wounded and died 23rd September 1857 aged 35}}

[[File:Nicholson Cemetery.JPG|thumb|Entrance to Nicholson Cemetery]]

==Renovation==
The [[British High Commission New Delhi|British High Commission in India]] renovated the cemetery in 2006. It hired British multinational security services company [[G4S]] (formerly Group 4 Securicor) to provide security.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1151483251.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409234236/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1151483251.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=9 April 2016 | title=Makeover for 150-year-old cemetery | work=[[The Hindustan Times]] | location=New Delhi | date=25 October 2006 | accessdate=26 September 2013 | publisher=v }}</ref>

==Notable graves==
* [[Camille Bulcke]]
* [[Everard Aloysius Lisle Phillipps|Everard Lisle-Phillipps]]
* [[John Nicholson (East India Company officer)|John Nicholson]]
* [[John Purcell (VC)|John Purcell]]
* [[Philip Salkeld]]
* [[Anil Wilson]]
* [[Eugenie Grosup]]

== See also ==
* [[Delhi War Cemetery]]
* [[Lothian Cemetery]]
* [[Victory Tunnel]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==Bibliography==
* {{Citation| last1=Bose| first1=Sugata| author1-link=Sugata Bose| last2=Jalal| first2=Ayesha| author2-link=Ayesha Jalal| year=2003| title=Modern South Asia: History, Culture, Political Economy| place=London| publisher=Routledge| edition=2nd| page=[https://archive.org/details/modernsouthasiah00bose/page/253 253]| isbn=0-415-30787-2| url-access=registration| url=https://archive.org/details/modernsouthasiah00bose/page/253}}
* {{Citation| last1=Metcalf| first1=Barbara D. | last2=Metcalf | first2=Thomas R.| year=2006 | title=A Concise History of Modern India | edition=2nd |publisher=Cambridge University Press | page= 337 | isbn=0-521-68225-8}}
* {{Citation| last=Bandyopadhyay| first=Sekhara| year=2004| title=From Plassey to Partition: A History of Modern India| place=New Delhi | publisher=Orient Longman | page=523| isbn=81-250-2596-0}}
* {{Citation| last=Brown| first=Judith M.| year=1994| title=Modern India: The Origins of an Asian Democracy| edition=2nd |publisher=Oxford University Press| page=480| isbn=0-19-873113-2| url=http://www.oup.com/uk/catalogue/?ci=9780198731139}}

==External links==
{{commonscat|Nicholson Cemetery}}
* https://books.google.com/books?id=rDLah61DFW4C&dq=Nicholson+Cemetery%22&pg=PA188
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121021232038/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Brunch/Brunch-Stories/Operation-Apparition/Article1-947673.aspx Hindustan Times]

[[Category:1857 establishments in British India]]
[[Category:North Delhi district]]
[[Category:Monuments of National Importance in Delhi]]
[[Category:Anglican cemeteries in India]]
[[Category:Reportedly haunted locations in India]]
[[Category:Cemeteries established in the 1850s]]

Moropant

2026-02-05T09:17:34Z

Buymediaspace: improved layout and fixed typos per standard format

{{Short description|Indian writer (1729–1794)}}
{{multiple issues|
{{cleanup|date=September 2011}}
{{more citations needed|date=September 2011}}
}}

'''Moreshwar Ramchandra Paradkar''' (1729–1794), popularly known in [[Maharashtra]] as '''Moropant''' or Mayur Pandit, was a [[Marathi people|Marathi]] poet who was the last among those classified by Marathi literary scholars as ''pandit'' poets. He was born in a [[Karhade Brahmin]] family at [[Panhala]]. (Mukteshwar, [[Vaman Pandit]], [[Raghunath Pandit]], and [[Shridhar Pandit]] were other prominent ''pandit'' poets.)

Moropant had planned to write 108 Ramayan-s, but the actual number written by him comes to 94–95. Some of the versions probably cover only a stanza or two or five. He wrote Niroshhth Ramayan, which eschews all consonants of pa-varga. Since [[labial consonant|labial]] or oshhthya consonants are absent, it is called Nirishhtha Ramayan. Some versions were dedicated to a single poetic metre, like Vibudhapriya-Ramayan and Panch-chaamara Ramayan..his great-grandson Kapil ramkrushna paradkar stays at Pune at vitthalwadi sinhagad road .he retired from international book depot recently after 55 years of service

==Works==
He is most famous for his mastery over ''Arya'' (आर्या) and ''Pruthvi'' (पृथ्वी) chhanda-s.
Kekavali was his last major work, which he finished in early 1790s.

The following are some of the works of Moropant:

* ''Aryabaharat'' (आर्याभारत) (17,170 Arya couplets, plus two : one quatrain in Shardulvikridit, one in Arya-geeti)
* Marathi ''Ramayan'' (रामायण) (16,000 couplets)
* ''Arya-Kekavali'' (आर्याकेकावली, in Arya metre; this one should not be confused with his more famous Kekavali)
* ''Mantrabhagawat'' (मंत्रभागवत) (3,592 couplets)
* ''Krushnavijay'' (कृष्णविजय) (3,669 couplets)
* ''Harivamsha'' (हरिवंश) (5,444 couplets)
* ''Brahmottarakhand'' (ब्रह्मोत्तरखंड) (1,200 couplets)
* ''Kekavali'' (केकावली, 121 quatrains in पृथ्वी, and the last one in Sragdhara; his last major work)
* ''Samshaya-Ratnamala'' (संशय-रत्नमाला)
* ''Satigeet'' (सतीगीत)

== References ==
* {{cite book|url=http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/gazeetter_reprint/Language%20and%20literature/chapter_3.pdf | title=Languages and Literature |chapter=Hindi |first=M. D. |last=Paradkar |series=Maharashtra State Gazetteers |publisher=Government of Maharashtra |access-date=23 October 2011}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Marathi-language writers]]
[[Category:1729 births]]
[[Category:1794 deaths]]

The Bank of Mirzapore (1835)

2026-02-01T00:57:03Z

Buymediaspace: Stub

{{Short description|Bank in British Raj}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{citation style|date=November 2021}}
{{Infobox company
| name = The Bank of Mirzapore (1835)
| type = [[Private company]]
| industry = [[Financing]]
| fate = Liquidated
| foundation = {{Start date|1835|04|01|df=yes}}
| founder = Mr. Bathurst
| defunct = {{End date|df=yes|1837|03|31}}
| location_city = [[Mirzapur]]
| location_country = [[India]]
| locations =
| area_served = [[India]]
| key_people =
| products = [[Deposit (finance)|Deposits]], [[Personal banking]]
| services = [[Banking]], [[Trade Finance]]
| num_employees =
| homepage =
}}
The '''Bank of Mirzapore (1835)''' was a bank founded in the year 1835 in [[Company rule in India|British India]]. The bank was the [[List of oldest banks in India|seventeenth oldest bank in India]].<ref name="auto1">{{cite web |title=Reserve Bank of India - Museum |url=https://rbi.org.in/scripts/ms_banks.aspx |website=rbi.org.in}}</ref> It was liquidated in 1937.

== History ==

=== Founding ===
The bank was founded in 1835 in [[Mirzapur]] by a Mr. Bathurst, a businessman from [[England]] who had arrived in India with a hope of striking it big in the banking industry.<ref name=bankindia>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.195574/page/n213/mode/2upt |title = Banking in India |page=213 |last=Cooke |first=Northcote Chas |year = 1863}}</ref>

The bank printed its own notes and achieved a modest level of success in the bill discounting of its notes.<ref name=bankindia />

=== Management ===

The bank was known for its punctuality and it soon gained the confidence of merchants and traders of [[Calcutta]] who came to rely on it for their banking needs. The owner of the bank Mr. Bathurst was able to build a large house in [[Mirzapur]] due to the success of his bank.<ref name=bankindia />

=== Final Years ===

The bank faced a lot of competition from the [[Bank of Calcutta]] which had opened at around the same time and enjoyed the patronage of the [[East India Company]]. By 1837, the Bank of Mirzapore was unable to scale up its operations and was not able to compete with the [[Bank of Calcutta]]. The Bank of Mirzapore was finally liquidate in 1937.<ref name=bankindia />

== Legacy ==

The bank is notable for being the [[List of oldest banks in India|seventeenth oldest bank in India]].<ref name="auto1"/>

==See also==

{{Portal|Banks}}
*[[Indian banking]]
*[[List of banks in India]]
*[[List of oldest banks in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://rbi.org.in/scripts/ms_banks.aspx Oldest Banks in India]
* [https://www.mintageworld.com/note/dynasty/32/ Banking in India]

{{Banking in India}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Defunct banks of India|Mirzapore]]
[[Category:Banks established in 1835]]

Diocese of Asansol

2026-01-26T05:24:07Z

Buymediaspace: done

{{Short description|Roman Catholic diocese in West Bengal, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox diocese
|jurisdiction = Diocese
|name = Asansol
|latin = Dioecesis Asansolensis
|local = आसनसोल के सूबा
|image =
|country = {{flag|India}}
|metropolitan = [[Asansol]]
|province = [[Asansol]]
|rite = [[Latin Church|Latin Rite]]
| established ={{start date and age|1997}}
|cathedral = [[Cathedral of the Sacred Heart, Asansol|Cathedral of the Sacred Heart]] in [[Asansol]]
|cocathedral =
|parishes = 15
|area_km2 = 12,500
|population = 14,069,000
|population_as_of = 2012
|catholics = 29,345
|catholics_percent= 0.2
| priests = 69
|pope = {{Incumbent pope}}
|bishop = Vacant
|metro_archbishop = Elias Frank
|coadjutor =
|auxiliary_bishops=
|sui_iuris_church=|patron=|dissolved=|founded=|territory=|churches=|denomination=|headquarters=|flag=|coat=|language=}}

The '''Roman Catholic Diocese of Asansol''' ({{langx|la| Asansolen(sis)}}) is a [[diocese]] located in the city of [[Asansol]] in the [[ecclesiastical province]] of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Calcutta|Calcutta]] in India.

==History==
* With his decree, dated October 24, 1997, Pope John Paul II created the Diocese of Asansol bifurcating the Metropolitan Archdiocese of Calcutta (cfr. ''Acta Apostolicae Sedis''|90(1998)|p. 172). The Diocese of Asansol however, came into existence on March 12, 1998, when Bishop Cyprian Monis, its first bishop, officially took possession of it. The act of taking possession is popularly known as "installation".

==Leadership==
* [[Bishop]]s of Asansol ([[Latin Church|Latin Rite]])
** Bishop Cyprian Monis (March 12, 1998 – May 4, 2020)
** Elias Frank (2023 to June 28, 2025)

==References==

{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/asan0.htm GCatholic.org] [[Wikipedia:SPS|{{sup|[''self-published'']}}]]
* [http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dasan.html Catholic Hierarchy] [[Wikipedia:SPS|{{sup|[''self-published'']}}]]

{{coord|23.6877|N|86.9710|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Asansol}}
[[Category:Roman Catholic dioceses in India]]
[[Category:Christian organizations established in 1997]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic dioceses and prelatures established in the 20th century]]
[[Category:Christianity in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Asansol]]
[[Category:1997 establishments in West Bengal]]

{{India-RC-diocese-stub}}

WAVES (summit)

2026-01-21T21:01:45Z

Buymediaspace: Details

{{Short description|Annual global event held in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox summit
| summit_name = WAVES 2025 Summit
| other_titles =
| image = Logo_of_WAVES_summit.png
| caption = Official logo
| country = [[India]]
| venues = Jio World Convention Centre, Mumbai
| cities = [[Mumbai]], [[India]]
| date = 1–4 May 2025
| participants =
| follows = 1st
| precedes = 3rd
| website = {{URL|https://wavesindia.org/}}
| compactnav = yes
}}
The '''World Audio Visual & Entertainment Summit''' (WAVES) is an event focused on establishing [[India]] as a key hub for the media and entertainment industry, with a strong emphasis on cultural diversity.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Embassy of India, Bamako, Mali : The World Audio-Visual & Entertainment Summit (WAVES) 2025 held on 1 to 4 May 2025, at the Jio World Convention Centre in Mumbai, India. |url=https://www.embassyofindiabamako.gov.in/page/the-world-audio-visual-and-entertai/ |access-date=2025-05-25 |website=www.embassyofindiabamako.gov.in}}</ref>

The annual global summit provides a platform for leading media CEOs, entertainment icons, and creative professionals from around the world to engage in discussions on advancements in animation, gaming, entertainment technology, and both regional and mainstream cinema. It is designed to foster partnerships and pave the way for India's creative economy to gain international prominence.<ref>{{cite news |title=India To Host 'World Audio Visual Entertainment Summit' For First Time: PM Modi |url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/india-to-host-world-audio-visual-entertainment-summit-for-first-time-pm-modi-7357414 |access-date=9 February 2025 |work=www.ndtv.com |date=29 December 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-04-28 |title=Modi to inaugurate first media-entertainment 'WAVES' summit in Mumbai |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/pm-modi-to-inaugurate-first-media-entertainment-waves-summit-in-mumbai/article69501777.ece |access-date=2025-05-25 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

WAVES aims to enhance [[intellectual property]] protection, encourage [[innovation]], and strengthen industry [[collaboration]]. The summit will focus on attracting [[investment]], fostering skill development, and positioning India as a global leader in the richly valued [[Media (communication)|media]] and [[entertainment]] sector, while showcasing India as a business-friendly destination for global partnerships.<ref name="TH130724">{{cite news |title=India to host first global summit for media and entertainment sector in November |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-to-host-first-global-summit-for-media-and-entertainment-sector-in-november/article68400890.ece |work=The Hindu |date=13 July 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=May 4, 2025 |title=Approach Paper for Mumbai - WAVES |url=https://www.embassyofindiabamako.gov.in/docs/1741584611Brochure2-06-03-2025.pdf |access-date=May 26, 2025 |website=embassyofindiabamako.gov.in}}</ref>

The inaugural edition took place from May 1 to 4, 2025, at the Jio World Convention Centre in Mumbai.<ref name="TNIE090225">{{cite news |last1=Sultan |first1=Parvez |title=First edition of WAVE Summit to be held in Mumbai from May 1–4 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/2025/Feb/09/first-edition-of-wave-summit-to-be-held-in-mumbai-from-may-1-4 |work=The New Indian Express |date=9 February 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

==2024==
First edition of 4-day WAVES event was initially planned in [[Goa]] from 20 to 24 November, alongside the [[International Film Festival of India]].<ref name="TH130724" />

==2025==
In the 117th episode of '[[Mann Ki Baat]],' [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]] announced that India will host the inaugural World Audio Visual Entertainment Summit (WAVES) from 5 to 9 February 2025.<ref>{{cite news |title=PM Modi calls on India's creative industry to join WAVES summit, honors cinema legends |url=https://ddnews.gov.in/en/pm-modi-calls-on-indias-creative-industry-to-join-waves-summit-honors-cinema-legends/ |access-date=9 February 2025 |work=ddnews.gov.in |date=30 December 2024}}</ref> However, it was postponed to May 2025.

