https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=BuyMetabolicSolutionsKeto 2026-08-17T08:02:26Z User contributions MediaWiki 1.43.6 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Krishnagiri_Lok_Sabha_constituency&diff=510839 2026-05-04T15:16:15Z

<p>BuyMetabolicSolutionsKeto: Added A Article</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Parliamentary constituency in Tamil Nadu, India}}<br /> {{Other uses|Krishnagiri (disambiguation)}}<br /> {{coord|12.51669|N|78.22463|E|display=title}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | type = LS<br /> |name = Krishnagiri<br /> | map_image = krishnagiri lok sabha constituency.png<br /> | map_caption = Krishnagiri constituency, post-2008 delimitation<br /> |established = 1951-present<br /> |mp = [[K. Gopinath]]<br /> |party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |alliance = {{Party index link|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}<br /> | latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election in Tamil Nadu|2024]]<br /> |state = [[Tamil Nadu]]<br /> |assembly_cons = [[Uthangarai (State Assembly Constituency)|Uthangarai ]]&lt;br /&gt; [[Bargur (State Assembly Constituency)|Bargur]]&lt;br /&gt; [[Krishnagiri (State Assembly Constituency)|Krishnagiri]]&lt;br /&gt; [[Veppanahalli (state assembly constituency)|Veppanahalli]]&lt;br /&gt; [[Hosur (State Assembly Constituency)|Hosur]]&lt;br /&gt; [[Thalli (State Assembly Constituency)|Thalli]]<br /> |electors = 15,26,348&lt;ref&gt;[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf GE 2009 Statistical Report: Constituency Wise Detailed Result] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811090059/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf |date=2014-08-11 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> '''Krishnagiri''' is a [[Lok Sabha]] (Parliament of India) constituency in [[Tamil Nadu]]. Its Tamil Nadu Parliamentary Constituency number is 9 of 39.<br /> <br /> ==Assembly segments==<br /> <br /> === 2009–present ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> ! width=&quot;50px&quot; style=&quot;font-size:75%&quot; |Constituency number<br /> ! width=&quot;200px&quot; |Name<br /> ! width=&quot;100px&quot; style=&quot;font-size:75%&quot; |Reserved for ([[Dalit|SC]]/[[Adivasi|ST]]/None)<br /> ! width=&quot;150px&quot; |District<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Party<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|2024 Lead<br /> |-<br /> |51<br /> |[[Uthangarai Assembly constituency|Uthangarai]]<br /> |SC<br /> | rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |[[Krishnagiri district|Krishnagiri]]<br /> |{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}<br /> |{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=6}}<br /> |-<br /> |52<br /> |[[Bargur Assembly constituency|Bargur]]<br /> |None<br /> |{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> |53<br /> |[[Krishnagiri Assembly constituency|Krishnagiri]]<br /> |None<br /> |{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> |54<br /> |[[Veppanahalli Assembly constituency|Veppanahalli]]<br /> |None<br /> |{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> |55<br /> |[[Hosur Assembly constituency|Hosur]]<br /> |None<br /> |{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> |56<br /> |[[Thalli Assembly constituency|Thalli]]<br /> |None<br /> |{{party name with color|Communist Party of India}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Before 2009===<br /> #[[Hosur Assembly constituency|Hosur]]<br /> #[[Thalli Assembly constituency|Thalli]]<br /> #[[Kaveripattinam Assembly constituency|Kaveripattinam]] (defunct)<br /> #[[Krishnagiri Assembly constituency|Krishnagiri]]<br /> #[[Bargur Assembly constituency|Bargur]]<br /> #[[Palacode Assembly constituency|Palacode]] (moved to [[Dharmapuri Lok Sabha constituency|Dharmapuri]] constituency after 2009)<br /> {{clear}}<br /> <br /> ==Members of Parliament==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; <br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#666666; color:white&quot;|Year<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#666666; color:white&quot;|Winning Candidate<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#666666; color:white; &quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Party<br /> |-<br /> |1951<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[C. R. Narasimhan]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> |1957<br /> |-<br /> |1962<br /> |[[K. Rajaram]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> |1967<br /> |[[M. Kamalanathan]]<br /> |-<br /> |1971<br /> |[[T. Thirthagiri Gounder]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> |1971 (by-election)<br /> |[[C. Subramaniam]]<br /> |-<br /> |1977<br /> |[[P.V. Periasamy]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> |1980<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |[[Vazhappady K. Ramamurthy]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}<br /> |-<br /> |1984<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}<br /> |-<br /> |1989<br /> |-<br /> |1991<br /> |-<br /> |1996<br /> |[[C. Narasimhan]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}<br /> |-<br /> |1998<br /> |[[K. P. Munusamy]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> |1999<br /> |[[V. Vetriselvam]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=3}}<br /> |-<br /> |2004<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[E.G. Sugavanam]]<br /> |-<br /> |2009<br /> |-<br /> |2014<br /> |[[K. Ashok Kumar]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]<br /> | [[A. Chellakumar]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=General elections to the 17th Lok Sabha, 2019 - List of members elected|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/10277-general-election-to-the-17th-lok-sabha-2019-list-of-members-elected/|page=27|format=PDF|publisher=Election Commission of India|date=25 May 2019|access-date=2 June 2019|location=New Delhi}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]<br /> |[[K. Gopinath]]<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Election results==<br /> {{bar box<br /> |float=right<br /> |title= Vote share of Winning candidates<br /> |titlebar=#ddd<br /> |width=300px<br /> |barwidth=275px<br /> |bars=<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2024|2024]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|42.27}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2019|2019]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|52.60}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2014|2014]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|44.93}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2009|2009]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|44.64}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2004|2004]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|54.59}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1999|1999]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|51.05}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1998|1998]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|50.71}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1991|1991]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|56.08}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1989|1989]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|61.04}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1984|1984]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|64.74}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1980|1980]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}|63.03}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1977|1977]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|65.64}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1971|1971]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|55.18}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1967|1967]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|50.78}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1962|1962]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|48.78}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1957|1957]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|40.00}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1951|1951]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|41.88}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> === General Elections 2024===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Indian general election]]: Krishnagiri}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[K. Gopinath]] |party=Indian National Congress|votes=4,92,883 |percentage=42.27 |change=-10.33}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=V. Jayaprakash|party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,00,397 |percentage=25.76 |change=-13.35}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate= C. Narasimhan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=2,14,125 |percentage=18.36 |change=New }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate= Vidhyarani Veerappan |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=1,07,083 |percentage=9.18 |change= +6.77}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the above |party=None of the above |votes=10,983 |percentage=0.94 |change=-0.18}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,92,486 |percentage=16.51 |change=+3.02}}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=11,66,156|percentage=72.43 |change=-3.52 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors =16,09,913 |change =}}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner= Indian National Congress |swing= -10.33 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === General Elections 2019===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Indian general election]]: Krishnagiri}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[A. Chellakumar|Dr. A. Chellakumar]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,11,298 |percentage=52.60 |change=48.96 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[K. P. Munusamy]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=4,54,533 |percentage=39.11 |change=-5.83 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Madhusoodhanan |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=28,000 |percentage=2.41 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nota |party=None of the above |votes=19,825 |percentage=1.71 |change=0.21 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sri Karunya Subrahmanyam |party=Makkal Needhi Maiam |votes=16,995 |percentage=1.46 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Ganesa Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=8,867 |percentage=0.76 |change= }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,56,765 |percentage=13.49 |change=-5.83 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=11,62,273 |percentage=75.95 |change= -1.55 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 15,30,404 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 7.66 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===General Elections 2014===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Indian general election]]: Krishnagiri}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[K. Ashok Kumar]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=4,80,491 |percentage=44.93 |change=10.47 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Chinna Pillappa |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,73,900 |percentage=25.61 |change=-19.03 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[G. K. Mani]] |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=2,24,963 |percentage=21.04 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[A. Chellakumar|Dr. A. Chellakumar]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=38,885 |percentage=3.64 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None Of The Above |party=None of the above |votes=16,020 |percentage=1.50 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Chanbasha |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=8,618 |percentage=0.81 |change= }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,06,591 |percentage=19.32 |change=9.14 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=10,69,343 |percentage=77.49 |change= 3.33 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 13,79,957 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 0.29 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === General Elections 2009===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Indian general election]]: Krishnagiri}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[E. G. Sugavanam]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,35,977 |percentage=44.64 |change=-9.95 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Nanje Gowdu |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,59,379 |percentage=34.47 |change=-3.99 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=D. Anbarasan |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=97,546 |percentage=12.96 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=G. Balakrishnan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=20,486 |percentage=2.72 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Venkatesan |party=Independent politician |votes=8,452 |percentage=1.12 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=B. S. Chandran |party=Independent politician |votes=6,396 |percentage=0.85 |change= }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=76,598 |percentage=10.18 |change=-5.96 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=10,14,758 |percentage=74.16 |change= 15.18 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 7,52,565 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -9.95 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === General Elections 2004===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2004 Indian general election]]: Krishnagiri}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[E. G. Sugavanam]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=4,03,297 |percentage=54.59 |change=3.55 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Nanje Gowdu |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,84,075 |percentage=38.45 |change=-7.92 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=H. Sanaulla Shariff |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=14,055 |percentage=1.90 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Syed Nikhar |party=Independent politician |votes=11,830 |percentage=1.60 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Ameerjan |party=Independent politician |votes=8,679 |percentage=1.17 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. K. Kuppusamy |party=Independent politician |votes=6,277 |percentage=0.85 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=V. M. Krishnamoorthy Rao |party=Independent politician |votes=6,253 |percentage=0.85 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. V. Krishnachetty |party=Independent politician |votes=4,271 |percentage=0.58 |change= }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,19,222 |percentage=16.14 |change=11.47 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=7,38,737 |percentage=58.98 |change= -1.00 }}<br /> {{Election box rejected|votes=511|percentage=0.07 }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 12,52,580 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 3.55 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === General Elections 1999===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1999 Indian general election]]: Krishnagiri}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=V. Vetriselvan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,47,737 |percentage=51.05 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[M. Thambidurai]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,15,913 |percentage=46.38 |change=-4.33 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=G. A. Vadivelu |party=Janata Dal (Secular) |votes=13,154 |percentage=1.93 |change= }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=31,824 |percentage=4.67 |change=-3.25 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=6,81,212 |percentage=59.97 |change= 1.89 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,63,690 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 0.34 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === General Elections 1998===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1998 Indian general election]]: Krishnagiri}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[K. P. Munusamy]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,15,762 |percentage=50.71 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[D. R. Rajaram]] |party=Tamil Maanila Congress |votes=2,66,413 |percentage=42.78 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Aga. Krishnamurthy |party=Indian National Congress |votes=35,229 |percentage=5.66 |change=-50.42 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Muniraj |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=5,285 |percentage=0.85 |change= }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=49,349 |percentage=7.93 |change=-40.29 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=6,22,689 |percentage=58.08 |change= -6.89 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,15,876 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -5.37 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === General Elections 1991===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Indian general election]]: Krishnagiri}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Vazhappady K. Ramamurthy]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,53,033 |percentage=56.08 |change=-4.96 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Manickam |party=Janata Dal |votes=1,39,919 |percentage=22.23% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=B. Subramanian |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=49,496 |percentage=7.86 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Raju |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=29,511 |percentage=4.69 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Nanda Kumar |party=Tharasu Makkal Mandram |votes=3,887 |percentage=0.62 |change= }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,03,537 |percentage=48.22 |change=14.27 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=6,29,532 |percentage=64.98 |change= 1.63 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,05,354 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -4.96 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === General Elections 1989===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Indian general election]]: Krishnagiri}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Vazhappady K. Ramamurthy]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,62,376 |percentage=61.04 |change=-3.69 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=B. Venkataswamy |party=Janata Dal |votes=1,60,882 |percentage=27.10 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=C. Arumugam |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=49,814 |percentage=8.39 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=C. A. Balakrishnan |party=Tamiliar Kazhagam |votes=7,138 |percentage=1.20 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Nandkumar |party=Tharasu Makkal Mandram |votes=4,470 |percentage=0.75 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=C. Murugesan |party=Independent politician |votes=4,465 |percentage=0.75 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. Thotlan |party=Independent politician |votes=2,744 |percentage=0.46 |change= }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,01,494 |percentage=33.94 |change=-1.39 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=5,93,642 |percentage=63.34 |change= -6.21 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,58,580 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -3.69 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === General Elections 1984===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Indian general election]]: Krishnagiri}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Vazhappady K. Ramamurthy]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,04,854 |percentage=64.74 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. Chandrasekaran |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=1,38,488 |percentage=29.41 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Ramakrishna Reddy |party=Independent politician |votes=8,362 |percentage=1.78 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Sundararaja Rao |party=Independent politician |votes=8,121 |percentage=1.72 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. C. Kanmani |party=Independent politician |votes=6,247 |percentage=1.33 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. Thiyagaraja Reddy |party=Independent politician |votes=4,850 |percentage=1.03 |change= }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,66,366 |percentage=35.33 |change=6.90 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=4,70,922 |percentage=69.56 |change= 14.35 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 7,24,417 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress (I) |swing= 1.70 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === General Elections 1980===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Indian general election]]: Krishnagiri}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Vazhappady K. Ramamurthy]] |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes=2,22,839 |percentage=63.03 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=V. Rajahagopal |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=1,22,328 |percentage=34.60 |change=-31.04 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nambiraj |party=Indian National Congress (U) |votes=4,806 |percentage=1.36 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. M. Saminathan |party=Independent politician |votes=3,552 |percentage=1.00 |change= }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,00,511 |percentage=28.43 |change=-6.67 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=3,53,525 |percentage=55.21 |change= -4.75 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 6,56,215 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress (I) |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -2.61 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === General Elections 1977===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Indian general election]]: Krishnagiri}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=P. V. Periasamy |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,22,979 |percentage=65.64 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Kamalanathan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=1,03,751 |percentage=30.54 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Shanmugam |party=Independent politician |votes=4,949 |percentage=1.46 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Parasuraman |party=Independent politician |votes=2,778 |percentage=0.82 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Seetharama Reddy |party=Independent politician |votes=2,163 |percentage=0.64 |change= }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,19,228 |percentage=35.10 |change=24.75 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=3,39,698 |percentage=59.96 |change= -4.95 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 5,83,179 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 10.46 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === General Elections 1971===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Indian general election]]: Krishnagiri}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=T. Thirthagiri Gounder |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,86,114 |percentage=55.18 |change=10.03 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. M. Thirupathy |party=Swatantra Party |votes=1,51,194 |percentage=44.82 |change= }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=34,920 |percentage=10.35 |change=4.73 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=3,37,308 |percentage=64.91 |change= -2.05 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 5,49,124 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 4.40 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === General Elections 1967===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Indian general election]]: Krishnagiri}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Kamalanathan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=1,65,079 |percentage=50.78 |change=1.99 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. S. Pattabiraman |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,46,785 |percentage=45.15 |change=-0.34 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. A. Pandit |party=Independent politician |votes=13,247 |percentage=4.07 |change= }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=18,294 |percentage=5.63 |change=2.34 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=3,25,111 |percentage=66.96 |change= 9.69 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 5,03,298 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 1.99 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === General Elections 1962===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Indian general election]]: Krishnagiri}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[K. Rajaram]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=1,27,508 |percentage=48.78 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[C. R. Narasimhan]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,18,907 |percentage=45.49 |change=5.49 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. D. Balakrishnan |party=Independent politician |votes=14,965 |percentage=5.73 |change= }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,601 |percentage=3.29 |change=3.04 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=2,61,380 |percentage=57.27 |change= 25.00 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 4,73,080 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 8.78 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === General Elections 1957===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1957 Indian general election]]: Krishnagiri}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[C. R. Narasimhan]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=57,683 |percentage=40.00 |change=-1.88 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Gopalswamy Doraiswamy Naidu]] |party=Independent politician |votes=57,316 |percentage=39.75 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Muthulingam |party=Independent politician |votes=15,607 |percentage=10.82 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Jagannathan |party=Independent politician |votes=13,588 |percentage=9.42 |change= }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=367 |percentage=0.25 |change=-3.95 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=1,44,194 |percentage=32.26 |change= -9.18 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 4,46,928 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -1.88 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === General Elections 1951===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1951–52 Indian general election]]: Krishnagiri}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[C. R. Narasimhan]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=61,672 |percentage=41.88 |change=41.88 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=C. Doraisami Gounder |party=Independent politician |votes=55,478 |percentage=37.68 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Shamanna |party=Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes=15,929 |percentage=10.82 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. G. Natesa Chettiar |party=Independent politician |votes=14,174 |percentage=9.63 |change= }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,194 |percentage=4.21 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=1,47,253 |percentage=41.44 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,55,317 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> * {{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |title=Statistical reports of Lok Sabha elections |access-date=July 8, 2010 |publisher=Election Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |archive-date=October 5, 2010 }}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *[https://web.archive.org/web/20190408071003/https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/tamilnadu/krishnagiri/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_dates.html Krishnagiri lok sabha constituency election 2019 date and schedule]<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Election Commission of India]]<br /> * [[Krishnagiri]]<br /> * [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]<br /> <br /> {{Lok Sabha constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Tamil Nadu]]</div>

BuyMetabolicSolutionsKeto https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reneesha_Rahiman&diff=530312 2026-05-04T04:38:00Z

<p>BuyMetabolicSolutionsKeto: new basic data initial version</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian actress}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Reneesha Rahiman<br /> | image = <br /> | caption = <br /> | birthname = <br /> | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1999|7|10|df=yes}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Reneesha Rahiman Biography|url= https://www.filmibeat.com/celebs/reneesha-rahiman.html|work=Filmibeat}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | birth_place = [[Palakkad]], [[Kerala]]<br /> | occupation = Actress<br /> | education = <br /> | known for =''[[Seetha Kalyanam (TV series)|Seetha Kalyanam]]'' &lt;br&gt; ''[[Bigg Boss (Malayalam season 5)]]''<br /> | height = <br /> | years active = 2015–present<br /> | spouse = <br /> | alma_mater = <br /> | parents = <br /> | relatives =<br /> }}<br /> '''Reneesha Rahiman''' (born July 10, 1999) is an Indian actress who works in the [[Malayalam]] television and film industry. She is known for her role in [[TV series]] ''[[Seetha Kalyanam (TV series)|Seetha Kalyanam]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Bigg Boss Malayalam 5 Contestant Reneesha Rahiman: Here Is All About The Seetha Kalyanam Actress|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/bigg-boss-malayalam-5-contestant-reneesha-rahiman-here-is-all-about-the-seetha-kalyanam-actress/articleshow/99013729.cms|work=[[The Times Of India]]|date= 26 March 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; She is also emerged as the first runner-up in ''[[Bigg Boss (Malayalam season 5)]]''.<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> She made her debut in the Malayalam [[TV series]] ''[[Seetha Kalyanam (TV series)|Seetha Kalyanam]]'' at age of 17.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Reneesha Rahiman Biography|url= https://www.filmibeat.com/celebs/reneesha-rahiman.html|work=Filmibeat}}&lt;/ref&gt; She also contested in [[Bigg Boss (Malayalam TV series) season 5|Bigg Boss Malayalam season 5]] and became first runner-up.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Bigg Boss Malayalam Season 5: Akhil Marar emerges winner, Reneesha Rahiman runner-up|url= https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/bigg-boss-malayalam-season-5-akhil-marar-emerges-winner-reneesha-rahiman-runner-179274|work=The News Minute|date= 3 July 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2024, she made her debut in Film through ''Exit''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title= Rinosh George To Reneesha Rahiman: Here's What The Popular Bigg Boss Malayalam 5 Contestants Are Doing Now|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/rinosh-george-to-reneesha-rahiman-heres-what-the-bigg-boss-malayalam-5-contestants-are-doing-now/photostory/108345483.cms|work=[[The Times Of India]]|date=9 March 2024 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Filmography==<br /> ===Films===<br /> * ''All films are in Malayalam.''<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |- <br /> ! Year<br /> ! Show<br /> ! Role <br /> ! {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}<br /> |-<br /> | 2015<br /> | ''[[Jo and the Boy]]''<br /> |Jo's friend<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> |2016<br /> | ''[[Kavi Uddheshichathu..?]]''<br /> | Baby Girl's Mother<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 2024<br /> | ''Exit''<br /> |Anna<br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Trailer of Vishak Nair's survival thriller Exit to drop on THIS date|url= https://www.ottplay.com/news/trailer-of-vishak-nairs-survival-thriller-exit-to-drop-on-this-date/1455dc4d30925|work=OTTPlay}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Television===<br /> ;TV series<br /> * ''All TV series are in Malayalam.''<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |- <br /> ! Year<br /> ! Show<br /> ! Role <br /> ! Notes<br /> ! {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}<br /> |-<br /> | 2018–2021<br /> | ''[[Seetha Kalyanam (TV series)|Seetha Kalyanam]]''<br /> | Swathi<br /> |Debut Serial<br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=<br /> 'സീതേച്ചിയെ ചേര്‍ത്തുനിര്‍ത്തി സ്വാതി'; ചിത്രം വൈറല്‍|url= https://www.asianetnews.com/spice-entertainment/reneesha-rahiman-shared-a-emotional-note-about-her-onscreen-sister-dhanya-mary-varghese-qzz4aa|work=[[Asianet News]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2021–2022<br /> | ''[[Manassinakkare (TV series)|Manassinakkare]]''<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Anjali<br /> | Replaced Aswathy Ash<br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Seetha Kalyanam Fame Reneesha Rahiman Joins 'Manasinakkare' As Anjali|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/seetha-kalyanam-fame-reneesha-rahiman-joins-manasinakkare-as-anjali/articleshow/86777954.cms|work=[[The Times Of India]]|date= 5 October 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2022||''[[Kana Kanmani (2021 TV series)|Kanakanmani]]''||Guest appearance ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2023<br /> | ''[[Sita Ramam (TV series)|Sita Ramam]]''<br /> | Poornima<br /> |Replaced by Raheena Anas <br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Vivek Gopan And Snisha Chandran Starrer 'Sita Ramam' Gains Attention|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/vivek-gopan-and-snisha-chandran-starrer-sita-ramam-gains-attention/articleshow/98635076.cms|work=[[The Times Of India]]|date= 14 March 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Patharamattu]]''<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Herself<br /> | Promo appearance<br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title='അന്ന് അഖിലേട്ടൻ പറഞ്ഞതുപോലെ ഞങ്ങളും കണ്‍ഫ്യൂഷനിലാണ്', കല്യാണം നടക്കുമോയെന്ന് റെനീഷ|url= https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/reneesha-rahiman-first-ad-film-for-asianets-patharamattu-promo-bigg-boss-fans-appreciates-hrk-ry1b9d|work=[[Asianet News]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2024<br /> | ''[[Ishtam Mathram]]''<br /> | Promo appearance<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''Premam''||Anjali||Web series||<br /> |-<br /> | 2024-2025 <br /> | ''[[Janakiyudeyum Abhiyudeyum Veedu]]''<br /> | Niranjana <br /> |<br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=<br /> ഇപ്പോൾ പ്രേമിച്ചു നടക്കുന്ന പൈതലാണ്! ഉടനെ വൈകാതെ അവളുടെ വിവാഹം ഉണ്ടാകും; റെനീഷ ഇനി കണ്ണീർ നായികയല്ല നിരഞ്ജന|url= https://malayalam.samayam.com/tv/celebrity-news/bigg-boss-fame-reneesha-joined-janakiyudeyum-abhiyudeyum-veedu-serial/articleshow/111275835.cms|work=Samayam Malayalam}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2025–present<br /> | ''Chembarathy''<br /> | Aiswarya Lakshmi <br /> |<br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Chembarathy Zee Keralam Serial Actors and Characters , Directed by TS Saji – Starts from 17 November|url=https://www.keralatv.in/chembarathy-zee-keralam-serial-actors/|work=Kerala TV}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2026–present<br /> | ''[[Sukhamo Devi (TV series)|Sukhamo Devi]]''<br /> | Isabella<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ; TV shows<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |- <br /> ! Year<br /> ! Show<br /> ! Role <br /> ! Notes<br /> ! {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}<br /> |-<br /> | 2019<br /> | ''[[Start Music Aaradhyam Paadum]]''<br /> | Contestant <br /> |<br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=<br /> Actress Arya Is All Excited For Her New Show 'Start Music'|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/actress-arya-is-all-excited-for-her-new-show-start-music/articleshow/70571372.cms|work=[[The Times Of India]]|date= 7 August 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2021<br /> | ''Bhayam''<br /> | Contestant <br /> |<br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=<br /> Bigg Boss Malayalam 5 Contestant Reneesha Rahiman: Here Is All About The Seetha Kalyanam Actress|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/bigg-boss-malayalam-5-contestant-reneesha-rahiman-here-is-all-about-the-seetha-kalyanam-actress/articleshow/99013729.cms|work=[[The Times Of India]]|date= 26 March 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2023<br /> | ''[[Bigg Boss (Malayalam season 5)]]''<br /> | Contestant <br /> |First runner-up <br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=<br /> Director Akhil Marar wins Bigg Boss Malayalam 5, defeats Reneesha Rahiman by a wide margin|url= https://m.economictimes.com/news/new-updates/director-akhil-marar-emerges-as-the-winner-of-bigg-boss-malayalam-5-defeats-reneesha-rahiman-by-a-wide-margin/articleshow/101452144.cms|work=Economic Times|date= 3 July 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2023<br /> | ''Comedy Stars''<br /> | Guest <br /> | <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2023-2024||Star Magic||Contestant||||<br /> |-<br /> |2023||''She Chef ''||Host||||<br /> |-<br /> | 2024<br /> | ''[[Bigg Boss (Malayalam season 6)]]''<br /> | Performer <br /> |On skit <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> |2024- 2025||Behind Woods ice||Host||Interview ||<br /> |-<br /> |2025||''Enkile Ennodu Para''||Contestant|| ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2025<br /> | ''[[Bigg Boss (Malayalam season 7)]]''<br /> | Instructor <br /> |Launch episode <br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=<br /> Bigg Boss Malayalam 7 Grand Launch Highlights: Mohanlal cracks the firework, 19 contestants enter the house|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/bigg-boss-malayalam-7-launch-live-update-bigg-boss-malayalam-7-contestants-mohanlal-hosted-bigg-boss-malayalam-7-live-news/liveblog/123074232.cms|work=The Times of India|date= 3 August 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *{{Instagram|rahiman_reneesha}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Rahiman, Reneesha}}<br /> [[Category:1999 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Actresses from Kerala]]<br /> [[Category:Indian soap opera actresses]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]<br /> [[Category:Actresses in Malayalam television]]</div>

BuyMetabolicSolutionsKeto https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Four_Great_Ancient_Civilizations&diff=499302 2026-05-04T02:56:13Z

<p>BuyMetabolicSolutionsKeto: adding a article</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Theories on identifying cradles of civilizations}}<br /> {{Expand language|topic=|langcode=ja|otherarticle=世界四大文明|date=June 2024}}<br /> In [[Japanese historiography|Japanese]] and [[Chinese historiography]], the {{nihongo|'''Four Great Ancient Civilizations'''|世界四大文明|Sekai yon dai bunmei|lead=yes}} ({{Lang-zh|t=四大文明古國|s=四大文明古国|p=Sì Dà Wénmíng Gǔ Guó}}) were [[ancient Egypt|Egypt]], [[Ancient Near East|Mesopotamia]], [[Ancient India|India]], and [[Ancient China|China]], which are identified as the [[Cradle of civilization|cradles of civilization]]. The concept is popularly used in Japan and China—for example in history [[Textbook|textbooks]]—but not generally known in the [[western world]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=川尻 |first=文彦 |date=2010-03-25 |title=近代中国における「文明」――明治日本の学術と梁啓超 |trans-title=The Reformulation of Concepts and Intellectual Systems in Modern East Asia |url=https://nichibun.repo.nii.ac.jp/records/2494 |journal=東アジア近代における概念と知の再編成 |language=ja |volume=35 |page=154 |doi=10.15055/00002488}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> == Origin ==<br /> The origins of the phrase are unclear.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=川尻 |first=文彦 |date=2010-03-25 |title=近代中国における「文明」――明治日本の学術と梁啓超 |url=https://nichibun.repo.nii.ac.jp/records/2494 |journal=東アジア近代における概念と知の再編成 |language=ja |volume=35 |pages=131–160}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to one theory, it originated with Japanese archaeologist {{Ill|Namio Egami|qid=Q11550613}}; his colleague [[Masaaki Sugiyama]] recalled that Egami used to say that he coined the phrase.&lt;!-- TODO: add jawiki notes --&gt; The first known occurrence of the phrase &quot;four great civilizations&quot; can be traced to a textbook titled {{nihongo|''Revised World History''|再訂世界史|Saitei sekaishi}}, published by in 1952 by the Yamakawa Publishing Company, where Egami worked.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=淳志 |first=村井 |date=April 2009 |title=この歴史用語--誕生秘話と生育史の謎を解く--「四大文明」は江上波夫氏が発案した造語だった! |url=https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1520854805104700672 |journal=社会科教育 |language=ja |volume=46 |issue=4 |pages=116–121}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Another theory is that the term originates with [[Liang Qichao]], a Chinese intellectual that lived during the late [[Qing dynasty]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Specifically, in his 1900 poem {{Ill|Song of the Pacific in the 20th Century|lt=''Song of the Pacific in the 20th Century''|qid=Q10880067}} ({{Lang-zh|c=二十世纪太平洋歌}}), he wrote &quot;there are four motherlands of ancient civilizations on earth: China, India, Egypt, and Asia Minor&quot; ({{Lang-zh|c=地球上古文明祖國有四：中國、印度、埃及、小亞細亞是也}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;!-- TODO: add jawiki note --&gt; This view of civilization was also influenced by Japanese thinkers such as Fukuzawa Yukichi, Ukita Zautami and Kayahara Kazan, who in turn were influenced by the western concept of a [[cradle of civilization]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=石川 |first=禎浩 |date=2019-01-31 |title=中国近現代における文明史観の受容と展開 : 兼ねて「四大文明」説の由来を論ず (特集 : 文明) |url=https://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/handle/2433/240864 |journal=史林 |language=ja |volume=102 |issue=1 |pages=152–187 |doi=10.14989/shirin_102_152 |issn=0386-9369}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Liang Qichao divided the [[World history (field)|history of the world]] into three ages: the river age, the sea age, and the ocean age. The Four Great Ancient Civilizations originated in the river age and all of them developed along [[river]]s. Scholars believe that they were all built near rivers because there were fixed water sources that made it easier for [[agriculture]] and [[commerce]] to develop. Human beings are clearly inseparable from water, but some historians believe that at the beginning of Chinese civilization, it first occurred in the mountains and then expanded to river areas.&lt;ref&gt;「世多謂文明起源於河流，吾謂吾國文明，實先發生于山嶽。蓋吾國地居大陸，人種之生，本不限於一地，其擁部眾而施號令者，必具居高臨下之勢，始可以控制多方。...其後漸次混合，謀便交通，始有開闢河流，製作舟楫之事。此事實之次序，固可以理測度者也。」見：[https://web.archive.org/web/20101214221631/http://www.china.com.cn/book/txt/2008-11/06/content_16722475.htm 《中國文化史》（柳詒徵）第一章 中國人種之起源]&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> == Overview ==<br /> === History ===<br /> Between 7000 and 5000 years ago, in the [[Northern Hemisphere]], the [[Mesopotamia]], [[Nile]], [[Indus]], and [[Ganges]] basins, as well as the [[Yellow River]] and [[Yangtze River]] basins, successively produced the world's Four Great Ancient Civilizations. These four civilizations successively entered the [[Bronze Age]] from the [[Neolithic Age]], and then entered the [[Iron Age]]. Much of the [[philosophy]], [[science]], [[literature]], [[art]] and other aspects of knowledge that humans possess today can generally be traced back to the contributions of these ancient civilizations.{{Cn|date=September 2024}}<br /> <br /> Among the [[social]] systems of the Four Great Ancient Civilizations, Egypt and Babylon adopted [[slavery]], India implemented the [[Caste system in India|caste system]], and China adopted the [[Fengjian|feudal system]] and the [[well-field system]] before the [[Spring and Autumn period]] and the [[Warring States period]]. Each civilization had its own [[myth]]s and [[legend]]s. The state entities were born later. In ancient times, religious myths were used to strengthen monarchy. The ruler of Babylon [[Hammurabi]] claimed to be a descendant of the moon god [[Sin (mythology)|Sin]], the ancient Egyptian [[Pharaoh]] claimed to be the son of the sun god [[Ra]], the Chinese monarch claimed to be the [[Son of Heaven]], and the Indian emperor called himself [[Chakravarti (Sanskrit term)]], literally meaning: he whose wheels (of chariot) are moving,&quot;.<br /> <br /> The Four Great Ancient Civilizations all have their own [[calendar]]s, each year is divided into 12 months and has [[Intercalation (timekeeping)|leap months]]. Each civilization created its own [[writing]]. Civilizations in the Indus, Yellow and Mesopotamia river basins all used pottery wheels to make [[pottery]]. Egypt and Mesopotamia both calculated [[pi]] earlier, and China discovered the [[Pythagorean theorem]] earlier (or its practical application), while India invented Indian numerals ([[Arabic numerals]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.stnn.cc/arts/200702/t20070201_453082.html |title=天文学家的发明 阿拉伯数字起源于印度 |access-date=2009-11-26 |archive-date=2009-11-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091126133616/http://www.stnn.cc/arts/200702/t20070201_453082.html }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[Civilization state]]<br /> * [[Five thousand years of Chinese civilization]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Historiography of China]]<br /> [[Category:Historiography of Egypt]]<br /> [[Category:Historiography of India]]<br /> [[Category:Ancient Near East]]<br /> [[Category:Cradle of civilization]]<br /> [[Category:Historiography of Japan]]</div>

BuyMetabolicSolutionsKeto https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mumbai_CSMT%E2%80%93Howrah_Duronto_Express&diff=518979 2026-04-30T14:17:56Z

<p>BuyMetabolicSolutionsKeto: stub!</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Train in India}}<br /> {{italic title}}<br /> {{more citations needed|date=July 2022}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}<br /> {{Infobox rail service<br /> | color = 80FF00<br /> | name = Mumbai CSMT - Howrah Junction&lt;br&gt;''AC Duronto Express''<br /> | image = 12261 Howrah Duronto Express Trainboard.jpg<br /> | type = [[Duronto Express]]<br /> | locale = [[Maharashtra]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Odisha]], [[Jharkhand]] &amp; [[West Bengal]]<br /> | operator = [[South Eastern Railway zone|South Eastern Railway]]<br /> | first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2009|09|29}}<br /> | ridership = <br /> | start = {{stnlnk|Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus||Mumbai CSMT}} (CSMT)<br /> | end = {{stnlnk|Howrah Junction}} (HWH)<br /> | distance = {{convert|1968|km|0|abbr=on}}<br /> | journeytime = 26 hours 35 minutes<br /> | frequency = 4 days a week<br /> | class = AC First Class, AC 2 Tier, AC 3 Tier<br /> | seating = No<br /> | sleeping = Yes<br /> | autorack = <br /> | catering = Available<br /> | observation = Large windows<br /> | entertainment = <br /> | baggage = Available<br /> | otherfacilities = Below the seats<br /> | stock = [[LHB coach]]<br /> | el = <br /> | trainnumber = 12261 / 12262<br /> | speed = {{convert|74|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.<br /> | map = {{Mumbai CSMT-Howrah AC Duronto Express Route}}<br /> | map_state = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> The 12261 / 12262 '''Mumbai CSMT–Howrah ''Duronto Express''''' is a [[Express trains in India|Superfast Express]] train which belongs to [[South Eastern Railway zone]] that runs between [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus|Mumbai CSMT]] of [[Maharashtra]] and [[Howrah railway station|Howrah Junction]] of [[West Bengal]] in [[India]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Sunny |date=2024-12-13 |title=Tatanagar: Ispat Express cancelled, Howrah-Mumbai Duronto Express rescheduled |url=https://avenuemail.in/tatanagar-ispat-express-cancelled-howrah-mumbai-duronto-express-rescheduled/ |access-date=2026-04-19 |website=The Avenue Mail |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Background ==<br /> Being the non-stop version of the Duronto train, it used to take the fewest intermediate stops for operational and technical purposes such as crew change, locomotive change, food pick-up, and water-filling. Later, most of operational (technical) stops were made commercial stops and stoppages are given in some state capitals while some state capitals are still non - stopping places.<br /> <br /> == Rake sharing ==<br /> Rake sharing is done with [[Pune-Howrah Duronto Express]] (12222/12221), [[Howrah-SMVT Bengaluru AC Superfast Express]] (22863/22864), [[Santragachi-Chennai Central AC Express]] (22807/22808), with a total of five Rakes primarily maintained at [[Santragachi Junction railway station|Santragachi Coaching Depot]].&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=telang |first=Kamlesh |title=12261/Mumbai CSMT - Howrah AC Duronto Express - Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus to Howrah SER/South Eastern Zone - Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-mumbai-csmt-howrah-ac-duronto-express-12261/7555/12282/1 |access-date=2022-06-11 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Coach composition==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;background:Lightgreen;&quot;| Loco<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;background:Lightgreen;&quot;| 1<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;background:Lightgreen;&quot;| 2<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;background:Lightgreen;&quot;| 3<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;background:Lightgreen;&quot;| 4<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;background:Lightgreen;&quot;| 5<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;background:Lightgreen;&quot;| 6<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;background:Lightgreen;&quot;| 7<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;background:Lightgreen;&quot;| 8<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;background:Lightgreen;&quot;| 9<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;background:Lightgreen;&quot;| 10<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;background:Lightgreen;&quot;| 11<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;background:Lightgreen;&quot;| 12<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;background:Lightgreen;&quot;| 13<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;background:Lightgreen;&quot;| 14<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;background:Lightgreen;&quot;| 15<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;background:Lightgreen;&quot;| 16<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;background:Lightgreen;&quot;| 17<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;background:Lightgreen;&quot;| 18<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;background:Lightgreen;&quot;| 19<br /> |-<br /> |[[File:BSicon LDER.svg|25px]]||EOG|| A3|| A2|| A1 || H1|| PC<br /> |B12<br /> |B11|| B10|| B9|| B8|| B7|| B6|| B5|| B4|| B3|| B2||B1||EOG<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> 12262 is the reverse composition of the above 12261.<br /> <br /> '''B'''- Three Tier AC Sleeper/Third AC, '''A'''- Two Tier AC Sleeper/Second AC, '''H'''- AC First class cabins/First AC, '''PC'''-Pantry/Hot buffet car, '''EOG/GV'''-Generator van cum Guard van<br /> <br /> ==Locomotive==<br /> It previously ran with [[WAP-4]] loco of [[Electric Loco Shed, Howrah|Howrah]] but now mostly gets [[WAP-7]] loco of [[Santragachi Junction railway station|Santragachi]]. Before the conversion of Mumbai CSMT to {{stnlnk|Kasara}} from 1500 V DC to 25 kV AC, it was hauled by [[Indian locomotive class WCAM 3|WCAM-3]] of [[Kalyan Junction railway station|KYN]] shed for that section.<br /> <br /> ==Speed==<br /> All its coaches are air conditioned [[LHB coach]], capable of reaching 160 kmph. There is some confusing because according to Indian Railways Permanent Way Manual (IRPWM) on the Indian Railways website or Indian Railway Institute of Civil Engineering website, the BG (Broad Gauge) lines have been classified into six groups ‘A’ to ‘E’ on the basis of the future maximum permissible speeds but it may not be same as current speed.<br /> <br /> The maximum permissible speed is 130&amp;nbsp;km/h but it is less in some parts of the journey as these parts are not fit for 130&amp;nbsp;km/h speed. The maximum permissible speed is 105&amp;nbsp;km/h between Mumbai CSMT and Kasara &lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/civil_engg/CE_II/2019/Raising%20of%20sectionl%20speed%20to%20130%20kmph%20%20(dated%2017_12_2019).pdf | title=Raising of sectional speed to 130 Kmph on the routes of Golden Quadrilateral and the diagonal routes | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624195515/https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/civil_engg/CE_II/2019/Raising%20of%20sectionl%20speed%20to%20130%20kmph%20%20(dated%2017_12_2019).pdf | archive-date=2021-06-24 }}&lt;/ref&gt; where increasing up to 110 kmph in future is planned,&lt;ref&gt;[https://indianexpress.com/article/india/mission-raftaar-central-railway-to-increase-speed-limit-on-seven-key-routes-reduce-travel-time-by-four-hours-5215091/ Mission Raftaar: Central Railway to increase speed limit on seven key routes, reduce travel time by four hours]&lt;/ref&gt; 60&amp;nbsp;km/h between Kasara and Igatpuri,&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;/&gt; either speed will be increased to 130&amp;nbsp;km/h from 110 kmph very soon or speed has already been increased recently like which has done for some trains earlier on Igatpuri - Nashik - Bhusaval - Akola - Badnera route.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | url=https://cr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&amp;id=0,4,268&amp;dcd=8945&amp;did=1700126878932B234318161F276C4447D5B3B95A2E5E1 | title=Central Railway infra works lead to speeding up of trains - 12 trains now running at 130 kmph on the Igatpuri-Bhusaval-Badnera section| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231123172640/https://cr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&amp;id=0,4,268&amp;dcd=8945&amp;did=1700126878932B234318161F276C4447D5B3B95A2E5E1 | archive-date=2023-11-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; 130&amp;nbsp;km/h on Badnera - Wardha route,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | url=https://cr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&amp;id=0,4,268&amp;dcd=8973&amp;did=1700634011477646D991B0EF7D0752FCDD24EE6B1BF1A | title=Central Railway Infrastructure Upgrades leads to Speeding up of Trains - 30 trains now running at up to 130 kmph on the Wardha-Badnera section of 95.44 km | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240615205506/https://cr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&amp;id=0,4,268&amp;dcd=8973&amp;did=1700634011477646D991B0EF7D0752FCDD24EE6B1BF1A | archive-date=2024-06-15}}&lt;/ref&gt; 130 kmph between Wardha and Nagpur,&lt;ref&gt;[https://m.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=630626205916703&amp;set=a.299496179029709&amp;type=3 Speed meter]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | url=https://cr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&amp;dcd=8945&amp;id=0,4,268 | title=<br /> Central Railway infra works lead to speeding up of trains - 12 trains now running at 130 kmph on the Igatpuri-Bhusaval-Badnera section | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209055311/https://cr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&amp;dcd=8945&amp;id=0,4,268 | archive-date=2023-12-09}}&lt;/ref&gt; 130&amp;nbsp;km/h in Nagpur - Durg route,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | url=https://secr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1624886048545-Achive.pdf | title=Speed Raising Work | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221103171016/https://secr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1624886048545-Achive.pdf | archive-date=2022-11-03}}&lt;/ref&gt; 110&amp;nbsp;km/h in Durg - Jharsuguda which is a part of Nagpur - Jharsuguda route but the speed in this part is under process to be increased to 130 kmph,&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;/&gt; 130&amp;nbsp;km/h in Jharsuguda - Tatanagar - Kharagpur - Andul route,&lt;ref&gt;[https://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1788535 2021: South Eastern Railway (SER) registered highest ever Loading Performance]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | url=https://ser.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&amp;dcd=5303&amp;id=0,4,423 | title=SER Celebrates 75th independence day | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531174112/https://ser.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&amp;dcd=5303&amp;id=0,4,423 | archive-date=2023-05-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1788535 | title=2021: South Eastern Railway (SER) registered highest ever Loading Performance | website=pib.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;<br /> {{Cite web | url=https://ser.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&amp;dcd=5061&amp;id=0,4,423 | title=Raising of sectional speed between Tatanagar and Rourkela &amp; revised timings of Howrah-Mumbai CSMT special | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324010248/https://ser.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&amp;dcd=5061&amp;id=0,4,423 | archive-date=2023-03-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;<br /> {{Cite web | url=https://ser.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&amp;dcd=4813&amp;id=0,4,423 | title=SER raises sectional speed for faster movement of trains | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807161749/https://ser.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&amp;dcd=4813&amp;id=0,4,423 | archive-date=2022-08-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;<br /> {{Cite web | url=https://ser.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&amp;dcd=4463&amp;id=0,4,423#:~:text=SOUTH%20EASTERN%20RAILWAY%20ACCELERATES%20SECTIONAL%20SPEED%20LIMIT,-Kolkata%2C%2020th&amp;text=The%20sectional%20speed%20between%20Bimalgarh,55%20kmph%20to%2065%20kmph | title=South eastern railway accelerates sectional speed limit | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326222720/https://ser.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&amp;dcd=4463&amp;id=0,4,423 | archive-date=2023-03-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; 110&amp;nbsp;km/h between Andul and Howrah which is a part of Kharagpur - Howrah route.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Time table==<br /> <br /> '''From Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus to Howrah - 12261'''. The train starts from Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus every Sunday, Tuesday, Wednesday &amp; Thursday.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt;<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! style=&quot;background:gold;&quot; | Station code<br /> ! style=&quot;background:gold;&quot; ! | Station name<br /> ! style=&quot;background:gold;&quot; ! | Arrival<br /> ! style=&quot;background:gold;&quot; ! | Departure<br /> |-<br /> |'''CSMT'''<br /> |'''Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus'''<br /> | ---<br /> |'''17:15'''<br /> |-<br /> |{{Blue|KSRA}}<br /> |{{Blue|Kasara}}<br /> |{{Blue|19:07}}<br /> |{{Blue|19:10}}<br /> |-<br /> |{{Blue|IGP}}<br /> |{{Blue|Igatpuri}}<br /> |{{Blue|19:38}}<br /> |{{Blue|19:40}}<br /> |-<br /> |BSL<br /> |Bhusaval Junction<br /> |23:00<br /> |23:05<br /> |-<br /> |NGP<br /> |Nagpur Junction<br /> |04:10<br /> |04:15<br /> |-<br /> |R<br /> |Raipur Junction<br /> |08:22<br /> |08:24<br /> |-<br /> |BSP<br /> |Bilaspur Junction<br /> |09:55<br /> |10:05<br /> |-<br /> |TATA<br /> |Tatanagar Junction<br /> |16:10<br /> |16:20<br /> |-<br /> |'''HWH'''<br /> |'''Howrah Junction'''<br /> |'''20:15'''<br /> | ---<br /> |}<br /> '''From Howrah to Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus - 12262'''. The train starts from Howrah Junction every Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday &amp; Friday.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Azhar |title=12262/Howrah - Mumbai CSMT AC Duronto Express - Howrah to Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus SER/South Eastern Zone - Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-howrah-mumbai-csmt-ac-duronto-express-12262/7553/1/12282 |access-date=2022-06-11 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! style=&quot;background:gold;&quot; | Station code<br /> ! style=&quot;background:gold;&quot; ! | Station name<br /> ! style=&quot;background:gold;&quot; ! | Arrival<br /> ! style=&quot;background:gold;&quot; ! | Departure<br /> |-<br /> |'''HWH'''<br /> |'''Howrah Junction'''<br /> | ---<br /> |'''05:45'''<br /> |-<br /> |TATA<br /> |Tatanagar Junction<br /> |08:48<br /> |08:58<br /> |-<br /> |BSP<br /> |Bilaspur Junction<br /> |14:55<br /> |15:05<br /> |-<br /> |R<br /> |Raipur Junction<br /> |16:35<br /> |16:37<br /> |-<br /> |NGP<br /> |Nagpur Junction<br /> |20:50<br /> |20:55<br /> |-<br /> |BSL<br /> |Bhusaval Junction<br /> |01:45<br /> |01:50<br /> |-<br /> |{{Blue|IGP}}<br /> |{{Blue|Igatpuri}}<br /> |{{Blue|05:42}}<br /> |{{Blue|05:45}}<br /> |-<br /> |'''CSMT'''<br /> |'''Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus'''<br /> |'''08:15'''<br /> | ---<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Technical (operational) halts==<br /> '''12261''' takes 1 technical halt at {{stnlnk|Kasara}}, {{stnlnk|Igatpuri}}. It takes about 7 mins at {{stnlnk|Kasara}} for addition of banker engine [[Indian locomotive class WAG-7|WAG-7]] for the run through the ghats, which is removed at {{stnlnk|Igatpuri}}.<br /> <br /> '''12262''' has technical halt at {{stnlnk|Igatpuri}} if situation is normal and no halt at [[Kasara railway station|Kasara]].<br /> <br /> == Accidents and incidents ==<br /> On July 30, 2024, the Howrah-Mumbai Express train derailed near Chakradharpur in [[Jharkhand]]'s [[Chakradharpur]] division, resulting in a tragic accident around 3:43 am. Eighteen coaches were affected, including 16 passenger coaches, one power car, and one pantry car. This severe incident led to the deaths of two individuals and injuries to 20 others. Initial findings suggest a collision with a derailed goods train as the cause.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2024-07-30 |title=Howrah-Mumbai Mail derailed in Jharkhand, two dead, 18 injured |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/howrah-mumbai-mail-derailed-in-jharkhand-two-dead-18-injured/articleshow/112126272.cms |access-date=2024-07-30 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-07-30 |title=2 killed as Mumbai-Howrah Mail derails in Jharkhand |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/mumbai-howrah-mail-train-derailment-jharkhand-9483787/ |access-date=2024-07-30 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> {{Duronto Express}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Mumbai CST-Howrah Duronto Express}}<br /> [[Category:Trains from Howrah railway station]]<br /> [[Category:Transport in Mumbai]]<br /> [[Category:Duronto Express trains]]<br /> [[Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra]]<br /> [[Category:Rail transport in West Bengal]]<br /> [[Category:Rail transport in Chhattisgarh]]<br /> [[Category:Rail transport in Jharkhand]]<br /> [[Category:Railway services introduced in 2009]]</div>

BuyMetabolicSolutionsKeto https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bibhab_Kumar_Talukdar&diff=491417 2026-04-28T04:29:36Z

<p>BuyMetabolicSolutionsKeto: Made basic biography w/ refs.</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian conservation biologist}}<br /> {{Cleanup-PR|1=article|date=September 2022}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = &lt;!-- defaults to article title when left blank --&gt;<br /> | image = &lt;!-- filename only, no &quot;File:&quot; or &quot;Image:&quot; prefix, and no enclosing [[brackets]] --&gt;<br /> | alt = &lt;!-- descriptive text for use by speech synthesis (text-to-speech) software --&gt;<br /> | caption = <br /> | birth_date = 1968<br /> | birth_place = [[Dhubri]], Assam<br /> | death_date = <br /> | death_place = <br /> | education = [[Gauhati University]]<br /> | occupation = Conservation Biologist<br /> | years_active = 1989–present<br /> | known_for = Aaranyak and Asian Rhino Conservation<br /> | notable_works = <br /> | awards = {{ubl|IUCN Species Survival Commission Chair’s Citation Award, 2008&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2015-09-21 |title=Sumatran rhino likely to go extinct unless action is taken urgently, warns IUCN |url=https://www.iucn.org/content/sumatran-rhino-likely-go-extinct-unless-action-taken-urgently-warns-iucn |access-date=2022-08-17 |website=IUCN |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Bibhab Kumar Talukdar''' is an Indian conservation biologist. He is the founder of [[Aaranyak]], a leading wildlife non-governmental organization based in Guwahati, India. It is a Scientific, Industrial Research and frontline environmental organization in India.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=G Plus Vol 4 issue 12 by G Plus |url=https://issuu.com/guwahatiplus/docs/g_plus_vol_4_issue_12_web |access-date=2022-08-16 |website=issuu.com |date=13 January 2017 |language=en |archive-date=28 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228012558/https://issuu.com/guwahatiplus/docs/g_plus_vol_4_issue_12_web |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> He has been the Chair of Asian Rhino Specialist Group of the [[International Union for Conservation of Nature|IUCN]] since 2007 and was a member of the National Board of Wildlife under the [[government of India]]. He worked in the monitoring of Asian Rhinos and their habitats. Working in South and South-East Asia, he studied the threats posed to Asian Rhinos due to the impact of climate change.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=World Rhino Day 2019: IUCN Asian Rhino Specialist Group Chair Bibhab Kumar Talukdar appeals for a strong community movement for protection of greater one-horned rhino |url=https://www.nezine.com/info/RTlDU3BBS0ZNa21zQmJ0UVpZT3F4UT09/world-rhino-day-2019:-iucn-Asian-rhino-specialist-group-chair-bibhab-kumar-talukdar-appeals-for-a-strong-community-movement-for-protection-of-greater-one-horned-rhino.html |access-date=2022-08-16 |website=nezine.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Early life==<br /> Bibhab Kumar Talukdar appeared for his [[Bachelor of Science]] examinations in 1989. During this time, he founded Aaranyak in [[Assam]] as a nature club encouraging and engaging youths in birding. Assam was amid political unrest during the 1980s and early 1990s. [[Aaranyak]] came as a piece of positive news during this period. It is now Northeast India's biggest non-government biodiversity conservation &amp; research organisation.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Police will have to protect rhinos and tigers from poachers: Experts |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/science/police-will-have-to-protect-rhinos-and-tigers-from-poachers-experts/1786645/ |access-date=2022-08-16 |website=Financialexpress |date=6 December 2019 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Life description==<br /> <br /> Dr. Bibhab Kumar Talukdar is currently the secretary general and Executive Director of [[Aaranyak]]. The Aaranyak team consists of wildlife biologists, researchers and conservation workers and has its headquarters in Guwahati, India.{{fact|date=January 2023}}<br /> <br /> He was a member of the Standing Committee of the National Board of Wildlife, Govt. of India from July 2007 until May 2010.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Member Profile {{!}} Assam State Biodiversity Board {{!}} Government Of Assam, India |url=https://asbb.assam.gov.in/about-us/detail/member-profile |access-date=2022-08-23 |website=asbb.assam.gov.in |archive-date=17 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117103600/https://asbb.assam.gov.in/about-us/detail/member-profile |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;  From 2010 to 2012, he was a member of the Project Elephant Steering Committee, Govt. of India and the committee for the formulation of the National Wildlife Action Plan for 2017–2031.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |title=National Wildlife Action Plan WII |url=https://wii.gov.in/images//images/documents/national_wildlife_action_plan/NWAP_Report_lo_Res_2017_31.pdf |journal=National Wildlife Action Plan |archive-date=16 June 2024 |access-date=16 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240616184635/https://wii.gov.in/images/images/documents/national_wildlife_action_plan/NWAP_Report_lo_Res_2017_31.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> He is a member of the Assam State Biodiversity Board.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Member Profile {{!}} Assam State Biodiversity Board {{!}} Government Of Assam, India |url=https://asbb.assam.gov.in/about-us/detail/member-profile |access-date=2022-08-17 |website=asbb.assam.gov.in |archive-date=17 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117103600/https://asbb.assam.gov.in/about-us/detail/member-profile |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; He is also a member of the [https://pachydermjournal.org/index.php/pachyderm/about/editorialTeam Editorial Board of Pachyderm] - a journal of IUCN SSC African Elephant Specialist Group, African Rhino Specialist Group and Asian Rhino Specialist Group. <br /> <br /> Dr. Talukdar has been appointed as [https://gcuniversity.ac.in/personnel/dr-bibhab-kumar-talukdar/ Professor of Practice by the Girijananda Chowdhury University], Guwahati, Assam, India in June 2025 following the guidelines of [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] of India. The University hopes that Dr. Talukdar in his new role as Professor of Practice can provide students with invaluable real-world insights and practical knowledge. This directly fulfills a key objective of the [[National Education Policy 2020]].<br /> <br /> ==Work in Asian Rhino conservation==<br /> <br /> Bibhab Kumar Talukdar was appointed as the Chair of the Asian Rhino Specialist Group in 2007 for his work towards the conservation of [[Asian rhinoceros|Asian Rhinos.]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2010-09-15 |title=Bibhab Talukdar to head rhino specialist group |url=https://assamtribune.com/bibhab-talukdar-to-head-rhino-specialist-group |access-date=2022-08-16 |website=assamtribune.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> He also contributed to the conservation and management of critically endangered Javan and Sumatran Rhinos along with Indonesian conservation agencies.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 May 2010 |title=Assam conservationist appointed to Indonesian Rhino Task Force |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/assam-conservationist-appointed-to-indonesian-rhino-task-force/articleshow/5898636.cms |access-date=2022-08-17 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> To curb the occurrences of rhino poaching and for awareness of its conservation, Bibhab Kumar Talukdar initiated legal orientation workshops for forest officials starting in 1998. He coordinated legal orientation workshops for [[Assam Police|Assam police]], Sasashtra Seema Bal (SSB) and Border Security forces (BSF) in his state.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=19 February 2022 |title=Assam Cops Sensitised On Wildlife Crimes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/assam-cops-sensitised-on-wildlife-crimes/articleshow/89675108.cms |access-date=2022-08-17 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> [[File:Dr Bibhab Talukdar with a rescued Indian Rhino Calf.jpg|thumb|Dr Bibhab Kumar Talukdar with a rescued Indian Rhino Calf]]<br /> <br /> ==Awards==<br /> <br /> * IUCN Species Survival Commission Chair's Citation Award, 2008 &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> * [[Ashoka Fellow]] (since 2007)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bibhab Kumar Talukdar {{!}} Ashoka {{!}} Everyone a Changemaker |url=https://www.ashoka.org/en-in/fellow/bibhab-kumar-talukdar |access-date=2022-08-16 |website=www.ashoka.org |language=en-in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Harry Messel Award for Conservation Leadership (specifically for Asian Rhinos) from the [[International Union for Conservation of Nature|IUCN]]’s by the [[International Union for Conservation of Nature|Species Survival Commission]], held at [[Abu Dhabi]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Shukla |first=Piyush |date=2024-10-28 |title=Bibhab Talukdar Wins IUCN's Top Conservation Leadership Award |url=https://currentaffairs.adda247.com/bibhab-talukdar-wins-iucns-top-conservation-leadership-award/ |access-date=2024-11-05 |website=adda247 |language=en-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Publications==<br /> <br /> He has published over 60 scientific papers and co-authored two papers published in the journal of Science. He contributed to the [[Millennium Ecosystem Assessment]] in the Eastern Himalayas between 2002 and 2004.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Talukdar |first=Bibhab |title=Millennium assessment |url=https://millenniumassessment.org/documents/document.349.aspx.pdf |journal=Millennium Assessment |pages=24}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Selected works===<br /> <br /> # Talukdar B.K. in Schipper et al. 2008. Status of the World's Land and Marine Mammals: Diversity, Threat, and Knowledge. Science 322: 225-230 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Schipper |first1=Jan |last2=Chanson |first2=Janice S. |last3=Chiozza |first3=Federica |last4=Cox |first4=Neil A. |last5=Hoffmann |first5=Michael |last6=Katariya |first6=Vineet |last7=Lamoreux |first7=John |last8=Rodrigues |first8=Ana S. L. |last9=Stuart |first9=Simon N. |last10=Temple |first10=Helen J. |last11=Baillie |first11=Jonathan |last12=Boitani |first12=Luigi |last13=Lacher |first13=Thomas E. |last14=Mittermeier |first14=Russell A. |last15=Smith |first15=Andrew T. |date=2008-10-10 |title=The status of the world's land and marine mammals: diversity, threat, and knowledge |journal=Science |volume=322 |issue=5899 |pages=225–230 |doi=10.1126/science.1165115 |issn=1095-9203 |pmid=18845749|bibcode=2008Sci...322..225S |s2cid=45416687 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> # Talukdar, B.K. in Hoffmann et al. 2010. The Impact of Conservation on the Status of the World's Vertebrates. Science 330:1503-1509.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Hoffmann |first1=Michael |last2=Hilton-Taylor |first2=Craig |last3=Angulo |first3=Ariadne |last4=Böhm |first4=Monika |last5=Brooks |first5=Thomas M. |last6=Butchart |first6=Stuart H. M. |last7=Carpenter |first7=Kent E. |last8=Chanson |first8=Janice |last9=Collen |first9=Ben |last10=Cox |first10=Neil A. |last11=Darwall |first11=William R. T. |last12=Dulvy |first12=Nicholas K. |last13=Harrison |first13=Lucy R. |last14=Katariya |first14=Vineet |last15=Pollock |first15=Caroline M. |date=2010-12-10 |title=The impact of conservation on the status of the world's vertebrates |journal=Science |volume=330 |issue=6010 |pages=1503–1509 |doi=10.1126/science.1194442 |issn=1095-9203 |pmid=20978281|bibcode=2010Sci...330.1503H |s2cid=32375022 |hdl=11336/75487 |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> # Talukdar, B and Sinha, S 2013. Challenges and opportunities of transboundary rhino conservation in India and Nepal. Pachyderm 54(54):45-51 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Challenges and opportunities of transboundary rhino conservation in India and Nepal |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281153681}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> # Lahkar, B., Talukdar, B. and Sarma, P. 2011. Invasive species in grassland habitat: An ecological threat to the greater one-horned rhino (Rhinoceros unicornis). Pachyderm 49(1) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Invasive species in grassland habitat, an ecological threat to the greater one horned rhinoceros unicornis |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268376557}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> # Havmøller, R.G., Junaidi Payne, Widodo Ramond, Susie Ellis, K. Yoganand, BarneyLong, Eric Dinerstein, Christy Williams, Rudi H. Putra, Jamal Gawi, and Bibhab Kumar Talukdar 2015. Will current conservation responses save the Critically Endangered Sumatran rhinoceros Dicerorhinus sumatrensis? Oryx (Oryx, Page 1 of 5 © 2015 Fauna &amp; Flora International {{doi|10.1017/S0030605315000472}})&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Havmøller |first1=Rasmus Gren |last2=Payne |first2=Junaidi |last3=Ramono |first3=Widodo |last4=Ellis |first4=Susie |last5=Yoganand |first5=K. |last6=Long |first6=Barney |last7=Dinerstein |first7=Eric |last8=Williams |first8=A. Christy |last9=Putra |first9=Rudi H. |last10=Gawi |first10=Jamal |last11=Talukdar |first11=Bibhab Kumar |last12=Burgess |first12=Neil |date=3 August 2015 |title=Will current conservation responses save the Critically Endangered Sumatran rhinoceros Dicerorhinus sumatrensis ? |journal=Oryx |language=en |volume=50 |issue=2 |pages=355–359 |doi=10.1017/S0030605315000472 |s2cid=208526639 |issn=0030-6053|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> # Emslie, R.H.; Milliken, T.; Talukdar, B.; Burgess, G.; Adcock, K.; Balfour, D.; Knight, M.H., 2019. African and Asian rhinoceroses - status, conservation and trade. A report from the IUCN Species Survival Commission (IUCN/SSC) African and Asian Rhino Specialist Groups and TRAFFIC to the CITES Secretariat pursuant to Resolution Conf. 9.14 (Rev. CoP17). Report to CITES 17th meeting (Colombo, June 2019), CoP 18 Doc. annexe annex 3: 1-38 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=IUCN SSC report |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/312608128}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> # Ferreira, S. M., Ellis, S., Burgess, G., Baruch-Mordo, S., Talukdar, B., &amp; Knight, M. H. (2022). African and Asian rhinoceroses—Status, Conservation and Trade: A report from the IUCN Species Survival Commission (IUCN/SSC) African and Asian Rhino Specialist Groups and TRAFFIC to the CITES Secretariat pursuant to Resolution Conf. 9.14 (Rev. CoP17) (CoP19 Doc. 75 (Rev.1) Annex 4). CITES Secretariat. <br /> <br /> '''Chapters in Books:''' <br /> <br /> # Talukdar, B.K. 2004. Ecology. In V.P. Singh et al. (eds.), The Brahmaputra Basin Water Resources, 351-365. Kluwer Academic Publishers. The Netherlands.<br /> # Talukdar B.K; Williams C., Dutta D.K.; Subedi N.; Long B.( 2017) Rhinoceros unicornis, Greater One Horned Rhinoceros. Rhinoceronate Indio in Mittermeier, R. A.,Rylands, A. B., Sechrest W., Langhammer, P. F., Mittermeier, J. C., Parr, M. J., Konstant, W. R. &amp; Mast, R. B. (eds.). 2017. Bac from the Brink / Desde el Umbral de la Extinción. CEMEX, S. A., Mexico, pp 50-52<br /> # Talukdar, B.K. 2021. Brahmaputra flood plains without Rhino seems an incomplete proposition. In Chapter-3 p 39-42. The Restless River. Ganesh Pangare &amp; Bushra Nishat &amp; Xiawei Liao &amp; Halla Maher Qaddumi, 2021. &quot;The Restless River,&quot; World Bank Publications - Reports 36258, The World Bank Group.<br /> # Talukdar, B.K. 2020. The challenge of protecting Rhinos in India. In: Rahmani, A.R. and Gore, K (Eds.). Saving India’s Wilderness: Challenges and Solutions. The Corbett Foundation of India. 172-179<br /> # Sarma, P.K., B.K. Talukdar, P. Baruah and M. Tamuli. 2023. Wildlife Habitat Dynamics and Sustainable Development: Revisiting Pabitora Wildlife Sanctuary of Assam India (p 459-474). In: Advances in Geographical and Environmental Sciences: Sustainable Development Goals in [[Northeast India]]. Edited by: Subhash Anand, Madhushree Das, Rituparna Bhattacharyya, R. B. Singh. Published by Springer <br /> # Talukdar, B.K., Dutta, D.K., Thapa, K., Choudhury, A. (2025). Greater One-Horned Rhino Rhinoceros unicornis Linnaeus, 1758. In: Melletti, M., Talukdar, B., Balfour, D. (eds) Rhinos of the World. Fascinating Life Sciences. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-67169-2_5<br /> # Talukdar, B.K., Jnawali, S.R., Bonal, B.S., Swargoyari, A., Sharma, A., Dutta, D.K., Subedi, N., Pant, G. (2025). The Recovery of the Greater One-Horned Rhinoceros in India and Nepal. In: Melletti, M., Talukdar, B., Balfour, D. (eds) Rhinos of the World. Fascinating Life Sciences. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-67169-2_11<br /> # Vigne, L., ’t Sas-Rolfes, M., Milliken, T., Rademeyer, J., '''Talukdar, B'''. (2025). The Impact of Rhino Horn Trafficking on Conservation. In: Melletti, M., Talukdar, B., Balfour, D. (eds) Rhinos of the World. Fascinating Life Sciences. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-67169-2_16<br /> # ‘t Sas-Rolfes, M., Rademeyer, J., Vigne, L., Emslie, R., Knight, M., Gaymer, J., '''Talukdar, B'''. (2025). The Impact of Poaching on Rhino Conservation. In: Melletti, M., Talukdar, B., Balfour, D. (eds) Rhinos of the World. Fascinating Life Sciences. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-67169-2_15<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{Improve categories|date=September 2022}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Talukdar, Bibhab Kumar}}<br /> [[Category:Scientists from Assam]]<br /> [[Category:Gauhati University alumni]]<br /> [[Category:1968 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Indian social entrepreneurs]]</div>

BuyMetabolicSolutionsKeto https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bigg_Boss_(Hindi_TV_series)_season_12&diff=491487 2026-04-28T01:01:12Z

<p>BuyMetabolicSolutionsKeto: Made some info w/ refs.</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian reality show}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}<br /> <br /> {{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox television season<br /> | season_number = 12<br /> | image = Bigg Boss 12 Logo.jpg<br /> | image_alt =<br /> | caption = <br /> | bgcolour = #3598FB<br /> | module1 = {{Infobox reality competition season<br /> | presenter = [[Salman Khan]]<br /> | num_days = 105<br /> | num_housemates = 20<br /> | winner = [[Dipika Kakar]]<br /> | runner_up = [[S. Sreesanth|Sreesanth Nair]]<br /> }}<br /> | num_episodes = 106<br /> | network = [[Colors TV]]<br /> | first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2018|09|16}}<br /> | last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2018|12|30}}<br /> | episode_list = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Bigg Boss 12''''', also known as '''''Bigg Boss: Vichitra Jodis''''' is the twelfth season of the Indian [[reality TV]] series ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series)|Bigg Boss]]'' which is based on the Dutch series ''[[Big Brother (franchise)|Big Brother]]'', and premiered on 16 September 2018 on [[Colors TV|Colors]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Start&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/khatron-ke-khiladi-to-get-postponed-bigg-boss-12-to-air-early-this-year/articleshow/65037735.cms|title=Khatron Ke Khiladi to get postponed; Bigg Boss 12 to air early this year|work=The Times of India|date=20 July 2018 |access-date=20 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; The launch episode was titled &quot;Bigg Night&quot;. [[Salman Khan]] hosted the season for the ninth time.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Bigg Boss 12: Shahrukh Khan gets evicted from the house |work=[[India Today]] |agency=Ist |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/bigg-boss-12-somi-khan-gets-evicted-from-the-house-1415997-2018-12-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; The grand finale of the show took place on 30 December 2018 when [[Dipika Kakar]] emerged as the winner and Sreesanth became the runner up.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=31 December 2018 |title=Bigg Boss 12 winner: Dipika Kakar wins the show, takes home prize money of Rs 30 lakh |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/bigg-boss-12-winner-dipika-kakar-wins-the-show-takes-home-prize-money-of-rs-30-lakh-1420233-2018-12-30 |website=[[India Today]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Production==<br /> <br /> ===Background===<br /> [[Colors TV]] invited the general public to send their video clips&lt;ref name=Audition&gt;{{cite web|title=Audition Open|url=https://twitter.com/ColorsTV/status/985572554839486464|publisher=[[Twitter]]|access-date=15 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; through a streaming application called [[Voot]] on 15 April in order to audition for the show. It was later revealed by the show makers that this season of the show would feature contestants in pairs (any sort of pairs; friends, co-workers, spouses, siblings, etc.), therefore declaring the theme &quot;Vichitra Jodis&quot;, which translates to &quot;Strange Pairs&quot;.&lt;ref name=Theme&gt;{{cite news|title=Bigg Boss 12 to premiere on September 16|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bigg-boss-12-salman-khans-show-to-be-back-with-a-new-theme/articleshow/63814164.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=18 April 2018 |access-date=18 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Start&gt;{{cite web|title=Bigg Boss 12 to premiere on September 16|date=26 July 2018 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/bigg-boss-12-premiere-date-5276974/|publisher=India Today|access-date=26 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Audition/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Eye logo===<br /> The Bigg Boss &quot;eye&quot; is split, with red on one side and blue on the other; red representing fire and blue representing water.<br /> <br /> ===House===<br /> House pictures were officially released on 16 September 2018; the House followed the theme of a &quot;''Beach House''&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/bigg-boss-12-this-season-its-beach-house-for-the-contestants-take-a-look-1878859.html|title=Bigg Boss 12: This Season its Beach House For the Contestants, Take a Look|website=News18|date=16 September 2018 |access-date=2020-01-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Bigg Boss: Outhouse===<br /> <br /> Four housemates entered the Bigg Boss Outhouse a day before the start of the show. The public had power to vote two housemate into the main house. Exclusive videos from the out-house were streaming on [https://www.voot.com Voot] from 15 September 2018. Surbhi Rana, Kriti Verma, Roshmi Banik and Mital Joshi were called into the house with a task called &quot;Taala Khol&quot;, where one of the pairs were to be eliminated on the very first day of the show.<br /> <br /> ==Housemates status==<br /> &lt;!-- HOUSEMATES NAMES SHOULD NOT HAVE THEIR LAST NAMES ON --&gt;<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot; text-align:center; font-size:85%; line-height:25px; width:auto;&quot;<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#3598FB; color:#000;&quot; | Sr<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#3598FB; color:#000;&quot; | Housemate<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#3598FB; color:#000;&quot; | {{nowrap|Day entered}}<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#3598FB; color:#000;&quot; | {{nowrap|Day exited}}<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#3598FB; color:#000;&quot; | Status<br /> |-<br /> | 1<br /> | [[Dipika Kakar|Dipika]]<br /> | Day 1<br /> | Day 105<br /> | {{Won|Winner}}<br /> |-<br /> | 2<br /> | [[S. Sreesanth|Sreesanth]]<br /> | Day 1<br /> | Day 105<br /> | {{Runner-up|1st runner-up}}<br /> |-<br /> | 3<br /> | Deepak <br /> | Day 1<br /> | Day 105<br /> | {{Quit|Walked, 2nd runner-up}}<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 4<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Romil <br /> | Day 1<br /> | Day 14<br /> | {{eliminated|Evicted}}<br /> |-<br /> | Day 15<br /> | Day 105<br /> | style=&quot;background:#DDA0DD;&quot; |{{nowrap|3rd runner-up }}<br /> |-<br /> | 5<br /> | Karanvir<br /> | Day 1<br /> | Day 105<br /> | style=&quot;background:#FF69B4;&quot; |{{center|4th runner-up}}<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 6<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Surbhi<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Day 1<br /> | {{eliminated|Evicted}}<br /> |-<br /> | Day 14<br /> | Day 102<br /> | {{eliminated|Evicted}}<br /> |-<br /> | 7<br /> | Somi<br /> | Day 1<br /> | Day 98<br /> | {{eliminated|Evicted}}<br /> |-<br /> | 8<br /> | Rohit<br /> | Day 36<br /> | Day 91<br /> | {{eliminated|Evicted}}<br /> |-<br /> | 9<br /> | Jasleen<br /> | Day 1<br /> | Day 83<br /> | {{eliminated|Evicted}}<br /> |-<br /> | 10<br /> | Megha<br /> | Day 36<br /> | Day 83<br /> | {{eliminated|Evicted}}<br /> |-<br /> | 11<br /> | Srishty<br /> | Day 1<br /> | Day 70<br /> | {{eliminated|Evicted}}<br /> |-<br /> | 12<br /> | Shivashish<br /> | Day 1<br /> | Day 62<br /> | {{CRemoved|Ejected}}<br /> |-<br /> | 13<br /> | Urvashi<br /> | Day 1<br /> | Day 49<br /> | style=&quot;background:#BFFF00;&quot; |{{nowrap|Evicted by Housemates}}<br /> |-<br /> | 14<br /> | Saba<br /> | Day 1<br /> | Day 42<br /> | {{eliminated|Evicted}}<br /> |-<br /> | 15<br /> | Anup<br /> | Day 1<br /> | Day 42<br /> | {{eliminated|Evicted}}<br /> |-<br /> | 16<br /> | Sourabh<br /> | Day 1<br /> | Day 35<br /> | {{eliminated|Evicted}}<br /> |-<br /> | 17<br /> | Neha<br /> | Day 1<br /> | Day 28<br /> | {{eliminated|Evicted}}<br /> |-<br /> | 18<br /> | Nirmal<br /> | Day 1<br /> | Day 14<br /> | {{eliminated|Evicted}}<br /> |-<br /> | 19<br /> | Kriti<br /> | Day 1<br /> | Day 13<br /> | {{eliminated|Evicted}}<br /> |-<br /> | 20<br /> | Roshmi<br /> | Day 1<br /> | Day 13<br /> | {{eliminated|Evicted}}<br /> |-<br /> | 21<br /> | Mital<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Day 1<br /> | {{eliminated|Evicted}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Housemates==<br /> ===Outhouse entrants===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Housemates<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Status<br /> |-<br /> |Roshmi Banik<br /> | bgcolor=gold|''{{nowrap|Entered the Main House}}''<br /> |-<br /> |Kriti Verma<br /> |bgcolor=gold|''Entered the main house''<br /> |-<br /> |Surbhi Rana<br /> | {{No|Evicted (Day 1)}}<br /> |-<br /> |Mital Joshi<br /> |{{eliminated|Evicted (Day 1)}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/bigg-boss-season-12-2018/bigg-boss-12-friends-turned-enemies-mital-joshi-and-roshmi-banik-house-watch-promo-425947|title=Bigg Boss 12: Friends turned enemies Mital Joshi and Roshmi Banik in the house, watch promo|date=16 September 2018|access-date=27 January 2019|archive-date=27 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190127205857/https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/bigg-boss-season-12-2018/bigg-boss-12-friends-turned-enemies-mital-joshi-and-roshmi-banik-house-watch-promo-425947|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Original entrants===<br /> The participants in the order of appearance and entrance in the house are:<br /> * [[Karanvir Bohra]] – Television and film actor.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=1 September 2018 |title=Bigg Boss 12: Naagin 2 actor Karanvir Bohra to enter the show? |url=https://www.abplive.in/television/karanvir-bohra-confirms-being-approached-for-bigg-boss-12-790830 |website=ABP Live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=16 September 2018 |title=Bigg Boss 12 contestant Karanvir Bohra: The most difficult part of the journey will be staying away from my daughters |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bigg-boss-12-contestant-karanvir-bohra-the-most-difficult-part-of-the-journey-will-be-staying-away-from-my-daughters/articleshow/65828679.cms |website=[[Times Of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=30 December 2018 |title=Bigg Boss 12: Karanvir Bohra evicted? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/bigg-boss-12-karanvior-bohra-evicted-5516145/ |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; He is known for his performances in ''[[Kasautii Zindagii Kay (2001 TV series)|Kasautii Zindagii Kay]]'', ''[[Dil Se Di Dua... Saubhagyavati Bhava?]]'', ''[[Qubool Hai]]'' and ''[[Naagin (2015 TV series)|Naagin 2]]''. He was a contestant on ''[[Nach Baliye]]'' and ''[[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 5]]''. <br /> * Sourabh Patel – Farmer.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=16 September 2018 |title=Bigg Boss 12 contestants jodi: Sourabh Patel and Shivashish Mishra |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/television/report-bigg-boss-12-contestants-jodi-sourabh-patel-and-shivansh-mishra-2663870 |website=DNA India}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> * Shivashish Mishra – Businessman, model and actor.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=17 November 2018 |title=Bigg Boss 12: Shivashish kicked out of house, Twitterati calls it unfair |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/bigg-boss-12-shivashish-kicked-out-of-house-twitterati-call-it-unfair-1390396-2018-11-17 |website=[[India Today]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=18 November 2018 |title=Shivashish Mishra on leaving Bigg Boss 12: No one evicted me by voting, viewers know what I did was right |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/shivashish-mishra-on-leaving-bigg-boss-12-no-one-evicted-me-by-voting-viewers-know-what-i-did-was-right/story-a1XcfmD8VMRjHKA18MeSUL.html |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; He had a role in SET show ''[[Sankat Mochan Mahabali Hanumaan]]''.<br /> * [[Dipika Kakar]] – Television and film actress.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=1 September 2018 |title=Bigg Boss 12: Dipika Kakar to enter Salman Khan's show? |url=http://zeenews.india.com/television/bigg-boss-12-dipika-kakar-to-enter-salman-khans-show-2137784.html |website=Zee News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=17 September 2018 |title=Dipika Kakar: I want to rule over the Bigg Boss 12 kitchen |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/dipika-kakar-on-entering-bigg-boss-12-house-5358137/ |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=31 December 2018 |title=Bigg Boss 12 winner interview: Dipika Kakar talks about Sreesanth, her biggest enemy and memorable tasks |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/bigg-boss-12-winner-interview-dipika-kakar-talks-about-sreesanth-her-biggest-enemy-and-memorable-tasks-1420344-2018-12-31 |website=[[India Today]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; She is known for her portrayal of Simar Dwivedi Bhardwaj in the long-running soap opera ''[[Sasural Simar Ka]]'' on [[Colors TV]]. She participated in ''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa (season 8)|Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 8]]'' and ''[[Nach Baliye]]'', before making her Bollywood debut with the patriotic drama film ''[[Paltan (film)|Paltan]]'' (2018).<br /> * Romil Chaudhary – Lawyer from Haryana.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=17 September 2018 |title=Meet Bigg Boss 12 contestant Romil Chaudhary |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/bigg-boss-12-contestant-romil-chaudhary-5359020/ |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=31 December 2018 |title=Bigg Boss 12: Romil Choudhary evicted; Dipika, Sreesanth and Deepak become top 3 finalists |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/bigg-boss-12-finale-romil-choudhary-evicted-5516111/ |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; He is also a rapper and reality television personality.<br /> * Nirmal Singh – Policeman from Haryana.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=16 September 2018 |title=Meet Bigg Boss 12 contestant Nirmal Singh |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/bigg-boss-12-contestant-nirmal-singh-5358985/ |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=1 October 2018 |title=Bigg Boss 12, Weekend Ka Vaar, day 14 highlights: Nirmal Singh evicted but Romil stays back |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/bigg-boss-12-weekend-ka-vaar-day-14-live-updates-loveyatri-team-visits-the-show/story-xntN8Ep83fOUDKkIijoAxN.html |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=1 October 2018 |title=Bigg Boss 12 evicted contestant Nirmal Singh: I will miss Anup, Srishty and Sreesanth a lot |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/nirmal-singh-bigg-boss-12-evicted-contestant-5380818/ |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Neha Pendse]] – Television and film actress.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=29 August 2018 |title=Ridhima Pandit, Devoleena Bhattacharjee &amp; Neha Pendse to participate in 'Bigg Boss 12'? |url=https://www.abplive.in/television/ridhima-pandit-devoleena-bhattacharjee-neha-pendse-to-participate-in-bigg-boss-12-790980 |website=ABP Live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=17 September 2018 |title=Bigg Boss 12: No one knows anything about me, I am a clean slate, says Neha Pendse &amp;#124; Exclusive |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/bigg-boss-12-no-one-knows-anything-about-me-i-am-a-clean-slate-says-neha-pendse-1341711-2018-09-17 |website=[[India Today]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=18 September 2018 |title=Nehha Pendse: Saying yes to Bigg Boss 12 was difficult as I am a very image conscious person |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/nehha-pendse-on-say-yes-to-bigg-boss-12-5360415/ |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=15 October 2018 |title=Nehha Pendse gets evicted from Salman Khan's Bigg Boss 12 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/nehha-pendse-gets-evicted-from-bigg-boss-12-5401809/ |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=16 October 2018 |title=Bigg Boss 12 evicted contestant Nehha Pendse: Dipika Kakar's leadership quality went against me |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/bigg-boss-12-evicted-contestant-nehha-pendse-5402319/ |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; She is known for her role of Sanjana in the [[Life OK]] comedy show ''[[May I Come In Madam? (season 1)|May I Come In Madam?]]''.<br /> * [[Anup Jalota]] – Popular singer who has also sung occasionally for Hindi films.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=8 September 2018 |title=Bigg Boss 12: Anup Jalota to enter Salman Khan's show |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/anup-jalota-bigg-boss-12-5346589/ |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=8 October 2018 |title=Bigg Boss 12: No eviction again, Anup Jalota sent to secret room |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/bigg-boss-12-no-eviction-anup-jalota-secret-room-5390696/ |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=29 October 2018 |title=Bigg Boss 12: Anup Jalota Evicted Says, There's No 'Love Story' With Jasleen Matharu |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/bigg-boss-12-anup-jalota-evicted-says-theres-no-love-story-with-jasleen-matharu-1922905.html |website=News18}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Jasleen Matharu – Singer.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/bigg-boss-12-who-is-jasleen-matharu-see-pics-videos-of-anup-jalota-s-girlfriend-who-has-social-media-abuzz/story-KvEXdTkzNIy3HjGNpNuG9J.html|title=Bigg Boss 12: Who is Jasleen Matharu? See pics, videos of Anup Jalota's girlfriend who has social media abuzz|access-date=17 September 2018|publisher=[[Hindustan Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;indianexpress.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=8 December 2018 |title=Bigg Boss 12: Jasleen Matharu and Megha Dhade get evicted from Salman Khan's show |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/bigg-boss-12-jasleen-matharu-and-megha-dhade-evicted-5484715/ |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; She made her singing debut with [[Sukhwinder Singh]] in the song &quot;Naachunga Saari Raat&quot;.<br /> * [[Srishty Rode]] – Television actress.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=1 August 2018 |title=Bigg Boss 12: Ishqbaaz actress Srishty Rode confirmed for the show? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/bigg-boss-12-ishqbaaz-actress-srishty-rode-confirmed-for-the-show-1302374-2018-08-01 |website=[[India Today]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=17 September 2018 |title=Meet Bigg Boss 12 contestant Srishty Rode |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/bigg-boss-12-contestant-srishty-rode-5352451/ |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=24 November 2018 |title=Bigg Boss 12 Eviction: Srishty Rode gets eliminated from Salman Khan's show! |url=https://www.abplive.in/television/bigg-boss-12-eviction-srishty-rode-gets-eliminated-from-salman-khans-show-798169 |website=ABP Live}}&lt;/ref&gt; She is known for playing Manjari in ''[[Yeh Ishq Haaye]]''.<br /> * Somi Khan – Actress, Sales manager.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=17 September 2018 |title=Meet Bigg Boss 12 contestant Somi Khan |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/bigg-boss-12-contestant-somi-khan-5358909/ |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=24 December 2018 |title=Somi Khan gets evicted from Bigg Boss 12 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/somi-khan-bigg-boss-elimination-5506428/ |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=24 December 2018 |title=Bigg Boss 12: Somi Khan evicted, accepts link-up with Deepak Thakur helped boost her popularity |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/bigg-boss-12-somi-khan-evicted-accepts-link-up-with-deepak-thakur-helped-boost-her-popularity/story-Pw9ZXDCyazXqUTxapJvyjN.html |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Saba Khan – Actress, Front office manager in Hotel.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 October 2018 |title=Meet Bigg Boss 12 contestant Saba Khan |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/bigg-boss-12-contestant-saba-khan-5358869/ |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=29 October 2018 |title=Bigg Boss 12 evicted contestant Saba Khan: Dipika Kakar and Sreesanth are quite fake |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/bigg-boss-12-evicted-contestant-saba-khan-5423225/ |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Deepak Thakur – Singer.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=16 September 2018 |title=Bigg Boss 12 Contestants Jodi: Deepak Thakur and Urvashi Vani |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/television/report-bigg-boss-12-contestants-jodi-deepak-thakur-and-urvashi-vani-2663888 |website=DNA India}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/bigg-boss-12-grand-finale-deepak-thakur-quits-after-taking-rs-20-lakh-dipika-sreesanth-in-top-2-1420230-2018-12-30|title=Bigg Boss 12 grand finale: Deepak Thakur quits after taking Rs 20 lakh. Dipika, Sreesanth in top 2|date=30 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Urvashi Vani – Singer.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |title=Bigg Boss 12: After eviction, Urvashi Vani calls Deepak Thakur her biggest enemy |date=5 November 2018 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/bigg-boss-12-after-eviction-urvashi-vani-calls-deepak-thakur-her-biggest-enemy/story-wEJvNMzqK5Fayxq4jaXXZJ.html |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Kriti Verma – GST Inspector.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=25 September 2018 |title=Roadies Xtreme's Kriti Verma: All you need to know about the Bigg Boss 12 commoner contestant |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/roadies-xtremes-kriti-verma-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-bigg-boss-12-commoner-contestant/articleshow/65937466.cms |website=[[Times Of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; She participated in the reality show ''[[MTV Roadies (season 15)|MTV Roadies 15]]''.<br /> * Roshmi Banik – Businesswomen.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=30 September 2018 |title='Bigg Boss 12' FIRST evicted jodi Kriti Verma &amp; Roshmi Banik had experience of a lifetime in the Bigg Boss house! |url=https://www.abplive.in/television/bigg-boss-12-first-evicted-jodi-kriti-verma-roshmi-banik-had-experience-of-a-lifetime-in-the-bigg-boss-house-793817 |website=ABP Live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[S. Sreesanth|Sreesanth Nair]] – Cricketer.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=7 September 2018 |title=Former Cricketer Sreesanth To Be A Part Of Bigg Boss 12 |url=https://www.missmalini.com/2018/09/07/former-cricketer-sreesanth-to-be-a-part-of-bigg-boss-12/ |website=Missmalini}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Wild card entrants===<br /> * Surbhi Rana – Dentist.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=17 September 2018 |title=Who is Surbhi Rana? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/bigg-boss-12-contestant-surbhi-rana-5358874/ |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=1 October 2018 |title=Bigg Boss 12 wild card entry Surbhi Rana: Dipika Kakar thinks she has already won the show |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bigg-boss-12-wild-card-entry-surbhi-rana-dipika-kakar-thinks-she-has-already-won-the-show/articleshow/66023652.cms |website=[[Times Of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=27 December 2018 |title='Bigg Boss 12': Surbhi Rana gets eliminated in mid-week eviction before the grand finale? |url=https://www.abplive.in/television/bigg-boss-12-eviction-surbhi-rana-gets-eliminated-in-mid-week-eviction-just-before-the-grand-finale-884997 |website=ABP Live}}&lt;/ref&gt; She was a contestant on ''[[MTV Roadies (season 15)|MTV Roadies 15]]''.<br /> * [[Megha Dhade]] – Television and Marathi film actress.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=23 October 2018 |title=Meet Bigg Boss 12 wild card contestant Megha Dhade |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/bigg-boss-12-wild-card-contestant-megha-dhade-5411612/ |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=24 October 2018 |title=I hope whatever happened to me in BB Marathi doesn't repeat here: Bigg Boss 12's wildcard entrant Megha Dhade |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/i-hope-whatever-happened-to-me-in-bb-marathi-doesnt-repeat-here-bigg-boss-12s-wildcard-entrant-megha-dhade/articleshow/66348159.cms |website=[[Times Of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=9 December 2018 |title=Bigg Boss 12: Evicted contestant Megha Dhade says people want to see how low Rohit, Deepak can go |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/bigg-boss-12-evicted-contestant-megha-dhade-says-people-want-to-see-how-low-rohit-deepak-can-go/story-6BwiXPFfHxGh0hlw7zBM6I.html |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; She appeared in shows like ''[[Kasautii Zindagii Kay (2001 TV series)|Kasautii Zindagii Kay]]'', ''Pehchaan'' and ''[[Kasturi (2007 TV series)|Kasturi]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 October 2018 |title=Meet Bigg Boss 12 wild card contestant Megha Dhade |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/bigg-boss-12-wild-card-contestant-megha-dhade-5411612/ |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;indianexpress.com&quot; /&gt; In 2018, she is the winner of ''[[Bigg Boss Marathi (season 1)|Bigg Boss Marathi 1]]''.<br /> * [[Rohit Suchanti]] – Television actor.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/bigg-boss-12-wild-card-contestant-rohit-suchanti-5411577/|title= Meet Bigg Boss 12 wild card contestant Rohit Suchanti |work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=23 October 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 October 2018 |title=Bigg Boss 12 wild card contestant Rohit Suchanti: I promise to make the boring season finally entertaining |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/rohit-suchanti-promises-to-make-bigg-boss-12-entertaining-5411948/ |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=17 December 2018 |title=Bigg Boss 12 evicted contestant Rohit Suchanti: My fights with Sreesanth and Dipika were never for cameras |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/bigg-boss-12-evicted-contestant-rohit-suchanti-sreesanth-dipika-kakar-5496922/ |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; He is known for acting in ''[[Saath Nibhaana Saathiya]]'' and ''[[Rishta Likhenge Hum Naya]]''.<br /> <br /> ==Twists==<br /> ===Sultani Akhada===<br /> The season brought back the segment. Two housemates have to do physical tasks during the weekend ka vaar's with Salman Khan. There are two rounds. In the first round will be a debate between the two housemates and second will be a light wrestling match. Whoever succeeds these two rounds will be the winner and will get a power. In ended after week eleven.<br /> &lt;blockquote style=&quot;padding: 0em; overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; width:100%; font-size:85%; font-family: sans-serif; line-height:13px;&quot;<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;width: 5%;&quot; | Weeks<br /> ! style=&quot;width: 5%;&quot; | 1<br /> ! style=&quot;width: 5%;&quot; | 2<br /> ! style=&quot;width: 5%;&quot; | 3<br /> ! style=&quot;width: 5%;&quot; | 4<br /> ! style=&quot;width: 5%;&quot; | 5<br /> ! style=&quot;width: 5%;&quot; | 6<br /> ! style=&quot;width: 5%;&quot; | 7<br /> ! style=&quot;width: 5%;&quot; | 8<br /> ! style=&quot;width: 5%;&quot; | 9<br /> ! style=&quot;width: 5%;&quot; | 10<br /> ! style=&quot;width: 5%;&quot; | 11<br /> |-<br /> ! style=&quot;width: 5%;&quot; | Day 7<br /> ! style=&quot;width: 5%;&quot; | Day 14<br /> ! style=&quot;width: 5%;&quot; | Day 21<br /> ! style=&quot;width: 5%;&quot; | {{nowrap|Day 28}}<br /> ! style=&quot;width: 5%;&quot; | Day 35<br /> ! style=&quot;width: 5%;&quot; | Day 42<br /> ! style=&quot;width: 5%;&quot; | Day 49<br /> ! style=&quot;width: 5%;&quot; | Day 56<br /> ! style=&quot;width: 5%;&quot; | Day 63<br /> ! style=&quot;width: 5%;&quot; | {{nowrap|Day 70}}<br /> ! style=&quot;width: 5%;&quot; | {{nowrap|Day 77}}<br /> |- style=&quot;background:#5DADEC;&quot; |<br /> ! Participants for Sultani Akhada<br /> | Saba-Somi&lt;br /&gt;Dipika&lt;br /&gt;Srishty<br /> | Dipika&lt;br /&gt;Jasleen<br /> | Deepak&lt;br /&gt;Karanvir<br /> | Dipika&lt;br /&gt;Surbhi<br /> | Romil&lt;br /&gt;Sreesanth<br /> | Jasleen&lt;br /&gt;Shivashish&lt;br /&gt;Sreesanth&lt;br /&gt;Surbhi&lt;br /&gt;Deepak&lt;br /&gt;Romil<br /> | Karanvir&lt;br /&gt;Shivashish<br /> | Karanvir&lt;br /&gt;Sreesanth<br /> | Jasleen&lt;br /&gt;Srishty<br /> | Romil&lt;br /&gt;Surbhi<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#E5E5E5;&quot; |N/A<br /> |- style=&quot;background:#FFFF99;&quot; | <br /> ! Winner<br /> | '''Dipika&lt;br /&gt;Srishty'''<br /> | '''Dipika'''<br /> | '''Karanvir'''<br /> | '''Surbhi'''<br /> | '''Romil'''<br /> | '''Jasleen&lt;br /&gt;Shivashish'''<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; | '''Karanvir'''<br /> | '''Jasleen'''<br /> | '''Romil'''<br /> |}<br /> &lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Nominations table==<br /> &lt;!-- HOUSEMATES NAMES SHOULD NOT HAVE THEIR LAST NAMES ON --&gt;<br /> &lt;blockquote style=&quot;padding: 0em; overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; width:100%; font-size:85%; line-height:15px;&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;width:5%;&quot; |<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;width: 5%;&quot; | Week 1<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;width: 5%;&quot; | Week 2<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;width: 5%;&quot; | Week 3<br /> ! colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;width: 5%;&quot; | Week 4<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;width: 5%;&quot; | Week 5<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;width: 5%;&quot; | Week 6<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;width: 5%;&quot; | Week 7<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;width: 5%;&quot; | Week 8<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;width: 5%;&quot; | Week 9<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;width: 5%;&quot; | Week 10<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;width: 5%;&quot; | {{nowrap|Week 11}}<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;width: 5%;&quot; | Week 12<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;width: 5%;&quot; | Week 13<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;width: 5%;&quot; | Week 14<br /> ! colspan=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;width: 5%;&quot; | Week 15<br /> |-<br /> ! style=&quot;width: 5%;&quot; | Day 1<br /> ! style=&quot;width: 5%;&quot; | Day 2<br /> ! style=&quot;width: 5%;&quot; | Day 22<br /> ! style=&quot;width: 5%;&quot; | Day 24<br /> ! style=&quot;width: 5%;&quot; | Day 25<br /> ! style=&quot;width: 5%;&quot; | Day 43<br /> ! style=&quot;width: 5%;&quot; | Day 49<br /> ! style=&quot;width: 5%;&quot; | Day 102<br /> ! colspan=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;background:#FFD700&quot; |Day 105<br /> |- rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#87CEEB;&quot;<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#87CEEB;&quot; | {{nowrap|Nominees for&lt;br&gt;Captaincy}}<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; rowspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;background:#ccc;&quot; |''No Captain''<br /> | Dipika&lt;br/&gt;{{nowrap|Kriti &amp; Roshmi}}<br /> | Karanvir&lt;br/&gt;Neha<br /> | colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Romil &amp; Surbhi&lt;br/&gt;Saba &amp; Somi&lt;br/&gt;Sourabh &amp; Shivashish<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Saba&lt;br/&gt;Somi&lt;br/&gt;Srishty<br /> | Shivashish&lt;br/&gt;Deepak<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Deepak&lt;br/&gt;Megha&lt;br/&gt;Somi<br /> | Jasleen&lt;br/&gt;Sreesanth<br /> | Karanvir&lt;br/&gt;Megha&lt;br/&gt;Romil&lt;br/&gt;Somi<br /> | Romil&lt;br/&gt;Shivashish<br /> | Deepak&lt;br/&gt;Surbhi<br /> | Deepak&lt;br/&gt;Dipika&lt;br/&gt;Romil&lt;br/&gt;Surbhi<br /> | Rohit&lt;br/&gt;Surbhi<br /> | Dipika&lt;br/&gt;Deepak&lt;br/&gt;Surbhi<br /> | colspan=&quot;5&quot; rowspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;background:#ccc;&quot; |''No Captain''<br /> |- style=&quot;background:#cfc;&quot; |<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#cfc;&quot; |House&lt;br/&gt;Captain<br /> |{{Nowrap |'''Kriti &amp; Roshmi'''}}<br /> | '''Neha'''<br /> | colspan=&quot;4&quot; | '''Romil &amp; Surbhi''' <br /> | '''Surbhi'''<br /> | '''Shivashish'''<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; |'''Deepak'''<br /> | '''Sreesanth'''<br /> | '''Karanvir'''<br /> | '''Romil'''<br /> | '''Surbhi'''<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:lightgray;&quot; |''No&lt;br&gt;Captain''<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; | '''Surbhi'''<br /> |- <br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Captain's&lt;br/&gt;Nominations<br /> | Deepak&lt;br/&gt;Urvashi&lt;br/&gt;(to save)<br /> | style=&quot;background:lightgray;&quot; |''No&lt;br/&gt;Nominations''<br /> | style=&quot;background:lightgray;&quot; |''No&lt;br/&gt;Nominations''<br /> | Neha&lt;br/&gt;(to evict)<br /> | style=&quot;background:lightgray;&quot; |''No&lt;br/&gt;Nominations''<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Shivashish&lt;br/&gt;(to save)&lt;br/&gt;Sourabh&lt;br/&gt;(to evict)<br /> | style=&quot;background:lightgray;&quot;|''Not&lt;br/&gt;eligible''<br /> | Sreesanth&lt;br/&gt;(to evict)<br /> | Urvashi&lt;br/&gt;(to evict)<br /> | Somi&lt;br/&gt;Rohit&lt;br/&gt;Jasleen&lt;br/&gt;Karanvir&lt;br/&gt;Deepak&lt;br/&gt;Surbhi&lt;br/&gt;Romil&lt;br/&gt;(to evict)<br /> | style=&quot;background:lightgray;&quot;|''Not&lt;br/&gt;eligible''<br /> | style=&quot;background:lightgray;&quot; |''Not&lt;br/&gt;eligible''<br /> | Dipika&lt;br/&gt;Jasleen&lt;br/&gt;Megha&lt;br/&gt;Romil&lt;br/&gt;Deepak&lt;br/&gt;(to evict)<br /> | Sreesanth&lt;br/&gt;(to save)<br /> | 38:50 Mins<br /> |-style=&quot;background:#FAD1D0;&quot; |<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | {{nowrap|Jail&lt;br /&gt;Nominations}}<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; | '''Karanvir&lt;br&gt;Nirmal&lt;br&gt;Romil'''<br /> | '''Dipika&lt;br&gt;Nirmal&lt;br&gt;Romil'''<br /> | '''Karanvir&lt;br&gt;Neha&lt;br&gt;Sreesanth'''<br /> | colspan=&quot;3&quot; | '''Srishty&lt;br&gt;Shivashish&lt;br&gt;Sourabh'''<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; | '''Dipika&lt;br&gt;Sreesanth&lt;br&gt;Surbhi'''<br /> | '''Romil&lt;br&gt;Shivashish&lt;br&gt;Sreesanth'''<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; | '''Karanvir&lt;br&gt;Megha&lt;br&gt;Rohit'''<br /> | '''Deepak&lt;br&gt;Rohit&lt;br&gt;Sreesanth'''<br /> | style=&quot;background:#ccc;&quot; |''No Jail&lt;br /&gt;Punishment''<br /> | '''Jasleen&lt;br&gt;Megha&lt;br&gt;Rohit'''<br /> | '''Deepak&lt;br&gt;Surbhi'''<br /> | '''Deepak&lt;br&gt;Romil&lt;br&gt;Sreesanth'''<br /> | '''Deepak&lt;br&gt;Rohit&lt;br&gt;Romil'''<br /> | '''Deepak&lt;br&gt;Karanvir&lt;br&gt;Surbhi'''<br /> | colspan=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;background:#E5E5E5;&quot; | ''Jail Tasks Ended''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;26&quot; style=&quot;background:#000;&quot; |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Vote to:<br /> ! ''None''<br /> ! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Evict<br /> ! ''None''<br /> ! Evict<br /> ! ''None''<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Evict<br /> ! Task<br /> ! Save<br /> ! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Evict<br /> ! Save<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |''None''<br /> ! {{nowrap|Save / Evict}}<br /> ! 33-Min<br /> ! ''None''<br /> ! colspan=&quot;4&quot; | ''WIN''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;26&quot; style=&quot;background:#000;&quot; |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Dipika<br /> | style=&quot;background:#E5E5E5;&quot; |''Not In House''<br /> | Kriti&lt;br/&gt;Roshmi&lt;br/&gt;Shivashish&lt;br/&gt;Sourabh&lt;br/&gt;Saba&lt;br/&gt;Somi<br /> | Kriti&lt;br/&gt;Roshmi&lt;br/&gt;Anup&lt;br/&gt;Jasleen<br /> | Anup&lt;br/&gt;Jasleen<br /> | style=&quot;background:lightgray;&quot; |''No&lt;br/&gt;Nominations''<br /> | Sreesanth<br /> | style=&quot;background:lightgray;&quot; |''No&lt;br/&gt;Nominations''<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Karanvir&lt;br/&gt;Jasleen&lt;br/&gt;Srishty<br /> | style=&quot;background:#097969;&quot;|''{{font color|white|Approved}}''<br /> | Sreesanth&lt;br/&gt;Karanvir<br /> | Urvashi<br /> | Surbhi<br /> | Dipika<br /> | Sreesanth (2x)<br /> | style=&quot;background:#959FFD;&quot; |''Not&lt;br&gt;eligible''<br /> | style=&quot;background:#959FFD;&quot; |''No&lt;br/&gt;Nominations''<br /> | Karanvir&lt;br/&gt;(to evict)<br /> | 45:45 Mins<br /> | style=&quot;background:#959FFD;&quot; |''No&lt;br/&gt;Nominations''<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#959FFD;&quot; |''No&lt;br/&gt;Nominations''<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#73FB76;&quot; |'''''Winner'''''&lt;br/&gt;(Day 105)<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Sreesanth<br /> | style=&quot;background:#E5E5E5;&quot; |''Not In House''<br /> | Kriti&lt;br/&gt;Roshmi&lt;br/&gt;Shivashish&lt;br/&gt;Sourabh&lt;br/&gt;Saba&lt;br/&gt;Somi<br /> | Saba&lt;br/&gt;Somi&lt;br/&gt;Kriti&lt;br/&gt;Roshmi<br /> | Saba&lt;br/&gt;Somi<br /> | style=&quot;background:#959FFD;&quot; |''No&lt;br/&gt;Nominations''<br /> | style=&quot;background:#959FFD;&quot; |''Nominated''<br /> | colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;background:#87CEFA;&quot; | {{nowrap|''Secret Room''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(Days 24–29)&lt;/small&gt;}}<br /> | style=&quot;background:#097969;&quot; |''{{font color|white|Approved}}''<br /> | style=&quot;background:#959FFD;&quot; |Dipika&lt;br/&gt;Shivashish<br /> | Megha<br /> | style=&quot;background:#cfc;&quot; |''House&lt;br/&gt;Captain''<br /> | Sreesanth<br /> | Dipika<br /> | style=&quot;background:lightgray;&quot; |''Not&lt;br&gt;eligible''<br /> | style=&quot;background:lightgray;&quot; |''No&lt;br/&gt;Nominations''<br /> | Dipika&lt;br/&gt;(to save)<br /> | style=&quot;background:#959FFD;&quot; |''Nominated''<br /> | style=&quot;background:#959FFD;&quot; |''No&lt;br/&gt;Nominations''<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#959FFD;&quot; |''No&lt;br/&gt;Nominations''<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#D1E8EF;&quot; | '''{{nowrap|''1st runner-up''}}'''&lt;br/&gt;(Day 105)<br /> |-<br /> ! style=&quot;background:blue;&quot; |<br /> ! Deepak<br /> | style=&quot;background:#E5E5E5;&quot; |''Not In House''<br /> | Dipika&lt;br/&gt;Srishty<br /> | style=&quot;background:#FBF373;&quot; |Dipika&lt;br/&gt;Neha<br /> | style=&quot;background:lightgray;&quot; |''Not&lt;br&gt;eligible''<br /> | style=&quot;background:lightgray;&quot; |''No&lt;br/&gt;Nominations''<br /> | Neha<br /> | style=&quot;background:lightgray;&quot; |''No&lt;br/&gt;Nominations''<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Urvashi<br /> | style=&quot;background:#097969;&quot;|''{{font color|white|Approved}}''<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#cfc;&quot; |''House&lt;br/&gt;Captain''<br /> | style=&quot;background:lightgray;&quot; |''Not&lt;br/&gt;eligible''<br /> | Deepak<br /> | Surbhi<br /> | style=&quot;background:#959FFD;&quot; |''Not&lt;br&gt;eligible''<br /> | style=&quot;background:#959FFD;&quot; |''No&lt;br/&gt;Nominations''<br /> | Rohit&lt;br/&gt;(to evict)<br /> | 42:23 Mins<br /> | style=&quot;background:#959FFD;&quot; |''No&lt;br/&gt;Nominations''<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#959FFD;&quot; |''No&lt;br/&gt;Nominations''<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#fcf;&quot; | '''''{{nowrap|Walked, 2nd runner-up}}'''''&lt;br/&gt;(Day 105)<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:green;&quot; |1<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Romil<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#E5E5E5;&quot; |''Not In House''<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Dipika&lt;br/&gt;Srishty<br /> | style=&quot;background:#959FFD;&quot; |Neha&lt;br/&gt;Dipika<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#FBF373;&quot; |''Exempt''<br /> | colspan=&quot;5&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#cfc;&quot; |''House&lt;br/&gt;Captain''<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#097969;&quot; |''{{font color|white|Approved}}''<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Somi&lt;br/&gt;Surbhi<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Urvashi<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:lightgray;&quot; |''Not&lt;br/&gt;eligible''<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:lightgray;&quot; |''Not&lt;br/&gt;eligible''<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#cfc;&quot; |''House&lt;br/&gt;Captain''<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#959FFD;&quot; |''Not&lt;br&gt;eligible''<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#959FFD;&quot; |''No&lt;br/&gt;Nominations''<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:lightgray;&quot; |''Not&lt;br/&gt;eligible''<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#959FFD;&quot; |''Nominated''<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#959FFD;&quot; |''No&lt;br/&gt;Nominations''<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#959FFD;&quot; |''No&lt;br/&gt;Nominations''<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#DDA0DD;&quot; |'''''3rd runner-up'''''&lt;br/&gt;(Day 105)<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;background:#FA8072&quot; |''Evicted''&lt;br/&gt;(Day 14)<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Karanvir<br /> | style=&quot;background:#E5E5E5;&quot; |''Not In House''<br /> | Kriti&lt;br/&gt;Roshmi&lt;br/&gt;Shivashish&lt;br/&gt;Sourabh&lt;br/&gt;Saba&lt;br/&gt;Somi<br /> | style=&quot;background:#959FFD;&quot; |Saba&lt;br/&gt;Somi&lt;br/&gt;Kriti&lt;br/&gt;Roshmi<br /> | {{nowrap|Deepak&lt;br/&gt;Urvashi}}<br /> | style=&quot;background:#959FFD;&quot; |''No&lt;br/&gt;Nominations''<br /> | style=&quot;background:#959FFD;&quot; |''Nominated''<br /> | style=&quot;background:#959FFD;&quot; |''No&lt;br/&gt;Nominations''<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Karanvir&lt;br/&gt;Jasleen&lt;br/&gt;Srishty<br /> | style=&quot;background:#097969;&quot;|''{{font color|white|Approved}}''<br /> | Srishty&lt;br/&gt;Urvashi<br /> | Urvashi<br /> | style=&quot;background:lightgray;&quot; |''Not&lt;br/&gt;eligible''<br /> | style=&quot;background:#cfc;&quot; |''House&lt;br/&gt;Captain''<br /> | style=&quot;background:lightgray;&quot; |''Not&lt;br/&gt;eligible''<br /> | style=&quot;background:lightgray;&quot; |''Not&lt;br&gt;eligible''<br /> | style=&quot;background:lightgray;&quot; |''No&lt;br/&gt;Nominations''<br /> | Deepak&lt;br/&gt;(to save)<br /> | style=&quot;background:#959FFD;&quot; |''Nominated''<br /> | style=&quot;background:#959FFD;&quot; |''No&lt;br/&gt;Nominations''<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#959FFD;&quot; |''No&lt;br/&gt;Nominations''<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#FF69B4;&quot; |'''''4th runner-up'''''&lt;br/&gt;(Day 105)<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:green;&quot; |2<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Surbhi<br /> | style=&quot;background:#87CEFA; &quot; |''Out&lt;br/&gt;House''<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#FA8072&quot; |''Evicted''&lt;br /&gt;(Day 1)<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#FBF373;&quot; |''Exempt''<br /> | colspan=&quot;5&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#cfc;&quot; |''House&lt;br /&gt;Captain''<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#FF0000;&quot; |''{{font colour|white|Rejected}}''<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Romil&lt;br /&gt;Somi<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Urvashi<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:lightgray;&quot; |''Not&lt;br /&gt;eligible''<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Sreesanth<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Somi<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#cfc;&quot; |''House&lt;br&gt;Captain''<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:lightgray;&quot; |''No&lt;br /&gt;Nominations''<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#cfc;&quot; |''House&lt;br /&gt;Captain''<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#959FFD;&quot; |''No&lt;br /&gt;Nominations''<br /> | colspan=&quot;4&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#FA8072&quot; |''Evicted''&lt;br /&gt;(Day 102)<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;background:#FF0000;&quot; |{{Font colour|white|''Not&lt;br&gt;Selected''}}<br /> |-<br /> ! style=&quot;background:orange;&quot; |<br /> ! Somi<br /> | style=&quot;background:#E5E5E5;&quot; |''Not In House''<br /> | Dipika&lt;br /&gt;Srishty<br /> | Dipika&lt;br /&gt;Sreesanth<br /> | style=&quot;background:lightgray;&quot; |''Not&lt;br&gt;eligible''<br /> | style=&quot;background:lightgray;&quot; |''No&lt;br /&gt;Nominations''<br /> | Neha<br /> | style=&quot;background:lightgray;&quot; |''No&lt;br /&gt;Nominations''<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Saba<br /> | style=&quot;background:#097969;&quot; |''{{font color|white|Approved}}''<br /> | Surbhi&lt;br /&gt;Romil<br /> | Megha<br /> | style=&quot;background:lightgray;&quot; |''Not&lt;br /&gt;eligible''<br /> | Deepak<br /> | style=&quot;background:lightgray;&quot; |''Not&lt;br /&gt;eligible''<br /> | style=&quot;background:lightgray;&quot; |''Not&lt;br&gt;eligible''<br /> | style=&quot;background:lightgray;&quot; |''No&lt;br /&gt;Nominations''<br /> | Romil&lt;br /&gt;(to save)<br /> | style=&quot;background:#959FFD;&quot; |''Nominated''<br /> | colspan=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;background:#FA8072&quot; |''Evicted''&lt;br /&gt;(Day 98)<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Rohit<br /> | colspan=&quot;9&quot; style=&quot;background:#E5E5E5;&quot; |''Not In House''<br /> | style=&quot;background:#FBF373;&quot; |''Exempt''<br /> | Romil&lt;br /&gt;Surbhi<br /> | style=&quot;background:#959FFD;&quot; |''Nominated''<br /> | style=&quot;background:lightgray;&quot; |''Not&lt;br /&gt;eligible''<br /> | Shivashish&lt;br /&gt;Rohit<br /> | style=&quot;background:lightgray;&quot; |''Not&lt;br /&gt;eligible''<br /> | style=&quot;background:#ccc;&quot; |''Not&lt;br&gt;eligible''<br /> | style=&quot;background:lightgray;&quot; |''No&lt;br /&gt;Nominations''<br /> | Somi&lt;br /&gt;(to evict)<br /> | colspan=&quot;6&quot; style=&quot;background:#FA8072&quot; |''Evicted''&lt;br /&gt;(Day 91)<br /> |-<br /> ! style=&quot;background:crimson;&quot; |<br /> ! Jasleen<br /> | style=&quot;background:#E5E5E5;&quot; |''Not In House''<br /> | Dipika&lt;br /&gt;Srishty<br /> | Dipika&lt;br /&gt;Srishty<br /> | style=&quot;background:lightgray;&quot; |''Not&lt;br&gt;eligible''<br /> | style=&quot;background:lightgray;&quot; |''No&lt;br /&gt;Nominations''<br /> | Neha<br /> | style=&quot;background:lightgray;&quot; |''No&lt;br /&gt;Nominations''<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Karanvir&lt;br /&gt;Jasleen&lt;br /&gt;Srishty<br /> | style=&quot;background:#097969;&quot; |''{{font color|white|Approved}}''<br /> | Shivashish&lt;br /&gt;Sreesanth<br /> | style=&quot;background:#959FFD;&quot; |''Nominated''<br /> | style=&quot;background:lightgray;&quot; |''Not&lt;br /&gt;eligible''<br /> | Jasleen&lt;br /&gt;Srishty<br /> | style=&quot;background:lightgray;&quot; |''Not&lt;br /&gt;eligible''<br /> | style=&quot;background:#959FFD;&quot; |''Not&lt;br&gt;eligible''<br /> | style=&quot;background:#959FFD;&quot; |''No&lt;br /&gt;Nominations''<br /> | colspan=&quot;7&quot; style=&quot;background:#FA8072&quot; |''Evicted''&lt;br /&gt;(Day 83)<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Megha<br /> | colspan=&quot;9&quot; style=&quot;background:#E5E5E5;&quot; |''Not In House''<br /> | style=&quot;background:#FBF373;&quot; |Anup&lt;br /&gt;Saba&lt;br /&gt;Srishty&lt;br /&gt;Surbhi<br /> | Somi&lt;br /&gt;Dipika<br /> | style=&quot;background:#959FFD;&quot; |''Nominated''<br /> | Deepak<br /> | Dipika<br /> | style=&quot;background:lightgray;&quot; |''Not&lt;br /&gt;eligible''<br /> | style=&quot;background:#959FFD;&quot; |''Not&lt;br&gt;eligible''<br /> | style=&quot;background:#959FFD;&quot; |''No&lt;br /&gt;Nominations''<br /> | colspan=&quot;7&quot; style=&quot;background:#FA8072&quot; |''Evicted''&lt;br /&gt;(Day 83)<br /> |- <br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Srishty<br /> | style=&quot;background:#E5E5E5;&quot; |''Not In House''<br /> | Kriti&lt;br/&gt;Roshmi&lt;br/&gt;Shivashish&lt;br/&gt;Sourabh&lt;br/&gt;Saba&lt;br/&gt;Somi<br /> | Anup&lt;br/&gt;Jasleen&lt;br /&gt;Shivashish&lt;br/&gt;Sourabh<br /> | style=&quot;background:lightgray;&quot; |''Not&lt;br&gt;eligible''<br /> | style=&quot;background:lightgray;&quot; |''No&lt;br /&gt;Nominations''<br /> | Neha<br /> | style=&quot;background:lightgray;&quot; |''No&lt;br /&gt;Nominations''<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Karanvir&lt;br /&gt;Jasleen&lt;br /&gt;Srishty<br /> | style=&quot;background:#FF0000;&quot; |''{{font colour|white|Rejected}}''<br /> | Karanvir&lt;br /&gt;Urvashi<br /> | Urvashi<br /> | Romil<br /> | Jasleen&lt;br /&gt;Srishty<br /> | style=&quot;background:lightgray;&quot; |''Not&lt;br /&gt;eligible''<br /> | colspan=&quot;9&quot; style=&quot;background:#FA8072&quot; |''Evicted''&lt;br /&gt;(Day 70)<br /> |-<br /> ! style=&quot;background:violet;&quot; |<br /> ! Shivashish<br /> | style=&quot;background:#E5E5E5;&quot; |''Not In House''<br /> | Dipika&lt;br /&gt;Srishty<br /> | Srishty&lt;br /&gt;Neha<br /> | style=&quot;background:lightgray;&quot; |''Not&lt;br&gt;eligible''<br /> | style=&quot;background:lightgray;&quot; |''No&lt;br /&gt;Nominations''<br /> | Sreesanth<br /> | style=&quot;background:lightgray;&quot; |''No&lt;br /&gt;Nominations''<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Shivashish<br /> | style=&quot;background:#cfc;&quot; |''House&lt;br /&gt;Captain''<br /> | Sreesanth&lt;br /&gt;Jasleen<br /> | style=&quot;background:#959FFD;&quot; |''Nominated''<br /> | Somi<br /> | Shivashish&lt;br /&gt;Rohit<br /> | colspan=&quot;10&quot; style=&quot;background:#FFE08B;&quot; |''Ejected''&lt;br /&gt;(Day 62)<br /> |-<br /> ! style=&quot;background:blue;&quot; |<br /> ! Urvashi<br /> | style=&quot;background:#E5E5E5;&quot; |''Not In House''<br /> | Dipika&lt;br /&gt;Srishty<br /> | style=&quot;background:#FBF373;&quot; |Dipika&lt;br /&gt;Neha<br /> | style=&quot;background:lightgray;&quot; |''Not&lt;br&gt;eligible''<br /> | style=&quot;background:lightgray;&quot; |''No&lt;br /&gt;Nominations''<br /> | Neha<br /> | style=&quot;background:lightgray;&quot; |''No&lt;br /&gt;Nominations''<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Urvashi<br /> | style=&quot;background:#097969;&quot; |''{{font color|white|Approved}}''<br /> | Srishty&lt;br /&gt;Sreesanth<br /> | style=&quot;background:#959FFD;&quot; |''Nominated''<br /> | colspan=&quot;12&quot; style=&quot;background:#BFFF00;&quot; |''Evicted by Housemates''&lt;br /&gt;(Day 49) <br /> |-<br /> ! style=&quot;background:orange;&quot; |<br /> ! Saba<br /> | style=&quot;background:#E5E5E5;&quot; |''Not In House''<br /> | Dipika&lt;br /&gt;Srishty<br /> | Dipika&lt;br /&gt;Sreesanth<br /> | style=&quot;background:lightgray;&quot; |''Not&lt;br&gt;eligible''<br /> | style=&quot;background:lightgray;&quot; |''No&lt;br /&gt;Nominations''<br /> | Neha<br /> | style=&quot;background:lightgray;&quot; |''No&lt;br /&gt;Nominations''<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Saba<br /> | style=&quot;background:#FF0000;&quot; |''{{font colour|white|Rejected}}''<br /> | colspan=&quot;14&quot; style=&quot;background:#FA8072&quot; |''Evicted''&lt;br /&gt;(Day 42)<br /> |-<br /> ! style=&quot;background:crimson;&quot; |<br /> ! Anup<br /> | style=&quot;background:#E5E5E5;&quot; |''Not In House''<br /> | Dipika,&lt;br /&gt;Srishty<br /> | Dipika&lt;br /&gt;Srishty<br /> | style=&quot;background:lightgray;&quot; |''Not&lt;br&gt;eligible''<br /> | colspan=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;background:#87CEFA;&quot; | {{nowrap|''Secret Room''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(Days 21–29)&lt;/small&gt;}}<br /> | style=&quot;background:#FF0000;&quot; |''{{font colour|white|Rejected}}''<br /> | colspan=&quot;14&quot; style=&quot;background:#FA8072&quot; |''Evicted''&lt;br /&gt;(Day 42)<br /> |-<br /> ! style=&quot;background:violet;&quot; |<br /> ! Sourabh<br /> | style=&quot;background:#E5E5E5;&quot; |''Not In House''<br /> | Dipika&lt;br /&gt;Srishty<br /> | Srishty&lt;br /&gt;Neha<br /> | style=&quot;background:lightgray;&quot; |''Not&lt;br&gt;eligible''<br /> | style=&quot;background:lightgray;&quot; |''No&lt;br /&gt;Nominations''<br /> | Sreesanth<br /> | style=&quot;background:lightgray;&quot; |''No&lt;br /&gt;Nominations''<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Shivashish<br /> | colspan=&quot;15&quot; style=&quot;background:#FA8072&quot; |''Evicted''&lt;br /&gt;(Day 35)<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Neha<br /> | style=&quot;background:#E5E5E5;&quot; |''Not In House''<br /> | Kriti&lt;br/&gt;Roshmi&lt;br/&gt;Shivashish&lt;br/&gt;Sourabh&lt;br/&gt;Saba&lt;br/&gt;Somi<br /> | Shivashish&lt;br/&gt;Sourabh&lt;br/&gt;Kriti&lt;br/&gt;Roshmi<br /> | style=&quot;background:#cfc;&quot; |''House&lt;br /&gt;Captain''<br /> | style=&quot;background:#959FFD;&quot; |''No&lt;br /&gt;Nominations''<br /> | style=&quot;background:#959FFD;&quot; |''Nominated''<br /> | style=&quot;background:#959FFD;&quot; |''No&lt;br /&gt;Nominations''<br /> | colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#FA8072&quot; |''Evicted''&lt;br /&gt;(Day 28)<br /> |-<br /> ! style=&quot;background:green;&quot; |1<br /> ! Nirmal<br /> | style=&quot;background:#E5E5E5;&quot; |''Not In House''<br /> | Dipika&lt;br /&gt;Srishty<br /> | style=&quot;background:#959FFD;&quot; |Neha&lt;br /&gt;Dipika<br /> | colspan=&quot;21&quot; style=&quot;background:#FA8072&quot; |''Evicted''&lt;br /&gt;(Day 14)<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:yellow;&quot; |<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Kriti<br /> | style=&quot;background:#87CEFA; &quot; |''Out&lt;br /&gt;House''<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Dipika&lt;br /&gt;Srishty<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#cfc;&quot; |''House&lt;br /&gt;Captain''<br /> | colspan=&quot;21&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#FA8072&quot; |''Evicted''&lt;br /&gt;(Day 13)<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;background:#1CAC78;&quot; | {{Font colour|white|''Selected''}}<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:yellow;&quot; |<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Roshmi<br /> | style=&quot;background:#87CEFA; &quot; |''Out&lt;br /&gt;House''<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Dipika&lt;br /&gt;Srishty<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#cfc;&quot; |''House&lt;br /&gt;Captain''<br /> | colspan=&quot;21&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#FA8072&quot; |''Evicted''&lt;br /&gt;(Day 13)<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;background:#1CAC78;&quot; | {{Font colour|white|''Selected''}}<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Mital<br /> | style=&quot;background:#87CEFA; &quot; |''Out&lt;br /&gt;House''<br /> | colspan=&quot;23&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#FA8072&quot; |''Evicted''&lt;br /&gt;(Day 1)<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;background:#FF0000;&quot; |{{Font colour|white|''Not&lt;br&gt;Selected''}}<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;26&quot; style=&quot;background:#000;&quot; |<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Notes<br /> | {{n/a|None}}<br /> | ''[[#endnote 1|1]]''<br /> | ''[[#endnote 2|2]], [[#endnote 3|3]], [[#endnote 4|4]]''<br /> | ''[[#endnote 5|5]]''<br /> | colspan=&quot;20&quot; {{n/a|None}}<br /> |- style=&quot;background:#B2FFFF&quot;<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Against&lt;br /&gt;public votes<br /> | Kriti&lt;br /&gt;Mital&lt;br /&gt;Roshmi&lt;br /&gt;Surbhi<br /> | Dipika&lt;br /&gt;Srishty&lt;br /&gt;Kriti&lt;br /&gt;Roshmi&lt;br /&gt;Shivashish&lt;br /&gt;Sourabh&lt;br /&gt;Saba&lt;br /&gt;Somi<br /> | Dipika&lt;br /&gt;Karanvir&lt;br /&gt;Kriti&lt;br /&gt;Roshmi&lt;br /&gt;Nirmal&lt;br/&gt;Romil<br /> | Anup&lt;br/&gt;Jasleen&lt;br /&gt;Karanvir&lt;br /&gt;Sreesanth&lt;br /&gt;Srishty<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Karanvir&lt;br /&gt;Neha&lt;br /&gt;Sreesanth<br /> | Karanvir&lt;br /&gt;Neha<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Jasleen&lt;br /&gt;Karanvir&lt;br /&gt;Saba&lt;br /&gt;Sourabh&lt;br /&gt;Srishty&lt;br /&gt;Urvashi<br /> | Anup&lt;br /&gt;Saba&lt;br /&gt;Srishty&lt;br /&gt;Surbhi<br /> | Dipika&lt;br /&gt;Jasleen&lt;br /&gt;Karanvir&lt;br /&gt;Megha&lt;br /&gt;Rohit&lt;br /&gt;Sreesanth&lt;br /&gt;Shivashish&lt;br /&gt;Srishty&lt;br /&gt;Urvashi<br /> | Jasleen&lt;br /&gt;Megha&lt;br /&gt;Rohit&lt;br /&gt;Shivashish&lt;br /&gt;Urvashi<br /> | Deepak&lt;br /&gt;Romil&lt;br /&gt;Somi&lt;br /&gt;Surbhi<br /> | Deepak&lt;br /&gt;Dipika&lt;br /&gt;Jasleen&lt;br /&gt;Shivashish&lt;br /&gt;Sreesanth&lt;br /&gt;Srishty&lt;br /&gt;Rohit<br /> | Deepak&lt;br /&gt;Dipika&lt;br /&gt;Jasleen&lt;br /&gt;Karanvir&lt;br /&gt;Megha&lt;br /&gt;Rohit&lt;br /&gt;Srishty&lt;br /&gt;<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Deepak&lt;br /&gt;Dipika&lt;br /&gt;Jasleen&lt;br /&gt;Megha&lt;br /&gt;Romil<br /> | Karanvir&lt;br /&gt;Somi&lt;br /&gt;Rohit<br /> | Deepak&lt;br /&gt;Dipika&lt;br /&gt;Karanvir&lt;br /&gt;Somi&lt;br /&gt;Sreesanth&lt;br /&gt;Romil<br /> | Deepak&lt;br /&gt;Dipika&lt;br /&gt;Karanvir&lt;br /&gt;Sreesanth&lt;br /&gt;Surbhi&lt;br /&gt;Romil<br /> | colspan=&quot;4&quot; |Deepak&lt;br /&gt;Dipika&lt;br /&gt;Karanvir&lt;br /&gt;Sreesanth&lt;br /&gt;Romil<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Re-entered<br /> | colspan=&quot;3&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#ccc;&quot; |''none''<br /> | style=&quot;background:#DAFF99;&quot; |'''Romil'''<br /> | colspan=&quot;20&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#ccc;&quot; |''none''<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;background:#DAFF99;&quot; |'''Surbhi'''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Secret Room<br /> | colspan=&quot;4&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#ccc;&quot; |''none''<br /> | colspan=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;background:#87CEFA;&quot; |'''Anup'''<br /> | colspan=&quot;17&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#ccc;&quot; |''none''<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;background:#87CEFA;&quot; |'''Sreesanth'''<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ejected<br /> | colspan=&quot;13&quot; style=&quot;background:#ccc;&quot; |''none''<br /> | style=&quot;background:#ffe08b&quot; |'''Shivashish''' <br /> | colspan=&quot;10&quot; style=&quot;background:#ccc;&quot; |''none''<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;4&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Evicted<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#FA8072&quot; |'''Mital'''<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;background:#ccc;&quot; |''No&lt;br/&gt;Eviction''<br /> | style=&quot;background:#FA8072&quot; |'''{{nowrap|Kriti}}'''<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;background:#ccc;&quot; |''No&lt;br /&gt;Eviction''<br /> | colspan=&quot;3&quot; rowspan=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;background:#FA8072&quot; |'''Neha'''<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#FA8072&quot; |'''Sourabh'''<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#FA8072&quot; |'''Anup'''<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#BFFF00;&quot; |'''Urvashi'''<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:lightgray;&quot; |''No&lt;br /&gt;Eviction''<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;background:#FA8072&quot; |'''Srishty'''<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;background:#ccc;&quot; |''No&lt;br/&gt;Eviction''<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#FA8072&quot; |'''Jasleen'''<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;background:#FA8072&quot; |'''Rohit'''<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;background:#FA8072&quot; |'''Somi'''<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;background:#FA8072&quot; |'''Surbhi'''<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#FF69B4;&quot; | '''Karanvir'''<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#DDA0DD;&quot; | '''Romil'''<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;background:#FA8072&quot; |'''Roshmi'''<br /> | colspan=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;background:#fcf;&quot; |'''Deepak'''<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#FA8072&quot; |'''Surbhi'''<br /> | style=&quot;background:#FA8072&quot; |'''{{nowrap|Nirmal}}'''<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#FA8072&quot; |'''Saba'''<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#FA8072&quot; |'''Megha'''<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;background:#D1E8EF;&quot; |'''Sreesanth'''<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; colspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;background:#73FB76;&quot; |'''Dipika'''<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;background:#FA8072&quot; |'''Romil'''<br /> |}<br /> &lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> <br /> : {{color box|#959FFD}} indicates that the Housemate was directly nominated for eviction.<br /> : {{color box|#FBF373}} indicates that the Housemate was immune prior to nominations.<br /> : {{color box|#73FB76}} indicates the winner.<br /> : {{color box|#D1E8EF}} indicates the first runner up.<br /> : {{color box|#7FFFD4}} indicates the second runner up.<br /> : {{color box|#DDA0DD}} indicates the third runner up.<br /> : {{color box|#FF69B4}} indicates the fourth runner up.<br /> : {{color box|salmon}} indicates the contestant has been evicted.<br /> : {{color box|#fcf}} indicates the contestant walked out due to emergency.<br /> : {{color box|#FFE08B}} indicates the contestant has been ejected.<br /> : {{color box|#CCFFCC}} house captain.<br /> : {{color box|#B2FFFF}} indicates the contestant is nominated.<br /> <br /> ===Nomination notes===<br /> *{{note|1|Note 1}}: The single housemates had to nominate three pairs of the duo housemates and duo housemates had to nominate two of the single housemates. Single housemates chose Dipika and Srishty. Duo housemates chose Kriti, Roshmi; Shivashish, Sourabh and Saba, Somi.<br /> *{{note|2|Note 2}}: Kriti, Roshmi were not given immunity even after they were captains, due to not following house rules.<br /> *{{note|3|Note 3}}: Prior to nominations, Kriti, Roshmi had special power to immune a pair or a single from nominations.<br /> *{{note|4|Note 4}}: Singles were only allowed to nominate pairs and pairs were only allowed to nominate singles.<br /> *{{note|5|Note 5}}: Singles had to demand for something from the Jodi given by Bigg Boss, if the demand was satisfied Jodi was safe &amp; single was nominated, but if not satisfied Jodi was nominated &amp; signal was safe.<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> &lt;!-- Per [[WP:ELMINOFFICIAL]], choose one official website only --&gt;<br /> * [http://www.colorstv.com/ Official Website]<br /> <br /> {{Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series)}}<br /> {{Colors Programmes}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2018 Indian television seasons]]<br /> [[Category:Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) seasons|12]]<br /> [[Category:Colors TV original programming]]</div>

BuyMetabolicSolutionsKeto https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palle_Sindhura_Reddy&diff=523961 2026-04-24T13:14:43Z

<p>BuyMetabolicSolutionsKeto: new basic post first draft - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | name = Palle Sindhura Reddy<br /> | office = [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Member of Legislative Assembly&lt;br&gt;Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> | term_start = 2024<br /> | predecessor = [[Duddukunta Sreedhar Reddy]]<br /> | constituency = [[Puttaparthi Assembly constituency|Puttaparthi]]<br /> | party = [[Telugu Desam Party]]<br /> | birth_date = <br /> }}<br /> '''Palle Sindhura Reddy''' (born 2 August 1990) is an Indian politician from [[Andhra Pradesh]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Benjamin |first=Ravi P. |date=2024-05-03 |title=Vote for TDP to bring people's govt: Sindhura |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/vote-for-tdp-to-bring-peoples-govt-sindhura-876194 |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; She is an MLA from [[Puttaparthi Assembly constituency|Puttaparthi Assembly Constituency]] in [[Sri Sathya Sai district|Sri Sathya Sai District]]. She represents [[Telugu Desam Party]]. She won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Puttaparthi Constituency Election Results 2024: Puttaparthi Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates &amp; Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/andhra-pradesh/constituency-show/puttaparthi |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Puttaparthi, Andhra Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: TDP's Palle Sindhura Reddy with 91741 defeats YSRCP's Duddukunta Sreedhar Reddy |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/puttaparthi-andhra-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-2548361-2024-06-04 |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=India Today |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Puttaparthi Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Assembly Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MLA, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/puttaparthi-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-assembly-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8916503.html |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=News18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Early life and education ==<br /> Sindhura did all her schooling in Kerala. She completed her B.Tech in Chemical Engineering at Amrita School of Engineering, Coimbatore. She completed M.Tech. in Nano technology at Amrita Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Kochi [[Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham]] in 2013. She married Palle Venkata Krishna Reddy,&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Puttaparthi Politics: నామినేషన్ వేసిన కాసేపటికే కేసు.. టీడీపీ అభ్యర్థికి ట్విస్ట్ ఇచ్చిన అధికారులు |url=https://telugu.samayam.com/andhra-pradesh/anantapur/andhra-pradesh-assembly-elections-a-case-has-been-registered-against-puttaparthi-tdp-candidate-palle-sindhura-reddy-for-violating-election-rules/articleshow/109430056.cms |access-date=2024-06-11 |website=Samayam Telugu |language=te}}&lt;/ref&gt; Chairman, Balaji Educational Society, which runs several colleges in Anantapur district. They have twins, a son and a daughter. She is the daughter-in-law of Palle Raghunatha Reddy,&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Benjamin |first=Ravi P. |date=2024-04-11 |title=Palle turns a star campaigner for daughter-in-law in Puttaparthi |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/news/cities/visakhapatnam/palle-turns-a-star-campaigner-for-daughter-in-law-in-puttaparthi-871755 |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; a senior TDP politician and the founder of Balaji Educational Society. Her father is N Shanker Reddy IPS, a retired DGP from Kerala cadre.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Political career ==<br /> Sindhura won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Puttaparthi Assembly constituency|Puttaparthi Assembly Constituency]] representing [[Telugu Desam Party]]. She polled 91,741 votes with a vote share of 49.87 per cent and defeated sitting MLA [[Duddukunta Sreedhar Reddy]] of [[YSR Congress Party]] by a margin of 8,760 votes.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-05-08 |title=Andhra Pradesh Assembly elections 2024: Complete list of NDA candidates - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/politics/andhra-pradesh-assembly-elections-2024-complete-list-of-nda-candidates-19408374.htm/ |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Telugu |first=ntv |date=2024-03-15 |title=Palle Sindhura Reddy: తొలిరోజు ప్రచారంలోనే టీడీపీ అభ్యర్థికి అస్వస్థత.. |url=https://ntvtelugu.com/news/puttaparthi-tdp-candidate-palle-sindhura-reddy-health-upset-in-first-day-election-campaign-555185.html |access-date=2024-06-11 |website=NTV Telugu |language=te-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Sindhura Reddy, Palle}}<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians]]<br /> [[Category:Telugu politicians]]<br /> [[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2024–2029]]<br /> [[Category:1989 births]]<br /> [[Category:Women members of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]</div>

BuyMetabolicSolutionsKeto https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Satish_Kumar_Yadav&diff=533477 2026-04-21T04:30:42Z

<p>BuyMetabolicSolutionsKeto: Added new biography!</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian politician from Bihar}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | name = Satish Kumar Yadav<br /> | image = <br /> | caption = Satish Kumar Yadav in 2025<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1966|02|09|df=yes}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Vaishali district]], [[Bihar]], [[India]]<br /> | office = Member of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]<br /> | constituency = [[Raghopur Assembly constituency|Raghopur]]<br /> | term_start = 24 November 2010<br /> | term_end = 8 November 2015<br /> | predecessor = [[Rabri Devi]]<br /> | successor = [[Tejashwi Yadav]]<br /> | party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] &lt;small&gt;(2015–present)&lt;/small&gt;<br /> | other_party = [[Janata Dal (United)]] &lt;small&gt;(2005–2015)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;[[Rashtriya Janata Dal]] &lt;small&gt;(1990–2005)&lt;/small&gt;<br /> | father = Shyam Narayan Yadav<br /> | alma_mater = [[Magadh University]]<br /> | profession = Politician, Farmer<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Satish Kumar Yadav''' (born 9 February 1966), also known as '''Satish Rai''', is an Indian politician and farmer from [[Bihar]]. He represented the [[Raghopur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Raghopur]] constituency in the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] from 2010 to 2015. As of 2025, he is affiliated with the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP).&lt;ref name=&quot;myneta&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Satish Kumar Yadav (Bharatiya Janata Party) – Constituency: Raghopur (Vaishali)|url=https://www.myneta.info/Bihar2025/candidate.php?candidate_id=1468|website=MyNeta.info|access-date=1 November 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; He is also known among locals for his social work, particularly for helping poor and needy people in the region. <br /> <br /> == Early life and education ==<br /> Satish Kumar Yadav was born on 9 February 1966 in Rampur Shyamchand village, Raghopur, Vaishali district, Bihar. His father, Shyam Narayan Yadav, was a farmer. He completed his post-graduation (M.Sc.) from [[Magadh University]].&lt;ref name=&quot;myneta&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Political career ==<br /> Yadav began his political career with the [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]] (RJD) and later joined the [[Janata Dal (United)]] (JDU). In the [[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]], he contested from Raghopur on a JDU ticket and defeated former Chief Minister [[Rabri Devi]] by a margin of 13,006 votes.&lt;ref name=&quot;moneycontrol&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=बिहार चुनाव 2025: राघोपुर सीट से बीजेपी ने सतीश कुमार यादव को बनाया उम्मीदवार, तेजस्वी यादव से होगी टक्कर|url=https://hindi.moneycontrol.com/elections/vidhan-sabha-election/bihar/who-is-satish-kumar-yadav-bjp-s-candidate-from-raghopur-seat-against-tejashwi-yadav-in-bihar-elections-2025-article-2224806.html/amp|website=Moneycontrol Hindi|access-date=1 November 2025|language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Due to the JDU-RJD alliance in 2015, the Raghopur seat was allotted to RJD, and [[Tejashwi Yadav]] contested and won. Satish Kumar Yadav then joined the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) and contested as its candidate but lost by 22,733 votes.&lt;ref name=&quot;abp&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Satish Kumar Yadav – BJP candidate from Raghopur seat: He defeated Rabri Devi, now faces Tejashwi Yadav in 2025 elections|url=https://www.abplive.com/states/bihar/satish-kumar-yadav-bjp-candidate-from-raghopur-seat-he-defeated-rabri-devi-now-fight-with-tejashwi-yadav-ann-3029550/amp|website=ABP Live|access-date=1 November 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In the [[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]], Satish Kumar Yadav once again contested from Raghopur as a BJP candidate against [[Tejashwi Yadav]]. However, the presence of the [[Lok Janshakti Party]] (LJP) candidate divided the Rajput vote base, which led to Yadav losing by a margin of 38,174 votes.&lt;ref name=&quot;jagran&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Bihar Elections 2025: राघोपुर से तेजस्वी के खिलाफ़ सतीश कुमार यादव को बीजेपी ने उतारा मैदान में|url=https://www.jagran.com/elections/bihar-vidhan-sabha-bjp-fields-satish-kumar-against-tejashwi-yadav-in-raghopur-in-bihar-elections-2025-40011139.html|website=Dainik Jagran|access-date=1 November 2025|language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In the [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]], Yadav is again contesting from Raghopur as the BJP candidate against Tejashwi Yadav, creating a tough electoral battle.&lt;ref name=&quot;moneycontrol&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> In the [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]], [[Satish Kumar Yadav]] contested from the [[Raghopur Assembly constituency]] as the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate. He received 1,04,065 votes and finished as the runner-up, losing to [[Tejashwi Yadav]] by a margin of 14,532 votes.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Raghopur – Candidate Wise Results |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04128.htm |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=2025-11-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Personal life ==<br /> Yadav resides in Rampur Shyamchand, Raghopur, Vaishali. Apart from politics, he is involved in agriculture and is popularly known among locals as “Satish Rai.”&lt;ref name=&quot;abp&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[Raghopur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]]<br /> * [[Tejashwi Yadav]]<br /> * [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Yadav, Satish Kumar}}<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:1966 births]]<br /> [[Category:People from Vaishali district]]<br /> [[Category:Bihar MLAs 2010–2015]]<br /> [[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Bihar]]<br /> [[Category:Janata Dal (United) politicians]]<br /> [[Category:Rashtriya Janata Dal politicians]]<br /> [[Category:Magadh University alumni]]</div>

BuyMetabolicSolutionsKeto https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bateshwar_Singh&diff=490077 2026-04-18T23:19:46Z

<p>BuyMetabolicSolutionsKeto: Made some biography basic info</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | name = Bateshwar Singh<br /> | birth_name =<br /> | caption = <br /> | image = <br /> | birth_date = <br /> | birth_place = <br /> | death_date = <br /> | death_place = <br /> | office = [[Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]<br /> | constituency = [[Giridih Lok Sabha constituency|Giridih]]<br /> | term_start = 1962<br /> | term_end = 1967<br /> | predecessor = Quazi S. A. Matin<br /> | successor = Imteyaz Ahmad<br /> | office1 = <br /> | constituency1 = <br /> | term1 = <br /> | predecessor1 = <br /> | successor1 = <br /> | office2 = <br /> | constituency2 = <br /> | term_start2 = <br /> | predecessor2 = <br /> | successor2 = <br /> | party = [[Swatantra Party]]<br /> | other_party = <br /> | spouse = <br /> | children = <br /> | website = <br /> | footnotes = <br /> | date = <br /> | year = <br /> | source = <br /> }}<br /> '''Bateshwar Singh''' was an Indian politician. He was a [[member of parliament]], representing [[Giridih Lok Sabha constituency|Giridih]] in the [[Lok Sabha]] the [[lower house]] of [[Parliament of India|India's Parliament]] as a member of the [[Swatantra Party]].&lt;ref name=&quot;n193&quot;&gt;{{cite book | last=Kashyap | first=S.C. | title=The Ten Lok Sabhas: From the First to the Tenth, 1952-1991 | publisher=Shipra Publications | year=1992 | isbn=978-81-85402-10-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JpOJAAAAMAAJ | access-date=23 November 2024 | page=70}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;c138&quot;&gt;{{cite book | author=India. Parliament. House of the People | author2=India. Parliament. Lok Sabha | title=Lok Sabha Debates | publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat. | issue=v. 38, nos. 1-10 | year=1965 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UlvVAAAAMAAJ | language= | access-date=23 November 2024 | page=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;t995&quot;&gt;{{cite book | last=Kashyap | first=S.C. | title=History of the Parliament of India: End of an era : period of turbulence and transition : the third and the fourth Lok Sabha, 1962-1970 | publisher=Under the auspices of Centre for Policy Research, Shipra | year=1996 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LbckAQAAIAAJ | access-date=23 November 2024 | page=147}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Lok Sabha members from Bihar]]<br /> [[Category:Swatantra Party politicians]]<br /> [[Category:India MPs 1962–1967]]<br /> <br /> {{Jharkhand-politician-stub}}</div>

BuyMetabolicSolutionsKeto https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kuliana_Assembly_constituency&diff=511029 2026-04-16T04:42:19Z

<p>BuyMetabolicSolutionsKeto: Added New Article.</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Former constituency of the Odisha Legislative Assembly}}<br /> <br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Kuliana<br /> | type = SLA<br /> | state = [[Odisha]]<br /> | district = [[Mayurbhanj district|Mayurbhanj]]<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Mayurbhanj Lok Sabha constituency|Mayurbhanj]]<br /> | established = 1974<br /> | reservation = ST<br /> | abolished = 2008<br /> | electors = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Kuliana''' was an Assembly constituency from [[Mayurbhanj district]] of [[Odisha]]. It was established in 1974&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Election Commission of India |url=http://archive.org/details/1973-1974-delimitation-notifs |title=1973–1974 Delimitation Commission of India Orders Statewise Notifications |date=1974}}&lt;/ref&gt; and abolished in 2008. After 2008 delimitation, It was subsumed by the [[Bangriposi Assembly constituency]].&lt;ref name=dpaco2008&gt;{{cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=The Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008|page=321}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was reserved for the [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]].<br /> <br /> == Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br /> Between 1974 &amp; 2008, 8 elections were held.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |title=LIST OF MEMBERS OF ODISHA LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY (1951–2004) |url=https://magazines.odisha.gov.in/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/orissa%20reference%20annual-2011.pdf |journal=Odisha Reference Annual - 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> List of members elected from Kuliana constituency are:<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> !Year<br /> !Member<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Party<br /> |-<br /> | [[1974 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1974]]<br /> | Sarat Chandra Singh<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1977 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<br /> | Niranjan Hembram<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1980 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Saraswati Hembram<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1985 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1990 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1990]]<br /> | Kanhu Soren<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1995 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1995]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Sudam Marndi]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2000 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2000]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2004 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2004]]<br /> | [[Sananda Marndi]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Mayurbhanj district}}<br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Odisha}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Mayurbhanj district]]<br /> [[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Odisha]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1974]]<br /> [[Category:1974 establishments in Orissa]]<br /> [[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]<br /> [[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{Mayurbhanj-geo-stub}}<br /> {{India-constituency-stub}}</div>

BuyMetabolicSolutionsKeto https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=St._Andre_Assembly_constituency&diff=537302 2026-04-15T23:29:47Z