In May 2025, the 4-day WAVES summit took place from 1 May to 4 May at Jio World Convention Centre, Mumbai. The event was inaugurated by [[Prime Minister of India]] [[Narendra Modi]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-29 |title=World Audio Visual & Entertainment Summit: Soft power to make waves |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/world-audio-visual-entertainment-summit-soft-power-to-make-waves-2716877-2025-04-29 |access-date=2025-05-25 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> The summit was attended by participants from over 90 countries, with a total of more than ten thousand delegates. The event covered discussions around various themes such as [[Artificial intelligence|AI]] in media and entertainment, the impact of new technologies, broadcasting, infotainment, AVGC-XR, films, and globalization of the digital media. The event saw diverse art forms including traditional folk dances, martial arts and drumming performances.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-01 |title=‘Viksit Bharat's journey has only started’: What PM Modi said at WAVES 2025, top quotes |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/viksit-bharats-journey-has-only-started-what-pm-modi-said-at-waves-2025-top-quotes-13884641.html |access-date=2025-05-25 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-05-01 |title=PM Narendra Modi to inaugurate first WAVES summit in Mumbai today. What to expect on Day 1 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pm-narendra-modi-to-inaugurate-first-waves-summit-in-mumbai-today-what-to-expect-day-1-101746075496265.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250501152841/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pm-narendra-modi-to-inaugurate-first-waves-summit-in-mumbai-today-what-to-expect-day-1-101746075496265.html |archive-date=1 May 2025 |access-date=2025-05-25 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us |url-status=live }}</ref>

The WAVES Bazaar recorded business deals worth over 1,300 crore rupees with filmmakers and creators from across the country. The event concluded with the adoption of the "WAVES declaration" by representatives of 77 countries at the Global Media Dialogue.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Admin |first=Site |date=2025-05-04 |title=India's First WAVES 2025 Summit Concludes in Mumbai - |url=https://www.newsonair.gov.in/indias-first-waves-2025-summit-concludes-in-mumbai/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250509135041/https://www.newsonair.gov.in/indias-first-waves-2025-summit-concludes-in-mumbai/ |archive-date=9 May 2025 |access-date=2025-05-25 |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Organised events in India]]
[[Category:Annual events in India]]

Yoihenba Meitei Sukham

2026-01-20T15:28:21Z

Buymediaspace:

{{short description|Indian footballer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Western name order|Sukham Yoihenba Meitei}}
{{Meitei name|Sukham|Yoihenba|Meitei}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Yoihenba Meitei
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| fullname = Yoihenba Meitei Sukham
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2004|2|7|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Thoubal]], [[Manipur]], India
| height = 1.75 m
| position = [[Midfielder#Central midfielder|Central midfielder]]
| currentclub = [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
| clubnumber = 22
| youthyears1 = 2017–2018
| youthclubs1 = [[NEROCA FC|NEROCA]]
| years1 = 2020–2024
| clubs1 = [[Kerala Blasters FC Reserves and Academy|Kerala Blasters B]]
| youthyears2 = 2018–2020
| youthclubs2 = [[Kerala Blasters FC Reserves and Academy|Kerala Blasters B]]
| caps1 = 7
| goals1 = 0
| years2 = 2023–
| clubs2 = [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
| caps2 = 3
| goals2 = 0
| nationalyears1 =
| nationalteam1 =
| nationalyears2 =
| nationalteam2 =
| club-update = 13:30, 15 September 2024 (UTC)
| nationalteam-update =
}}

'''Yoihenba Meitei Sukham''' ({{langx|mni|Sukham Yoihenba Meitei}}, born 7 February 2004) is an Indian professional [[Association football|footballer]] who plays as a [[midfielder]] for the [[Indian Super League]] club [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sukham Yoihenba Meitei- Indian Super League |url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/players/midfielder-185408-sukham-yoihenba-meitei-profile |access-date=2023-12-31 |website=www.indiansuperleague.com |language=en |archive-date=16 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216201208/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/players/midfielder-185408-sukham-yoihenba-meitei-profile |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Club career ==

=== Early life and career ===

Born in [[Thoubal]], [[Manipur]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yoihenba Meitei Sukham - Soccer player profile & career statistics - Global Sports Archive |url=https://globalsportsarchive.com/people/soccer/yoihenba-meitei-sukham/343979/ |access-date=2023-12-31 |website=globalsportsarchive.com |archive-date=31 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231231215019/https://globalsportsarchive.com/people/soccer/yoihenba-meitei-sukham/343979/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Yoihenba started his youth career with the under-16 division of [[NEROCA FC]], whom he represented in the U15 Hero Junior League in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aizawl FC cruise into final round of U-15 Hero I-League ~ E-Pao! News About Manipur |url=https://e-pao.net/epPrinter.asp?p2p=news&src=Sport2..231217.dec17&sNStart=%3C!EpnSport2%3E&sNEnd=%3C!EpnSport2End%3E&sHead=%3C!EpnSportHeading2%3E&sHeadEnd=%3C!EpnSportHeading2End%3E |access-date=2023-12-31 |website=e-pao.net |archive-date=31 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231231215018/https://e-pao.net/epPrinter.asp?p2p=news&src=Sport2..231217.dec17&sNStart=%3C!EpnSport2%3E&sNEnd=%3C!EpnSport2End%3E&sHead=%3C!EpnSportHeading2%3E&sHeadEnd=%3C!EpnSportHeading2End%3E |url-status=live }}</ref> He would then sign for the [[Kerala Blasters FC Reserves and Academy#Kerala Blasters U-15|U15 team]] of the Indian Super League side [[Kerala Blasters FC]], whom he represented in the 2019 Hero Junior League and the Subroto Cup, before signing to the reserve side of Kerala Blasters.<ref name="out1731606771867811858">{{cite tweet |number=1151802802634539014 |user=KeralaBlasters |title=After his fine performance in the Hero Junior League and the Subroto Cup, our U-15 Blaster, Yoihenba Meitei, has been selected for a trial with the U-15 Boys National Football Team in Goa! 🤩 |author=Kerala Blasters FC |date=19 July 2019 |access-date=31 December 2023}}</ref>

=== Kerala Blasters ===
====2018–2024: Kerala Blasters reserves and senior team debut====
Yoihenba signed his first senior contract for the [[Kerala Blasters FC Reserves and Academy#Reserves squad|reserves team]] of the Indian Super League side [[Kerala Blasters FC]]. He was then included in the Blasters' reserve squad that played the [[2020–21 Kerala Premier League]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mohamed |first=Farzan |date=2021-03-11 |title=Kerala Blasters FC Reserves announce squad for Kerala Premier League |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/indian-football/news-kerala-blasters-fc-reserves-announce-squad-kerala-premier-league |access-date=2023-12-31 |website=www.sportskeeda.com |language=en-us |archive-date=30 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210630020747/https://www.sportskeeda.com/indian-football/news-kerala-blasters-fc-reserves-announce-squad-kerala-premier-league |url-status=live }}</ref> Under the new senior team gaffer [[Ivan Vukomanović]], Yoihenba was one among the six reserve team players that was called up for [[2021–22 Kerala Blasters FC season#Pre-season and friendlies|2021 pre-season]] camp of Kerala Blasters,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Deshpande |first=Varun |date=2021-07-21 |title=ISL - 6 Reserve Team Players Called Up For Kerala Blasters Pre-season |url=https://iftwc.com/6-reserve-team-players-for-kerala-blasters-pre-season/ |access-date=2023-12-31 |language=en-US |archive-date=22 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922142620/https://iftwc.com/6-reserve-team-players-for-kerala-blasters-pre-season/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mishra |first=Siddharth |date=2021-08-06 |title=ISL: Kerala Blasters begin their pre-season in Kochi |url=https://thebridge.in/isl/kbfc-begin-their-pre-season-in-kochi-24234 |access-date=2023-12-31 |website=thebridge.in |language=en |archive-date=23 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023074521/https://thebridge.in/isl/kbfc-begin-their-pre-season-in-kochi-24234 |url-status=live }}</ref> and was then named in the Blasters' squad for the [[2021 Durand Cup]] by Vukomanović.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sportstar |first=Team |date=2021-09-02 |title=Durand Cup 2021: Kerala Blasters FC announces squad |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/durand-cup-2021-kerala-blasters-fc-announces-squad-fixtures-ivan-vukomanovic-jeakson-singh/article36254591.ece |access-date=2023-12-31 |website=Sportstar |language=en |archive-date=2 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902164536/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/durand-cup-2021-kerala-blasters-fc-announces-squad-fixtures-ivan-vukomanovic-jeakson-singh/article36254591.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> He also represented the reserves in the [[2021–22 Kerala Premier League]] season.<ref name="out17316067718678118582">{{cite tweet |number=1484143538635825154 |user=KeralaBlasters |title=Here's the list of Blasters that will be embarking upon a fresh #KPL journey tomorrow ⤵️ |author=Kerala Blasters FC |date=20 January 2022 |access-date=31 December 2023}}</ref> During the [[2023–24 Kerala Blasters FC season|2023–24 season]], Yoihenba was chosen in the Blasters' reserves' squad for the [[2023 Reliance Foundation Development League]]'s national phase,<ref name="out122">{{cite tweet |number=1650381202937741313 |user=KeralaBlasters |title=𝐒𝐐𝐔𝐀𝐃 𝐀𝐍𝐍𝐎𝐔𝐍𝐂𝐄𝐌𝐄𝐍𝐓📢 Here's our squad set to take part in the Reliance Foundation Development League National Phase ⤵️ |author=Kerala Blasters FC |date=24 April 2023 |access-date=31 December 2023}}</ref> and was again called up for the pre-season camp,<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=ISL: Kerala Blasters kickstart pre-season in Kochi |url=https://khelnow.com/football/2023-07-indian-football-isl-kerala-blasters-start-pre-season |access-date=2023-12-31 |website=Khel Now |language=English |archive-date=19 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719102954/https://khelnow.com/football/2023-07-indian-football-isl-kerala-blasters-start-pre-season |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[2023 Durand Cup]] squad.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sportstar |first=Team |date=2023-08-09 |title=Kerala Blasters announces squad for 2023 Durand Cup |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/kerala-blasters-squad-2023-durand-cup-vukomanovic-west-bengal-assam-indian-football-news/article67177403.ece |access-date=2023-12-31 |website=Sportstar |language=en |archive-date=10 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810094954/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/kerala-blasters-squad-2023-durand-cup-vukomanovic-west-bengal-assam-indian-football-news/article67177403.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> After making it to the senior squad for the [[2023–24 Indian Super League]] season,<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=ISL 2023-24: Kerala Blasters announce 29-member squad |url=https://khelnow.com/football/2023-09-indian-football-isl-kerala-blasters-squad |access-date=2023-12-31 |website=Khel Now |language=English |archive-date=21 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230921192051/https://khelnow.com/tools/ads/ad-4.html |url-status=live }}</ref> his senior career debut would come against [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant]] on 27 December 2023, where he came in as a substitute for [[Mohammed Azhar]] in the injury time of the second half and played just one minute, as the Blasters would win the match 0–1 at full-time.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sportstar |first=Team |date=2023-12-27 |title=MBSG 0-1 KBFC highlights, ISL 2023-24: Diamantakos goal enough as Kerala Blasters edges win against Mohun Bagan SG |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/mohun-bagan-vs-kerala-blasters-live-score-isl-2023-24-mbsg-v-kbfc-updates-lineups-streaming-goals-highlights/article67679926.ece |access-date=2023-12-31 |website=Sportstar |language=en |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228034650/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/mohun-bagan-vs-kerala-blasters-live-score-isl-2023-24-mbsg-v-kbfc-updates-lineups-streaming-goals-highlights/article67679926.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