<p>BuyMetabolicSolutionsKeto: Added a info</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Goa State, India}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = St. Andre<br /> | mla = [[Viresh Borkar]]<br /> | party = [[Revolutionary Goans Party]]<br /> | state = [[Goa]]<br /> | district = [[North Goa district|North Goa]]<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[North Goa (Lok Sabha constituency)|North Goa]]<br /> | established = 1963<br /> | reservation = None<br /> | type= SLA <br /> | constituency_no =14<br /> | map_image = File:St Andre constitution.svg<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''St. Andre Assembly constituency''' is one of the 40 [[Goa Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of the state of [[Goa]] in southern [[India]].&lt;ref name=delimitation2008&gt;{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&amp;type=order&amp;filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |pp=110–114 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; St. Andre is also one of the 20 constituencies falling under [[North Goa Lok Sabha constituency]].<br /> <br /> == Members of Legislative Assembly ==<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !Year<br /> !Member<br /> !colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Party<br /> |-<br /> |[[1963 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election|1963]] <br /> |rowspan=3|[[Teotonio Pereira]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|United Goans Party|rowspan=3}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1967 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election|1967]] <br /> |-<br /> |[[1972 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election|1972]] <br /> |-<br /> |[[1977 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election|1977]] <br /> |Shripad Cuncolienkar<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1980 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election|1980]] <br /> |Teotonio Pereira<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Urs)}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1984 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election|1984]] <br /> |Shripad Cuncolienkar<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1989 Goa Legislative Assembly election|1989]] <br /> |rowspan=2|Carmo Pegado<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1994 Goa Legislative Assembly election|1994]] <br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1999 Goa Legislative Assembly election|1999]] <br /> |rowspan=3|[[Francisco Silveira]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[2002 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2002]] <br /> |-<br /> |[[2007 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2007]]&lt;ref name=results2007&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3855-goa-2007/ |title=Goa General Legislative Election 2007 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 31 May 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> |-<br /> |[[2012 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2012]]&lt;ref name=results2012&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3856-goa-2012/ |title=Goa General Legislative Election 2012 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 31 May 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> |[[Vishnu Wagh]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2017 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2017]] <br /> | [[Francisco Silveira]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2022 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2022]]<br /> |[[Viresh Borkar]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Revolutionary Goans Party|rowspan=1}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Election results ==<br /> ===Assembly Election 2022===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2022 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : St. Andre&lt;ref name=results2022&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14168-goa-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Goa General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 17 May 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://ceogoa.nic.in/pdf/ELECTION/Voter%20Turnout%20GE-2022.pdf |title=General Elections 2022 to Goa Legislatie Assembly - AC wise Voter Turnout |access-date=23 January 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Viresh Borkar]] |party=Revolutionary Goans Party |votes=5,395 |percentage=33.14% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Francisco Silveira]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=5,319 |percentage=32.67% |change={{increase}}14.45 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Anthony Lino Fernandes |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,695 |percentage=16.56% |change={{decrease}}32.30 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagdish Umakant Bhobe |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=1,261 |percentage=7.75% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramrao Surya Naik Wagh |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=1,122 |percentage=6.89% |change={{increase}}0.98 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rama Kankonkar |party=Independent politician |votes=219 |percentage=1.35% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=137 |percentage=0.84% |change={{decrease}}0.08 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Estevan Elvis D'Souza |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=131 |percentage=0.80% |change={{decrease}}1.16 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=76 |percentage=0.47% |change= {{decrease}}30.16 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=16,279 |percentage=76.00% |change= {{decrease}}3.02 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 21,419 |ref = |change= {{increase}}2.25 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Revolutionary Goans Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}15.71 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> ===Assembly Election 2017===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2017 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : St. Andre&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=List of Successful Candidates|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2017/Goa/01ListOfSuccessfulCandidates.xlsx|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|format=Xlsx|accessdate=22 April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Francisco Silveira]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,087 |percentage=48.85% |change={{increase}}4.74 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramrao Surya Naik Wagh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=3,017 |percentage=18.23% |change={{decrease}}32.96 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagdish Umakant Bhobe |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=2,393 |percentage=14.46% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dhaku Arjun Madkaikar |party=Independent politician |votes=1,285 |percentage=7.76% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rama Gurudas Kankonkar |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=979 |percentage=5.91% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dattaram Naguesh Chari |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=325 |percentage=1.96% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=152 |percentage=0.92% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Simao Aleixo Caiado |party=Independent politician |votes=143 |percentage=0.86% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,070 |percentage=30.63% |change= {{increase}}23.55 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=16,554 |percentage=79.02% |change= {{decrease}}1.71 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 20,948 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}1.83 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}2.33 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> ===Assembly Election 2012===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2012 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : St. Andre&lt;ref&gt;{{cite report|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2012, to the Legislative Assembly of Goa|publisher=Election Commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3856-goa-2012/}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Vishnu Wagh]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=8,818 |percentage=51.18% |change={{increase}}11.36 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Francisco Silveira]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,599 |percentage=44.11% |change={{decrease}}12.23 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pradip Kumar Sangodkar |party=Independent politician |votes=440 |percentage=2.55% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Milton S. Marshal |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=352 |percentage=2.04% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,219 |percentage=7.08% |change= {{decrease}}9.44 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=17,228 |percentage=80.65% |change= {{increase}}12.02 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 21,338 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}3.87 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}5.15 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> ===Assembly Election 2007===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2007 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : St. Andre&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2007 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/StatReport_AS_2007_GOA_after_IC.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007042153/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/StatReport_AS_2007_GOA_after_IC.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Francisco Silveira]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,593 |percentage=56.34% |change={{increase}}11.75 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Caiado Antonio Joao |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=6,074 |percentage=39.82% |change={{increase}}13.91 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dessai Dongrikar Dilip |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=286 |percentage=1.88% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Caiado Simon |party=Janata Dal (Secular) |votes=283 |percentage=1.86% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,519 |percentage=16.51% |change= {{decrease}}1.28 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=15,253 |percentage=68.64% |change= {{decrease}}1.80 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 22,197 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}0.05 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}11.75 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> ===Assembly Election 2002===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : St. Andre&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_se2002_GA.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007072027/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_se2002_GA.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Francisco Silveira]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,982 |percentage=44.59% |change={{decrease}}0.85 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pegado Carmo Rafael Andre Jose |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=4,196 |percentage=26.80% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kamat Dhakankar Avinash Govind |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=4,057 |percentage=25.91% |change={{decrease}}2.17 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sawant Prakash Mahadev |party=Shiv Sena |votes=212 |percentage=1.35% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pereira Teotonio Paulo |party=United Goans Democratic Party |votes=207 |percentage=1.32% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,786 |percentage=17.79% |change= {{increase}}0.44 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=15,659 |percentage=70.49% |change= {{decrease}}1.65 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 22,207 |ref = |change= {{increase}}2.84 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}0.85 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> ===Assembly Election 1999===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1999 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : St. Andre&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReportof%20Goa-99.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007115355/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReportof%20Goa-99.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Francisco Silveira]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,080 |percentage=45.43% |change={{increase}}1.43 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kamat Dhakankar Avinash Govind |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=4,376 |percentage=28.08% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pegado Carmo Rafael |party=Goa Rajiv Congress Party |votes=4,106 |percentage=26.35% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,704 |percentage=17.35% |change= {{increase}}1.09 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=15,583 |percentage=72.07% |change= {{increase}}0.22 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 21,593 |ref = |change= {{increase}}6.27 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> ===Assembly Election 1994===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1994 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : St. Andre&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StaticialReportGOA94.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006094522/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StaticialReportGOA94.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Pegado Carmo Rafael |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,433 |percentage=44.00% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Parvatkar Govind Bhikaji |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=4,056 |percentage=27.74% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Caiado Simao Lowrence |party=United Goans Democratic Party |votes=2,725 |percentage=18.64% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Naik Keshavnath Shantaram |party=Independent politician |votes=320 |percentage=2.19% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Borkar Dilip Dharma |party=Gomantak Lok Pox |votes=219 |percentage=1.50% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pereira Teotonio Paulo |party=Independent politician |votes=196 |percentage=1.34% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mangeshkar Rohidas Narayan |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=153 |percentage=1.05% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,377 |percentage=16.26% |change= {{increase}}5.68 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=14,619 |percentage=70.44% |change= {{decrease}}0.77 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 20,319 |ref = |change= {{increase}}14.05 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}4.66 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> ===Assembly Election 1989===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : St. Andre&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20Goa%201989.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006124346/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20Goa%201989.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Carmo Rafael Andre Jose Pegado |party=Independent politician |votes=5,097 |percentage=39.34% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Amilkar Adelino Alvares |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,727 |percentage=28.77% |change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kashinath Mahadev Govenkar |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=3,282 |percentage=25.33% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dasharath Yeshwant Sawant |party=Independent politician |votes=282 |percentage=2.18% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dilip Dharma Borkar |party=Gomantak Lok Pox |votes=183 |percentage=1.41% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,370 |percentage=10.58% |change= {{decrease}}0.24 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=12,955 |percentage=71.01% |change= {{increase}}3.41 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 17,816 |ref = |change= {{increase}}4.38 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}1.49 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> ===Assembly Election 1984===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election]] : St. Andre&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-MGH98.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144917/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-MGH98.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Shripad Cuncolienkar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,478 |percentage=37.86% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pereira Teotonio Fracisco Paulo |party=Independent politician |votes=3,199 |percentage=27.04% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sawant Dashrath Yeshwant |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=1,410 |percentage=11.92% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rodrigues Aires A. F. Raimundo |party=Independent politician |votes=998 |percentage=7.70% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Popat Kankonkar Ganesh |party=Independent politician |votes=421 |percentage=3.25% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Keni Dilip Jaganath |party=Independent politician |votes=253 |percentage=1.95% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhandri Bhicaji Janardhan |party=Independent politician |votes=190 |percentage=1.47% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,279 |percentage=10.81% |change= {{increase}}3.04 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=11,829 |percentage=66.33% |change= {{decrease}}0.86 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 17,068 |ref = |change= {{increase}}20.74 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress (U) |swing= {{decrease}}4.49 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> ===Assembly Election 1980===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election]] : St. Andre&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Goa |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Goa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114095835/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Goa.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Teotonio Pereira]] |party=Indian National Congress (U) |votes=4,200 |percentage=42.35% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Cuncolenkar Sripad Laxman |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=3,429 |percentage=34.57% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Fernandes Victoria Romeo |party=Janata Party |votes=804 |percentage=8.11% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Melo Augustine Santano |party=Independent politician |votes=634 |percentage=6.39% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Fernandes Ghanasyam Xavier |party=Independent politician |votes=214 |percentage=2.16% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Fernandes Jose Nartins |party=Independent politician |votes=182 |percentage=1.84% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=771 |percentage=7.77% |change= {{increase}}5.84 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=9,918 |percentage=66.94% |change= {{increase}}8.48 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 14,136 |ref = |change= {{increase}}4.21 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress (U) |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}8.68 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> ===Assembly Election 1977===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election]] : St. Andre&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Goa, Daman and Diu |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Goa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114095835/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Goa.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Shripad Cuncolienkar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,817 |percentage=33.67% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pankar Raghuvir Shanu |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=2,655 |percentage=31.73% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pereira Teotonio F. Paulo |party=Janata Party |votes=2,412 |percentage=28.83% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gonsalves Salvador Francisco |party=Independent politician |votes=261 |percentage=3.12% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dias Orilando Authony |party=Independent politician |votes=92 |percentage=1.10% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=D'Sa Francisco Estevao Pedro L. M |party=Independent politician |votes=26 |percentage=0.31% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=162 |percentage=1.94% |change= {{decrease}}10.71 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=8,367 |percentage=60.91% |change= {{decrease}}12.12 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 13,565 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}7.30 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=United Goans Party (Sequeira Group) |swing= {{decrease}}15.73 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> ===Assembly Election 1972===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election]] : St. Andre&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Goa, Daman and Diu |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisticalRep_GOA_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114075126/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisticalRep_GOA_72.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Teotonio Pereira]] |party=United Goans Party (Sequeira Group) |votes=5,335 |percentage=49.40% |change={{decrease}}6.33 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Melo Agosttinho Santana |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=3,969 |percentage=36.75% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lawandee V. Narayan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,205 |percentage=11.16% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. J. Luis G. Pedro |party=Independent politician |votes=68 |percentage=0.63% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,366 |percentage=12.65% |change= {{decrease}}8.93 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=10,800 |percentage=72.28% |change= {{decrease}}0.19 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 14,633 |ref = |change= {{increase}}6.69 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=United Goans Party (Sequeira Group) |loser=United Goans Party (Sequeira Group) |swing= {{decrease}}6.33 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> ===Assembly Election 1967===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election]] : St. Andre&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Goa, Daman and Diu |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statisticall%20Report%20Goa%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085800/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statisticall%20Report%20Goa%201967.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Teotonio Pereira]] |party=United Goans Party (Sequeira Group) |votes=5,656 |percentage=55.73% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Melo Agosttinho Santana |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=3,466 |percentage=34.15% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=V. Feranandes |party=Independent politician |votes=348 |percentage=3.43% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=J. C. Fernandes |party=Independent politician |votes=308 |percentage=3.03% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=J. M. Cota |party=Independent politician |votes=31 |percentage=0.31% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=F. G. Xavier |party=Independent politician |votes=22 |percentage=0.22% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Y. M. Karapurkar |party=Independent politician |votes=10 |percentage=0.10% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,190 |percentage=21.58% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=10,149 |percentage=71.75% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 13,716 |ref = |change= }}<br /> {{Election box new seat win |winner=United Goans Party (Sequeira Group) |loser= |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{cite web |title=Record of all Goa Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/71-goa/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=14 March 2022}} <br /> <br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Goa}}<br /> <br /> {{coord|15.42|73.95|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:North Goa district]]<br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Goa]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Goa]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1963]]<br /> [[Category:1963 establishments in Goa, Daman and Diu]]</div>

BuyMetabolicSolutionsKeto https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phulparas_Assembly_constituency&diff=525436 2026-04-14T03:32:15Z

<p>BuyMetabolicSolutionsKeto: new a data w/ refs</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Phulparas <br /> | type = SLA<br /> | map_image = 39-Phulparas constituency.svg<br /> | map_caption = <br /> | map_alt = <br /> | mla = [[Sheela Kumari]]<br /> | party = {{Party index link|Janata Dal (United)}}<br /> | alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}<br /> | latest_election_year = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]<br /> | region = <br /> | state = [[Bihar]]<br /> | district = [[Madhubani district|Madhubani]]<br /> | division = <br /> | loksabha_cons = <br /> | constituency_no = [[List of constituencies of the Bihar Legislative Assembly|39]]<br /> | established = 1951<br /> | electors = 320,615<br /> | reservation = None <br /> | abolished = &lt;!-- year abolished --&gt;<br /> }}<br /> '''Phulparas Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Madhubani district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Bihar]]. River Bhutahi Balan, which is one of the wildest rivers in [[Bihar]], flowing through the heart of it.&lt;ref name=&quot;election2014&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20140324171714/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/14-die-in-bihar-flood-over-20-lakh-affected/article1-239156.aspx Hindustan Times]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Overview==<br /> As per Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008, No. 39 Phulparas Assembly constituency is composed of the following: Ghoghardiha [[Community Development Block in India|community development blocks Md. Zubair Alam Pirozgarh panchayat]]; Mahindwar, Dharamdiha, Godhiyari, Mahathour Khurd, Siswa Barhi, Phulparas, Ramnagar [[gram panchayat]]s of Phulparas CD Block; Sunder Birajit, Matras, Tardiha, Mahisham, Madhepur East, Madhepur West, Nawada, Karhara, Dara, Doalakh, Mahpatia, Basipatti, Garhgaon, Bhakrain, Bath, Bakwa, Bhargawan, Barsham, Bheja and Rohua Sangram gram panchayats of Madhepur CD Block.&lt;ref name=commission&gt;{{cite web|url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India|work= Schedule VI Bihar, Part A – Assembly constituencies, Part B – Parliamentary constituencies |access-date = 2011-01-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Phulparas Assembly constituency is part of No. 7 [[Jhanjharpur (Lok Sabha constituency)]].&lt;ref name=commission/&gt;<br /> <br /> == Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !Year<br /> !Name&lt;ref name=&quot;election2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Phulparas Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/phulparas.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Party<br /> |-<br /> |[[1952 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1952]]<br /> |Kashinath Mishra<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1957 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1957]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Rashik Lal Yadav<br /> |-<br /> |[[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Dhanik Lal Mandal]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party|rowspan=3}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]]<br /> |Uttam Lal Yadav<br /> |-<br /> |[[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<br /> |[[Devendra Prasad Yadav]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Janata Party|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> |1977^<br /> |[[Karpoori Thakur]]&lt;ref name=&quot;election1978&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19780115-bihar-cm-karpoori-thakur-wins-crucial-by-election-from-phulpuras-822744-2014-09-20|title=Bihar CM Karpoori Thakur wins crucial by-election from Phulpuras|website=India Today|access-date=15 January 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<br /> |Surendra Yadav<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Janata Party (Secular)|dab=yes}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<br /> |Hemlata Yadav<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]<br /> |Ram Kumar Yadav<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]<br /> |[[Deo Nath Yadav]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]<br /> |Ram Kumar Yadav<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)| dab=yes}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[February 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Deo Nath Yadav]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Guljar Devi Yadav]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|dab=y|rowspan=4}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[Sheela Kumari]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ^by-election<br /> <br /> ==Election results==<br /> === 2025 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|<br /> |title=[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar Assembly election, 2025]]: Phulparas&lt;ref name=&quot;2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Result: Phulparas&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Result: Phulparas |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S0439.htm |accessdate=25 November 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=15 November 2025 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251125064814/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S0439.htm |archivedate=25 November 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link<br /> |party = Janata Dal (United)<br /> |candidate = [[Sheela Kumari]]<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:93677}}<br /> |percentage = 45.65<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = Subodh Mandal<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:79578}}<br /> |percentage = 38.78<br /> |change = +3.54<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Jan Suraaj Party<br /> |candidate = Jalendra Mishra<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:6274}}<br /> |percentage = 3.06<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Independent<br /> |candidate = Ram Kumar Yadav<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:5553}}<br /> |percentage = 2.71<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Independent<br /> |candidate = Vijay Kumar Chaudhari<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:3728}}<br /> |percentage = 1.82<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Aam Aadmi Party<br /> |candidate = Gauri Shankar Yadav<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:3635}}<br /> |percentage = 1.77<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Independent<br /> |candidate = Baiju Safi<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:2872}}<br /> |percentage = 1.4<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Ekta Dal United<br /> |candidate = Krishna Mohan<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:2423}}<br /> |percentage = 1.18<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> |candidate = Vijay Kumar<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:1896}}<br /> |percentage = 0.92<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:4206}}<br /> |percentage = 2.05<br /> |change = -0.09<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:14099}}<br /> |percentage = 6.87<br /> |change = +0.85<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:205223}}<br /> |percentage = 64.01<br /> |change = +8.03<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link<br /> |winner = Janata Dal (United)<br /> |loser = <br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> <br /> === 2020 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|<br /> |title=[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar Assembly election, 2020]]: Phulparas&lt;ref name=&quot;election2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-01-13 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2020 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/12787-bihar-legislative-election-2020/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link<br /> |party = Janata Dal (United)<br /> |candidate = [[Sheela Kumari]]<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:75116}}<br /> |percentage = 41.26<br /> |change = +0.66<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = Kripanath Pathak<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:64150}}<br /> |percentage = 35.24<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Lok Janshakti Party<br /> |candidate = Binod Kumar Singh<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:10088}}<br /> |percentage = 5.54<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Independent<br /> |candidate = Gulajar Devi<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:4939}}<br /> |percentage = 2.71<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Jan Adhikar Party (Loktantrik)<br /> |candidate = Gauri Shankar Yadav<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:4916}}<br /> |percentage = 2.7<br /> |change = -0.43<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Independent<br /> |candidate = Sanjay Kumar Singh Urf Sahil Kumar Singh<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:4448}}<br /> |percentage = 2.44<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Samajwadi Janata Dal Democratic<br /> |candidate = Ram Kumar Yadav<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:2831}}<br /> |percentage = 1.56<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Independent<br /> |candidate = Vijay Kumar<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:2617}}<br /> |percentage = 1.44<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Independent<br /> |candidate = Hriday Narayan Kamat<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:2105}}<br /> |percentage = 1.16<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:3894}}<br /> |percentage = 2.14<br /> |change = -1.5<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:10966}}<br /> |percentage = 6.02<br /> |change = -2.44<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:182055}}<br /> |percentage = 55.98<br /> |change = +3.37<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link<br /> | <br /> |winner = Janata Dal (United)<br /> |loser = <br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> <br /> === 2015 ===<br /> {{Election box begin<br /> |title = [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Phulparas&lt;ref name=&quot;Phulparas Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Phulparas Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/phulparas |accessdate=25 November 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=14 November 2025 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251125064809/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/phulparas |archivedate=25 November 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link<br /> |party = Janata Dal (United)<br /> |candidate = Guljar Devi<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:64368}}<br /> |percentage = 40.6<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = Ram Sundar Yadav<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:50953}}<br /> |percentage = 32.14<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Independent<br /> |candidate = Jyoti Jha<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:10861}}<br /> |percentage = 6.85<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)<br /> |candidate = Umesh Kumar Roy<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:7431}}<br /> |percentage = 4.69<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Jan Adhikar Party (Loktantrik)<br /> |candidate = Gauri Shankar Yadav<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:4970}}<br /> |percentage = 3.13<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Samajwadi Party<br /> |candidate = Ram Kumar Yadav<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:3785}}<br /> |percentage = 2.39<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> |candidate = Durganand Mandal<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:2626}}<br /> |percentage = 1.66<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Hind Congress Party<br /> |candidate = Shambhu Nath Mishra<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:2111}}<br /> |percentage = 1.33<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Independent<br /> |candidate = Aruna Nand Singh<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:2065}}<br /> |percentage = 1.3<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Aadarsh Mithila Party<br /> |candidate = Vijay Kumar Jha<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:1493}}<br /> |percentage = 0.94<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:5778}}<br /> |percentage = 3.64<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:13415}}<br /> |percentage = 8.46<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:158555}}<br /> |percentage = 52.61<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{cite web |title=Results of all Bihar Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/68-bihar/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}<br /> <br /> {{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}<br /> {{Darbhanga Division topics}}<br /> {{coord|26|20|55|N|86|29|47|E|region:IN-{{IndAbbr|[[Bihar]]}}|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Madhubani district]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]<br /> [[Category:1951 establishments in Bihar]]</div>

BuyMetabolicSolutionsKeto https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Naagini&diff=519643 2026-04-10T13:03:12Z

<p>BuyMetabolicSolutionsKeto: </p> <hr /> <div>{{more citations needed|date=March 2026}}<br /> {{Short description|Indian television series}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox television<br /> | image = Naagini titlecard.jpeg<br /> | image_upright = <br /> | image_size = <br /> | image_alt = <br /> | caption = <br /> | alt_name = <br /> | native_name = <br /> | genre = [[Fantasy]]<br /> | creator = <br /> | based_on = <br /> | writer = <br /> | director = Hayavadana<br /> | creative_director = <br /> | starring = Deepika Das &lt;br&gt; Deekshith Shetty &lt;br&gt; Ashalatha<br /> | theme_music_composer = <br /> | open_theme = <br /> | end_theme = <br /> | composer = <br /> | country = India<br /> | num_seasons = <br /> | num_episodes = 1,060<br /> | list_episodes = <br /> | executive_producer = <br /> | producer = Hayavadana<br /> | news_editor = <br /> | location = <br /> | cinematography = <br /> | editor = <br /> | camera = [[Multiple-camera setup|Multi-camera]]<br /> | runtime = 22 minutes<br /> | company = <br /> | budget = <br /> | network = [[Zee Kannada]]<br /> | language = Kannada<br /> | released = <br /> | first_aired = {{Start date|2016|02|08|df=y}}<br /> | last_aired = {{End date|2020|02|07|df=y}}<br /> | related = ''[[Naagini 2]]''<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Naagini''''' ({{translation}} ''The [[Female]] [[Serpent (symbolism)|Serpent]]'') is a 2016 [[India]]n [[Kannada-language]] [[supernatural]] [[fantasy]] [[television series]] which aired on [[Zee Kannada]]. The series, a remake of the [[Hindi]] series ''[[Naaginn (2007 TV series)|Naaginn]]'', was directed by Hayavadana. The series premiered on 8 February 2016. Due to its success, a [[Naagini 2|sequel]] was released on 17 February 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/namratha-gowda-is-ecstatic-naagini-2-tops-trp-charts/articleshow/76324802.cms|title=Namratha Gowda is ecstatic Naagini 2 tops TRP charts|website=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Summary==<br /> The series is based on the tale of Ichchadaari Naagini, who avenged the killing of her parents, King Naagaraja (Master Sanjay) and Queen Nagarani (Jayashree Raj), by her enemies for the Naagamani (snake gem). Amrutha (Snake Princess, played by Deepika Das) lives in Takshaka Vana with her parents (the king and queen). Rudra (Arjun Ramesh), his friends and his brother Vishnu went there and killed Amrutha's parents for Naagamani. King Naagaraja's dead body and the Naagamani are secretly under the control of Rudra's elder brother Vishnu.<br /> <br /> After ten years, her aunt advised Amrutha to go to Durgapura Shiva temple. She complies, taking her deceased mother. Arjun (Dheekshith Shetty), the adopted son of Vishnu, is an innocent boy who loves Amrutha. Vikram and Saroja adopted Amrutha as their daughter. Rudra and Baba try to kill the Nagarani. Amrutha kills the first murderer, Raju, in an incomplete apartment building. Amrutha is befriended by the Snake [[Shesha]]. Amrutha learns that Rudra, his brother and his friends are the culprits. She marries Arjun. At the wedding ceremony, Shesha is killed by Rudra, Vishnu and Baba. Then Amrutha kills the second murderer, Prakash. She learns that Triveni is not the mother of Rudra and Vishnu. Triveni killed Arjun's relative and She is not a good woman her real identity is unknown. She hails from naga clan like Amrutha and want naagmani. Naagamani is hidden in Shivalingam that was made at Takshaka Vana by Gurudeva. Triveni's real name is Damayanthi and Arjun's real name is Partha, a secret known only by the Gurudev. Lord Karthikeya gives life back to Shesha for helping Amrutha. Amrutha kills the third murderer Rudra at Garuda temple. Later, Shesha betrays Amrutha for Arjun. Triveni hates Amrutha so she supports Mayuri to marry Amrutha.<br /> <br /> ===Goraknath===<br /> A professor and researcher tries to capture Naagini for revenge. He is threatened by her when he is following her in snake form to know Naagamani. He goes to a ''tantrik'' to gain special powers. He sends his goons to capture snakes. Gurudev decides to give life to King Nagaraj for helping Amrutha. Gurudeva inserts his soul into King Maharaja's body and gives life back to King Naagaraj.<br /> <br /> Naagini goes to the forest, sees them and tries to free the snakes. She takes the form of a snake and hides in boxes in their vehicles, to know the truth. Goraknath said the snakes would be shipped to Andaman because he has go to Andaman. Accidentally Amrutha takes Naagini into Andaman. Arjun unsuccessfully searches for Amrutha, then finally goes to Andaman, meets his friend Nanda to get help from him, and they find Amrutha.<br /> <br /> Goraknath captures Naagini and imprisons her. Arjun rescues her. Amrutha and Arjun run from Gora's place. Gora targets Arjun to capture Naagini. While Arjun is driving his car, Gora uses his power to make Arjun unconscious, and he crashes. Naagaraja takes him to the Ashram for treatment. Triveni and Amritha are informed about the accident. Later the family is informed about the accident and take him to the hospital. Poornachandra Shastri advises them to make a ''yajnyaa pooja'' to save him.<br /> <br /> Shastriji starts the ''pooja'' and advises Amrutha that she can bring special ''sanjeevini mulika'' which can save him. Amrutha goes to the mountain, assisted by Nagaraja. He takes ''sanjivini'' and saves Arjun. Later, Goraknath is defeated by Bhaira and Baba.<br /> <br /> ===Rudra===<br /> Rudra is alive. Earlier, Amrutha killed him by Lord Kaali's power. He is later saved by the Naagamani power. Triveni asks Jyotishi about Rudra. They advise that Rudra was resurrected by his father, Jathaka. Rudra comes to their family, but he acts like a child, without memory. Vishnu goes to Bhairava Baba to know the truthwho reveals that Rudra was saved by the Naagamani power.<br /> <br /> Rudra gets the Naagamani. He tries to kill Amrutha by taking several forms, but Naagini is helped by Poornachandra Shastri to save him. Bhairava knows the Naagamani is in Rudra's hand and tries to take it. Rudra imprisons Vishnu and hides him. Triveni and her family are bothered by Vishnu's absence. Rudra sends a man and he says that Arjun and Amrutha have to go to Vishnupura to save Vishnu.<br /> <br /> ===Triveni===<br /> The family's head Triveni's real name is Damayanti and comes from the Naaga clan. She adopts Arjun as their son. Only she knows the truth that Arjun is Naagayoda.<br /> <br /> Arjun was born with mixed divine and naga powers, incarnated for protecting Naagamani. Triveni knows the secret and takes him to their family. Her naaga guru tells him that after Arjun completes 25 years, he transforms into a Nagayoda, a powerful mahanaga.<br /> <br /> Episodes:<br /> <br /> * &quot;Kanishka's attack&quot; - When Kanishka imprisoned Amrutha, Arjun becomes a Nagayoda and protects Naagini from Kanishka.<br /> * &quot;Goraknath's episodes in Andaman&quot; - Arjun becomes Naagayoda and fights the goons who were guarding Amrutha and escapes from the island.<br /> <br /> ===Vishnupura and Garuda Vamsha===<br /> A village named Vishnupura worships [[Garuda]]. The Shatrughna of the village, from Garudavamsha, plans to reopen the Garuda Temple. The ''pujari'' decide to make ''mahapooja''.<br /> <br /> Following Rudra's plan, Arjun and Amrutha go to perform ''pooja'' in Vishnupura. The village Shatrughna started performing ''yajnya'' and send his sister Sowparnika to make ''digbandhana''. Arjun and Amrutha arrive, but she does not welcome them. Arjun saves her when her rival tries to attack her to disturb the ''pooja''. She gives them permission to enter the village and takes them to their place. Arjun and Amrutha approach the ''yajnya'' and disturb it and Shatrughna tries to punish them. Sowparnika said that they saved her from her rival's attack ''pooja''. Arjun and Amrutha stay in Shatrughna's home. Rudra comes to Vishnupura and convinces Shatrughna that Amrutha is Naagini.<br /> <br /> The Shatrughna and Rudra use Arjun to capture Amrutha. Amrutha is assisted by Sowparnika to save Arjun. Triveni is tense about what's happening in Vishnupura. He visits there and sees that Rudra is normal. He says &quot;he has acted that way to kill his enemy&quot;. Triveni tries to convince him that Arjun is not ''naaga''. After Vishnu Bhairava Baba and Shastriji, Shastri acts as enemy and tries to help Amrutha and Arjun.<br /> <br /> Bhairava Baba and Rudra capture Amrutha and try to kill her. Arjun takes Naga form to rescue Amrutha and swallows ''Nagamani''. Amrutha defeats Bhairava and Rudra. Finally Vishnu returns with Arjun's help.<br /> <br /> Arjun starts to get signs of ''naaga'' when he is angered. Arjun tries to punish and warn Vishnu for killing ''naagas''. Vishnu learns of this and goes to Bhairava to save him. He advises him to give Arjun to Bali ''pooja'' in order to save him. Vishnu tries to kill Arjun before Arjun kills him. He sends him Kaalingapura. When Vishnu tries, he accidentally sees his ''naaga'' form. Rudra goes there and takes him home.<br /> <br /> Vishnu tells Rudra of the event, but Rudra did not believe him. Arjun takes ''naga'' form and chases Vishnu. Vishnu runs out to save a life. Rudra approaches Vishnu. The duo is killed by Arjun's ''naaga'' form. Bhairava gives them their lives back. Vishnu and Rudra tell Bhairava of the incident, but he does not believe it. Once Bhairva tests Arjuna in their home and concludes that Arjun is naga and has ''Naagamani''. Bhairva tries to take ''Nagamani'' from him but defeated by Arjun.<br /> <br /> Bhairva Baba concludes and tells Vishnu and Rudra that it is impossible for them but a rival of him would kill him. That rival is an Apsara named Urmila, aspiring to take Naagamani from Arjun. They killed Shesha also by tricking her in Amrutha form.<br /> <br /> ===Entry of Apsara===<br /> Amrutha and Arjun go on a trip, but a mystical old apsara takes them to an old temple. Amrutha knows Shesha's death by the trio of Vishnu, Rudra and Bhairava, chases them, kills Vishnu and Rudra, and accidentally takes them in Naga Roopa's body. Bhairav domslsEraser follows and asks for his advice. His guru said that he will defeat erasers with a weapon from his guru's atma Shakti. He would use it twice. Bhairava first uses the weapon when she released Vishnu and Rudra. The second time, she loses her sight. Bhairava tells the duo that Naagini has lost her sight, if she does not have treatment for her sight, she will give up her life. Arjun arrives and takes Amrutha home. The duo try to say that Amrutha is Naagini, but Arjun saves her.<br /> <br /> Then, eraser controls Amrutha's mind and makes her say she needs ayurveda treatment. Eraser plans to kill Arjun and sends him to a village by disguising as an astrologer, saying he has to visit a village named Pushpagiri for Amrutha's treatment. There Amrutha starts to possess Arjun. Triveni and Urvashi try to test to reveal her as Naagini. Arjun becomes possessed by her.<br /> <br /> In Arjun's absence, Amrutha's true identity is revealed to everyone and Amrutha is thrown from the home. When Arjun arrives, he is told she is missing. He tries to find Amrutha. Meanwhile, Triveni takes the form of Gudi, a girl whom the family members wish to marry Arjun to turn him back to human.<br /> <br /> Amrutha blesses Vaishnavi and Kumar to get a child. Dakshayani, Kumar's mother, gets to know that Amrutha is Naagini. She instructs Amrutha to perform ''Shiv-Parvati Pooja'' to save Arjun from Urmila.<br /> <br /> When celebrating ''Naagarpanchami'', Arjun meets Amrutha and she decides to take him to Naagloka, but her plan is foiled and she loses Arjun. Amrutha begins the ''pooja'' by begging for money. Triveni is captured by Bhairava and becomes his companion. Gudi plans to take Arjun to Amrutha .<br /> <br /> Bhairava suddenly tells the family members to marry Arjuna and Triveni. Shastri escapes with Arjun. He takes Arjun to the forest to meet Amrutha. He leaves Arjun with Amrutha. Bhairava sends Kanishka to get the Naagmani where he is killed by Amrutha. On Neela Amavasya, the Neeli Nagas wrapped on Arjun where Naagmani was hidden. Later Amrutha confirms Naagmani's location.<br /> <br /> ===Naagini Antima Adhyaya===<br /> Amrutha learns that Nagamani is inside Arjun. As per Shastri's instruction Amrutha and Arjun unite as snakes in front of Shivalinga and the ''Nagamani'' inside Arjun comes out and goes on top of Shivalinga. Shastry says to Hema that a valuable object must be collected and she must keep it with her for a few days. Hema arrives and takes Naagmani and escapes. Amrutha comes back as human and identifies that Naagmani is missing. Then she asks Shastry about it. Shastry says that it is with Hema. Amrutha demands Hema for Naagmani, but Hema restricts her by giving Naagmani and says that the condition was that Amrutha should give Arjun to Hema and he should marry Triveni. Then she will give Naagmani to her. Amrutha agrees to that and brings Arjun home. Hema begs Amrutha that, she should leave the house by leaving Arjun and Arjun should come to know that she is Naagini. As per Hema's instructions, Amrutha tries to kill Mani as a Naagini. Arjun learns that Amrutha is Naagini so he throws Amrutha out.<br /> <br /> Triveni reveals to Amrutha and says that she is a Naagini, not a ghost. And that she came on earth to marry Arjun. Amrutha challenges her that she take Arjun to Naaglok for Vasuki Dynasty, not for Urmila's Takshaka Dynasty.<br /> <br /> Arjun's family decides to marry Arjun with Urmila and takes them to temple where marry. But Amrutha had disguised herself as Urmila. Amrutha arrests Urmila and hands her to Shastry. Shastry makes Urmila a statue and then Amrutha disguises as Urmila and marries Arjun.<br /> <br /> Arjun is not happy and badly needs Amrutha whether she is Naagini or human. Hema and Amrutha (disguised as Urmila) goes to Ashrama. Shastry tells Hema to hand Naagmani to Urmila (Amrutha) as he know that Urmila is Amrutha. So Hema gives the box of Naagmani to Amrutha, but it was Bhairava Baba, who appeared to be Amrutha. Hema learns that she has lost Naagmani. Amrutha asks Shastry about this Shastry says that she should kill one of her enemies.<br /> <br /> ===Rebirth of Arjun===<br /> Arjun is reborn as Ajanubhava (an infectious snake). He is born as a human. His grandmother says he was an Ajanubhava. He does not believe in supernatural powers. He ignores his grandmother. Agrahara, a Bhairava, puts a ''Nagabhandhana''. It was proved he was a snake. Bhairava tortures Ajanubhava and his father-in-law goes to Puttahamsa. A Mujyaala tells Vishnu not to travel to Naagara Devasthana. Vishnu and Rudra push Mujyaala and enter Naagara Devasthana. Ajanubhava is converted into naagayodha and save Naagara Devasthana. He defeats Vishnu and Rudra.<br /> <br /> ===Defeat of Thakshaka===<br /> Bhairava converts the spirit of Naagayodha. Thakshaka helps Amrutha but he does not get Vajrahana. Bhairava decides to get a poisonous snake. Thakshaka gets angry and kills a snake. Bhairava is not able to defeat Thakshaka. He remembers that in the past he had challenged Thakshaka that he would become more powerful than him. Bhairava stands against Thakshaka but is defeated. Naagayodha, an evil spirit, later defeats Thakshaka.<br /> <br /> ==Cast==<br /> ===Main===<br /> * Deepika Das as <br /> ** an Ichchadhari Naagin<br /> ** Shesha; Amrutha Look alike Naagin, Comes for Heling Amrutha<br /> * [[Dheekshith Shetty]] as <br /> ** Arjun, husband of Amrutha <br /> ** Partha, Nagayodha protector of Nagamani<br /> * Ashalatha as Triveni or Damayanti, the family's head<br /> ** Shilpa Ravi as Mayuri<br /> ** Karishma Amin as Shesha<br /> ** BK Raghavendra<br /> ** Ambarish Sarangi<br /> *** as Vishnu, Arjun's father<br /> ** Arjun Ramesh<br /> ** Arun<br /> *** as Rudra, Vishnu's brother<br /> ** Harini Shreekanth as Hemavathi (Hema), Arjun's mother<br /> ** Ashalatha as Triveni or Damayanti, the family's head<br /> ** Cheluvaraj<br /> ** Suryakiran<br /> *** as Bhairava baba, a sorcerer<br /> ** Master Sanjay as King Naagaraja<br /> ** [[Jayashree Raj]] as Queen Naagarani<br /> ** Ila Vitla as Sowparnika, Shatrughna's sister<br /> ** Kempegowda as Nanda, Arjun's friend<br /> ** Gauthami Jayaramu as Urmila<br /> <br /> ===Characters===<br /> * Amruta: She is an Ichadaari Naagini and the daughter of the king and queen of Naaglok. Also, the adoptive daughter Vikram and Saroja.<br /> * Shesha: She is an Ichchadaari Naagini made by Gurudev for helping Amrutha. She looks exactly like Amrutha. A big mole on her neck distinguishes her. She is the best friend of Amrutha. .<br /> * Arjun: Arjun is the husband of Amrutha. He is an adopted son of Vishnu and Hema and the son of an unknown deceased father and mother Yasodha. His real name is Partha and his real identity is unknown.<br /> * Raju: He is the first murderer of King and Queen of Naaglok.<br /> * Prakash: He is the second murderer of King and Queen of Naaglok.<br /> * Rudra: He is the third and main murderer of King and Queen of Naaglok and the first murderer of Shesha. He was the adopted son of Triveni.<br /> * Bairava Baba: He is the second murderer of Shesha and motivated all to steal Naagmani. He is the guru of Vishnu and Rudra. He is a greedy sorcerer.<br /> * Vishnu: He is the adopted son of Triveni and the brother of Rudra. He is the third murderer of Shesha. He is greedy to get the Naagmani.<br /> * Triveni: She was the adopted mother of Vishnu and Rudra. Her identity is unknown. She brings Arjun and returns to Vishnu. Her real name was Damayanthi.<br /> * Karan: He is the step-brother of Arjun and he is jealous of Naagmani.<br /> * Chitra: She is the wife of Karan.<br /> * Gurudev: He is a devotee of Lord Parameshwara.<br /> * Mayuri: Mayuri is a modern girl who is in love with Arjun. But she also craves his family's wealth.<br /> * Harsha: Harsha is Mayuri's friend and he lies to and deceives girls.<br /> * Hemavathi: She is called Hema for short and is the wife of Vishnu and stepmother of Arjun. She is a loving and care-taking woman.<br /> * Vani: Vani is the wife of Rudra. She is also a loving and care-taking woman.<br /> <br /> ==Adaptations==<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !style=background:Lightgreen;&quot;|Language<br /> !style=background:Lightgreen;&quot;|Title<br /> !style=background:Lightgreen;&quot;|Original release<br /> !style=background:Lightgreen;&quot;|Network (s)<br /> !style=background:Lightgreen;&quot;|Last aired<br /> !style=background:Lightgreen;&quot;|Notes<br /> |-<br /> |[[Hindi]]<br /> |''[[Naaginn (2007 TV series)|Naaginn – Waadon Ki Agnipariksha]]'' &lt;br&gt; नागीन – वादों की अग्निपरीक्षा<br /> |5 October 2007<br /> |[[Zee TV]]<br /> |11 April 2009<br /> |Original<br /> |-<br /> |[[Kannada]]<br /> |''Naagini'' &lt;br&gt; ನಾಗಿಣಿ<br /> |8 February 2016<br /> |[[Zee Kannada]]<br /> |7 February 2020<br /> |rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|Remake<br /> |-<br /> |[[Marathi language|Marathi]]<br /> |''Icchadhari Naagin'' &lt;br&gt; इच्छाधारी नागीण<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Upcoming<br /> |[[Zee Marathi]]<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot; {{TBA}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[Bengali language|Bengali]]<br /> |''Icchadhari Naagkonya'' &lt;br&gt; ইচ্ছাধারী নাগাকোন্ডা<br /> |[[Zee Bangla]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Dubbed versions===<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !style=background:Lightgreen;&quot;|Language<br /> !style=background:Lightgreen;&quot;|Title<br /> !style=background:Lightgreen;&quot;|Original release<br /> !style=background:Lightgreen;&quot;|Network (s)<br /> !style=background:Lightgreen;&quot;|Last aired<br /> |-<br /> |[[Hindi]]<br /> |''Naagkanya''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodtrade.com/television/zee-anmol-presents-new-fiction-series-naagkanya/1641.htm|title=Zee Anmol presents new fiction series 'Naagkanya'|date=17 October 2016|access-date=10 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |17 October 2016<br /> |[[Zee Anmol]]<br /> |{{N/A}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[Tamil language|Tamil]]<br /> |''Naga Rani''<br /> |25 April 2016<br /> |[[Zee Tamil]]<br /> |27 April 2018<br /> |-<br /> |[[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]<br /> |''Naag Kanya''<br /> |25 January 2019<br /> |[[Big Ganga]]<br /> |30 September 2018<br /> |-<br /> |[[Malayalam]]<br /> |''Naagam''<br /> |12 June 2023<br /> |[[Zee Keralam]]<br /> |26 August 2023<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *[https://www.zee5.com/tvshows/details/naagini/0-6-222 ''Naagini''] at [[ZEE5]]<br /> * {{IMDb title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Remakes of Indian television series]]<br /> [[Category:2016 Indian television series debuts]]<br /> [[Category:Indian fantasy television series]]<br /> [[Category:Kannada-language television shows]]<br /> [[Category:Zee Kannada original programming]]<br /> [[Category:2020 Indian television series endings]]<br /> [[Category:Television shows set in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]<br /> [[Category:Indian television soap operas]]<br /> [[Category:Supernatural television series]]<br /> [[Category:Indian supernatural television series]]</div>

BuyMetabolicSolutionsKeto https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=2007_in_Kerala&diff=482215 2026-04-08T06:33:18Z

<p>BuyMetabolicSolutionsKeto: Made first article with sources.</p> <hr /> <div>{{Year in Kerala}}<br /> <br /> Events in the year '''2007''' in '''Kerala'''<br /> <br /> == Incumbents ==<br /> <br /> [[List of governors of Kerala|Governors of Kerala]] - [[R.L. Bhatia]]<br /> <br /> [[List of chief ministers of Kerala|Chief ministers of Kerala]] - [[V. S. Achuthanandan]]<br /> <br /> == Events ==<br /> <br /> * January 4 - ''Kerala Professional Colleges (Prohibition of Capitation Fee, Regulation of Admission, Fixation of Non-exploitative Fee and Other Measures to Ensure Equity and Excellence in Professional Education) Act, 2006'' struck down by [[Kerala High Court]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2007-01-25 |title=Court fiat on Kerala law |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/article30190043.ece |access-date=2026-03-16 |website=Frontline |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * February 16 - Five live [[Cartridge (firearms)|cartridges]] were recovered from the bag of [[Pinarayi Vijayan]] during [[Central Industrial Security Force|CISF]] checking in [[Chennai International Airport]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2007-02-18 |title=Cartridge in bag due to memory lapse: Vijayan |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/cartridge-in-bag-due-to-memory-lapse-vijayan/articleshow/1633905.cms |access-date=2023-09-23 |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * February 20 - Eighteen were killed in [[2007 Thattekkad boat disaster|the Thattekkad boat disaster]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-05-08 |title=Tanur tragedy one of the worst in history: Major boat accidents in Kerala |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/tanur-tragedy-one-of-the-worst-in-history-here-are-major-boat-accidents-in-kerala-1.8540452 |access-date=2023-05-08 |website=english.mathrubhumi.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * March 21 - [[Kottakkal]] [[Kerala Police|Police Station]] attacked by activists of [[National Development Front]] demanding release of their leaders, K Abdul Rehman and Baqafi A Sayeed who were arrested.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2007-03-22 |title=NDF activists attack Kottakkal police station; 27 arrested |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/ |access-date=2024-02-01 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * April 5 - A major fire broke out at a cracker shop in [[Palayam, Kozhikode|Moideen Palli Road, Kozhikode]] killing eight and destroying 50 shops.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2021-01-30 |title=Court acquits firecracker shop owner |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kozhikode/court-acquits-firecracker-shop-owner/article33706153.ece |access-date=2023-10-04 |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Damage from the major fire which broke on busy SM Street in Kozhikode |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/galleries/nation/2017/feb/22/damage-from-the-major-fire-which-broke-on-busy-sm-street-in-kozhikode-100254.html |access-date=2023-10-04 |website=The New Indian Express}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * May -<br /> ** A massive [[Chickungunya]] outbreak in [[Central Travancore]] region of [[Kerala]] claims 40 lives.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Chikungunya outbreak in Kerala 2007|url=http://iictenvis.nic.in/Database/Chikungunya_outbreak_in_Kerala_2007_1057.aspx|access-date=2022-01-27|website=iictenvis.nic.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ** [[Chief minister]] constituted a three-member task force comprising K. Sureshkumar IAS, [[Rishiraj Singh]] IPS and [[Raju Narayanaswamy]] IAS launches a massive encroachment eviction drive in [[Munnar]], demolishing nearly 92 buildings and recovering land measuring 11,350 acres.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2007-07-26 |title=Challenging task |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/article30192261.ece |access-date=2023-08-03 |website=frontline.thehindu.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *May 28 - [[Jagathy Sreekumar]] acquitted by lower court at [[Kottayam]] in [[Vithura]] rape case.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2007-05-28 |title=Kerala actor Jagathy acquitted in sex scandal |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/kerala-actor-jagathy-acquitted-in-sex-scandal/story-qOUjIOWuc6q1JicwE7JdTI.html |access-date=2025-12-09 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * June 9 - ''Dalavapuram - Pallikkodi Bridge'' across [[Ashtamudi Lake]] opened. It is the longest bridge in South Kerala (506 m.) and connects [[Chavara Thekkumbhagom|Chavara Thekkumbhagam]] with [[Kollam]].<br /> * June 28 - [[Deshabhimani]] newspaper faces criticism for accepting 2 crores from controversial [[Lottery]] businessman Santiago Martin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2007-07-01 |title=Another scam puts Kerala CPM on the backfoot |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/another-scam-puts-kerala-cpm-on-the-backfoot/articleshow/2164291.cms |access-date=2023-09-23 |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * June 30 - A ship named ''MV Maria'' carrying iron materials from [[China]] to [[Albania]] sinks 10 km west of [[Kochi]] in [[Arabian Sea]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2007-07-01|title=Cargo ship sinks off Cochin port|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/cargo-ship-sinks-off-cochin-port/story-iEvigGAo46TnpwU9f5Fe0J.html|access-date=2022-01-27|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * July 20 - Controversy erupts following sale of 81 acres of land of Merchiston Estate in [[Ponmudi]] by Xavi Mano Mathew and Southern Field Ventures to [[ISRO]] for Rs. 3.26 crores for setting up [[Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology]]. The estate was notified as ''Ecological Fragile Land'' by [[Government of Kerala]] in June 2005 with retrospective effect from the June 2000. Mathew purchased this land from [[Birla group]] during March 2005.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=archive |first=From our online |date=2012-05-16 |title=Merchiston-ISRO deal: Xavi flays Benoy Viswom |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2011/Apr/20/merchiston-isro-deal-xavi-flays-benoy-viswom-246134.html |access-date=2025-12-29 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Indian Kanoon |url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1981148/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2007-10-03 |title=Space scam |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/web-exclusive/story/20071008-space-scam-734276-2007-10-03 |access-date=2025-12-29 |website=India Today |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ajayan |date=2007-12-26 |title=Kerala offers free land to keep Isro institute |url=https://www.livemint.com/Industry/yWqFnqQ82T8PT9HQk6gQ8N/Kerala-offers-free-land-to-keep-Isro-institute.html |access-date=2025-12-29 |website=mint |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2011-11-19 |title=ISRO land row: Govt told to produce local court's permission on re-investigation |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/isro-land-row-govt-told-to-produce-local-courts-permission-on-re-investigation/articleshow/10787055.cms |access-date=2025-12-29 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * August 2 - [[Abdul Nazer Mahdani]] acquitted from [[1998 Coimbatore bombings]] arrives at [[Thiruvananthapuram]] and address public gathering at [[Shankumugham Beach]] along with state ministers [[Kodiyeri Balakrishnan]], [[N. K. Premachandran]] and [[M. A. Baby]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2007-08-23 |title=Changing colours |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/politics/article30192569.ece |access-date=2025-10-28 |website=Frontline |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2007-08-02 |title=Political poles come together to cheer Madani |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/political-poles-come-together-to-cheer-madani/articleshow/2249547.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-10-28 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * August 28 - A hooch tragedy in a [[Toddy shop]] near [[Avaneeswaram]], [[Kollam district]] claims three lives.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Auvaneeswaram hooch tragedy |url=https://www.oneindia.com/2007/09/10/avaneeswaram-hooch-tragedy-case-hc-dismisses-bail-application-1189445531.html|website=[[Oneindia]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * September 2 - Public works minister [[T. U. Kuruvilla]] resigns following allegations of him and family defrauding an NRI K.G. Abraham based in Kuwait for 6.7 crore rupees in a land deal based out of [[Rajakumari, Idukki district]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2007-09-03 |title=Minister quits over Munnar land scam |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/minister-quits-over-munnar-land-scam/story-YluwEyXiCxZAsfiblzksTP.html |access-date=2025-12-17 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sebastian |first=Don |title=Land scam costs Kerala minister job |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-land-scam-costs-kerala-minister-job-1119420 |access-date=2025-12-17 |website=DNA India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2007-09-03 |title=Minister quits over Munnar land scam |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/minister-quits-over-munnar-land-scam/story-YluwEyXiCxZAsfiblzksTP.html |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * September 17 - Four killed in [[Idukki district]] following rupture of [[Penstock]] pipe of [[Ponmudi Dam]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Correspondent |first=By Akhel Mathew |date=2007-09-19 |title=Four dead in pipe burst at dam site |url=https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/india/four-dead--in-pipe-burst-at-dam-site-1.201465 |access-date=2026-04-08 |website=Gulf News: Latest UAE news, Dubai news, Business, travel news, Dubai Gold rate, prayer time, cinema |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * November 29 - [[Radio Mango 91.9]] starts the first private [[FM broadcasting]] in state from Kozhikode.<br /> * December 10 - 12 - A [[terrorist training camp]] conducted by members of banned [[Students' Islamic Movement of India]] in [[Vagamon]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-05-14 |title=NIA court convicts 18 of organising SIMI camp in Kerala’s Wagamon |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/18-found-guilty-by-nia-court-for-organising-simi-camp-in-kerala-s-wagamon/story-EY9UtIM2rWnYUcIPxX9HTL.html |access-date=2023-09-23 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * December 30 -<br /> ** [[Chelembra bank robbery]]<br /> ** [[V. S. Achuthanandan]], the [[Chief minister]] of [[Kerala]] becomes first [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] leader to climb [[Sabarimala Trek]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2007-12-31 |title=Kerala CM first Marxist leader to visit Sabarimala |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/kerala-cm-first-marxist-leader-to-visit-sabarimala/articleshow/2664496.cms |access-date=2023-08-03 |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Deaths ==<br /> <br /> * February 1 - [[A. V. Aryan]], politician<br /> * April 1 - [[Laurie Baker]], 90, low cost [[Architecture|Architect]]<br /> * June 3 - [[Pamman]], writer, 87.<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> * [[History of Kerala]]<br /> * [[2007 in India]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> {{Commons category-inline}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2000s in Kerala]]</div>

BuyMetabolicSolutionsKeto https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jalna_City_Municipal_Corporation&diff=505421 2026-04-03T03:37:17Z

<p>BuyMetabolicSolutionsKeto: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Local government body in Maharashtra, India}}<br /> {{Infobox legislature<br /> | name = Jalna City Municipal Corporation<br /> | native_name = &lt;small&gt;{{ubl|{{native name|mr|जालना शहर महानगरपालिका}}}} &lt;/small&gt;<br /> | transcription_name = <br /> | background_color = {{party color|All}}<br /> | legislature = <br /> | coa_pic = &lt;!-- [[File:Jalna municipal corporation.jpg|250px]] add office image here !--&gt;<br /> | coa_res = 250px<br /> | coa_alt = <br /> | coa_caption = [[Emblem|Emblem of Jalna City Municipal Corporation]]<br /> | logo_pic = [[File:JCMC Logo.png|250px]] &lt;!--DO NOT CHANGE IT. THIS IS OFFICIAL LOGO APPROVED BY JCMC MAHARASHTRA--&gt;<br /> | logo_res = <br /> | logo_alt = <br /> | logo_caption = <br /> | house_type = Municipal Corporation<br /> | houses = <br /> | chambers = <br /> | body = Jalna, Maharashtra<br /> | jurisdiction = India<br /> | term_limits = <br /> | foundation = {{Start date and age|df=yes|paren=yes|br=yes|07 August 2023}}<br /> | disbanded = &lt;!-- {{End date|YYYY|MM|DD}} --&gt;<br /> | preceded_by = Jalna Municipal Council<br /> | succeeded_by = <br /> | new_session = <br /> | leader1_type = [[Mayor]]<br /> | leader1 = Smt.Vandana Magre<br /> | leader1_term = <br /> | party1 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br /> | election1 = 2026<br /> | leader2_type = [[Deputy Mayor]]<br /> | leader2 = Shri.Rajesh Raut<br /> | election2 = 2026<br /> | party2 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br /> | leader2_term = <br /> | leader3_type = [[Municipal commissioner (India)|Municipal Commissioner &amp; Administrator]]<br /> | leader3 = Smt.Anjali Sharma<br /> | leader3_term = <br /> | seats = 65 &lt;!-- or | members = --&gt;<br /> | structure1 = [[File:India Jalna Municipal Corporation 2026.svg|300px]]<br /> | structure1_res = <br /> | structure1_alt = <br /> | structure2 = <br /> | structure2_res = <br /> | structure2_alt = <br /> | house1 = <br /> | political_groups1 = '''Government (41)'''<br /> :*{{Color box|{{Party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (41)<br /> '''Opposition (24)'''<br /> :*{{Color box|{{Party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}}} [[Shiv Sena (2022–present)|SHS]] (12)<br /> :*{{Party legend|Indian National Congress|9}}<br /> :*{{Party legend|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|2}}<br /> :* {{Party legend|Independent|1|shortname=IND}}<br /> | committees1 = <br /> | house2 = <br /> | political_groups2 = <br /> | committees2 = <br /> | joint_committees = <br /> | term_length = <br /> | authority = <br /> | salary = <br /> | seats1_title = <br /> | seats1 = <br /> | seats2_title = <br /> | seats2 = <br /> | seats3_title = <br /> | seats3 = <br /> | seats4_title = <br /> | seats4 = <br /> | seats5_title = <br /> | seats5 = <br /> | seats6_title = <br /> | seats6 = <br /> | seats7_title = <br /> | seats7 = <br /> | seats8_title = &lt;!-- up to | seats10_title = --&gt;<br /> | seats8 = &lt;!-- up to | seats10 = --&gt;<br /> | voting_system1 = [[First pass the post]]<br /> | voting_system2 = <br /> | first_election1 = <br /> | first_election2 = <br /> | first_election3 = <br /> | last_election1 = [[2026 Jalna Municipal Corporation election|15 January 2026]]<br /> | next_election1 = 2031<br /> | last_election2 = <br /> | last_election3 = <br /> | next_election2 = <br /> | next_election3 = <br /> | redistricting = <br /> | motto = &quot;सर्वजन हिताय सर्वजन सुखाय&quot;<br /> | session_room = <br /> | session_res = <br /> | session_alt = <br /> | meeting_place = <br /> | session_room2 = <br /> | session_res2 = <br /> | session_alt2 = <br /> | meeting_place2 = <br /> | session_room3 = <br /> | session_res3 = <br /> | session_alt3 = <br /> | meeting_place3 = <br /> | website = {{URL|https://jcmcjalna.org/|Jalna City Municipal Corporation}}<br /> | constitution = Constitution of India<br /> | rules = <br /> | footnotes = New Established in 2023<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Jalna City Municipal Corporation (JMC)''' become 29th [[Local government in Maharashtra|Municipal Corporation in Maharashtra]] and 5th in [[Aurangabad division|Aurangabad Division]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=माझा |first=रवी मुंडे, एबीपी |date=2023-08-09 |title=राज्यातील 29 वी 'जालना महानगरपालिका' कशी दिसतेय? |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/photo-gallery/news/jalna-jalna-municipal-corporation-see-photo-1199686 |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=marathi.abplive.com |language=mr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-05-12 |title=Jalna to become Maharashtra's 29th municipal corporation {{!}} APAC News Network |url=https://apacnewsnetwork.com/2023/05/jalna-to-become-maharashtras-29th-municipal-corporation/ |access-date=2023-08-25 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=List Of Municipal Corporations In Maharashtra: Check Now |url=https://testbook.com/mpsc-preparation/municipal-corporation-of-maharashtra |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=Testbook |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; is a [[Local government in Maharashtra|Local Government]] body of administrating [[Jalna, Maharashtra|Jalna]] City in [[Jalna district]] of [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]. that is responsible for providing essential public services to the residents of the city of Jalna. The council is composed of elected representatives who make important decisions regarding the development and management of the city.<br /> <br /> JMC's primary responsibilities include providing basic services such as water supply, sanitation, and waste management. It is also responsible for the maintenance of public spaces such as parks, playgrounds, and community centres.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Office bearer of JMC |url=http://jalnamahaulb.maharashtra.gov.in/UlbChairPerson/ulbchairpersonindex }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2023-05-12 |title=Jalna to be Maharashtra's 29th municipal corporation |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/aurangabad/jalna-to-be-maharashtras-29th-municipal-corporation/articleshow/100172551.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-09-12 |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> The Jalna City Municipal Corporation (JCMC) was officially formed in June 2023,Maharashtra Chief Minister [[Eknath Shinde]] government announced Jalna to be 29th [[Local government in Maharashtra#Municipal Corporations|Municipal Corporation of Maharashtra]] with its formal conversion from a municipal council taking effect on August 7, 2023. <br /> <br /> It was established as Maharashtra's 29th municipal corporation, serving as the civic governing body for the city of [[Jalna, Maharashtra|Jalna]]. <br /> <br /> '''Significance:''' It was established to improve urban administration, becoming the fifth municipal corporation in the Marathwada region.<br /> <br /> ===First Election=== <br /> The first elections for the newly formed corporation were held with results announced on January 16, 2026.<br /> <br /> == Administration ==<br /> Jalna City Municipal Corporation (JCMC) is the local urban governing body responsible for the civic administration of Jalna city in Maharashtra, India. The Municipal Corporation was established in Year 2023 to administer the growing urban area of Jalna. Over time, the jurisdiction of JCMC has expanded in line with the city’s population growth and urban development needs, covering an area of approximately 81.6 km².<br /> <br /> The city is administratively divided into 16 electoral wards (locally known as Prabhag), each represented by four elected Corporator. The elected council forms the General Body, which functions as the primary decision-making authority of the Municipal Corporation. Key statutory committees, including the Standing Committee, oversee financial planning, project approvals, and municipal governance.<br /> <br /> The administrative wing of JMC is headed by the Municipal Commissioner or Administrator, a state-appointed officer responsible for the execution of council resolutions and day-to-day municipal operations. The Municipal Commissioner or Administrator is supported by department heads overseeing public works, water supply, sanitation, health services, town planning, accounts, taxation, and education.<br /> <br /> '''JCMC is responsible for providing essential urban services such as:'''<br /> <br /> * Drinking water supply<br /> * Sewerage and drainage systems<br /> * Solid waste management<br /> * Construction and maintenance of roads<br /> * Street lighting<br /> * Public health services<br /> * Primary education and municipal schools<br /> * Markets, gardens, and public amenities<br /> * City Garbage waste Management <br /> * Keep City Clean &amp; Green<br /> * Control on Land Encroachment <br /> <br /> The Municipal Corporation generates revenue through property tax, water charges, sanitation fees, building permissions, trade licenses, and grants from the state and central governments. JCMC plays a vital role in urban planning, implementation of state and central government schemes, and improving civic infrastructure to support Jalna’s socio-economic development.<br /> <br /> ==Revenue sources==<br /> The following are the income sources for the corporation from the central and state governments.<br /> <br /> ===Revenue from taxes===<br /> Following is the tax related revenue for the corporation.<br /> <br /> * Property tax.<br /> * Profession tax.<br /> * Entertainment tax.<br /> * Grants from Central and State Government like Goods and Services Tax.{{Clarify|date=March 2024}}<br /> * Advertisement tax.<br /> <br /> ===Revenue from non-tax sources===<br /> Following is the non-tax related revenue for the corporation.<br /> <br /> * Water usage charges.<br /> * Fees from documentation services.<br /> * Rent received from municipal property.<br /> * Funds from municipal bonds.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == List of mayors ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;<br /> ! #<br /> ! Portrait<br /> ! Name<br /> ! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Term<br /> ! Election<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Party<br /> |- style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;<br /> |1<br /> |[[File:Vandana magare.jpg|75px]]<br /> | Vandana Magre<br /> | 9 February 2026<br /> | ''Incumbent'' <br /> | {{ayd|9 February 2026}}<br /> | 2026<br /> |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}&quot; |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==List of deputy mayors==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;<br /> ! #<br /> ! Portrait<br /> ! Name<br /> ! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Term<br /> ! Election<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Party<br /> |- style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;<br /> |1<br /> |<br /> | Rajesh Raut<br /> | 9 February 2026<br /> | ''Incumbent'' <br /> | {{ayd|9 February 2026}}<br /> | 2026<br /> |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}&quot; |<br /> |}<br /> == Municipal elections ==<br /> ===Electoral performance 2026===<br /> {{main|2026 Jalna Municipal Corporation election}}<br /> {| class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot;<br /> |+<br /> !No.<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Party name<br /> !Party flag or symbol<br /> !Number of councillors<br /> |-<br /> |'''1'''<br /> | style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}&quot; |<br /> |'''[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]'''<br /> | [[File:Logo of the Bharatiya Janata Party.svg|center|75x75px]]<br /> |'''41'''<br /> |-<br /> |2<br /> | style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Shiv Sena}}&quot; |<br /> |[[Shiv Sena]]<br /> |[[File:Logo of Shiv Sena.svg|center|75x75px]]<br /> |12<br /> |-<br /> |3<br /> | style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}&quot; |<br /> |[[Indian National Congress]]<br /> |[[File:Hand INC.svg|75px|center]]<br /> |9<br /> |-<br /> |4<br /> | style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}&quot; |<br /> |[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]]<br /> |[[File:Indian Election Symbol Kite.svg|center|75px]]<br /> |2<br /> |-<br /> |5<br /> | style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Independent}}&quot; |<br /> |Others<br /> | <br /> |1<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> {{stack|{{Portal|India}}}}<br /> * [[Aurangabad Municipal Corporation]]<br /> * [[Ambad Municipal Council]]<br /> * [[Bhokardan Municipal Council]]<br /> * [[Partur Municipal Council]]<br /> * [[Latur Municipal Corporation]]<br /> * [[Nanded-Waghala Municipal Corporation]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Jalna district topics}}<br /> {{Municipal Corporations in Maharashtra|state=expanded}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Municipal corporations in Maharashtra]]<br /> [[Category:2023 establishments in Maharashtra]]<br /> [[Category:Indian companies established in 2023]]<br /> [[Category:Jalna City Municipal Corporation]]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> {{India-gov-stub}}</div>

BuyMetabolicSolutionsKeto https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gedela_Srinubabu&diff=500140 2026-03-30T08:15:18Z

<p>BuyMetabolicSolutionsKeto: adding new post</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian businessman and politician}}<br /> {{pp-extended|small=yes}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Gedela Srinubabu<br /> | image = Srinubabu Gedela Profile Pulsus CEO Europe.jpg<br /> | caption = Gedela Srinubabu in 2019, Indian Delegation to Europe<br /> | birth_date = {{Start date and age |1982|06}}<br /> | birth_place = Allena, [[Srikakulam]], [[India]]<br /> | education = [[Bachelor of Pharmacy|B.Pharma]], [[Master of Technology|MTech]], PhD at [[Andhra University]], [[postdoctoral researcher|postdoctoral fellowship]] at [[Stanford University]]<br /> | alma_mater = <br /> | employer = CEO, [[Pulsus Group]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=9 November 2023|title=Pulsus CEO calls on PM Modi in Hyderabad|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2023/Nov/09/pulsus-ceo-calls-on-pm-modi-in-hyderabad-2631422.html|access-date=20 August 2024|website=[[The New Indian Express]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | title = Vice-President of Federation of Asian Biotech Association (FABA) and trade delegation of India to the [[European Union]]&lt;ref name=&quot;FABA&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EuropeD2&quot; /&gt;<br /> | occupation = Scientist, industrialist<br /> | website = {{URL|http://www.srinubabu.com}}<br /> | spouse = <br /> }}<br /> '''Gedela Srinubabu''' is an Indian [[businessman]], scientist and politician. He is the chief executive officer of [[Pulsus Group]] and founder of its parent company the [[OMICS Publishing Group]], a scientific journal publishing company that publishes science findings online for free for readers&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 March 2018 |title=Pulsus opens healthcare informatics, pharmacovigilance facility in Chennai |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/pulsus-opens-healthcare-informatics-pharmacovigilance-facility-in-chennai/articleshow/63236743.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 July 2024 |first=Srinivasarao |last=K|title=Pharma industries need a more skilled work force, says Pulsus Group CEO Gedela Srinubabu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/ap-bjp-mla-eswara-rao-to-hold-meeting-with-bulk-drug-companies/article68377649.ece |website=[[The Hindu]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; widely criticized for its [[predatory publishing]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Butler |first=Declan |date=2013-03-28 |title=Investigating journals: The dark side of publishing |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/495433a |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=495 |issue=7442 |pages=433–435 |doi=10.1038/495433a |issn=0028-0836|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-07-19 |title=Inside India’s fake research paper shops: pay, publish, profit |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/inside-indias-fake-research-paper-shops-pay-publish-profit-5265402/ |access-date=2026-03-11 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Srinubabu was the co-convenor of the Health, Pharma, and Tech Summit Series, executed across the G20 countries to promote AI in healthcare and technology advancements. He is also an executive council member of [[Dr. B. R. Ambedkar University, Srikakulam]]. <br /> <br /> [[OMICS]]' journals and conferences have been characterized as [[predatory publishing]] journals and [[predatory conference]]s with poor quality controls and a lack of legitimate services.&lt;ref name=&quot;TheHindu&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Patnaik |first=Santosh |date=26 September 2012 |title=Chanting success mantra, scientific way |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/chanting-success-mantra-scientific-way/article8319221.ece |access-date=30 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412212316/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/chanting-success-mantra-scientific-way/article8319221.ece |archive-date=12 April 2021|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=16 January 2018 |title=Scientific publisher Omics scripts major expansion; plans ₹1,000-cr investment |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/scientific-publisher-omics-scripts-major-expansion-plans-1000cr-investment/article10035789.ece |access-date=2022-03-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bloom&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last1=Deprez |first1=Esmé E. |last2=Chen |first2=Caroline |date=29 August 2017 |title=Medical Journals Have a Fake News Problem |agency=[[Bloomberg News]] |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2017-08-29/medical-journals-have-a-fake-news-problem |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190125055921/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2017-08-29/medical-journals-have-a-fake-news-problem |archive-date=2019-01-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; As a result of this business model, Srinubabu's journals have been banned from indexing within the [[National Institutes of Health]]'s [[PubMed Central]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Facts and ideas&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Roberts |first=William Clifford |date=1 February 2018 |title=Facts and ideas from anywhere |volume=31 |pages=141–151 |work=[[Baylor University]] |issue=1 |doi=10.1080/08998280.2017.1401850 |pmc=5903519 |pmid=29686586}}&lt;/ref&gt; Additionally, in 2019, his company [[OMICS Publishing Group]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-08-26 |title=FTC Charges Academic Journal Publisher OMICS Group Deceived Researchers |url=https://www.ftc.gov/news-events/news/press-releases/2016/08/ftc-charges-academic-journal-publisher-omics-group-deceived-researchers |access-date=2023-10-11 |website=Federal Trade Commission |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; was required to pay 50.1 million dollars in damages&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Prasad |first=R. |date=2019-04-03 |title=Hyderabad-based OMICS fined $50 million for 'unfair, deceptive business practices' |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/hyderabad-based-omics-fined-50-million-for-unfair-deceptive-business-practices/article26724904.ece |url-access=subscription |access-date=2023-10-11 |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt; following a US [[Federal Trade Commission]] complaint that the company was deceiving researchers&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-04-05 |title=US court fines journal publisher USD 50 million for 'deceptive practices' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/us-court-fines-journal-publisher-usd-50-million-for-deceptive-practices-5659358/ |url-access=subscription |access-date=2023-10-11 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the academicians.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ftc.gov/legal-library/browse/cases-proceedings/152-3113-omics-group-inc|title= Cases and Proceedings - OMICS Group Inc.|date=26 August 2016|website=Federal Trade Commission}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hyderabad-Based OMICS Fined $50 Million for 'Deceptive Practices' |url=https://thewire.in/education/hyderabad-based-omics-fined-50-million-for-deceptive-practices |access-date=2023-10-11 |website=The Wire}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Career ==<br /> === Research ===<br /> Srinubabu completed his PhD from [[Andhra University]] and a [[Postdoctoral researcher|postdoctoral fellowship]] at [[Stanford University]]. In 2007, he received the Young Scientist Award from the [[Human Proteome Organization]] in [[Seoul]], South Korea.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 October 2007 |title=Selected for award |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/Selected-for-award/article14850628.ece |website=[[The Hindu]]|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Facts and ideas&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;TheHindu22&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Patnaik |first=Santosh |date=26 September 2012 |title=Chanting success mantra, scientific way |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/chanting-success-mantra-scientific-way/article8319221.ece |url-status=live |access-date=30 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412212316/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/chanting-success-mantra-scientific-way/article8319221.ece |archive-date=12 April 2021|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> He has published research articles on how to study biological phenomena using [[mathematical model]]s and how to detect cancer or [[diabetes]] early. He has published about 30 articles in various [[peer-reviewed journals]]. According to [[Google Scholar]], Srinubabu's articles have been cited about 580 times, giving him an [[h-index]] of 13.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 May 2023 |title=Srinubabu Gedela Stanford University |url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=81lGvhMAAAAJ&amp;hl=en |website=[[Google Scholar]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === FABA Vice-President ===<br /> [[File:GedelaSrinubabu-FABA-VicePresidet-China-India-Bilateral.jpg|thumb|Gedela Srinubabu as FABA Vice President for China-India Bilateral]]<br /> <br /> In 2013, Srinubabu served as the vice-president of the Federation of Asian Biotech Association (FABA) to improve the global trade, BS Bajaj said that the representation and services of Gedela is crucial in increasing FABA's global growth.&lt;ref name=&quot;FABA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 October 2013 |title= Asian biotech body Vice-President |url= https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/agri-business/Asian-biotech-body-Vice-President/article20676510.ece |website= thehindubusinessline.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 October 2014 |title=Three Global Conferences &quot;Agri-2014&quot;, &quot;Biosimilars 2014&quot; and &quot;Pharmacovigilance-2014&quot; kicked off in city today |url=https://www.apnnews.com/three-global-conferences-agri-2014-biosimilars-2014-and-pharmacovigilance-2014-kicked-off-in-city-today/ |website=www.apnnews.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2019, he worked for [[Bilateral investment treaty]] of India and China.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 October 2013 |title=Srinubabu Gedela is FABA vice president |url=https://www.biospectrumasia.com/news/49/6188/srinubabu-gedela-is-faba-vice-president.html |website=www.biospectrumasia.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 July 2020 |title=srinubabu gedela opinion if india ban china products |url=https://m.sakshi.com/news/guest-columns/srinubabu-gedela-opinion-if-india-ban-china-products-1301265 |website=www.sakshi.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> He was the co-convener of the G20 Health, Pharma, and Tech Summit Series, a private technology conference unaffiliated to the [[G20]], but held during a G20 summit.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=India will become AI -Powered manufacturing hub|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/india-will-become-ai-powered-manufacturing-hub/articleshow/105075880.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]|language=en |date=8 November 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Europe-India trade delegation ===<br /> [[Embassy of Belgium, New Delhi|Belgium Embassy]] delegates and European delegation team visited the [[Pulsus Group]] office in [[Hyderabad]] in 2018 to sign an agreement to establish a Pulsus center in [[Belgium]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=25 April 2018 |title=Pulsus to expand scientific research, publications to Europe |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/pulsus-to-expand-scientific-research-publications-to-europe/articleshow/63910375.cms |work=Economic Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; At the 2019 [[Thessaloniki International Fair]] (TIF) held in [[Greece]], Srinubabu along with Indian Union Minister [[Hardeep Singh Puri]] participated as Indian delegation and met with the Prime Minister of [[Greece]], [[Kyriakos Mitsotakis]] to discuss the translation of health care and agriculture information into [[regional languages]].&lt;ref name=&quot;EuropeD2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=3 September 2019 |title=Dr. Srinubabu to Represent STPI Telangana and AP at Thessaloniki's International Fair (TIF) in Greece |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/technology/tech-news/dr-srinubabu-to-represent-stpi-telangana-and-ap-at-thessalonikis-international-fair-tif-in-greece-560655 |work=The Hans India}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 April 2018 |title=Pulsus to expand scientific research, publications to Europe |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/pulsus-to-expand-scientific-research-publications-to-europe/articleshow/63910375.cms?from=mdr |website=economictimes.indiatimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 September 2019 |title=Dr. Srinubabu to represent STPI Telangana, AP at TIF in Greece |url=https://www.siasat.com/dr-srinubabu-represent-stpi-telangana-ap-tif-greece-1607910/ |website=www.siasat.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Scientific publishing ===<br /> Srinubabu founded the notorious [[open-access]] publisher [[OMICS Publishing Group]], widely regarded as [[Predatory open access publishing|predatory]]. He purchased [[Pulsus Group]] in 2016, causing controversy and putting the future of the journals that it published into question.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bloom&quot; /&gt; The company has been placed on [[Jeffrey Beall]]'s list of &quot;Potential, possible, or probable&quot; predatory open-access publishers.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://scholarlyoa.com/publishers/ |title=LIST OF PUBLISHERS |work=Scholarly Open Access |last1=Beall |first1=Jeffrey |author-link=Jeffrey Beall |access-date=2016-09-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917143148/https://scholarlyoa.com/publishers/ |archive-date=17 September 2016 |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== OMICS Publishing Group ====<br /> [[File:Gedela Srinubabu - Indo American Chamber of Commerce 2022.jpg|thumb|Gedela Srinubabu - Indo American Chamber of Commerce 2022]]<br /> Since 2013, American library scientist [[Jeffrey Beall]] has used his personal blog, scholarlyoa.com, to criticise the publishing practises of [[OMICS Publishing Group]] and its CEO Srinubabu. Through his blog, allegations were made against OMICS regarding the quality of its scientific journals and its business practises.&lt;ref name=&quot;BeallPM&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://scholarlyoa.com/2013/01/25/omics-predatory-meetings/ |title=OMICS Goes from &quot;Predatory Publishing&quot; to &quot;Predatory Meetings&quot; |last1=Beall |first1=Jeffrey |last2=Levine |first2=Richard |date=25 January 2013 |publisher=[[Scholarly Open Access]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605042104/https://scholarlyoa.com/2013/01/25/omics-predatory-meetings/ |archive-date=5 June 2016 |access-date=22 October 2016 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 July 2013 |title=The OMICS Publishing Group's Empire is Expanding |url=https://scholarlyoa.com/the-omics-publishing-groups-empire-is-expanding/ |website=scholarlyoa.co |access-date=21 May 2023 |archive-date=19 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019162331/https://scholarlyoa.com/the-omics-publishing-groups-empire-is-expanding/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; In May 2013, OMICS Publishing Group, which had also been included on [[Beall's list]] of predatory open access publishers,&lt;ref name = BeallPM /&gt; issued a warning to Beall&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://scholarlykitchen.sspnet.org/2013/05/20/high-noon-a-publisher-threatens-to-lunch-a-criminal-case-against-librarian-critic/ |title=High Noon – A Publisher Threatens to &quot;Lunch&quot; a Criminal Case Against Librarian Critic |first=Rick |last=Anderson |date=May 20, 2013 |access-date=October 24, 2016 |publisher=[[The Scholarly Kitchen]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; stating that they intended to sue him, and were seeking $1 billion in [[damages]]&lt;ref name=JakeNew&gt;{{cite news |url=http://chronicle.com/article/Publisher-Threatens-to-Sue/139243/?cid=at |title=Publisher Threatens to Sue Blogger for $1-Billion |newspaper=[[Chronicle of Higher Education]] |date=May 15, 2013 |access-date=January 18, 2014 |last=New |first=Jake}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2013/05/15/184233141/publisher-threatens-librarian-with-1-billion-lawsuit |title=Publisher Threatens Librarian With $1 Billion Lawsuit |work=[[NPR]] |date=May 15, 2013 |access-date=January 18, 2014 |last=Chappell |first=Bill}}&lt;/ref&gt; under section 66A of India's [[Information Technology Act, 2000]].&lt;ref name=IndiaToday&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/opinion/rohan-venkataramakrishnan/story/section-66a-it-act-supreme-court-bullies-censorship-rohan-venkataramakrishnan-163585-2013-05-18 |title=Send Section 66A bullies home |first=Rohan |last=Venkataramakrishnan |newspaper=[[India Today]] |date=May 19, 2013 |access-date=October 24, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, section 66A was struck down as unconstitutional by the [[Supreme Court of India]] in [[Shreya Singhal v. Union of India|an unrelated case]] in 2015.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/supreme-court-strikes-down-section-66-a-of-the-it-act-finds-it-unconstitutional/article7027375.ece |title=SC strikes down 'draconian' Section 66A |first=Jayant |last=Sriram |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=March 25, 2015 |access-date=October 24, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Effective January 2017, Beall's list was removed from the [[University of Colorado Denver]] website, and he shut his blogs. However, no further follow-up was made about damages of $1&amp;nbsp;billion in legal affairs.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=18 May 2013 |title=Controversial website that lists 'predatory' publishers shuts down |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nature.2017.21328 |journal=Nature|doi=10.1038/nature.2017.21328 |last1=Silver |first1=Andrew |s2cid=157913572 |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2016, based on Beall's allegations, the US [[Federal Trade Commission]] (FTC) filed a lawsuit against OMICS' publishing practices, citing their detrimental effects on American publishers' loss of trade to the United States. If 10,000 articles article is published in [[open access journals]], the publication cost is about $10&amp;nbsp;million with an average $2000 article processing cost, depending on the open-access journal publisher's model, and if the same 10,000 articles are published under a subscription business, they can generate about $500&amp;nbsp;million annually by giving subscriptions to thousands of universities and research institutions across the world. Subscription models are followed by the majority of Western publishing companies, including [[academic publishing]] companies of United States.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 September 2016 |title=Full statement by Srinubabu Gedela, CEO and Managing Director of OMICS Group |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/article/full-statement-by-srinubabu-gedela-ceo-and-managing-director-of-omics-group/ |website=www.ctvnews.ca}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 August 2017 |title=Bloomberg Businessweek Feature Medical Journals Have a Fake News Problem |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2017-08-29/medical-journals-have-a-fake-news-problem |website=www.bloomberg.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Srinubabu commented on the case filed by the FTC: &quot;The Federal Trade Commission's allegation is completely wrong... They don't know what a journal is. Don't know what peer review is. They are illiterate in this matter. But scientists are not illiterate, they know which article to publish in which journal.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;IndianExpress.interview2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Yadav |first=Shamlal |date=20 July 2018 |title=OMICS chief Srinubabu Gedela: 'Our revenue from India is almost zero' |work=The Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/omics-chief-srinubabu-gedela-our-revenue-from-india-is-almost-zero-5266849/}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In April 2019, the court imposed a fine of US$50.1 million on OMICS companies.&lt;ref name=&quot;ftc case&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 August 2016 |title=OMICS Group Inc. |url=http://www.ftc.gov/legal-library/browse/cases-proceedings/152-3113-omics-group-inc |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220323144329/https://www.ftc.gov/legal-library/browse/cases-proceedings/152-3113-omics-group-inc |archive-date=2022-03-23 |access-date=2022-03-23 |website=ఫెడరల్ ట్రేడ్ కమిషను |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hindu.2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Prasad |first=R. |date=3 April 2019 |title=Hyderabad-based OMICS fined $50 million for 'unfair, deceptive business practices' |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/hyderabad-based-omics-fined-50-million-for-unfair-deceptive-business-practices/article26724904.ece |access-date=2022-03-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220323214944/https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/hyderabad-based-omics-fined-50-million-for-unfair-deceptive-business-practices/article26724904.ece |archive-date=2022-03-23 |issn=0971-751X|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 October 2011 |title=BRIEF OF THE FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION |url=https://www.ftc.gov/system/files/documents/cases/omics_ca9_ftc_answering_brief_10-11-19.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104143419/https://www.ftc.gov/system/files/documents/cases/omics_ca9_ftc_answering_brief_10-11-19.pdf |archive-date=2021-11-04 |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=www.ftc.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; OMICS' lawyer said that this was an unfair allegation and that OMICS would sue FTC for $3.11&amp;nbsp;billion in damages, saying it had caused loss of revenue and reputation.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hindu.2019&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> === Politics ===<br /> Srinibabu was [[Uttarandhra]] co-ordinator of the [[Jana Sena Party]] from 2018 to 2019.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Srinubabu Gedela Uttarandhra *Janasena Convenor Leader| website=[[YouTube]] |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2u5qeSCfBMQ|date=2024-02-21|access-date=2024-07-16|language=te}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Andhra Politics|url=https://telugu.abplive.com/election/gedela-srinubabu-likely-to-tdp-and-plans-to-contest-from-vizianagaram-mp-seat-146493|date=2024-02-21|access-date=2024-07-16|language=te}}&lt;/ref&gt; The party announced Srinubabu as the Jana Sena candidate for the [[Visakhapatnam Lok Sabha constituency|Visakhapatnam parliamentary constituency]] in the [[2019 Indian general election|2019 general elections]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=32 మంది అభ్యర్థులతో జనసేన తొలి జాబితా! |url=https://andhrapradesh.suryaa.com/andhra-pradesh-updates-21941-32.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220323080347/https://andhrapradesh.suryaa.com/andhra-pradesh-updates-21941-32.html |archive-date=2022-03-23 |access-date=2022-03-23 |website=andhrapradesh.suryaa.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; but after two or three days, Srinubabu left the party and joined the [[YSR Congress Party]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 March 2019 |title=జనసేనకు మరో షాక్ |url=https://m.andhrajyothy.com/telugunews/abnarchievestorys-740587 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220323080105/https://m.andhrajyothy.com/telugunews/abnarchievestorys-740587 |archive-date=2022-03-23 |access-date=2022-03-23 |website=ఆంధ్రజ్యోతి}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was appointed as state general secretary by [[Telugu Desam Party]] in 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Rao |first=Srinivasa |date=2024-04-27 |title=TDP takes damage control measures by satisfying four Turpu Kapu community leaders with party posts |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/tdp-takes-damage-control-measures-by-satisfying-four-turpu-kapu-community-leaders-with-party-posts/article68114819.ece |access-date=2024-06-21 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |publisher=The Hindu Bureau |date=2024-05-11 |title=Modi and Naidu can create more job opportunities for youngsters, claims TDP leaders |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/modi-and-naidu-can-create-more-job-opportunities-for-youngsters-claims-tdp-leaders/article68164526.ece |access-date=2024-06-25 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Philanthropic activities==<br /> In 2018, Srinubabu visited areas affected by [[Cyclone Titli]] and observed distribution of food, blankets and clothing.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 December 2018 |title=Dr. Srinubabu Gedela receives 'Champions of Change' Award from Vice President of India |url=https://www.biospectrumindia.com/news/66/12353/dr-srinubabu-gedela-receives-champions-of-change-award-from-vice-president-of-india.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=19 November 2018 |title=శ్రీకాకుళం జిల్లా టైటిలి తుఫాన్ బాధిత కుటుంబాలకు పల్సస్ అధినేత గెడలా శ్రీనుబాబు |website=YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6eCC81Sd5Es}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=31 December 2018 |title=Hyderabad scientist receives 'Champions of Change' Award |website=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/hyderabad/hyderabad-scientist-receives-champions-of-change-award/articleshow/67323517.cms}}&lt;/ref&gt; His organization has donated {{INRConvert|1|c|lk=on}} to the [[government of Andhra Pradesh]], {{INRConvert|25|l}} to the [[government of Telangana]] and distributed masks and sanitizers in various districts for the relief of coronavirus during the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=19 May 2020 |title=సీఎం సహాయనిధికి విరాళాల వెల్లువ |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/telugu/andhra-pradesh/state/krishna/cm-relief-funds-in-ap/ap20200519185043224}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 April 2020 |title=Coronavirus: Donations continue to pour in to Telangana CM relief fund, citizens hand over cheques to CM K Chandrashekhar Rao |url=https://www.newsx.com/national/coronavirus-donations-continue-to-pour-in-to-telangana-cm-relief-fund-citizens-hand-over-cheques-to-cm-k-chandrashekhar-rao.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; and also donated {{INRConvert|20|l}} to [[Ram Mandir]] construction.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 February 2021 |title=Rs 10 lakh donated to Ayodhya Ram temple |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/news/cities/visakhapatnam/rs-10-lakh-donated-to-ayodhya-ram-temple-672294}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2022, he was appointed to the executive council of [[Dr. B. R. Ambedkar University, Srikakulam]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Ambedkar University, Pulsus Group to conduct skill training programmes |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/ambedkar-university-pulsus-group-to-conduct-skill-training-programmes/article67493547.ece |website=[[The Hindu]]|language=en |date=3 November 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Executive Council Members of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar University, Srikakulam|url=https://www.brau.edu.in/administration/executive-council|publisher=Dr. B.R. Ambedkar University, Srikakulam|accessdate=19 July 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Recognition ==<br /> [[File:Dr Srinubabu Gedela Champions of Change Award from Vice President of India.jpg|thumb|Dr Srinubabu Gedela Champions of Change Award from Vice President of India]]<br /> Srinubabu received the Indian pride of the Nation Award in 2019,&lt;ref name=&quot;Hans.2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 July 2019 |title=Pulsus CEO, Dr. Srinubabu Gedela received Pride of the Nation Award |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/telangana/pulsus-ceo-dr-srinubabu-gedela-received-pride-of-the-nation-award-548664 |website=[[The Hans India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the government of India [[Champions of Change (award)|Champions of Change 2018]] award.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 December 2018 |title=పల్సస్‌ ఎండీ శ్రీనుబాబుకు అవార్డు |url=https://www.saakshi.com/news/business/srinubabu-receives-champions-change-award-1147420 |website=[[Sakshi (newspaper)|Sakshi]] |access-date=20 May 2023 |archive-date=11 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411113804/https://www.saakshi.com/news/business/srinubabu-receives-champions-change-award-1147420 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Andhra Premier League Vizag Warriors ==<br /> <br /> Srinubabu is the owner of Vizag Warriors, of the [[Andhra Premier League]], a [[T20 cricket]] league in Andhra Pradesh.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=13 May 2023 |title=Chief Minister unveils logo of 'Vizag Warriors' in Visakhapatnam |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/chief-minister-unveils-logo-of-vizag-warriors-in-visakhapatnam/article66843869.ece |access-date=13 May 2023|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Indian actor, producer and businessman [[Ram Charan]] has invested in the team with Srinubabu, aiming to get the team promoted to the [[Indian Premier League|IPL]] in 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=6 May 2023 |title=Ram Charan: Ram Charan is buying a cricket team.. not in IPL! |work=theglobalfrontier.com |url=https://theglobalfrontier.com/ram-charan-ram-charan-is-buying-a-cricket-team-not-in-ipl/ |access-date=13 May 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;VW-ipl&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=6 May 2023 |title=RRR Star Ram Charan's Next Target An IPL Team |publisher=[[Network18 Group]] |url=https://www.news18.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/rrr-star-ram-charans-next-target-an-ipl-team-7739443.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{clear}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Commons category-inline}}<br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Srinubabu, Gedela}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Stanford University alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Telugu politicians]]<br /> [[Category:Politicians from Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Businesspeople from Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Indian chief executives]]<br /> [[Category:People from Srikakulam district]]<br /> [[Category:People from Uttarandhra]]<br /> [[Category:Indian Premier League franchise owners]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br /> [[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian politicians]]</div>

BuyMetabolicSolutionsKeto https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=1972_Andhra_Pradesh_Legislative_Assembly_election&diff=460773 2026-03-28T11:27:53Z

<p>BuyMetabolicSolutionsKeto: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|none}}<br /> {{One source|date=January 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox election<br /> | election_name = 1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election<br /> | registered = 24,607,903<br /> | turnout = 14,693,030 (59.71%)&lt;br /&gt;{{decrease}} 9.44%<br /> | country = India<br /> | type = legislative<br /> | vote_type = Popular<br /> | ongoing = no <br /> | previous_election = 1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election<br /> | previous_year = 1967<br /> | outgoing_members = <br /> | elected_members = <br /> | election_date = {{Start date|1972|03|15|df=yes}}<br /> | next_election = 1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election<br /> | next_year = 1978<br /> | seats_for_election = All 287 seats in the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<br /> | majority_seats = 144<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- INC (R) --&gt;| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Visit of Narasimha Rao, Indian Minister for Foreign Affairs, to the CEC (cropped)(2).jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=0|oTop=0}}<br /> | leader1 = [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]]<br /> | leader_since1 = 1972<br /> | leaders_seat1 = [[Manthani Assembly constituency|Manthani]] (''won'')<br /> | party1 = Indian National Congress (R)<br /> | last_election1 = 165 seats, 45.42%<br /> | seats1 = '''219'''<br /> | seat_change1 = {{increase}} 54<br /> | popular_vote1 = '''7,474,255'''<br /> | percentage1 = '''52.29%'''<br /> | swing1 = {{increase}} 6.87%<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- CPI --&gt;| image2 = {{eppt|Communist Party of India|width=100|height=120}}<br /> | leader2 = [[Baddam Yella Reddy]]<br /> | leader_since2 = 1972<br /> | leaders_seat2 = [[Indurthi Assembly constituency|Indurthi]] (''won'')<br /> | party2 = Communist Party of India<br /> | last_election2 = 11 seats, 7.78%<br /> | seats2 = 7<br /> | seat_change2 = {{decrease}} 4<br /> | popular_vote2 = 854,742<br /> | percentage2 = 5.98%<br /> | swing2 = {{decrease}} 1.80%<br /> <br /> | map = <br /> | map_alt = <br /> | title = [[List of Chief Ministers of Andhra Pradesh|Chief Minister]]<br /> | before_election = [[Kasu Brahmananda Reddy]]<br /> | before_party = Indian National Congress<br /> | posttitle = [[List of Chief Ministers of Andhra Pradesh|Chief Minister]] after election<br /> | after_election = [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]]<br /> | after_party = Indian National Congress (R)<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election''' was held in 1972. It was the fifth after formation of states. [[Indian National Congress (Requisitionists)|Indian National Congress]] won 219 seats out of 287 seats. While, [[Communist Party of India]] won 7 seats and independents won 57 seats.<br /> <br /> The number of polling stations was 29,721 and the number of electors per polling station was 828.<br /> <br /> == Results ==<br /> {{Election results<br /> |image=[[File:AP Assembly 1972.svg]]<br /> |party1=[[Indian National Congress (Requisitionists)|Indian National Congress]]|votes1=7474255|sw1={{increase}}6.87%|seats1=219|sc1={{increase}}54<br /> |party2=[[Communist Party of India]]|votes2=854742|sw2={{decrease}}1.80%|seats2=7|sc2={{decrease}}4<br /> |party3=[[Swatantra Party]]|votes3=282949|sw3={{decrease}}7.86%|seats3=2|sc3={{decrease}}27<br /> |party4=[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]|votes4=454038|sw4={{decrease}}4.43%|seats4=1|sc4={{decrease}}5<br /> |party5=[[Telangana Praja Samithi|Sampurna Telangana Praja Samithi]]|votes5=237934|sw5=''new party''|seats5=1|sc5=''new party''<br /> |party6=[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]|votes6=266192|sw6={{decrease}}0.25%|seats6=0|sc6={{decrease}}3<br /> |party7=[[Indian National Congress (Organisation)]]|votes7=45303|sw7=''new party''|seats7=0|sc7=''new party''<br /> |party8=[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]|votes8=36466|sw8=''new party''|seats8=0|sc8=''new party''<br /> |party9=[[Republican Party of India (Khobragade)]]|votes9=21357|sw9=''new party''|seats9=0|sc9=''new party''<br /> |party10=[[Socialist Party (India, 1971)|Socialist Party]]|votes10=9952|sw10=''new party''|seats10=0|sc10=''new party''<br /> |party11=Minorities League|votes11=3582|sw11=''new party''|seats11=0|sc11=''new party''<br /> |party12=Backward Classes Mahasabha|votes12=910|sw12=''new party''|seats12=0|sc12=''new party''<br /> |party13=[[Independent politician|Independents]]|votes13=4604943|sw13={{increase}}5.81%|seats13=57|sc13={{decrease}}11<br /> |total_sc={{nochange}}<br /> |valid=14292623<br /> |invalid=400407<br /> |electorate=24607903<br /> |Source: ECI&lt;ref name=election1972&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4046-andhra-pradesh-1972/ |title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 1972 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 8 February 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == List of Assembly constituencies and winners ==<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> !Constituency<br /> !Reserved for&lt;br/&gt;([[Scheduled Castes|SC]]/[[Scheduled Tribes|ST]]/None)<br /> !Member<br /> !colspan=2|Party<br /> |-<br /> | Ichapuram || None || Uppada Rangababu || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Sompeta || None || Majji Tulasidas || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Tekkali || None || Sattaru Lokanadham Naidu || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Harischandrapuram || None || Kappalanarasimhan Bhukta || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Narasannapeta || None || Baggu Sarojanamma || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Patapatnam || SC || Sukka Pagadalu || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Kothuru || ST || Narasimharao Viswasarai || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br /> |-<br /> | Naguru || ST || C Chudamani Dev V || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br /> |-<br /> | Parvathipuram || None || Chikati Parasuram Naidu || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br /> |-<br /> | Salur || ST || Mutyallu Janni || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Bobbili || None || C V Krishna Rao || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Pedamanapuram || None || Lakshumu Naidu Tentu || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br /> |-<br /> | Vunukuru || None || Palavalasa Rukminamma || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Palakonda || SC || Kottapalli Narasayya || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Nagarikatakam || None || Pydi Sri Rama Murthy || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br /> |-<br /> | Srikakulam || None || Challa Lakshminarayana || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br /> |-<br /> | Etcherla || None || Ballada Hariyappadu || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br /> |-<br /> | Ponduru || None || Lakshmanadasu Lukalapu || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Cheepurupalli || None || Pydapu Naidu Southu || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Gajapathinagaram || None || [[Penumatsa Sambasiva Raju]]|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Vtzianagaram || None || Appannadora Appasani || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Bhogapuram || None || Appadudora Kommuru || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Bhemunipatnam || None || D S Suryanarayana || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Visakhapatnam I || None || Sri M R Deen || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Visakhapatnam I I || None || Pothina Sanyasi Rao || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br /> |-<br /> | Jami || None || Appala S R Uppalapati || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br /> |-<br /> | Madugula || None || Boddu Kalavathi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Srungavarapukota || None || Kakaralapudi V R S P Raju || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Paderu || ST || Tamarba Chittinaidu || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Gompa || None || Goorle Krishnam Naidu || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Chodavaram || None || Palavelli Vechalapu || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Anakapalli || None || Pentakota Venkata Ramana || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Paravada || None || Bhattam Sriram Murthy || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Elamanchili || None || Kakaralapudi K Venkata || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br /> |-<br /> | Payakaraopeta || SC || Gantlana Suryanarayana || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Narasipatnam || None || Suryanarayana R S R Sagi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Chintapalli || ST || Inguva Ramanna Padalu || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Yellavaram || ST || Ratnabai Tadapatla || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Burugupudi || None || Korupuranachandrarao || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Rajammundry || None || Bathula Mallikarjunarao || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Kadiam || SC || Battiwa Subbarao || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Jaggampeta || None || Pantham Padmanabham || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Peddapuram || None || Kondapalli Krishnamurty || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Prathipadu || None || Jpgiraju Varupula || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Tuni || None || N Vijayalakshmi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Pithapuram || None || Yalla Suryanarayanamurty || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Sampara || None || Cherukuvada Venkataratham || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Kakinada || None || C V K Rao || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br /> |-<br /> | Tallarevu || SC || Sathiraju Sadanala || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Anaparthi || None || Ramakrishana Chowdary V || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Ramachandramuram || None || Satyanarayana Reddi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Pamarru || None || Kamaladevi Gauham || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Cheyyeru || None || Palla Venkata Rao || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Allavaram || SC || Srivishnu Prasadarao Moka || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Amalapuram || None || Kudupudi Prabhakara Rao || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Kothapeta || None || Denduluri Bhanutilakam || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Nagaram || SC || Geddam Mahalakshmi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Razole || None || Bikkina Gopalakrishnarao || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br /> |-<br /> | Harasapur || None || Parakala Seshavataram || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Palacole || None || Chegondi Venkata Hara || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Achanta || SC || Gottimukkala Venkanna || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Bhimavaram || None || B Vijaya Kumar Raju || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Undi || None || Danduboyiwa Perazah || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Penugonda || None || Vanka Satyanarayana || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}<br /> |-<br /> | Tenuku || None || Gaunamani Satyanarayan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Attili || None || V Raju Kalidindi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Tadepalligudem || None || Eli Anjaneyulu || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br /> |-<br /> | Ungutur || None || Chentalapati S V S Mr || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Dendulur || None || Ramamohan R Motaparthy || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Eluru || None || Amanaganti Sriramulu || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br /> |-<br /> | Gopalapuram || SC || Sali Venkata Rao || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br /> |-<br /> | Koyyur || None || Alla Hanumantha Rao || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br /> |-<br /> | Polavaram || ST || Kanithi Ramulu || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Chintalapudi || None || Koneswararao Dannapaneni || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br /> |-<br /> | Jaggayyapet || None || V R G K M Prasad || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br /> |-<br /> | Nandigama || None || Vasantha Nageswara Rao || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Vijayawada East || None || Rama Rao Dammalapati || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Vijayawada West || None || Asib Pasha || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Kankipadu || None || Akkineni Bhaskra Rao || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Mylavaram || None || Chanamolu Venkata Rao || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Tiruyur || SC || Ramaiah Kota || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Nuzvid || None || Meka Rajarangayyappa Rao || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Gannavaram || None || E S Ananda Bai Tappata || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Vuyyur || None || Kakani Venkataratnam || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Gudivada || None || Katari Satyanarayana Rao || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Mudinepalli || None || Ramanadham Kaza || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Kaikalur || None || Kammili Mangatayaramma || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Malleshwaram || None || Pinnerti Panideswana Rao || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Bandar || None || Lakshmana Rao Pedasingu || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Nidumolu || SC || Kanumuri Someswararan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Avanigadda || None || M. Venkatakrishna Rao || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Kuchinapudi || None || Anagani Bhagavanta Rao || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Repalle || None || Channaiah Yadam || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Vemur || None || Yedlapati Venkatrao || {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}<br /> |-<br /> | Duggirala || None || Bontu Gopala Reddy || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Tenali || None || Doudapaneni Indira || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br /> |-<br /> | Ponnur || None || Doppalapudi Rangarao || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br /> |-<br /> | Bapatla || None || Prabhakara Rao Kona || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Prathipad || None || Peter Paul Chukka || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Guntur I || None || Vijaya Ramanujam || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Guntur I I || None || N. Rao Venkata Ratnam || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br /> |-<br /> | Mangalagiri || None || Srikrishna Vemulapalli || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}<br /> |-<br /> | Tadikonda || None || Rattaiah G. V. || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Sattenapalli || None || Veeranjaneya Sarma Gada || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Reddakurapadu || None || Pathimunnisa Begam || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Gurzala || None || Nagireddy Mandpati || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}<br /> |-<br /> | Macherla || None || Julakanti Nagireddy || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br /> |-<br /> | Vinukonda || None || Bhavanam Jayapradha || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Narasaraopet || None || Dondeti Krishnareddy || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Chilakuluripet || None || Bobbala Satyanarayana || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Parchur || None || Maddukuri Narayana Rao || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br /> |-<br /> | Chirala || None || Kotaiah Guddanti || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Addanki || None || Dasari Prakasam || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Santhanuthacapadu || SC || Areti Kotaiah || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Ongole || None || Srongavarapu Jeevaratnam || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Kondapi || None || Divvi Sankaraiah || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}<br /> |-<br /> | Kandukur || None || M. Audinarayana Reddy || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br /> |-<br /> | Kanigiri || None || Sura Papi Reddy || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br /> |-<br /> | Podili || None || Katuri Narayanaswamy || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br /> |-<br /> | Darsi || None || D. Kaja Gopala Reddy || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Yerragondipalem || None || Kandula Obul Reddy || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Markapur || None || M. Nasar Baig || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Giddalur || None || Pidathala Ranga Reddy || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Udayagiri || None || Chenchuramaiah Ponneboina || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Kavali || None || Gotti Pati Kondapa Naidu || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br /> |-<br /> | Allur || None || Rebala D Rama Reddy || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Kovur || None || P. Ramachandra Reddy || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Atmakur || None || Kancharla Srihari Naidu || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Rapur || None || N. Venkataratnam Naidu || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br /> |-<br /> | Nellore || None || Venkata Reddy Anam || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Sarvepalli || SC || Mangalagiri Nanadas || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Gudur || None || D. Sreenivasul Reddi || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br /> |-<br /> | Sullurpet || SC || Pitla Venkatasubbaiah || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Venkatagiri || SC || Orepalli Venkaiasubbaiah || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Kalahasti || None || Balarama Reddy Adduru || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br /> |-<br /> | Satyavedu || SC || C. Dass || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Nagari || None || Kilari Gopalu Naidu || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Puttur || None || Elavarthi Gopal Raju || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Vepanjeri || SC || V. Munasamappa || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Chittoor || None || D. Anianeyulu Naidu || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Bangaripoliem || SC || M. Munaswamy || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Kuppam || None || D .venkatesam || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br /> |-<br /> | Palmaner || None || M. M. Rathnam || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Punganur || None || Rani Sundabammanni || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Madanapalle || None || Alluri Narasinga Row || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Thamballapalle || None || T. N. Anasuyamma || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Vayalpad || None || N. Amarnatha Reddy || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Pileru || None || Mogal Syfulla Baig || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Tirupathi || None || Vijayasikhamani || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Kodur || SC || Sriramulu Gunti || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Rajampet || None || Ratna Sabhapati Bandaru || {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}<br /> |-<br /> | Rayachoty || None || Habibullah Mahal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Lakkireddipalli || None || Rajgopal Reddy || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Cuddapam || None || Gakka;a Ramga Reddy || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Badvel || None || Bijivemula Veera Reddy || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Mydukur || None || Settipalli Nagi Reddy || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Paoddatur || None || Koppa Rabu Subba Rao || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Jammalahadugu || None || N. Reddy Tharhireddy || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br /> |-<br /> | Kamlapuram || None || Ranuva Seetha Ramiah || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Pulivendla || None || Basireddi Penchikala || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Kadiri || None || C. Narayana Reddy || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br /> |-<br /> | Nallamda || None || Agisam Veerappa || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Gorantla || None || P. Ravindra Reddy || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br /> |-<br /> | Hindupur || None || G. Somasekhar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Madakasira || SC || M. Yellappa || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Penukonda || None || S. D. Narayana Reddy || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Kalyandrug || SC || M. Lakshmi Devi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Rayadrug || None || J. Thippeswamy || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Uravakonda || None || Bukkitla Basappa || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br /> |-<br /> | Gooty || None || Dudde Kunta Venkatareddy || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br /> |-<br /> | Singanmala || None || Tarimela Ranga Reddy || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br /> |-<br /> | Anatapur || None || Anantha Venkatareddy || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Dharamavaram || None || P. V. Chowdary || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Tadpatri || None || Challa Subbarayudu || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Alur || SC || P. Rajaratna Rao || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Adoni || None || H. Sathya Narayana || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Yemmiganur || None || P. O. Sathyanarayana Raju || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Kodumur || SC || D. Muniswamy || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Kurnool || None || Rahiman Khan P. || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Pattikonda || None || K. B. Narasappa || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Dhone || None || Seshanna || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Koilkuntla || None || B. V. Subbareddy || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Allagahda || None || S. Venkata Subba Reddy || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br /> |-<br /> | Panyam || None || Erasu Ayyapu Reddy || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Nandikotkur || None || Maddru Subba Reddy || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Nandyal || None || Bojja Venkatareddy || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br /> |-<br /> | Achampet || SC || P. Mahendra Nath || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Nagarkurnool || None || V. N. Goud || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Kalwakurthi || None || S. Jaipal Reddy || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Shadnagar || SC || N. V. Jagannadham || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Jadcherla || None || N. Narasappa || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Mahbubnagar || None || Ibrahim Ali Ansari || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Wanakarthi || None || Ayyappa || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Alampur || None || T. Chanra Sekhara Reddy || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Kollapur || None || K. Rangadas || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br /> |-<br /> | Gadwal || None || Paga Pulla Reddy || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Amarchinta || None || Sombhopal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Makthal || None || Kalyani Ramchander Rao || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Kodangal || None || Nandaram Venkataiah || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br /> |-<br /> | Tandur || None || M. Manik Rao || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Vicarabad || SC || Tirumalaiah || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br /> |-<br /> | Pargi || None || K. Ram Reddy || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Chevella || None || Kishan Rao || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Ibrahimpatnam || None || N. Anantha Reddy || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Musheerabad || None || T. Anjaiah || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Gagan Mahal || None || Shanta Bai Talpallikar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Maharajganj || None || N. Laxmi Narayan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Khairatabad || None || Nagam Krishna Rao || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Asafnagar || None || Syed Rahmat Ali || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Sitarambagh || None || Shafiur Rahman || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br /> |-<br /> | Malakpet || None || B. Sarojini Pulla Reddy || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Yakutpura || None || Sultan Salahuddin Owaisi || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br /> |-<br /> | Charminar || None || Syed Hassan || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br /> |-<br /> | Secunderabad || None || L. Narayana || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Secunderabad Cantt || SC || V. Mankamma || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Medchal || SC || Sumitra Devi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Siddepet || None || Madan Mohan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Dommat || None || Ramachandra Reddy || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Gajwel || SC || Gajwellisaidaiad || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Narasapur || None || C Jagannath Rao || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Sangareddy || None || P Ramachandra Reddy || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Andole || SC || C Rajanarasimha || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Zahirabad || None || M Baga Reddy || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Narayankhed || None || Venkat Reddy || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br /> |-<br /> | Medak || None || Ramchander Rao Karnam || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br /> |-<br /> | Ramayanpet || None || Kondala Reddy || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br /> |-<br /> | Balkonda || None || G Rajaram || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Armoor || None || Tummala Rangareddy || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Kamareddy || None || Y Sathyanarayana || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Yellareddy || SC || J Eshwaribai || {{Full party name with color|Sampurna Telangana Praja Samithi}}<br /> |-<br /> | Banswada || None || Sreenivasarao || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Jukkal || None || Samal Vithal Reddy || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br /> |-<br /> | Bodhan || None || Narayan Reddy || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Nizamabad || None || V Chakradhar Rao || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br /> |-<br /> | Mudhole || None || Gaddanna || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Nirmal || None || P Narsa Reddy || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Boath || ST || Dev Shah S A || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Adilabad || None || Masood Ahmed || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Asifabad || ST || K Bheem Rao || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Sirpur || None || K V Keshavalu || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Luxettipet || None || J V Narsingh Rao || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Chinnur || SC || Kodati Rajammally || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Manthani || None || P V Narsimha Rao || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Peddapalli || None || Jinna Malla Reddy || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Mydaram || SC || G Eswar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Huzurabad || None || Vodithela Rajeswar Rao || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Kamalapur || None || Paripati Janardhan Reddy || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br /> |-<br /> | Indurthi || None || Baddam Yella Reddy || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}<br /> |-<br /> | Nusthulapur || SC || Premlata Devi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Karimnagar || None || Juvvadi Chokka Rao || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Buggaram || None || Joginipalli Damodhar Rao || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br /> |-<br /> | Jagtial || None || Velichala Jagapathi Rao || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Metpalli || None || Chennamneni Sathyanarayana || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Sirchilla || None || Juvvadi Narsinga Rao || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Narella || SC || G. Bhoopathy || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br /> |-<br /> | Cheriyal || SC || Pambala Katam Lingaiah || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Jangaon || None || Kasani Narayana || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Chennur || None || Kundoor Madhusudhan Reddy || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br /> |-<br /> | Dornakal || None || N. Ramchandra Reddy || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Mahabubabad || None || J. Janardhan Reddy || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Narsampet || None || Maudikayala Omkar || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}<br /> |-<br /> | Wardhasnnapet || None || T. Purushotham Rao || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br /> |-<br /> | Ghanpur || None || T. Hayagriva Chary || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Warangal || None || P. Uma Reddy || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Hasanparthy || SC || Routu Narsimha Ramaiah || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Parkal || None || Pingali Dharma Reddy || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Mulug || None || Santosh Chakravarthy || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Bhadrachalam || ST || Matta Ramachandraiah || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Burgampahad || ST || Kamaram Ramayya || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Palwancha || None || Chekuri Kasaiah || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Vemsoor || None || Jacagam Vengala Rao || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Madhira || None || Diggineri Venkatravamma || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Palair || SC || Kathula Shanthah || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Khammam || None || Mohd. Rajjab Ali || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}<br /> |-<br /> | Yellandu || None || Vanga Subba Rao || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Tungaturthi || None || Guruganti Venkat Narsaiah || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br /> |-<br /> | Suryapet || SC || Yedla Gopaiah || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Huzurnagar || None || Keasara J. Reddy || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br /> |-<br /> | Miryalguda || None || C. K. Reddy Tippana || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Chalakurthi || None || Nimmala Ramuli || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Nakrekal || None || Musapota Kamalamm || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Nalgonda || None || Chakilam Srinivasa Rao || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Ramannapet || SC || Vaddepalli Kasiram || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Alair || None || Anreddy Punna Reddy || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Bhongir || None || Konda Lakshman Bapuji || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Mungode || None || Govardhan Reddy Palvai || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | Deverkonda || None || Bondipali Ramsarma || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Andhra Pradesh elections}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:1972 State Assembly elections in India|Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:State Assembly elections in Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:1970s in Andhra Pradesh]]</div>

BuyMetabolicSolutionsKeto https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vikramaditya_I&diff=544565 2026-03-26T07:20:33Z

<p>BuyMetabolicSolutionsKeto: Added new data!</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description| Chalukya Emperor from 655 to 680}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox royalty<br /> | title = [[King of Kings|Maharajadhiraja]]<br /> | succession = Chalukyan Emperor<br /> | reign = {{circa|655|680}}<br /> | predecessor = possibly minor son of [[Chandraditya (Chalukya dynasty)|Chandraditya]], with [[Vijaya-Bhattarika]] as regent<br /> | successor = [[Vinayaditya of Vatapi|Vinayaditya]]<br /> | house = [[Chalukyas of Vatapi]]<br /> | house-type = Dynasty<br /> | father = [[Pulakeshin II]]<br /> | mother = A daughter of [[Durvinita]]<br /> }}<br /> {{Chalukyas|Vatapi}}<br /> '''Vikramaditya I''' (reigned 655–680) was the third son and followed his father, [[Pulakeshi II]] on to the [[Chalukya]] throne. He restored order in the fractured empire and made the [[Pallavas]] retreat from the capital [[Badami|Vatapi]].<br /> <br /> == Titles ==<br /> Vikramaditya inherited the traditional titles of the dynasty, including ''Satyashraya'' (&quot;refuge of truth&quot;) and ''[[Prithvi-vallabha (title)|Shri-prithvi-vallabha]]'' (&quot;lord of goddess of wealth and earth&quot;; variants include ''Shri-vallabha'' and ''Vallabha''). He also bore the titles ''Maharajadhiraja'' (&quot;king of great kings&quot;), ''Rajadhiraja'' (&quot;king of kings&quot;), ''Parameshvara'' (&quot;Supreme Lord&quot;), and ''Bhattaraka'' (&quot;great lord&quot;).{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=122}}<br /> <br /> His titles indicative of his military power include ''Rana-rasika'' (&quot;lover of war&quot;), ''Anivarita'' (&quot;unopposed&quot;), and ''Raja-malla'' (&quot;royal wrestler&quot;).<br /> <br /> == Early life ==<br /> <br /> Vikramaditya was one of the several sons of the powerful Chalukya Emperor [[Pulakeshin II]], as attested by the contemporary records of the family. The records of the later [[Chalukyas of Kalyani]], who claimed descent from Vikramaditya's family, describe him as a son of Pulakeshin's son [[Adityavarman (Chalukya dynasty)|Adityavarman]]. These records, such as the Kauthem inscription and [[Ranna (Kannada poet)|Ranna]]'s ''Gadaayuddha'', can be dismissed as inaccurate.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=122}}<br /> <br /> Pulakeshin II was defeated and probably killed during the [[Pallava dynasty|Pallava]] invasion of the Chalukya capital [[Vatapi]] around c. 642 CE. The Chalukya history over the next decade is unclear: it is possible that after Pulakeshin's death, his son Adityavarman held the throne, followed by Adityavarman's son [[Abhinavaditya]], and then by Pulakeshin's son [[Chandraditya (Chalukya dynasty)|Chandraditya]].{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|pp=116-118}} After Chandraditya, his wife [[Vijaya-Bhattarika]] appears to have acted as a regent for their minor son.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=117}} During her regency, Vikramaditya appears to have risen to prominence as the supreme commander of the Chalukya army, becoming the de facto ruler in the process.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|pp=118-119}}<br /> <br /> The inscriptions of Vikramaditya state that he obtained the &quot;regal fortune of his father which had been concealed by three kings&quot;, and thus &quot;made the entire burden of royalty rest upon one person&quot;. Historian [[K. A. Nilakanta Sastri]] theorized that beside the Pallava king, the two other kings referred to in this sentence were Adityavarman and Chandraditya. According to this theory, the Chalukya kingdom was divided among the three brothers and the Pallavas after Pulakeshin's death, and Vikramaditya united it by subjugating the others. In his support, Sastri cited the undated [[Kurnool]] copper-plate inscription which states that Vikramaditya ascended the throne after &quot;conquering all his kinsmen&quot;. However, this inscription is considered spurious, and Sastri himself admitted that its authenticity is doubtful.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=120}} There is no evidence that the Chalukya kingdom was partitioned among the three brothers.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=119}} Had Vikramaditya been one of the rival claimants to the throne after Pulakehsin's death, he would have dated the start of his reign from c. 642 CE, not c. 655 CE, in his inscriptions.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=120}} Moreover, the Kochare and Nerur inscriptions of his sister-in-law Vijaya-Bhattarika mention him positively, but do not accord any royal titles to him.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|pp=117,120}} Based on these evidences, scholars such as [[D. C. Sircar]] theorize that Vikramaditya fought against the Pallavas as a subordinate of his brothers, and ascended the throne only after their deaths.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=121}} The term &quot;[[Three Crowned Kings|three kings]]&quot; apparently refers to the Chola, Chera, and Pandya rulers who had allied with the Pallavas.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=120}}<br /> <br /> Besides Adityavarman and Chandraditya, two other brothers of Vikramaditya are known: Ranaragha-varman and [[Chalukyas of Navasarika#Dharashraya Jayasimhavarman|Dharashraya Jayasimha-varman]]. The Honnur copper-plate inscription states that Ranaragha was his elder brother, and donated some land to [[Brahmin|Brahmanas]] during his reign. In accordance with the contemporary tradition, Ranaragha would have been ahead of Vikramaditya in the precedence to the throne: it is not clear why Vikramaditya became the king instead of him, and no other surviving source mentions him. Dharashraya Jayasimha was Vikramaditya's younger brother, and governed the north-western part of the Chalukya Empire as his subordinate.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=119}}<br /> <br /> The c. 674 CE (Shaka year 596) Gadval inscription of Vikramaditya is dated to his 12th regnal year, which suggests that he ascended the throne in c. 655 CE (Shaka year 577).{{sfn|T. V. Mahalingam|1977|pp=72-73}} This may have happened possibly after the son of Chandraditya and Vijaya died (naturally or otherwise).{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=117}}<br /> <br /> == Military career ==<br /> {{more citations needed section|date=September 2015}}<br /> {{Main|Pallava–Chalukya Conflict}}<br /> Vikramaditya, with the help of his maternal grandfather Bhuvikarma or Durvineet of [[Western Ganga Dynasty]] set himself the task of repelling the Pallava invasion and restoring the unity of his father's empire. He was able to end Pallava's occupation, which had lasted for thirteen years and captured Vatapi. He defeated his brothers and other feudatories who wished to divide the empire. Vikramaditya then declared himself king of the Chalukyas (655). He rewarded his younger brother Jayasimhavarma who was loyal to him, with the viceroyalty of [[Lata (region)|Lata]] in the southern [[Gujarat]].<br /> <br /> Vikramaditya continued his enmity with Narasimhavarman's son and successor [[Mahendravarman II]], and later with his son [[Paramesvaravarman I]]. Vikramaditya allied himself with the Pallava's other enemy the Pandyan Arikesari Parankusa Maravarman (670 – 700).<br /> <br /> A.D. 670, Vikramaditya I, another of whose names was ' Ranarasika '. Western Chalukya records claim for Vikramaditya that (in or after A.D. 670) he defeated ' Is&quot;vara-Potaraja ', ([[Parameswaravarman I]])and took Kanchi, the Pallava capital, ' but did not destroy it.'&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/historicalinscri035270mbp |title=Historical Inscriptions Of Southern INida |publisher=Kitabistam,Allahabad |others=BRAOU, Digital Library Of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> According to the Honnur plates of Chalukya Vikramaditya I, dated in his 16th regnal year (circa 670 A.D. -671 A.D.), he camped in Malliyur on his way to Kanchipuram and with the help of the Gangas of Talakkad defeated the Pallavas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Dikshit |first=Durga Prasad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lEB11tKmCgcC&amp;pg=PA152 |title=Political History of the Chālukyas of Badami |date=1980 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Battle of Vilande ===<br /> To avenge the defeat, the Pallava king first waged a war against the Ganga ruler [[Bhuvikrama]], the supporter of the Chalukyas. From the Bedirur grant of Bhuvikrama and Hallegere plates of his brother and successor Sivamara, it is known that in this battle, which occurred at a place called Vilande, Paramesvaravarman I not only faced defeat in the hands of Bhuvikrama, but he was also deprived of his royal necklace.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Dikshit |first=Durga Prasad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lEB11tKmCgcC&amp;pg=PA152 |title=Political History of the Chālukyas of Badami |date=1980 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Battle of Peruvallanallur ===<br /> As a result of this aggressive policy of [[Paramesvaravarman I]], he was again attacked by the Chalukyan king Vikramaditya I and seized Kanchipuram after defeating him. According to the Chalukyan records Vikramaditya seems to have pushed on to the south, and he was encamped at Uragapura ([[Uraiyur]]) on the south bank of the Kaveri river on April 25 A.D. 674. Where he was opposed by [[Paramesvaravarman I]] and the [[Pandyan]] king [[Kochchadaiyan Ranadhira]], near Trichinopoly a battle was fought at Peruvalanallur. And the Kendur plates say that Vikramaditya, fought with the [[Pandyas]].We have also Supposed that [[Pandya]] king was one of the three confederates who gained the victory at Peruvallanallur.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=G Jouveau Dubreuil |url=http://archive.org/details/pallavas034964mbp |title=The Pallavas |date=1917 |others=Universal Digital Library}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Subramaniam |first=N. |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.462306 |title=History Of Tamilnad |date=1962}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Pallava]] and [[Pandya]] records equally claim that, in this battle the [[Badami Chalukyas|Chalukyas]] was defeated.The Velvikudi copper plates mention Ranadhira victory over the [[Karnatas]](i.e.,[[Chalukyas of Badami|Chalukyas]]). And bore the title of (Madurakarunatakan).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book<br /> |title = Epigraphia Indica, Vol. XVII (1923–24)<br /> |editor = H. Krishna Sastri<br /> |publisher = Archaeological Survey of India<br /> |location = Calcutta<br /> |year = 1923<br /> |url = https://www.jainfoundation.in/JAINLIBRARY/books/epigraphia_indica_vol_17_032571_std.pdf<br /> |access-date = July 17, 2025<br /> |archive-date = 6 August 2025<br /> |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20250806011957/https://www.jainfoundation.in/JAINLIBRARY/books/epigraphia_indica_vol_17_032571_std.pdf<br /> |url-status = dead<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/historicalinscri035270mbp |title=Historical Inscriptions Of Southern INida |publisher=Kitabistam,Allahabad |others=BRAOU, Digital Library Of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Nilakanta Sastri |first=K. A. |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.csl.5955 |title=The Pandyan kingdom : from the earliest to the sixteenth century |date=1929 |publisher=Luzac,London}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Subramaniam |first=N. |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.462306 |title=History Of Tamilnad |date=1962}}&lt;/ref&gt; Based on these evidences, scholars such as [[D. C. Sircar]] theorize that Vikramaditya fought against the Pallavas as a subordinate of his brothers, and ascended the throne only after their deaths.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=121}} The term &quot;[[Three Crowned Kings|three kings]]&quot; apparently refers to the [[Chola]], [[Chera]], and [[Pandya]] rulers who had allied with the [[Pallavas]].{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=120}} Vikramaditya evidently had now against him a combination of [[Pallavas]], [[Pandyas]] and [[Cholas]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/historicalinscri035270mbp |title=Historical Inscriptions Of Southern INida |publisher=Kitabistam,Allahabad |others=BRAOU, Digital Library Of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Aftermath ===<br /> Paramesvaravarman then sent an expedition into the Chalukya country. In the ensuing [[Battle of Puruvalanallur]] in 674 with Vikramaditya's forces, the Pallavas defeated the Chalukyas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=South Indian Inscriptions_Volume 1 - Virinchipuram Temple Inscriptions @ whatisindia.com |url=https://www.whatisindia.com/inscriptions/south_indian_inscriptions/volume_1/kuram.html |access-date=2025-07-17 |website=www.whatisindia.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; The defeated Chalukyan army was led by Vikramaditya's son and grandson [[Vinayaditya of Vatapi|Vinayaditya]] and [[Vijayaditya]]. Pallava king Paramesvaravarman must have mustered his forces and sought the assistance of the [[Chola]], [[Pandya]] and [[Chera]] of South India in order to give a crushing blow to their common enemy [[Vikramaditya]].The Kanchipuram Inscriptions state that Rajasimha was son of Ugradanda the destroyer of Ranarasika's city and that epithet Ranarasika refer to chalukya king [[Vikramaditya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Gopalan |first=R. |url=http://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.35372 |title=History of the Pallavas of Kanchi |date=1928}}&lt;/ref&gt; The combined forces of these four powers entered the Chalukyan territory and probably sacked and captured [[Vatapi]] 'the city of Ranarasika ’ on this occasion.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Dikshit |first=Durga Prasad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lEB11tKmCgcC&amp;pg=PA152 |title=Political History of the Chālukyas of Badami |date=1980 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Gopalan |first=R. |url=http://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.35372 |title=History of the Pallavas of Kanchi |date=1928}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Yazdani G. |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.505941 |title=The Early History Of The Deccan Pat I-vi (1960) |date=1960}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pallavas went on to occupy many of the Chalukya territories but later left after the chalukyas agreed to pay yearly tributes . After They were routed by [[Vinayaditya of Vatapi|Vinayaditya]] probably in A. D. 678–79, when he was nominated lo the throne as indicated by his Jejuri plates and the Togarchedu grant.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Sastri |first=K. A. Nilakanta |url=http://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.16035 |title=History of South India |date=1958 |language=English}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/historicalinscri035270mbp |title=Historical Inscriptions Of Southern INida |publisher=Kitabistam,Allahabad |others=BRAOU, Digital Library Of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/southindianinscr014359mbp |title=SOUTH INDIAN INSCRIPTIONS VOL I |date=1890 |publisher=THE GOVERNMENT PRESS,MADRAS |others=SVCLRC, UDL TTD TIRUPATI |language=English}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Chakravarti |first=N. p |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.69621 |title=Epigraphia Indica Vol.22 |date=1933}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> During this time, Jayasimha, brother of Vikramaditya I who ruled as governor of Gujarat province defeated the ruler of Vallabhi, Vajjada the ruler of the Maitraka family. This victory is considered important.<br /> The Chalukyan empire however had put the worst behind under Vikramaditya I and recovered most of its territories it controlled under Pulakeshin II.<br /> <br /> Vikramaditya I was married to the Western Ganga princess Gangamahadevi. Some historians compare him to his illustrious father Pulakeshin II.<br /> <br /> ==Death and succession==<br /> <br /> Vikramaditya died in 680 and his son Vinayaditya succeeded him on the Chalukya throne.<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> === Bibliography ===<br /> <br /> {{refbegin}}<br /> * {{cite book |author=Durga Prasad Dikshit |title=Political History of the Chālukyas of Badami |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lEB11tKmCgcC&amp;pg=PA152 |year=1980 |publisher=Abhinav |oclc=8313041 }}<br /> * {{cite book |author=T. V. Mahalingam |chapter=Aditya and Vikramaditya |title=Readings in South Indian History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qJeFswEACAAJ |year=1977 |publisher=Indian Society for Prehistoric and Quaternary Studies / B.R. }}<br /> {{refend}}<br /> <br /> == Further reading ==<br /> * Nilakanta Sastri, K.A. (1935). The CōĻas, University of Madras, Madras (Reprinted 1984).<br /> * Nilakanta Sastri, K.A. (1955). A History of South India, OUP, New Delhi (Reprinted 2002).<br /> * Dr. Suryanath U. Kamat (2001). Concise History of Karnataka, MCC, Bangalore (Reprinted 2002).<br /> * South Indian Inscriptions - http://www.whatisindia.com/inscriptions/<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20061104095148/http://www.ourkarnataka.com/history.htm &lt;!--Added by H3llBot--&gt; History of Karnataka, Mr. Arthikaje]<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Vikramaditya}}<br /> [[Category:680 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:7th-century Indian monarchs]]<br /> [[Category:Early Chalukyas]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing]]<br /> [[Category:Chalukya kings]]</div>

BuyMetabolicSolutionsKeto https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Bloc&diff=451949 2026-03-24T08:54:54Z