====2024–present: Rise to the first team and contract extension====
On 14 September 2024, Kerala Blasters announced that Yoihenba has signed a new contract with the club, that would keep him with them until 2027 with an option to extend.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-14 |title=Yoihenba Meitei Signs New Contract with Kerala Blasters Until 2027 - Kerala Blasters FC |url=https://keralablastersfc.in/yoihenba-meitei-signs-new-contract-with-kerala-blasters-until-2027/ |access-date=2024-09-16 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== International career ==

Yoihenba was called up for the India [[India national under-17 football team#U16 squad|under-15]] national team on 25 July 2019 for the preparatory friendlies in [[Thailand]] for the [[2020 AFC U-16 Championship qualification|2020 AFC U-16 Championship qualifiers]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Releases |first=Press |date=2019-07-25 |title=U-15 players Yoihenba and Sahni summoned for national team duty |url=https://thebridge.in/football/u-15-players-yoihenba-and-sahni-summoned-for-national-team-duty/ |access-date=2023-12-31 |website=thebridge.in |language=en |archive-date=12 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200712120838/https://thebridge.in/football/u-15-players-yoihenba-and-sahni-summoned-for-national-team-duty/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and played his first match against [[BG Pathum United F.C.|Bangkok Glass FC]] on 30 July 2019, which they won 4–2.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-07-30 |title=Sridarth nets a hattrick as India U15s beat Bangkok Glass FC 4-2 {{!}} Goal.com |url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/india-u15-bangkok-glass-fc-4-2-sridarth-report/1raj40n3v2na01no5oey1rjadl |access-date=2023-12-31 |website=www.goal.com |language=en |archive-date=31 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190731135106/https://www.goal.com/en/news/india-u15-bangkok-glass-fc-4-2-sridarth-report/1raj40n3v2na01no5oey1rjadl |url-status=live }}</ref> He assisted for Sridarth Nongmeikapam goal against [[Assumption United F.C.|Assumption United FC]] on the final match of the preparatory friendlies on 9 August 2019, as India won the match by the score of 2–0.<ref>{{Cite web |title=INDIA U15 SIDE WRAP UP THAILAND TOUR WITH FOURTH STRAIGHT WIN |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/india-u15-side-wrap-up-thailand-tour-with-fourth-straight-win |access-date=2023-12-31 |website=www.the-aiff.com |archive-date=20 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620073727/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/india-u15-side-wrap-up-thailand-tour-with-fourth-straight-win |url-status=live }}</ref> On 19 November 2020, Yoihenba was called up for the India under-16's training camp in [[Goa]] as a part of the preparation for the [[2020 AFC U-16 Championship]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=India U-16 football national team to begin camp in Goa on Friday, prepare for AFC U-16 Championship next year |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/football/story/india-u-16-football-national-team-afc-u-16-championship-goa-aiff-1742276-2020-11-19 |access-date=2023-12-31 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=3 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203125843/https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/football/story/india-u-16-football-national-team-afc-u-16-championship-goa-aiff-1742276-2020-11-19 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Career statistics==

===Club===

{{updated|matches played till 31 December 2023}}<ref>{{soccerway|sukham-yoihenba-meitei/803878}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!rowspan="2"|Club
!rowspan="2"|Season
!colspan="3"|League
!colspan="2"|Cup
!colspan="2"|[[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]]
! colspan="2" |Other
! colspan="2" |Total
|-
!Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals
!Apps
!Goals!!Apps!!Goals
|-
| rowspan="1" |[[Kerala Blasters FC Reserves and Academy#Reserves squad|Kerala Blasters FC B]]
|[[2023 Reliance Foundation Development League|2023]]
|[[Reliance Foundation Development League|RF Development League]]
| 4|| 0|| colspan="2" | –|| colspan="2" | –
| colspan="2" |–|| 4||0
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Kerala Blasters FC]]
|[[2023–24 Kerala Blasters FC season|2023–24]]
|Indian Super League
| 2|| 0|| 2
|0|| colspan="2" | –
| colspan="2" |–|| 4||0
|-
|[[2024–25 Kerala Blasters FC season|2024–25]]
|Indian Super League
|1
|0
|0
|0
| colspan="2" |–
|3
|0
|4
|0
|-
! colspan="2" |Kerala Blasters total
!3
!0
!2
!0
! colspan="2" |–
!3
!0
!8
!0
|-
! colspan="3" |Career total
!7!!0!!2
!0!! colspan="2" |–
!3
!0!!12!!0
|}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{Soccerway|803878}}
* {{WorldFootball.net|sukham-meitei}}
* [https://www.flashscore.info/player/meitei-sukham-yoihenba/GvqAXOdb/ Sukham Yoihenba Meitei] at Flashscore
* {{FBref|0711f1a3/Sukham-Meitei}}
* {{GSA player|yoihenba-meitei-sukham/343979}}

{{Kerala Blasters FC squad}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yoihenba Meitei, Sukham}}
[[Category:2004 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Men's association football midfielders]]
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]
[[Category:Footballers from Manipur]]
[[Category:Indian Super League players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Kerala Blasters FC Reserves and Academy players]]
[[Category:Kerala Blasters FC players]]

Akbarpur Lok Sabha constituency

2025-12-20T22:36:50Z

Buymediaspace: Starting Stub

{{short description|Lok Sabha constituency in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
|name = Akbarpur {{Small|UP-44}}
|map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Uttar Pradesh/Akbarpur.map}}
|map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Akbarpur Lok Sabha constituency
|established = 2009-present
|reservation = None
|party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|mp = [[Devendra Singh Bhole|Devendra Singh]]
|latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general elections|2024]]
|state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|assembly_cons =[[Akbarpur-Raniya Assembly constituency|Akbarpur-Raniya]] [[Bithoor Assembly constituency|Bithoor]] [[Kalyanpur, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency|Kalyanpur]] [[Maharajpur, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency|Maharajpur]] [[Ghatampur Assembly constituency|Ghatampur]]
|electors = 18,69,167 (2024)
}}

'''Akbarpur Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the 80 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in [[Uttar Pradesh]] state in northern [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha-2019/uttar-pradesh/akbarpur|title=Akbarpur Lok Sabha Election Result 2019 Live, Akbarpur Assembly and General Poll Results 2019 {{!}} IndiaToday|website=www.indiatoday.in|access-date=4 February 2020|archive-date=4 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200204073602/https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha-2019/uttar-pradesh/akbarpur|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mapsofindia.com/parliamentaryconstituencies/uttarpradesh/akbarpur.html|title=Akbarpur Election Result 2019 - Parliamentary Constituency Map and Winning MP|website=www.mapsofindia.com|access-date=4 February 2020}}</ref> This constituency came into existence in 2008 as a part of the implementation of [[Electoral boundary delimitation|delimitation]] of parliamentary constituencies based on the recommendations of the [[Delimitation Commission of India]] constituted in 2002.

==Assembly Segments==
{|class="wikitable"
!No
!Name
!District
!Member
!colspan="2"| Party
!colspan="2"| 2024 Lead
|-
|206
|[[Akbarpur-Raniya Assembly constituency|Akbarpur-Raniya]]
|[[Kanpur Dehat]]
|[[Pratibha Shukla]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|{{party name with color|Samajwadi Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|210
|[[Bithoor Assembly constituency|Bithoor]]
|rowspan="4"| [[Kanpur Nagar]]
|[[Abhijeet Singh Sanga]]
|-
|211
|[[Kalyanpur, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency|Kalyanpur]]
|[[Neelima Katiyar]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|217
|[[Maharajpur, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency|Maharajpur]]
|[[Satish Mahana]]
|-
|218
|[[Ghatampur Assembly constituency|Ghatampur]] (SC)
|[[Saroj Kureel]]
|{{party name with color|Apna Dal (Soneylal)}}
|{{party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
|}

These assembly segments were earlier in erstwhile [[Bilhaur Lok Sabha constituency|Bilhaur]] and [[Ghatampur Lok Sabha constituency|Ghatampur (SC)]] parliamentary constituencies.

==Members of Parliament==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[Indian general election, 2009|2009]]
|[[Raja Ram Pal]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 2014|2014]]
|rowspan="3"|[[Devendra Singh Bhole|Devendra Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 2019|2019]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 2024|2024]]
|-
|}

==Election results==

=== General Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general elections]]: [[Kanpur Dehat|Akbarpur]]<ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Akbarpur">{{cite news |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Akbarpur |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2444.htm |access-date=4 March 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250304151559/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2444.htm |archive-date=4 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Akbarpur Constituency Lok Sabha Election Result 2024">{{cite news |title=Akbarpur Constituency Lok Sabha Election Result 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/uttar-pradesh/akbarpur |access-date=4 March 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250304151434/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/uttar-pradesh/akbarpur |archive-date=4 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Devendra Singh Bhole|Devendra Singh]]|votes=5,17,423|percentage=47.60|change={{down}}9.09}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Raja Ram Pal]]|party=Samajwadi Party|votes=4,73,078|percentage=43.52|change={{up}}43.52}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Rajesh Dwivedi|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=73,140|percentage=6.73|change={{down}}23.13}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the above]]|votes=7,649|percentage=0.70|change={{down}}0.08}}
{{Election box majority||votes=44,345|percentage=4.08|change={{down}}22.75}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=10,86,953|percentage=57.78|change={{down}}0.35}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = BJP
|swing = {{down}}9.09
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Kanpur Dehat|Akbarpur]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Devendra Singh Bhole|Devendra Singh]]|votes=5,81,282|percentage=56.69|change=+7.12}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Nisha Sachan|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=3,06,140|percentage=29.86|change=+9.01}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Raja Ram Pal]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=1,08,341|percentage=10.57|change=+0.60}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=7,994|percentage=0.78|change=+0.41}}
{{Election box majority||votes=2,75,142|percentage=26.83|change=-1.89}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=10,26,633|percentage=58.13|change=+3.20}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = +7.12
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Kanpur Dehat|Akbarpur]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Devendra Singh Bhole|Devendra Singh]]
|votes = 4,81,584
|percentage = 49.57
|change = +28.09
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Anil Shukla Warsi]]
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 2,02,587
|percentage = 20.85
|change = -4.34
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Lal Singh Tomar
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 1,47,002
|percentage = 15.13
|change = -2.89
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Raja Ram Pal]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 96,827
|percentage = 9.97
|change = -20.25
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Arvind Kumar
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|votes = 7,914
|percentage = 0.81
|change = New
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 3,948
|percentage = 0.41
|change = New
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 2,78,997
|percentage = 28.72
|change = +23.69
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 9,71,448
|percentage = 54.93
|change = +11.31
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing = +19.35
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Akbarpur, Kanpur Dehat|Akbarpur]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Raja Ram Pal]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 1,92,549
|percentage = 30.22
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Anil Shukla Warsi]]
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 1,60,506
|percentage = 25.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Arun Kumar Tiwari (Baba)
|votes = 1,36,907
|percentage = 21.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Kamlesh Pathak|Kamlesh Kumar Pathak]]
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 1,14,820
|percentage = 18.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Ram Nath Verma
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 7,243
|percentage = 1.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Virendra Vishwakarma
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 6,613
|percentage = 1.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate |
|candidate = Amar Singh Chauhan
|party = Janwadi Party Socialist
|votes = 5,468
|percentage = 0.86
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Dr. A. K. Gupta
|party = Rashtriya Samanta Dal
|votes = 2,627
|percentage = 0.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Manjesh Kumar
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 1,642
|percentage = 0.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate |
|candidate = Satendra Kushwaha
|party = Rastriya Kranrikari Party
|votes = 1,580
|percentage = 0.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate |
|candidate = Vimal Singh
|party = Akhil Bhartiya Ashok Sena
|votes = 1,494
|percentage = 0.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Dharmendra Pratap Singh
|party = Bharat Punarnirman Dal
|votes = 1,461
|percentage = 0.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Omkar
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 1,355
|percentage = 0.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 32,043
|percentage = 5.03
|change = -2.83
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 6,37,254
|percentage = 43.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box new seat win|
|winner = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Kanpur Dehat district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]
* [[Kanpur Lok Sabha constituency|Kanpur Nagar Lok Sabha constituency]]
* [[Bilhaur Lok Sabha constituency|Bilhaur, Kanpur Lok Sabha constituency]]
* [[Ghatampur Lok Sabha constituency|Ghatampur, Kanpur Lok Sabha constituency]]
* [[Kanpur (Mayoral Constituency)]]
* [[Kanpur (Division Graduates Constituency)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Kanpur division topics}}

{{Coord|26.43|82.54|display=title}}

==External links==
* [https://resultuniversity.com/election/akbarpur-lok-sabha Akbarpur Lok Sabha Election Results]

[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Uttar Pradesh]]

Euphlyctis aloysii

2025-12-18T04:11:50Z

Buymediaspace: new

{{Short description|Species of frog}}
{{Speciesbox
| image=Euphlyctis aloysii .jpg
| image_caption=Adult male from Manipal, Karnataka
| taxon=Euphlyctis aloysii
| authority=Joshy, Alam, Kurabayashi, Sumida, and Kuramoto, 2009<ref name="Joshy et al. 2009"/>
}}

'''''Euphlyctis aloysii''''' is a species of frog in the family [[Dicroglossidae]]. It is [[endemic]] to [[Karnataka]], southwestern [[India]]. It was [[species description|described]] from a female [[holotype]] from [[Mangalore]], Karnataka.<ref name=Frost/>