<p>BuyMetabolicSolutionsKeto: Minor edits and structural improvements</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Cold War coalition of communist states}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}<br /> [[File:Europe-blocs-49-89x4.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|Political alignments in Europe during the [[Cold War]] after 1961]]<br /> {{Eastern Bloc sidebar|expanded=all}}<br /> <br /> The '''Eastern Bloc''', also known as the '''Communist Bloc''' ('''Combloc'''), the '''Socialist Bloc''', the '''Workers Bloc''', and the '''Soviet Bloc''', was an unofficial coalition of [[Communist state]]s of [[Central and Eastern Europe]], [[Asia]], [[Africa]], and [[Latin America]] that were aligned with the [[Soviet Union]] and existed during the [[Cold War]] (1947–1991). These states followed the ideology of [[Marxism–Leninism]] and [[Types of socialism|various forms of socialism]], and were opposed to the [[Capitalism|capitalist]] [[Western Bloc]]. The Eastern Bloc was often called the &quot;[[Second World]]&quot;, while the term &quot;[[First World]]&quot; referred to the Western Bloc and &quot;[[Third World]]&quot; referred to the [[Non-Aligned Movement|non-aligned countries]] that were mainly in Africa, Asia, and Latin America but also included the [[Tito–Stalin split|pre-1948]] European Soviet ally [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]]. Non-socialist countries, such as the [[Arab nationalism|Arab nationalist]] governments of [[Egypt]], [[Iraq]], [[Libya]], [[Syria]] etc., are sometimes considered part of the bloc.<br /> <br /> In [[Western Europe]], the term 'Eastern Bloc' generally referred to the USSR and [[Central and Eastern Europe]]an countries in the [[Comecon]] ([[East Germany]], [[Polish People's Republic|Poland]], [[Czechoslovak Socialist Republic|Czechoslovakia]], [[Hungarian People's Republic|Hungary]], [[Socialist Republic of Romania|Romania]], [[People's Republic of Bulgaria|Bulgaria]], and [[People's Socialist Republic of Albania|Albania]]).{{efn|Albania was a member of the Eastern Bloc until the [[Albanian–Soviet split]] from 1961 to 1970.|group=a}} In [[Asia]], the Eastern Bloc comprised [[Mongolian People's Republic|Mongolia]], [[Vietnam]], [[Laos]], [[People's Republic of Kampuchea|Kampuchea]], [[North Korea]], [[South Yemen]] and [[China]].{{Efn|Until the [[Sino-Soviet split]] in 1961.|group=c}}{{Efn|Sources:<br /> * Loth, Wilfried, ''The Division of the World, 1941–1955'', Routledge, 1988, {{ISBN|0-415-00365-2}}, p. 297<br /> * Haggett, Peter, ''Encyclopedia of World Geography'', Marshall Cavendish, 2001, {{ISBN|0-7614-7289-4}}, p. 1,850<br /> * Rees, G. Wyn. ''International Politics in Europe: The New Agenda'', Routledge, 1993, {{ISBN|0-415-08282-X}}, p. 6<br /> * {{Citation|last1=Satyendra|first1=Kush|title=Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Political Science|publisher=Sarup &amp; Sons|year=2003|isbn=978-81-7890-071-1|page=65|quote=... the countries of Eastern Europe under communism ... .}}<br /> * {{cite book | last1 = Janzen | first1 = Jörg | last2 = Taraschewski | first2 = Thomas | editor-last = Shahshahānī | editor-first = Suhaylā | title = Cities of Pilgrimage | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=0T7DAJqAN7wC| series = Iuaes-series | volume = 4 | year = 2009 | publisher = LIT Verlag | location = Münster | isbn = 9783825816186 | page = 190 | quote = Until 1990, despite being a formally independent state, Mongolia had ''de facto'' been an integral part of the Soviet-dominated Eastern Bloc. | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150905212712/https://books.google.com/books?id=0T7DAJqAN7wC | archive-date = 5 September 2015 | url-status = live }}<br /> * {{Cite book |first1=Przemysław |last1=Gasztold-Seń |first2=Massimiliano |last2=Trentin |first3=Jan |last3=Adamec |url=https://ojs.st-andrews.ac.uk/index.php/syria/article/view/1462 |title=Syria During the Cold War: The East European Connection |publisher=University of St Andrews, Centre for Syrian Studies |year=2014 |volume=5 |version=2 |isbn=9780956873224 |issn=2056-3175 |location=St Andrews, Scotland, U.K.}}<br /> * {{Cite journal |last=Ginat |first=Rami |date=April 2000 |title=The Soviet Union and the Syrian Ba'th regime: From hesitation to Rapprochement |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4284075 |journal=Middle Eastern Studies |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=150–171 |doi=10.1080/00263200008701312 |jstor=4284075 |s2cid=144922816 |location=London, U.K.|url-access=subscription }}}} In the [[Americas]], the countries aligned with the Eastern Bloc were [[Cuba]] from 1961, and for a short period [[Junta of National Reconstruction|Nicaragua]] and [[People's Revolutionary Government (Grenada)|Grenada]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Piero&quot;&gt;[[Piero Gleijeses]], ''Conflicting Missions: Havana, Washington, and Africa, 1959–1976'', {{ISBN|978-0-8078-5464-8}}.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Terminology==<br /> The term Eastern Bloc was often used interchangeably with the term [[Second World]]. This broadest usage of the term would include not only [[Maoist China]] and [[Democratic Kampuchea|Cambodia]], but also short-lived Soviet satellites such as the [[Second East Turkestan Republic]] (1944–1949), the [[People's Republic of Azerbaijan]] (1945–1946) and the [[Republic of Mahabad]] (1946), as well as the Marxist–Leninist states straddling the Second and Third Worlds before the end of the Cold War: the [[People's Democratic Republic of Yemen]] (from 1967), the [[People's Republic of the Congo]] (from 1969), the [[People's Republic of Benin]], the [[People's Republic of Angola]] and [[People's Republic of Mozambique]] from 1975, the [[People's Revolutionary Government of Grenada]] from 1979 to 1983, the [[Derg]]/[[People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia]] from 1974, and the [[Somali Democratic Republic]] from 1969 until the [[Ogaden War]] in 1977.&lt;ref&gt;Ludlow, N. Piers, ''European integration and the Cold War: Ostpolitik-Westpolitik, 1965–1973'', Routledge, 2007, {{ISBN|0-415-42109-8}}, pp. 37, 39&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ahonen, Pertti, ''After the expulsion: West Germany and Eastern Europe, 1945–1990'', Oxford University Press, 2003, {{ISBN|0-19-925989-5}}, pp. 125-126 &amp; 183&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Zwass, Adam, ''Globalization of Unequal National Economies: Players and Controversies'', M.E. Sharpe, 2002, {{ISBN|0-7656-0731-X}}, p. 214&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Skinner, Kiron F., ''The strategy of campaigning: lessons from Ronald Reagan &amp; Boris Yeltsin'', University of Michigan Press, 2007, {{ISBN|0-472-11627-4}}, pp. 137–138&lt;/ref&gt; Although not [[Marxism–Leninism|Marxist–Leninist]], leadership of [[Ba'athist Syria]] officially regarded their countries as part of the Socialist Bloc and established a close economic, military alliance with the Soviet Union.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gasztold-Seń, Trentin, Adamec 2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |first1=Przemysław |last1=Gasztold-Seń |first2=Massimiliano |last2=Trentin |first3=Jan |last3=Adamec |url=https://ojs.st-andrews.ac.uk/index.php/syria/article/view/1462 |title=Syria During the Cold War: The East European Connection |publisher=University of St Andrews, Centre for Syrian Studies |year=2014 |isbn=9780956873224}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ginat 150–171&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ginat |first=Rami |date=April 2000 |title=The Soviet Union and the Syrian Ba'th regime: From hesitation to Rapprochement |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4284075 |journal=Middle Eastern Studies |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=150–171 |doi=10.1080/00263200008701312 |jstor=4284075 |s2cid=144922816 |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Many states were accused by the Western Bloc of being in the Eastern Bloc when they were part of the [[Non-Aligned Movement]]. The most limited definition of the Eastern Bloc would only include the Warsaw Pact states and the [[Mongolian People's Republic]] as former satellite states most dominated by the Soviet Union. [[Cuba]]'s defiance of complete Soviet control was noteworthy enough that Cuba was sometimes excluded as a satellite state altogether, as it sometimes intervened in other Third World countries even when the Soviet Union opposed this.&lt;ref name=&quot;Piero&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Post-1991 usage of the term &quot;Eastern Bloc&quot; may be more limited in referring to the states forming the [[Warsaw Pact]] (1955–1991) and [[People's Republic of Mongolia|Mongolia]] (1924–1991), which are no longer communist states.&lt;ref name=&quot;satyendra&quot;&gt;{{Citation |last1=Satyendra |first1=Kush |title=Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Political Science |page=65 |year=2003 |publisher=Sarup &amp; Sons |isbn=978-81-7890-071-1 |quote=&quot;The countries of Eastern Europe under communism&quot;}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Janzen&quot;&gt;{{cite book | last1 = Janzen | first1 = Jörg | last2 = Taraschewski | first2 = Thomas | editor-last = Shahshahānī | editor-first = Suhaylā | title = Cities of Pilgrimage | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=0T7DAJqAN7wC| series = Iuaes-series | volume = 4 | year = 2009 | publisher = LIT Verlag | location = Münster | isbn = 9783825816186 | page = 190 | quote = Until 1990, despite being a formally independent state, Mongolia had ''de facto'' been an integral part of the Soviet-dominated Eastern Bloc. | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150905212712/https://books.google.com/books?id=0T7DAJqAN7wC | archive-date = 5 September 2015 | url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Sometimes they are more generally referred to as &quot;the countries of Eastern Europe under communism&quot;,&lt;ref&gt;Satyendra, Kush, ''Encyclopaedic dictionary of political science'', Sarup &amp; Sons, 2003, {{ISBN|81-7890-071-8}}, p. 65&lt;/ref&gt; excluding Mongolia, but including [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]] and [[People's Socialist Republic of Albania|Albania]] which had both split with the [[Soviet Union]] by the 1960s.&lt;ref name=houghlin&gt;{{Citation|last1=Hirsch|first1=Donald|first2=Joseph F.|last2=Kett|first3=James S.|last3=Trefil|title=The New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|year=2002|isbn=978-0-618-22647-4|page=[https://archive.org/details/newdictionaryofc00hirs/page/316 316]|quote=Eastern Bloc. The name applied to the former communist states of eastern Europe, including Yugoslavia and Albania, as well as the countries of the Warsaw Pact|url=https://archive.org/details/newdictionaryofc00hirs/page/316}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Even though Yugoslavia was a socialist country, it was not a member of the Comecon or the Warsaw Pact. Parting with the USSR in 1948, Yugoslavia did not belong to the East, but it also did not belong to the West because of its socialist system and its status as a founding member of the [[Non-Aligned Movement]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Glisic&quot;&gt;{{Citation|last1=Glisic|first1=Jelena|title=East-West Trade and Japanese-Yugoslav Relations during the Cold War|publisher=Acta Slavica Iaponica|year=1976|pages=120 and 121|quote=The Eastern bloc was composed of socialist states, who were members of the Warsaw Pact and The Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON), led by the USSR.&amp;nbsp;... In works examining the Western bloc countries' [[International relations|relations]] with the Eastern bloc, Yugoslavia was not considered part of the Eastern bloc.}}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt; However, some sources consider [[Yugoslavia]] to be a member of the Eastern Bloc.&lt;ref name=houghlin/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last1=Teichova|first1=Alice|first2=Matis|last2=Herbert|title=Nation, state, and the economy in history|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2003|isbn=978-0-521-79278-3|page=150|quote=Within the Eastern Bloc, Poland, Yugoslavia and Hungary tended to be reformist and deviated most from the rigid Soviet model}}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;{{sfn|Cook|2001|p=897|ps=: &quot;In the Eastern Bloc, only Yugoslavia, alongside efforts to eradicate or at least degrade previously existing nationalisms, made the gallant attempt to both foster a new nationalism and a new identify, that of being a Yugoslav.&quot;}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last1=Ahonen|first1=Pertti|title=After the Expulsion: West Germany and Eastern Europe, 1945–1990|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2003|page=212|quote=The other Eastern bloc states – except Romania's fellow mavericks Albania and Yugoslavia – reacted to the breakthrough between Bonn and Bucharest by coordinating their own stances towards the Federal Republic.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last1=White |first1=N. D. |title=The United Nations and the maintenance of international peace and security |page=183 |year=1990 |publisher=Manchester University Press |isbn=978-0-7190-3227-1 |quote=Nevertheless, the Eastern Bloc countries, including Albania, Bulgaria, and Yugoslavia, argued that UNSCOB had been constituted illegally}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last1=Library of Congress|title=The Quarterly journal of the Library of Congress|publisher=Library of Congress|year=1980|volume=37|quote=80 Yugoslavia is perhaps the most international of the Eastern Bloc countries. }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last1=Ryan|first1=James|first2=Hana|last2=Mastrini|first3=Mark|last3=Baker|title=Eastern Europe|publisher=John Wiley and Sons|year=2009|isbn=978-0-470-39908-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/frommerseasterne00bake_0/page/651 651]|quote=Tito played his cards right and – unlike other Eastern Bloc countries – Yugoslavia enjoyed a fairly open relationship with the rest of the world|url=https://archive.org/details/frommerseasterne00bake_0/page/651}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last1=Stanilov|first1=Kiril|title=The post-socialist city: urban form and space transformations in Central and Eastern Europe after socialism|publisher=Springer|year=2007|isbn=978-1-4020-6052-6|page=362|quote=During the socialist period, Yugoslavia was marked by a system of socialist self-management, which place greater importance not he development of market-type relations in the economy than any of the other socialist countries of Europe. This strategy was a significant factor in achieving a higher [[standard of living]] and a lower level of under-urbanization compared to other members of the Eastern Bloc.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Others consider Yugoslavia not to be a member after it broke with Soviet policy in the 1948 [[Tito–Stalin split]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last1=Hawkesworth|first1=M. E.|first2=John|last2=Paynter|title=Encyclopedia of government and politics|publisher=Routledge|year=1992|isbn=978-0415072250|page=[https://archive.org/details/companiontoconte0000unse/page/1244 1244]|quote=The processes of change in the Eastern Bloc affected Yugoslavia as well, although this country, having been outside the bloc since 1948, had evolved specific political, economic and federal systems of its own.|url=https://archive.org/details/companiontoconte0000unse/page/1244}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last1=Binder|first1=David|title=Many from Eastern Bloc Seek Yugoslav Asylum |work=[[The New York Times]] |year=1982}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Glisic&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==List of states==<br /> [[File:Stamp of USSR 1556.jpg|thumb|1950 Soviet stamp, depicting the flags and peoples of communist states at the time, including those of Eastern Europe]]<br /> <br /> ===[[Warsaw Pact]] (1955–1991)===<br /> * {{Flagcountry|People's Socialist Republic of Albania}} (1946–1991, ceased participating in [[Comecon]] and Warsaw Pact activities in 1961, then [[Albanian–Soviet split|officially withdrew]] in 1968 from the WP and in 1987 from Comecon)<br /> * {{Flagcountry|People's Republic of Bulgaria}} (1946–1990)<br /> * {{Flagcountry|Czechoslovak Socialist Republic}} (1948–1989)<br /> * {{Flag|East Germany}} (1949–1989)<br /> * {{Flagcountry|Hungarian People's Republic|1949}} (1949–1989)<br /> * {{Flagcountry|Polish People's Republic}} (1947–1989)<br /> * {{Flagcountry|Socialist Republic of Romania}} (1947–1989, limited participation in Warsaw Pact activities after 1964){{efn|See [[De-satellization of the Socialist Republic of Romania|De-satellization of Communist Romania]]}}<br /> * {{Flag|Soviet Union}} (1922–1991; previously as the [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Russian SFSR]], 1917–1922)<br /> ** {{flag|Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic|name=Soviet Byelorussia}} (1919–1991, UN member state from 1945)<br /> ** {{flag|Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic|name=Soviet Ukraine}} (1919–1991, UN member state from 1945)<br /> <br /> ===Other Communist states===<br /> * {{Flagcountry|Democratic Republic of Afghanistan|1980}} (1978–1991)<br /> * {{Flagcountry|People's Republic of Angola}} (1975–1991)<br /> * {{Flagcountry|People's Republic of Benin}} (1975–1990)<br /> * {{flagicon|Burkina Faso}} [[History of Burkina Faso#Burkina Faso|Burkina Faso]] (1983–1987)<br /> * {{flagicon|People's Republic of Kampuchea}} [[People's Republic of Kampuchea|Cambodia]] (1979–1989)<br /> ** {{flagicon|Cambodia|1989}} [[People's Republic of Kampuchea#Transition|State of Cambodia]] (1989–1991)<br /> * {{Flag|China}} (1949–1961){{efn|See [[Sino–Soviet split]]}}<br /> * {{Flagcountry|People's Republic of the Congo}} (1963–1991)<br /> * {{Flag|Cuba}} (1959–1991)<br /> * {{Flagcountry|People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia}} (1987–1991) <br /> ** {{flagicon image|Flag of Ethiopia (1975–1987, with emblem).svg}} [[Derg|Provisional Military Government of Socialist Ethiopia]] (1974–1987)<br /> * {{Flagdeco|Grenada}} [[People's Revolutionary Government (Grenada)|Grenada]] (1979–1983)<br /> * {{Flag|North Korea|1948}} (1948–1990)<br /> * {{Flag|Laos}} (1975–1989)<br /> * {{Flagdeco|Madagascar}} [[Democratic Republic of Madagascar|Madagascar]] (1975–1990)<br /> * {{Flagcountry|Mongolian People's Republic}} (1924–1990)<br /> * {{Flagcountry|People's Republic of Mozambique|1975}} (1975–1990)<br /> * {{Flagdeco|Seychelles|1977}} [[One-party rule in Seychelles|Seychelles]] (1977–1991)<br /> * {{Flagdeco|Somalia}} [[Somali Democratic Republic|Somalia]] (1969–1977)<br /> * {{Flag|South Yemen}} (1967–1990)<br /> * {{Flag|Vietnam}} (1976–1989) <br /> ** {{Flagdeco|Vietnam}} [[North Vietnam]] (1954–1976) <br /> *** {{flagicon|Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam}} [[Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam|Republic of South Vietnam]] (1975–1976)<br /> * {{Flagcountry|Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia}} (1945–1948){{efn|See [[Tito–Stalin split]]}}<br /> <br /> ===Other aligned states===<br /> [[File:Communist Block.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|{{legend-inline|red}}{{legend-inline|#d00000|States that had communist governments}} {{legend|#ce5c00|States that the Soviet Union believed at one point to be [[moving toward socialism]]}} {{legend|#d0d000|Other states allied with the Soviet Union at some point}}]]<br /> * {{flag|Algeria}} (1962–1991)<br /> * {{flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Bangladesh]] (1971–1975)<br /> * {{flagicon|Burma|1974}} [[Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma|Burma]] ([[1962 Burmese coup d'état|1962]]–[[8888 Uprising|1988]])<br /> * {{flag|Burundi}} (1966–1991)<br /> * {{flag|Chad}} (1979–1982)<br /> * {{flag|Cape Verde|1975}} (1975–1990)<br /> * {{flag|Chile}} ([[Presidency of Salvador Allende|1970–1973]]){{efn|Soviet-Chilean alliance ended with the overthrow of the Allende government in a [[1973 Chilean coup d'état|military coup]], after which Chile became a Cold War ally of the United States. The Soviet Union would later support an [[Armed resistance in Chile (1973–1990)|armed insurgency]] against the military government until Chile returned to democracy in 1990.}}&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.cepchile.cl/dms/lang_2/doc_1140.html Soviet Intelligence in Latin America During the Cold War] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100228185053/http://www.cepchile.cl/dms/lang_2/doc_1140.html |date=28 February 2010 }}&quot;, Lectures by General Nikolai Leonov, Centro de Estudios Publicos (Chile), 22 September 1999.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * {{flagdeco|Comoros|1975}} [[State of the Comoros|Comoros]] (1975–1978)<br /> * {{flag|Djibouti}} (1981–1991)<br /> * {{flagicon image|Flag of Egypt (1952–1958).svg}} [[Republic of Egypt (1953–1958)|Republic of Egypt]] (1953–1958)<br /> ** {{flagicon|Egypt|1958}} [[United Arab Republic]] (1958–1971)<br /> *** {{flagicon|Egypt|1972}} [[History of Egypt under Anwar Sadat#Domestic policy and the Infitah{{!}}Arab Republic of Egypt]] (1971–1974)<br /> * {{flag|Equatorial Guinea}} (1968–1979)<br /> * {{flag|Ghana|1964}} (1960–1966)<br /> * {{flag|Guinea}} (1960–1984)<br /> * {{flagicon|Guinea Bissau}} [[Guinea Bissau]] (1973–1991)<br /> * {{flag|Guyana}} (1980–1991)<br /> * {{flag|India}} (1971–1991)<br /> * {{flagicon|Indonesia}} [[Indonesia]] ([[Guided Democracy in Indonesia|1959–1965]])<br /> * {{flag|Iran}} (1979–1991)<br /> * {{flagicon|Iraq|1959}} [[First Republic of Iraq|Republic of Iraq]] (1958–1963)<br /> ** {{flagicon|Iraq|1963}} [[Arab Socialist Union (Iraq)|Nasserist Iraq]] (1963–1968)<br /> *** {{flagicon|Ba'athist Iraq}} [[Ba'athist Iraq]] (1968–1979)<br /> * {{flag|Israel}} ([[David Ben-Gurion|1948–1953]])&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=The Forgotten Friendship: Israel and the Soviet Bloc 1947–1953|first=Ilana|last=Kass|journal=[[American Political Science Review]]|volume=71|issue=3|date=September 1977|pages=1304–1305|doi=10.2307/1960285 |jstor=1960285 |s2cid=146764535 |issn=0003-0554}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * {{flagicon|Libya|1972}} [[History of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi#Libyan Arab Republic (1969–1977)|Libyan Arab Republic]] (1969–1977)<br /> ** {{flagicon|Libya|1977}} [[Libyan Arab Jamahiriya]] (1977–1991)<br /> * {{flag|Mali}} (1960–1991)<br /> * {{flagdeco|Mauritania|1959}} [[Republic of Mauritania (1960-1978)|Mauritania]] (1961–[[1984 Mauritanian coup d'état|1984]])<br /> * {{Flag|Nicaragua}} (1979–1990)<br /> * {{flag|Peru}} ([[Juan Velasco Alvarado#Military dictatorship (1968–1975)|1968–1975]])<br /> * {{flag|Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic}} (1976–1991)<br /> * {{flag|Sao Tome and Principe}} (1975–1991)<br /> * {{flagdeco|Sudan}} [[Democratic Republic of the Sudan]] ([[1969 Sudanese coup d'état|1969]]–[[1971 Sudanese coup d'état|1971]])<br /> * {{flag|Suriname}} ([[1980 Surinamese coup d'état|1980]]–1987) ([[1990 Surinamese coup d'état|1990]]–1991)<br /> * {{flagicon image|Flag of Syria (1930–1958, 1961–1963).svg}} [[Second Syrian Republic|Syria]] ([[Syrian Crisis of 1957|1957]]–[[1958 Syrian United Arab Republic referendum|1958]])<br /> ** {{flagicon|United Arab Republic}} [[United Arab Republic|Nasserist Syria]] ([[1958 Syrian United Arab Republic referendum|1958]]–[[1961 Syrian coup d'état|1961]])<br /> *** {{flagicon|Syria|1980}} [[Ba'athist Syria]] ([[1963 Syrian coup d'état|1963]]–1991)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Sunayama |first=Sonoko |title=Syria and Saudi Arabia: Collaboration and Conflicts in the Oil Era |publisher=I.B. Tauris |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-84511-302-5 |location=New York |pages=31}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Gasztold-Seń, Trentin, Adamec 2014&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ginat 150–171&quot;/&gt;<br /> * {{flag|Tanzania}} (1964–1991)<br /> * {{flag|Tunisia|1957}} (1964–1988)<br /> * {{flagdeco|Uganda}} [[History of Uganda (1963–1971)|First Republic of Uganda]] ([[Mengo Crisis|1966]]–[[1971 Ugandan coup d'état|1971]])<br /> **{{flagdeco|Uganda}} [[History of Uganda (1979–1986)|Third Republic of Uganda]] (1979-1980)<br /> ***{{flagdeco|Uganda}} [[National Resistance Movement|Fourth Republic of Uganda]] ([[Ugandan Bush War|1986]]-1991)<br /> * {{flagicon|North Yemen}} [[Yemen Arab Republic|North Yemen]] ([[North Yemen civil war|1962]]–1972)<br /> * {{flag|Zambia}} (1964–1991)<br /> * {{flag|Zimbabwe}} (1980–1991)<br /> <br /> ==Foundation history==<br /> [[File:EasternBloc BorderChange38-48.svg|thumb|upright=1.2|Eastern Bloc Area Border changes 1938 to 1948]]<br /> <br /> In 1922, the [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Russian SFSR]], the [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic|Ukrainian SSR]], the [[Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic|Byelorussian SSR]] and the [[Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic|Transcaucasian SFSR]] approved the [[Treaty of Creation of the USSR]] and the Declaration of the Creation of the USSR, forming the [[Soviet Union]].&lt;ref&gt;Julian Towster. ''Political Power in the U.S.S.R., 1917–1947: The Theory and Structure of Government in the Soviet State'' Oxford Univ. Press, 1948. p. 106&lt;/ref&gt; Soviet leader [[Joseph Stalin]], who viewed the Soviet Union as a &quot;socialist island&quot;, stated that the Soviet Union must see that &quot;the present capitalist encirclement is replaced by a socialist encirclement&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;tucker46&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Tucker|1992|p=46}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Expansion of the Soviet Union from 1939 to 1940===<br /> {{Main|Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact|Soviet invasion of Poland|Territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union|Occupation of the Baltic states|Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina|Winter War|Moscow Armistice}}<br /> <br /> In 1939, the USSR entered into the [[Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact]] with [[Nazi Germany]]&lt;ref name=&quot;britannicamr&quot;/&gt; that contained a secret protocol that divided Romania, Poland, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia and Finland into German and Soviet spheres of influence.&lt;ref name=&quot;britannicamr&quot;&gt;Encyclopædia Britannica, ''German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact'', 2008&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mrtext&quot;&gt;[http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1939pact.html ''Text of the Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141114231303/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1939pact.html |date=14 November 2014 }}, executed 23 August 1939&lt;/ref&gt; Eastern Poland, Latvia, Estonia, Finland and [[Bessarabia]] in northern Romania were recognized as parts of the [[Soviet sphere of influence]].&lt;ref name=&quot;mrtext&quot;/&gt; Lithuania was added in a second secret protocol in September 1939.&lt;ref name=&quot;christie&quot;&gt;Christie, Kenneth, ''Historical Injustice and Democratic Transition in Eastern Asia and Northern Europe: Ghosts at the Table of Democracy'', RoutledgeCurzon, 2002, {{ISBN|0-7007-1599-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The [[Soviet invasion of Poland|Soviet Union had invaded the portions of eastern Poland assigned to it]] by the [[Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact]] two weeks after the German invasion of western Poland, followed by co-ordination with German forces in Poland.&lt;ref name=&quot;stalinswars43&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Roberts|2006|p=43}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;sanford&quot;&gt;{{Citation |author-link=George Sanford (scholar) |last=Sanford |first=George |year=2005 |title=Katyn and the Soviet Massacre Of 1940: Truth, Justice And Memory |location=London, New York |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-0-415-33873-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; During the [[Territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union|Occupation of East Poland by the Soviet Union]], the Soviets liquidated the Polish state, and a German-Soviet meeting addressed the future structure of the &quot;Polish region&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nekrich131&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Nekrich|Ulam|Freeze|1997|p=131}}&lt;/ref&gt; Soviet authorities immediately started a campaign of [[sovietization]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Sowietyzacja&quot;&gt;{{Citation | title =Sowietyzacja Kresów Wschodnich II Rzeczypospolitej po 17 wrzesnia 1939 | year =1998 | editor =Adam Sudol | page =441 | publisher=Wyzsza Szkola Pedagogiczna | location =Bydgoszcz | isbn =978-83-7096-281-4 |language=pl}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Relocation&quot;&gt;{{Citation | title =Demography and National Security | year =2001 | editor =Myron Weiner, Sharon Stanton Russell | pages =308–315 | chapter =Stalinist Forced Relocation Policies | chapter-url =https://books.google.com/books?id=J9nuv7MGQ5MC&amp;q=Sovietization&amp;pg=PA309 | publisher=Berghahn Books | isbn =978-1-57181-339-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; of the [[Territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union|newly Soviet-annexed areas]].&lt;ref&gt;The Soviets organized staged elections,{{in lang|pl}} Bartlomiej Kozlowski [http://kalendarium.polska.pl/wydarzenia/article.htm?id=132394 ''Wybory&quot; do Zgromadzen Ludowych Zachodniej Ukrainy i Zachodniej Bialorusi''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090923190801/http://kalendarium.polska.pl/wydarzenia/article.htm?id=132394 |date=23 September 2009 }}, [[Naukowa i Akademicka Sieć Komputerowa|NASK]], 2005, Polska.pl, the result of which was to become a legitimization of Soviet annexation of eastern Poland. [[Jan Tomasz Gross]], ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=XKtOr4EXOWwC&amp;pg=PA71 Revolution from Abroad]'', Princeton University Press, 2003, p. 396 {{ISBN|0-691-09603-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Soviet authorities attempted to erase Polish history and culture, Trela-Mazur, Elzbieta, ''Sowietyzacja oswiaty w Malopolsce Wschodniej pod radziecka okupacja 1939–1941 (Sovietization of Education in Eastern Lesser Poland During the Soviet Occupation 1939–1941)'', ed. Wlodzimierz Bonusiak, ''et al''. (eds.), Wyzsza Szkola Pedagogiczna im. Jana Kochanowskiego, 1997, {{ISBN|978-83-7133-100-8}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Soviet authorities withdrew the [[Polish złoty|Polish currency]] without exchanging rubles,{{in lang|pl}}, [[Karolina Lanckoronska]] ''Wspomnienia wojenne; 22 IX 1939 – 5 IV 1945'', 2001, ed, p. 364, [http://www.lwow.com.pl/karolina.html Chapter I – Lwów] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327101720/http://www.lwow.com.pl/karolina.html |date=27 March 2009 }}, ZNAK, {{ISBN|83-240-0077-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; Soviet authorities [[collective farming|collectivized]] agriculture,&lt;ref name=&quot;PWN OKUPACJA SOWIECKA W POLSCE 1939–41&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/haslo/okupacja-sowiecka-ziem-polskich;3950665.html |title=okupacja sowiecka ziem polskich 1939–41 |trans-title=Soviet occupation of Polish territories 1939–41 |language=pl |website=[[Internetowa encyklopedia PWN|Encyklopedia PWN]] |access-date=6 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324085324/https://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/haslo/okupacja-sowiecka-ziem-polskich;3950665.html |archive-date=24 March 2019 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[nationalized]] and redistributed private and state-owned Polish property.&lt;ref name=&quot;Piotrowski_11&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Piotrowski|2007|p=11}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Soviet authorities regarded service for the pre-war Polish state as a &quot;crime against revolution&quot; [[Gustaw Herling-Grudziński]], ''A World Apart: Imprisonment in a Soviet Labor Camp During World War II'', 1996, p. 284, [[Penguin Books]], {{ISBN|0-14-025184-7}} and &quot;counter-revolutionary activity&quot;,{{in lang|pl}} [[Władysław Anders]], ''Bez ostatniego rozdzialu'', 1995, p. 540, Test, {{ISBN|83-7038-168-5}} and subsequently started arresting large numbers of Polish citizens.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;During the initial Soviet invasion of Poland, between [[Polish prisoners-of-war in the Soviet Union after 1939|230,000 to 450,000 Poles were taken as prisoner, some of which were executed]] (see also [[Katyn massacre]]).[[George Sanford (political scientist)|Sanford]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=PZXvUuvfv-oC&amp;pg=PA20 Google Books, pp. 20-24.]; [[Benjamin Fischer (historian)|Fischer, Benjamin B.]], &quot;[https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/winter99-00/art6.html The Katyn Controversy: Stalin's Killing Field] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100324185250/https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/winter99-00/art6.html |date=24 March 2010 }}&quot;, ''[[Studies in Intelligence]]'', Winter 1999–2000; [https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/kent-csi/pdf/v43i3a06p.pdf ''Stalin's Killing Field''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080709144143/https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/kent-csi/pdf/v43i3a06p.pdf |date=9 July 2008 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Initial Soviet [[Occupation of the Baltic states|occupations of the Baltic countries]] had occurred in mid-June 1940, when Soviet NKVD troops raided border posts in [[History of Lithuania#First Soviet occupation|Lithuania]], [[Estonia in World War II#Soviet occupation|Estonia]] and [[Latvia#Latvia in World War II|Latvia]],&lt;ref name=&quot;wettig20&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Wettig|2008|p=20}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;senn&quot;&gt;Senn, Alfred Erich, ''Lithuania 1940 : revolution from above'', Amsterdam, New York, Rodopi, 2007 {{ISBN|978-90-420-2225-6}}&lt;/ref&gt; followed by the liquidation of state administrations and replacement by Soviet cadres.&lt;ref name=&quot;wettig20&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;34,250 Latvians, 75,000 Lithuanians and almost 60,000 Estonians were deported or killed. [[Simon Sebag Montefiore]], ''Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar'', p. 334&lt;/ref&gt; Elections for parliament and other offices were held with single candidates listed and the official results fabricated, purporting pro-Soviet candidates' approval by 92.8 percent of the voters in Estonia, 97.6 percent in Latvia, and 99.2 percent in Lithuania.&lt;ref name=&quot;wettig21&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Wettig|2008|p=21}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Furthermore, the Latvian results are known to be fabrications, having been accidentally released to the press in London and published a day ahead of schedule. Visvaldis, Mangulis, ''Latvia in the Wars of the 20th century'', 1983, Princeton Junction: Cognition Books, {{ISBN|0-912881-00-3}}, Chapter=VIII. September 1939 to June 1941; Švābe, Arvīds. ''The Story of Latvia''. Latvian National Foundation. Stockholm. 1949. Feldbrugge, Ferdinand et al., ''Encyclopedia of Soviet Law'', 1985, Brill, {{ISBN|90-247-3075-9}}, p. 460&lt;/ref&gt; The fraudulently installed &quot;people's assemblies&quot; immediately declared each of the three corresponding countries to be &quot;Soviet Socialist Republics&quot; and requested their &quot;admission into [[Stalin]]'s Soviet Union&quot;. This formally resulted in the Soviet Union's annexation of Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia in August 1940.&lt;ref name=&quot;wettig21&quot;/&gt; The international community condemned this annexation of the three Baltic countries and deemed it illegal.&lt;ref name=&quot;smithpabriksxix&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Smith|Pabriks|Purs|Lane|2002|p=xix}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;oconnor117&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|O'Connor|2003|p=117}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1939, the Soviet Union unsuccessfully [[Winter War|attempted an invasion of Finland]],&lt;ref name=&quot;ckpipe&quot;&gt;{{Citation|last=Kennedy-Pip|first=Caroline|title=Stalin's Cold War|publisher=Manchester University Press|year=1995|isbn=978-0-7190-4201-0}}&lt;/ref&gt; subsequent to which the parties entered into an [[Moscow Peace Treaty|interim peace treaty]] granting the Soviet Union a portion of the eastern region of [[Karelia]] (10% of Finnish territory),&lt;ref name=&quot;ckpipe&quot;/&gt; and the [[Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic]] was established by merging the ceded territories with the [[Karelian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic|KASSR]]. After a June 1940 Soviet Ultimatum demanding Bessarabia, [[Bukovina]], and the [[Hertsa region]] from Romania,&lt;ref name=&quot;stalinswars55&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Roberts|2006|p=55}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;shirer794&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Shirer|1990|p=794}}&lt;/ref&gt; the Soviets entered these areas, Romania caved to Soviet demands and the [[Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina|Soviets occupied the territories]].&lt;ref name=&quot;stalinswars55&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;The occupation accompanied [[religious persecution during the Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina]] and [[Soviet deportations from Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina]].&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Eastern Front and Allied conferences===<br /> {{further|Operation Barbarossa|Eastern Front (World War II)|List of World War II conferences|Yalta Conference|Potsdam Conference}}<br /> [[File:Yalta Conference (Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin) (B&amp;W).jpg|thumb|left|The Big Three ([[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|British Prime Minister]] [[Winston Churchill]], [[President of the United States|U.S. President]] [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] and [[Premier of the Soviet Union]] [[Joseph Stalin]]) at the [[Yalta Conference]], February 1945]]<br /> In June 1941, Germany broke the Molotov-Ribbentrop pact by [[Operation Barbarossa|invading the Soviet Union]]. From the time of this invasion to 1944, the areas annexed by the Soviet Union were part of Germany's [[Reichskommissariat Ostland|Ostland]] (except for the [[Moldavian SSR]]). Thereafter, the Soviet Union began to push German forces westward through a series of battles on the [[Eastern Front (World War II)|Eastern Front]].<br /> <br /> In the aftermath of [[Continuation War|World War II on the Soviet-Finnish border]], the parties [[Moscow Armistice|signed another peace treaty ceding to the Soviet Union]] in 1944, followed by a Soviet annexation of roughly the same eastern Finnish territories as those of the prior interim peace treaty as part of the [[Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://heninen.net/sopimus/1944_e.htm|title=Armistice Agreement|date=1997|access-date=27 August 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> From 1943 to 1945, several [[List of World War II conferences|conferences regarding Post-War Europe]] occurred that, in part, addressed the potential Soviet annexation and control of countries in Central Europe. There were various Allied plans for state order in Central Europe for post-war. While [[Joseph Stalin]] tried to get as many states under Soviet control as possible, British Prime Minister [[Winston Churchill]] preferred a Central European Danube Confederation to counter these countries against Germany and Russia.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.spiegel.de/geschichte/churchill-und-die-deutschen-a-946593.html &quot;Churchill and the Germans&quot; in Der Spiegel, 13 August 2010.]&lt;/ref&gt; Churchill's Soviet policy regarding Central Europe differed vastly from that of American President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]], with the former believing Soviet leader Stalin to be a &quot;devil&quot;-like tyrant leading a vile system.&lt;ref name=&quot;miscamble51&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Miscamble|2007|p=51}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> When warned of potential domination by a Stalin dictatorship over part of Europe, Roosevelt responded with a statement summarizing his rationale for relations with Stalin: &quot;I just have a hunch that Stalin is not that kind of a man.&amp;nbsp;... I think that if I give him everything I possibly can and ask for nothing from him in return, noblesse oblige, he won't try to annex anything and will work with me for a world of democracy and peace&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;miscamble52&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Miscamble|2007|p=52}}&lt;/ref&gt; While meeting with Stalin and Roosevelt in [[Tehran Conference|Tehran]] in 1943, Churchill stated that Britain was vitally interested in restoring Poland as a politically independent country.&lt;ref name=&quot;wettig44&quot;/&gt; Britain did not press the matter for fear that it would become a source of inter-allied friction.&lt;ref name=&quot;wettig44&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Wettig|2008|p=44}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In February 1945, at the [[Yalta Conference|conference at Yalta]], Stalin demanded a Soviet sphere of political influence in Central Europe.&lt;ref name=&quot;stalinswars241&quot;/&gt; Stalin eventually was convinced by Churchill and Roosevelt not to dismember Germany.&lt;ref name=&quot;stalinswars241&quot;/&gt; Stalin stated that the Soviet Union would keep the territory of eastern Poland they had already [[Soviet invasion of Poland|taken via invasion in 1939]] with [[Territorial changes of Poland immediately after World War II|some exceptions]], and wanted a pro-Soviet Polish government in power in what would remain of Poland.&lt;ref name=&quot;stalinswars241&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Roberts|2006|pp=241 &amp; 244}}&lt;/ref&gt; After resistance by Churchill and Roosevelt, Stalin promised a re-organization of the current [[Polish Committee of National Liberation|pro-Soviet government]] on a broader democratic basis in Poland.&lt;ref name=&quot;stalinswars241&quot;/&gt; He stated that the new government's primary task would be to prepare elections.&lt;ref name=&quot;wettig47&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Wettig|2008|pp=47–8}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, the [[1946 Polish people's referendum]] (known as the &quot;Three Times Yes&quot; referendum) and the subsequent [[1947 Polish parliamentary election]] did not meet democratic standards and were largely manipulated.&lt;ref name=&quot;NS&quot;&gt;{{cite book |editor1-last=Nohlen |editor1-first=Dieter |editor2-last=Stöver |editor2-first=Philip |editor1-link=Dieter Nohlen |title=Elections in Europe: A Data Handbook |date=2010 |publisher=Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft |isbn=978-3832956097 |page=1475}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The parties at Yalta further agreed that the countries of liberated Europe and former Axis satellites would be allowed to &quot;create democratic institutions of their own choice&quot;, pursuant to &quot;the right of all peoples to choose the form of government under which they will live&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;yaltareport&quot;&gt;11 February 1945 Potsdam Report, ''reprinted in'' Potsdam Ashley, John, Soames Grenville and Bernard Wasserstein, ''The Major International Treaties of the Twentieth Century: A History and Guide with Texts'', Taylor &amp; Francis, 2001 {{ISBN|0-415-23798-X}}&lt;/ref&gt; The parties also agreed to help those countries form interim governments &quot;pledged to the earliest possible establishment through free elections&quot; and &quot;facilitate where necessary the holding of such elections&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;yaltareport&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> At the beginning of the July–August 1945 [[Potsdam Conference]] after Germany's unconditional surrender, Stalin repeated previous promises to Churchill that he would refrain from a &quot;[[sovietization]]&quot; of Central Europe.&lt;ref name=&quot;stalinswars274&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Roberts|2006|pp=274–78}}&lt;/ref&gt; In addition to reparations, Stalin pushed for &quot;war booty&quot;, which would permit the Soviet Union to directly seize property from conquered nations without quantitative or qualitative limitation.&lt;ref name=&quot;wettig90&quot;/&gt; A clause was added permitting this to occur with some limitations.&lt;ref name=&quot;wettig90&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Wettig|2008|pp=90–1}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Concealed transformation dynamics==<br /> At first, the Soviets concealed their role in other Eastern Bloc politics, with the transformation appearing as a modification of Western &quot;[[bourgeois democracy]]&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;wettig37&quot;/&gt; As a young communist was told in East Germany, &quot;it's got to look democratic, but we must have everything in our control&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Crampton|1997|p=211}}&lt;/ref&gt; Stalin felt that socioeconomic transformation was indispensable to establish Soviet control, reflecting the Marxist–Leninist view that material bases, the distribution of the means of production, shaped social and political relations.&lt;ref name=&quot;wettig36&quot;/&gt; The Soviet Union also co-opted the Eastern European countries into its sphere of influence by making reference to some cultural commonalities.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Lewkowicz|first=Nicolas|title=The United States, the Soviet Union and the Geopolitical Implications of the Origins of the Cold War|publisher=Anthem Press|year=2018|isbn=978-1783087990|location=New York|page=119}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Moscow-trained cadres were put into crucial power positions to fulfill orders regarding sociopolitical transformation.&lt;ref name=&quot;wettig36&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Wettig|2008|p=36}}&lt;/ref&gt; Elimination of the [[bourgeoisie]]'s social and financial power by expropriation of landed and industrial property was accorded absolute priority.&lt;ref name=&quot;wettig37&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Wettig|2008|p=37}}&lt;/ref&gt; These measures were publicly billed as &quot;reforms&quot; rather than socioeconomic transformations.&lt;ref name=&quot;wettig37&quot;/&gt; Except for initially in Czechoslovakia, activities by political parties had to adhere to &quot;Bloc politics&quot;, with parties eventually having to accept membership in an &quot;antifascist bloc&quot; obliging them to act only by mutual &quot;consensus&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;wettig38&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Wettig|2008|p=38}}&lt;/ref&gt; The bloc system permitted the Soviet Union to exercise domestic control indirectly.&lt;ref name=&quot;wettig39&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Wettig|2008|p=39}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Crucial departments such as those responsible for personnel, general police, secret police and youth were strictly Communist run.&lt;ref name=&quot;wettig39&quot;/&gt; Moscow cadres distinguished &quot;progressive forces&quot; from &quot;reactionary elements&quot; and rendered both powerless. Such procedures were repeated until Communists had gained unlimited power and only politicians who were unconditionally supportive of Soviet policy remained.&lt;ref name=&quot;wettig41&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Wettig|2008|p=41}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Early events prompting stricter control==<br /> {{see also|Formation of the Eastern Bloc}}<br /> <br /> ===Marshall Plan rejection===<br /> {{further|Marshall Plan}}<br /> [[File:Europe-blocs-49-89x4.svg|thumb|left|Political situation in Europe during the [[Cold War]]]]<br /> In June 1947, after the Soviets had refused to negotiate a potential lightening of restrictions on German development, the United States announced the [[Marshall Plan]], a comprehensive program of American assistance to all European countries wanting to participate, including the Soviet Union and those of Eastern Europe.&lt;ref name=&quot;miller16&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Miller|2000|p=16}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Soviets rejected the Plan and took a hard-line position against the United States and non-communist European nations.&lt;ref name=&quot;wettig139&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Wettig|2008|p=139}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, Czechoslovakia was eager to accept the US aid; the Polish government had a similar attitude, and this was of great concern to the Soviets.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Wettig|2008|p=138}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Three worlds}}<br /> In one of the clearest signs of Soviet control over the region up to that point, the Czechoslovak foreign minister, [[Jan Masaryk]], was summoned to Moscow and berated by Stalin for considering joining the Marshall Plan. Polish Prime minister [[Józef Cyrankiewicz]] was rewarded for the Polish rejection of the Plan with a huge 5-year trade agreement, including $450&amp;nbsp;million in credit, 200,000 tons of grain, heavy machinery and factories.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,855998,00.html |title=Carnations |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=9 February 1948 |access-date=1 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114182613/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,855998,00.html |archive-date=14 January 2009 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In July 1947, Stalin ordered these countries to pull out of the Paris Conference on the European Recovery Programme, which has been described as &quot;the moment of truth&quot; in the post-[[World War II]] division of Europe.&lt;ref name=&quot;bideleaux&quot;/&gt; Thereafter, Stalin sought stronger control over other Eastern Bloc countries, abandoning the prior appearance of democratic institutions.&lt;ref name=&quot;wettig148&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Wettig|2008|p=148}}&lt;/ref&gt; When it appeared that, in spite of heavy pressure, non-communist parties might receive in excess of 40% of the vote in the [[1947 Hungarian parliamentary election|August 1947 Hungarian elections]], repressions were instituted to liquidate any independent political forces.&lt;ref name=&quot;wettig148&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> In that same month, annihilation of the opposition in Bulgaria began on the basis of continuing instructions by Soviet cadres.&lt;ref name=&quot;wettig148&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;wettig149&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Wettig|2008|p=149}}&lt;/ref&gt; At a late September 1947 meeting of all communist parties in [[Szklarska Poręba]],&lt;ref name=&quot;wettig140&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Wettig|2008|p=140}}&lt;/ref&gt; Eastern Bloc communist parties were blamed for permitting even minor influence by non-communists in their respective countries during the run up to the Marshall Plan.&lt;ref name=&quot;wettig148&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Berlin blockade and airlift===<br /> {{main|Berlin Blockade}}<br /> <br /> [[File:Germans-airlift-1948.jpg|thumb|left|German civilians watching Western supply planes at [[Berlin Tempelhof Airport]] during the [[Berlin Blockade|Berlin Airlift]]]]<br /> In the former German capital Berlin, surrounded by Soviet-occupied Germany, Stalin instituted the Berlin Blockade on 24 June 1948, preventing food, materials and supplies from arriving in [[West Berlin]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Gaddis|2005|p=33}}&lt;/ref&gt; The blockade was caused, in part, by early local elections of October 1946 in which the [[Socialist Unity Party of Germany]] (SED) was rejected in favor of the [[Social Democratic Party in the GDR|Social Democratic Party]], which had gained two and a half times more votes than the SED.&lt;ref name=&quot;turner19&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Turner|1987|p=19}}&lt;/ref&gt; The United States, Britain, France, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and several other countries began a massive &quot;Berlin airlift&quot;, supplying West Berlin with food and other supplies.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Miller|2000|pp=65–70}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Soviets mounted a public relations campaign against the western policy change and communists attempted to disrupt the elections of 1948 preceding large losses therein,&lt;ref name=&quot;turner29&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Turner|1987|p=29}}&lt;/ref&gt; while 300,000 Berliners demonstrated and urged the international airlift to continue.&lt;ref&gt;Fritsch-Bournazel, Renata, ''Confronting the German Question: Germans on the East-West Divide'', Berg Publishers, 1990, {{ISBN|0-85496-684-6}}, p. 143&lt;/ref&gt; In May 1949, Stalin lifted the blockade, permitting the resumption of Western shipments to Berlin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gaddis 2005, p. 34&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Gaddis|2005|p=34}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Miller|2000|pp=180–81}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Tito–Stalin split===<br /> {{further|Tito–Stalin split}}<br /> After disagreements between Yugoslav leader [[Josip Broz Tito]] and the Soviet Union regarding Greece and [[Socialist People's Republic of Albania|Albania]], a [[Tito–Stalin split]] occurred, followed by Yugoslavia being expelled from the [[Cominform]] in June 1948 and a brief failed Soviet putsch in Belgrade.&lt;ref name=&quot;wettig156&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Wettig|2008|p=156}}&lt;/ref&gt; The split created two separate communist forces in Europe.&lt;ref name=&quot;wettig156&quot;/&gt; A vehement campaign against [[Titoism]] was immediately started in the Eastern Bloc, describing agents of both the West and Tito in all places as engaging in subversive activity.&lt;ref name=&quot;wettig156&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Stalin ordered the conversion of the [[Cominform]] into an instrument to monitor and control the internal affairs of other Eastern Bloc parties.&lt;ref name=&quot;wettig156&quot;/&gt; He also briefly considered converting the Cominform into an instrument for sentencing high-ranking deviators, but dropped the idea as impractical.&lt;ref name=&quot;wettig156&quot;/&gt; Instead, a move to weaken communist party leaders through conflict was started.&lt;ref name=&quot;wettig156&quot;/&gt; Soviet cadres in communist party and state positions in the Bloc were instructed to foster intra-leadership conflict and to transmit information against each other.&lt;ref name=&quot;wettig156&quot;/&gt; This accompanied a continuous stream of accusations of &quot;nationalistic deviations&quot;, &quot;insufficient appreciation of the USSR's role&quot;, links with Tito and &quot;espionage for Yugoslavia&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;wettig157&quot;/&gt; This resulted in the persecution of many major party cadres, including those in East Germany.&lt;ref name=&quot;wettig157&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Wettig|2008|p=157}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The first country to experience this approach was [[Socialist People's Republic of Albania|Albania]], where leader [[Enver Hoxha]] immediately changed course from favoring Yugoslavia to opposing it.&lt;ref name=&quot;wettig157&quot;/&gt; In [[People's Republic of Poland|Poland]], leader [[Władysław Gomułka]], who had previously made pro-Yugoslav statements, was deposed as party secretary-general in early September 1948 and subsequently jailed.&lt;ref name=&quot;wettig157&quot;/&gt; In [[People's Republic of Bulgaria|Bulgaria]], when it appeared that Traicho Kostov, who was not a Moscow cadre, was next in line for leadership, in June 1949, Stalin ordered Kostov's arrest, followed soon thereafter by a death sentence and execution.&lt;ref name=&quot;wettig157&quot;/&gt; A number of other high ranking Bulgarian officials were also jailed.&lt;ref name=&quot;wettig157&quot;/&gt; Stalin and Hungarian leader [[Mátyás Rákosi]] met in Moscow to orchestrate a show trial of Rákosi opponent [[László Rajk]], who was thereafter executed.&lt;ref name=&quot;wettig158&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Wettig|2008|p=158}}&lt;/ref&gt; The preservation of the Soviet bloc relied on maintaining a sense of ideological unity that would entrench Moscow's influence in Eastern Europe as well as the power of the local Communist elites.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Lewkowicz|first=Nicolas|title=The Role of Ideology in the Origins of the Cold War|publisher=Scholar's Press|year=2020|isbn=978-620-2317269|location=Saarbrucken|page=55}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The port city of [[Trieste]] was a particular focus after the Second World War. Until the break between Tito and Stalin, the Western powers and the Eastern bloc faced each other uncompromisingly. The neutral buffer state [[Free Territory of Trieste]], founded in 1947 with the United Nations, was split up and dissolved in 1954 and 1975, also because of the détente between the West and Tito.&lt;ref&gt;Christian Jennings &quot;Flashpoint Trieste: The First Battle of the Cold War&quot;, (2017), pp 244.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Karlo Ruzicic-Kessler &quot;Togliatti, Tito and the Shadow of Moscow 1944/45–1948: Post-War Territorial Disputes and the Communist World&quot;, In: Journal of European Integration History, (2/2014).&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Politics==<br /> {{main|Eastern Bloc politics}}<br /> <br /> [[File:Communist block.svg|thumb|left|upright=1.35|Countries which once had overtly [[Marxism–Leninism|Marxist–Leninist]] governments in bright red and countries the USSR considered at one point to be &quot;[[moving toward socialism]]&quot; in orange]]<br /> Despite the initial [[Stalinism|institutional design of communism implemented]] by [[Joseph Stalin]] in the Eastern Bloc, subsequent development varied across countries.&lt;ref name=&quot;hardt11&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Hardt|Kaufman|1995|p=11}}&lt;/ref&gt; In satellite states, after peace treaties were initially concluded, opposition was essentially liquidated, fundamental steps towards socialism were enforced, and Kremlin leaders sought to strengthen control therein.&lt;ref name=&quot;wettig108&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Wettig|2008|pp=108–9}}&lt;/ref&gt; Right from the beginning, Stalin directed systems that rejected Western institutional characteristics of [[market economy|market economies]], capitalist parliamentary democracy (dubbed &quot;bourgeois democracy&quot; in Soviet parlance) and the rule of law subduing discretional intervention by the state.&lt;ref name=&quot;hardt12&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Hardt|Kaufman|1995|p=12}}&lt;/ref&gt; The resulting states aspired to total control of a political center backed by an extensive and active repressive apparatus, and a central role of [[Marxism–Leninism|Marxist–Leninist]] ideology.&lt;ref name=&quot;hardt12&quot;/&gt;<br /> [[File:Eastern block flags.png|thumb|upright=1.35|Communist countries and [[Soviet republic (system of government)|Soviet republics]] in Europe with their representative flags (1950s)]]<br /> However, the vestiges of democratic institutions were never entirely destroyed, resulting in the façade of democratic-style institutions such as [[supreme state organ of power]], which effectively just rubber-stamped decisions made by rulers, and [[communist state constitution]]s, to which adherence by authorities was limited or non-existent.&lt;ref name=&quot;hardt12&quot;/&gt; Parliaments were still elected, but their meetings occurred only a few days per year, only to legitimize politburo decisions, and so little attention was paid to them that some of those serving were actually dead, and officials would openly state that they would seat members who had lost elections.&lt;ref name=&quot;crampton246&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Crampton|1997|p=246}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The first or General Secretary of the [[central committee]] in each [[communist party]] was the most powerful figure in each regime.&lt;ref name=&quot;crampton244&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Crampton|1997|p=244}}&lt;/ref&gt; The party over which the [[politburo]] held sway was not a mass party but, conforming with [[Leninist]] tradition, a smaller selective party of between three and fourteen percent of the country's population who had accepted total obedience.&lt;ref name=&quot;crampton245&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Crampton|1997|p=245}}&lt;/ref&gt; Those who secured membership in this selective group received considerable rewards, such as access to special lower priced shops with a greater selection of high-quality domestic and/or foreign goods ([[confection]]s, [[alcohol (drug)|alcohol]], [[cigar]]s, [[camera]]s, [[television]]s, and the like), special schools, holiday facilities, homes, high-quality domestic and/or foreign-made furniture, works of art, pensions, permission to travel abroad, and official cars with distinct license plates so that police and others could identify these members from a distance.&lt;ref name=&quot;crampton245&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Political and civil restrictions===<br /> {{further|Political repression in the Soviet Union|Human rights in the Soviet Union|Elections in the Soviet Union|Population transfer in the Soviet Union|Gulag|Telephone tapping in the Eastern Bloc|Suppressed research in the Soviet Union|Samizdat|Sharashka}}<br /> In addition to emigration restrictions, civil society, defined as a domain of political action outside the party's state control, was not allowed to firmly take root, with the possible exception of [[History of Poland (1945–1989)#Final decade of the Polish People's Republic (1980–89)|Poland in the 1980s]].&lt;ref name=&quot;hardt18&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Hardt|Kaufman|1995|p=18}}&lt;/ref&gt; While the institutional design of the communist systems were based on the rejection of rule of law, the legal infrastructure was not immune to change reflecting decaying ideology and the substitution of autonomous law.&lt;ref name=&quot;hardt18&quot;/&gt; Initially, communist parties were small in all countries except Czechoslovakia, such that there existed an acute shortage of politically &quot;trustworthy&quot; persons for administration, police, and other professions.&lt;ref name=&quot;wettig40&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Wettig|2008|p=40}}&lt;/ref&gt; Thus, &quot;politically unreliable&quot; non-communists initially had to fill such roles.&lt;ref name=&quot;wettig40&quot;/&gt; Those not obedient to communist authorities were ousted, while Moscow cadres started a large-scale party programs to train personnel who would meet political requirements.&lt;ref name=&quot;wettig40&quot;/&gt; Former members of the middle-class were officially discriminated against, though the state's need for their skills and certain opportunities to re-invent themselves as good Communist citizens did allow many to nonetheless achieve success.&lt;ref name=&quot;James, M (2005)&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Mark |first1=James |title=Discrimination, opportunity, and middle-class success in early Communist Hungary |journal=The Historical Journal |date=June 2005 |volume=48 |issue=2 |pages=499–521 |doi=10.1017/S0018246X05004486 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/33CC6D7338635CA31C36D84DE015E1AD/S0018246X05004486a.pdf/div-class-title-discrimination-opportunity-and-middle-class-success-in-early-communist-hungary-div.pdf |archive-date=27 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427095703/https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/33CC6D7338635CA31C36D84DE015E1AD/S0018246X05004486a.pdf/div-class-title-discrimination-opportunity-and-middle-class-success-in-early-communist-hungary-div.pdf |access-date=17 May 2024 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Communist regimes in the Eastern Bloc viewed marginal groups of opposition intellectuals as a potential threat because of the bases underlying Communist power therein.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pollackxiv&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Pollack|Wielgohs|2004|p=xiv}}&lt;/ref&gt; The suppression of dissidence and opposition was considered a central prerequisite to retain power, though the enormous expense at which the population in certain countries were kept under secret surveillance may not have been rational.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pollackxiv&quot;/&gt; Following a totalitarian initial phase, a post-totalitarian period followed the death of Stalin in which the primary method of Communist rule shifted from mass terror to selective repression, along with ideological and sociopolitical strategies of legitimation and the securing of loyalty.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pollackxv&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Pollack|Wielgohs|2004|p=xv}}&lt;/ref&gt; Juries were replaced by a tribunal of professional judges and two lay assessors that were dependable party actors.&lt;ref name=&quot;crampton247&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Crampton|1997|p=247}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The police deterred and contained opposition to party directives.&lt;ref name=&quot;crampton247&quot;/&gt; The political police served as the core of the system, with their names becoming synonymous with raw power and the threat of violent retribution should an individual become active against the State.&lt;ref name=&quot;crampton247&quot;/&gt; Several state police and secret police organizations enforced communist party rule, including the following:<br /> * Soviet Union – [[KGB]]<br /> * East Germany – [[Stasi]], [[Volkspolizei]] and [[Combat Groups of the Working Class|KdA]]<br /> * Czechoslovakia – [[StB|STB]] and [[People's Militias (Czechoslovakia)|LM]]<br /> * Bulgaria – [[Committee for State Security (Bulgaria)|KDS]], usually referred to as just &quot;Darzhavna sigurnost&quot; (&quot;State Security&quot;)<br /> * Albania – [[Sigurimi]]<br /> * Yugoslavia – [[Directorate for State Security (Yugoslavia)|UDBA]]<br /> * Hungary – [[State Protection Authority|ÁVH]] and [[Workers' Militia|Munkásőrség]]<br /> * Romania – [[Securitate]] and [[Patriotic Guards (Romania)|GP]]<br /> * Poland – [[Urząd Bezpieczeństwa]], [[Służba Bezpieczeństwa]] and [[ZOMO]]<br /> <br /> ===Media and information restrictions===<br /> &lt;!-- Commented out: [[File:Esti-Budapest-6-October-1956.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|''[[Esti Budapest]]'', 6 October]] --&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:Rude pravo.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Rudé Právo]] poster stating: &quot;More work for our republic – that's our agitation!&quot; &quot;Strength of Communist Party – strength of the republic!&quot; &quot;Rudé Právo for every family&quot;]] --&gt;<br /> <br /> {{main|Eastern Bloc media and propaganda}}<br /> <br /> {{further|Deutscher Fernsehfunk|Mass media in Communist Czechoslovakia|Propaganda in the People's Republic of Poland|Propaganda in the Soviet Union|Soviet Information Bureau}}<br /> <br /> [[File:TrybunaLudu3.png|thumb|upright=1.2|Announcement of [[martial law in Poland]] by ''[[Trybuna Ludu]]'',14 December 1981]]<br /> The press in the communist period was an organ of the state, completely reliant on and subservient to the communist party.&lt;ref name=&quot;oneil15&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|O'Neil|1997|p=15}}&lt;/ref&gt; Before the late 1980s, Eastern Bloc radio and television organizations were state-owned, while print media was usually owned by political organizations, mostly by the local communist party.&lt;ref name=&quot;oneil25&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|O'Neil|1997|p=125}}&lt;/ref&gt; Youth newspapers and magazines were owned by youth organizations affiliated with communist parties.&lt;ref name=&quot;oneil25&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> The control of the media was exercised directly by the communist party itself, and by state censorship, which was also controlled by the party.&lt;ref name=&quot;oneil25&quot;/&gt; Media served as an important form of control over information and society.&lt;ref name=&quot;oneil1&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|O'Neil|1997|p=1}}&lt;/ref&gt; The dissemination and portrayal of knowledge were considered by authorities to be vital to communism's survival by stifling alternative concepts and critiques.&lt;ref name=&quot;oneil1&quot;/&gt; Several state Communist Party newspapers were published, including:<br /> * [[Central newspapers of the Soviet Union]]<br /> * [[Trybuna Ludu|Trybuna Ludu (Poland)]]<br /> * {{ill|Czerwony Sztandar (Vilnius)|pl|Czerwony Sztandar (Wilno)}} (1953–1990), Polish-language newspaper in Lithuanian SSR<br /> * [[Népszabadság]] (until 1956 [[Szabad Nép]], Hungary)<br /> * [[Neues Deutschland|Neues Deutschland (East Germany)]]<br /> * [[Rabotnichesko Delo|Rabotnichesko Delo (Bulgaria)]]<br /> * [[Rudé právo|Rudé právo (Czechoslovakia)]]<br /> * [[Rahva Hääl|Rahva Hääl (annexed former Estonia)]]<br /> * [[Pravda (Slovakia)]]<br /> * [[Kauno diena|Kauno diena (annexed former Lithuania)]]<br /> * [[Scînteia|Scînteia (Romania)]]<br /> * [[Zvyazda|Zvyazda (Belarus)]].<br /> <br /> The [[Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union|Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union (TASS)]] served as the central agency for collection and distribution of internal and international news for all Soviet newspapers, radio and television stations. It was frequently infiltrated by Soviet intelligence and security agencies, such as the [[NKVD]] and [[Glavnoye Razvedyvatel'noye Upravleniye|GRU]]. TASS had affiliates in 14 Soviet republics, including the [[Lithuanian SSR]], [[Latvian SSR]], [[Estonian SSR]], [[Moldavian SSR]]. [[Ukrainian SSR]] and [[Byelorussian SSR]].<br /> <br /> Western countries invested heavily in powerful transmitters which enabled services such as the [[BBC]], [[VOA]] and [[Radio Free Europe]] (RFE) to be heard in the Eastern Bloc, despite attempts by authorities to jam the airways.<br /> <br /> ==Religion==<br /> [[File:Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Baku.jpg|thumb|The [[Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Baku|Alexander Nevsky Cathedral]], once the most dominant landmark in [[Baku]], was demolished in the 1930s under Stalin.]]<br /> {{main|Treatment of Christians in Communist Bloc countries}}<br /> <br /> Under the [[state atheism]] of many Eastern Bloc nations, religion was actively suppressed.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Hobby|first=Jeneen|title=Worldmark Encyclopedia of Cultures and Daily Life: Europe|year=2009|publisher=Gate|isbn=978-1-4144-6430-5}}&lt;/ref&gt; Since some of these states tied their ethnic heritage to their national churches, both the peoples and their churches were targeted by the Soviets.&lt;ref&gt;President of Lithuania: Prisoner of the Gulag a Biography of [[Aleksandras Stulginskis]] by Afonsas Eidintas Genocide and Research Center of Lithuania {{ISBN|978-9986757412}} p. 23 &quot;As early as August 1920 [[Lenin]] wrote to [[Ephraim Sklyansky]], President of the Revolutionary War Soviet: &quot;We are surrounded by the greens (we pack it to them), we will move only about 10–20 versty and we will choke by hand the bourgeoisie, the clergy and the landowners. There will be an award of 100,000 rubles for each one hanged.&quot; He was speaking about the future actions in the countries neighboring Russia.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Christ Is Calling You : A Course in Catacomb Pastorship by Father [[George Calciu]] Published by Saint Hermans Press, 1997 {{ISBN|978-1-887904-52-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Organizations==<br /> {{main|Cominform|Comecon|Warsaw Pact}}<br /> <br /> In 1949, the [[Soviet Union]], Bulgaria, [[Czechoslovakia]], Hungary, Poland, and Romania founded the [[Comecon]] in accordance with Stalin's desire to enforce Soviet domination of the lesser states of Central Europe and to mollify some states that had expressed interest in the [[Marshall Plan]],&lt;ref name=&quot;loc-cs&quot;&gt;Germany (East), Library of Congress Country Study, [http://memory.loc.gov/frd/cs/germany_east/gx_appnb.html ''Appendix B: The Council for Mutual Economic Assistance''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090501075842/http://memory.loc.gov/frd/cs/germany_east/gx_appnb.html |date=1 May 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;crampton240&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Crampton|1997|p=240}}&lt;/ref&gt; and which were now, increasingly, cut off from their traditional markets and suppliers in Western Europe.&lt;ref name=&quot;bideleaux&quot;&gt;Bideleux, Robert and Ian Jeffries, ''A History of Eastern Europe: Crisis and Change'', Routledge, 1998, {{ISBN|0-415-16111-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Comecon's role became ambiguous because Stalin preferred more direct links with other party chiefs than the Comecon's indirect sophistication; it played no significant role in the 1950s in economic planning.&lt;ref name=&quot;turnock26&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Turnock|1997|p=26}}&lt;/ref&gt; Initially, the Comecon served as cover for the Soviet taking of materials and equipment from the rest of the Eastern Bloc, but the balance changed when the Soviets became net subsidizers of the rest of the Bloc by the 1970s via an exchange of low cost raw materials in return for shoddily manufactured finished goods.&lt;ref name=&quot;turnock27&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Turnock|1997|p=27}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1955, the [[Warsaw Pact]] was formed partly in response to [[NATO]]'s inclusion of [[West Germany]] and partly because the Soviets needed an excuse to retain [[Red Army]] units in Hungary.&lt;ref name=&quot;crampton240&quot;/&gt; For 35 years, the Pact perpetuated the Stalinist concept of Soviet national security based on imperial expansion and control over satellite regimes in Eastern Europe.&lt;ref name=&quot;michta31&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Michta|Mastny|1992|p=31}}&lt;/ref&gt; This Soviet formalization of their security relationships in the Eastern Bloc reflected Moscow's basic security policy principle that continued presence in East Central Europe was a foundation of its defense against the West.&lt;ref name=&quot;michta31&quot;/&gt; Through its institutional structures, the Pact also compensated in part for the absence of Joseph Stalin's personal leadership since his death in 1953.&lt;ref name=&quot;michta31&quot;/&gt; The Pact consolidated the other Bloc members' armies in which Soviet officers and security agents served under a unified Soviet command structure.&lt;ref name=&quot;michta32&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Michta|Mastny|1992|p=32}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Beginning in 1964, Romania took a more independent course.&lt;ref name=&quot;crampton313&quot;/&gt; While it did not repudiate either Comecon or the Warsaw Pact, it ceased to play a significant role in either.&lt;ref name=&quot;crampton313&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Crampton|1997|pp=312–3}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Nicolae Ceaușescu]]'s assumption of leadership one year later pushed Romania even further in the direction of separateness.&lt;ref name=&quot;crampton313&quot;/&gt; Albania, which had become increasingly isolated under Stalinist leader [[Enver Hoxha]] following [[de-Stalinization]], undergoing an [[Albanian–Soviet split]] in 1961, withdrew from the Warsaw Pact in 1968&lt;ref name=&quot;cook18&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Cook|2001|p=18}}&lt;/ref&gt; following the [[Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia]].&lt;ref name=&quot;crampton378&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Crampton|1997|p=378}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Emigration restrictions and defectors==<br /> {{main|Emigration from the Eastern Bloc}}<br /> <br /> {{further|List of Eastern Bloc defectors|Berlin Wall|Republikflucht|Iron Curtain|Soviet Border Troops|Refusenik|Passport system in the Soviet Union|Grepo|Border Troops of the German Democratic Republic}}<br /> In 1917, Russia restricted emigration by instituting passport controls and forbidding the exit of belligerent nationals.&lt;ref name=&quot;dowty68&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Dowty|1989|p=68}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1922, after the [[Treaty on the Creation of the USSR]], both the [[Ukrainian SSR]] and the [[Russian SFSR]] issued general rules for travel that foreclosed virtually all departures, making legal emigration impossible.&lt;ref name=&quot;dowty69&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Dowty|1989|p=69}}&lt;/ref&gt; Border controls thereafter strengthened such that, by 1928, even illegal departure was effectively impossible.&lt;ref name=&quot;dowty69&quot;/&gt; This later included [[Passport system in the Soviet Union|internal passport controls]], which when combined with individual city [[Propiska in the Soviet Union|Propiska]] (&quot;place of residence&quot;) permits, and internal freedom of movement restrictions often called the [[101st kilometre]], greatly restricted mobility within even small areas of the Soviet Union.&lt;ref name=&quot;dowty70&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Dowty|1989|p=70}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Berlin Wall Potsdamer Platz November 1975 looking east crop.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Berlin Wall]] in 1975]]<br /> After the creation of the Eastern Bloc, emigration out of the newly occupied countries, except under limited circumstances, was effectively halted in the early 1950s, with the Soviet approach to controlling national movement emulated by most of the rest of the Eastern Bloc.&lt;ref name=&quot;dowty114&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Dowty|1989|p=114}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, in [[East Germany]], taking advantage of the [[Inner German border]] between occupied zones, hundreds of thousands fled to West Germany, with figures totaling 197,000 in 1950, 165,000 in 1951, 182,000 in 1952 and 331,000 in 1953.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.stmas.bayern.de/migration/aussiedler/aussstat.pdf ''Bayerisches Staatsministerium für Arbeit und Sozialordnung, Familie und Frauen, Statistik Spätaussiedler''] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090319224912/http://www.stmas.bayern.de/migration/aussiedler/aussstat.pdf |date=19 March 2009 }}, Bundesgebiet Bayern, Dezember 2007, p.3 (in German)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;loescher60&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Loescher|2001|p=60}}&lt;/ref&gt; One reason for the sharp 1953 increase was fear of potential further [[Sovietization]] with the increasingly paranoid{{dubious|date=September 2017}} actions of [[Joseph Stalin]] in late 1952 and early 1953.&lt;ref name=&quot;loescher68&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Loescher|2001|p=68}}&lt;/ref&gt; 226,000 had fled in just the first six months of 1953.&lt;ref name=&quot;dale17&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Dale|2005|p=17}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> With the closing of the Inner German border officially in 1952,&lt;ref name=&quot;harrison99&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Harrison|2003|p=99}}&lt;/ref&gt; the Berlin city sector borders remained considerably more accessible than the rest of the border because of their administration by all four occupying powers.&lt;ref name=&quot;dowty121&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Dowty|1989|p=121}}&lt;/ref&gt; Accordingly, it effectively comprised a &quot;loophole&quot; through which Eastern Bloc citizens could still move west.&lt;ref name=&quot;harrison99&quot;/&gt; The 3.5&amp;nbsp;million East Germans that had left by 1961, called [[Republikflucht]], totaled approximately 20% of the entire East German population.&lt;ref name=&quot;dowty122&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Dowty|1989|p=122}}&lt;/ref&gt; In August 1961, East Germany erected a barbed-wire barrier that would eventually be expanded through construction into the [[Berlin Wall]], effectively closing the loophole.&lt;ref name=&quot;pearson75&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Pearson|1998|p=75}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> With virtually non-existent conventional emigration, more than 75% of those emigrating from Eastern Bloc countries between 1950 and 1990 did so under bilateral agreements for &quot;ethnic migration&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;bocker209&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Böcker|1998|p=209}}&lt;/ref&gt; About 10% were refugee migrants under the Geneva Convention of 1951.&lt;ref name=&quot;bocker209&quot;/&gt; Most Soviets allowed to leave during this time period were ethnic Jews permitted to emigrate to Israel after a series of embarrassing defections in 1970 caused the Soviets to open very limited ethnic emigrations.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Krasnov|1985|p=1&amp;126}}&lt;/ref&gt; The fall of the [[Iron Curtain]] was accompanied by a massive rise in European East-West migration.&lt;ref name=&quot;bocker209&quot;/&gt; Famous [[Eastern Bloc emigration and defection#Defectors|Eastern Bloc defectors]] included Joseph Stalin's daughter [[Svetlana Alliluyeva]], who denounced Stalin after her 1967 defection.&lt;ref name=&quot;krasnov2&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Krasnov|1985|p=2}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{clear}}<br /> <br /> ==Population==<br /> Eastern Bloc countries such as the Soviet Union had high rates of population growth. In 1917, the population of Russia in its present borders was 91&amp;nbsp;million. Despite the destruction in the [[Russian Civil War]], the population grew to 92.7&amp;nbsp;million in 1926. In 1939, the population increased by 17 percent to 108&amp;nbsp;million. Despite more than 20&amp;nbsp;million deaths suffered throughout World War II, Russia's population grew to 117.2&amp;nbsp;million in 1959. The Soviet census of 1989 showed Russia's population at 147&amp;nbsp;million people.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://kprf.ru/rus_soc/56296.html |title=Г.А.Зюганов. Система вымирания. Лидер КПРФ анализирует безрадостные итоги правления Путина. Демографическая проблема отражает все недуги общества |publisher=Kprf.ru |date=13 April 2008 |access-date=19 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402135400/http://kprf.ru/rus_soc/56296.html |archive-date=2 April 2015 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Soviet economical and political system produced further consequences such as, for example, in [[Baltic states]], where the population was approximately half of what it should have been compared with similar countries such as Denmark, Finland and Norway over the years 1939–1990. Poor housing was one factor leading to severely declining birth rates throughout the Eastern Bloc.&lt;ref name=&quot;sillince35&quot;/&gt; However, birth rates were still higher than in Western European countries. A reliance upon abortion, in part because periodic shortages of birth control pills and [[intrauterine devices]] made these systems unreliable,&lt;ref name=&quot;frucht851&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Frucht|2003|p=851}}&lt;/ref&gt; also depressed the birth rate and forced a shift to pro-natalist policies by the late 1960s, including severe checks on abortion and propagandist exhortations like the 'heroine mother' distinction bestowed on those [[People's Republic of Romania|Romanian]] women who bore ten or more children.&lt;ref name=&quot;turnock17&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Turnock|1997|p=17}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In October 1966, artificial birth control was proscribed in [[People's Republic of Romania|Romania]] and regular pregnancy tests were mandated for women of child-bearing age, with severe penalties for anyone who was found to have terminated a pregnancy.&lt;ref name=&quot;crampton355&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Crampton|1997|p=355}}&lt;/ref&gt; Despite such restrictions, birth rates continued to lag, in part because of unskilled induced abortions.&lt;ref name=&quot;turnock17&quot;/&gt; The populations of the Eastern Bloc countries were as follows:&lt;ref name=&quot;turnock15&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Turnock|1997|p=15}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Andreev, E.M., et al., Naselenie Sovetskogo Soiuza, 1922–1991. Moscow, Nauka, 1993. {{ISBN|978-5-02-013479-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: right&quot;<br /> |+Eastern Bloc population<br /> |-<br /> !Country<br /> !Area (000s)<br /> !1950 (mil)<br /> !1970 (mil)<br /> !1980 (mil)<br /> !1985 (mil)<br /> !Annual growth&lt;br /&gt; (1950–1985)<br /> !Density (1980)<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[People's Republic of Albania|Albania]] || {{convert|28.7|km2|abbr=on}} || 1.22 || 2.16 || 2.59 || 2.96 || +4.07% || 90.2/km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[People's Republic of Bulgaria|Bulgaria]] || {{convert|110.9|km2|abbr=on}}|| 7.27 || 8.49 || 8.88 || 8.97 || +0.67% || 80.1/km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Czechoslovak Socialist Republic|Czechoslovakia]] || {{convert|127.9|km2|abbr=on}} || 13.09 || 14.47 || 15.28 || 15.50 || +0.53% || 119.5/km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[People's Republic of Hungary|Hungary]] || {{convert|93.0|km2|abbr=on}}|| 9.20 || 10.30 || 10.71 || 10.60 || +0.43% || 115.2/km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[East Germany]] || {{convert|108.3|km2|abbr=on}} || 17.94 || 17.26 || 16.74 || 16.69 || −0.20% || 154.6/km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[People's Republic of Poland|Poland]] || {{convert|312.7|km2|abbr=on}}|| 24.82 || 30.69 || 35.73 || 37.23 || +1.43% || 114.3/km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[People's Republic of Romania|Romania]] || {{convert|237.5|km2|abbr=on}}|| 16.31 || 20.35 || 22.20 || 22.73 || +1.12% || 93.5/km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics|Soviet Union]] || {{convert|22300|km2|abbr=on}}|| 182.32 || 241.72 || 265.00 || 272.00 || +1.41% || 11.9/km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]] ||{{convert|255.8|km2|abbr=on}} ||16.34 ||20.4 ||22.36 ||23.1 || +1.15% ||92.6/km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Social structure==<br /> Eastern Bloc societies operated under anti-meritocratic principles with strong egalitarian elements. For example, Czechoslovakia favoured less qualified individuals, as well as providing privileges for the [[nomenklatura]] and those with the right class or political background. Eastern Bloc societies were dominated by the ruling communist party, dubbed &quot;partyocracy&quot; by Pavel Machonin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Machonin, P (1993)&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Machonin |first1=Pavel |title=The Social Structure of Soviet-Type Societies, Its Collapse and Legacy |journal=Czech Sociological Review |date=1993 |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=234–235 |jstor=43945192 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43945192 |access-date=17 May 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; Former members of the middle-class were officially discriminated against, though the need for their skills allowed them to re-invent themselves as good communist citizens.&lt;ref name=&quot;James, M (2005)&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Tchouikina, S (2009)&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Tchouikina |first1=Sofia |editor1-last=Packard |editor1-first=Noel |title=Sociology of Memory: Papers from the Spectrum |date=2009 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |location=Newcastle upon Tyne |isbn=978-1-4438-0199-7 |pages=63–99 |url=https://shs.hal.science/halshs-01904567 |access-date=17 May 2024 |language=en |chapter=Collective Memory and Reconversion of Elite: Former Nobles in Soviet Society after 1917}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Housing==<br /> {{Main|Housing construction in the Soviet Union}}<br /> <br /> A housing shortage existed throughout the Eastern Bloc. In Europe it was primarily due to the devastation during [[World War II]]. Construction efforts suffered after a severe cutback in state resources available for housing starting in 1975.&lt;ref name=&quot;sillince1&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sillince|1990|p=1}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cities became filled with large [[Panelák|system-built apartment blocks]]&lt;ref name=&quot;bideleux475&quot;/&gt; Housing construction policy suffered from considerable organisational problems.&lt;ref name=&quot;sillince2&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sillince|1990|p=2}}&lt;/ref&gt; Moreover, completed houses possessed noticeably poor quality finishes.&lt;ref name=&quot;sillince2&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Housing quality===<br /> [[File:Mdm1.png|thumb|upright=1.5|Prominent examples of urban design included Marszałkowska Housing Estate (MDM) in [[Warsaw]].]]<br /> The near-total emphasis on [[Residential building series|large apartment blocks]] was a common feature of Eastern Bloc cities in the 1970s and 1980s.&lt;ref name=&quot;turnock54&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Turnock|1997|p=54}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[East Germany|East German]] authorities viewed large cost advantages in the construction of [[Plattenbau]] apartment blocks such that the building of such architecture on the edge of large cities continued until the dissolution of the Eastern Bloc.&lt;ref name=&quot;turnock54&quot;/&gt; Buildings such as the [[Panelák]]s of [[Czechoslovak Socialist Republic|Czechoslovakia]] and [[Panelház]] of [[People's Republic of Hungary|Hungary]]. Wishing to reinforce the role of the state in the 1970s and 1980s, [[Nicolae Ceaușescu]] enacted the [[Systematization (Romania)|systematisation]] programme, which consisted of the demolition and reconstruction of existing hamlets, villages, towns, and cities, in whole or in part, in order to make place to standardised apartment blocks across the country (''blocuri'').&lt;ref name=&quot;turnock54&quot;/&gt; Under this ideology, Ceaușescu built [[Centrul Civic]] of Bucharest in the 1980s, which contains the [[Palace of the Parliament]], in the place of the former historic center.<br /> <br /> Even by the late 1980s, [[sanitary conditions]] in most Eastern Bloc countries were generally far from adequate.&lt;ref name=&quot;sillince18&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sillince|1990|p=18}}&lt;/ref&gt; For all countries for which data existed, 60% of dwellings had a density of greater than one person per room between 1966 and 1975.&lt;ref name=&quot;sillince18&quot;/&gt; The average in western countries for which data was available approximated 0.5 persons per room.&lt;ref name=&quot;sillince18&quot;/&gt; Problems were aggravated by poor quality finishes on new dwellings often causing occupants to undergo a certain amount of finishing work and additional repairs.&lt;ref name=&quot;sillince18&quot;/&gt;<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center&quot;<br /> |+Housing quality in the Eastern Bloc by the 1980s&lt;ref name=&quot;sillince19&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sillince|1990|pp=19–20}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> !Country<br /> !Adequate sanitation % (year)<br /> !Piped water %<br /> !Central heating %<br /> !Inside toilet %<br /> !More than 1 person/room %<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[People's Socialist Republic of Albania|Albania]] || n/a || n/a || n/a || n/a || n/a<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[People's Republic of Bulgaria|Bulgaria]] || n/a || 66.1% || 7.5% || 28.0% || 60.2%<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Czechoslovak Socialist Republic|Czechoslovakia]] || 60.5% (1983) || 75.3% || 30.9% || 52.4% || 67.9%<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[East Germany]] || 70.0% (1985) || 82.1% || 72.2% || 43.4% || n/a<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[People's Republic of Hungary|Hungary]] || 60.0% (1984)|| 64% (1980) || n/a || 52.5% (1980) || 64.4%<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[People's Republic of Poland|Poland]] || 50.0% (1980) || 47.3% || 22.2% || 33.4% || 83.0%<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Socialist Republic of Romania|Romania]] || 50.0% (1980) || 12.3% (1966) || n/a || n/a || 81.5%<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics|Soviet Union]] || 50.0% (1980) || n/a || n/a || n/a || n/a<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]] || 69.8% (1981)|| 93.2% || 84.2% || 89.7% || 83.1%<br /> |}<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: right&quot;<br /> |+Housing quality in Hungary (1949–1990)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.nepszamlalas.hu/hun/kotetek/11/tables/load1_3.html|title=Központi Statisztikai Hivatal|website=www.nepszamlalas.hu|access-date=23 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050129024838/http://www.nepszamlalas.hu/hun/kotetek/11/tables/load1_3.html|archive-date=29 January 2005|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> !Year<br /> !Houses/flats total<br /> !With piped water<br /> !With sewage disposal<br /> !With inside toilet<br /> !With piped gas<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|1949 || 2,466,514 || 420,644 (17.1%) || – || 306,998 (12.5%) || 174,186 (7.1%)<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|1960 || 2,757,625 || 620,600 (22.5%) || – || 440,737 (16%) || 373,124 (13.5%)<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|1970 || 3,118,096 || 1,370,609 (44%) || 1,167,055 (37.4%) || 838,626 (26.9%) || 1,571,691 (50.4%)<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|1980 || 3,542,418 || 2,268,014 (64%) || 2,367,274 (66.8%) || 1,859,677 (52.5%) || 2,682,143 (75.7%)<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|1990 || 3,853,288 || 3,209,930 (83.3%) || 3,228,257 (83.8%) || 2,853,834 (74%) || 3,274,514 (85%)<br /> |}<br /> The worsening shortages of the 1970s and 1980s occurred during an increase in the quantity of dwelling stock relative to population from 1970 to 1986.&lt;ref name=&quot;sillince14&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sillince|1990|p=14}}&lt;/ref&gt; Even for new dwellings, average dwelling size was only {{convert|61.3|m2|abbr=on}} in the Eastern Bloc compared with {{convert|113.5|m2|abbr=on}} in ten western countries for which comparable data was available.&lt;ref name=&quot;sillince14&quot;/&gt; Space standards varied considerably, with the average new dwelling in the Soviet Union in 1986 being only 68% the size of its equivalent in Hungary.&lt;ref name=&quot;sillince14&quot;/&gt; Apart from exceptional cases, such as [[East Germany]] in 1980–1986 and [[People's Republic of Bulgaria|Bulgaria]] in 1970–1980, space standards in newly built dwellings rose before the dissolution of the Eastern Bloc.&lt;ref name=&quot;sillince14&quot;/&gt; Housing size varied considerably across time, especially after the oil crisis in the Eastern Bloc; for instance, 1990-era West German homes had an average floor space of {{convert|83|m2|abbr=on}}, compared to an average dwelling size in the GDR of {{convert|67|m2|abbr=on}} in 1967.&lt;ref name=&quot;berlinwall&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Pugh|2008|p=135}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;germanhousing&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-4908.html |title=Germany – Housing |publisher=Country-data.com |access-date=19 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923222624/http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-4908.html |archive-date=23 September 2015 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: right&quot;<br /> |+Housing characteristics in new dwellings of the Eastern Bloc&lt;ref name=&quot;sillince15&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sillince|1990|p=15}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! || colspan=3|Floor space/dwelling || colspan=&quot;3&quot; |People/dwelling<br /> |-<br /> !Country<br /> !1970<br /> !1980<br /> !1986<br /> !1970<br /> !1986<br /> |-<br /> |align=center|Western Bloc ||colspan=3 align=center| {{convert|113.5|m2|abbr=on}}|| n/a || n/a<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[People's Socialist Republic of Albania|Albania]] || n/a || n/a || n/a || n/a || n/a<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[People's Republic of Bulgaria|Bulgaria]] || {{convert|63.7|m2|abbr=on}} || {{convert|59.0|m2|abbr=on}} || {{convert|66.9|m2|abbr=on}} ||3.8 || 2.8<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Czechoslovak Socialist Republic|Czechoslovakia]] || {{convert|67.2|m2|abbr=on}} || {{convert|73.8|m2|abbr=on}} || {{convert|81.8|m2|abbr=on}} || 3.4 || 2.7<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[East Germany]] || {{convert|55.0|m2|abbr=on}} || {{convert|62.7|m2|abbr=on}} || {{convert|61.2|m2|abbr=on}} || 2.9 || 2.4<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[People's Republic of Hungary|Hungary]] || {{convert|61.5|m2|abbr=on}} || {{convert|67.0|m2|abbr=on}} || {{convert|83.0|m2|abbr=on}} || 3.4 || 2.7<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[People's Republic of Poland|Poland]] || {{convert|54.3|m2|abbr=on}} || {{convert|64.0|m2|abbr=on}} || {{convert|71.0|m2|abbr=on}} || 4.2 || 3.5<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Socialist Republic of Romania|Romania]] || {{convert|44.9|m2|abbr=on}} || {{convert|57.0|m2|abbr=on}} || {{convert|57.5|m2|abbr=on}} || 3.6 || 2.8<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics|Soviet Union]] || {{convert|46.8|m2|abbr=on}} || {{convert|52.3|m2|abbr=on}} || {{convert|56.8|m2|abbr=on}} || 4.1 || 3.2<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]] || {{convert|59.2|m2|abbr=on}} || {{convert|70.9|m2|abbr=on}} || {{convert|72.5|m2|abbr=on}} || n/a || 3.4<br /> |}<br /> Poor housing was one of the four major factors (others being poor living conditions, increased female employment and abortion as an encouraged means of birth control) which led to declining birth rates throughout the Eastern Bloc.&lt;ref name=&quot;sillince35&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sillince|1990|p=35}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Economies==<br /> [[File:Destroyed Warsaw, capital of Poland, January 1945.jpg|thumb|During World War II, [[Destruction of Warsaw|85% of buildings in Warsaw were destroyed by German troops]].]]<br /> <br /> Because of the [[Criticisms of the labour theory of value|lack of market signals]], Eastern Bloc economies experienced mis-development by [[Soviet-type economic planning|central planners]].&lt;ref name=&quot;hardt15&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Hardt|Kaufman|1995|p=15}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;dale85&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Dale|2005|p=85}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Eastern Bloc also depended upon the Soviet Union for significant amounts of materials.&lt;ref name=&quot;hardt15&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Hardt|Kaufman|1995|p=16}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Technological backwardness resulted in dependency on imports from Western countries and this, in turn, in demand for Western currency. Eastern Bloc countries were heavily borrowing from [[Club de Paris]] (central banks) and [[London Club]] (private banks) and most of them by the early 1980s were forced to notify the creditors of their insolvency. This information was however kept secret from the citizens and propaganda promoted the view that the countries were on the best way to socialism.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.clubdeparis.org/en/traitements?tid_1=118&amp;tid_2=All&amp;tid=All&amp;field_treatment_date_value%5Bvalue%5D%5Byear%5D=|title=Agreements concluded with Paris Club|website=clubdeparis.org|access-date=12 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923113520/http://www.clubdeparis.org/en/traitements?tid_1=118&amp;tid_2=All&amp;tid=All&amp;field_treatment_date_value%5Bvalue%5D%5Byear%5D=|archive-date=23 September 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.clubdeparis.org/en/traitements?tid_1=97&amp;tid_2=All&amp;tid=All&amp;field_treatment_date_value%5Bvalue%5D%5Byear%5D=|title=Agreements concluded with Paris Club|website=clubdeparis.org|access-date=12 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923121046/http://www.clubdeparis.org/en/traitements?tid_1=97&amp;tid_2=All&amp;tid=All&amp;field_treatment_date_value%5Bvalue%5D%5Byear%5D=|archive-date=23 September 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.clubdeparis.org/en/traitements?tid_1=98&amp;tid_2=All&amp;tid=All&amp;field_treatment_date_value%5Bvalue%5D%5Byear%5D=|title=Agreements concluded with Paris Club|website=clubdeparis.org|access-date=12 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923120608/http://www.clubdeparis.org/en/traitements?tid_1=98&amp;tid_2=All&amp;tid=All&amp;field_treatment_date_value%5Bvalue%5D%5Byear%5D=|archive-date=23 September 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Social conditions===<br /> {{further|Eastern Bloc emigration and defection|Eastern Bloc information dissemination|Eastern Bloc politics}}<br /> <br /> As a consequence of [[World War II]] and the German occupations in Eastern Europe, much of the region had been subjected to enormous destruction of industry, infrastructure and loss of civilian life. In Poland alone the policy of plunder and exploitation inflicted enormous material losses to Polish industry (62% of which was destroyed),&lt;ref&gt;Historia Polski 1918–1945: Tom 1 Czesław Brzoza, Andrzej Sowa, p. 697, Wydawnictwo Literackie, 2006&lt;/ref&gt; agriculture, infrastructure and cultural landmarks, the cost of which has been estimated as approximately €525&amp;nbsp;billion or $640&amp;nbsp;billion in 2004 exchange values.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,1324630,00.html Poles Vote to Seek War Reparations] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100403152040/http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,1324630,00.html |date=3 April 2010 }}, ''[[Deutsche Welle]]'', 11 September 2004&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Throughout the Eastern Bloc, both in the USSR and the rest of the Bloc, Russia was given prominence and referred to as the ''naiboleye vydayushchayasya natsiya'' (the most prominent nation) and the ''rukovodyashchiy narod'' (the leading people).&lt;ref name=&quot;graubard150&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Graubard|1991|p=150}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Soviets promoted the reverence of Russian actions and characteristics, and the construction of Soviet structural hierarchies in the other countries of the Eastern Bloc.&lt;ref name=&quot;graubard150&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Bucur Obor (1986).jpg|thumb|A line for distribution of cooking oil in [[Bucharest]], [[Socialist Republic of Romania|Romania]], May 1986]]<br /> The defining characteristic of [[Stalinist]] [[totalitarianism]] was the unique symbiosis of the state with society and the economy, resulting in politics and economics losing their distinctive features as autonomous and distinguishable spheres.&lt;ref name=&quot;hardt11&quot;/&gt; Initially, Stalin directed systems that rejected Western institutional characteristics of [[market economy|market economies]], [[democracy|democratic governance]] (dubbed &quot;bourgeois democracy&quot; in Soviet parlance) and the rule of law subduing discretional intervention by the state.&lt;ref name=&quot;hardt12&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> The Soviets mandated expropriation and ''etatisation'' of private property.&lt;ref name=&quot;roht83&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Roht-Arriaza|1995|p=83}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Soviet-style &quot;replica regimes&quot; that arose in the Bloc not only reproduced the Soviet [[command economy]], but also adopted the brutal methods employed by [[Joseph Stalin]] and Soviet-style secret polices to suppress real and potential opposition.&lt;ref name=&quot;roht83&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Stalinist regimes in the Eastern Bloc saw even marginal groups of opposition intellectuals as a potential threat because of the bases underlying Stalinist power therein.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pollackxiv&quot;/&gt; The suppression of dissent and opposition was a central prerequisite for the security of Stalinist power within the Eastern Bloc, though the degree of opposition and dissident suppression varied by country and time throughout the Eastern Bloc.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pollackxiv&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> In addition, media in the Eastern Bloc were organs of the state, completely reliant on and subservient to the government of the USSR with radio and television organisations being state-owned, while print media was usually owned by political organisations, mostly by the local party.&lt;ref name=&quot;oneil15&quot;/&gt; While over 15&amp;nbsp;million Eastern Bloc residents migrated westward from 1945 to 1949,&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Böcker|1998|pp=207–9}}&lt;/ref&gt; emigration was effectively halted in the early 1950s, with the Soviet approach to controlling national movement emulated by most of the rest of the Eastern Bloc.&lt;ref name=&quot;dowty114&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Initial changes===<br /> <br /> ====Transformations billed as reforms====<br /> [[File:Vilnius Energy and Technology Museum 48.JPG|thumb|left|Reconstruction of a typical [[Proletariat|working class]] flat interior in a [[khrushchyovka]]]]<br /> In the USSR, because of strict Soviet secrecy under [[Joseph Stalin]], for many years after World War II, even the best informed foreigners did not effectively know about the operations of the Soviet economy.&lt;ref name=&quot;laqueur23&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Laqueur|1994|p=23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Stalin had sealed off outside access to the Soviet Union since 1935 (and until his death), effectively permitting no foreign travel inside the Soviet Union such that outsiders did not know of the political processes that had taken place therein.&lt;ref name=&quot;laqueur22&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Laqueur|1994|p=22}}&lt;/ref&gt; During this period, and even for 25 years after Stalin's death, the few diplomats and foreign correspondents permitted inside the Soviet Union were usually restricted to within a few kilometres of Moscow, their phones were tapped, their residences were restricted to foreigner-only locations and they were constantly followed by Soviet authorities.&lt;ref name=&quot;laqueur22&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> The Soviets also modeled economies in the rest of Eastern Bloc outside the Soviet Union along Soviet [[command economy]] lines.&lt;ref name=&quot;turnock23&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Turnock|1997|p=23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Before World War II, the Soviet Union used draconian procedures to ensure compliance with directives to invest all assets in state planned manners, including the [[collectivisation]] of agriculture and utilising a sizeable labor army collected in the [[gulag]] system.&lt;ref name=&quot;2turnock267&quot;/&gt; This system was largely imposed on other Eastern Bloc countries after World War II.&lt;ref name=&quot;2turnock267&quot;/&gt; While propaganda of proletarian improvements accompanied systemic changes, terror and intimidation of the consequent ruthless Stalinism obfuscated feelings of any purported benefits.&lt;ref name=&quot;turnock27&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Stalin felt that socioeconomic transformation was indispensable to establish Soviet control, reflecting the [[Marxism–Leninism|Marxist–Leninist]] view that material bases, the distribution of the means of production, shaped social and political relations.&lt;ref name=&quot;wettig36&quot;/&gt; Moscow trained cadres were put into crucial power positions to fulfill orders regarding sociopolitical transformation.&lt;ref name=&quot;wettig36&quot;/&gt; Elimination of the bourgeoisie's social and financial power by expropriation of landed and industrial property was accorded absolute priority.&lt;ref name=&quot;wettig37&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> These measures were publicly billed as reforms rather than socioeconomic transformations.&lt;ref name=&quot;wettig37&quot;/&gt; Throughout the Eastern Bloc, except for [[Czechoslovak Socialist Republic|Czechoslovakia]], &quot;societal organisations&quot; such as trade unions and associations representing various social, professional and other groups, were erected with only one organisation for each category, with competition excluded.&lt;ref name=&quot;wettig37&quot;/&gt; Those organisations were managed by Stalinist cadres, though during the initial period, they allowed for some diversity.&lt;ref name=&quot;wettig38&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Asset relocation====<br /> At the same time, at the war's end, the Soviet Union adopted a &quot;[[plunder]] policy&quot; of physically transporting and relocating east European industrial assets to the Soviet Union.&lt;ref name=&quot;pearson29&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Pearson|1998|pp=29–30}}&lt;/ref&gt; Eastern Bloc states were required to provide coal, industrial equipment, technology, rolling stock and other resources to reconstruct the Soviet Union.&lt;ref name=&quot;bideleux461&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Bideleux|Jeffries|2007|p=461}}&lt;/ref&gt; Between 1945 and 1953, the Soviets received a net transfer of resources from the rest of the Eastern Bloc under this policy of roughly $14&amp;nbsp;billion, an amount comparable to the net transfer from the United States to western Europe in the [[Marshall Plan]].&lt;ref name=&quot;bideleux461&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;black86&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Black|English|Helmreich|McAdams|2000|p=86}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Reparations&quot; included the dismantling of railways in Poland and Romanian reparations to the Soviets between 1944 and 1948 valued at $1.8&amp;nbsp;billion concurrent with the domination of [[SovRoms]].&lt;ref name=&quot;2turnock267&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> In addition, the Soviets re-organised enterprises as [[Joint-stock company|joint-stock companies]] in which the Soviets possessed the controlling interest.&lt;ref name=&quot;black86&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;crampton211&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Crampton|1997|p=211}}&lt;/ref&gt; Using that control vehicle, several enterprises were required to sell products at below world prices to the Soviets, such as uranium mines in [[Czechoslovak Socialist Republic|Czechoslovakia]] and [[East Germany]], coal mines in [[People's Republic of Poland|Poland]], and oil wells in [[People's Republic of Romania|Romania]].&lt;ref name=&quot;black87&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Black|English|Helmreich|McAdams|2000|p=87}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Trade and Comecon====<br /> {{Main|Comecon|History of the Comecon}}<br /> <br /> The trading pattern of the Eastern Bloc countries was severely modified.&lt;ref name=&quot;black88&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Black|English|Helmreich|McAdams|2000|p=88}}&lt;/ref&gt; Before World War II, no greater than 1%–2% of those countries' trade was with the Soviet Union.&lt;ref name=&quot;black88&quot;/&gt; By 1953, the share of such trade had jumped to 37%.&lt;ref name=&quot;black88&quot;/&gt; In 1947, [[Joseph Stalin]] had also denounced the [[Marshall Plan]] and forbade all Eastern Bloc countries from participating in it.&lt;ref name=&quot;black82&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Black|English|Helmreich|McAdams|2000|p=82}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Soviet dominance further tied other Eastern Bloc economies&lt;ref name=&quot;black88&quot;/&gt; to Moscow via the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA) or [[Comecon]], which determined countries' investment allocations and the products that would be traded within Eastern Bloc.&lt;ref name=&quot;frucht382&quot;/&gt; Although Comecon was initiated in 1949, its role became ambiguous because Stalin preferred more direct links with other party chiefs than the indirect sophistication of the council. It played no significant role in the 1950s in economic planning.&lt;ref name=&quot;turnock26&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Initially, Comecon served as cover for the Soviet taking of materials and equipment from the rest of the Eastern Bloc, but the balance changed when the Soviets became net subsidisers of the rest of the Bloc by the 1970s via an exchange of low cost raw materials in return for shoddily manufactured finished goods.&lt;ref name=&quot;turnock27&quot;/&gt; While resources such as oil, timber and uranium initially made gaining access to other Eastern Bloc economies attractive, the Soviets soon had to export Soviet raw materials to those countries to maintain cohesion therein.&lt;ref name=&quot;2turnock267&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Turnock|2006|p=267}}&lt;/ref&gt; Following resistance to Comecon plans to extract [[People's Republic of Romania|Romania]]'s mineral resources and heavily utilise its agricultural production, Romania began to take a more independent stance in 1964.&lt;ref name=&quot;crampton313&quot;/&gt; While it did not repudiate Comecon, it took no significant role in its operation, especially after the rise to power of [[Nicolae Ceauşescu]].&lt;ref name=&quot;crampton313&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Heavy industry emphasis===<br /> According to the official propaganda in the Soviet Union, there was unprecedented affordability of housing, health care and education.&lt;ref name=&quot;ria.ru&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://ria.ru/history_spravki/20101108/293796130.html|title=Советская экономика в эпоху Леонида Брежнева|work=РИА Новости |date=8 November 2010|access-date=23 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402092007/http://ria.ru/history_spravki/20101108/293796130.html|archive-date=2 April 2015|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Unreliable source?|date=August 2019}} Apartment rent on average amounted to only 1 percent of the family budget, a figure which reached 4 percent when municipal services are factored in. Tram tickets were 20 kopecks, and a loaf of bread was 15 kopecks. The average monthly salary of an [[engineer]] was 140–160 [[Soviet ruble|ruble]]s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://2000.net.ua/2000/svoboda-slova/sotsium/77009 |title=Ирония нашей судьбы : Социум : Еженедельник 2000 |publisher=2000.net.ua |access-date=19 November 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020071603/http://2000.net.ua/2000/svoboda-slova/sotsium/77009 |archive-date=20 October 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Soviet Union made major progress in developing the country's consumer goods sector. In 1970, the USSR produced 679&amp;nbsp;million pairs of leather footwear, compared to 534&amp;nbsp;million for the United States. Czechoslovakia, which had the world's highest per-capita production of shoes, exported a significant portion of its shoe production to other countries.&lt;ref&gt;''The world hides, skins, leather and footwear economy''. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 1970. p.85&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> According to official statistics, the rising standard of living under socialism led to a steady decrease in the workday and an increase in leisure. In 1974, the average workweek for Soviet industrial workers was 40 hours. Paid vacations in 1968 reached a minimum of 15 workdays. In the mid-1970s the number of free days per year-days off, holidays and vacations was 128–130, almost double the figure from the previous ten years.&lt;ref&gt;Planning of manpower in the Soviet Union. Progress Publishers. 1975. p. 101&lt;/ref&gt;{{Unreliable source?|date=July 2025}}<br /> <br /> Because of the lack of market signals in such economies, they experienced mis-development by central planners resulting in those countries following a path of extensive (large mobilisation of inefficiently used capital, labor, energy and raw material inputs) rather than intensive (efficient resource use) development to attempt to achieve quick growth.&lt;ref name=&quot;hardt15&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;bideleux474&quot;/&gt; The Eastern Bloc countries were required to follow the Soviet model overemphasising [[heavy industry]] at the expense of light industry and other sectors.&lt;ref name=&quot;crampton251&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Crampton|1997|p=251}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Since that model involved the prodigal exploitation of natural and other resources, it has been described as a kind of &quot;slash and burn&quot; modality.&lt;ref name=&quot;bideleux474&quot;/&gt; While the Soviet system strove for a [[dictatorship of the proletariat]], there was little existing proletariat in many eastern European countries, such that to create one, heavy industry needed to be built.&lt;ref name=&quot;crampton251&quot;/&gt; Each system shared the distinctive themes of state-directed economies, including poorly defined property rights, a lack of market clearing prices and overblown or distorted productive capacities in comparison with corresponding market economies.&lt;ref name=&quot;hardt11&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Major errors and waste occurred in the resource allocation and distribution systems.&lt;ref name=&quot;bideleux475&quot;/&gt; Because of the party-run monolithic state organs, these systems provided no effective mechanisms or incentives to control costs, profligacy, inefficiency and waste.&lt;ref name=&quot;bideleux475&quot;/&gt; Heavy industry was given priority because of its importance for the military-industrial establishment and for the engineering sector.&lt;ref name=&quot;turnock29&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Turnock|1997|p=29}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Factories were sometimes inefficiently located, incurring high transport costs, while poor plant-organisation sometimes resulted in production hold-ups and knock-on effects in other industries dependent on monopoly suppliers of intermediates.&lt;ref name=&quot;turnock24&quot;/&gt; For example, each country, including [[People's Republic of Albania|Albania]], built steel mills regardless of whether they lacked the requisite resource of energy and mineral ores.&lt;ref name=&quot;crampton251&quot;/&gt; A massive metallurgical plant was built in [[People's Republic of Bulgaria|Bulgaria]] despite the fact that its ores had to be imported from the Soviet Union and transported {{convert|320|km}} from the port at [[Burgas]].&lt;ref name=&quot;crampton251&quot;/&gt; A Warsaw tractor factory in 1980 had a 52-page list of unused rusting, then useless, equipment.&lt;ref name=&quot;crampton251&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> This emphasis on heavy industry diverted investment from the more practical production of chemicals and plastics.&lt;ref name=&quot;frucht382&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Frucht|2003|p=382}}&lt;/ref&gt; In addition, the plans' emphasis on quantity rather than quality made Eastern Bloc products less competitive in the world market.&lt;ref name=&quot;frucht382&quot;/&gt; High costs passed through the product chain boosted the 'value' of production on which wage increases were based, but made exports less competitive.&lt;ref name=&quot;turnock24&quot;/&gt; Planners rarely closed old factories even when new capacities opened elsewhere.&lt;ref name=&quot;turnock24&quot;/&gt; For example, the Polish steel industry retained a plant in [[Upper Silesia]] despite the opening of modern integrated units on the periphery while the last old [[Siemens-Martin process]] furnace installed in the 19th century was not closed down immediately.&lt;ref name=&quot;turnock24&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Producer goods were favoured over consumer goods, causing consumer goods to be lacking in quantity and quality in the [[shortage economy|shortage economies]] that resulted.&lt;ref name=&quot;dale85&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;bideleux474&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> By the mid-1970s, budget deficits rose considerably and domestic prices widely diverged from the world prices, while production prices averaged 2% higher than consumer prices.&lt;ref name=&quot;zwass12&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Zwass|1984|p=12}}&lt;/ref&gt; Many premium goods could be bought either in a [[Second economy of the Soviet Union|black market]] or only in special stores using foreign currency generally inaccessible to most Eastern Bloc citizens, such as [[Intershop]] in [[East Germany]],&lt;ref name=&quot;zwass34&quot;/&gt; [[Beryozka (Russian retail store)|Beryozka]] in the Soviet Union,&lt;ref&gt;Adelman, Deborah, ''The &quot;children of Perestroika&quot; come of age: young people of Moscow talk about life in the new Russia'', M.E. Sharpe, 1994, {{ISBN|978-1-56324-287-8}}, p. 162&lt;/ref&gt; [[Pewex]] in [[People's Republic of Poland|Poland]],&lt;ref&gt;Nagengast, Carole, ''Reluctant Socialists, Rural Entrepreneurs: Class, Culture, and the Polish State'', Westview Press, 1991, {{ISBN|978-0-8133-8053-7}}, p. 85&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;bugajski189&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Bugajski|Pollack|1989|p=189}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Tuzex]] in [[Czechoslovak Socialist Republic|Czechoslovakia]],&lt;ref name=&quot;graubard130&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Graubard|1991|p=130}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Corecom]] in Bulgaria, or [[Comturist]] in Romania. Much of what was produced for the local population never reached its intended user, while many perishable products became unfit for consumption before reaching their consumers.&lt;ref name=&quot;bideleux475&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Black markets===<br /> {{See also|Second economy of the Soviet Union}}<br /> <br /> As a result of the deficiencies of the official economy, [[black market]]s were created that were often supplied by goods stolen from the public sector.&lt;ref name=&quot;crampton252&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Crampton|1997|p=252}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;frucht204&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Frucht|2003|p=204}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[informal sector|second, &quot;parallel economy&quot;]] flourished throughout the Bloc because of rising unmet state consumer needs.&lt;ref name=&quot;bugajski188&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Bugajski|Pollack|1989|p=188}}&lt;/ref&gt; Black and gray markets for foodstuffs, goods, and cash arose.&lt;ref name=&quot;bugajski188&quot;/&gt; Goods included household goods, medical supplies, clothes, furniture, cosmetics and toiletries in chronically short supply through official outlets.&lt;ref name=&quot;bugajski189&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Many farmers concealed actual output from purchasing agencies to sell it illicitly to urban consumers.&lt;ref name=&quot;bugajski189&quot;/&gt; Hard foreign currencies were highly sought after, while highly valued Western items functioned as a medium of exchange or bribery in Stalinist countries, such as in [[People's Republic of Romania|Romania]], where [[Kent (cigarette)|Kent]] cigarettes served as an unofficial extensively used currency to buy goods and services.&lt;ref name=&quot;bugajski190&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Bugajski|Pollack|1989|p=190}}&lt;/ref&gt; Some service workers [[wikt:moonlight#Verb|moonlighted]] illegally providing services directly to customers for payment.&lt;ref name=&quot;bugajski190&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Urbanization===<br /> The extensive production [[industrialization]] that resulted was not responsive to consumer needs and caused a neglect in the service sector, unprecedented rapid urbanization, acute urban overcrowding, chronic shortages, and massive recruitment of women into mostly menial and/or low-paid occupations.&lt;ref name=&quot;bideleux475&quot;/&gt; The consequent strains resulted in the widespread used of coercion, repression, [[show trials]], purges, and intimidation.&lt;ref name=&quot;bideleux475&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Bideleux|Jeffries|2007|p=475}}&lt;/ref&gt; By 1960, massive urbanisation occurred in Poland (48% urban) and Bulgaria (38%), which increased employment for peasants, but also caused illiteracy to skyrocket when children left school for work.&lt;ref name=&quot;bideleux475&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Cities became massive building sites, resulting in the reconstruction of some war-torn buildings but also the construction of drab, dilapidated, system-built apartment blocks.&lt;ref name=&quot;bideleux475&quot;/&gt; Urban living standards plummeted because resources were tied up in huge long-term building projects, while industrialization forced millions of former peasants to live in hut camps or grim apartment blocks close to massive polluting industrial complexes.&lt;ref name=&quot;bideleux475&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Agricultural collectivization===<br /> [[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-1987-0122-023, Infografik, Landwirtschaft der DDR Getreideerträge.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Graphic showing change in [[East Germany|East German]] agricultural production between 1981 and 1986]]<br /> [[Collectivization]] is a process pioneered by [[Joseph Stalin]] in the late 1920s by which [[Marxism–Leninism|Marxist–Leninist]] regimes in the Eastern Bloc and elsewhere attempted to establish an ordered socialist system in rural agriculture.&lt;ref name=&quot;frucht144&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Frucht|2003|p=144}}&lt;/ref&gt; It required the forced consolidation of small-scale peasant farms and larger holdings belonging to the landed classes for the purpose of creating larger modern &quot;[[collective farms]]&quot; owned, in theory, by the workers therein. In reality, such farms were owned by the state.&lt;ref name=&quot;frucht144&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> In addition to eradicating the perceived inefficiencies associated with small-scale farming on discontiguous land holdings, collectivization also purported to achieve the political goal of removing the rural basis for resistance to Stalinist regimes.&lt;ref name=&quot;frucht144&quot;/&gt; A further justification given was the need to promote industrial development by facilitating the state's procurement of agricultural products and transferring &quot;surplus labor&quot; from rural to urban areas.&lt;ref name=&quot;frucht144&quot;/&gt; In short, agriculture was reorganized in order to proletarianize the peasantry and control production at prices determined by the state.&lt;ref name=&quot;turnock34&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> The Eastern Bloc possesses substantial agricultural resources, especially in southern areas, such as [[People's Republic of Hungary|Hungary]]'s [[Great Hungarian Plain|Great Plain]], which offered good soils and a warm climate during the growing season.&lt;ref name=&quot;turnock34&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Turnock|1997|p=34}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rural collectivization proceeded differently in non-Soviet Eastern Bloc countries than it did in the Soviet Union in the 1920s and 1930s.&lt;ref name=&quot;bideleux473&quot;/&gt; Because of the need to conceal the assumption of control and the realities of an initial lack of control, no Soviet [[dekulakisation]]-style liquidation of rich peasants could be carried out in the non-Soviet Eastern Bloc countries.&lt;ref name=&quot;bideleux473&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Bideleux|Jeffries|2007|p=473}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Nor could they risk mass starvation or agricultural sabotage (e.g., [[holodomor]]) with a rapid collectivization through massive state farms and agricultural producers' cooperatives (APCs).&lt;ref name=&quot;bideleux473&quot;/&gt; Instead, collectivization proceeded more slowly and in stages from 1948 to 1960 in Bulgaria, Romania, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, and East Germany, and from 1955 to 1964 in Albania.&lt;ref name=&quot;bideleux473&quot;/&gt; Collectivization in the Baltic republics of the [[Lithuanian SSR]], [[Estonian SSR]] and [[Latvian SSR]] took place between 1947 and 1952.&lt;ref name=&quot;oconnorxx&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|O'Connor|2003|p=xx–xxi}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Unlike Soviet collectivization, neither massive destruction of livestock nor errors causing distorted output or distribution occurred in the other Eastern Bloc countries.&lt;ref name=&quot;bideleux473&quot;/&gt; More widespread use of transitional forms occurred, with differential compensation payments for peasants that contributed more land to APCs.&lt;ref name=&quot;bideleux473&quot;/&gt; Because [[Czechoslovak Socialist Republic|Czechoslovakia]] and [[East Germany]] were more industrialized than the Soviet Union, they were in a position to furnish most of the equipment and fertilizer inputs needed to ease the transition to collectivized agriculture.&lt;ref name=&quot;bideleux474&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Bideleux|Jeffries|2007|p=474}}&lt;/ref&gt; Instead of liquidating large farmers or barring them from joining APCs as Stalin had done through [[dekulakisation]], those farmers were utilised in the non-Soviet Eastern Bloc collectivizations, sometimes even being named farm chairman or managers.&lt;ref name=&quot;bideleux474&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Collectivisation often met with strong rural resistance, including peasants frequently destroying property rather than surrendering it to the collectives.&lt;ref name=&quot;frucht144&quot;/&gt; Strong peasant links with the land through private ownership were broken and many young people left for careers in industry.&lt;ref name=&quot;turnock34&quot;/&gt; In [[People's Republic of Poland|Poland]] and [[Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]], fierce resistance from peasants, many of whom had resisted the Axis, led to the abandonment of wholesale rural collectivisation in the early 1950s.&lt;ref name=&quot;bideleux474&quot;/&gt; In part because of the problems created by collectivisation, agriculture was largely de-collectivised in Poland in 1957.&lt;ref name=&quot;frucht144&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> The fact that Poland nevertheless managed to carry out large-scale centrally planned industrialisation with no more difficulty than its collectivised Eastern Bloc neighbours further called into question the need for collectivisation in such planned economies.&lt;ref name=&quot;bideleux474&quot;/&gt; Only Poland's &quot;western territories&quot;, those eastwardly adjacent to the [[Oder-Neisse line]] that were annexed from Germany, were substantially collectivised, largely in order to settle large numbers of Poles on good farmland which had been taken from German farmers.&lt;ref name=&quot;bideleux474&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Economic growth===<br /> [[File:Robotron-KC87-1.jpg|thumb|A [[Robotron KC 87]] home computer made in [[East Germany]] between 1987 and 1989]]<br /> <br /> There was significant progress made in the economy in countries such as the Soviet Union. In 1980, the Soviet Union took first place in Europe and second worldwide in terms of industrial and agricultural production, respectively. In 1960, the USSR's industrial output was only 55% that of America, but this increased to 80% in 1980.&lt;ref name=&quot;ria.ru&quot;/&gt;{{unreliable source?|date=February 2021}}<br /> <br /> With the change of the Soviet leadership in 1964, there were [[1965 Soviet economic reform|significant changes made to economic policy]]. The Government on 30 September 1965 issued a decree &quot;On improving the management of industry&quot; and the 4 October 1965 resolution &quot;On improving and strengthening the economic incentives for industrial production&quot;. The main initiator of these reforms was Premier [[Alexei Kosygin]]. Kosygin's reforms on agriculture gave considerable autonomy to the collective farms, giving them the right to the contents of private farming. During this period, there was the large-scale land reclamation program, the construction of irrigation channels, and other measures.&lt;ref name=&quot;ria.ru&quot;/&gt; In the period 1966–1970, the gross national product grew by over 35%. Industrial output increased by 48% and agriculture by 17%.&lt;ref name=&quot;ria.ru&quot;/&gt; In the eighth Five-Year Plan, the national income grew at an average rate of 7.8%. In the ninth Five-Year Plan (1971–1975), the national income grew at an annual rate of 5.7%. In the tenth Five-Year Plan (1976–1981), the national income grew at an annual rate of 4.3%.&lt;ref name=&quot;ria.ru&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> The Soviet Union made noteworthy scientific and technological progress. Unlike countries with more market-oriented economies, scientific and technological potential in the USSR was used in accordance with a plan on the scale of society as a whole.&lt;ref&gt;Aleksandr Andreevich Guber. USSR: Intensified Economy and Progress in Science and Technology. Novosti Press Agency Publishing House, 1985. p. 14&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1980, the number of scientific personnel in the USSR was 1.4&amp;nbsp;million. The number of engineers employed in the national economy was 4.7&amp;nbsp;million. Between 1960 and 1980, the number of scientific personnel increased by a factor of 4. In 1975, the number of scientific personnel in the USSR amounted to one-fourth of the total number of scientific personnel in the world. In 1980, as compared with 1940, the number of invention proposals submitted was more than 5&amp;nbsp;million. In 1980, there were 10 all-Union research institutes, 85 specialised central agencies, and 93 regional information centres.&lt;ref&gt;Yearbook the USSR. Novosti Press Agency Publishing House, 1982. p. 174&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The world's first nuclear power plant was commissioned on 27 June 1954 in Obninsk.{{citation needed|date=February 2023}} Soviet scientists made a major contribution to the development of computer technology. The first major achievements in the field were associated with the building of analog computers. In the USSR, principles for the construction of network analysers were developed by S. Gershgorin in 1927 and the concept of the electrodynamic analog computer was proposed by N. Minorsky in 1936. In the 1940s, the development of AC electronic antiaircraft directors and the first vacuum-tube integrators was begun by L. Gutenmakher. In the 1960s, important developments in modern computer equipment were the BESM-6 system built under the direction of S. A. Lebedev, the MIR series of small digital computers, and the Minsk series of digital computers developed by G.Lopato and V. Przhyalkovsky.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.computer.org/portal/web/awards/lebedev |title=Sergey A. Lebedev |date=12 November 2008 |publisher=Computer.org |access-date=19 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130725052538/http://www.computer.org/portal/web/awards/lebedev |archive-date=25 July 2013 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Author Turnock claims that transport in the Eastern Bloc was characterised by poor [[infrastructure|infrastructural]] maintenance.&lt;ref name=&quot;turnock42&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Turnock|1997|p=42}}&lt;/ref&gt; The road network suffered from inadequate load capacity, poor surfacing and deficient roadside servicing.&lt;ref name=&quot;turnock42&quot;/&gt; While roads were resurfaced, few new roads were built and there were very few [[Dual carriageway|divided highway]] roads, urban ring roads or bypasses.&lt;ref name=&quot;turnock41&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Turnock|1997|p=41}}&lt;/ref&gt; Private car ownership remained low by Western standards.&lt;ref name=&quot;turnock41&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> {{multiple image<br /> | border = infobox<br /> | image_gap = 20<br /> | caption_align = center<br /> | align = right<br /> | image1 = Trabant 601 Mulhouse FRA 001.JPG<br /> | width1 = 200<br /> | alt1 =<br /> | caption1 =<br /> | image2 = AWE_Wartburg_353W,_Verkehrszentrum_des_Deutschen_Museums.JPG<br /> | width2 = 200<br /> | alt2 =<br /> | caption2 =<br /> | footer = A [[Trabant 601]] Limousine (left), manufactured between 1964 and 1989; and a [[Wartburg 353]] (right), manufactured between 1966 and 1989; they were made in [[East Germany]] and exported throughout the Eastern Bloc.<br /> }}<br /> {{multiple image<br /> | border = infobox<br /> | image_gap = 20<br /> | caption_align = center<br /> | align = right<br /> | image1 = ZAZ-966_front_view.jpg<br /> | width1 = 200<br /> | alt1 = <br /> | caption1 = <br /> | image2 = 1980_-_VAZ_2101.JPG<br /> | width2 = 200<br /> | alt2 = <br /> | caption2 = <br /> | footer = A Soviet-made [[ZAZ Zaporozhets|ZAZ-968]], manufactured between 1971 and 1994 (left) and a [[VAZ-2101|VAZ-2101/Lada 1200]], manufactured between 1970 and 1988 (right)<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{multiple image<br /> | border = infobox<br /> | image_gap = 20<br /> | caption_align = center<br /> | align = right<br /> | image1 = Classic Moto Show (91).JPG<br /> | width1 = 200<br /> | alt1 = <br /> | caption1 = <br /> | image2 = FSO Polonez MR'83 in Museum of Technology in Warsaw.jpg<br /> | width2 = 200<br /> | alt2 = <br /> | caption2 = <br /> | footer = A Polish-made [[Fiat 126|Polski Fiat 126p]], manufactured between 1973 and 2000 (left) and an [[FSO Polonez|FSO Polonez 1500]], manufactured between 1978 and 1991 (right)<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{multiple image<br /> | border = infobox<br /> | image_gap = 20<br /> | caption_align = center<br /> | align = right<br /> | image1 = Oltcit Auto.jpg<br /> | width1 = 200<br /> | alt1 = <br /> | caption1 = <br /> | image2 = 1982 Dacia 1310 (GDR export model) in Bucharest.jpg<br /> | width2 = 200<br /> | alt2 = <br /> | caption2 = <br /> | footer = A Romanian-made [[Oltcit Club]], manufactured between 1981 and 1995 (left); and a [[Dacia 1300]], manufactured between 1969 and 2004 (right)<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{multiple image<br /> | border = infobox<br /> | image_gap = 20<br /> | caption_align = center<br /> | align = right<br /> | image1 = Škoda 105 S Klasyki w FSO.jpg<br /> | width1 = 200<br /> | alt1 = <br /> | caption1 = <br /> | image2 = Tatra 613 2 at Legendy 2014.JPG<br /> | width2 = 200<br /> | alt2 = <br /> | caption2 = <br /> | footer = A Czechoslovak-made [[Škoda 105]], manufactured between 1976 and 1990 (left); and a [[Tatra 613]], manufactured between 1974 and 1996 (right)<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{multiple image<br /> | border = infobox<br /> | image_gap = 20<br /> | caption_align = center<br /> | align = right<br /> | image1 = 1987 Yugo GV in Burgundy, front right.jpg<br /> | width1 = 200<br /> | alt1 = <br /> | caption1 = <br /> | image2 = FCC Poděbrady 2017 29a. Zastava 1100.jpg<br /> | width2 = 200<br /> | alt2 = <br /> | caption2 = <br /> | footer = A Yugoslav-made [[Yugo Koral|Zastava/Yugo Koral]], manufactured between 1980 and 2008 (left); and a [[Zastava 101]], manufactured between 1971 and 2008 (right)<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Vehicle ownership increased in the 1970s and 1980s with the production of inexpensive cars in [[East Germany]] such as [[Trabant]]s and the [[Wartburg (car)|Wartburg]]s.&lt;ref name=&quot;turnock41&quot;/&gt; However, the wait list for the distribution of Trabants was ten years in 1987 and up to fifteen years for Soviet [[Lada]] and Czechoslovak [[Škoda Auto|Škoda]] cars.&lt;ref name=&quot;turnock41&quot;/&gt; Soviet-built aircraft exhibited deficient technology, with high fuel consumption and heavy maintenance demands.&lt;ref name=&quot;turnock42&quot;/&gt; Telecommunications networks were overloaded.&lt;ref name=&quot;turnock42&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Adding to mobility constraints from the inadequate transport systems were bureaucratic mobility restrictions.&lt;ref name=&quot;turnock43&quot;/&gt; While outside of Albania, domestic travel eventually became largely regulation-free, stringent controls on the issue of passports, visas and foreign currency made foreign travel difficult inside the Eastern Bloc.&lt;ref name=&quot;turnock43&quot;/&gt; Countries were inured to isolation and initial post-war [[autarky]], with each country effectively restricting bureaucrats to viewing issues from a domestic perspective shaped by that country's specific propaganda.&lt;ref name=&quot;turnock43&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Severe [[Natural environment|environmental]] problems arose through urban traffic congestion, which was aggravated by pollution generated by poorly maintained vehicles.&lt;ref name=&quot;turnock43&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Turnock|1997|p=43}}&lt;/ref&gt; Large thermal power stations burning [[lignite]] and other items became notorious polluters, while some hydro-electric systems performed inefficiently because of dry seasons and silt accumulation in reservoirs.&lt;ref name=&quot;turnock39&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Turnock|1997|p=39}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Kraków]] was covered by smog 135 days per year while [[Wrocław]] was covered by a fog of [[Chromium|chrome]] gas.{{Specify|date=September 2010}}&lt;ref name=&quot;turnock63&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Turnock|1997|p=63}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Several villages were evacuated because of copper smelting at [[Głogów]].&lt;ref name=&quot;turnock63&quot;/&gt; Further rural problems arose from piped water construction being given precedence over building sewerage systems, leaving many houses with only inbound piped water delivery and not enough sewage tank trucks to carry away sewage.&lt;ref name=&quot;turnock64&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Turnock|1997|p=64}}&lt;/ref&gt; The resulting drinking water became so polluted in [[People's Republic of Hungary|Hungary]] that over 700 villages had to be supplied by tanks, bottles and plastic bags.&lt;ref name=&quot;turnock64&quot;/&gt; Nuclear power projects were prone to long commissioning delays.&lt;ref name=&quot;turnock39&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> The [[Chernobyl disaster|catastrophe at the Chernobyl nuclear plant in the Ukrainian SSR]] was caused by an irresponsible safety test on a reactor design that is normally safe,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.insc.anl.gov/neisb/neisb4/NEISB_3.3.A1.html|title=NEI Source Book: Fourth Edition (NEISB_3.3.A1)|date=8 September 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100908155118/http://www.insc.anl.gov/neisb/neisb4/NEISB_3.3.A1.html|archive-date=8 September 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; some operators lacking an even basic understanding of the reactor's processes and authoritarian Soviet bureaucracy, valuing party loyalty over competence, that kept promoting incompetent personnel and choosing cheapness over safety.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last = Medvedev|first = Grigori|title = The Truth About Chernobyl|publisher = VAAP. First American edition published by Basic Books in 1991|year = 1989|isbn = 978-2-226-04031-2|title-link = The Truth About Chernobyl}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last = Medvedev|first = Zhores A.|author-link = Zhores A. Medvedev|title = The Legacy of Chernobyl|url = https://archive.org/details/legacyofchernoby00medv|url-access = registration|publisher = W. W. Norton &amp; Company|year = 1990|isbn = 978-0-393-30814-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; The consequent release of fallout resulted in the evacuation and resettlement of over 336,000 people&lt;ref name=&quot;Chernobyl.info&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Geographical location and extent of radioactive contamination |publisher=Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation |url=http://www.chernobyl.info/index.php?navID=2 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070630071332/http://www.chernobyl.info/index.php?navID=2 |archive-date=30 June 2007 }} (quoting the &quot;Committee on the Problems of the Consequences of the Catastrophe at the Chernobyl NPP: 15&amp;nbsp;Years after Chernobyl Disaster&quot;, Minsk, 2001, pp.&amp;nbsp;5/6 ff., and the &quot;Chernobyl Interinform Agency, Kiev und&quot;, and &quot;Chernobyl Committee: MailTable of official data on the reactor accident&quot;)&lt;/ref&gt; leaving a massive desolate [[Zone of alienation]] containing extensive still-standing abandoned urban development.<br /> <br /> [[Tourism]] from outside the Eastern Bloc was neglected, while tourism from other Stalinist countries grew within the Eastern Bloc.&lt;ref name=&quot;turnock45&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Turnock|1997|p=45}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tourism drew investment, relying upon tourism and recreation opportunities existing before World War II.&lt;ref name=&quot;turnock44&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Turnock|1997|p=44}}&lt;/ref&gt; By 1945, most hotels were run-down, while many which escaped conversion to other uses by central planners were slated to meet domestic demands.&lt;ref name=&quot;turnock44&quot;/&gt; Authorities created state companies to arrange travel and accommodation.&lt;ref name=&quot;turnock44&quot;/&gt; In the 1970s, investments were made to attempt to attract western travelers, though momentum for this waned in the 1980s when no long-term plan arose to procure improvements in the tourist environment, such as an assurance of freedom of movement, free and efficient money exchange and the provision of higher quality products with which these tourists were familiar.&lt;ref name=&quot;turnock45&quot;/&gt; However, Western tourists were generally free to move about in Hungary, Poland and Yugoslavia and go where they wished. It was more difficult or even impossible to go as an individual tourist to East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Bulgaria and Albania. It was generally possible in all cases for relatives from the west to visit and stay with family in the Eastern Bloc countries, except for Albania. In these cases, permission had to be sought, precise times, length of stay, location and movements had to be known in advance.<br /> <br /> Catering to western visitors required creating an environment of an entirely different standard than that used for the domestic populace, which required concentration of travel spots including the building of relatively high-quality infrastructure in travel complexes, which could not easily be replicated elsewhere.&lt;ref name=&quot;turnock45&quot;/&gt; Because of a desire to preserve ideological discipline and the fear of the presence of wealthier foreigners engaging in differing lifestyles, [[People's Republic of Albania|Albania]] segregated travelers.&lt;ref name=&quot;2turnock350&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Turnock|2006|p=350}}&lt;/ref&gt; Because of the worry of the subversive effect of the tourist industry, travel was restricted to 6,000 visitors per year.&lt;ref name=&quot;turnock48&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Turnock|1997|p=48}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Growth rates====<br /> Growth rates in the Eastern Bloc were initially high in the 1950s and 1960s.&lt;ref name=&quot;turnock23&quot;/&gt; During this first period, progress was rapid by European standards and per capita growth within the Eastern Bloc increased by 2.4 times the European average.&lt;ref name=&quot;turnock24&quot;/&gt; Eastern Europe accounted for 12.3 percent of European production in 1950 but 14.4 in 1970.&lt;ref name=&quot;turnock24&quot;/&gt; However, the system was resistant to change and did not easily adapt to new conditions. For political reasons, old factories were rarely closed, even when new technologies became available.&lt;ref name=&quot;turnock24&quot;/&gt; As a result, after the 1970s, growth rates within the bloc experienced relative decline.&lt;ref name=&quot;hardt16&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Hardt|Kaufman|1995|p=16}}&lt;/ref&gt; Meanwhile, West Germany, Austria, France and other Western European nations experienced increased economic growth in the [[Wirtschaftswunder]] (&quot;economic miracle&quot;), [[Trente Glorieuses]] (&quot;thirty glorious years&quot;) and the [[post-World War II boom]].<br /> <br /> From the end of World War II to the mid-1970s, the economy of the Eastern Bloc steadily increased at the same rate as the economy in Western Europe, with the non-reformist Stalinist nations of the Eastern Bloc having a stronger economy than the reformist-Stalinist states.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Teichova|Matis|2003|p=152}}&lt;/ref&gt; While most western European economies essentially began to approach the [[per capita]] [[gross domestic product]] (GDP) levels of the United States during the late 1970s and early 1980s, the Eastern Bloc countries did not,&lt;ref name=&quot;hardt16&quot;/&gt; with per capita GDPs trailing significantly behind their comparable western European counterparts.&lt;ref name=&quot;hardt17&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Hardt|Kaufman|1995|p=17}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The following table displays a set of estimated growth rates of GDP from 1951 onward, for the countries of the Eastern Bloc as well as those of Western Europe as reported by [[The Conference Board]] as part of its ''[[Total Economy Database]]''. In some cases data availability does not go all the way back to 1951.<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: right&quot;<br /> |+The Conference Board GDP growth rates in percent for the given years&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Total Economy Database, November 2016. Output, Labor, and Labor Productivity, 1950–2016|url=https://www.conference-board.org/retrievefile.cfm?filename=TED_1_NOV20161.xlsx&amp;type=subsite|access-date=4 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517180734/https://www.conference-board.org/retrievefile.cfm?filename=TED_1_NOV20161.xlsx&amp;type=subsite|archive-date=17 May 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |- <br /> !Country<br /> !1951<br /> !1961<br /> !1971<br /> !1981<br /> !1989<br /> !1991<br /> !2001<br /> !2015<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|People's Socialist Republic of Albania||6.608||4.156||6.510||2.526||2.648||−28.000||7.940||2.600<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|People's Republic of Bulgaria||20.576||6.520||3.261||2.660||−1.792||−8.400||4.248||2.968<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|Hungarian People's Republic||9.659||5.056||4.462||0.706||−2.240||−11.900||3.849||2.951<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|Polish People's Republic||4.400||7.982||7.128||−5.324||−1.552||−7.000||1.248||3.650<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|Socialist Republic of Romania||7.237||6.761||14.114||−0.611||−3.192||−16.189||5.592||3.751<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|Czechoslovak Socialist Republic/[[Czech Republic]]||–||–||5.215||−0.160||1.706||−11.600||3.052||4.274<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|Czechoslovak Socialist Republic/Slovakia||–||–||–||–||1.010||−14.600||3.316||3.595<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|Soviet Union/Russia||–||7.200||4.200||1.200||0.704||−5.000||5.091||−3.727<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|Austria||6.840||5.309||5.112||−0.099||4.227||3.442||1.351||0.811<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|Belgium||5.688||4.865||3.753||−1.248||3.588||1.833||0.811||1.374<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|Denmark||0.668||6.339||2.666||−0.890||0.263||1.300||0.823||1.179<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|Finland||8.504||7.620||2.090||1.863||5.668||−5.914||2.581||0.546<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|France||6.160||5.556||4.839||1.026||4.057||1.039||1.954||1.270<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|Germany (West)||9.167||4.119||2.943||0.378||3.270||5.108||1.695||1.700<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|Greece||8.807||8.769||7.118||0.055||3.845||3.100||4.132||−0.321<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|Ireland||2.512||4.790||3.618||3.890||7.051||3.098||9.006||8.538<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|Italy||7.466||8.422||1.894||0.474||2.882||1.538||1.772||0.800<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|Netherlands||2.098||0.289||4.222||−0.507||4.679||2.439||2.124||1.990<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|Norway||5.418||6.268||5.130||0.966||0.956||3.085||2.085||1.598<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|Portugal||4.479||5.462||6.633||1.618||5.136||4.368||1.943||1.460<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|Spain||9.937||12.822||5.722||0.516||5.280||2.543||4.001||3.214<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|Sweden||3.926||5.623||2.356||−0.593||3.073||−1.146||1.563||3.830<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|Switzerland||8.097||8.095||4.076||1.579||4.340||−0.916||1.447||0.855<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|United Kingdom||2.985||3.297||2.118||−1.303||2.179||−1.257||2.758||2.329<br /> |}<br /> The [[United Nations Statistics Division]] also calculates growth rates, using a different methodology, but only reports the figures starting in 1971 (for Slovakia and the constituent republics of the USSR data availability begins later). Thus, according to the United Nations growth rates in Europe were as follows:<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: right&quot;<br /> |+United Nations Statistics Division GDP growth rates in percent for the given years&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=UN Statistics Division, December 2016. Growth Rate of GDP and its breakdown|url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/snaama/dnltransfer.asp?fID=16|access-date=4 August 2017}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> !Country<br /> !1971<br /> !1981<br /> !1989<br /> !1991<br /> !2001<br /> !2015<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|People's Socialist Republic of Albania||4.001||5.746||9.841||−28.002||8.293||2.639<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|People's Republic of Bulgaria||6.897||4.900||−3.290||−8.445||4.248||2.968<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|Hungarian People's Republic||6.200||2.867||0.736||−11.687||3.774||3.148<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|Polish People's Republic||7.415||−9.971||0.160||−7.016||1.248||3.941<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|Socialist Republic of Romania||13.000||0.112||−5.788||−12.918||5.592||3.663<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|Czechoslovak Socialist Republic/[[Czech Republic]]||5.044||−0.095||0.386||−11.615||3.052||4.536<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|Czechoslovak Socialist Republic/Slovakia||–||–||–||−14.541||3.316||3.831<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|Soviet Union/Russia||5.209||5.301||6.801||−5.000||5.091||−3.727<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|Ukraine||–||–||–||−8.699||8.832||−9.870<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|Lithuania||–||–||–||−5.676||6.524||1.779<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|Yugoslavia/Serbia||9.162||1.400||1.500||−11.664||4.993||0.758<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|Austria||5.113||−0.144||3.887||3.442||1.351||0.963<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|Belgium||3.753||−0.279||3.469||1.833||0.812||1.500<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|Denmark||3.005||−0.666||0.645||1.394||0.823||1.606<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|Finland||2.357||1.295||5.088||−5.914||2.581||0.210<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|France||5.346||1.078||4.353||1.039||1.954||1.274<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|Germany (West)||3.133||0.529||3.897||5.108||1.695||1.721<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|Greece||7.841||−1.554||3.800||3.100||4.132||−0.219<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|Ireland||3.470||3.325||5.814||1.930||6.052||26.276<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|Italy||1.818||0.844||3.388||1.538||1.772||0.732<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|Netherlands||4.331||−0.784||4.420||2.439||2.124||1.952<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|Norway||5.672||1.598||1.038||3.085||2.085||1.611<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|Portugal||6.632||1.618||6.441||4.368||1.943||1.596<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|Spain||4.649||−0.132||4.827||2.546||4.001||3.205<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|Sweden||0.945||0.455||2.655||−1.146||1.563||4.085<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|Switzerland||4.075||1.601||4.331||−0.916||1.447||0.842<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|United Kingdom||3.479||−0.779||2.583||−1.119||2.726||2.222<br /> |}<br /> [[File:Eastern bloc economies GDP 1990.jpg|thumb|upright=1.8|Per capita GDP in the Eastern Bloc from 1950 to 2003 (1990 base [[International dollar|Geary-Khamis dollars]]) according to [[Angus Maddison]]]]<br /> <br /> [[File:GDP per capita of the Eastern Bloc.png|thumb|upright=1.6|GDP per capita of the Eastern Bloc in relations with the GDP per capita of the United States during 1900–2010]]<br /> The following table lists the level of [[nominal GDP]] per capita in certain selected countries, measured in [[US dollar]]s, for the years 1970, 1989, and 2015:<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: right&quot;<br /> |+Nominal GDP per Capita, according to the [[UN]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Un statistics Division December 2016|url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/snaama/dnllist.asp|access-date=7 March 2017|archive-date=7 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107193830/https://unstats.un.org/unsd/snaama/dnllist.asp|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |- <br /> !rowspan =2 |Country<br /> !colspan=3 |US dollars<br /> |-<br /> !1970<br /> !1989<br /> !2015<br /> |- <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|United Kingdom||2,350||16,275||44,162<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|Italy||2,112 ||16,239||30,462<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|Austria||2,042 ||17,313||44,118<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|Japan||2,040 ||25,054||34,629<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|Soviet Union/[[Russia]]||{{color|red|1,789}}||{{orange|2,711}}||9,243<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|[[Ukraine]]||-||-||2,022<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|[[Lithuania]]||-||-||14,384<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|Greece||1,496 ||7,864||17,788<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|Ireland||1,493 ||11,029||60,514<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|Spain||1,205||10,577||25,865<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|Czechoslovak Socialist Republic/[[Czech Republic]]||{{color|red|1,136}}||{{color|orange|3,764}}||17,562<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|[[Slovakia]]||-||-||16,082<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|People's Republic of Bulgaria||{{color|red|1,059}}||{{color|orange|2,477}}||6,847<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|People's Socialist Republic of Albania||{{color|red|1,053}}||{{color|orange|904}}||3,984<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|Cyprus||1,004 ||9,015||21,942<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|Polish People's Republic||{{color|red|1,000}}||{{color|orange|2,229}}||12,355<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|Portugal||935||6,129||19,239<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|Yugoslavia/[[Serbia]]||{{color|red|721}}||{{color|orange|4,197}}||5,239<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|Cuba||{{color|red|653}}||{{color|red|2,577}}||{{color|red|7,657}}<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|Socialist Republic of Romania||{{color|red|619}}||{{color|orange|2,424}}||9,121<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|Hungarian People's Republic||{{color|red|615}}||{{color|orange|3,115}}||12,351<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|China||{{color|red|111}}||{{color|red|406}}||{{color|red|8,109}}<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|Vietnam||{{color|red|64}}||{{color|red|94}}||{{color|red|2,068}}<br /> |}<br /> While it can be argued the [[World Bank]] estimates of GDP used for 1990 figures underestimate Eastern Bloc GDP because of undervalued local currencies, per capita incomes were undoubtedly lower than in their counterparts.&lt;ref name=&quot;hardt17&quot;/&gt; [[East Germany]] was the most advanced industrial nation of the Eastern Bloc.&lt;ref name=&quot;zwass34&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Zwass|1984|p=34}}&lt;/ref&gt; Until the building of the Berlin Wall in 1961, East Germany was considered a weak state, hemorrhaging skilled labor to the West such that it was referred to as &quot;the disappearing satellite&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;graubard8&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Graubard|1991|p=8}}&lt;/ref&gt; Only after the wall sealed in skilled labor was East Germany able to ascend to the top economic spot in the Eastern Bloc.&lt;ref name=&quot;graubard8&quot;/&gt; Thereafter, its citizens enjoyed a higher quality of life and fewer shortages in the supply of goods than those in the Soviet Union, Poland or Romania.&lt;ref name=&quot;zwass34&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> While official statistics painted a relatively rosy picture, the [[Economy of the German Democratic Republic|East German economy]] had eroded because of increased central planning, economic autarky, the use of coal over oil, investment concentration in a few selected technology-intensive areas and labor market regulation.&lt;ref name=&quot;lipschitz52&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Lipschitz|McDonald|1990|p=52}}&lt;/ref&gt; As a result, a large productivity gap of nearly 50% per worker existed between East and West Germany.&lt;ref name=&quot;lipschitz52&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Teichova72&quot;/&gt; However, that gap does not measure the quality of design of goods or service such that the actual per capita rate may be as low as 14 to 20 per cent.&lt;ref name=&quot;Teichova72&quot;/&gt; Average gross monthly wages in East Germany were around 30% of those in West Germany, though after accounting for taxation the figures approached 60%.&lt;ref name=&quot;lipschitz53&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Lipschitz|McDonald|1990|p=53}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Moreover, the purchasing power of wages differed greatly, with only about half of East German households owning either a car or a color television set as late as 1990, both of which had been standard possessions in West German households.&lt;ref name=&quot;lipschitz53&quot;/&gt; The ''[[East German mark|Ostmark]]'' was only valid for transactions inside East Germany, could not be legally exported or imported&lt;ref name=&quot;lipschitz53&quot;/&gt; and could not be used in the East German [[Intershop]]s which sold premium goods.&lt;ref name=&quot;zwass34&quot;/&gt; In 1989, 11% of the East German labor force remained in agriculture, 47% was in the secondary sector and 42% in services.&lt;ref name=&quot;Teichova72&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Teichova|Matis|2003|p=72}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Once installed, the economic system was difficult to change given the importance of politically reliable management and the prestige value placed on large enterprises.&lt;ref name=&quot;turnock24&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Turnock|1997|p=24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Performance declined during the 1970s and 1980s due to inefficiency when industrial input costs, such as energy prices, increased.&lt;ref name=&quot;turnock24&quot;/&gt; Though growth lagged behind the West, it did occur.&lt;ref name=&quot;frucht382&quot;/&gt; Consumer goods started to become more available by the 1960s.&lt;ref name=&quot;frucht382&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Before the Eastern Bloc's dissolution, some major sectors of industry were operating at such a loss that they exported products to the West at prices below the real value of the raw materials.&lt;ref name=&quot;turnock25&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Turnock|1997|p=25}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[People's Republic of Hungary|Hungarian]] steel costs doubled those of western Europe.&lt;ref name=&quot;turnock25&quot;/&gt; In 1985, a quarter of Hungary's state budget was spent on supporting inefficient enterprises.&lt;ref name=&quot;turnock25&quot;/&gt; Tight planning in [[People's Republic of Bulgaria|Bulgaria]]'s industry meant continuing shortages in other parts of its economy.&lt;ref name=&quot;turnock25&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Development policies===<br /> [[File:Wohnbebauung-Ernst-Thaelmann-Park-09-2018c.jpg|left|thumb|[[East Germany|East German]] [[Plattenbau]] apartment blocks]]<br /> In social terms, the 18 years (1964–1982) of Brezhnev's leadership saw real incomes grow more than 1.5 times. More than 1.6 billion square metres of living space were commissioned and provided to over 160&amp;nbsp;million people. At the same time, the average rent for families did not exceed 3% of the family income. There was unprecedented affordability of housing, health care and education.&lt;ref name=&quot;ria.ru&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> In a survey by the Sociological Research Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences in 1986, 75% of those surveyed said that they were better off than the previous ten years. Over 95% of Soviet adults considered themselves &quot;fairly well off&quot;. 55% of those surveyed felt that medical services improved, 46% believed public transportation had improved and 48% said that the standard of services provided public service establishments had risen.&lt;ref&gt;Update USSR, Vol. 53. April 1986. N.W.R. Publications. p. 11&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> During the years 1957–1965, housing policy underwent several institutional changes with industrialisation and urbanisation had not been matched by an increase in housing after World War II.&lt;ref name=&quot;sillince36&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sillince|1990|pp=36–37}}&lt;/ref&gt; Housing shortages in the Soviet Union were worse than in the rest of the Eastern Bloc due to a larger migration to the towns and more wartime devastation and were worsened by Stalin's pre-war refusals to invest properly in housing.&lt;ref name=&quot;sillince36&quot;/&gt; Because such investment was generally not enough to sustain the existing population, apartments had to be subdivided into increasingly smaller units, resulting in several families sharing an apartment previously meant for one family.&lt;ref name=&quot;sillince36&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> The prewar norm became one Soviet family per room, with the toilets and kitchen shared.&lt;ref name=&quot;sillince36&quot;/&gt; The amount of living space in urban areas fell from 5.7 square metres per person in 1926 to 4.5 square metres in 1940.&lt;ref name=&quot;sillince36&quot;/&gt; In the rest of the Eastern Bloc during this time period, the average number of people per room was 1.8 in [[People's Republic of Bulgaria|Bulgaria]] (1956), 2.0 in [[Czechoslovak Socialist Republic|Czechoslovakia]] (1961), 1.5 in [[People's Republic of Hungary|Hungary]] (1963), 1.7 in [[People's Republic of Poland|Poland]] (1960), 1.4 in [[Socialist Republic of Romania|Romania]] (1966), 2.4 in [[Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]] (1961) and 0.9 in 1961 in [[East Germany]].&lt;ref name=&quot;sillince36&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> After Stalin's death in 1953, forms of an economic &quot;New Course&quot; brought a revival of private house construction.&lt;ref name=&quot;sillince36&quot;/&gt; Private construction peaked in 1957–1960 in many Eastern Bloc countries and then declined simultaneously along with a steep increase in state and co-operative housing.&lt;ref name=&quot;sillince36&quot;/&gt; By 1960, the rate of housebuilding per head had picked up in all countries in the Eastern Bloc.&lt;ref name=&quot;sillince36&quot;/&gt; Between 1950 and 1975, worsening shortages were generally caused by a fall in the proportion of all investment made housing.&lt;ref name=&quot;sillince48&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sillince|1990|p=748}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, during that period the total number of dwellings increased.&lt;ref name=&quot;sillince49&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sillince|1990|p=49}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> During the last fifteen years of this period (1960–1975), an emphasis was made for a supply side solution, which assumed that industrialised building methods and high rise housing would be cheaper and quicker than traditional brick-built, low-rise housing.&lt;ref name=&quot;sillince49&quot;/&gt; Such methods required manufacturing organisations to produce the [[prefabricated]] components and organisations to assemble them on site, both of which planners assumed would employ large numbers of unskilled workers-with powerful political contacts.&lt;ref name=&quot;sillince49&quot;/&gt; The lack of participation of eventual customers, the residents, constituted one factor in escalating construction costs and poor quality work.&lt;ref name=&quot;sillince50&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sillince|1990|p=50}}&lt;/ref&gt; This led to higher demolition rates and higher costs to repair poorly constructed dwellings.&lt;ref name=&quot;sillince50&quot;/&gt; In addition, because of poor quality work, a black market arose for building services and materials that could not be procured from state monopolies.&lt;ref name=&quot;sillince50&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> In most countries, completions (new dwellings constructed) rose to a high point between 1975 and 1980 and then fell as a result presumably of worsening international economic conditions.&lt;ref name=&quot;sillince7&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sillince|1990|p=7}}&lt;/ref&gt; This occurred in Bulgaria, Hungary, East Germany, Poland, Romania (with an earlier peak in 1960 also), Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia while the Soviet Union peaked in 1960 and 1970.&lt;ref name=&quot;sillince7&quot;/&gt; While between 1975 and 1986, the proportion of investment devoted to housing actually rose in most of the Eastern Bloc, general economic conditions resulted in total investment amounts falling or becoming stagnant.&lt;ref name=&quot;sillince48&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> The employment of socialist ideology in housing policy declined in the 1980s, which accompanied a shift in authorities looking at the need of residents to an examination of potential residents' ability to pay.&lt;ref name=&quot;sillince48&quot;/&gt; Yugoslavia was unique in that it continuously mixed private and state sources of housing finance, stressed self-managed building co-operatives along with central government controls.&lt;ref name=&quot;sillince48&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Shortages===<br /> The initial year that shortages were effectively measured and shortages in 1986 were as follows:&lt;ref name=&quot;sillince11&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sillince|1990|pp=11–12}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: right&quot;<br /> |+Housing shortages in the Eastern Bloc and Yugoslavia<br /> |-<br /> !Country<br /> !Initial year<br /> !Initial year&lt;br /&gt; shortage<br /> !% of total stock<br /> !1986 &lt;br /&gt;shortage<br /> !1986 &lt;br /&gt;% of total stock<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[People's Republic of Albania|Albania]] || n/a || n/a || n/a || n/a || n/a<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[People's Republic of Bulgaria|Bulgaria]] || 1965 || 472,000 || 23.0 || 880,400 || 27.4<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[People's Republic of Hungary|Hungary]] || 1973 || 6,000 || 0.2 || 257,000 || 6.6<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[East Germany]] || 1971 || 340,000 || 5.6 || 1,181,700 || 17.1<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[People's Republic of Poland|Poland]] || 1974 || 1,357,000 || 15.9 || 2,574,800 || 23.9<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Socialist Republic of Romania|Romania]] || 1966 || 575,000 || 11.0 || 1,157,900 || 14.0<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Soviet Union]] || 1970 || 13,690,000 || 23.1 || 26,662,400 || 30.2<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Czechoslovak Socialist Republic|Czechoslovakia]] || 1970 || 438,000 || 9.9 || 877,600 || 15.3<br /> |-<br /> |align=left|[[Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]] || n/a || n/a || n/a || 1,634,700 || 23.9<br /> |}<br /> These are official housing figures and may be low. For example, in the Soviet Union the figure of 26,662,400 in 1986 almost certainly underestimates shortages for the reason that it does not count shortages from large Soviet rural-urban migration; another calculation estimates shortages to be 59,917,900.&lt;ref name=&quot;sillince17&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sillince|1990|p=17}}&lt;/ref&gt; By the late 1980s, [[People's Republic of Poland|Poland]] had an average 20-year wait time for housing while Warsaw had between a 26- and 50-year wait time.&lt;ref name=&quot;sillince27&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sillince|1990|p=27}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;turnock25&quot;/&gt; In the Soviet Union, widespread illegal subletting occurred at exorbitant rates.&lt;ref name=&quot;sillince33&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sillince|1990|p=33}}&lt;/ref&gt; Toward the end of the Eastern Bloc allegations of misallocations and illegal distribution of housing were raised in Soviet [[CPSU]] Central Committee meetings.&lt;ref name=&quot;sillince33&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> In [[People's Republic of Poland|Poland]], housing problems were caused by slow rates of construction, poor home quality (which was even more pronounced in villages) and a large black market.&lt;ref name=&quot;sillince2&quot;/&gt; In [[People's Republic of Romania|Romania]], social engineering policy and concern about the use of agricultural land forced high densities and high-rise housing designs.&lt;ref name=&quot;sillince3&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sillince|1990|p=3}}&lt;/ref&gt; In [[People's Republic of Bulgaria|Bulgaria]], a prior emphasis on monolithic high-rise housing lessened somewhat in the 1970s and 1980s.&lt;ref name=&quot;sillince3&quot;/&gt; In the Soviet Union, housing was perhaps the primary social problem.&lt;ref name=&quot;sillince3&quot;/&gt; While Soviet housing construction rates were high, quality was poor and demolition rates were high, in part because of an inefficient building industry and lack of both quality and quantity of construction materials.&lt;ref name=&quot;sillince3&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> [[East Germany|East German]] housing suffered from a lack of quality and a lack of skilled labor, with a shortage of materials, plot and permits.&lt;ref name=&quot;sillince4&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sillince|1990|p=4}}&lt;/ref&gt; In staunchly Stalinist [[People's Republic of Albania|Albania]], housing blocks (''panelka'') were spartan, with six-story walk-ups being the most frequent design.&lt;ref name=&quot;sillince4&quot;/&gt; Housing was allocated by workplace trade unions and built by voluntary labor organised into brigades within the workplace.&lt;ref name=&quot;sillince4&quot;/&gt; [[Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]] suffered from fast urbanisation, uncoordinated development and poor organisation resulting from a lack of hierarchical structure and clear accountability, low building productivity, the monopoly position of building enterprises and irrational credit policies.&lt;ref name=&quot;sillince4&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Revolts==<br /> <br /> ===1953 East Germany uprising===<br /> {{main|Uprising of 1953 in East Germany}}<br /> <br /> Three months after the death of [[Joseph Stalin]], a dramatic increase of emigration ([[Republikflucht]], [[brain drain]]) occurred from [[East Germany]] in the first half-year of 1953. Large numbers of East Germans traveled west through the only &quot;loophole&quot; left in the [[Eastern Bloc emigration and defection|Eastern Bloc emigration restrictions]], the Berlin sector border.&lt;ref name=&quot;crampton278&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Crampton|1997|p=278}}&lt;/ref&gt; The East German government then raised &quot;norms&quot; – the amount each worker was required to produce – by 10%.&lt;ref name=&quot;crampton278&quot;/&gt; Already disaffected East Germans, who could see the relative economic successes of West Germany within Berlin, became enraged.&lt;ref name=&quot;crampton278&quot;/&gt; Angry building workers initiated street protests, and were soon joined by others in a march to the Berlin trade union headquarters.&lt;ref name=&quot;crampton278&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> While no official spoke to them at that location, by 2:00&amp;nbsp;pm, the East German government agreed to withdraw the &quot;norm&quot; increases.&lt;ref name=&quot;crampton279&quot;/&gt; However, the crisis had already escalated such that the demands were now political, including free elections, disbanding the army and resignation of the government.&lt;ref name=&quot;crampton279&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Crampton|1997|p=279}}&lt;/ref&gt; By 17 June, strikes were recorded in 317 locations involving approximately 400,000 workers.&lt;ref name=&quot;crampton279&quot;/&gt; When strikers set ruling [[Socialist Unity Party of Germany|SED]] party buildings aflame and tore the flag from the [[Brandenburg Gate]], SED General Secretary [[Walter Ulbricht]] left Berlin.&lt;ref name=&quot;crampton279&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> A major emergency was declared and the Soviet [[Red Army]] stormed some important buildings.&lt;ref name=&quot;crampton279&quot;/&gt; Within hours, Soviet tanks arrived, but they did not immediately fire upon all workers.&lt;ref name=&quot;crampton279&quot;/&gt; Rather, a gradual pressure was applied.&lt;ref name=&quot;crampton279&quot;/&gt; Approximately 16 Soviet divisions with 20,000 soldiers from the [[Group of Soviet Forces in Germany]] using tanks, as well as 8,000 [[Kasernierte Volkspolizei]] members, were employed. Bloodshed could not be entirely avoided, with the official death toll standing at 21, while the actual casualty toll may have been much higher.&lt;ref name=&quot;crampton279&quot;/&gt; Thereafter, 20,000 arrests took place along with 40 executions.&lt;ref name=&quot;crampton279&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Hungarian Revolution of 1956===<br /> {{main|Hungarian Revolution of 1956}}<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:HungarianRevolution BudapestAfter.jpg|thumb|Bodies in Budapest after [[Red Army]] invasion in the [[Hungarian Revolution of 1956]]]] --&gt;<br /> After Stalin's death in 1953, a period of [[de-Stalinization]] followed, with reformist [[Imre Nagy]] replacing Hungarian Stalinist dictator Mátyás Rákosi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation | author=János M. Rainer | title = Stalin and Rákosi, Stalin and Hungary, 1949–1953 | date = 4 October 1997 | url =http://www.rev.hu/index_en.html | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20060909035345/http://www.rev.hu/index_en.html | archive-date =9 September 2006 | access-date =8 October 2006 }} (Paper presented on 4 October 1997 at the workshop &quot;European Archival Evidence. Stalin and the Cold War in Europe&quot;, Budapest, 1956 Institute).&lt;/ref&gt; Responding to popular demand, in October 1956, the Polish government appointed the recently [[Political rehabilitation|rehabilitated]] reformist [[Władysław Gomułka]] as First Secretary of the [[Polish United Workers' Party]], with a mandate to negotiate trade concessions and troop reductions with the Soviet government. After a few tense days of negotiations, on 19 October, the Soviets finally gave in to Gomułka's reformist requests.&lt;ref name = satellite&gt;{{cite web | title = Notes from the Minutes of the CPSU CC Presidium Meeting with Satellite Leaders, 24 October 1956 | website = The 1956 Hungarian Revolution, A History in Documents | publisher = George Washington University: The National Security Archive | date = 4 November 2002 | url = http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB76/doc5.pdf | access-date = 2 September 2006 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060908023412/http://www.gwu.edu/%7Ensarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB76/doc5.pdf | archive-date = 8 September 2006 | url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The revolution began after students of the [[Budapest University of Technology and Economics|Technical University]] compiled a list of [[Demands of Hungarian Revolutionaries of 1956]] and conducted protests in support of the demands on 22 October.&lt;ref name=sixteen&gt;Internet Modern History Sourcebook: Resolution by students of the Building Industry Technological University: [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1956hungary-16points.html Sixteen Political, Economic, and Ideological Points, Budapest, 22 October 1956] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090306232332/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1956hungary-16points.html |date=6 March 2009 }}. Retrieved 22 October 2006.&lt;/ref&gt; Protests of support swelled to 200,000 by 6&amp;nbsp;pm the following day,&lt;ref&gt;UN General Assembly ''Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary'' (1957) {{cite web |url= http://mek.oszk.hu/01200/01274/01274.pdf |title= Chapter II. A (Meetings and demonstrations), para 54 (p. 19) |access-date= 9 March 2009 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090320024559/http://mek.oszk.hu/01200/01274/01274.pdf |archive-date= 20 March 2009 |url-status= live }}&amp;nbsp;{{small|(1.47&amp;nbsp;MB)}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;UN report 2C p55&quot;&gt;UN General Assembly ''Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary'' (1957) {{cite web |url= http://mek.oszk.hu/01200/01274/01274.pdf |title= Chapter II. C (The First Shots), para 55 (p. 20) |access-date= 9 March 2009 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090320024559/http://mek.oszk.hu/01200/01274/01274.pdf |archive-date= 20 March 2009 |url-status= live }}&amp;nbsp;{{small|(1.47&amp;nbsp;MB)}}&lt;/ref&gt; The demands included free secret ballot elections, independent tribunals, inquiries into Stalin and Rákosi Hungarian activities and that &quot;the statue of Stalin, symbol of Stalinist tyranny and political oppression, be removed as quickly as possible.&quot; By 9:30&amp;nbsp;pm the statue was toppled and jubilant crowds celebrated by placing [[Flag of Hungary|Hungarian flags]] in Stalin's boots, which was all that remained the statue.&lt;ref name=&quot;UN report 2C p55&quot; /&gt; The [[ÁVH]] was called, Hungarian soldiers sided with the crowd over the ÁVH and shots were fired on the crowd.&lt;ref name=&quot;UN report 2C p56&quot;&gt;UN General Assembly ''Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary'' (1957) {{cite web |url= http://mek.oszk.hu/01200/01274/01274.pdf |title= Chapter II. C (The First Shots), para 56 (p. 20) |access-date= 9 March 2009 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090320024559/http://mek.oszk.hu/01200/01274/01274.pdf |archive-date= 20 March 2009 |url-status= live }}&amp;nbsp;{{small|(1.47&amp;nbsp;MB)}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;UN General Assembly ''Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary 1956'' (1957) {{cite web |url= http://mek.oszk.hu/01200/01274/01274.pdf |title= Chapter II. C (The First Shots), paragraphs 56–57 (p. 20) |access-date= 9 March 2009 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090320024559/http://mek.oszk.hu/01200/01274/01274.pdf |archive-date= 20 March 2009 |url-status= live }}&amp;nbsp;{{small|(1.47&amp;nbsp;MB)}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> By 2&amp;nbsp;am on 24 October, under orders of Soviet defense minister [[Georgy Zhukov]], Soviet tanks entered Budapest.&lt;ref&gt;UN General Assembly ''Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary'' (1957) {{cite web |url= http://mek.oszk.hu/01200/01274/01274.pdf |title= Chapter II.C, para 58 (p. 20) |access-date= 9 March 2009 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090320024559/http://mek.oszk.hu/01200/01274/01274.pdf |archive-date= 20 March 2009 |url-status= live }}&amp;nbsp;{{small|(1.47&amp;nbsp;MB)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Protester attacks at the Parliament forced the dissolution of the government.&lt;ref&gt;UN General Assembly ''Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary'' (1957) {{cite web |url= http://mek.oszk.hu/01200/01274/01274.pdf |title= Chapter II.F, para 65 (p. 22) |access-date= 9 March 2009 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090320024559/http://mek.oszk.hu/01200/01274/01274.pdf |archive-date= 20 March 2009 |url-status= live }}&amp;nbsp;{{small|(1.47&amp;nbsp;MB)}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ceasefire was arranged on 28 October, and by 30 October most Soviet troops had withdrawn from Budapest to garrisons in the Hungarian countryside.&lt;ref&gt;UN General Assembly ''Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary'' (1957) {{cite web |url= http://mek.oszk.hu/01200/01274/01274.pdf |title= Chapter II. F (Political Developments) II. G (Mr. Nagy clarifies his position), paragraphs 67–70 (p. 23) |access-date= 9 March 2009 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090320024559/http://mek.oszk.hu/01200/01274/01274.pdf |archive-date= 20 March 2009 |url-status= live }}&amp;nbsp;{{small|(1.47&amp;nbsp;MB)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fighting had virtually ceased between 28 October and 4 November, while many Hungarians believed that Soviet military units were indeed withdrawing from Hungary.&lt;ref&gt;Video: Revolt in Hungary {{cite web|url=http://files.osa.ceu.hu/holdings/selection/rip/4/av/1956-44.html |title=1956-44 |access-date=8 February 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071117094223/http://files.osa.ceu.hu/holdings/selection/rip/4/av/1956-44.html |archive-date=17 November 2007}} Narrator: [[Walter Cronkite]], producer: CBS (1956) – Fonds 306, Audiovisual Materials Relating to the 1956 Hungarian Revolution, OSA Archivum, Budapest, Hungary ID number: HU OSA 306-0-1:40&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> [[File:József körút - Corvin (Kisfaludy) köz sarok, háttérben a Kilián laktanya romos épülete. Kiégett szovjet T-34-85 harckocsi. Fortepan 24857.jpg|thumb|Budapest in 1956]]<br /> The new government that came to power during the revolution formally disbanded ÁVH, declared its intention to withdraw from the [[Warsaw Pact]] and pledged to re-establish free elections. The [[Politburo of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Soviet Politburo]] thereafter moved to crush the revolution. On 4 November, a large Soviet force invaded Budapest and other regions of the country.&lt;ref name=troops&gt;UN General Assembly ''Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary'' (1957) {{cite web |url= http://mek.oszk.hu/01200/01274/01274.pdf |title= Chapter IV. E (Logistical deployment of new Soviet troops), para 181 (p. 56) |access-date= 9 March 2009 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090320024559/http://mek.oszk.hu/01200/01274/01274.pdf |archive-date= 20 March 2009 |url-status= live }}&amp;nbsp;{{small|(1.47&amp;nbsp;MB)}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Csepel|last pocket of resistance]] called for ceasefire on 10 November. Over 2,500 Hungarians and 722 Soviet troops were killed and thousands more were wounded.&lt;ref&gt;Mark Kramer, &quot;The Soviet Union and the 1956 Crises in Hungary and Poland: Reassessments and New Findings&quot;, ''Journal of Contemporary History'', Vol. 33, No. 2, April 1998, p. 210.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Péter Gosztonyi, &quot;Az 1956-os forradalom számokban&quot;, ''Népszabadság'' (Budapest), 3 November 1990.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Thousands of Hungarians were arrested, imprisoned and deported to the Soviet Union, many without evidence.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title = Report by Soviet Deputy Interior Minister M. N. Holodkov to Interior Minister N. P. Dudorov (15 November 1956) | website = The 1956 Hungarian Revolution, A History in Documents | publisher = George Washington University: The National Security Archive | date = 4 November 2002 | url = http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB76/doc8.pdf | access-date = 2 September 2006 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060908023144/http://www.gwu.edu/%7Ensarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB76/doc8.pdf | archive-date = 8 September 2006 | url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Approximately 200,000 Hungarians fled Hungary,&lt;ref name=&quot;Cseresneyes&quot;&gt;{{Citation|last=Cseresnyés |first=Ferenc |title=The '56 Exodus to Austria |journal=The Hungarian Quarterly |volume=XL |issue=154 |pages=86–101 |url=http://www.hungarianquarterly.com/no154/086.html |date=Summer 1999 |access-date=9 October 2006 |postscript=. |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041127172402/http://www.hungarianquarterly.com/no154/086.html |archive-date=27 November 2004}}&lt;/ref&gt; some 26,000 Hungarians were put on trial by the new Soviet-installed [[János Kádár]] government, and of those, 13,000 were imprisoned.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite conference | first = Adrienne | last = Molnár | author2 = Kõrösi Zsuzsanna | title = The handing down of experiences in families of the politically condemned in Communist Hungary | book-title = IX. International Oral History Conference | pages = 1169–1166 | year = 1996 | location = Gotegorg | url = http://www.rev.hu/portal/page/portal/rev/tanulmanyok/kadarrendszer/kzsma1 | access-date = 10 October 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070607034837/http://www.rev.hu/portal/page/portal/rev/tanulmanyok/kadarrendszer/kzsma1 | archive-date = 7 June 2007 | url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Imre Nagy was executed, along with [[Pál Maléter]] and Miklós Gimes, after secret trials in June 1958. Their bodies were placed in unmarked graves in the Municipal Cemetery outside Budapest.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBCJune16&quot;&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/june/16/ &quot;On This Day 16 June 1989: Hungary reburies fallen hero Imre Nagy&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090425235008/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/june/16/ |date=25 April 2009 }} British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) reports on Nagy reburial with full honors. Retrieved 13 October 2006.&lt;/ref&gt; By January 1957, the new Soviet-installed government had suppressed all public opposition.<br /> <br /> ===Prague Spring and the 1968 invasion of Czechoslovakia===<br /> {{main|Prague Spring|Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia}}<br /> <br /> A period of political liberalization in [[Czechoslovak Socialist Republic|Czechoslovakia]] called the [[Prague Spring]] took place in 1968. The event was spurred by several events, including economic reforms that addressed an early 1960s economic downturn.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| title = Photius.com, (info from CIA world Factbook)| url = http://www.photius.com/countries/slovakia/economy/czechoslovakia_economy_economic_policy_and_~777.html| publisher = Photius Coutsoukis| access-date = 20 January 2008| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090116152207/http://www.photius.com/countries/slovakia/economy/czechoslovakia_economy_economic_policy_and_~777.html| archive-date = 16 January 2009| url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Williams5&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Williams|1997|p=5}}&lt;/ref&gt; The event began on 5 January 1968, when reformist Slovak [[Alexander Dubček]] came to power. In April, Dubček launched an &quot;[[Action Programme (1968)|Action Program]]&quot; of liberalizations, which included increasing freedom of the press, freedom of speech and freedom of movement, along with an economic emphasis on [[consumer goods]], the possibility of a multiparty government and limiting the power of the secret police.&lt;ref&gt;Ello (ed.), Paul (April 1968). Control Committee of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia, &quot;Action Plan of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (Prague, April 1968)&quot; in ''Dubcek's Blueprint for Freedom: His original documents leading to the invasion of Czechoslovakia''. William Kimber &amp; Co. 1968, pp 32, 54&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Von Geldern |first1=James |last2=Siegelbaum |first2=Lewis|authorlink2=Lewis Siegelbaum |publisher=Soviethistory.org |title=The Soviet-led Intervention in Czechoslovakia |url=http://soviethistory.org/index.php?action=L2&amp;SubjectID=1968czechoslovakia&amp;Year=1968 |access-date=7 March 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090817200255/http://soviethistory.org/index.php?action=L2&amp;SubjectID=1968czechoslovakia&amp;Year=1968 |archive-date=17 August 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Initial reaction within the Eastern Bloc was mixed, with [[People's Republic of Hungary|Hungary]]'s [[János Kádár]] expressing support, while Soviet leader [[Leonid Brezhnev]] and others grew concerned about Dubček's reforms, which they feared might weaken the Eastern Bloc's position during the [[Cold War]].&lt;ref name=&quot;trans&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title = Document #81: Transcript of Leonid Brezhnev's Telephone Conversation with Alexander Dubček, August 13, 1968 | year = 1998 | url = http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/nsa/publications/DOC_readers/psread/doc81.htm | website = The Prague Spring '68 | publisher = The Prague Spring Foundation | access-date = 23 January 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080117232525/http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/nsa/publications/DOC_readers/psread/doc81.htm | archive-date = 17 January 2008 | url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Navrátil|2006|pp=36 &amp; 172–181}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 3 August, representatives from the Soviet Union, East Germany, Poland, Hungary, Bulgaria, and Czechoslovakia met in [[Bratislava]] and signed the Bratislava Declaration, which affirmed unshakable fidelity to [[Marxism–Leninism]] and [[proletarian internationalism]] and declared an implacable struggle against &quot;bourgeois&quot; ideology and all &quot;anti-socialist&quot; forces.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Navrátil|2006|pp=326–329}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:10 Soviet Invasion of Czechoslovakia - Flickr - The Central Intelligence Agency.jpg|thumb|left|Czechoslovak protestors carrying their national flag past a burning Soviet tank in Prague, 1968]]<br /> On the night of 20–21 August 1968, Eastern Bloc armies from five Warsaw Pact countries (the Soviet Union, [[People's Republic of Poland|Poland]], [[German Democratic Republic|East Germany]], [[People's Republic of Hungary|Hungary]] and [[People's Republic of Bulgaria|Bulgaria]]) [[Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia|invaded Czechoslovakia]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation| last = Ouimet | first = Matthew| title = The Rise and Fall of the Brezhnev Doctrine in Soviet Foreign Policy | publisher=University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill and London| year = 2003 |pages = 34–35}}&lt;/ref&gt; The invasion comported with the Brezhnev Doctrine, a policy of compelling Eastern Bloc states to subordinate national interests to those of the Bloc as a whole and the exercise of a Soviet right to intervene if an Eastern Bloc country appeared to shift towards capitalism.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Grenville|2005|p=780}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation | last = Chafetz| first = Glenn | title = Gorbachev, Reform, and the Brezhnev Doctrine: Soviet Policy Toward Eastern Europe, 1985–1990| date = 1993| publisher=Praeger Publishers| isbn = 978-0-275-94484-1 |page= 10}}&lt;/ref&gt; The invasion was followed by a wave of emigration, including an estimated 70,000 Czechoslovaks initially fleeing, with the total eventually reaching 300,000.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Čulík| first = Jan| title = Den, kdy tanky zlikvidovaly české sny Pražského jara| url = http://www.britskelisty.cz/9808/19980821h.html| publisher = Britské Listy| access-date = 23 January 2008| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070928050554/http://www.britskelisty.cz/9808/19980821h.html| archive-date = 28 September 2007| url-status = dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In April 1969, Dubček was replaced as first secretary by [[Gustáv Husák]] and a period of &quot;[[Normalization (Czechoslovakia)|normalization]]&quot; began.&lt;ref name=&quot;Williams&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Williams|1997|p=xi}}&lt;/ref&gt; Husák reversed Dubček's reforms, purged the party of liberal members, dismissed opponents from public office, reinstated the power of the police authorities, sought to [[Command economy|re-centralize]] the economy and re-instated the disallowance of political commentary in mainstream media and by persons not considered to have &quot;full political trust&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Interpolitics&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Goertz|1995|pp=154–157}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;KieranPress&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Williams|1997|p=164}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Dissolution==<br /> {{further|Revolutions of 1989|Dissolution of the Soviet Union|Dissolution of Czechoslovakia|January 1991 events in Latvia|Singing Revolution|Soviet OMON assaults on Lithuanian border posts|Removal of Hungary's border fence with Austria|European integration}}<br /> [[File:Cold_War_Map_1980.png|thumb|upright=1.35|The Cold War in 1980 before the [[Iran–Iraq War]]]]<br /> Soviet control of the Eastern Bloc was first tested by the [[1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état]] and the [[Tito–Stalin split]] over the direction of the [[People's Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]], the [[Chinese Communist Revolution]] (1949) and Chinese participation in the [[Korean War]]. After [[Stalin's death]] in 1953, the Korean War ceased with the [[1954 Geneva Conference]]. In [[Europe]], [[Anti-Sovietism|anti-Soviet sentiment]] provoked the [[East German uprising of 1953]]. [[Nikita Khrushchev]]'s 1956 anti-Stalinist speech ''[[On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences]]'' was a factor in the [[Hungarian Revolution of 1956]], which the Soviet Union suppressed, and the Sino–Soviet split. The Sino–Soviet split gave [[North Korea]] and [[North Vietnam]] more independence from both and facilitated the [[Albanian–Soviet split]]. The [[Cuban Missile Crisis]] and the failure of the [[Bay of Pigs Invasion]] preserved the [[Cuban Revolution]] from [[rollback]] by the United States but Cuban leader [[Fidel Castro]] became increasingly independent of Soviet influence afterwards, most notably during the 1975 [[Cuban intervention in Angola]].&lt;ref name=Piero /&gt; In 1975, the communist victory in former [[French Indochina]] following the end of the [[Vietnam War]] gave the Eastern Bloc renewed confidence after it had been frayed by [[Soviet leader]] [[Leonid Brezhnev]]'s 1968 [[Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia|invasion of Czechoslovakia]] to suppress the [[Prague Spring]]. This led to the [[People's Republic of Albania]] withdrawing from the [[Warsaw Pact]], briefly aligning with [[Mao Zedong]]'s China until the [[Sino-Albanian split]].<br /> <br /> Under the [[Brezhnev Doctrine]], the Soviet Union reserved the right to intervene in other [[List of non-communist socialist states|socialist states]]. In response, China moved towards the United States following the [[Sino-Soviet border conflict]] and later started the [[reform and opening up]] while the Eastern Bloc saw the [[Era of Stagnation]] in comparison with the capitalist [[First World]]. The [[Soviet–Afghan War]] (24 December 1979 – 15 February 1989) nominally expanded the Eastern Bloc, but the war proved unwinnable and too costly for the Soviets, challenged in Eastern Europe by the [[civil resistance]] of ''[[Solidarity (Polish trade union)|Solidarity]]''. In the late 1980s, Soviet leader [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] pursued policies of ''[[glasnost]]'' (openness) and ''[[perestroika]]'' (restructuring) to reform the Eastern Bloc and end the Cold War, which brought forth unrest throughout the bloc.<br /> <br /> During the mid-to-late 1980s, the weakened Soviet Union gradually stopped interfering in the internal affairs of Eastern Bloc nations and numerous independence movements took place.<br /> <br /> [[File:President Ronald Reagan and Soviet General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev at the first Summit in Geneva, Switzerland.jpg|thumb|Soviet General Secretary [[Mikhail Gorbachev]], who sought to end the Cold War between the Soviet-led [[Warsaw Pact]] and the United States-led [[NATO]] and its other Western allies, in a meeting with President [[Ronald Reagan]]]]<br /> Following the [[Brezhnev stagnation]], the reform-minded Soviet leader [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] in 1985 signaled the trend towards greater liberalization. Gorbachev rejected the Brezhnev Doctrine, which held that Moscow would intervene if socialism were threatened in any state.&lt;ref name=&quot;crampton338&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Crampton|1997|p=338}}&lt;/ref&gt; He announced what was jokingly called the &quot;[[Sinatra Doctrine]]&quot; after the singer's &quot;My Way&quot; to allow the countries of [[Central and Eastern Europe]] to determine their own internal affairs during this period.<br /> <br /> Gorbachev initiated a policy of ''[[glasnost]]'' (openness) in the Soviet Union, and emphasized the need for ''[[perestroika]]'' (economic restructuring). The Soviet Union was struggling economically after the long war in Afghanistan and did not have the resources to control Central and Eastern Europe.<br /> <br /> The start of the disintegration of the Eastern Bloc can be attributed to [[1989 Polish parliamentary election|June 1989 Polish parliamentary election]], to the [[Removal of Hungary's border fence with Austria|opening of a border gate]] between [[Austria]] and [[Hungary]] at the [[Pan-European Picnic]] on 19 August 1989, and to the fact that the Hungarian Government granted 108 GDR citizens permission to cross the [[Iron Curtain]]. These citizens had stayed in the [[Embassy of Germany, Budapest|Embassy of Western Germany in Budapest]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bundesregierung.de/breg-de/schwerpunkte-der-bundesregierung/deutsche-einheit/ungarn-laesst-108-ddr-buerger-ausreisen-459164 ''Ungarn lässt 108 DDR-Bürger ausreisen'']&lt;/ref&gt; This permission became publicly known. Nine days later, 1,400 had come to the Embassy, on 2 September there were 3,500 and on 4 September 4,700 GDR citizens.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.bundesregierung.de/breg-de/schwerpunkte-der-bundesregierung/deutsche-einheit/fluechtlinge-stroemen-weiter-nach-ungarn-459148 |title=Flüchtlinge strömen weiter nach Ungarn |language=de |publisher=Die Bundesregierung |date=4 September 1989 |access-date=15 January 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; At the evening of 9 September 1989, Hungary opened its border to Austria for all GDR citizens.<br /> <br /> On 3 October 1990 [[German reunification|East Germany reunited with West Germany]] following the November 1989 [[fall of the Berlin Wall]]. Unlike previous Soviet leaders in [[East German uprising of 1953|1953]], [[Hungarian Revolution of 1956|1956]] and [[Prague Spring|1968]], Gorbachev refused to use force to end the [[Revolutions of 1989|1989 Revolutions]] against [[Marxism–Leninism|Marxist–Leninist]] rule in Eastern Europe. The [[fall of the Berlin Wall]] and [[Warsaw Pact#End of the Cold War|end of the Warsaw Pact]] spread [[Nationalism|nationalist]] and [[Liberalism|liberal]] ideals throughout the Soviet Union. In 1991, Conservative communist elites launched a [[1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt]], which hastened the end of Marxist–Leninist rule in Eastern Europe. However, the [[1989 Tiananmen Square protests]] in [[China]] were violently repressed by the communist government there, which maintained its grip on power.<br /> <br /> In 1989, [[Revolutions of 1989|a wave of revolutions]], sometimes called the &quot;Autumn of Nations&quot;,{{Cn|date=August 2024}} swept across the Eastern Bloc.&lt;ref name=&quot;Szafarz-221&quot;&gt;E. Szafarz, &quot;The Legal Framework for Political Cooperation in Europe&quot; in ''The Changing Political Structure of Europe: Aspects of International Law'', Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. {{ISBN|0-7923-1379-8}}. [https://books.google.com/books?id=oGGSGhFbCDEC&amp;dq=%22Autumn+of+Nations%22&amp;pg=PA221 p.221].&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Major reforms occurred in [[People's Republic of Hungary|Hungary]] following the replacement of [[János Kádár]] as General Secretary of the Communist Party in 1988.&lt;ref name=&quot;crampton381&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Crampton|1997|p=381}}&lt;/ref&gt; In [[People's Republic of Poland|Poland]] in April 1989, the [[Solidarity (Polish trade union)|Solidarity]] organization was legalized and allowed to participate in parliamentary elections. In the [[1989 Polish parliamentary election|elections on 4 June 1989]], it captured 99% of available parliamentary seats.&lt;ref name=&quot;crampton392&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Crampton|1997|p=392}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> [[File:Oliver Mark - Otto Habsburg-Lothringen, Pöcking 2006.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Otto von Habsburg]], who played a leading role in opening the Iron Curtain]]<br /> The opening of the [[Iron Curtain]] between Austria and Hungary at the [[Pan-European Picnic]] on 19 August 1989 then set in motion a chain reaction, at the end of which there was [[German reunification|East Germany]] and the [[#dissolution|Eastern Bloc had disintegrated]].<br /> Extensive advertising for the planned picnic was made by posters and flyers among the GDR holidaymakers in Hungary. The Austrian branch of the [[Paneuropean Union]], which was then headed by [[Karl von Habsburg]], distributed thousands of brochures inviting them to a picnic near the border at [[Sopron]].&lt;ref&gt;Hilde Szabo: ''Die Berliner Mauer begann im Burgenland zu bröckeln'' (The Berlin Wall began to crumble in Burgenland – German), in [[Wiener Zeitung]] 16 August 1999; Otmar Lahodynsky: ''Paneuropäisches Picknick: Die Generalprobe für den Mauerfall'' (Pan-European picnic: the dress rehearsal for the fall of the Berlin Wall – German), in: ''Profil'' 9 August 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ludwig Greven &quot;Und dann ging das Tor auf&quot;, in Die Zeit, 19 August 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> It was the largest escape movement from East Germany since the time before the Berlin Wall was built in 1961. After the picnic, which was based on an idea by [[Otto von Habsburg]] to test the reaction of the [[USSR]] and [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] to an opening of the border, tens of thousands of media-informed East Germans set off for Hungary.&lt;ref&gt;Miklós Németh in Interview, Austrian TV – ORF &quot;Report&quot;, 25 June 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; Hungary was then no longer prepared to keep its borders completely closed or to commit its border troops to use force of arms. [[Erich Honecker]] dictated to the Daily Mirror for the Paneuropa Picnic: &quot;Habsburg distributed leaflets far into Poland, on which the East German holidaymakers were invited to a picnic. When they came to the picnic, they were given gifts, food and Deutsche Mark, and then they were persuaded to come to the West&quot;. The leadership of the GDR in East Berlin did not dare to completely block the borders of their own country and the USSR did not respond at all. Thus the bracket of the Eastern Bloc was broken.&lt;ref&gt;Otmar Lahodynsky &quot;Eiserner Vorhang: Picknick an der Grenze&quot; (Iron curtain: picnic at the border – German), in Profil 13 June 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Thomas Roser: DDR-Massenflucht: Ein Picknick hebt die Welt aus den Angeln (German – Mass exodus of the GDR: A picnic clears the world) in: Die Presse 16 August 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Andreas Rödder, Deutschland einig Vaterland – Die Geschichte der Wiedervereinigung (2009).&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> [[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-R1220-401, Erich Honecker (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Erich Honecker]]]]<br /> [[File:Cold War border changes.png|thumb|left|upright=1.35|Changes in national boundaries after the collapse of the Eastern Bloc]]<br /> On 9 November 1989, following mass protests in [[East Germany]] and the relaxing of border restrictions in Czechoslovakia, tens of thousands of Eastern Berliners flooded checkpoints along the Berlin Wall and crossed into West Berlin.&lt;ref name=&quot;crampton394&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Crampton|1997|pp=394–5}}&lt;/ref&gt; Parts of the wall were torn down, leading to the [[reunification of Germany]] on 3 October 1990; around this time, most of the remains of the wall were torn down. In [[People's Republic of Bulgaria|Bulgaria]], the day after the mass crossings through the Berlin Wall, the leader [[Todor Zhivkov]] was ousted by his Politburo and replaced with [[Petar Mladenov]].&lt;ref name=&quot;crampton395&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Crampton|1997|pp=395–6}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In [[Czechoslovak Socialist Republic|Czechoslovakia]], following protests of an estimated half-million Czechs and Slovaks demanding freedoms and a [[general strike]], the authorities, which had allowed travel to the West, abolished provisions guaranteeing the ruling Communist Party its leading role.&lt;ref name=&quot;crampton398&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Crampton|1997|p=398}}&lt;/ref&gt; President [[Gustáv Husák]] appointed the first largely non-Communist government in Czechoslovakia since 1948 and resigned in what was called the [[Velvet Revolution]].&lt;ref name=&quot;crampton398&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Since 1971, [[Socialist Republic of Romania|Romania]] had [[July Theses|reversed]] the program of [[De-Stalinization in Romania|de-Stalinization]]. Following growing [[Romanian Revolution|public protests]], dictator [[Nicolae Ceaușescu]] ordered a [[Romanian Revolution|mass rally]] in his support outside Communist Party headquarters in [[Bucharest]], but mass protests against Ceaușescu proceeded.&lt;ref name=&quot;crampton399&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Crampton|1997|p=399}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Romanian military sided with protesters and turned on Ceaușescu. They [[Trial and execution of Nicolae and Elena Ceaușescu|executed him]] after a brief trial three days later.&lt;ref name=&quot;crampton400&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Crampton|1997|p=400}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Even before the Eastern Bloc's last years, all of the countries in the Warsaw Pact did not always act as a unified bloc. For instance, the [[Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia|1968 invasion of Czechoslovakia]] was [[Ceaușescu's speech of 21 August 1968|condemned]] by [[Socialist Republic of Romania|Romania]], which refused to take part in it. [[People's Republic of Albania|Albania]] withdrew from the Pact, and the Eastern Bloc altogether, in response to the invasion. In [[Cambodia]], [[communist rule]] ended in 1992 and monarchy was restored in 1993.<br /> <br /> The only surviving communist states are China, Cuba, Laos, North Korea, and Vietnam. Their state-socialist experience was more in line with [[decolonization]] from the [[Global North]] and [[anti-imperialism]] towards the West instead of the [[Red Army]] occupation of the former Eastern Bloc. The five states all adopted [[economic reform]]s to varying degrees. China and Vietnam are usually described as more [[state capitalist]] than the more traditionalist Cuba, Laos, and North Korea. This was previously the case in [[Kazakhstan]] until 2022, [[Uzbekistan]] until 2016, [[Turkmenistan]] until 2006, [[Kyrgyzstan]] [[Tulip Revolution|until 2005]], [[Azerbaijan]] and [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] [[Rose Revolution|until 2003]], [[Armenia]] until 1998, [[Moldova]] until 1997, [[Ukrainia]] and [[Belarus]] until 1994, [[Tajikistan]] until 1992. All presidents of [[post-Soviet Russia]] were members of the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union]] ([[Boris Yeltsin]] before 1990, [[Vladimir Putin]] and [[Dmitry Medvedev]] before 1991). Azerbaijan is an [[authoritarian]] [[dominant-party state]] yet it has officially eliminated mentions of communism from its constitution.<br /> <br /> ==Legacy==<br /> ===Aftermath===<br /> The fall of the Eastern Bloc had varying impacts on former Communist countries in the short and long term.&lt;ref&gt;Fisher, Stanley and Ratna Shahay (February 2000) [https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/2000/wp0030.pdf The Transition Economies after Ten Years] ''International Monetary Fund'' pp. 3–6&lt;/ref&gt; Many factors shaped how post-Communist countries performed economically, both in the transition period of the 1990s and into the 21st century.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.ebrd.com/content/dam/ebrd_dxp/assets/pdfs/office-of-the-chief-economist/transition-report-archive/transition-report-2000/Transition-Report-2000-Employment-Skills-and-Transition-English.pdf Transition report 2000: Employment, skills and transition] (2000) ''European Bank for Reconstruction and Development'' pp. 13–29&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Roaf, James, Ruben V. Atoyan, Bikas Joshi, and Krzysztof Krogulski (17 October 2014)[https://www.elibrary.imf.org/display/book/9781498305631/9781498305631.xml Regional Economic Issues Special Report 25 Years of Transition: Post-Communist Europe and the IMF] ''International Monetary Fund'' v.&lt;/ref&gt; These included the legacy of the Communist-era planned economy and one-party state—both overall and in each individual country—the state of the economy on the eve of reform, the pace and execution of economic reforms, the status of the rule of law, and the relevant international situation.&lt;ref&gt;Fisher, Stanley and Ratna Shahay (February 2000) [https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/2000/wp0030.pdf The Transition Economies after Ten Years] ''International Monetary Fund'' pp. 10–14&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/319481468770972868/pdf/multi0page.pdf Transition: The First Ten Years] (2002) ''World Bank.'' pp. 11–19&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.ebrd.com/content/dam/ebrd_dxp/assets/pdfs/office-of-the-chief-economist/transition-report-archive/transition-report-2000/Transition-Report-2000-Employment-Skills-and-Transition-English.pdf Transition report 2000: Employment, skills and transition] (2000) ''European Bank for Reconstruction and Development'' pp. 3–7&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Roaf, James, Ruben V. Atoyan, Bikas Joshi, and Krzysztof Krogulski (17 October 2014)[https://www.elibrary.imf.org/display/book/9781498305631/9781498305631.xml Regional Economic Issues Special Report 25 Years of Transition: Post-Communist Europe and the IMF] ''International Monetary Fund'' pp. 1–9&lt;/ref&gt; Some factors applied to every post-Communist country, while others depended on a wide variety of country-specific circumstances.&lt;ref&gt;Fisher, Stanley and Ratna Shahay (February 2000) [https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/2000/wp0030.pdf The Transition Economies after Ten Years] ''International Monetary Fund'' pp. 17–21&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/319481468770972868/pdf/multi0page.pdf Transition: The First Ten Years] (2002) ''World Bank.'' pp. 11–16&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last1=Havrylyshyn |first1=Oleh |last2=Meng |first2=Xiaofan |last3=Tupy |first3=Marian L. |date=July 12, 2016 |title=25 Years of Reforms in Ex-Communist Countries |url=https://www.cato.org/policy-analysis/25-years-reforms-ex-communist-countries-fast-extensive-reforms-led-higher-growth#introduction |access-date=2023-07-07 |website=[[Cato Institute]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Roaf, James, Ruben V. Atoyan, Bikas Joshi, and Krzysztof Krogulski (17 October 2014)[https://www.elibrary.imf.org/display/book/9781498305631/9781498305631.xml Regional Economic Issues Special Report 25 Years of Transition: Post-Communist Europe and the IMF] ''International Monetary Fund'' pp. 10–14&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> By the time the Eastern Bloc fell, the economies of former Communist countries were dominated by obsolete and inefficient heavy industry that was largely uncompetitive in a market environment.&lt;ref&gt;East-Central European economies in transition&lt;/ref&gt; The planned economies had long stifled innovation, and it often cost more to produce goods than the final product ultimately cost.&lt;ref&gt;[https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/664481468315296721/pdf/32692.pdf Economic Growth in the 1990s: Learning from a Decade of Reform] (2005) ''The World Bank'' p. 196&lt;/ref&gt; By the late 1980s, economic imbalances had reached critical levels, and there was a consensus on the need for reform. .&lt;ref&gt;Roaf, James, Ruben V. Atoyan, Bikas Joshi, and Krzysztof Krogulski (17 October 2014)[https://www.elibrary.imf.org/display/book/9781498305631/9781498305631.xml Regional Economic Issues Special Report 25 Years of Transition: Post-Communist Europe and the IMF] ''International Monetary Fund'' p. 10&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> Thus, every former Communist country experienced a period of economic recession, decline in industrial production, and during the transition to a market economy.&lt;ref&gt;[https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/664481468315296721/pdf/32692.pdf Economic Growth in the 1990s: Learning from a Decade of Reform] (2005) ''The World Bank'' pp. 196–197&lt;/ref&gt; How deep this recession went, how long it lasted, and how fast a given country recovered depended on various domestic and international factors.<br /> <br /> Writing in 2016, German historian [[Philipp Ther]] asserted that [[Neoliberalism|neoliberal]] policies of liberalization, deregulation, and [[privatization]] &quot;had catastrophic effects on former Soviet Bloc countries&quot;, and that the imposition of [[Washington Consensus]]-inspired &quot;[[Shock therapy (economics)|shock therapy]]&quot; had little to do with future economic growth.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Ther|first=Philipp|date=2016|title=Europe since 1989: A History|url=https://press.princeton.edu/titles/10812.html|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|isbn=9780691167374|access-date=13 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402224229/https://press.princeton.edu/titles/10812.html|archive-date=2 April 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> An estimated seven million premature deaths took place in the former USSR after it collapsed, with around four million in Russia alone.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=1 May 2017|title=The effect of rapid privatisation on mortality in mono-industrial towns in post-Soviet Russia: a retrospective cohort study|journal=The Lancet Public Health|language=en|volume=2|issue=5|pages=e231–e238|doi=10.1016/S2468-2667(17)30072-5|issn=2468-2667|doi-access=free|last1=Azarova|first1=Aytalina|last2=Irdam|first2=Darja|last3=Gugushvili|first3=Alexi|last4=Fazekas|first4=Mihaly|last5=Scheiring|first5=Gábor|last6=Horvat|first6=Pia|last7=Stefler|first7=Denes|last8=Kolesnikova|first8=Irina|last9=Popov|first9=Vladimir|last10=Szelenyi|first10=Ivan|last11=Stuckler|first11=David|last12=Marmot|first12=Michael|last13=Murphy|first13=Michael|last14=McKee|first14=Martin|last15=Bobak|first15=Martin|last16=King|first16=Lawrence|pmid=28626827|pmc=5459934}}&lt;/ref&gt; Russia experienced the largest drop in life expectancy during peacetime in recorded history after the fall of the USSR.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Ciment|first=James|date=21 August 1999|title=Life expectancy of Russian men falls to 58|journal=BMJ: British Medical Journal|volume=319|issue=7208|page=468|doi=10.1136/bmj.319.7208.468a|issn=0959-8138|pmc=1116380|pmid=10454391}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Men|first1=Tamara|last2=Brennan|first2=Paul|last3=Boffetta|first3=Paolo|last4=Zaridze|first4=David|date=25 October 2003|title=Russian mortality trends for 1991–2001: analysis by cause and region|journal=BMJ: British Medical Journal|volume=327|issue=7421|page=964|doi=10.1136/bmj.327.7421.964|issn=0959-8138|pmid=14576248|pmc=259165}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> The scholars [[Kristen Ghodsee]] and Mitchell A. Orenstein have referred to this as the &quot;mortality belt of the European former Soviet Union&quot; and assert that it could have been avoided with the implementation of &quot;an aggressive health policy intervention&quot; which could have &quot;prevented tens of thousands of excess deaths.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Ghodsee |first1=Kristen |title=Taking Stock of Shock: Social Consequences of the 1989 Revolutions |last2=Orenstein |first2=Mitchell A. |date=2021 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0197549247 |location=New York |pages=195–196 |doi=10.1093/oso/9780197549230.001.0001 |quote=In the mortality belt of the European former Soviet Union, an aggressive health policy intervention might have prevented tens of thousands of excess deaths, or at least generated a different perception of Western intentions. Instead, Western self-congratulatory triumphalism, the political priority to irreversibly destroy the communist system, and the desire to integrate East European economies into the capitalist world at any cost took precedence.}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> This economic decline was also linked to a wide variety of social consequences, including rising crime and poverty. These varied by country in severity and speed of recovery. By the end of the 1990s, the number of people living below the international poverty line went from 3% in 1987–88 to 20%, or around 88 million people.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Izyumov|first=Alexei|date=2010|title=Human Costs of Post-communist Transition: Public Policies and Private Response|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41288494|journal=Review of Social Economy|volume=68|issue=1|pages=93–125|doi=10.1080/00346760902968421|jstor=41288494|s2cid=154520098|issn=0034-6764|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Only 4% of the region lived on $4 a day or less before the USSR dissolved, but by 1994, this number skyrocketed to 32%.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; In Russia, [[Boris Yeltsin]]'s [[IMF]]-backed rapid privatization and [[austerity]] policies resulted in unemployment rising to double digits and half the Russian population falling into destitution by the early to mid 1990s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Mattei|first=Clara E.|author-link=Clara Mattei|date=2022 |title=The Capital Order: How Economists Invented Austerity and Paved the Way to Fascism|pages=301–303|url=https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/C/bo181707138.html|location= |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]|isbn=978-0-226-81839-9|quote=&quot;If, in 1987–1988, 2 percent of the Russian people lived in poverty (i.e., survived on less than $4 a day), by 1993–1995 the number reached 50 percent: in just seven years half the Russian population became destitute.}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Crime, alcohol use, drug use and suicides all skyrocketed after the fall of the Eastern Bloc.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; The GDP fell as much as 50% in some republics during the 1990s. By 2000, Russia's GDP was between 30 and 50% of its pre-collapse output.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=End of the USSR: visualising how the former Soviet countries are doing, 20 years on {{!}} Russia |url=https://theguardian.com/news/datablog/2011/aug/17/ussr-soviet-countries-data|access-date=21 January 2021|website=The Guardian |date=17 Aug 2011 |first1=Mark |last1=Rice-Oxley |first2=Ami |last2=Sedghi |first3=Jenny |last3=Ridley |first4=Sasha |last4=Magill |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210128064905/https://amp.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2011/aug/17/ussr-soviet-countries-data |archive-date= Jan 28, 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Great Depression {{!}} Definition, History, Dates, Causes, Effects, &amp; Facts|url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Great-Depression|access-date=21 January 2021|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=13 mind-blowing facts about Russia's economy|url=https://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/russia-economy-facts-2019-4-1028116037|access-date=21 January 2021|website=markets.businessinsider.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=What Explains the Post-Soviet Russian Economic Collapse?|url=https://thewire.in/economy/post-soviet-russian-economic-collapse|access-date=21 January 2021|website=The Wire}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2011, ''[[The Guardian]]'' published an analysis of the former Soviet countries twenty years after the fall of the USSR. They found that &quot;GDP fell as much as 50 percent in the 1990s in some republics... as capital flight, industrial collapse, hyperinflation and tax avoidance took their toll&quot;, but that there was a rebound in the 2000s, and by 2010 &quot;some economies were five times as big as they were in 1991.&quot; Life expectancy has grown since 1991 in some of the countries, but fallen in others; likewise, some held free and fair elections, while others remained authoritarian.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Eastern Bloc Life-expectancy (1).png|thumb|Life expectancy of some Eastern Bloc countries, compared to Western Europe]]<br /> However, the Central European states of the former Eastern Bloc–Poland, Hungary, the Czech Republic and Slovakia–showed healthy increases in life expectancy from the 1990s onward, compared to nearly thirty years of stagnation under Communism.&lt;ref&gt;Hauck, Owen (2 February 2016) [https://www.piie.com/research/piie-charts/average-life-expectancy-post-communist-countries-progress-varies-25-years-after Average Life Expectancy in Post-Communist Countries—Progress Varies 25 Years after Communism]. Peterson Institute for International Economics. Retrieved 4 January 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gerr, Christopher J., Yulia Raskina &amp; Daria Tsyplakova (28 October 2017)[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11205-017-1764-4 Convergence or Divergence? Life Expectancy Patterns in Post-communist Countries, 1959–2010] ''Social Indicators Research''. Retrieved 4 January 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Safaei, Jalil (31 August 2011). [https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecri/2012/137412/ Post-Communist Health Transitions in Central and Eastern Europe]. ''Economics Research International''. Retrieved 4 January 2021&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Mackenbach, Johan. [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/234823288_Political_conditions_and_life_expectancy_in_Europe_1900-2008 Political conditions and life expectancy in Europe, 1900-2008]. ''Social Science and Medicine''. December 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Leon, David A. [https://blog.oup.com/2011/04/life-expectancy/ &quot;Trends in European Life Expectancy: a Salutary View&quot;]. OUPblog, Oxford University Press, 23 April 2013. Retrieved 12 March 2021.&lt;/ref&gt; Bulgaria and Romania followed this trend after the introduction of more serious economic reforms in the late 1990s.&lt;ref&gt;C Dolea, E Nolte, M McKee. [https://jech.bmj.com/content/56/6/444 Changing life expectancy in Romania after the transition] ''Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health''. Retrieved 4 January 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;<br /> Chavez, Lesly Allyn (June 2014). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335675821_The_Effects_of_Communism_on_Romania's_Population The Effects of Communism on Romania's Population]. Retrieved 4 January 2021]&lt;/ref&gt; By the turn of the century, most of their economies had strong growth rates, boosted by the [[enlargement of the European Union]] in [[2004 enlargement of the European Union|2004]] and [[2007 enlargement of the European Union|2007]] which saw Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, the Baltic States, Romania and Bulgaria admitted to the European Union. This led to significant improvements in living standards, quality of life, human health and economic performance in the post-Communist Central European states, relative to the late Communist and early post-Communist periods.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/oct/26/this-is-the-golden-age-eastern-europes-extraordinary-30-year-revival {{&quot;'}}This is the golden age': Eastern Europe's extraordinary 30-year revival&quot;]. ''The Guardian''. 26 October 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; Certain former Eastern Bloc countries have even become wealthier than certain Western European ones in the decades since 1989. In 2006, the Czech Republic was reported to have become wealthier than [[Portugal]], something also reported to be true of Poland in 2019.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://euobserver.com/economic/20701 Czech republic leapfrogs Portugal in wealth terms]&quot; ''EU Observer''.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://polandin.com/46809897/poland-became-richer-than-portugal-in-2019-imf Poland became richer than Portugal in 2019: IMF] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128205419/https://polandin.com/46809897/poland-became-richer-than-portugal-in-2019-imf |date=28 January 2021 }}&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2016, the [[Right-libertarianism|libertarian]] think tank [[Cato Institute]] stated that the analyses done of post-communist countries in the 1990s were &quot;premature&quot; and &quot;that early and rapid reformers by far outperformed gradual reformers&quot; on [[Lists of countries by GDP per capita|GDP per capita]], the [[United Nations Human Development Index]], [[political freedom]], and developed better institutions. The institute also stated that the process of privatization in Russia was &quot;deeply flawed&quot; due to Russia's reforms being &quot;far ''less'' rapid&quot; than those of Central Europe and the [[Baltic states]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last1=Havrylyshyn |first1=Oleh |last2=Meng |first2=Xiaofan |last3=Tupy |first3=Marian L. |date=July 12, 2016 |title=25 Years of Reforms in Ex-Communist Countries |url=https://www.cato.org/policy-analysis/25-years-reforms-ex-communist-countries-fast-extensive-reforms-led-higher-growth#introduction |access-date=2023-07-07 |website=[[Cato Institute]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> It has been argued by several scholars that the cessation of the Socialist Bloc and the end of [[communism]] as a global hegemonic force allowed [[neoliberal]] [[capitalism]] to become the dominant global system, which has resulted in surging [[economic inequality]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Ghodsee |first=Kristen |author-link=Kristen Ghodsee |date=2018 |title=[[Why Women Have Better Sex Under Socialism]] |url= |location= |publisher=[[Vintage Books]] |pages=3–4 |isbn=978-1568588902|quote=Without the looming threat of a rival superpower, the last thirty years of global neoliberalism have witnessed a rapid shriveling of social programs that protect citizens from cyclical instability and financial crises and reduce the vast inequality of economic outcomes between those at the top and bottom of the income distribution.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Greene|first1=Julie|authorlink1= Julie Greene (historian) |date=April 2020|title=Bookends to a Gentler Capitalism: Complicating the Notion of First and Second Gilded Ages|url=|journal=[[The Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era]] |volume=19 |issue=2 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|pages=197–205|doi=10.1017/S1537781419000628|pmc= |pmid= |access-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Bartel |first=Fritz |date=2022 |title=The Triumph of Broken Promises: The End of the Cold War and the Rise of Neoliberalism |url=https://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674976788 |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |isbn=9780674976788 |pages=5–6}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Gerstle |first=Gary |author-link=Gary Gerstle |date=2022 |title=The Rise and Fall of the Neoliberal Order: America and the World in the Free Market Era |url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-rise-and-fall-of-the-neoliberal-order-9780197519646?cc=us&amp;lang=en&amp; |location= |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |pages=10–12, 149 |isbn=978-0-19-751964-6|quote=The collapse of communism, then, opened the entire world to capitalist penetration, shrank the imaginative and ideological space in which opposition to capitalist thought and practices might incubate, and impelled those who remained leftists to redefine their radicalism in alternative terms, which turned out to be those that capitalist systems could more, rather than less, easily manage. This was the moment when neoliberalism in the United States went from being a political movement to a political order.}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> A 2009 [[Pew Research Center]] poll showed that 72% of Hungarians, 62% of both Ukrainians and Bulgarians, 48% of both Lithuanians and Slovaks, 45% of Russians, 39% of Czechs, and 35% of Poles felt that their lives were worse off after 1989, when free markets were made dominant.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2 November 2009 |title=End of Communism Cheered but Now with More Reservations |language=en-US |work=Pew Research Center's Global Attitudes Project |url=http://www.pewglobal.org/2009/11/02/end-of-communism-cheered-but-now-with-more-reservations/ |url-status=live |access-date=14 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180519112519/http://www.pewglobal.org/2009/11/02/end-of-communism-cheered-but-now-with-more-reservations/ |archive-date=19 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; A follow-up poll by Pew Research Center in 2011 showed that 45% of Lithuanians, 42% of Russians, and 34% of Ukrainians approved of the change to a market economy.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=5 December 2011 |title=Confidence in Democracy and Capitalism Wanes in Former Soviet Union |language=en-US |work=Pew Research Center's Global Attitudes Project |url=http://www.pewglobal.org/2011/12/05/confidence-in-democracy-and-capitalism-wanes-in-former-soviet-union/ |url-status=live |access-date=14 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180520020300/http://www.pewglobal.org/2011/12/05/confidence-in-democracy-and-capitalism-wanes-in-former-soviet-union/ |archive-date=20 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Writing in 2018, the scholars [[Kristen R. Ghodsee]] and [[Scott Sehon]] assert that &quot;subsequent polls and qualitative research across Russia and eastern Europe confirm the persistence of these sentiments as popular discontent with the failed promises of free-market prosperity has grown, especially among older people&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Ghodsee |first1=Kristen R. |author-link=Kristen R. Ghodsee |last2=Sehon |first2=Scott |author-link2=Scott Sehon |date=22 March 2018 |title=Anti-anti-communism |url=https://aeon.co/essays/the-merits-of-taking-an-anti-anti-communism-stance |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180925141956/https://aeon.co/essays/the-merits-of-taking-an-anti-anti-communism-stance |archive-date=25 September 2018 |access-date=26 September 2018 |website=[[Aeon (digital magazine)|Aeon]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2019, a Pew Research Survey on European public opinion asked citizens of Russia, Ukraine, Lithuania, Bulgaria, Poland, Czechia, Slovakia, Hungary and the former East Germany two questions: whether they approved of the change to a multi-party democracy, and whether they approved of the change to a market economy. The change to a multi-party democracy was approved by 85% of Poles and East Germans, 82% of Czechs, 74% of Slovaks, 72% of Hungarians, 70% of Lithuanians, 54% of Bulgarians, 51% of Ukrainians and 43% of Russians. The transition to a market economy was approved by 85% of Poles, 83% of East Germans, 76% of Czechs, 71% of Slovaks, 70% of Hungarians, 69% of Lithuanians, 55% of Bulgarians, 47% of Ukrainians, and 38% of Russians.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=15 October 2019 |title=European Public Opinion Three Decades After the Fall of Communism |work=Pew Research Center's Global Attitudes Project |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2019/10/15/european-public-opinion-three-decades-after-the-fall-of-communism/ |access-date=25 September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===List of existing communist states===<br /> [[File:Communist states (including DPRK).svg|thumb|upright=1.6|A map of current communist states]]<br /> <br /> Since 1993, the following countries have remained communist states{{efn|[[North Korea]] was founded on 9 September 1948 as a communist state and has ruled by the [[Workers' Party of Korea]]. But since 1992, all mentions of [[Marxism–Leninism]] and communism were removed from [[Constitution of North Korea|its constitution]] and was replaced by its ''[[Juche]]'' ideology.}}:<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> !Country<br /> !Local name<br /> !Since<br /> !Ruling party<br /> |-<br /> |China{{NoteTag|[[Hong Kong]] and [[Macau]] are administered under the &quot;[[One country, two systems]]&quot; principle.}}<br /> |In [[Standard Chinese|Chinese]]: 中华人民共和国&lt;br /&gt;In [[Pinyin]]: ''Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó''<br /> |1 October 1949<br /> |[[Chinese Communist Party]]<br /> |-<br /> |Cuba<br /> |In [[Spanish language|Spanish]]: ''República de Cuba''<br /> |1 July 1961<br /> |[[Communist Party of Cuba]]<br /> |-<br /> |{{no wrap|Laos}}<br /> |In [[Lao language|Lao]]: ''Sathalanalat Paxathipatai Paxaxon Lao''<br /> |2 December 1975<br /> |{{no wrap|[[Lao People's Revolutionary Party]]}}<br /> |-<br /> |Vietnam<br /> |{{no wrap|In [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]]: ''Cộng hòa xã hội chủ nghĩa Việt Nam''}}<br /> |{{no wrap|2 September 1945 ([[North Vietnam]])&lt;br&gt;30 April 1975 ([[Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam|South Vietnam]])&lt;br&gt;2 July 1976 ([[Reunification Day|unified]])}}<br /> |[[Communist Party of Vietnam]]<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> {{Portal bar|Europe|Socialism|Communism|Soviet Union|Politics}}<br /> * [[Communist nostalgia]]<br /> * [[Eastern European Group]]<br /> * [[Eurasian Economic Union]]<br /> * [[Military occupations by the Soviet Union]]<br /> * [[Soviet empire]]<br /> * [[Telephone tapping in the Eastern Bloc]]<br /> * [[State socialism]]<br /> * [[Western Bloc]]<br /> * [[Sino-Soviet Split]]<br /> * [[First World]]<br /> * [[Second World]]<br /> * [[Third World]]<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> {{NoteFoot}}<br /> {{notelist}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> ===Citations===<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ===Works cited===<br /> {{refbegin|40em}}<br /> * {{Citation |last1=Bideleux |first1=Robert |last2=Jeffries |first2=Ian |title=A History of Eastern Europe: Crisis and Change |publisher=Routledge |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-415-36626-7}}<br /> * {{Citation |last1=Black |first1=Cyril E. |last2=English |first2=Robert D. |last3=Helmreich |first3=Jonathan E. |last4=McAdams |first4=James A. |title=Rebirth: A Political History of Europe since World War II |publisher=[[Taylor &amp; Francis|Westview Press]] |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-8133-3664-0}}<br /> * {{Citation |last=Böcker |first=Anita |title=Regulation of Migration: International Experiences |publisher=Het Spinhuis |year=1998 |isbn=978-90-5589-095-8}}<br /> * {{cite book |last1=Bugajski |first1=Janusz |last2=Pollack |first2=Maxine |title=East European Fault Lines: Dissent, Opposition, And Social Activism |date=13 June 1989 |publisher=Avalon Publishing |isbn=978-0-8133-7714-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ASK0AAAAIAAJ |language=en}}<br /> * {{Citation |last=Cook |first=Bernard A. |title=Europe Since 1945: An Encyclopedia |publisher=Taylor &amp; Francis |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-8153-4057-7}}<br /> * {{Citation |last=Crampton |first=R. J. |title=Eastern Europe in the twentieth century and after |publisher=Routledge |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-415-16422-1}}<br /> * {{Citation |last=Dale |first=Gareth |title=Popular Protest in East Germany, 1945–1989: Judgements on the Street |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2005 |isbn=978-0714654089}}<br /> * {{Citation |last=Dowty |first=Alan |title=Closed Borders: The Contemporary Assault on Freedom of Movement |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |year=1989 |isbn=978-0-300-04498-0}}<br /> * {{Citation |last=Frucht |first=Richard C. |title=Encyclopedia of Eastern Europe: From the Congress of Vienna to the Fall of Communism |publisher=[[Taylor &amp; Francis|Taylor &amp; Francis Group]] |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-203-80109-3}}<br /> * {{Citation |last=Gaddis |first=John Lewis |title=The Cold War: A New History |year=2005 |publisher=Penguin Press |isbn=978-1-59420-062-5 |url=https://archive.org/details/coldwarnewhistor00gadd}}<br /> * {{Citation |last=Goertz |first=Gary |title=Contexts of International Politics |year=1995 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-46972-2}}<br /> * {{Citation |last=Grenville |first=John Ashley Soames |title=A History of the World from the 20th to the 21st Century |publisher=Routledge |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-415-28954-2}}<br /> * {{Citation |last=Graubard |first=Stephen R. |title=Eastern Europe, Central Europe, Europe |publisher=Westview Press |year=1991 |isbn=978-0-8133-1189-0}}<br /> * {{Citation |last1=Hardt |first1=John Pearce |last2=Kaufman |first2=Richard F. |title=East-Central European Economies in Transition |publisher=M.E. Sharpe |year=1995 |isbn=978-1-56324-612-8}}<br /> * {{Citation |last=Harrison |first=Hope Millard |title=Driving the Soviets Up the Wall: Soviet-East German Relations, 1953–1961 |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-691-09678-0}}<br /> * {{Citation |last=Krasnov |first=Vladislav |title=Soviet Defectors: The KGB Wanted List |publisher=Hoover Press |year=1985 |isbn=978-0-8179-8231-7}}<br /> * {{Citation |last=Laqueur |first=Walter |title=The dream that failed: reflections on the Soviet Union |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-19-510282-6}}<br /> * {{Citation |first1=Leslie |last1=Lipschitz |first2=Donogh |last2=McDonald |title=German unification: economic issues |publisher=International Monetary Fund |year=1990 |isbn=978-1-55775-200-0 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/germanunificatio0000unse}}<br /> * {{Citation |last=Loescher |first=Gil |title=The UNHCR and World Politics: A Perilous Path |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-19-829716-1}}<br /> * {{Citation |last1=Michta |first1=Andrew A. |last2=Mastny |first2=Vojtech |author2-link=Vojtech Mastny (historian) |title=East Central Europe after the Warsaw Pact: Security Dilemmas in the 1990s |publisher=Greenwood Press |year=1992 |isbn=978-92-64-02261-4}}<br /> * {{Citation |last=Miller |first=Roger Gene |title=To Save a City: The Berlin Airlift, 1948–1949 |publisher=Texas A&amp;M University Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-89096-967-0}}<br /> * {{Citation |last=Miscamble |first=Wilson D. |title=From Roosevelt to Truman: Potsdam, Hiroshima, and the Cold War |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aULOu-zN6NYC |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-521-86244-8}}<br /> * {{Citation |last=Navrátil |first=Jaromír |title=The Prague Spring 1968: A National Security Archive Document Reader (National Security Archive Cold War Readers) |publisher=Central European University Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-963-7326-67-7}}<br /> * {{Citation |last1=Nekrich |first1=Aleksandr Moiseevich |last2=Ulam |first2=Adam Bruno |last3=Freeze |first3=Gregory L. |title=Pariahs, Partners, Predators: German–Soviet Relations, 1922–1941 |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-231-10676-4}}<br /> * {{Citation |last=O'Connor |first=Kevin |title=The history of the Baltic States |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-313-32355-3}}<br /> * {{Citation |last=O'Neil |first=Patrick |title=Post-communism and the Media in Eastern Europe |publisher=Routledge |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-7146-4765-4}}<br /> * {{Citation |last=Pearson |first=Raymond |title=The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Empire |publisher=Macmillan |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-312-17407-1}}<br /> * {{Citation |last=Philipsen |first=Dirk |title=We were the people: voices from East Germany's revolutionary autumn of 1989 |publisher=Duke University Press |year=1993 |isbn=978-0-8223-1294-9}}<br /> * {{citation |first=Tadeusz |last=Piotrowski |title=Poland's Holocaust: Ethnic Strife, Collaboration with Occupying Forces and Genocide in the Second Republic, 1918-1947 |year=2007 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-0-7864-2913-4}}<br /> * {{Citation |last1=Pollack |first1=Detlef |last2=Wielgohs |first2=Jan |title=Dissent and Opposition in Communist Eastern Europe: Origins of Civil Society and Democratic Transition |publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-7546-3790-5}}<br /> * {{cite thesis |last=Pugh |first=Emily |date=2008 |title=The Berlin Wall and the urban space and experience of East and West Berlin, 1961–1989 |chapter=East Berlin: The Search for a National Building Style and Heimat-GDR |type=PhD |publisher=City University of New York |pages=123–157 |chapter-url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/38055c24869597ea722e32c8159d674c/1.pdf?pq-origsite=gscholar&amp;cbl=18750&amp;diss=y |access-date=10 February 2023}}<br /> * {{Citation |last=Roberts |first=Geoffrey |title=Stalin's Wars: From World War to Cold War, 1939–1953 |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-300-11204-7}}<br /> * {{Citation |last=Shirer |first=William L. |title=The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany |publisher=Simon and Schuster |year=1990 |isbn=978-0-671-72868-7}}<br /> * {{Citation |title=Housing policies in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union |last=Sillince |first=John |year=1990 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-02134-0}}<br /> * {{Citation |last1=Smith |first1=David James |last2=Pabriks |first2=Artis |last3=Purs |first3=Aldis |last4=Lane |first4=Thomas |title=The Baltic States: Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania |publisher=Routledge |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-415-28580-3}}<br /> * {{Citation |last=Roht-Arriaza |first=Naomi |title=Impunity and human rights in international law and practice |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-19-508136-7}}<br /> * {{Citation |last1=Teichova |first1=Alice |first2=Herbert |last2=Matis |title=Nation, State, and the Economy in History |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-521-79278-3}}<br /> * {{Citation |last=Tucker |first=Robert C. |title=Stalin in Power: The Revolution from Above, 1928–1941 |publisher=W. W. Norton &amp; Company |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-393-30869-3 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/stalininpowerrev00tuck}}<br /> * {{Citation |last=Turner |first=Henry Ashby |title=The Two Germanies Since 1945: East and West |publisher=Yale University Press |year=1987 |isbn=978-0-300-03865-1}}<br /> * {{Citation |last=Turnock |first=David |title=The East European economy in context: communism and transition |publisher=Routledge |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-415-08626-4}}<br /> * {{cite book |last1=Turnock |first1=David |title=The Economy of East Central Europe 1815-1989: Stages of Transformation in a Peripheral Region |date=2006 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-18053-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E7c7j8j0r-4C |language=en}}<br /> * {{Citation |last=Wettig |first=Gerhard |title=Stalin and the Cold War in Europe |publisher=Rowman &amp; Littlefield |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-7425-5542-6}}<br /> * {{Citation |last=Williams |first=Kieran |title=The Prague Spring and its Aftermath: Czechoslovak Politics, 1968–1970 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-521-58803-4}}<br /> * {{cite book |last1=Zwass |first1=Adam |title=The Economies of Eastern Europe in a Time of Change |date=1984 |publisher=M.E. Sharpe |isbn=978-0-87332-245-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bAuooAEACAAJ |language=en}}<br /> {{refend}}<br /> <br /> ==Further reading==<br /> {{refbegin|colwidth=40em}}<br /> * {{Citation |last=Applebaum |first=Anne |title=Iron Curtain: the Crushing of Eastern Europe, 1944–56 |publisher=Allen Lane |year=2012 |author-link=Anne Applebaum}}<br /> * Fuchs-Schündeln, Nicola, and Matthias Schündeln. &quot;The long-term effects of communism in Eastern Europe&quot;. ''Journal of Economic Perspectives'' 34.2 (2020): 172–191. [https://pubs.aeaweb.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1257/jep.34.2.172 online]<br /> * {{Citation |last1=Grogin |first1=Robert C. |title=Natural Enemies: The United States and the Soviet Union in the Cold War, 1917–1991 |publisher=Lexington Books |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-7391-0160-5}}<br /> * {{Citation |last=Maddison |first=Angus |title=The world economy |publisher=OECD Publishing |year=2006 |isbn=978-92-64-02261-4}}<br /> * {{Citation |last1=Myant |first1=Martin |last2=Drahokoupil |first2=Jan |title=Transition Economies: Political Economy in Russia, Eastern Europe, and Central Asia |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-470-59619-7}}<br /> * {{Citation |last=Olsen |first=Neil |title=Albania |publisher=Oxfam |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-85598-432-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/albania00neil}}<br /> * {{Citation |last=Overy |first=R. J. |title=The Dictators: Hitler's Germany and Stalin's Russia |publisher=W. W. Norton &amp; Company |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-393-02030-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/dictators00rich}}<br /> * {{Citation |last=Puddington |first=Arch |title=Broadcasting Freedom: The Cold War Triumph of Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty |publisher=University Press of Kentucky |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-8131-9045-7 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/broadcastingfree0000pudd}}<br /> * {{Citation |last=Roberts |first=Geoffrey |title=Stalin, the Pact with Nazi Germany, and the Origins of Postwar Soviet Diplomatic Historiography |year=2002 |volume=4 |issue=4}}<br /> * {{Citation |last=Saxonberg |first=Steven |title=The Fall: A Comparative Study of the End of Communism in Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary and Poland |publisher=Routledge |year=2001 |isbn=978-90-5823-097-3}}<br /> * {{Citation |last=Stanek |first=Łukasz |title=Architecture in Global Socialism: Eastern Europe, West Africa, and the Middle East in the Cold War |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |year=2020 |isbn=978-0691168708 |url=https://press.princeton.edu/books/hardcover/9780691168708/architecture-in-global-socialism}}<br /> * {{Citation |last=Taagepera |first=Rein |title=Estonia: Return to Independence |publisher=Westview Press |year=1993 |isbn=978-0-8133-1703-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/estonia00rein}}<br /> {{refend}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{Commonscat|Eastern Bloc}}<br /> {{Spoken Wikipedia|Eastern Bloc.ogg|date=10 November 2012}}<br /> * {{cite web|url=http://www.pixiport.com/leonid_lazarev___russia/base0.html |title=Photographs of Russia in 1967 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080131154809/http://www.pixiport.com/leonid_lazarev___russia/base0.html |archive-date=31 January 2008 |url-status=dead}}<br /> * [http://www.4020.net/eastbloc/ Candid photos of the Eastern Bloc] September–December 1991, in the last months of the USSR<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060623163117/http://www.vychodniblok.cz/index_en.htm Photographic project &quot;Eastern Bloc&quot; ] &quot;Eastern Bloc&quot; examines the specificities and differences of living in totalitarian and post totalitarian countries. The project is divided into chapters, each dedicated to one of the Eastern European countries—Slovak Republic, Poland, ex-GDR, Hungary, Czech Republic and ex-Yugoslavia.<br /> * [https://catalog.osaarchivum.org/catalog/O8BABAKB RFE/RL East German Subject Files], [[Blinken Open Society Archives]], Budapest<br /> * [https://catalog.osaarchivum.org/catalog/jDen7Y1B RFE Czechoslovak Unit], [[Blinken Open Society Archives]], Budapest<br /> * [http://www.okupatsioon.ee/ Museum of occupations of Estonia] – Project by the [[Kistler-Ritso Estonian Foundation]]<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071011110357/http://www.ipn.gov.pl/portal.php?serwis=en&amp;dzial=23&amp;id=214&amp;search=67445 Gallery of events from Poznań 1956 protests]<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090826151840/http://www.osaarchivum.org/digitalarchive/av/index.html OSA Digital Archive] Videos of the 1956 Hungarian Revolution<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090905091553/http://www.osaarchivum.org/files/holdings/300/8/3/text/36-6-112.shtml RADIO FREE EUROPE Research], RAD Background Report/29: (Hungary) 20 October 1981, A CHRONOLOGY OF THE HUNGARIAN REVOLUTION, 23–4 October November 1956, compiled by RAD/Hungarian Section-Published accounts<br /> * [http://www.rferl.org/content/article/1089303.html Chronology Of Events Leading To The 1968 Czechoslovakia Invasion]<br /> * [http://culture.polishsite.us/articles/art52.html Solidarity, Freedom and Economical Crisis in Poland, 1980–81] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110308234448/http://culture.polishsite.us/articles/art52.html |date=8 March 2011 }}<br /> * {{cite web|url=http://www.jfklibrary.org/jfk_berlin_crisis_speech.html |title=1961 JFK speech clarifying limits of American protection during the 1961 Berlin Wall crisis |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060219134229/http://www.jfklibrary.org/jfk_berlin_crisis_speech.html |archive-date=19 February 2006 |url-status=dead}}<br /> * {{cite web|url=http://www.restless-soul.co.uk/berlin1.htm |title=Berlin 1983: Berlin and the Wall in the early 1980s |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928214004/http://www.restless-soul.co.uk/berlin1.htm |archive-date=28 September 2007 |url-status=usurped}}<br /> * [http://www.brianrose.com/lostborder.htm The Lost Border: Photographs of the Iron Curtain]<br /> <br /> {{Eastern Bloc}}<br /> {{Leaders of the Ruling Parties of the Eastern Bloc |expanded}}<br /> {{Secret police of Communist Europe}}<br /> {{Cold War}}<br /> {{Joseph Stalin}}<br /> {{Eastern Bloc media}}<br /> {{Eastern Bloc economies}}<br /> {{Eastern Bloc parties}}<br /> {{Marxism–Leninism}}<br /> {{Eastern culture}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Eastern Bloc| ]]</div>