== Description ==
Adults are small compared to other members of this genus; head is wider than long; snout appears pointed; nostrils are closer to the tip of snout rather than the eye; the nostrils are farther apart as compared to the distance between the eyes; [[Tympanum (anatomy)|tympanum]] is distinct and large, forming nearly 75% of the eye diameter; no webbing between fingers; first finger longer than the second but smaller than the third; [[foot]] longer than the [[femur]] and [[Tibia|shank]] length; toes moderately pointed; fourth toe longer than others; webbing between toes are full, reaching the tips of all toes and sharply incised between toes; inner-[[Metatarsal bones|metatarsal]] tubercle is indistinct; supratympanic fold present, but does not reach the base of arms; dorsum interspersed with small, rounded ridges; flanks, thigh and venter are smooth; a pair of dermal projections seen from anterior edge of forelimbs until groin.<ref name="Joshy et al. 2009"/> [[Phylogenetics|Phylogenetic]] analysis indicates that ''E. aloysii'' is closely related to [[Euphlyctis hexadactylus|''E. hexadactylus'']] and another potentially un-described species.<ref name="Priti et al. 2016"/>
[[File:Euphlyctis aloysii Adult Male in water .jpg|thumb|Adult male of ''Euphlyctis aloysii'' floating on the surface of water. The purple vocal sac in male and complete webbing in feet are visible.|alt=]]

=== Color in life ===
Dorsum appears greenish brown with a thin, greenish mid-dorsal line running from tip of snout to vent; upper jaw near snout appear greenish as do the flanks, with the green coloration reducing gradually towards the [[groin]]. Based on the coloration, the adults of this species may be confused with juveniles of ''[[Euphlyctis hexadactylus|E. hexadactylus]]''.<ref name="Joshy et al. 2009"/>

== Etymology ==
This species is named in honor of [[Aloysius Gonzaga]], a prince in [[Italy national basketball team|Italy]] who entered the [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]] order and died in [[Rome]], serving people during an [[epidemic]] [[Plague (disease)|plague]].<ref name="Joshy et al. 2009"/> The institution where one of the authors completed most work in describing the species is named after St. Aloysius as well.<ref name="Joshy et al. 2009"/>

== Ecology and natural history ==
The ova in female specimens are pigmented and about 1 mm in diameter. Gravid females have been collected from the months of May until late July and implied that they may spawn in early August. ''E. aloysii'' co-occurs with other congeners such as [[Euphlyctis hexadactylus|''E. hexadactylus'']]; [[Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis|''E. cyanophlyctis'']] and [[Euphlyctis karaavali|''E. karaavali'']]. Other species include ''[[Hoplobatrachus tigerinus]]'', ''[[Microhyla ornata]]'', [[Fejervarya sahyadris|''Minervarya sahyadris'']], ''[[Minervarya caperata]]'' and, ''[[Indosylvirana intermedia]]''.<ref name="Joshy et al. 2009"/><ref name="Priti et al. 2016"/>
[[File:Euphlyctis aloysii in amplexus .jpg|thumb|Adult male and female of ''E. aloysii'' in axillary amplexus from Manipal, Karnataka]]

== Distribution ==
Currently known from [[Adyar, Karnataka|Adyar]] and [[Bajpe]] in [[Mangalore]] and [[Manipal]] in [[Karnataka]].<ref name="Joshy et al. 2009"/><ref name="Priti et al. 2016"/>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name=Frost>{{cite web |url=http://research.amnh.org/vz/herpetology/amphibia/Amphibia/Anura/Dicroglossidae/Dicroglossinae/Euphlyctis/Euphlyctis-aloysii |title=''Euphlyctis aloysii'' Joshy, Alam, Kurabayashi, Sumida, and Kuramoto, 2009 |author=Frost, Darrel R. |year=2019 |work=Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0 |publisher=American Museum of Natural History |access-date=11 January 2019}}</ref>

<ref name="Joshy et al. 2009">{{Cite journal |last=Joshy |first=S. H. |author2=M. S. Alam |author3=A. Kurabayashi |author4=M. Sumida |author5=M. Kuramoto |name-list-style=amp |date=2009 |title=Two new species of the genus ''Euphlyctis'' (Anura, Ranidae) from southwestern India, revealed by molecular and morphological comparisons |journal=Alytes |volume=26 |pages=97–116 }}</ref>

<ref name="Priti et al. 2016">{{Cite journal |last1=Priti |first1=Hebbar |last2=Naik |first2=Chandrakanth Rukkappa |last3=Seshadri |first3=Kadaba Shamanna |last4=Singal |first4=Ramit |last5=Vidisha |first5=Madhava Kulkarni |last6=Ravikanth |first6=Gudasalmani |last7=Gururaja |first7=Kotambylu Vasudeva |name-list-style=amp |date=2016 |title=A new species of ''Euphlyctis'' (Amphibia, Anura, Dicroglossidae) from the West Coastal Plains of India |journal=Asian Herpetological Research |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=229–241 |doi=10.16373/j.cnki.ahr.160020 }}</ref>
}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q3060397}}

[[Category:Euphlyctis|aloysii]]
[[Category:Frogs of India]]
[[Category:Endemic amphibians of India]]
[[Category:Amphibians described in 2009]]

Palnar

2025-11-25T07:53:45Z

Buymediaspace: Made basic info with sources

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Palnar
| other_name =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Chhattisgarh#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|18|37|03|N|81|23|42|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Chhattisgarh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Dantewada district|Dantewada]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1961
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Chhattisgarhi language|Chhattisgarhi]]
| demographics1_title2 = Other
| demographics1_info2 = [[Gondi language|Gondi]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Koya language|Koya]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 494552<ref>[https://www.postalcodedb.com/Search.aspx Postal Codes and Zip Codes Database - PostCodesDB]</ref>
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 07857
| registration_plate = CG-18
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Jagdalpur]], [[Dantewada]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Bastar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bastar]]
| website = {{URL|dantewada.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Palnar''' is a village positioned in [[Kuwakonda]] Block of [[Dantewada district]] in [[Chhattisgarh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/cm-raman-singh-to-lay-foundation-stone-of-first-cashless-village-in-chhattisgarh-4420105/|title=CM Raman Singh to lay foundation stone of ‘first cashless village’ in Chhattisgarh|publisher=The Indian Express|access-date=29 December 2017}}</ref> Located in rural area of Dantewada district of Chhattisgarh, it is one among the 54 villages of Kuwakonda Block of Dantewada district. As per the government records, the village code of Palnar is 450279. The village has 432 houses.

According to [[2011 Census of India]], Palnar's population is 1961.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=503447|title=Census 2011 details of Palnar village|publisher=Census of India|access-date=29 December 2017}}</ref> Out of this, 943 are males whereas the females count 1018 here. This village has 277 children in the age group of 0–6 years. Out of this 127 are boys and 150 are girls.{{citation needed|date=June 2023}}

[[Dantewada district|Dantewada]] got Prime Minister's award for converting Palnar into a cashless village.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/dantewada-district-gets-prime-ministers-award-for-converting-palnar-into-a-cashless-village/articleshow/58320086.cms|title=Dantewada district gets Prime Minister's award for converting Palnar into a cashless village|publisher=The Economic Times|access-date=29 December 2017}}</ref> After the 8 November demonetisation of high-value notes, Dantewada district collector Saurabh Kumar and his team managed to procure fibre and bandwidth from [[Essar Steel]] under its [[corporate social responsibility]] to create a free wi-fi zone of two and half square km area to kick start digital payments in the village market that houses 14 shops.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/remote-chhattisgarh-village-gets-pm-award-for-going-cashless/1/934920.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250215181019/https://www.indiatoday.in/|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 February 2025|title=Remote Chhattisgarh village gets PM award for going cashless|publisher=India Today|access-date=29 December 2017 }}</ref> This village is now connected digitally though it has no cellular connectivity even now.{{citation needed|date=June 2023}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=00lXWj3-2mU India’s Cashless Village - भारत का नकदी रहित गाँव – OMG! Chhattisgarh – HISTORY TV18]

[[Category:Villages in Dantewada district]]

Shilpi Marwaha

2025-11-25T07:28:13Z

Buymediaspace: Details.

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shilpi Marwaha
| image = Shilpi.jpg
| imagesize =
| alt =
| caption = Marwaha in July 2020
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = New Delhi
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| othername =
| occupation = Writer, Theatre and Cinema Actor, Theatre Director
| yearsactive = 2007-present
| spouse =
| domesticpartner =
| awards = Sarla Birla Award, AAS Excellence Award 2016, DCW Achievement Award 2016
| website =
}}

'''Shilpi Marwaha'''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/features/a-brave-new-narrative-715239 | title=A brave new narrative }}</ref> is an actor in the Delhi Theatre Circuit who first performed in 2008.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Art/Playing-up-the-action/Article1-668162.aspx |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130624221841/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Art/Playing-up-the-action/Article1-668162.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 June 2013 |title=Playing up the action-The faces from Delhi |author=Aakriti Sawhney |date=1 March 2011 |access-date=21 June 2013 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> She was a street theatre activist during the "anti corruption movement" in Delhi and the protests held at Rastrapati Bhawan, where she raised her voice against the [[2012 Delhi gang rape and murder]] known as the "Nirbhaya" or "Damini" case.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/woman-in-black/871484/ |title=Woman in Black |author=Dipanita Nath |date=6 November 2011 |access-date=21 June 2013 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> She has also worked in mainstream cinema in the Bollywood film, ''[[Raanjhanaa]]'' as Rashmi, [[Abhay Deol]]'s sister, directed by Anand L. Rai in 2013,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://m.timesofindia.com/articleshow/20490379.cms |title=Dhanush, Anand L. Rai to again team up in 2014 |date=8 June 2013 |access-date=21 June 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130610212317/http://m.timesofindia.com/articleshow/20490379.cms |archive-date=10 June 2013}}</ref> [[Bhoomiyude Avakashikal]] (The Inheritors of the Earth), directed by [[T. V. Chandran]], "Widow of Silence" as Aasiya directed by Praveen Morchhale<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rosario |first=Kennith |date=11 June 2020 |title='Widow of Silence' movie review: A quiet but telling portrait of a half-widow |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/widow-of-silence-movie-review-a-quiet-but-telling-portrait-of-a-half-widow/article31806294.ece |access-date=28 June 2020 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> in 2018 and "Chhapaak" directed by Meghna Gulzar in 2020. She was awarded first Sarla Birla Award for her contribution to theatre, AAS Excellence Award 2016 for her participation in women empowerment initiatives, DCW award from Delhi Commission for Women and 'Devi' award from Indian Express Group for her contribution in women empowerment through theatre.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://nationnext.in/demo4/aas-excellence-awards-2016-delhi/ |title=AAS Excellence Awards 2016: Of celebrating womanhood, promoting social causes and rewarding success |date=13 November 2016 |work=nationnext |access-date=9 November 2017 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.livehindustan.com/news/ncr/article1-beti-hi-bachayegi-campaign-starts-and-sarla-birla-award-to-shilpi-marwah-570091.html |title='बेटी ही बचाएगी' अभियान शुरू, शिल्पी मारवाह को सरला बिरला अवार्ड |language=hi |access-date=8 November 2017}}</ref>

== Personal life and background ==
Shilpi was born and brought up in Delhi and studied Commerce at Kamla Nehru College, [[University of Delhi]]. She was active in campus theatre. She did many street and stage plays in DU.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/supplement/story/20130318-shes-every-woman-762673-2013-03-06 |title=She's every woman"Theatre is a powerful tool to engage society":Shilpi Marwaha |author=Ekta Alreja |date=7 March 2013 |access-date=21 June 2013 |publisher=[[India Today]]}}</ref>

== Acting in theatre ==

Marwaha started her career as a theatre actor in Delhi with a Delhi-based theatre group in 2008.[1] She was an active member of collegiate theatre during her student years. She is a self-trained theatre practitioner, with an expansive body of theatrical and cinematic experience. She independently curated and conducted theatre workshops in several reputed colleges. From her initial years, she conducted and designed theatre workshops and directed workshop plays.[2].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.amarujala.com/news/multiplex/Bollywood/interview-of-raanjhana-fame-shilpi-marwaha/ |title=जो थिएटर से सीखा उसे फिल्म में लगाउंगीः शिल्पी मारवाह |location=[[New Delhi]] |date=8 July 2013 |trans-title=Whomsoever has learned from theatre will also be involved in films |language=hi |access-date=11 July 2013 |newspaper=AmarUjala}}</ref>

Her major plays are Dario Fo and Franca Rame's ''A Woman Alone'', [[Bertolt Brecht]]'s ''Ramkali'' ([[The Good Person of Szechwan]]), [[Mahesh Dattani]]'s ''Final Solutions'' and ''30 days in September'', [[Girish Karnad]]'s ''Rakt Kalyan'', [[Swadesh Deepak]]'s ''Court Martial'', Rajesh Kumar's ''Ambedkar aur Gandhi'', [[Mohan Rakesh]]'s ''Lehro ke Rajhans'', Ashok Lal's ''Ek Mamooli Aadmi'', ''Unsuni'' (based on Harsh Mandar's book & scripted by [[Mallika Sarabhai]]), Vijay Mishra's "Tat Niranjana“, [[Dario Fo]]'s adaptation ''Operation Three Star'', based on ''[[Accidental Death of an Anarchist]]'', [[Govind Purushottam Deshpande]]'s ''Raastey'', Dario Fo's ''Can't Pay won't Pay'' (Hindi adaptation by Amitabh Srivastava) and [[Mahesh Bhatt]]'s ''The Last Salute'', written by Rajesh Kumar.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/theatre/a-journey-of-questions/article3839818.ece |title=A journey of questions |last=Vincent |first=Pheroze L. |newspaper=The Hindu |date=31 August 2012 |access-date=18 December 2017 |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Shilpi has also worked with RJ Raunac on dramatic reading of Asghar Wajahat's stories.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.shabdankan.com/2016/12/dillibol-1-asghar-wajahat-shilpi-marwaha-rj-raunac.html |title=असग़र वजाहत की कहानी शिल्पी और रौनक की ज़ुबानी #DilliBol |last=Tiwari |first=Bharat |work=#Shabdankan |access-date=18 December 2017}}</ref>

Apart from acting and directing, she has written several stories and plays, all of which have been staged in Delhi. Out of the many, the following have received high accolades. “Apratyaksh", a love story of a eunuch, "Kaash", an intercaste love saga, "Purity" on the slut-shaming tendencies of society and "Rangmanch", elucidating the struggles involved in the life of an aspiring actor trying to fulfil his dream and "Asifa" on child abuse. "Out of the Box", an anthological play focusing on contemporary issues such as Domestic Violence, Mental Health, Acid Attack, Impotency and Gender Roles. [1]”Ehsaas" a solo act written and performed by Shilpi depicts a young girl's struggle to express her love and desire for other women.[2][3]<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://gaysifamily.com/2018/02/07/theatre-ehsaas-eye-opening-first-kind-play-lesbian-romance/ |title=Theatre: Ehsaas, An Eye Opening, First-Of-Its-Kind Play About Lesbian Romance! - Gaysi |date=7 February 2018 |work=Gaysi |access-date=12 October 2018 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/Making-a-difference/article16832568.ece |title=Making a difference |last=Yadav |first=Sidharth |date=15 December 2016 |work=The Hindu |access-date=12 October 2018 |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Shilpi was a part of the national award-winning documentary film ''Daughters of Mother India''<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/finding-hope-amidst-hysteria/article8000831.ece |title=Finding hope amidst hysteria |last=Kumar |first=Anuj |date=17 December 2015 |work=The Hindu |access-date=18 December 2017 |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> and has worked with [[Oscars|Oscar award]]-winning director Ross Kaufman. She won the best actress award in 2010 in the "International short and sweet festival".

She participated in theatre workshops in various colleges in Delhi and elsewhere including Delhi University, IIT and IIM, and has judged numbers of events on stage and street plays in different colleges and universities across the nation.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/human-rights-day-delhi-s-youngsters-take-part-in-activism-against-gender-based-violence/story-PHvsEuESHrz7m6PiG5dOKN.html |title=Human Rights Day: Delhi's youngsters take part in activism against gender-based violence |date=10 December 2017 |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=18 October 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/rajasthan/alwar/news/latest-alwar-news-051503-1861648.html |title=रचनात्मक क्रियाएं देती हैं राष्ट्र निर्माण की दिशा : शिल्पी |last=Automation |first=Bhaskar |work=Dainik Bhaskar |access-date=18 October 2018 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://dubeat.com/2017/11/oasis17-kicks-off-in-the-realm-of-fiction/ |title=Oasis'17 Kicks Off in the Realm of Fiction - DU Beat |date=1 November 2017 |work=DU Beat |access-date=18 December 2017 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Street theatre ==
Shilpi Marwaha performed thousands of [[street play]]s in Delhi NCR and other states, based on social issues including corruption, women's empowerment, environment, road rage, ''Dastak'', anti-ragging, LGBTQ, communal harmony, Female foeticide, child education, mental health, gender equality, domestic violence, child labour, poverty, drugs, inter-faith, etc. Marwaha is active in the Social Awareness movement, and participated in the women's safety movement to raise voice for domestic workers and in anti-corruption movement etc.<ref>{{Cite magazine |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/good-news/story/20190114-the-street-s-her-stage-1422350-2019-01-05 |title=The Street's her Stage |author=Sheokesh Mishra |date=5 January 2019 |magazine=India Today |language=en |access-date=7 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/delhi/festive-vibes-at-miranda-house/articleshow/61153522.cms |title=Festive vibes at Miranda House|work=The Times of India |date=20 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/punjab-and-haryana/faridabad/video-von-will-not-tolerate-crime-in-women/articleshow/65799840.cms |title=महिलाओं में अपराध न सहने का जोश भरेगी विडियो वैन-Navbharat Times |work=Navbharat Times |access-date=18 October 2018 |language=hi-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/ncr/faridabad/story-make-women-aware-of-womenlink-2171609.html |title='स्त्रीलिंक से महिलाओं को जागरूक करेंगे |website=Hindustan Dainik |language=hi |access-date=18 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/harayana/faridabad/news/video-van-will-reach-10-thousand-people-in-10-days-020129-2717854.html |title=10 दिन में 10 हजार लोगों तक पहुंचेगी वीडियो वैन |last=Automation |first=Bhaskar |work=Dainik Bhaskar |access-date=18 October 2018 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://aajtak.intoday.in/story/movement-and-politics-homegrown-stars-tahrir-square-1-718739.html |title=आंदोलन और राजनीति: देसी तहरीर चौक के सितारे-शिल्पी मारवाह |author=मनीषा पांडेय/शिवकेश |date=14 January 2013 |access-date=12 July 2013 |publisher=इंडिया टुडे}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/locality/new-delhi/close-and-personal-delhi%E2%80%99s-firebrand-street-actor-shilpi-marwah-30697 |title=Up, close and personal with Delhi's firebrand street actor, Shilpi Marwah |date=19 February 2014 |work=dna |access-date=18 December 2017 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Starting theatre group ==

In the year 2016, Shilpi faced workplace sexual harassment from the director of theatre group where she worked for almost a decade; she left the group and was joined by other senior actors who also decided to leave.

Shilpi started [[Sukhmanch Theatre]] in March 2017 in the memory of her late mother, whose name "Sukhvarsha" inspired the name of the group. {{As of|2019}} she was working as creative head and director of the group.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://fit.thequint.com/mind-it/theare-happiness-and-mental-health |title=My Experiments With Happiness #2: Theatre |date=24 December 2019 |website=Quint FIT |language=en |access-date=26 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/actor-shilpi-marwaha-alleges-she-quit-asmita-theatre-group-after-founder-arvind-gaurs-advances-gaur-denies-charge/articleshow/58461003.cms |title=Actor Shilpi Marwaha alleges she quit Asmita Theatre Group after founder Arvind Gaur's 'advances', Gaur denies charge|work=The Times of India |first=Riya|last=Sharma|date=2 May 2017}}</ref>

== Some roles ==

* "Indira" by Nishi Chawla
*Gaaye by Rajesh Kumar<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.artculturefestival.in/sukhmanch-theatre-performs-rajesh-kumars-gaaye/ |title=Sukhmanch theatre performs Rajesh Kumar's Gaaye - Art Culture Festival |date=14 June 2018 |work=Art Culture Festival |access-date=18 October 2018 |language=en-US}}</ref>
* Court Martial by [[Swadesh Deepak]]
* Kabira Khada Bazaar Mein by [[Bhisham Sahni]]
* Tafteesh by Rajesh Kumar
* Kaal Kothari by [[Swadesh Deepak]]
* A Woman Alone by [[Dario Fo]] & [[Franca Rame]]<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.pictureplusonline.com/2017/11/blog-post_69.html?m=1 |title=पीड़ित महिलाओं के हिस्से की लड़ाई है 'अ वुमन अलोन' |work=PICTURE PLUS Film Magazine पिक्चर प्लस फिल्म पत्रिका |access-date=18 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/delhi/shilpi-marwaha-performs-her-play-a-woman-alone-at-dus-shivaji-college/articleshow/62739506.cms |title=Shilpi Marwaha performs her play 'A Woman Alone' at DU's Shivaji College |work=The Times of India |access-date=18 October 2018}}</ref>
* "Kasturba Vs Gandhi" by Dr Nishi Chawla
* Gagan Damama Bajyo by [[Piyush Mishra]]
* Ramleela by Rakesh Veda
* Seven steps around the fire by [[Mahesh Dattani]]

== Filmography ==

* 2012 – ''[[Bhoomiyude Avakashikal]]''
* 2013 – ''[[Raanjhanaa]]'' as Rashmi<ref>{{cite news |url=http://mail.dailypioneer.com/vivacity/from-dirty-streets-to-silver-screen.html |title=FROM DIRTY STREETS TO SILVER SCREEN |author=Iknoor Kaur |date=21 June 2013 |access-date=21 June 2013 |publisher=The pioneer |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130822162751/http://mail.dailypioneer.com/vivacity/from-dirty-streets-to-silver-screen.html |archive-date=22 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://ww.smashits.com/an-outstanding-movie/movie-review-9984.html |title=An Outstanding Movie! |author=K N Gupta |date=21 June 2013 |access-date=21 June 2013 |publisher=Eye TV India Bureau |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130627212505/http://ww.smashits.com/an-outstanding-movie/movie-review-9984.html |archive-date=27 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.asianage.com/life-and-style/i-m-waiting-right-scripts-165 |title='I'm waiting for the right scripts' |author=Sana Yaseen |date=11 July 2013 |access-date=14 July 2013 |publisher=The Asian Age}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://cinemachaat.com/tag/shilpi-marwaha/ |title=Raanjhanaa Review |author=Heather Wilson |date=22 June 2013 |access-date=16 July 2013 |publisher=Cinema Chaat}}</ref>
*2018 - ''[[Widow of Silence]]''<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 June 2020 |title=Morchhale's latest flick is poetic, indispensable and certainly a tour de force! |url=https://www.sundayguardianlive.com/culture/morchhales-latest-flick-poetic-indispensable-certainly-tour-de-force |access-date=28 June 2020 |website=The Sunday Guardian Live |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Widow of Silence Movie Review: A rare cinematic triumph |url=https://www.glamsham.com/ott/web-review/widow-of-silence-movie-review-a-rare-cinematic-triumph/ |access-date=28 June 2020 |website=Glamsham |date=15 June 2020 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Rosario |first=Kennith |date=11 June 2020 |title='Widow of Silence' movie review: A quiet but telling portrait of a half-widow |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/widow-of-silence-movie-review-a-quiet-but-telling-portrait-of-a-half-widow/article31806294.ece |access-date=12 June 2020 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://kashmirlife.net/kashmirs-half-widow-is-at-the-core-of-a-new-film-191853/ |title=Kashmir's Half Widow Is at the Core of a New Film |date=13 November 2018 |website=Kashmir Life |language=en-GB |access-date=7 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/in-the-valley-of-half-widows/articleshow/65760477.cms |title=In the valley of half widows |work=Mumbai Mirror |access-date=11 September 2018}}</ref>
*2020 - ''[[Chhapaak]]''
*2022 - ''[[Shabaash Mithu]]'' as Sukumari Marwaha
*2024 - ''[[Bandaa Singh Chaudhary]]''

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|5741419}}
*[https://www.facebook.com/Marwaha.Shilpi/ Facebook]
*[https://twitter.com/ShilpiMarwaha/ Twitter]
*[https://sites.google.com/view/sukhmanchtheatre Sukhmanch Theatre]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Marwaha, Shilpi}}
[[Category:Actresses from New Delhi]]
[[Category:Indian stage actresses]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]
[[Category:1988 births]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]

Bharatpedia:WikiProject Hyderabad

2025-11-22T05:31:32Z

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{{WikiProject status|inactive|type=geo|parent=India|sc1=WP:HYD}}
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To join WikiProject Hyderabad, edit this section and add<code><nowiki> *~~~~ </nowiki></code>and any comments to the bottom of the following list of members. 
*[[User:Buaidh/Please hold for member enrollment| Buaidh ]] 20:16, 20 February 2018 (UTC)
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Murtipujaka

2025-11-18T05:36:48Z

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{{Short description|Sub-tradition of Svetambara Jainism}}
{{use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{use Indian English|date=April 2020}}
[[File:Shankheshwar Parshvanath 1.jpg|thumb|Murtipujaka [[Parshvanatha]] iconography]]
{{Jainism}}
'''Mūrtipūjaka''' (lit. "image-worshipper"), also known as '''Derāvāsī''' ("temple-dweller"){{sfn|Wiley|2004|p=138}} or '''Mandir Mārgī''' ("follower of the temple path"),{{sfn|Wiley|2004|p=138}} is the largest sect of [[Śvētāmbara|Śvetāmbara]] [[Jainism]].{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=206}} Mūrtipūjaka Jains differ from both Śvetāmbara [[Sthānakavāsī]] and [[Śvetāmbara Terāpanthī]] Jains in that they worship images of the [[Tirthankara|Tīrthaṅkaras]]. Mūrtipūjaka may also generally describe members of both the Śvetāmbara and [[Digambara]] traditions who use idols (''[[Murti|mūrti]]'') in their worship (''pūjā'').{{sfn|Long|2009|p=200}}

== Agreements and disagreements ==
According to Nalini Balbir, all Śvetāmbara sects agree upon "the authority of the Śvetāmbara canonical scriptures, with slight differences; claims of monastic descent from [[Sudharmaswami|Sudharman]], except for the [[Upkeśa Gaccha|Upakeśa Gaccha]]; [and] white monastic robes [for] monks and nuns."<ref name="SM">{{Cite web|url=http://www.jainpedia.org/themes/principles/sects/svetambara-murti-pujaka/index.html|title=Śvetāmbara Mūrti-pūjaka|last=Balbir|first=Nalini|date=5 September 2014|website=Jainpedia: the Jain Universe online|archive-url=https://archive.today/20170522193304/http://www.jainpedia.org/themes/principles/sects/svetambara-murti-pujaka/index.html|archive-date=22 May 2017|url-status=live|access-date=22 May 2017}}</ref> However, despite these commonalities, a central division exists between each of the sects as related to the use of images in worship.{{sfn|Long|2013|pp=20–22}}