BuyMetabolicSolutionsKeto https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nayagram_Assembly_constituency&diff=473515 2026-03-23T12:05:32Z

<p>BuyMetabolicSolutionsKeto: minor edit</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Nayagram<br /> | type= SLA<br /> | map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Nayagram.map}}<br /> | map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Nayagram Assembly Constituency<br /> | map_alt = <br /> | state = [[West Bengal]]<br /> | district = [[Jhargram district|Jhargram]]<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Jhargram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jhargram]]<br /> | constituency_no = 220<br /> | established = 1962<br /> | reservation = ST<br /> | abolished = <br /> | mla = [[Dulal Murmu]]<br /> | party = [[All India Trinamool Congress]]<br /> | alliance = <br /> | latest_election_year = [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]<br /> | electors = 174,987<br /> }}<br /> '''Nayagram''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Jhargram district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]]. It is reserved for [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|scheduled tribes]].<br /> <br /> ==Overview==<br /> As per orders of the [[Delimitation Commission of India|Delimitation Commission]], No. 220 Nayagram Assembly constituency (ST) is composed of the following: [[Nayagram (community development block)|Nayagram]] and [[Gopiballavpur I]] [[Community Development Block in India|community development blocks]], and Chorchita, Kuliana and Nota [[gram panchayat]]s of [[Gopiballavpur II]] CD Block.&lt;ref name=delimitation&gt;{{cite web | url = http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 dated 15 February 2006 | access-date = 2010-10-15 | publisher = Government of West Bengal | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100918130255/http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf | archive-date = 18 September 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Nayagram Assembly constituency (ST) is part of No. 33 [[Jhargram (Lok Sabha constituency)]] (ST).&lt;ref name=delimitation/&gt;<br /> == Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Name<br /> ! colspan=2|Party<br /> |-<br /> |[[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]<br /> |Debendranath Hansda<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Jagarati Hansda<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Bangla Congress|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]]<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Dasarathi Saren<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<br /> |Budhadeb Singh<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=7|dab=yes}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]<br /> |rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|Ananta Saren<br /> |-<br /> |[[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]<br /> |Subhas Chandra Saren<br /> |-<br /> |[[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Bhutnath Saren<br /> |-<br /> |[[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]<br /> |rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|[[Dulal Murmu]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress|rowspan=3}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Election results==<br /> ===2026===<br /> {{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Nayagram}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = [[Dulal Murmu]]<br /> |party = Trinamool Congress<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:}}<br /> |percentage = <br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = Amiya Kisku<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:}}<br /> |percentage = <br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = [[Dr. Pulin Bihari Baske]]<br /> |party = Left Front (West Bengal) <br /> |votes = {{formatnum:}}<br /> |percentage = <br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = <br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:}}<br /> |percentage = <br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br /> |party = None of the above (India)<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:}}<br /> |percentage = <br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:}}<br /> |percentage = <br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:}}<br /> |percentage = <br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link|<br /> |winner = <br /> |loser = <br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2021===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Nayagram}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link<br /> |party = All India Trinamool Congress<br /> |candidate = [[Dulal Murmu]]<br /> |votes = 100,903<br /> |percentage = 52.00<br /> |change = -6.00<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = Bakul Murmu<br /> |votes = 78,149<br /> |percentage = 41.00<br /> |change = +7.50<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)<br /> |candidate = Haripada Saren<br /> |votes = 5,755<br /> |percentage = <br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)<br /> |candidate = Kalicharan Beshra<br /> |votes = 685<br /> |percentage = <br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> |candidate = Shyam Mandi<br /> |votes = 1,844<br /> |percentage = <br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate<br /> |party = Independent<br /> |candidate = Bidhan Chandra Sing<br /> |votes = 896<br /> |percentage = <br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate<br /> |party = Independent<br /> |candidate = Shyamlal Hansda<br /> |votes = 897<br /> |percentage = <br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |candidate = None of the above<br /> |party = None of the Above<br /> |votes = 3,077<br /> |percentage = <br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority<br /> |votes = <br /> |percentage = <br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> |votes = <br /> |percentage = <br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link<br /> |winner = All India Trinamool Congress<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2016===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Nayagram (ST)}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = All India Trinamool Congress<br /> |candidate = Dulal Murmu<br /> |votes = 98,395<br /> |percentage = 58.00<br /> |change = +7.60<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = Bakul Murmu<br /> |votes = 55,140<br /> |percentage = 33.50<br /> |change = +28.00<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = Manoj Kumar Tudu<br /> |votes = 14,094<br /> |percentage = <br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)<br /> |candidate = Naran Hembram<br /> |votes = 1,451<br /> |percentage = <br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |candidate = None of the above<br /> |party = None of the Above<br /> |votes = 3,456<br /> |percentage = <br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate<br /> |party = Independent<br /> |candidate = Ramesh Chandra Sing<br /> |votes = 1,302<br /> |percentage = <br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate<br /> |party = Independent<br /> |candidate = Rupai Hembram<br /> |votes = 1,173<br /> |percentage = <br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority<br /> |votes = <br /> |percentage = <br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> |votes = <br /> |percentage = <br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link<br /> |winner = All India Trinamool Congress<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2011===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2011]]: Nayagram&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url = http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS25220.htm |title = Nayagram |work = Assembly Elections May 2011 Results |publisher = Election Commission of India |access-date = 2011-05-20 |archive-date = 16 May 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110516054742/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS25220.htm |url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&amp;cid=220| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120526063930/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&amp;cid=220| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 26 May 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Nayagram| publisher =Empowering India |access-date = 2011-05-06 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url = http://www.ceowestbengal.nic.in/mis_pdf/election_2011/canddtl_6th_phase.pdf |title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Nayagram |publisher = Election Commission of India |access-date = 2011-05-06 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110912030813/http://www.ceowestbengal.nic.in/mis_pdf/election_2011/canddtl_6th_phase.pdf |archive-date = 2011-09-12 }}&lt;/ref&gt; }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = All India Trinamool Congress<br /> |candidate = Dulal Murmu<br /> |votes = 75,656<br /> |percentage = 50.34<br /> |change = +30.72<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)<br /> |candidate = Bhutnath Soren<br /> |votes = 59,382<br /> |percentage = 39.51<br /> |change = -21.32<br /> }} <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = Chitta Ranjan Hembram<br /> |votes = 8,304<br /> |percentage = <br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate<br /> |party = Independent<br /> |candidate = Subodh Kumar Mandi<br /> |votes = 4,054<br /> |percentage = <br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Jharkhand Disom Party<br /> |candidate = Madan Mohan Hansda<br /> |votes = 2,894<br /> |percentage = <br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> |votes = 150,290<br /> |percentage = 85.89<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link<br /> |winner = All India Trinamool Congress<br /> |loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)<br /> |swing = 52.04<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1977-2006===<br /> In [[2006 West Bengal state assembly election|2006]] and 2001 state assembly elections Bhutnath Saren of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] won the Nayagram assembly seat defeating Shunaram Mahali of [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]] in 2006 and Mangal Hansda of [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|JMM]] in 2001. Contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners are being mentioned. Subhas Chandra Saren of CPI(M) defeated Madhu Sudan Saren of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] in 1996. Ananta Saren of CPI(M) defeated Bishnu Saren of [[Jharkhand Party]] in 1991, Dasarathi Saren of Congress in 1987, and Liba Chand Tudu, Independent, in 1982. Budhadeb Singh of CPI(M) defeated Subodh Handa of [[Janata Party]] in 1977.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp229.htm |title = 229 - Nayagram (ST) Assembly Constituency |work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 2010-12-20 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===1962-1972===<br /> Dasarathi Saren of Congress won in 1972 and 1971. Jagarati Hansda of [[Bangla Congress]] won in 1969 and 1967. Debendranath Hansda won the Nayagram seat in [[1962 West Bengal state assembly election|1962]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/electionstatistics.asp | title = Statistical Reports of Elections | access-date = 2010-12-20 | work = General Election Results and Statistics | publisher = Election Commission of India | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp | archive-date = 2010-10-05 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Prior to that the Nayagram seat was not there.<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Jhargram district topics}}<br /> {{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}<br /> <br /> {{West Bengal elections}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Jhargram district]]<br /> [[Category:Constituencies established in 1962]]<br /> [[Category:1962 establishments in West Bengal]]</div>

BuyMetabolicSolutionsKeto https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Angad_Bedi&diff=452895 2026-03-23T06:48:32Z

<p>BuyMetabolicSolutionsKeto: </p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian film actor and model (born 1983)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Angad Bedi<br /> | image = Angad-Bedi-Filmfare-Awards-2019 (cropped).jpg<br /> | imagesize = <br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = Bedi at the Filmfare Awards in 2019<br /> | birthname = Angad Singh Bedi<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1983|02|06}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/news/bollywood-news/article/neha-dhupia-and-angad-bedi-age-and-date-of-birth-all-details-about-the-celebrity-couple/226649|title=Neha Dhupia and Angad Bedi age and date of birth: All details about the celebrity couple|access-date=14 May 2018|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | birth_place = [[Delhi]], India<br /> | death_place = <br /> | othername = <br /> | alma_mater = [[St. Stephen's College, Delhi|St. Stephen's College]]<br /> | occupation = {{hlist|Actor|model}}<br /> | yearsactive = 2004–present<br /> | parents = [[Bishan Singh Bedi]] (father)<br /> | spouse = {{marriage|[[Neha Dhupia]]|2018}}<br /> | children = 2<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Angad Singh Bedi''' (born 6 February 1983) is an Indian actor and former model. He made his debut with ''[[Kaya Taran]]'' in 2004, an adaptation of a [[Malayalam]] short story by [[N. S. Madhavan]], ''Vanmarangal Veezhumpol (When the Big Trees Fall)''. He has acted in the film ''[[F.A.L.T.U]]'' in 2011 and known for his roles in ''[[Pink (2016 film)|Pink]]'' (2016), ''[[Dear Zindagi]]'' (2016), ''[[Tiger Zinda Hai]]'' (2017) and ''[[Hi Nanna]]'' (2023).<br /> <br /> ==Early life==<br /> Bedi was born to former Indian cricket captain [[Bishan Singh Bedi]]. He has one elder sister, Neha, and two older half-siblings from his father's previous marriage – a half-sister named Gillinder and a half-brother named Gavasinder.&lt;ref name=&quot;cricketcountry.com&quot; /&gt; He played cricket up to Under-19 level for Delhi. He studied at Gyan Bharati School, Saket, New Delhi and graduated from [[St. Stephen's College, Delhi]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/off-the-field/Yuvraj-Singh-bats-for-Angad-Bedis-new-movie/articleshow/45219955.cms|title=Yuvraj Singh bats for Angad Bedi's new movie |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=20 November 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;cricketcountry.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.cricketcountry.com/photos/others/photo-angad-bedi-wishes-father-bishan-singh-bedi-on-birthday-333633|title=Photo: Angad Bedi wishes father Bishan Singh Bedi on birthday|date=25 September 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Subsequently, he began a career in modelling, and ventured into acting.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.filmfare.com/interviews/quick-5-with-angad-bedi-15606.html|title=Quick 5 with Angad Bedi}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Career ==<br /> Bedi started his career with the film ''[[Kaya Taran]],'' directed by Sashi Kumar in 2004.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Sunday Tribune – Books|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040725/spectrum/main5.htm|access-date=17 August 2020|website=tribuneindia.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film was set against the backdrop of [[2002 Gujarat riots]] and [[1984 anti-Sikh riots]]. The film won the ''[[Aravindan Puraskaram]]'', given to the best maiden film-maker, for 2004&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sashi Kumar|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/mbifl2019/speakers/sashi-kumar-sashi-kumar-mbifl-2019-1.3525798|access-date=17 August 2020|website=Mathrubhumi|date=30 January 2019 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; and Bedi's performance in the film was appreciated.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Angad Bedi does well in Kaya Taran|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/kaya/20050214.htm|access-date=17 August 2020|website=Rediff|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2005, he appeared in a cooking show called ''Cook Na Kaho'' on [[Star One (Indian TV channel)|Star One]] as a host. He hosted ''[[Extraaa Innings T20]]'' in 2010, a show telecasted in between the match sessions during the [[Indian Premier League]] (IPL) along with [[Ayushmann Khurrana]]. He appeared as a contestant in Season 3 of Colors' show ''[[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi]]''. He also hosted the first season of the reality television show ''[[Emotional Atyachar]]'' on [[UTV Bindass]] before being replaced by [[Pravesh Rana]].<br /> <br /> He returned to Bollywood in 2011 with the film F.A.L.T.U, directed by [[Remo D'Souza]]. Angad is best known for his performances in works such as ''[[Ungli]]'' (2014) and ''[[Pink (2016 film)|PINK]]'' (2016).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Rodricks|first=Allan Moses|date=16 September 2016|title=Angad Singh Bedi: 'Pink is the new black'|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/angad-singh-bedi-pink-is-the-new-black/article9115123.ece|work=[[The Hindu]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=16 September 2016|title=Pink is actually for the men: Angad Bedi|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/pink-is-actually-for-the-men-angad-bedi/story-gcB4oosKNeIH4yXWD61HkM.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was also seen In ''[[Tiger Zinda Hai]]'' with [[Salman Khan]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=14 July 2017|title=Angad Bedi to get trained under a professional trainer for Tiger Zinda Hai|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/wow-angad-bedi-get-trained-professional-trainer-tiger-zinda-hai/|access-date=17 July 2017|work=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2017 he starred as lead in [[Amazon Video|Amazon]] [[List of original programs distributed by Amazon|original series]] ''[[Inside Edge (2017 TV series)|Inside Edge]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=14 July 2017|title=Angad Bedi reveals he got inspired from MS Dhoni for his role in 'Inside Edge'|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-angad-bedi-reveals-he-got-inspired-from-ms-dhoni-for-his-role-in-inside-edge-2502363|access-date=17 July 2017|work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Kaushal|first=Sweta|date=15 July 2017|title=Hope someone casts Richa Chadha with me in a film: Angad Bedi|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/hope-someone-casts-richa-chadha-with-me-in-a-film-angad-bedi/story-AR42rK10E5ns8lDVYcOlbO.html|access-date=17 July 2017|work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> He was also a part of the film [[Gunjan Saxena: The Kargil Girl]], the biopic of the [[Indian Air Force]] Pilot [[Gunjan Saxena]], where he played the role of her brother.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Need A Powerful Dose Of Motivation? Watch Gunjan Saxena on Netflix {{!}} Movie Review |url=https://www.ekwanderingastronome.com/2026/01/gunjan-saxena-review-best-bollywood-motivational-movie-on-netflix.html |access-date=2026-01-13}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was also the part of the film [[Soorma]], the biopic of [[Sandeep Singh]], the former captain of the Indian Hockey Team, where he played the role of his brother as well. The actor has been the part of [[The Zoya Factor (film)|The Zoya Factor]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=17 April 2021|title=Angad Bedi Reveals Why He Doesn't Show Daughter Mehr's Face On Social Media|url=https://www.koimoi.com/bollywood-news/angad-bedi-reveals-why-he-doesnt-show-daughter-mehrs-face-on-social-media/|access-date=4 August 2021|website=Koimoi|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Personal life==<br /> In 2012, Bedi was arrested after allegedly consuming drugs at a rave party at a Suburban Juhu Hotel. He tested positive along with 85 others for the consumption of [[Cannabis (drug)|cannabis]] and ecstasy,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Rave Party: TV Actress Among 86 Tested Positive for Drugs|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/rave-party-tv-actress-among-86-tested-positive-for-drugs/769853|access-date=17 August 2020|website=outlookindia.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; and was later released on bail.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=26 June 2012|title=Juhu rave party: Fashion designer, cricketer's son seek bail |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Juhu-rave-party-Fashion-designer-cricketers-son-seek-bail/articleshow/14409317.cms|access-date=17 August 2020|website=The Times of India|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Bedi began dating [[Neha Dhupia]] and they married in a private ceremony at a [[Gurdwara]] on 10 May 2018. The couple have a daughter born on 18 November 2018 and a son born on 3 October 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Neha Dhupia and Angad Bedi are wife and husband now|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/neha-dhupia-and-angad-bedi-are-wife-and-husband-now-see-pics-from-wedding/story-6OA83592vnBPWIUS0txrcK.html|work=[[The Hindustan Times]]|date=10 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> ==Filmography==<br /> <br /> ===Films===<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders sortable&quot;<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; | Year<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; | Title<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; | Role<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; | Notes<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; | Ref.<br /> |-<br /> | 2004 || ''[[Kaya Taran]]''|| Preet || ||&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=27 June 2014|title=Kaya Taran to Punjab1984: Indian cinema's tryst with anti-sikh riots|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/kaya-taran-to-punjab1984-indian-cinema-s-tryst-with-anti-sikh-riots/story-g9atOKG6ALBchNjMoYWpJL.html|access-date=2 November 2021|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2011 || ''[[F.A.L.T.U]]'' || Niranjan &quot;Nanj&quot; Nair || ||&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Angad Bedi makes B'wood debut with FALTU - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/angad-bedi-makes-bwood-debut-with-faltu/articleshow/7579051.cms|access-date=2 November 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2013 || ''[[Rangeelay]]'' || Ricky / Vicky || [[Punjabi cinema|Punjabi]] film<br /> Double role<br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/love-gets-complicated/story-akxAdjiBz6PDOfsAsMEXkN.html|title=Love gets complicated|date=18 May 2013|website=Hindustan Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2014 || ''[[Ungli]]'' || Kalim || ||&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=21 November 2014|title=After Ungli, Angad Bedi will be seen in a Viacom 18 film|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/after-ungli-angad-bedi-will-be-seen-in-a-viacom-18-film/|access-date=2 November 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2016 || ''[[Pink (2016 film)|Pink]]'' || Rajveer Singh || ||{{Citation needed|date=November 2021}}<br /> |-<br /> || ''[[Dear Zindagi]]'' || Sid || ||&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Angad Bedi talks about Pink, Dear Zindagi and his increasing female fan following|url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/angad-bedi-talks-about-pink-dear-zindagi-and-his-increasing-female-fan-following-18437.html|access-date=2 November 2021|website=filmfare.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2017 || ''[[Tiger Zinda Hai]]'' || Namit Khanna || ||&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=6 January 2018|title=Tiger Zinda Hai actor Angad Bedi: Salman bhai is such a big superstar, but has the most limited needs|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/tiger-zinda-hai-actor-angad-bedi-salman-bhai-is-such-a-big-superstar-but-has-the-most-limited-needs/story-TNi4npuVwEibW6aS32G8WP.html|access-date=2 November 2021|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2018 || ''[[Soorma (film)|Soorma]]'' || Bikramjeet Singh || ||&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=25 July 2018|title=Angad Bedi on Soorma: Grateful for the love I'm getting for Bikramjeet's role|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/angad-bedi-soorma-bikramjeet-singh-diljit-sandeep-5272888/|access-date=2 November 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2019 || ''[[The Zoya Factor (film)|The Zoya Factor]]'' ||Robin Rawal|| ||&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=27 August 2019|title=The Zoya Factor: Angad Bedi plays a guy high on fashion, says his character is 'gregarious and magnetic'|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/the-zoya-factor-angad-bedi-plays-a-guy-high-on-fashion-says-his-character-is-gregarious-and-magnetic/story-QlXBmCDBXAGwr69oXxxUWJ.html|access-date=2 November 2021|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2020 || ''[[Gunjan Saxena: The Kargil Girl]]'' || Anshuman Saxena ||[[Netflix]] release <br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=14 August 2020|title=Gunjan Saxena The Kargil Girl actor Angad Bedi: Anshuman is flawed, but realistic|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/angad-bedi-gunjan-saxena-film-playing-anshuman-brother-netflix-6553443/|access-date=2 November 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | 2023 || ''[[Lust Stories 2]]'' || Arjun Bhalla ||[[Netflix]] Anthology film<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Ghoomer]]'' || Jeet || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Hi Nanna]]''|| Dr. Aravind || [[Telugu film]] || &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Angad Bedi to make his South cinema debut with 'Hi Nanna' |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/angad-bedi-to-make-his-south-cinema-debut-with-hi-nanna-1240843.html |access-date=2024-03-05 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2023-07-26 |title=Angad Bedi on ‘Hi Nanna’: After being in the film industry for so many years, it is nice to be debuting again |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/angad-bedi-on-hi-nanna-after-being-in-the-film-industry-for-so-many-years-it-is-nice-to-be-debuting-again/articleshow/102128289.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-03-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Television===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders sortable&quot;<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; | Year<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; | Title<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; | Role<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; | Notes<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; | Ref.<br /> |-<br /> | 2005 || ''[[Star One (Indian TV channel)|Cook Na Kaho]]'' || Host || || &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20050529/spectrum/tv.htm|title=The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum|website=www.tribuneindia.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 2010 || ''[[Extraaa Innings T20]]'' || Host || ||&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title='Extra action this IPL!' - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/extra-action-this-ipl/articleshow/5671425.cms|access-date=2 November 2021|website=The Times of India|date=12 March 2010 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi]]'' || Contestant || Season 3 ||&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Khatron Ke Khiladi: नेत्रा रघुरमन से लेकर आरती छाबड़िया तक, जानें अब कहां और किस हाल में हैं सारे विनर्स|url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/tv/khatron-ke-khiladi/khatron-ke-khiladi-nethra-raghuraman-to-aarti-chhabria-know-where-are-all-the-winners-and-doing-what/articleshow/84519530.cms|access-date=2 November 2021|website=Navbharat Times|language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2011 || ''[[Emotional Atyachar]]'' || Host || Season 1 ||&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=7 December 2009|title=Talkpoint with angad bedi|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/talkpoint-with-angad-bedi/|access-date=2 November 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2016 || ''[[24 (Indian TV series)|24]]'' || Dhruv Awasthi || ||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Angad-Bedi-takes-inspiration-from-the-book-The-Power-for-his-role-in-24-Season-2/articleshow/53347476.cms |title=Angad Bedi takes inspiration from the book 'The Power' for his role in 24: Season 2 |work=[[The Times of India]]|date=23 July 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Web series ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> !Year<br /> !Title<br /> !Role<br /> !Platform<br /> !Ref.<br /> |-<br /> |2017<br /> |[[Inside Edge (TV series)|''Inside Edge'']]<br /> |Arvind Vashishth<br /> |[[Amazon Prime Video]]<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Inside Edge Season 1 Review: Hit the right chord|newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/inside-edge/inside-edge-season-1/seasonreview/76505493.cms|access-date=2 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2019<br /> | ''[[The Verdict – State vs Nanavati|The Verdict - State vs. Nanavati]]''<br /> |[[Karl Jamshed Khandalavala]]<br /> |[[ALTBalaji]], [[List of ZEE5 original web series|ZEE5]]<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=1 July 2019|title=Ekta Kapoor's The Verdict Trailer Out, Angad Bedi, Manav Kaul Reveal Their Looks from Alt Balaji Series|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/ekta-kapoors-the-verdict-trailer-out-angad-bedi-manav-kaul-reveal-their-looks-from-alt-balaji-series-2211353.html|access-date=2 November 2021|website=News18|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Inside Edge (TV series)|''Inside Edge'']] ''(Season 2)''<br /> |Arvind Vashishth<br /> |[[Amazon Prime Video]]<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=7 December 2019|title=Angad Bedi on Inside Edge 2: Arvind Vashishth will rise like a phoenix this time|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/angad-bedi-inside-edge-2-arvind-vashishth-character-web-films-gunjan-saxena-the-kargil-girl-6152012/|access-date=2 November 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2020<br /> |''[[Mum Bhai]]''<br /> |Bhaskar Shetty<br /> |[[ALTBalaji]], [[List of ZEE5 original web series|ZEE5]]<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=9 November 2020|title=Angad Bedi: Mum Bhai is the story of an underdog|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/angad-bedi-mum-bhai-is-the-story-of-an-underdog-6913485/|access-date=2 November 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Music video appearances ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+<br /> !Year<br /> !Title<br /> !Singer(s)<br /> !Label<br /> !Ref.<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2021<br /> |&quot;Baithe Baithe&quot;<br /> |[[Stebin Ben]], Danish Sabri, Aishwarya Pandit<br /> |[[Zee Music Company]]<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Watch New Hindi Trending Song Music Video - 'Baithe Baithe' Sung By Meet Bros Featuring Mouni Roy And Angad Bedi {{!}} Hindi Video Songs - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/hindi/watch-new-hindi-trending-song-music-video-baithe-baithe-sung-by-meet-bros-featuring-mouni-roy-and-angad-bedi/videoshow/84818230.cms|access-date=23 September 2021|newspaper=The Times of India|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |&quot;Main Bhi Barbaad&quot;<br /> |[[Yasser Desai]]<br /> |[[Saregama]]<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=|first=|title=Hina Khan, Angad Bedi look fierce in Main Bhi Barbaad music video teaser. Song out tomorrow|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/hina-khan-angad-bedi-look-fierce-in-main-bhi-barbaad-music-video-teaser-song-out-tomorrow-1855742-2021-09-22|access-date=23 September 2021|website=India Today|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{IMDb name|1979275}}<br /> * {{Bollywood Hungama person|angad-bedi}}<br /> * {{Instagram|id=angadbedi}}<br /> <br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Bedi, Angad}}<br /> [[Category:1983 births]]<br /> [[Category:Indian male film actors]]<br /> [[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]<br /> [[Category:Indian male models]]<br /> [[Category:Indian male television actors]]<br /> [[Category:Male actors in Hindi television]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Indian Sikhs]]<br /> [[Category:Punjabi people]]<br /> [[Category:Male actors from Chandigarh]]<br /> [[Category:Contestants on Indian game shows]]<br /> [[Category:Participants in Indian reality television series]]</div>

BuyMetabolicSolutionsKeto https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gogra,_Ladakh&diff=500719 2026-03-22T06:40:29Z