Indeed, the early Jain reformer Loṅkā Śāh used the term "mūrtipūjaka" to classify an image-worshipping Jain from other kinds.<ref name="SM" /> Loṅkā is generally presented in his biographies as a scribe who lived in the Gujarat region during the 15th century.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=246}} His occupation allowed him access to many Jain scriptures and manuscripts, which he interpreted to lack references to the construction of temples or the worship of images, despite both being prevalent at the time and also idols belonging to the time of Lord Mahavira being worshiped. He argued that these practices were spiritually dangerous by grounding them as violations of ''[[Ahimsa in Jainism|ahiṃsā]],'' the principle of non-injury central to Jain religion and philosophy.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=249}} According to Loṅkā, re-shaping the land to build temples leads to the destruction of microscopic organisms, and ''pūjā'' rituals entail "subtle forms of harm" through material offerings like flowers or incense.{{sfn|Cort|2010|p=[https://archive.org/details/framingjinanarra00cort/page/n23 5]}}

Loṅkā's lasting influence brought to light an aniconic impulse within a strict, doctrinal understanding of Jain teaching. The Śvetāmbara Sthānakavāsī and Terāpanthī sects accept this impulse, agreeing with Loṅkā that the most appropriate form of religious practice is mental worship (''bhāva-pūjā),'' which is already performed by [[mendicant]]s because the reliance on images and temples is indicative of an attachment to objects that is "spiritually counterproductive".{{sfn|Long|2009|p=20}}

Mūrtipūjaka Jains respond to the criticisms of ''mūrti-pūjā ''in two ways: first, by revealing that it is, in fact, scripturally prevalent; and second, by saying that images are necessary for the spiritual practices of laypeople. The monk [[Vijayanandsuri|Ātmārām]] (1837 – 1896), who was originally a Śvetāmbara Sthānakavāsī monk and later became the mendicant leader [[Acharya|Ācārya]] Vijayānandasūri, discovered upon reading early Jain texts in Prakrit and their Sanskrit commentaries that there was an abundance of references to image worship.<ref name="FJ">{{harvnb|Cort|2010|p=[https://archive.org/details/framingjinanarra00cort/page/n24 6]}}</ref> This led him to believe that the non-Mūrtipūjaka position actually "contravened Jain scripture".<ref name="FJ" />
[[File:Shankheshwar Parshvanath 2.jpg|thumb|The idol of Parshvanatha at Shankheshwar, Patan, Gujarat]]

Muni Bhadraṅkaravijaya considered image worship to cultivate morality by praising the qualities of the Tīrthaṅkaras and undergoing the ascetic practices associated with them. As such, given its disciplinary nature, "image worship will destroy a wide variety of karmas."{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=206}} Bhadraṅkaravijaya also argued that given the current cosmic age, laity can't contemplate the Tīrthaṅkaras without the assistance of some mental prop or image. Thus, a key element of the Mūrtipūjaka response to the controversy of image worship is to view images as a tool to develop better [[spiritual practice]]s, especially amongst the laity.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=254}}{{sfn|Narendra Singh|2001|p=5184}}

== Other distinctions ==
Outside the use of images in worship, Śvetāmbara Mūrtipūjaka Jains distinguish themselves in the use of the ''[[Muhapatti|muhpattī]].'' The ''muhpattī'' is a small, rectangular piece of cloth placed over the mouth, traditionally used to prevent harming small organisms either by inhaling them or expelling breath onto them.{{sfn|Wiley|2004|p=150}} Mūrtipūjaka mendicants, according to [[Paul Dundas]], they will simply hold it in place when necessary in situations such as reading of scriptures.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=252}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jainworld |title=The Svetambara Sub-sects |url=https://jainworld.com/library/jain-books/books-on-line/jainworld-books-in-indian-languages/antiquity-of-jainism/the-svetambara-sub-sects/ |access-date=2024-06-25 |website=Jainworld |language=en-US}}</ref> In contrast, Śvetāmbara Sthānakavāsī and Terāpanthī mendicants permanently wear the ''muhpattī ''except while eating. Laypeople will hold a similar cloth in front of their mouths during certain rituals, where it is intended to "prevent pollution of the sacred objects by [the laity's] breath."{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=253}} However, Kristi Wiley notes that this is actually a different cloth from the ''muhpattī.''{{sfn|Wiley|2004|p=150}}

==Gacchas==
{{Main|Gaccha}}
Derived from the word for "tree" - or as Wiley also suggests, a derivation of the terms "going" or "traveling together"{{sfn|Wiley|2004|p=87}} - Śvetāmbara Mūrtipūjaka mendicants are divided into orders based on their pupillary lineages known as ''[[gaccha]]''[[Gaccha|s]]. Emerging between the 11th and 16th centuries, each of the ''gaccha''s claimed to represent a "truer" version of Jainism than another, and they often hotly contested one another in polemical debates and writings that argued against the laxity of mendicant regulations. Despite this, each of the ''gacchas'' shared a common ancestor, their respective records tracing back to the Tīrthaṅkara [[Mahāvīra (mathematician)|Mahāvīra's]] disciple, Sudharman.<ref name="SM" /> Although some 84 separate gacchas appeared since the 7th–8th century, and are still spoken of, only the following seem to have survived:<ref>{{Cite book |last=Glasenapp |first=Helmuth von |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WzEzXDk0v6sC&dq=tapa+gaccha&pg=PA389 |title=Jainism: An Indian Religion of Salvation |date=1999 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=978-81-208-1376-2 |language=en}}</ref>

* [[Tapa Gaccha|Tapā Gaccha]] (1228 CE)
* [[Kharatara Gaccha]] (simply traced to 11th century CE)
* [[Achal Gaccha]] (dated at 1179 CE)
* Paichand or [[Parshwachandra Gaccha]] (dated ?)

[[File:Patan Parshvanatha.jpg|thumb|A 10th century CE Murtipujaka idol of Parshvanatha from Patan, Gujarat]]
As previously mentioned, the [[Upkeśa Gaccha|Upakeśa Gaccha]] is also identified as a Śvetāmbara sect which eventually died out during the end of the medieval era.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=149}} Unlike the orders listed above, they claim descent from the 23rd Tīrthaṅkara [[Parshvanatha|Pārśvanātha]].<ref name="SM" /> According to Flügel, some Upakeśa Gaccha scholars like Devagupta Sūri considered "injury to living beings committed during the construction of temples and in the preparation of ''pūjā ''with flowers, fruits and water as a form of unavoidable or occupational violence (''ārambhajā himsā'')."{{sfn|Flügel|2008|p=185}} In this sense, they are congruent with other Mūrtipūjaka sects and their beliefs in that some forms of violence are permissible, or at least outweighed, by the value of temples and ''pūjā'' rituals.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=246}}

==History ==
According to Jain tradition, in the first century, Vajrasensuri established four ''Kulas'', subdivisions within the Swetambara Murtipujaka Jain community, to divide the community during time of drought to disperse them. They were: Chandra, Nirvriti, Vidyadhar and Nagendra. During 1000 to 1300 CE, the Gaccha replaced these ''Kula'' as basic divisions of community.

Although some 84 separate gacchas have appeared since the 7th–8th century, only a few have survived, such as the [[Kharatara Gaccha|Kharatara]], the [[Tapa Gaccha|Tapa]], the [[Achal Gaccha|Achal]], the Paichand or [[Parshwachandra Gaccha|Parshwachandra]] Gaccha. While the gacchas do not differ from one another in matters of doctrine, they do differ on issues of practice, in particular those practices relating to the sacred calendar and to ritual. The various gacchas also trace their descent through different lineages.

===Former 84 Gacchas===
The number of 84 Gacchas is still spoken of by the Jains, but the lists that have been hitherto published are very discordant. The [[Upkeśa Gaccha]] is, historically, the oldest of all. It is also the only one of the 84 ''gacchas'' that follows the lineage of [[Parshvanatha]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.calcutta.06227/page/n249/mode/2up |title=Indian Antiquary: A Journal of Oriental Research, Vol-19, Issue no.-January-December}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Upadhye |first=A N |title=Jain Bibliography Part 2 |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/016036/59 |access-date=2024-06-14 |website=jainqq.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Maharaja |first=Gyansundar |title=Oswal Porwal Aur Shreemal Jatiyo Ka Sachitra Prachin Itihas |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/034569/15 |access-date=2024-06-13 |website=jainqq.org}}</ref> The rest follow the lineage of [[Mahavira]]. The following was obtained from a member of the sect as being their recognized list,--and allowing for differences of spelling, nearly every name may be recognized in those previously published by Mr. H. G. Briggs or Colonel Miles.<ref name="Project Gutenberg 004">{{cite book |title=On the Indian Sect of the Jainas by Georg Bühler (Public Domain text) |via=Project Gutenberg |date=April 2004 |url=http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/11897?msg=welcome_stranger |access-date=16 June 2015}}</ref>

The eighty four ''gacchas'' of the Jains:<ref>Those names marked * are found in Col. Miles's list Tr. R. A. S. vol. III, pp. 358 f. 363, 365, 370. Those marked † are included in H. G. Brigg's list,--Cities of Gujarashtra, p. 339.</ref>

{{columns-list|colwidth=13em|
# ? *†
# [[Upkeśa Gaccha|Upkeśa]]*†
# [[Achal Gaccha]]
# Jirâvalâ*†
# Khaḍatara or Kharatara
# Lonkâ or Richmati*†
# [[Tapa Gaccha]]
# Gaṁgeśvara*†
# Koraṇṭavâla†
# Ânandapura†
# Bharavalî
# Uḍhavîyâ*†
# Gudâvâ*†
# Dekâüpâ or Dekâwâ*†
# Bh nmâlâ†
# Mahuḍîyâ*†
# Gachhapâla*†
# Goshavâla†
# Magatragagadâ†
# Vṛihmânîyâ†
# Tâlârâ*†
# Vîkaḍîyâ*†
# Muñjhîyâ*†
# Chitroḍâ†
# Sâchorâ*†
# Jachaṇḍîyâ†
# Sîdhâlavâ*†
# Mîyâṇṇîyâ
# Âgamîyâ†
# Maladhârî*†
# Bhâvarîyâ†
# Palîvâla*†
# Nâgadîgeśvara†
# Dharmaghosha†
# Nâgapurâ*†
# Uchatavâla†
# Nâṇṇâvâla*†
# Sâḍerâ*†
# Maṇḍovarâ*†
# Śurâṇî*†
# Khaṁbhâvatî*†
# Pâëchaṁda
# Sopârîyâ*†
# Mâṇḍalîyâ*†
# Kochhîpanâ*†
# Jâgaṁna*†
# Lâparavâla*†
# Vosaraḍâ*†
# Düîvaṅdanîyâ*†
# Chitrâvâla*†
# Vegaḍâ
# Vâpaḍâ
# Vîjaharâ, Vîjharâ*†
# Kâüpurî†
# Kâchala
# Haṁdalîyâ†
# Mahukarâ†
# Putaliyâ*†
# Kaṁnarîsey†
# Revarḍi̐yâ*†
# Dhandhukâ†
# Thaṁbhanîpaṇâ*
# Paṁchîvâla†
# Pâlaṇpurâ*
# Gaṁdhârîyâ*†
# Velîyâ†
# Sâḍhapunamîyâ
# Nagarakoṭîyâ*†
# Hâsorâ*†
# Bhaṭanerâ*†
# Jaṇaharâ*†
# Jagâyana*
# Bhîmasena*†
# Takaḍîyâ†
# Kaṁboja*†
# Senatâ†
# Vagherâ*†
# Vaheḍîyâ*
# Siddhapura*†
# Ghogharî*†
# Nîgamîyâ
# Punamîyâ
# Varhaḍîyâ†
# Nâmîlâ.†
}}

===Present Gacchas===
[[Tapa Gaccha]] was founded by Jagatchandrasuri in [[Vikram Samvat]] 1285 (1229 CE). He was given the title of "Tapa" (i.e., the meditative one) by the ruler of [[Mewar]]. It was a branch of the ''Brihad Gaccha'' founded by Udyotan Suri. Vijaydevsuri (1600–1657 AD) is considered one of major leader of lineage. They reformed monastic order of Śvetāmbara Jainism. As a result of this reform, most Śvetāmbara Jain monks today belong to Tapa Gaccha.{{citation needed|date=March 2025}}

[[Kharatara Gaccha]] was founded by Vardhamana Suri<ref name=hvg/> (till 1031). His teacher was a temple-dwelling monk. He rejected him because of not following texts.<ref name=phil>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Overview of world religions-Jainism-Kharatara Gaccha|url=http://www.philtar.ac.uk/encyclopedia/jainism/khara.html|encyclopedia=philtar.ac.uk/encyclopedia/index.html|publisher=Division of Religion and Philosophy, University of Cumbria|access-date=27 November 2012}}</ref><ref name=hvg>{{Cite book|last= Glasenapp|first=Helmuth|title=Jainism: An Indian Religion of Salvation|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ|isbn=9788120813762|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WzEzXDk0v6sC&q=jainism&pg=PA383|access-date=27 November 2012|page=389|year=1999}}</ref> His pupil, Jineshvara, got honorary title 'Kharatara' (Sharp witted or Fierce) because he defeated Suracharya, leader of Chaityavasis in public debate in 1023 at Anahilvada [[Patan district|Patan]]. So the Gaccha got his title. Another tradition regards Jinadatta Suri (1075-1154) as a founder of Gaccha.<ref name=hvg/>

[[Achal Gaccha]], also known as the ''Vidhipakṣa'' or ''Anchal Gaccha'' ({{langx|hi|अचलगच्छ or अंचलगच्छ}}) is one of the four existing [[Gaccha|Gacchas]] and one of the 84 ''gacchas'' of the [[Śvetāmbara]] Murtipujaka sect of [[Jainism]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jain |first=Parshwa |title=Anchalgacchana Jyotirdharo |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/034741/7}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Schubring |first=Walther |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sYXKD2IAu00C&dq=%22vidhipaksa%22+-Bharatpedia&pg=PA70 |title=The Doctrine of the Jainas: Described After the Old Sources |date=2000 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=978-81-208-0933-8 |language=en}}</ref> It was founded by [[Aryarakshitsuri|Acharya Aryarakshitsuri]] in 1079 CE.Currently, Acharya Kalāprabhasāgarsuri is the ''gacchadhipati'' of Achal Gaccha who was declared as Gunodayasāgarsuri's successor after his demise in 2020. Acharya Kalāprabhasāgarsuri was formally coronated as the ''gacchadhipati'' of Achal Gaccha in 2022 in [[Mulund]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kalaprabhasagarsuri |first=Acharya |title=Arya-Kalyan-Gautam Smruti Granth |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/012034/6}}</ref>

Other gaccha is [[Parshwachandra Gaccha]].

==Annual festivals==
The Svetambara Murtipujak annual festivals, according to the Gujarati calendar, are:<ref>{{cite book|last=Cort|first=John E.|author-link=John E. Cort|title=Jains in the World|publisher=Oxford University Press, USA|publication-place=New York|date=2001|isbn=0-19-513234-3|page=143}}</ref>

*Kārtak (October-November)
**Bright 1: New Year / Gautam Svāmī Enlightenment
**Bright 5: Knowledge Fifth (Jñān Pañcamī)
**Bright 5: Wealth Fifth (Lābh Pañcamī)
**Bright 14: Four-monthly Fourteenth (Kārtak Caudaś)
**Bright 15: Kārtak Full Moon (Kārtak Pūnam)
*Māgsar (November-December)
**Bright 11: Silence Eleventh (Maun Agyāras)
**Dark 10: Poṣ Tenth (Poṣ Daśami)
*Poṣ (December-January)
*Māgh (January-February)
*Fāgan (February-March)
**Bright 14: Four-monthly Fourteenth (Fāgan Caudaś)
**Dark 8: Beginning of Varṣītap
*Caitra (March-April)
**Bright 7-15: Āyambil Oḷī
**Bright 13: Mahāvīr Jayantī
*Vaiśākh (April-May)
**Bright 3: Immortal Third (Akhā Trīj)
*Jeṭh (May-June)
*Āṣāḍh (June-July)
**Bright 14: Four-monthly Fourteenth (Aṣāḍh Caudaś)
**Bright 15: Beginning of Comāsu
*Śrāvan (July-August)
**Dark 12/13: Beginning of Paryuṣaṇ
*Bhādarvā (August-September)
**Bright 4/5: Saṃvatsarī
*Āso (September-October)
**Bright 7-15: Āyambil Oḷī
**Dark 13: Wealth Thirteenth (Dhan Teras)
**Dark 14: Black Fourteenth (Kāḷī Caudaś)
**Dark 15: Dīvāḷī / Accountbook Worship / Mahāvīr Liberation

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
*Balbir, Nalini (2014). [http://www.jainpedia.org/themes/principles/sects/svetambara-murti-pujaka/index.html "Śvetāmbara Mūrti-pūjaka"]. ''Jainpedia: the Jain Universe online.''
* {{cite book |last=Cort |first=John |year=2010 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MDBpq23-0QoC |title=Framing the Jina: Narratives of Icons and Idols in Jain History |location=Oxford, UK |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0195385021}}
* {{Cite book|title=The Jains|last=Dundas|first=Paul|publisher=Routledge|year=2002|isbn=978-0415266062|location=London, UK}}
* {{cite book|last=Flügel|first=Peter|title=Studies in Jaina History and Culture: Disputes and Dialogues|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cAoLg0R1jZIC&pg=PA371|year=2006|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-203-00853-9|pages=312–398|chapter=Demographic Trends In Jaina Monasticism}}
* {{cite conference |last=Flügel |first=Peter |date=2008 |chapter=The Unknown Loṅkā: Tradition and the Cultural Unconscious |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ecKCrO6nLiAC |title=Jaina Studies |conference=12th World Sanskrit Conference, Helsinki, 13–18 July 2003 |editor1=Nalini Balbir |editor2= Colette Caillat |location=Delhi |publisher=Motilal Banarsidas |pages=181–279 |isbn=978-8120832473}}
* {{cite book |last=Long |first=Jeffrey |year=2009 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ehzdGQAACAAJ |title=Jainism: An Introduction |location=London |publisher=I.B. Tauris & Co. Ltd. |isbn=978-1845116262}}
** {{cite book |last=Long |first=Jeffery D. |year=2013 |title=Jainism: An Introduction |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I3gAAwAAQBAJ |publisher=I.B. Tauris |isbn=978-0-85771-392-6 }}
* {{citation |last=Sangave |first=Vilas Adinath |author-link=Vilas Adinath Sangave |title=Jain Community: A Social Survey |url={{Google books|FWdWrRGV_t8C|plainurl=yes}} |date=1980 |publisher=[[Popular Prakashan]] |location=Bombay |edition=2nd |isbn=978-0-317-12346-3 }}
* {{cite book |last=Singh |first=Narendra |title=Encyclopaedia of Jainism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JoDUPJpb63UC |year=2001 |publisher=Anmol Publications |isbn=81-261-0691-3 |chapter=Acahrya Bhikshu and Terapanth |ref={{sfnref|Narendra Singh|2001}} }}
* {{cite book |last=Wiley |first=Kristi L. |year=2004 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kUz9o-EKTpwC |title=The A to Z of Jainism |location=Lanham, MD |publisher=The Scarecrow Press, Inc. |isbn=978-0810868212}}

{{Jainism Topics|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Śvetāmbara sects]]

Tejas Karia

2025-10-21T15:02:37Z

Buymediaspace: Done.

{{Short description|Indian judge}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix = Justice
| name = Tejas Karia
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1978|02|01}}
| birth_place = Ahmedabad, Gujarat
| alma_mater = [[ILS Law College]]
| occupation = Judge
}}

'''Tejas Dhirenbhai Karia''' is an Indian judge currently serving as a judge of the [[High Court of Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome To Delhi Highcourt |url=https://delhihighcourt.nic.in/judges/court/cj_sitting/current?page=4 |access-date=2025-02-14 |website=delhihighcourt.nic.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=www.ETLegalWorld.com |title=SAM Partner Tejas Dhirenbhai Karia appointed as judge of Delhi High Court - ET LegalWorld |url=https://legal.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/law-policy/sam-partner-tejas-dhirenbhai-karia-appointed-as-judge-of-delhi-high-court/118190047 |access-date=2025-02-14 |website=ETLegalWorld.com |language=en}}</ref> Prior to his appointment to the bench, he was a lawyer specialising in arbitration law. He was also a partner at [[Shardul Amarchand Mangaldas & Co]] law firm.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Bench |first=Bar & |date=2025-02-14 |title=Tejas Karia takes oath as judge of Delhi High Court |url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/tejas-karia-takes-oath-as-judge-of-delhi-high-court |access-date=2025-02-14 |website=Bar and Bench - Indian Legal news |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Justice Karia graduated in law from [[ILS Law College]], University of Pune and obtained a Master of Law in Corporate and Commercial Laws from [[University of Gujrat]]. He also obtained a masters degree from [[London School of Economics]] with specialisation in International Commercial Arbitration and Information Technology Laws.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Tejas Karia - Profile |url=https://siac.org.sg/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Tejas-Karia_Profile_Jan-2019.pdf |access-date=14 February 2025 |website=SIAC}}</ref>

He enrolled as an advocate with the Bar Council of Gujarat.<ref name=":0" /> He was also a partner at [[Shardul Amarchand Mangaldas & Co]] law firm and headed its arbitration practice.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tejas Karia |url=https://www.amsshardul.com/team/tejas-karia/ |access-date=2025-02-14 |website=Shardul Amarchand Mangaldas & Co |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Career ==
Karia was recommended for elevation by the High Court Collegium on 25 October 2023 and by the [[Collegium system|Supreme Court Collegium]] on 29 August 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 August 2023 |title=Supreme Court of India - Collegium Recommendation |url=https://cdnbbsr.s3waas.gov.in/s3ec0490f1f4972d133619a60c30f3559e/uploads/2024/08/2024082956.pdf |access-date=14 February 2025 |website=Supreme Court of India}}</ref>

The [[Government of India]] cleared this appointment on 12 February 2025. On 14 February 2025, he was appointed as judge of the High Court of Delhi.<ref name=":1" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Karia, Tejas}}
[[Category:Indian judges]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1978 births]]

Limnophila limnophiloides

2025-10-04T04:27:10Z

Buymediaspace: Created a data

{{Short description|Species of flowering plant}}
{{Speciesbox
| status = EX
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="IUCN"> </ref>
| genus = Limnophila (plant)
| species = limnophiloides
| authority = ([[Ethelbert Blatter|Blatt.]] & Hallb.) [[Saravanam Karthikeyan|Karthik.]] & [[Venkatachalam Sampath Kumar|V.S.Kumar]]
| synonyms = ''Bonnayodes limnophiloides'' {{small|[[Ethelbert Blatter|Blatt.]] & Hallb., 1921}}
}}

'''''Limnophila limnophiloides''''' is an aquatic plant belonging to the family [[Plantaginaceae]] which was endemic to the [[Bhushi Dam|Bhushi lake]] in India. It was last recorded from a single specimen collected in 1918 and has been listed as [[Extinction|extinct]] by the [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]] in June 2024.<ref name="IUCN">{{cite iucn |author=Watve, A. |year=2024 |title=''Limnophila limnophiloides'' |volume=2024 |article-number=e.T176986A251943261 |doi= |access-date=27 June 2024}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q91325351}}

[[Category:Plantaginaceae]]
[[Category:Extinct flora of Asia]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1921]]

{{Plantaginaceae-stub}}

1951–52 Indian general election in Assam

2025-10-03T21:20:19Z

Buymediaspace: Starting A Stub - done

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox election
| election_date = {{Start date|1952|03|27|df=yes}}
| country = India
| type = parliamentary
| next_election = 1957 Indian general election in Assam
| next_year = 1957
| seats_for_election = 12 of the 489 seats in the Lok Sabha
| image1 = Jawaharlal Nehru stamp (cropped).jpg
| image1_size = 130x130px
| leader1 = [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
| party1 = Indian National Congress
| seats1 = 11
| popular_vote1 = 1,210,707
| percentage1 = 45.74%
| image2 =
| image2_size = 130x130px
| leader2 = [[Jayaprakash Narayan]]
| party2 = Socialist Party (India)
| seats2 = 1
| popular_vote2 = 506,943
| percentage2 = 19.15%
}}

The [[1951–52 Indian general election]] was the first democratic national election held in [[India]] after [[Indian Independence Act 1947|Independence]], and the polls in [[Assam]] were held for 10 constituencies with 12 seats. The result was a victory for [[Indian National Congress]] winning 11 out of the 12 seats. Only one seat was won by the [[Socialist Party (India)|Socialist Party]].

==Results==
{{Election results
|image=
|party1=[[Indian National Congress]]|votes1=1210707|seats1=11
|party2=[[Socialist Party (India)|Socialist Party]]|votes2=506943|seats2=1
|party3=[[Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party]]|votes3=265687|seats3=0
|party4=Tribal Sangha|votes4=116629|seats4=0
|party5=[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]|votes5=96303|seats5=0
|party6=[[All People's Party (Assam)|All People's Party]]|votes6=36851|seats6=0
|party7=Khasi-Jaintia Durbar|votes7=32987|seats7=0
|party8=Hill People Party|votes8=17350|seats8=0
|party9=Independents|votes9=363670|seats9=0
|source=ECI<ref>{{cite web |title=General Election of India 1951, List of Successful Candidate |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1951/VOL_1_51_LS.PDF |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008191615/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1951/VOL_1_51_LS.PDF |archive-date=8 October 2014 |access-date=12 January 2010 |publisher=Election Commission of India |page=90}}</ref>
}}

===By constituency===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! #
! Constituency
! Turnout
! Winner<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 August 2018 |title=General Election, 1951 (Vol I, II) |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4111-general-election-1951-vol-i-ii/ |access-date=19 November 2023 |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
! Party
! Runner-up
! Party
|-
| rowspan="2"| 1
| rowspan="2"| Cachar Lushal Hills
| rowspan="2" | {{Formatnum:627706}}
| [[Nibaran Chandra Laskar|Laskar, Nibaran Chandra]]
| INC
| Ghose, Satyendra Kishore
| KMPP
|-
| [[Suresh Chandra Deb|Deb, Suresh Chandra]]
| INC
| Patni, Nitai Chand
| KMPP
|-
| 2
| [[Autonomous District Lok Sabha constituency|Autonomous Districts]]
| {{Formatnum:109663}}
| [[Bonily Khongmen]]
| INC
| Wilson Reade
| KJD
|-
| rowspan="2"| 3
| rowspan="2"| Goalpara Garo Hills
| rowspan="2"| {{Formatnum:704435}}
| [[Amjad Ali (Assam politician)|Jonab Amjad Ali]]
| SP
| Rani Manjula Devi
| IND
|-
| Sitanath Brahma Chowdhury
| INC
| Satish Chandra Basumatari
| TS
|-
| 4
| [[Barpeta Lok Sabha constituency|Barpeta]]
| {{Formatnum:176868}}
| [[Beli Ram Das|Beliram Das]]
| INC
| Bipin Pal Das
| SP
|-
| 5
| [[Gauhati Lok Sabha constituency|Gauhati]]
| {{Formatnum:202596}}
| [[Rohini Kumar Chaudhuri|Rohini Kumar Chaudhury]]
| INC
| Lakshya Dhar Chaudhury
| SP
|-
| 6
| Darrang
| {{Formatnum:162120}}
| Kamakhya Prasad Tripathi
| INC
| H. C. Barua
| SP
|-
| 7
| [[Nowgong Lok Sabha constituency|Nowgong]]
| {{Formatnum:173832}}
| [[D. K. Barooah|Barooah, Dev Kanta]]
| INC
| Goswami Lakshmi Prasad
| SP
|-
| 8
| Golaghat Jorhat
| {{Formatnum:172180}}
| [[Debeswar Sarmah|Debeswar Sarma]]
| INC
| Bhabesh Chandra Barua
| SP
|-
| 9
| Sibsagar North Lakhimpur
| {{Formatnum:169015}}
| Buragohain, Surendranath
| INC
| Barbarua, Lalit
| IND
|-
| 10
| [[Dibrugarh Lok Sabha constituency|Dibrugarh]]
| {{Formatnum:148712}}
| [[Jogendra Nath Hazarika|Hazarika, Jogendra Nath]]
| INC
| Sonawal, Parasuram
| SP
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20141008191615/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1951/VOL_1_51_LS.PDF Volume I, 1951 Indian general election, 1st Lok Sabha]

==External links==
*{{URL|https://eci.gov.in|Website of Election Commission of India}}

{{Assam elections|state=expanded}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:1951-52 Indian general election in Assam}}
[[Category:1951 Indian general election by state or union territory|Assam]]
[[Category:Indian general elections in Assam]]

Bertrand-François Mahé de La Bourdonnais

2025-09-09T09:41:41Z

Buymediaspace: adjusted section for consistency

{{Short description|French Navy officer and colonial administrator}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=February 2012}}
{{Infobox officeholder|image=File:Bertrand_François_Mahé_de_La_Bourdonnais.jpg|birth_date=11 February 1699|death_date=10 November 1753|branch=[[French Navy]]|office=Governor of Réunion |term=1735
|rank=[[Captain (naval)|Captain]]}}
'''Bertrand-François Mahé, comte de La Bourdonnais''' (11 February 1699{{snd}}10 November 1753) was a [[French Navy]] officer and colonial administrator who was employed by the [[French Indies Company]].

==Biography==
La Bourdonnais entered the service of the [[French Indies Company]] as a lieutenant. In 1724, he was promoted to captain, and he displayed such bravery in the capture of [[Mahé, India|Mahé]] on the [[Malabar Coast]] that the name of the town was supposedly added to his own as a result of this; however, an alternative account suggests that the town adopted his name, rather than the other way around. For two years, he was in the service of the Portuguese Viceroy, but in 1735 he returned to French service as governor of the [[Isle de France (Mauritius)|Isle de France]] (present-day [[Mauritius]]) and the Île de Bourbon (present-day [[Réunion]]). His first five years' administration of the islands was vigorous and successful.<ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911|inline=y|wstitle=La Bourdonnais, Bertrand François, Count Mahé de|volume=16|page=6}}</ref> He significantly increased the enslaved African population in [[Isle de France (Mauritius)]], which grew from only 638 in 1735 by around 1,300 annually. Labourdonnais also brought 70 slaves for his own estate.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Teelock |first1=Vijaya |title=Transition from slavery in Zanzibar and Mauritius a comparative history |date=2016-12-29 |publisher=Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa |isbn=9782869786806 |pages=25–43}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Truth and Justice Commission Report Vol.1 |url=https://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/ROL/TJC_Vol1.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160615081832/http://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/ROL/TJC_Vol1.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 15, 2016 |publisher=Government of Mauritius |access-date=2021-07-04}}</ref>

A visit to France in 1740 was interrupted by the outbreak of hostilities with Great Britain, and La Bourdonnais was put at the head of a fleet in Indian waters.<ref name="EB1911"/> In 1744, he assembled a squadron of 3,342 men, including 720 slaves, and led a military expedition from Isle de France to Madras in India. His victory increased the rivalry with Governor of Pondicherry, [[Joseph François Dupleix]]. Soon Labourdonnais was accused of receiving money from the British [[East India Company]] and in 1746 he was forced to return to France to face trial and was jailed at the [[Bastille]] for 3 years. He was replaced by Pierre Félix Barthelemy David, the son of a director of the [[French Indies Company|French East India Company]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Vaughan |first1=Megan |title=Creating the Creole Island: Slavery in Eighteenth-Century Mauritius |date=2005-02-01 |publisher=Duke University Press |location=Durham and London |isbn=9780822333999 |pages=46–48 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kNK6nFrRwTMC&dq=labourdonnais+slave+owner&pg=PA46 |access-date=2021-07-04}}</ref> He was tried in 1751 and acquitted, but his health was broken by the imprisonment and by chagrin at the loss of his property. To the last he made accusations against Dupleix.<ref name="EB1911"/>

==Recognition and legacy==
In 1742, his name was given to the main island ([[Mahé, Seychelles|Mahé Island]]) of the Seychelles archipelago by French explorer [[Lazare Picault]]. In 1806 the French [[Charles Mathieu Isidore Decaen|General Decaen]] founded and named the historic port village of [[Mahébourg]] in homage to Mahé de La Bourdonnais. Close to the village of [[Mapou]], in Rivière du Rempart District, there is an estate named [[Domaine de Labourdonnais]] with its manor house known as [[Le Château de Labourdonnais]], built in 1856, and now converted into a museum.<ref>{{cite web |title=Domaine de Labourdonnais: Un grand bol d'air frais |date=20 March 2018 |url=https://www.lexpress.mu/article/328285/domaine-labourdonnais-un-grand-bol-dair-frais |publisher=lexpress.mu |access-date=2021-08-24}}</ref> A statue of La Bourdonnais was erected at Place D'Armes in Port Louis on 30 August 1859 during a ceremony.<ref>{{cite web |last1=De Burgh-Edwardes |first1=S.D. |title=The History of Mauritius 1507-1914 |url=https://electricscotland.com/independence/sip/History-Of-Mauritius-1507-1914.pdf |publisher=East and West Ltd. |access-date=2021-07-05}}</ref> In [[Curepipe]] a school called ''[[Lycée La Bourdonnais]]'' was founded in 1953, where the curriculum is modelled on practices in France.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lycée La Bourdonnais : quand l'excellence s'ouvre sur le monde |date=16 April 2021 |url=https://www.lagazette-mag.io/lycee-la-bourdonnais-quand-lexcellence-souvre-sur-le-monde/ |publisher=Lagazette |access-date=2021-04-16}}</ref> There is another statue of La Bourdonnais in the port of [[Saint-Malo]], France.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Jeannot |first1=Alain |title=Le rond point de Labourdonnais à St Malo |url=https://www.zinfos-moris.com/Video-Le-Rond-point-de-l-ile-Maurice-et-Mahe-de-Labourdonnais-a-St-Malo-en-Bretagne-France_a7197.html |publisher=Zinfos |access-date=2019-06-16}}</ref> In [[Saint-Denis, Réunion]] a statue of La Bourdonnais was also erected, and a suburb is named ''Cité Labourdonnais''. However the statue and suburb in Reunion island have been the target of anti-slavery protesters since 2020.<ref>{{cite web |title=RACISME : Mahé de Labourdonnais: Dans le viseur des Militants à la Réunion |url=https://www.zinfos-moris.com/Racisme-Mahe-de-Labourdonnais-dans-le-viseur-des-militants-a-La-Reunion_a15284.html |publisher=Zinfos |access-date=2020-06-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Quemener |first1=Luna |title=Cité Labourdonnais : changer de nom pour symboliser un nouveau cadre de vie |url=https://www.linfo.re/la-reunion/societe/cite-labourdonnais-changer-de-nom-pour-symboliser-un-nouveau-cadre-de-vie |publisher=Linfo.Re |access-date=2021-02-07}}</ref>

==Family==
In March and April 1738, two of Labourdonnais' children died, and in May 1738 his wife also died on [[Isle de France (Mauritius)]]. His daughter Montlezun Pardiac continued to live on [[Isle de France (Mauritius)]] and received an annual pension of 3,000 Louis following a vote in the National Assembly in August 1798. His grandson was the strong chess player [[Louis-Charles Mahé de La Bourdonnais]]. In December 1827, a lead-lined coffin containing the remains of Labourdonnais' wife and child was discovered during repairs of a government building near the ''Jardin de la Compagnie''.<ref>{{cite web |last1=De Burgh-Edwardes |first1=S.D. |title=The History of Mauritius 1507-1914 |url=https://electricscotland.com/independence/sip/History-Of-Mauritius-1507-1914.pdf |publisher=East and West Ltd. |access-date=2021-07-05}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==

===Autobiography===
*B.-F. Mahé de La Bourdonnais: ''Mémoires historiques de B.-F. Mahé de La Bourdonnais, gouverneur des îles de France et de la Réunion'', recueillis et publiés par son petit-fils... (Cte A.-C. Mahé de La Bourdonnais).   Paris, 1890 (with a second edition (Paris,1898))

===Biography===
*''Histoire, ou éloge historique de M. Mahé de La Bourdonnais''. [n. p.: n. d.]
*''Île Maurice: Mahé de La Bourdonnais: documents réunis par le comité du bi-centenaire de La Bourdonnais, 11 février 1899, avec des annotations par le comité des souvenirs historiques. (2 août 1899)''.   Port-Louis : E. Pezzani, 1899
*Étienne Buisson: ''Le mirage de l'Inde: la dramatique existence d'un grand Français au XVIIIe siècle : Bertrand Mahé de La Bourdonnais''.   Paris : Hachette, 1937.
*Pierre Crépin: ''Mahé de La Bourdonnais, gouverneur général des îles de France et de Bourbon (1699–1753) ... ''.   Paris : Leroux, n. d.
*Louis Ducrocq: ''Une ingratitude nationale: La Bourdonnais, gouverneur des îles de France et de Bourbon, 1735–1746''.   Arras : Sueur-Charruey, 1902 (Reprinted from the ''Revue de Lille'' of August 1902)
*Philippe Haudrère: ''La Bourdonnais: marin et aventurier''.   Paris : Desjonquères, 1992   {{ISBN|2-904227-63-6}}
*E. Herpin: ''Mahé de La Bourdonnais et la Compagnie des Indes''.   Saint-Brieuc : R. Prud'homme, 1905
*Alfred de Longpérier-Grimoard: ''Notice historique sur La Bourdonnais''.   Paris, 1856
*Huguette Ly Tio Fane-Pineo: ''Île de France, 1715–1746''. Tome I. ''L'émergence de Port Louis'' .   Moka (Île Maurice) : Mahatma Gandhi Institute, 1993   {{ISBN|99903-39-00-7}}
*Michel Missoffe: ''Dupleix et La Bourdonnais: essai critique''.   Paris : Ligue maritime et coloniale, 1943
*Dureau Reydellet: ''Mahé de La Bourdonnais, gouverneur des Mascareignes''.   Saint-Denis: Éd. CNH, 1994  (Cahiers de notre histoire; 45–46)   {{ISBN|2-909471-14-4}}
*Louis Roubaud: ''La Bourdonnais''.   Publication : Paris : Plon, 1932   (Les grandes figures coloniales; 10)
*Jackie Ryckebusch: ''Bertrand-François Mahé de La Bourdonnais : entre les Indes et les Mascareignes''.   Sainte-Clotilde : Éd. du CRI, 1989  (Collection: Figures)   {{ISBN|2-907017-05-5}}
*Robert Surcouf: ''Souvenirs historiques sur Mahé de La Bourdonnais: le combat de La Hogue. Eloge de La Tour d'Auvergne. Portzmoguer (Primauguet)''.   Saint-Malo, 1886
* ''Le Guide de Pondichéry. L'unique guide français de Pondichéry.'' Editions Presse Bureau 2008/2009. Pondicherry.
* ''Pondicherry Heritage Trail''. Published by INTACH, Pondicherry. December 2007.

==External links==
*{{commons category-inline|Bertrand-François Mahé de La Bourdonnais|François Mahé de La Bourdonnais}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mahe, comte de La Bourdonnais, Bertrand-Francois}}
[[Category:French slave owners]]
[[Category:Governors of Réunion]]
[[Category:Governors of Isle de France (Mauritius)]]
[[Category:French Navy officers from Saint-Malo]]
[[Category:1699 births]]
[[Category:1753 deaths]]
[[Category:Prisoners of the Bastille]]

Ghot, Gadchiroli

2025-08-13T21:32:08Z

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'''Ghot''' (घोट) is a village in [[Gadchiroli district|Gadchiroli]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title= GHOT PIN CODE|url=https://news.abplive.com/pincode/maharashtra/gadchiroli/ghot-pincode-442604.html|access-date=7 May 2024 |website=abplive.com |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Gadchiroli district]]

{{Maharashtra-geo-stub}}