<p>BuyMetabolicSolutionsKeto: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Pasture and campsite in Ladakh, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Gogra<br /> | native_name = <br /> | native_name_lang = &lt;!-- ISO 639-2 code e.g. &quot;fr&quot; for French. If more than one, use {{lang}} instead --&gt;<br /> | settlement_type = Camping ground and border outpost<br /> | image_skyline = <br /> | image_alt = <br /> | image_caption = <br /> | etymology = <br /> | nickname = <br /> | pushpin_map = Ladakh#India<br /> | coordinates = {{Coord|34.360|78.874 |format=dms|display=inline,title}}<br /> | elevation_ft = 15570<br /> | elevation_footnotes = {{sfnp|Gazetteer of Kashmir and Ladak|1890|p=334}}<br /> | population_total = <br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br /> | subdivision_type1 = Union territory<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Ladakh]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Leh district|Leh]]<br /> | website = &lt;!-- {{URL|example.com}} --&gt;<br /> }} <br /> {{chinese<br /> | s = 戈格拉<br /> | t = 戈格拉<br /> | p = Gē gélā<br /> }}<br /> '''Gogra'''{{efn|Alternative spellings: '''Gokra'''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Geological Survey of India |title=Lydekker: The Geology of Kashmir and Chamba Territories and the British District of Khagan |series=Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India |year=1883 |volume=XXII |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V0D9UyEecu8C&amp;pg=PA44}}&lt;/ref&gt; and '''Goghra'''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hedin&quot;/&gt;}}<br /> (also referred to as '''Nala Junction'''){{sfnp|Sandhu, Shankar &amp; Dwivedi, 1962 from the Other Side of the Hill|2015|pp=53–54}}<br /> is a pasture and campsite in the [[Ladakh]] union territory of India, near the [[Line of Actual Control]] with [[China]]. It is located in the '''Kugrang River'''{{efn|Alternative spellings: '''Khugrang''', '''Kograng''',&lt;ref name=&quot;Hedin Kograng&quot;/&gt; and '''Kugrung'''.&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |last=Kapadia |first=Harish |author-link=Harish Kapadia |title=Into the Untravelled Himalaya: Travels, Treks, and Climbs |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-5l1RhMStxgC |year=2005 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-181-8 |page=215}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} valley, a branch valley of [[Chang Chenmo Valley]], where the '''Changlung River''' flows into Kugrang. During the times of the [[British Raj]], Gogra was a halting spot for travellers to Central Asia via the 'Chang Chenmo route', who proceeded through the Changlung river valley and the [[Aksai Chin]] plateau.{{sfnp|Gazetteer of Kashmir and Ladak|1890|pp=256, 334}}<br /> <br /> In the late 1950s, China began to claim the Changlung river valley as its own territory. India established an outpost on a low pass overlooking the Nala Junction on 2 July 1962. Clashes occurred during the [[Sino-Indian War]] but the post held out.<br /> <br /> During the [[2020–2022 China–India skirmishes|2020–2022 skirmishes]], the area around Gogra was again a scene of conflict, and continues to be a subject of active dispute between the two countries.&lt;ref name=&quot;Diplomat&quot;&gt;{{citation |author=Sudha Ramachandran |title=Indian and Chinese Troops Disengage from Gogra |newspaper=The Diplomat |date=8 August 2021 |url=https://thediplomat.com/2021/08/indian-and-chinese-troops-disengage-from-gogra/}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Geography ==<br /> [[File:Changchenmo-Valley-map-Survey-of-India-1916.jpg|thumb|right|270px|Map 1: Changchenmo Valley, with its branch valleys of Kugrang and Changlung (Survey of India, 1916). Gogra (unmarked) is at the confluence of Kugrang and Changlung rivers. Gogra (northwest of Kiam Hot Springs and east of 20260) at the confluence Kugrang and Changlung rivers. Changlung Hot Spring (Chinese name &quot;Wenquan&quot;) is further north of Gogra. Patrol point PP-17A eastward route is along the Changchenmo River from Kiam Hotsprings to Kongka La pass. Patrol point PP-17A northward route is along the Changlung River from Gogra Y-junction to Changlung Hot Spring.]]<br /> [[File:Changchenmo-Valley-map-by-US-Army-Map-Service.jpg|thumb|right|270px|Map 2: Changchenmo Valley and its branch valleys (US [[Army Map Service|AMS]], 1955)]]<br /> <br /> The [[Chang Chenmo Valley|Chang Chenmo]] (&quot;Great Northern&quot;) Valley lies in a depression between the [[Karakoram Range]] in the north and the [[Chang Chenmo Range]] in the south.&lt;ref&gt;<br /> {{citation |first=Emil |last=Trinkler |title=Notes on the Westernmost Plateaux of Tibet |journal=The Himalayan Journal |volume=3 |year=1931 |url=https://www.himalayanclub.org/hj/03/5/notes-on-the-westernmost-plateaux-of-tibet/}}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;{{efn|The depression is now recognized as a geological fault called the ''Longmu Co fault'', part of the larger Longmu–Gozha Co fault system.&lt;ref&gt;<br /> {{cite journal |last1=Chevalier |first1=Marie-Luce |last2=Pan |first2=Jiawei |last3=Li |first3=Haibing |last4=Sun |first4=Zhiming |last5=Liu |first5=Dongliang |last6=Pei |first6=Junling |last7=Xu |first7=Wei |last8=Wu |first8=Chan |title=First tectonic-geomorphology study along the Longmu–Gozha Co fault system, Western Tibet |journal=Gondwana Research |volume=41 |year=2017 |pages=411–424 |issn=1342-937X |doi=10.1016/j.gr.2015.03.008}}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> The Changchenmo river flows through the depression, originating near [[Lanak La]] and joining the [[Shyok River]] in the west.<br /> <br /> Immediately to the north of Chang Chenmo, the Karakoram range divides into multiple branches. The western branch lies between the [[Shyok River]] valley and the Kugrang valley, the middle branch between the Kugrang and Changlung valleys, and the eastern branch to the east of the Changlung valley.{{sfnp|Johri, Chinese Invasion of Ladakh|1969|p=106}} The Kugrang river flows southeast within the territory under present Indian control, joining the [[Chang Chenmo River]] near [[Hot Springs, Chang Chenmo Valley|Hot Springs]] (also called Kyam or Kayam). The Changlung river flows in a parallel valley to the northeast in territory under present Chinese control, but eventually joins the Kugrang river near Gogra.{{sfnp|Johri, Chinese Invasion of Ladakh|1969|p=106}}&lt;ref name=Drew&gt;{{cite book |last=Drew |first=Frederic |title=The Jummoo and Kashmir Territories: A Geographical Account |publisher=E. Stanford |year=1875 |url=https://archive.org/details/jummooandkashmi00drewgoog/page/n5 |via=archive.org |pages=329–330}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ward1896&quot;&gt;<br /> {{cite book |last=Ward |first=A.E. |title=The Tourist's And--sportsman's Guide to Kashmir and Ladak, &amp;c |year=1896 |publisher=Thacker, Spink |page=106 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3opNAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA106 |quote=The Changlung stream joins the Kugrang near Gogra}}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hayward1870&quot;&gt;<br /> {{cite journal |last1=Hayward |first1=G. W. |title=Journey from Leh to Yarkand and Kashgar, and Exploration of the Sources of the Yarkand River |journal=Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London |volume=40 |year=1870 |pages=33–37 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kk5DAAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=PA33 |quote=(facing p. 33) 'Kiam' and 'Gogra' located near bottom of the map insert ... (p. 37) Chang Chenmo is now well known, being visited every year by at least half-a-dozen officers on long leave to Kashmir. The game to be found...}}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt; The combined river of Kugrang and Changlung is much more voluminous than the Changchenmo stream flowing from Lanak La, so much so that [[Sven Hedin|Hedin]] regarded Changchenmo as a tributary of Kugrang.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hedin Kograng&quot;&gt;{{harvp|Hedin, Southern Tibet, Vol. IV|1922|pp=11–12}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Gogra thus forms a key link, connecting the Kugrang valley, Changlung valley and Chang Chenmo.<br /> It was also called &quot;Nala Junction&quot; or &quot;Nullah Junction&quot; (junction of rivers) by the Indian military in the 1950s and 1960s.{{sfnp|Johri, Chinese Invasion of Ladakh|1969|p=104}}<br /> <br /> The Chang Chenmo river as well as its tributaries flow on gravel beds which are essentially barren. The valleys are dotted with occasional [[alluvium|alluvial]] patches where vegetation is found. Hot Springs and Gogra are two such patches. They were historical halting places for travellers and trading caravans, with a supply of water, fuel and fodder. Nomadic Ladakhi graziers also used them for grazing cattle.&lt;ref name=Drew/&gt;<br /> <br /> Eight miles to the north of Gogra along the Changlung valley is a second hot spring, currently known by its Chinese name '''Wenquan''' ({{zh|c=温泉|p=Wēnquán}}) [Changlung Hot Springs]. Here, a one-foot tall jet of hot water at 150&amp;nbsp;°F is said to emanate from a rounded boulder. Several other warm springs are also present in the vicinity.{{sfnp|Gazetteer of Kashmir and Ladak|1890|p=327}} China established a military post at this location in 1962.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvp|Johri, Chinese Invasion of Ladakh|1969|p=55}}: &quot;Having completed the Sumdo-Lingzithang road the Chinese troops established a post at 79°08'00&quot;E, 34°33'00&quot;N in the south of Nischu and named it '''Road JN'''. From this point they advanced southward and established another post at 78°35'00&quot;E, 34°25'00&quot;N [''sic''] near HS(C) in the Changlung valley: it was named '''HS(C)'''.&quot; [&quot;HS(C)&quot; stands for &quot;Hot Spring (China)&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt; Indian Military has termed the Kiam Hotsprings-[[Kongka Pass]] eastward route as the '''[[Line_of_Actual_Control#Patrol_points|patrol point PP-17A]]''' and the Gogra-Changlung Hotsprings northward route as the '''PP-15''', see map-1.&lt;ref name=gpp1&gt;[https://theprint.in/diplomacy/chinese-fm-wang-yi-in-india-heres-whats-on-top-of-agenda-for-talks-between-new-delhi-beijing/2723319/ hinese FM Wang Yi in India, here’s what’s on top of agenda for talks between New Delhi &amp; Beijing], The Print, 18 Aug 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> About two miles west of Wenquan, Changlung is joined by a tributary called '''Shamal Lungpa'''{{efn|Alternative spellings: '''Shamul Lungpa''',{{sfnp|Mullik, The Chinese Betrayal|1971|p=200}} '''Shammul Lungpa'''{{sfnp|Gazetteer of Kashmir and Ladak|1890|p=257}} and '''Shummal Lungpa'''.{{sfnp|Gazetteer of Kashmir and Ladak|1890|p=745}}}} from the northeast. It provided a popular route to the Lingzithang plains via the Changlung Burma pass. About a mile upstream from the mouth of the stream is a camping ground of the same name, which was regarded as the next stage from Gogra for travellers.{{sfnp|Gazetteer of Kashmir and Ladak|1890|pp=745, 975}}&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |last=Mason |first=Kenneth |author-link=Kenneth Mason (geographer) |title=Routes in the Western Himalaya, Kashmir Etc., Vol. I |publisher=Government of India Press |location=Calcutta |year=1929 |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.2402 |via=archive.org |at=pp. 198-200 |quote=Route 92. Tankse to Shahidulla, via Lingzi-Thang plains—329 miles}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{clear left}}<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> [[File:Trade-routes-via-Pangong-and-Changchenmo-Douglas-Forsythe-1878.jpg|thumb|right|270px|Map 3: Travel routes through Ladakh, showing Pamzal, Gogra and Shamal Lungpa ''en route'' to Aksai Chin ([[Henry Trotter (Indian Army officer)|Henry Trotter]], 1878)]]<br /> <br /> The first European to traverse Gogra was [[Adolf Schlagintweit]] in 1857, accompanied by his Yarkandi guide Mohammed Amin. It is said that his men had to dig steps in the Changlung valley for the ponies to ascend the slope. Schlagintweit went on to Nischu and the Aksai Chin plateau via this route. Then he proceeded to Yarkand, where he was killed in an insurrection.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hedin&quot;&gt;{{citation |last=Hedin |first=Sven |title=Southern Tibet, Vol. VII – History of Exploration in the Kara-korum Mountains |location=Stockholm |publisher=Lithographic Institute of the General Staff of the Swedish Army |year=1922 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.2218/page/n341/mode/2up |via=archive.org |page=224}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Amin later entered the service of the Punjab department of trade in [[British India]].&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |last=Brescius |first=Moritz von |title=German Science in the Age of Empire |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4lqHDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA194 |year=2019 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-42732-6 |pages=196–197}}&lt;/ref&gt; With his information, the British were inspired to develop a trade route between Punjab and Yarkand via this route, which came to be called the &quot;Chang Chenmo route&quot;. They signed a treaty with the Maharaja of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], who was persuaded to &quot;develop&quot; the route.&lt;ref name=Rizvi/&gt; A ''sarai'' (rest house) with facilities was built at Gogra and was stocked with grains and supplies for travellers.{{sfnp|Gazetteer of Kashmir and Ladak|1890|p=334}}&lt;ref name=Drew/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Accounts and Papers |series=East India |volume=XLIX |date=1874 |publisher=House of Commons, British Parliament |pages=23–33 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IStcAAAAQAAJ&amp;pg=RA5-PA25 |quote=(p. 23) From Gogra there are two routes to Shadula in Yarkand (p. 33) Every endeavour has been made to improve the Changchenmo route--serais having been built at some places, and depots of grain established as far as Gogra}}&lt;/ref&gt; The route was in use between 1870–1884, but did not prove to be popular with the traders. It was abandoned in 1884.&lt;ref name=Rizvi&gt;{{citation |last=Rizvi |first=Janet |title=Trans-Himalayan Caravans: Merchant Princes and Peasant Traders in Ladakh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Og-3AAAAIAAJ |year=1999 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-564855-3 |pages=30–31}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Kugrang valley and Gogra also formed a popular hunting spot for British officers on leave.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hayward1870&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |author=H.I.N. |title=Sport in the Changchenmo Valley, Ladakh. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TX9IAQAAMAAJ&amp;pg=RA2-PR4 |volume=15 |year=1902 |publisher=Hudson &amp; Kearns |page=iv |magazine=[[The Navy and Army Illustrated]] |location=London}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Sino-Indian border dispute ===<br /> [[File:Kongka Pass claim lines (1962).jpg|thumb|right|270px|Map 4: Chinese claim lines near the Chang Chenmo Valley: Green line in 1956, dark brown/orange in 1960 (US Army HQ, 1962)]]<br /> <br /> After India became independent in 1947 and China took control of Tibet in 1950, both the countries laid claim to the [[Aksai Chin]] plateau. In its 1956 border definition, China claimed the Chang Chenmo Valley up to the [[Kongka Pass]], near Kayam Hot Springs, but excluded the majority of the eastern Karakoram range. In particular, the Changlung valley, Shamal Lungpa campsite and the Wenquan hot spring were all left as Indian territory. (Map 4)<br /> <br /> Not recognising Chinese claims, India continued to send border patrols in &quot;all directions&quot;. In 1957, one party went via Gogra and Shamal Lungpa to [[Dehra Compass]], Sumdo and Karatagh Pass.{{sfnp|Mullik, The Chinese Betrayal|1971|p=200}} Finding telltale signs of Chinese activity, the border police decided to strengthen outposts by stocking them with essentials at Kayam Hot Springs and Shamal Lungpa.{{sfnp|Mullik, The Chinese Betrayal|1971|pp=200–201}} In 1958, the border police again used this route to go to the Sarigh Jilganang lake and to the Ladakh border, planting an Indian flag at the latter location.{{sfnp|Mullik, The Chinese Betrayal|1971|pp=201–202}} In 1959, a police party sent to set up police posts at Tsogtsalu, Hot Springs and Shamal Lungpa was confronted by Chinese troops when it tried to reconnoitre in the Chinese claimed area, and a serious clash occurred. The ensuing [[Kongka Pass incident]] exacerbated tensions between the two countries.<br /> <br /> After the Kongka Pass incident, the two countries engaged in serious negotiations. A summit between the prime ministers [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] and [[Zhou Enlai]] was held in 1960, where Zhou is believed to have proposed an &quot;east west swap&quot; of disputed territories. India is believed to have rejected such a barter.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvp|Hoffmann, India and the China Crisis|1990|p=86}}: &quot;The prime minister had already made up his mind not to trade territory with the Chinese.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; Sector-by-sector border discussions were held later in 1960 between the officials of the two countries, where China enlarged its border claims.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvp|Hoffmann, India and the China Crisis|1990|p=92}}: &quot;[The Chinese map] indicated that the Chinese had substantially enlarged their claims to territory in the Western Sector.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; (See Map 4.) In the vicinity of the Kugrang valley, the Chinese officials declared:<br /> {{blockquote|Thence [the traditional customary line] passes through peak 6,556 (approximately 78° 26' E, 34° 32' N), and runs along the watershed between the Kugrang Tsangpo River and its tributary the Changlung River to approximately 78° 53' E, 34° 22' N. where it crosses the Changlung River. It then follows the mountain ridge in a south-easterly direction up to Kongka Pass.{{sfnp|Report of the Officials|1962|loc=p. CR-1}}}}<br /> The new &quot;1960 claim line&quot; meant that China laid claim to the entire basin of the Changlung river, stopping just before its confluence with the Kugrang river. Even then, the &quot;approximately&quot; described coordinates, {{coord|34|22|N|78|53|E|name=China's declared border point}}, are problematic in that they lie within the Kugrang river valley, dropping below the watershed. The place where the &quot;watershed between the Kugrang Tsangpo River and Changlung River&quot; crosses the Changlung River is determined by Indians to be {{coord|34|23|N|78|53.5|E}}, where a post called &quot;Nala Jn&quot; was established by them.&lt;ref name=&quot;Johri Nullah Jn&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> === 1962 standoff ===<br /> {{further|Galwan River#1962 standoff}}<br /> In the summer of 1962, sensing that China was trying to advance to its 1960 claim line, India initiated what came to be called the &quot;[[forward policy (Sino-Indian conflict)|forward policy]]&quot;, setting up advance posts in the territory between the 1960 and 1956 claim lines. The [[8th Gorkha Rifles|1/8 Gorkha Riles]] battalion was ordered to set up a post in the upper reaches of the [[Galwan River]]. Setting out from [[Phobrang]], the platoon first established a base at Kayam Hot Springs. A platoon of the 'A' Company then moved towards Galwan in July 1962. Along the way it set up a post near Gogra called &quot;Nala Jn&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Johri Nullah Jn&quot;&gt;{{harvp|Johri, Chinese Invasion of Ladakh|1969|loc=p. 104: &quot;On July 2 Captain G Kotwal (of 1/8th G. R.), 1 JCO and 31 ORs reached the nullah junction ([34°20'50&quot; N, 78°53'30&quot; E]) and the next day at [34°23'00&quot;N, 78°53'30&quot;E] and established a post at the latter (named '''Nullah Jn''').&quot;}}&lt;/ref&gt; China gave the coordinates of the post as {{coord|34|23|N|78|53.5|E|name=Nala Jn post}},&lt;ref&gt;{{harvp|India, White Paper VII|1962|loc=pp. 81–82: (Note given by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Peking to the Embassy of India in China, 10 September 1962) &quot;The fourth [strongpoint] is located at approximately 34° 23' N, 78° 53.5' E, which is northwest of the Kongka Pass and inside Sinkiang.&quot;}}&lt;/ref&gt; which lie along the ridge dividing Kugrang and Changlung. The date of establishment of the post was 3 July 1962.&lt;ref name=&quot;Johri Nullah Jn&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> By this time, the Chinese troops already had a post at Shamal Lungpa. (Map 4, blue line) So the Nala Jn post would appear to be a defensive post meant to secure the Kugrang valley. The Gorkha Rifles likely used an alternative route through the Kugrang valley to Galwan, setting up a post in its vicinity on 5 July.{{efn|China provided the coordinates of the post as &quot;34 degrees 37 minutes 30 seconds north, 78 degrees 35 minutes 30 seconds east&quot; ({{coord|34|37.5|N|78|35.5|E|name=Galwan FDL post}}) and described it as &quot;six kilometres inside Chinese territory in the Galwan Valley area&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |title=Daily Report, Foreign Radio Broadcasts |publisher=|author=United States. Central Intelligence Agency |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nZxaXriu96UC&amp;pg=RA4-PA1 |year=1962 |page=BBB1}}&lt;/ref&gt; The alternative route used by Gorkha Rifles was most likely through the [[Jianan Pass]] in the Chinese nomenclature, which gives rise to a tributary of Kugrang in the south, and a tributary of Galwan called [[Shimengou]] in the north. The coordinates provided by China are in the valley of Shimengou. India refers to the pass as '''Patrol Point 15''' (PP-15).&lt;ref&gt;H. S. Panag, [https://theprint.in/opinion/india-chinas-stand-on-hot-springs-has-2-sticking-points-chang-chenmo-1959-claim-line/915614/ India, China’s stand on Hot Springs has 2 sticking points — Chang Chenmo, 1959 Claim Line], The Print, 14 April 2022.&lt;/ref&gt;}} Despite a seriously threatening posture by the Chinese troops, the post held firm and remained intact until the beginning of the war in October 1962. It was supplied by air. Despite a supply route having been established through the Kugrang Valley, it was seen that its use would be provocative.{{sfnp|Hoffmann, India and the China Crisis|1990|pp=102–104}}{{sfnp|Maxwell, India's China War|1970|pp=238–239}} Indian sources claim that additional supporting posts were set up by the Indian troops: a &quot;ration party&quot; post at {{coord|34|34.5|N|78|38.5|E|name=Ration Party}} and observation posts at {{coord|34|34.5|N|78|35.5|E|name=OP1}} and {{coord|34|39.5|N|78|44|E|name=OP2}}.{{sfnp|Johri, Chinese Invasion of Ladakh|1969|p=102}}<br /> <br /> === 1962 war ===<br /> The [[Sino-Indian War]] began in the western sector on 19 October 1962. The Chinese attacked all Indian posts that were beyond their 1960 claim line. The Nala Jn post, which was technically beyond the line, was also fired upon. The [[section (military unit)|section]] of troops manning the post sustained some casualties. Their telephone line was also cut. So the commander sent two men to the Hot Springs base to report the firing, and a reinforcement of a section of troops arrived on 25 October. However, the Chinese did not attack the post, and it remained intact till the end of the war.{{sfnp|Johri, Chinese Invasion of Ladakh|1969|p=118}}<br /> <br /> The [[Line of Actual Control]] resulting from the war remained on the dividing ridge between the Kugrang and Changlung valleys.<br /> <br /> === 2020–2022 standoff ===<br /> [[File:Kongka-La-snapshot-from-earthworks-stanford-edu-Gogra-Hot-Springs.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Map 5: The [[Line of Actual Control]] near Gogra and Hot Springs: the blue line as marked by the US [[Office of the Geographer|Office of Geographer]] in 2013, green line as marked by the [[OpenStreetMap]] in 2020, with the extended claim of China near Gogra during the 2020–2022 standoff.]]<br /> {{OSM Location map<br /> | coord = {{coord|34.378|78.890}} &lt;!-- Map center --&gt;<br /> | float = right<br /> | zoom = 12<br /> | width = 300<br /> | height = 200<br /> | caption = {{center|2020 standoff near Gogra&lt;ref name=declaration&gt;{{harvp|Report of the Officials|1962|loc=p. CR-1}}: <br /> Thence [the traditional customary boundary] passes through peak 6,556 (approximately 78° 26' E, 34° 32' N), and runs along the watershed between the Kugrang Tsangpo River and its tributary the Changlung River to approximately 78° 53' E, 34° 22' N. where it crosses the Changlung River.<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;{{efn|Borders shown are those marked by OpenStreetMap and may not be accurate.}}}}<br /> &lt;!-- Gogra--&gt;<br /> | mark-coord1 = {{coord|34.3601795|78.8769491}}<br /> | mark1 = Red pog.svg<br /> | mark-size1 = 8<br /> | label1 = Gogra<br /> | label-size1 = 10<br /> | label-color1 = hard red<br /> | label-pos1 = bottom<br /> | mark-title1 = [[Gogra]]<br /> | mark-image1 =<br /> | mark-description1 = Pasture and camping ground<br /> &lt;!-- Indian post --&gt;<br /> | mark-coord2 = {{coord|34.3668|78.8785}} <br /> | mark2 = Wtlogo2.png<br /> | mark-size2 = 12<br /> | label2 = Indian<br /> | label-size2 = 10<br /> | label-color2 = hard red<br /> | label-pos2 = left<br /> | mark-title2 = Indian forward post 2020<br /> | mark-image2 =<br /> | mark-description2 = <br /> &lt;!-- Chinese post--&gt;<br /> | mark-coord3 = {{coord|34.3718|78.8853}}<br /> | mark3 = Wtlogo2.png<br /> | mark-size3 = 12<br /> | label3 = Chinese<br /> | label-size3 = 10<br /> | label-color3 = hard red<br /> | label-pos3 = left<br /> | mark-title3 = Chinese forward post 2020<br /> | mark-image3 =<br /> | mark-description3 = <br /> &lt;!-- Mobdi La / PP-17A--&gt;<br /> | mark-coord4 = {{coord|34.3828|78.89746}}<br /> | mark4 = Red pog.svg<br /> | mark-size4 = 6<br /> | label4 = PP-17A<br /> | label-size4 = 10<br /> | label-color4 = hard red<br /> | label-pos4 = left<br /> | mark-title4 = PP-17A<br /> | mark-image4 =<br /> | mark-description4 = Indian Patrol Point<br /> &lt;!-- Chinese base --&gt;<br /> | mark-coord5 = {{coord|34.3992|78.9102}}<br /> | mark5 = Wtlogo2.png<br /> | mark-size5 = 15<br /> | label5 = Chinese |labela5=rear base<br /> | label-size5 = 10<br /> | label-color5 = hard red<br /> | label-pos5 = left |label-offset-x5 = 0 |label-offset-y5 = -10<br /> | mark-title5 = Chinese base in the rear<br /> | mark-image5 =<br /> | mark-description5 = <br /> &lt;!-- Changlung River --&gt;<br /> | mark-coord6 = {{coord|34.3892|78.9023}}<br /> | mark6 = AS-rzeka-icon.svg<br /> | mark-size6 = 10<br /> | label6 = Changlung<br /> | label-size6 = 10<br /> | label-color6 = hard blue<br /> | label-pos6 = right<br /> | mark-title6 = Changlung River<br /> | mark-image6 =<br /> | mark-description6 = <br /> &lt;!-- Kugrang River --&gt;<br /> | mark-coord7 = {{coord|34.37681|78.84722}}<br /> | mark7 = AS-rzeka-icon.svg<br /> | mark-size7 = 10<br /> | label7 = Kugrang<br /> | label-size7 = 10<br /> | label-color7 = hard blue<br /> | label-pos7 = right<br /> | mark-title7 = Kugrang River<br /> | mark-image7 =<br /> | mark-description7 = <br /> &lt;!-- Chinese border point --&gt;<br /> | mark-coord10 = {{coord|34|22|N|78|53|E}}<br /> | mark10 = Pin location context.svg<br /> | mark-size10 = 14<br /> | shape10 = <br /> | shape-color10 = yellow<br /> | shape-outline10 = yellow<br /> | label10 = Traditional customary |labela10 = boundary of China |labelb10 = declared in 1960<br /> | label-size10 = 10<br /> | label-color10 = black<br /> | label-pos10 = right |label-offset-x10 = 0 |label-offset-y10 = 0<br /> | mark-title10 = Chinese border point<br /> | mark-image10 =<br /> | mark-description10 = Declared in the ''Report of the Officials of the Governments of India and the People's Republic of China on the Boundary Question'', 1960<br /> }}<br /> In April 2020, Chinese forces amassed on the border of Ladakh and started intruding into previously uncontrolled territory at several points. Gogra was one of them.{{sfnp|Joshi, Eastern Ladakh|2021|loc=p. 4: &quot;Towards mid-April the PLA, using these forces, occupied a number of areas claimed by both sides. The Chinese moved at five points simultaneously—Galwan river valley, the northern bank of the Pangong Tso lake, Hot Springs/Gogra, Depsang plains and the Charding Nala area of Demchok—and blocked Indian efforts to patrol up to what they understood to be the border.&quot;}} Indian forces had their base at the [[Karam Singh Post]] ({{coord|34.2980|N|78.8949|E|name=Karam Singh Post}}) near Hot Springs, and periodically patrolled up to the location of the erstwhile &quot;Nala Jn&quot; post on the Line of Actual Control, now called '''Patrol Point 17A''' (PP-17A).{{sfnp|Joshi, Eastern Ladakh|2021|loc=p. 11, Figure 2}} Around 5 May, clusters of Chinese forces appeared in its vicinity and soon blocked the Indian forces from patrolling up to this point.{{sfnp|Joshi, Eastern Ladakh|2021|p=4}} The Indian Army moved troops to the border in a counter deployment effort, which was completed by early June.{{sfnp|Joshi, Eastern Ladakh|2021|loc=p. 7}}<br /> <br /> On 6 June 2020, the senior military commanders of the sides met at the Chushul–Moldo [[Border Personnel Meeting point]], and agreed to a &quot;disengagement&quot; of forward troops, to be followed by an eventual &quot;de-escalation&quot;. However, this was not followed through. Inexplicably, there was no pull-back at Gogra and Hot Springs. At the Galwan valley, the Chinese forces continued to remain at the disputed border point, leading to a [[2020 Galwan Valley clash|clash]] between the two sides on 15 June.{{sfnp|Joshi, Eastern Ladakh|2021|loc=p. 7}}<br /> <br /> Following the clash, the Chinese forces doubled down at all the friction points. Near Gogra, the Chinese forces came down 2–4&amp;nbsp;km from the Line of Actual Control, and set up posts close to Gogra itself. According to Lt. Gen. [[H. S. Panag]], &quot;the Chinese intrusion here [near Gogra] denies India access to nearly 30-35 km long and 4-km wide Kugrang river valley beyond Gogra.&quot;.{{sfnp|Joshi, Eastern Ladakh|2021|loc=p. 10}} It took several months and 10 rounds of talks between the military commanders to agree on the first pull-back in February 2021, viz., at Fingers 4–8 on the bank of the [[Pangong Lake]].{{sfnp|Joshi, Eastern Ladakh|2021|loc=p. 8}} In the 12th round of talks in August 2021, the two sides agreed to disengage at Gogra. It was reported that troops of both the sides dismantled all temporary structures and allied infrastructure and moved back from forward positions.&lt;ref&gt;[https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-china-ladakh-army-gogra-7441734/ India, China disengage from Gogra Post in eastern Ladakh after 12th round of talks], The Indian Express, 6 August 2021.<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> However, a de-escalation has not yet taken place. Both the sides continue to claim the area in dispute, and continue to deploy troops in strength behind the forward lines. India has demanded the status quo ante April 2020 to be restored, while China is believed to insist upon imposing the &quot;[[Line of Actual Control#LAC of 7 November 1959|1959 claim line]]&quot;, either by physical denial or via a &quot;buffer zone&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;H. S. Panag, [https://theprint.in/opinion/india-china-talks-on-ladakh-face-off-have-hit-a-wall-only-a-modi-xi-summit-can-resolve-it/952426/ India-China talks on Ladakh face-off have hit a wall. Only a Modi-Xi summit can resolve it], The Print, 12 May 2022.&lt;/ref&gt;{{efn|A &quot;buffer zone&quot;, a concept introduced in the Galwan Valley de-escalation, means that both the sides do not occupy or patrol a defined area. Indian commentators have stated that these &quot;buffer zones&quot; were entirely on the Indian side of the Line of Actual Control and, so, amounted to a cession of territory.}}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Kongka Pass]]<br /> * [[Jianan Pass]]<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> {{notelist}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == Bibliography ==<br /> * {{citation |title=Gazetteer of Kashmir and Ladak |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.43256/page/n7 |publisher=Superintendent of Government Printing |location=Calcutta |year=1890 |ref={{sfnref|Gazetteer of Kashmir and Ladak|1890}}}}<br /> * {{citation |editor=India. Ministry of External Affairs |title=Notes, Memoranda and Letters Exchanged and Agreements Signed Between the Governments of India and China: July 1962 - October 1962, White Paper No. VII |url=http://www.claudearpi.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/WhitePaper7NEW.pdf |year=1962 |publisher=Ministry of External Affairs |ref={{sfnref|India, White Paper VII|1962}}}}<br /> * {{citation |editor=India, Ministry of External Affairs |title=Report of the Officials of the Governments of India and the People's Republic of China on the Boundary Question |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.3188 |year=1962 |publisher=Government of India Press |ref={{sfnref|Report of the Officials|1962}}}}<br /> ** {{citation |chapter=Report of the Officials of the Governments of India and the People's Republic of China on the Boundary Question |editor-last=Palat |editor-first=Madhavan K. |title=Selected Works of Jawaharlal Nehru, Second Series, Volume 66 |publisher=Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Fund/Oxford University Press |year=2016 |orig-year=1962 |isbn=978-01-994670-1-3 |url=https://archive.org/details/selectedworksofj66nehr |via=archive.org |ref={{sfnref|Report of the Officials|2016}}}}<br /> * {{citation |last=Johri |first=Sitaram |title=Chinese Invasion of Ladakh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rJs9AAAAMAAJ |year=1969 |publisher=Himalaya Publications |ref={{sfnref|Johri, Chinese Invasion of Ladakh|1969}}}}<br /> * {{citation |last=Joshi |first=Manoj |author-link=Manoj Joshi (journalist) |title=Eastern Ladakh, the Longer Perspective |publisher=Observer Research Foundation |date=2021 |url=https://www.orfonline.org/research/eastern-ladakh-the-longer-perspective/ |ref={{sfnref|Joshi, Eastern Ladakh|2021}}}}<br /> * {{citation |last=Hedin |first=Sven |title=Southern Tibet, Vol. IV – Kara-korum and Chang-Tang |location=Stockholm |publisher=Lithographic Institute of the General Staff of the Swedish Army |year=1922 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.2214 |ref={{sfnref|Hedin, Southern Tibet, Vol. IV|1922}}}}<br /> * {{citation |last=Hoffmann |first=Steven A. |title=India and the China Crisis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BpSRwC5_EPUC |year=1990 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-06537-6 |ref={{sfnref|Hoffmann, India and the China Crisis|1990}}}}<br /> * {{citation |last=Maxwell |first=Neville |author-link=Neville Maxwell |title=India's China War |publisher=Pantheon Books |year=1970 |isbn=978-0-394-47051-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/indiaschinawar0000maxw |via=archive.org |ref={{sfnref|Maxwell, India's China War|1970}}}}<br /> * {{citation |first=B. N. |last=Mullik |title=My Years with Nehru: The Chinese Betrayal |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.3408 |via=archive.org |year=1971 |publisher=Allied Publishers |ref={{sfnref|Mullik, The Chinese Betrayal|1971}}}}<br /> * {{citation |last1=Sandhu |first1=P. J. S. |last2=Shankar |first2=Vinay |last3=Dwivedi |first3=G. G. |title=1962: A View from the Other Side of the Hill |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=boBNCgAAQBAJ |year=2015 |publisher=Vij Books India Pvt Ltd |isbn=978-93-84464-37-0 |ref={{sfnref|Sandhu, Shankar &amp; Dwivedi, 1962 from the Other Side of the Hill|2015}}}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [https://twitter.com/itbp_official/status/921656686263201792 Remembering supreme sacrifice of martyrs of CRPF on this day at Hot springs, Ladakh in 1959] - ITBP Twitter<br /> <br /> [[Category:Chang Chenmo Valley]]</div>

BuyMetabolicSolutionsKeto https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sehore&diff=448580 2026-03-11T08:50:04Z

<p>BuyMetabolicSolutionsKeto: Updated entries and formatting</p> <hr /> <div>{{About|the municipality in Madhya Pradesh, India|its namesake district|Sehore District}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Sehore<br /> | native_name = <br /> | native_name_lang = <br /> | other_name = Siddhapur<br /> | nickname = <br /> | settlement_type = City<br /> | image_skyline = {{multiple image<br /> | border = infobox<br /> | total_width = 240<br /> | image_style = <br /> | perrow = 1/2<br /> | image1 = Sehore MP.png<br /> | image2 = Sehore MP 2.png<br /> | image3 = Sehore - October 2018.jpg}}<br /> | image_alt = <br /> | image_caption = Kubreshwar Mandir, Collecter building Sehore, Aerial photo of Sehore<br /> | pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh<br /> | pushpin_label_position = right<br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Madhya Pradesh, India<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|23.2|N|77.08|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Sehore district|Sehore]]<br /> | subdivision_type3 = [[List of regions of India|Region]]<br /> | subdivision_name3 = [[Malwa]]<br /> | established_title = &amp;lt;!-- Established --&amp;gt;<br /> | established_date = <br /> | founder = <br /> | named_for = <br /> | government_type = Mayor-Council<br /> | governing_body = Sehore Municipal Council<br /> | leader_title = MLA<br /> | leader_name = Sudesh Rai, (BJP)<br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | area_footnotes = <br /> | area_rank = <br /> | area_total_km2 = <br /> | elevation_footnotes = <br /> | elevation_m = 502<br /> | population_total = 109118<br /> | population_as_of = 2011<br /> | population_rank = <br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | population_demonym = <br /> | population_footnotes = <br /> | demographics_type1 = Languages<br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official<br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br /> | postal_code = 466001<br /> | area_code_type = Telephone code<br /> | area_code = 07562<br /> | registration_plate = MP-37<br /> | website = {{URL|http://sehore.nic.in}}<br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> '''Sehore''' is a city and a [[municipality]] in [[Sehore district]] in the Indian [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]]. It is the district headquarters of Sehore District and is located on the [[Bhopal]]-[[Sehore district|Sehore]]-[[Indore]] highway, 38&amp;amp;nbsp;km from Bhopal.<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> Sehore stands at the foothills of the [[Vindhya Range]] in the middle of the [[Malwa]] region. It has a long and glorious past. [[Shaiva]], [[Shakta]], [[Jain]], [[Vaishnav]], [[Buddhist]]s and [[Nath]] priests made Sehore a significant seat of meditation/ worship. Sehore was a part of the Bhopal estate. After formation of [[Madhya Pradesh]], it was bifurcated, in 1972 and a new district - Bhopal - was carved out of it.<br /> <br /> Ancient lore states that [[Patanjali|Maharshi Patanjali]], the illustrious founder of a [[Yoga]] sect, also spent some time here in prayer, penance and worship. Folklore also points to the visits of [[Lord Rama]], [[Laxman]] and [[Sita]] to different places in and around Sehore. Sehore has many temples, Mutts, Shrines, Mosques and Churches of historical antiquity and religious significance. Sehore, thus, boasts of a glorious tradition of communal harmony and culture.<br /> <br /> ''Sidhhapur'' is the old name of Sehore{{citation needed|date=April 2018}}. According to a rock-edict found in the Seevan river, it got its name from ''Sidrapur''{{citation needed|date=April 2018}}. According to an old document, Sehore got its name from the Anglo-Indian corruption of ''Sher'' or Lion as pronounced by the British, since lions or &quot;Sher&quot;s were in abundance in the nearby jungles{{citation needed|date=April 2018}}.<br /> <br /> Sehore has been an integral part of Awanti. Later on, it was under the tutelage of the [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadh dynasty]], Chandragupta I, [[Harshavardhan]], [[Ashoka]], [[Raja Bhoj]], [[Peshwa]] chiefs, Rani Kamlapati and the Nawabs of the Bhopal dynasty. Sehore remained the headquarters of the political agent and resident of the [[British Raj]] till Indian independence in 1947.<br /> <br /> Rivers big and small abound in the landscape of Sehore. [[Narmada River|Narmada]], Parwati, Dudhi, Newaj, Kolar, Papnas, Kulans, Seewan, Lotia and other rivers tell a sad tale of lost splendor in the form of scattered idols found in them. Idols of Lord Vishnu, Ganesha, Shiva, Parvati, Nandi, Garuda, Lord Mahavira, Gautam Buddha, Apsaras and fairies have been found in different forms and postures.<br /> <br /> During the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], Sehore revolted against [[Company rule in India|Company rule]]; in response, Robert Hamilton led a detachment of the [[Bombay Army]] which restored Company control over the town from the rebels, which included mutinying sepoys from the [[Presidency armies]]. Hundreds of rebels were captured, put on trial and executed by [[hanging]] or [[Execution by firing squad|firing squad]] for their role in the rebellion. The [[Nawabs of Bhopal|Nawab of Bhopal]], [[Sikandar Begum]], refused to join the rebellion, which played a major role in assisting its suppression in the region.{{citation needed|date=April 2018}}<br /> <br /> On 15 August 1947, [[Indian Independence Act 1947|India became independent from British colonial rule]]. But the estate of Bhopal did not merge with the India state till 1949 and even that after a fierce struggle. Sehore has honorable mention in the fields of academics and literature. Lanciet Likinson, the political agent, got written the first English translation of ''[[Shakuntala (play)|Abhijñānaśākuntalam]]'' in 1835–40.<br /> <br /> The High School of Sehore founded in 1835 by political agent Likinson, had to its credit, students like Hidayatullah (former Chief Justice of the Supreme Court and Vice President of India) and Banchu (Ex-chief justice) Mirza Faim Begh (chief engineer).<br /> <br /> ==Geography==<br /> Sehore is 37&amp;amp;nbsp;km from the state capital, [[Bhopal]], towards the south-west and on the [[Bhopal]] - [[Indore]] highway. Its height from mean sea level is between 1500&amp;amp;nbsp;ft. and 2000&amp;amp;nbsp;ft. Sehore is situated on the [[Western Railway Zone (India)|Western Railway]] line from [[Bhopal]] to [[Ratlam]]. It is surrounded by 7 districts: [[Bhopal]], [[Raisen]], [[Harda]], [[Hoshangabad]], [[Dewas]], [[Shajapur]] and [[Rajgarh district|Rajgarh]]. Sehore district extends between the parallels of Latitude 22'31'' to 23'40'' North and between the meridians of Longitude 76'22'' and 78'08'' East. Sehore is located at {{Coord|23.2|N|77.08|E|}}.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/35/Sehore.html|title=Maps, Weather, and Airports for Sehore, India|website=Falling Rain|access-date=1 February 2021}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; It has an average elevation of 502&amp;amp;nbsp;metres (1646&amp;amp;nbsp;feet). The only river passing through the Sehore district is the Siven.<br /> <br /> ==Demographics==<br /> {{see also|List of cities in Madhya Pradesh}}<br /> {{bar box<br /> |title=Religions in sehore<br /> |titlebar=#Fcd116<br /> |left1=Religion<br /> |right1=Percent<br /> |float=right<br /> |bars=<br /> {{bar percent|[[Hindus]]|orange|73}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[Muslims]]|green|22}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[Jainism|Jains]]|pink|3.7}}<br /> {{bar percent|Others†|black|1.3}}<br /> |caption=Distribution of religions&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;<br /> †&amp;lt;small&amp;gt;Includes [[Sikh]]s (0.2%), [[Buddhism|Buddhists]] (&amp;lt;0.2%).&amp;lt;/small&amp;gt;<br /> }}<br /> {{As of|2001}} India [[census]],&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&amp;amp;state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&amp;amp;state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Table - 3 : Population, population in the age group 0-6 and literates by sex - Cities/Towns (in alphabetic order): 2001 |access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Sehore had a population of 90,930. Males constituted 52% of the population and females 48%. Sehore had an average literacy rate of 68%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy was 75% and female literacy was 61%. In Sehore, 14% of the population was under six years of age.<br /> <br /> According to the 2011 census, Sehore municipality with outgrowth had a population of 109,118.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |title=Sehore (District, Madhya Pradesh, India) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/php/india-madhyapradesh.php?adm2id=2328 |website=www.citypopulation.de |access-date=7 September 2020}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ==Government==<br /> [[Sehore Assembly constituency]] is one of the 230 assembly constituencies of [[Madhya Pradesh]]. It comes under [[Bhopal (Lok Sabha constituency)]].Currently [[Sudesh Rai]] is mla from Sehore. &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.electionsinindia.com/20/bhopal/sehore/yearwiseacdata.aspx |title=Sehore, Bhopal Assembly Elections &amp;amp;#124; Assembly (Vidhan Sabha) Constituency &amp;amp;#124; Elections in Bhopal |publisher=Electionsinindia.com |access-date=2017-04-27}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> == Education ==<br /> Some Education Institutes of Sehore &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;https://sehore.nic.in/public-utility-category/%e0%a4%95%e0%a5%89%e0%a4%b2%e0%a5%87%e0%a4%9c-%e0%a4%b5%e0%a4%bf%e0%a4%b6%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%b5%e0%a4%b5%e0%a4%bf%e0%a4%a6%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%af%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%b2%e0%a4%af/&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> * [[Sri Satya Sai University of Technology &amp;amp; Medical Sciences|Sri Satya Sai University of Technology &amp;amp; Medical Sciences, Sehore]]<br /> * Chandra Shekhar Azad Government Lead College, Sehore<br /> * Government Girls College, Sehore<br /> * Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Shyampur, Sehore<br /> * College of Agriculture, Sehore<br /> * District Institute of Education &amp;amp; Training, Sehore<br /> <br /> == Transport ==<br /> [[Sehore railway station]] lies on the Ujjain - [[:hi:%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0 %E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87 %E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8|Sehore]] - Bhopal branch line. The station consists of two platforms. There are regular trains to [[Delhi]], [[Kolkata]], [[Chennai]], [[Ahmedabad]], [[Jaipur]], [[Kanpur]], [[Nagpur]], [[Jammu]], [[Puri]] and other major cities. The nearest airport is in Bhopal.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web| url=https://indiarailinfo.com/departures/sehore-seh/1520| title=SEH/Sehore| website=India Rail Info}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ==Notable people==<br /> *[[William Townshend (cricketer)|William Townshend]] (1849–1923), English cricketer<br /> *[[Iqbal Ahmad]] , Former District Magistrate (1980 - 1983)<br /> *[[Shankar Lal Saboo]] - Former MLA<br /> * [[Pandit Pradeep Mishra]], a Hindu Saint and public Speaker <br /> * [[Mortimer Durand]], was an Indian Civil Servicer <br /> * [[Munis Ansari]], Indian Cricketer<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Sehore |volume=24 |short=x}}<br /> <br /> {{Bhopal Division}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Sehore| ]]<br /> [[Category:Cities and towns in Sehore district]]<br /> [[Category:Cities in Madhya Pradesh]]</div>

BuyMetabolicSolutionsKeto https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bhale_Basava&diff=456233 2026-03-03T22:27:26Z

<p>BuyMetabolicSolutionsKeto: brief cleaned up structure after review also to improve readability</p> <hr /> <div>{{No plot|date=February 2025}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}<br /> {{Infobox film <br /> | name = Bhale Basava<br /> | image = <br /> | caption = <br /> | director = [[B. S. Ranga]]<br /> | producer = B. S. Ranga<br /> | writer = Shyamaladevi<br /> | screenplay = G. Balasubramanyam<br /> | starring = [[Udaykumar]]&lt;br&gt;[[Rajesh (Kannada actor)|Rajesh]]&lt;br&gt;[[V. Nagayya]]&lt;br&gt;[[Narasimharaju (Kannada actor)|Narasimharaju]]&lt;br&gt;[[Rajasree]]<br /> | music = S. Rajeshwara Rao<br /> | cinematography = B. N. Haridas<br /> | editing = P. G. Mohan&lt;br&gt;Devendranath&lt;br&gt;Chakrapani<br /> | studio = Vikram Productions<br /> | distributor = Vikram Productions<br /> | released = {{Film date|1969|11|24|df=y}}<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Kannada<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Bhale Basava''''' ({{audio|Kn-ಭಲೇ ಬಸವ.ogg|pronunciation}}) is a 1969 Indian [[Kannada]]-language film, directed and produced by [[B. S. Ranga]]. The film stars [[Udaykumar]], [[Rajesh (Kannada actor)|Rajesh]], [[V. Nagayya]] and [[Narasimharaju (Kannada actor)|Narasimharaju]]. The musical score was composed by S. Rajeshwara Rao.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://chiloka.com/movie/bhale-basava-1969|title=Bhale Basava|accessdate=2015-01-09|publisher=chiloka.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.nthwall.com/ka/movie/Bhale-Basava-1969/9219800751|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150115043534/http://www.nthwall.com/ka/movie/Bhale-Basava-1969/9219800751|url-status=dead|archive-date=2015-01-15|title=Bhale Basava|accessdate=2015-01-09|publisher=nthwall.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Cast==<br /> {{div col|colwidth=22em}}<br /> *[[Udaykumar]]<br /> *[[Rajesh (Kannada actor)|Rajesh]]<br /> *[[V. Nagayya]]<br /> *[[Narasimharaju (Kannada actor)|Narasimharaju]]<br /> *[[Raghavendra Rao]]<br /> *Nagappa<br /> *[[Nagesh]]<br /> *Maniyam<br /> *Udayashankar<br /> *Jayanthi<br /> *[[Rajasree]]<br /> *Premalatha<br /> *Papamma<br /> *Ramadevi<br /> *Sadhana<br /> *Mysore Lakshmi<br /> *Jyothilakshmi<br /> *Shakunthala<br /> {{div col end}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{IMDb title|0260745}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:1969 films]]<br /> [[Category:1969 Kannada-language films]]<br /> [[Category:1969 Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:Films directed by B. S. Ranga]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{1960s-Kannada-film-stub}}</div>

BuyMetabolicSolutionsKeto https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sharavati_Bridge&diff=534665 2026-02-27T16:46:42Z

<p>BuyMetabolicSolutionsKeto: Added details</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}<br /> {{Infobox bridge<br /> | bridge_name = Sharavati Bridge<br /> | native_name = <br /> | native_name_lang = <br /> | image = <br /> | image_size = <br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = <br /> | official_name = <br /> | other_name = <br /> | carries = [[Konkan Railway]]<br /> | crosses = [[Sharavati]] river<br /> | locale = [[Honnavar]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]<br /> | owner = <br /> | maint = <br /> | id =<br /> | website =<br /> | architect = <br /> | designer = <br /> | engineering = <br /> | design = <br /> | material = <br /> | length = {{convert|2060|m|ft}}<br /> | width = <br /> | height = <br /> | mainspan = <br /> | spans = <br /> | pierswater = <br /> | load = <br /> | clearance = <br /> | below = <br /> | life = <br /> | builder = <br /> | fabricator = <br /> | begin = <br /> | complete = {{Start date|df=yes|1994}}<br /> | cost = <br /> | open = <br /> | inaugurated = <br /> | toll = <br /> | traffic = <br /> | preceded = <br /> | heritage = <br /> | collapsed = <br /> | closed =<br /> | map_cue = <br /> | map_image = <br /> | map_alt = <br /> | map_text = <br /> | map_width = <br /> | coordinates = {{Coord|14.264498|74.462720|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''Sharavati Bridge''' is a railway bridge, south of [[Honnavar]], in the state of [[Karnataka]], India, completed in 1994.&lt;ref name=&quot;Afcons&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.afcons.com/Bridges/Brides_complited/KonkanRailway.html |title=Sharavati Bridge |publisher=Afcons Infrastructure Limited |accessdate=2012-01-07 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100128023028/http://www.afcons.com/Bridges/Brides_complited/KonkanRailway.html |archivedate=28 January 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Tarrant&quot;&gt;{{Cite episode|title=India |series=Chris Tarrant: Extreme Railways |url=http://www.channel5.com/shows/chris-tarrant-extreme-railways/episodes/episode-3-442 |accessdate=2012-12-19 |station=[[Channel 5 (UK)|Channel 5]] |date=2012-12-19 |number=3 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121230209/http://www.channel5.com/shows/chris-tarrant-extreme-railways/episodes/episode-3-442 |archivedate=21 January 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; It carries the [[Konkan Railway]] over the [[Sharavati]] river.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tarrant&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> It is {{convert|2060|m|ft}} long,&lt;ref name=&quot;Afcons&quot; /&gt; and is the longest bridge on that railway,&lt;ref name=&quot;Tarrant&quot; /&gt; and the longest railway bridge in the state.<br /> <br /> The work consisted of construction of a {{convert|2060|m|ft|adj=mid|-long}} bridge having 55 spans of 33&amp;nbsp;m and 11 spans of 22&amp;nbsp;m. The foundation consists of four {{convert|1.2|m|ft|adj=mid|-diameter}} cast-in-situ R.C.C. bored piles for piers and eight 1.2-metre-diameter piles for abutments. The superstructure was with a single post-tensioned box girder for 33&amp;nbsp;m spans and three precast pretensioned I girders for 22&amp;nbsp;m spans. This bridge at Honnavar was awarded second prize in the competition for Most outstanding Bridge National Awards 1995 – Category I by Indian Institute of Bridge Engineers in 1995.<br /> <br /> ==Sharavati Road Bridge==<br /> The bridge was constructed in 1984 with an overall length of 1047.65 meters, comprises 34 spans of 30 meters each. The two end spans are balanced cantilever arms. Each main span consists of five prestressed &quot;I&quot; girders placed on hammerheads.<br /> <br /> ===Rehabilitation===<br /> The rehabilitation of the bridge was carried out by Freyssinet Prestressed Concrete Company Ltd (FPCC) by strengthening the piers and hammerheads with additional steel brackets and external prestressing of main girders. The load test carried out to assess residual prestress in the girders.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | url=http://freyssinet-india.com/projects-repair-rehabilation-sharavathi-bridge | title=Sharavati Bridge near Honnavar, Karnataka | publisher=Freyssinet Prestressed Concrete Company Ltd (FPCC) | accessdate=2012-01-07 | archive-date=7 January 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140107211035/http://freyssinet-india.com/projects-repair-rehabilation-sharavathi-bridge | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Railway bridges in India]]<br /> [[Category:Buildings and structures in Uttara Kannada district]]<br /> [[Category:Transport in Uttara Kannada district]]<br /> [[Category:1984 establishments in Karnataka]]<br /> [[Category:Konkan Railway]]<br /> [[Category:Rail transport in Karnataka]]</div>

BuyMetabolicSolutionsKeto https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=G._F._Vernon%27s_cricket_team_in_Ceylon_and_India_in_1889%E2%80%9390&diff=477087 2026-02-27T12:39:04Z

<p>BuyMetabolicSolutionsKeto: Creating a bio!</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|English international cricket tour}}<br /> {{good article}}<br /> {{Use British English|date=August 2022}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}<br /> [[File:George Vernon.jpg|thumb|right|[[George Vernon (cricketer)|George Vernon]]]]<br /> In the 1889–90 cricket season, an English team managed by [[George Vernon (cricketer)|George Vernon]] and captained by [[Martin Hawke, 7th Baron Hawke|Lord Hawke]] toured Ceylon and India. It was a pioneering tour being the first visit by an English team to India and the second to [[Sri Lanka|Ceylon]], following the stopover by [[Ivo Bligh, 8th Earl of Darnley|Ivo Bligh]]'s team to [[English cricket team in Australia in 1882–83|Australia in 1882–83]]. Vernon's team, known as G. F. Vernon's XI, was entirely composed of players with [[Amateur status in first-class cricket|amateur status]] and, in the absence of professionals, none of its matches have been recognised as [[first-class cricket|first-class]].{{refn|group=notes|name=status|At the time, &quot;first-class&quot; was a term in common usage but it was not yet an official standard. It was formally defined in the May 1894 meeting at [[Lord's]] of [[Marylebone Cricket Club]] (MCC) and the [[county cricket|county clubs]] which were then competing in the [[County Championship]]. The ruling was effective from the beginning of the [[1895 English cricket season|1895 season]].{{sfn|ACS|1982|pp=4–5}}}} In all, they played thirteen matches from 28 November 1889 to 1 March 1890, starting with two games in Ceylon before moving on to [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] where the Indian part of the tour began in late December.<br /> <br /> Of the thirteen matches, Vernon's XI won ten (six by over an [[innings]]) and [[draw (cricket)|drew]] two. They were defeated only once, by the [[Parsis cricket team|Parsis]] in a match which had great significance for the native communities living under the rule of the [[British Raj]]. The matches were all played under the ''[[Laws of Cricket]]'' which prevailed in England at the time, including the compulsory [[follow-on]] and the recently introduced [[over (cricket)|5-ball over]].{{refn|group=notes|name=rules|At the time, the number of [[delivery (cricket)|deliveries]] per [[over (cricket)|over]] in English cricket had just been increased from four to five; all the matches on this tour used the five-ball over (the over was increased from five deliveries to six in 1900).&lt;ref name=&quot;C20591&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |url=https://archive.acscricket.com/cricket/1889/101/index.html |title=The Marylebone Club |journal=Cricket: A Weekly Record of the Game |publisher=Merritt &amp; Hatcher Ltd |location=London |volume=VIII |issue=205 |page=91 |date=2 May 1889 |via=ACS}}&lt;/ref&gt; Since 1854, it had been compulsory for the team batting second to [[follow-on]] if they had a first innings deficit of 80 or more runs (the minimum deficit was increased to 120 runs in 1894 and the follow-on first became optional in 1900).{{sfn|Swanton|Plumptre|Woodcock|1986|p=695}}}} The tour was a success and it made a significant contribution to the growth and development of cricket in the sub-continent.<br /> <br /> ==Preparations==<br /> In the 21 March 1889 issue of ''[[Cricket: A Weekly Record of the Game]]'' (aka ''Cricket''), the news section includes a piece about &quot;the probable visit of a party of English amateurs to India at the fall of this year&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;C20242&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |url=https://archive.acscricket.com/cricket/1889/52/index.html |title=Pavilion Gossip |journal=Cricket: A Weekly Record of the Game |publisher=Merritt &amp; Hatcher Ltd |location=London |volume=VIII |issue=202 |page=42 |date=21 March 1889 |via=ACS}}&lt;/ref&gt; Arrangements were reported to be &quot;progressing most satisfactorily&quot; with contacts in [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] saying the idea of the tour &quot;seems to be universally popular throughout India&quot;. The team was expected to set sail end of October and spend Christmas in Calcutta. [[Martin Hawke, 7th Baron Hawke|Lord Hawke]] and [[George Vernon (cricketer)|G. F. Vernon]] were the main organisers in England, and they had thus far extended invitations to [[James Walker (sportsman)|J. G. Walker]], [[Albert Leatham]], [[John Hornsby (cricketer)|J. H. J. Hornsby]], [[Herbert Rhodes|H. E. Rhodes]], Edward Beaumont-Nesbitt, [[Francis Shand|F. L. Shand]] and [[Henry Forster, 1st Baron Forster|H. W. Forster]].&lt;ref name=&quot;C20242&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> In the 11 July issue, the news editor confirmed that the party would sail on the [[P&amp;O (company)|P&amp;O]] steamer ''Bengal'' which was scheduled to leave London for [[Colombo]], [[Chennai|Madras]] and Calcutta on 31 October. The planned schedule was to play two matches in [[Sri Lanka|Ceylon]] during the stopover at Colombo. Madras would only be a short stopover so the intention was to begin the Indian matches in Calcutta, where it was hoped they would spend Christmas week. No definite match arrangements could yet be confirmed, however, and they did not expect to finalise a fixture list until they arrived in India. They intended to terminate the tour around the end of February. Hawke and Vernon continued to organise things from England. They had received acceptances from Walker, Leatham, Hornsby, Rhodes and Shand, who were all mentioned in March; additional acceptances had been received from [[Hylton Philipson]] and E. M. Lawson-Smith. Beaumont-Nesbitt had apparently declined; Forster was said to have accepted but nevertheless did not make the trip. The organisers had also invited [[Francis Lacey]], but his availability was uncertain and, eventually, he did not join the team.&lt;ref name=&quot;C215253&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |url=https://archive.acscricket.com/cricket/1889/276/index.html |title=Pavilion Gossip |journal=Cricket: A Weekly Record of the Game |publisher=Merritt &amp; Hatcher Ltd |location=London |volume=VIII |issue=215 |page=253 |date=11 July 1889 |via=ACS}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Thomas K. Tapling.jpg|thumb|right|[[Thomas Tapling]]]]<br /> The arrangements seemed to be progressing well until the sudden death on 10 September of H. E. Rhodes, who fell from a hotel balcony in [[Dover]]. ''Cricket'' paid tribute to him on 31 October, the same day the team was due to depart.&lt;ref name=&quot;C227490&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |url=https://archive.acscricket.com/cricket/1889/490/index.html |title=Pavilion Gossip |journal=Cricket: A Weekly Record of the Game |publisher=Merritt &amp; Hatcher Ltd |location=London |volume=VIII |issue=227 |pages=490–492 |date=31 October 1889 |via=ACS}}&lt;/ref&gt; Most of the team met at [[Liverpool Street Station]] that day and travelled to [[Tilbury]], to embark on the ''Bengal'' which had been lying off [[Gravesend]]. Those heading for Tilbury were Vernon, Walker, Lawson-Smith, Hornsby, Philipson and three recent recruits: [[Arthur Gibson (Lancashire cricketer)|Arthur Gibson]], [[George Hone-Goldney]], and [[Thomas Tapling]].&lt;ref name=&quot;C227490&quot;/&gt; Two more, [[Ernest de Little]] and [[Francis Shand|F. L. Shand]] would meet them in Colombo. Rhodes' replacement was A. N. Curzon who would join the team in January.&lt;ref name=&quot;C227490&quot;/&gt; Reserve wicket-keeper Tapling, who was both an eminent [[philatelist]] and the [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|MP]] for [[Harborough (UK Parliament constituency)|Harborough]], sailed on the ''Bengal'' as far as [[Naples]] where a close friend was taken ill. Tapling opted to stay with him, thereby missing the Ceylonese leg of the tour. He arrived in India just before Christmas 1889 and played in six matches between then and the end of February.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/33/33180/Miscellaneous_Matches.html |title=Miscellaneous Matches played by Thomas Tapling |work=CricketArchive |access-date=4 September 2022 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=4 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904143725/https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/33/33180/Miscellaneous_Matches.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Also missing from the ''Bengal'' was Hawke who had left a week earlier and gone to Bombay, as he wanted to do some big-game hunting.&lt;ref name=&quot;C227490&quot;/&gt;{{sfn|Coldham|1990|p=72}} This venture backfired somewhat because, while he was staying in [[Gwalior]], he was struck down with a serious attack of [[gastritis]]. That not only stopped him from killing animals, but also from meeting his teammates in Calcutta, as he had planned.{{sfn|Coldham|1990|p=73}} It was not until February, when nine of the thirteen matches had been played, that Hawke was able to rejoin the team.{{sfn|Coldham|1990|p=73}}<br /> <br /> ''Cricket'' reported on 28 November that the ''Bengal'' had docked in Colombo two days earlier, on schedule. The 27 December issue carried the first match report from the tour of the match in [[Kandy]] against &quot;All Ceylon&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;C229479&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |url=https://archive.acscricket.com/cricket/1889/524/index.html |title=The English Amateurs in Ceylon |journal=Cricket: A Weekly Record of the Game |publisher=Merritt &amp; Hatcher Ltd |location=London |volume=VIII |issue=229 |page=479 |date=31 October 1889 |via=ACS}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Itinerary and results==<br /> [[File:Ground of Calcutta Cricket Club, 15th Jan'y 1861 - Percy Carpenter.png|thumb|right|[[Eden Gardens]] in 1861]]<br /> The tour began in [[Kandy]] on 28 November 1889.&lt;ref name=&quot;CAVCI&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/8/GF_Vernons_XI_in_Ceylon_and_India_1889-90.html |title=Tour Itinerary: G. F. Vernon's XI, 1889–90 |work=CricketArchive |access-date=14 October 2022 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=31 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031151858/https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/8/GF_Vernons_XI_in_Ceylon_and_India_1889-90.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The team played two matches in Ceylon and then moved on to India in December. Starting with the match against the [[Calcutta Cricket Club]] at [[Eden Gardens]] on 23 December, they played eleven matches in India to the end of February 1890.&lt;ref name=&quot;CAVCI&quot;/&gt;{{refn|group=notes|name=status}}{{refn|group=notes|name=rules}}<br /> <br /> The precise names and locations of some venues cannot now be established and many of the team names were arbitrarily derived from their locations. With the single exception of the [[Parsis cricket team|Parsis]], all the home teams were composed of European colonials who were mostly British expatriates.{{sfn|Guha|2001|pp=33–37}}<br /> <br /> The matches were scheduled for either two or three days' duration. The two-day matches are noted as such in the table below; the rest were all scheduled for three days. There was no Sunday play and all the matches were arranged so that they would be completed on consecutive days with no Sunday break. <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left&quot;<br /> |-<br /> |'''Dates'''<br /> |'''Match'''<br /> |'''Venue'''<br /> |'''Result'''<br /> |'''Notes'''<br /> |-<br /> | 28–30 Nov 1889<br /> | [[Ceylon national cricket team|Ceylon]] v G. F. Vernon's XI<br /> | [[Bogambara Stadium]], [[Kandy]]<br /> | Vernon's XI won by an innings and 77 runs<br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/134/134865.html |title=Ceylon v G. F. Vernon's XI |work=CricketArchive |access-date=4 September 2022 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=4 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904031130/https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/134/134865.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 6–7 Dec 1889<br /> | [[Colombo Cricket Club]] v G. F. Vernon's XI<br /> | [[Galle Face]], [[Colombo]]<br /> | Vernon's XI won by an innings and 10 runs<br /> | 2-day match &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/134/134866.html |title=Colombo Cricket Club v G. F. Vernon's XI |work=CricketArchive |access-date=4 September 2022 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=4 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904031120/https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/134/134866.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 23–25 Dec 1889<br /> | [[Calcutta Cricket Club]] v G. F. Vernon's XI<br /> | [[Eden Gardens]], [[Kolkata|Calcutta]]<br /> | Vernon's XI won by 9 wickets<br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/134/134867.html |title=Calcutta Cricket Club v G. F. Vernon's XI |work=CricketArchive |access-date=4 September 2022 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=4 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904031119/https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/134/134867.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 31 Dec–2 Jan 1890<br /> | [[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]] v G. F. Vernon's XI<br /> | Eden Gardens, Calcutta<br /> | Vernon's XI won by an innings and 17 runs<br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/134/134868.html |title=Bengal v G. F. Vernon's XI |work=CricketArchive |access-date=4 September 2022 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=30 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200430120924/https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/134/134868.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 9–10 Jan 1890<br /> | [[Bihar cricket team|Bihar Wanderers]] v G. F. Vernon's XI<br /> | [[Bankipore]]<br /> | Match drawn<br /> | 2-day match &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/134/134869.html |title=Bihar Wanderers v G. F. Vernon's XI |work=CricketArchive |access-date=4 September 2022 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=4 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904154720/https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/134/134869.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 16–18 Jan 1890<br /> | [[North-West Frontier Province cricket team|North-West Frontier Province]] v G. F. Vernon's XI<br /> | [[Chandrashekhar Azad Park|Alfred Park, Allahabad]]<br /> | Vernon's XI won by 3 wickets<br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/134/134870.html |title=North-West Frontier Province v G. F. Vernon's XI |work=CricketArchive |access-date=4 September 2022 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=4 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904162216/https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/134/134870.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 20–22 Jan 1890<br /> | Northern India v G. F. Vernon's XI<br /> | Alfred Park, Allahabad<br /> | Vernon's XI won by 6 wickets<br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/134/134871.html |title=Northern India v G. F. Vernon's XI |work=CricketArchive |access-date=4 September 2022 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=4 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904162235/https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/134/134871.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 27–28 Jan 1890<br /> | [[Bombay Gymkhana]] v G. F. Vernon's XI<br /> | [[Bombay Gymkhana|Gymkhana Ground, Bombay]]<br /> | Vernon's XI won by an innings and 74 runs<br /> | 2-day match &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/134/134872.html |title=Bombay Gymkhana v G. F. Vernon's XI |work=CricketArchive |access-date=4 September 2022 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=4 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904162213/https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/134/134872.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 30–31 Jan 1890<br /> | [[Parsis cricket team|Parsis]] v G. F. Vernon's XI<br /> | Gymkhana Ground, Bombay<br /> | Parsis won by 4 wickets<br /> | 2-day match &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/134/134873.html |title=Parsis v G. F. Vernon's XI |work=CricketArchive |access-date=4 September 2022 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=4 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904162224/https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/134/134873.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 6–7 Feb 1890<br /> | Lucknow v G. F. Vernon's XI<br /> | [[Lucknow]]<br /> | Vernon's XI won by 123 runs<br /> | 2-day match &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/134/134874.html |title=Lucknow v G. F. Vernon's XI |work=CricketArchive |access-date=4 September 2022 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=4 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904162235/https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/134/134874.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 14–15 Feb 1890<br /> | Agra v G. F. Vernon's XI<br /> | [[Agra]]<br /> | Vernon's XI won by an innings and 66 runs<br /> | 2-day match &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/134/134875.html |title=Agra v G. F. Vernon's XI |work=CricketArchive |access-date=4 September 2022 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=4 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904162224/https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/134/134875.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 21–22 Feb 1890<br /> | Northern India v G. F. Vernon's XI<br /> | [[Meerut]]<br /> | Match drawn<br /> | 2-day match &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/134/134876.html |title=Northern India v G. F. Vernon's XI |work=CricketArchive |access-date=4 September 2022 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=4 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904162215/https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/134/134876.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 27 Feb–1 Mar 1890<br /> | Punjab v G. F. Vernon's XI<br /> | [[Lahore]]<br /> | Vernon's XI won by an innings and 40 runs<br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/134/134877.html |title=Punjab v G. F. Vernon's XI |work=CricketArchive |access-date=4 September 2022 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=4 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904162245/https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/134/134877.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Tour summary==<br /> ===Playing standards===<br /> Analysing the quality of Vernon's team, James Coldham in his biography of Hawke said they were a &quot;useful&quot; combination in that they had plenty of batting and most types of bowling. They had, too, a very good wicket-keeper because Philipson later played for England. Coldham saw them as what he called a mix of regular county players, Oxbridge types and &quot;first-rate club players&quot; who would have been a good [[National Counties of English and Welsh cricket|Minor Counties]] team. They were by no means first-class but, of their time, a real handful for any Ceylonese or Indian opposition.{{sfn|Coldham|1990|p=73}} [[Ramachandra Guha]] concurs with this view, saying that Vernon's XI &quot;could not be judged a first-class side (although) they played cricket of a quality not generally seen in India&quot;.{{sfn|Guha|2001|p=33}}<br /> <br /> The general weakness of the Indian and Ceylonese opposition is evident in the number of wide winning margins achieved by Vernon's XI, six of the ten wins by an innings and plenty. Twelve of their thirteen hosts had teams which comprised the typical combination of British expatriates who were mostly civil servants or soldiers. The expatriate XIs were no better than English local club teams and so, for the most part, they were easily beaten by Vernon's XI.{{sfn|Coldham|1990|p=74}}<br /> <br /> The tourists arrived in [[Mumbai|Bombay]] from [[Allahabad]] about a week before the end of January 1890. They had won six and drawn one of their seven matches. Among the individual highlights had been centuries by Vernon, Gibson and Walker; and strong bowling performances by Hornsby, Gibson, Leatham and de Little. Vernon's XI then easily disposed of the Bombay Gymkhana team by an innings, Hornsby taking 13/78 in the match. Their next match was also on the Gymkhana Grounds and it was advertised as the &quot;Cricket Championship of India&quot;.{{sfn|Guha|2001|p=33}}<br /> <br /> ===Parsis match===<br /> [[File:Bombay-Gymnkhana.jpg|thumb|right|A modern view of the [[Bombay Gymkhana]]]]<br /> The only match in which Vernon's team faced an ethnic team with no Europeans was the low-scoring one at the end of January against the [[Parsis cricket team|Parsis]] on the Bombay Gymkhana. The Parsis had a distinct community in Bombay and, having embraced British rule and culture, they were the real pioneers of Indian cricket and had sent two touring teams to Great Britain, in [[Parsi cricket team in England in 1886|1886]] and [[Parsi cricket team in England in 1888|1888]]. Until the last fifteen or so years of the 19th century, the sport in India had always been an essentially British pursuit. Its increasing popularity among the native population coincided with the rise of their influence in administrative and political matters. In 1890, as Coldham says, the Parsis were the only native community capable of putting a team in the field.{{sfn|Coldham|1990|p=74}}<br /> <br /> It was a two-day match, 30 and 31 January. At the end of the first day, the Parsis were 80/9 in response to the tourists' 97 all out, which included 45 by Vernon. The Parsis added two more runs in the morning and Vernon's XI began their second innings with a lead of 15. The best Parsi player was their all-rounder [[M. E. Pavri]] who was a fast bowler. He had been successful in England on the 1888 tour. He now dismissed Vernon's XI for only 61, taking 7/34. The Parsis needed 77 to claim a significant victory over their English opponents and, despite Hornsby's efforts, they accomplished it with four wickets to spare.{{sfn|Guha|2001|pp=33–34}} Pavri took 9/37 in the match and also top-scored with 21 in the Parsi second innings. He played for [[Middlesex County Cricket Club|Middlesex]] a few years later and was known as the &quot;Grace of the Parsis&quot; because, like [[W. G. Grace]], he was both an all-rounder and a doctor.{{sfn|Guha|2001|p=32}}<br /> <br /> There is no doubt that it was a significant victory because it sparked celebrations throughout Bombay and was acclaimed as &quot;the greatest sporting contest in the city's history&quot;.{{sfn|Guha|2001|p=34}} Many saw it as &quot;a blow to the prestige of Empire&quot;{{sfn|Guha|2001|p=35}} and the pro-Raj ''[[Bombay Gazette]]'' resorted to making speculative excuses such as: &quot;Had Mr Vernon not been run out&quot;.{{sfn|Guha|2001|p=34}} There was little if any actual trouble and efforts were made to jointly celebrate the occasion but, as Guha commented, &quot;it revealed the communal competitiveness that would drive the progress of cricket in colonial India&quot;.{{sfn|Guha|2001|p=36}} The ''Bombay Gazette'' called for a resurgence of European cricket while the Parsi newspaper ''[[Rast Goftar]]'' asked their players to bear in mind that Hindu and Muslim cricketers would be seeking to emulate their success, so they must themselves be ready to face challenges.{{sfn|Guha|2001|pp=36–37}}<br /> <br /> Four weeks later, when ''Cricket'' published the match report and scorecard, the magazine paid a glowing tribute to the Parsis saying their victory &quot;cannot fail to give a fresh impetus to the practice of the game among the followers of that great community&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;C23126&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |url=https://archive.acscricket.com/cricket/1890/28/index.html |title=Pavilion Gossip |journal=Cricket: A Weekly Record of the Game |publisher=Merritt &amp; Hatcher Ltd |location=London |volume=IX |issue=231 |page=26 |date=27 February 1890 |via=ACS}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to a separate report in the same issue of ''Cricket'', there was a celebratory dinner for the tourists on the night of the 30th (after the first day of the match). On the night of the 31st, Vernon's team travelled to [[Lucknow]] on the [[Jubbulpore]] mail train. It was expected they would return to Bombay after playing the Punjab in [[Lahore]] at the end of February, and there would be a return match against the Parsis. That, however, did not happen as the Lahore match was the final one.&lt;ref name=&quot;C23123&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |url=https://archive.acscricket.com/cricket/1890/28/index.html |title=The English Amateurs in India: Ninth Match v. The Parsees |journal=Cricket: A Weekly Record of the Game |publisher=Merritt &amp; Hatcher Ltd |location=London |volume=IX |issue=231 |page=23 |date=27 February 1890 |via=ACS}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Later matches===<br /> [[File:Walter Troup c1895.jpg|thumb|150px|right|[[Walter Troup]]]]<br /> When Vernon's XI arrived in [[Lucknow]], their opponents were the usual British expatriate combination. The Lucknow team nevertheless gave Vernon's XI a real scare. It was Hawke's first match on the tour and he took over the captaincy from Vernon. Hawke opened the batting himself and was bowled for a [[duck (cricket)|duck]]. The team was [[all out (cricket)|all out]] for only 79 and Lucknow responded with 125 to lead by 46 on first innings. Hawke was nearly out straightaway in his second innings but the [[third man]] fielder dropped the [[caught (cricket)|catch]]. Hawke went on to make 45 and, with 68 by Walker and 47* by Philipson, Vernon's XI scored 229 to set Lucknow a target of 184. The pitch was very worn and they were bowled out by de Little and Gibson who took five wickets each, Vernon's XI winning by 123 runs.{{sfn|Coldham|1990|p=74}}<br /> <br /> Using the [[Rail transport in India|railways]] as their primary means of transport, the team moved on to [[Agra]]. Hone-Goldney, Hornsby and Vernon himself had all succumbed to illness or injury and three local replacements – Hilliard, John and Maxwell – had to be drafted in. Lawson-Smith rose to the occasion with a first innings century before de Little and Gibson bowled Agra out for two low totals. Apart from [[Gloucestershire County Cricket Club|Gloucestershire]] batsman [[Walter Troup]], the Agra team had little to offer and this was a routine win for Vernon's XI. Troup [[carried his bat]] though the Agra first innings with 59* in a total of 116.{{sfn|Coldham|1990|p=74}}<br /> <br /> In [[Meerut]], the tourists again encountered Troup, this time playing for a team called Northern India. Vernon had recovered and his team totalled 304 in the first innings with seven batsmen making scores of between 23 and 54. Hoping for another convincing victory, Vernon's XI were frustrated by Troup (42) and John Waterfield (98), who forged a stubborn and time-consuming fourth wicket partnership. Although Northern India had to follow-on, there was not enough time left for the tourists to dismiss them again, and the match was drawn.{{sfn|Coldham|1990|p=74}}<br /> <br /> Soon afterwards, de Little broke a collarbone in a riding accident. The team had only eight fit players when they arrived in [[Lahore]] for the final match against a Punjab team; Vernon himself was again among the absentees. They recruited John Waterfield for this match along with Army officers Herman Bonham-Carter and [[Hugh Bateman-Champain]]. Vernon's XI won by an innings, the match and the tour ending on 1 March 1890.{{sfn|Coldham|1990|p=75}}<br /> <br /> The team's highest runscorers on the tour were Walker (515) and Vernon himself (478). Vernon's 128 in the opening match against Ceylon was the highest individual score; three other centuries were scored by Lawson-Smith (117), Walker (108) and Gibson (100). The leading bowlers by wickets taken were Hornsby (69), Gibson (67) and de Little (49).{{sfn|Caple|1959|p=16}}<br /> <br /> ==Aftermath==<br /> The tour was a success and it made a significant contribution to the growth and development of cricket in the sub-continent. On 27 March 1890, ''Cricket'' reproduced an article in India's ''[[The Pioneer (India)|Pioneer Mail]]'' which praised Vernon's XI for &quot;setting on foot an enterprise now sure to be repeated&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;C23236&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |url=https://archive.acscricket.com/cricket/1890/42/index.html |title=Cricket in India: From the ''Pioneer Mail'' |journal=Cricket: A Weekly Record of the Game |publisher=Merritt &amp; Hatcher Ltd |location=London |volume=IX |issue=232 |page=36 |date=27 March 1890 |via=ACS}}&lt;/ref&gt; It would not be long before it was repeated as [[Lord Hawke's cricket team in Ceylon and India in 1892–93|another touring party]] arrived in 1892, this time led by Hawke and including [[F. S. Jackson]], the future [[England cricket team|England]] captain, and [[Ledger Hill]]. Gibson, Hornsby, Leatham, and Vernon all returned.{{sfn|Bose|1990|p=26}} Colynge Caple remarked that the tour had originated as &quot;something in the nature of a pleasure trip&quot; but in the end it forged &quot;yet another link in the ever-growing chain of international cricket&quot;.{{sfn|Caple|1959|p=14}}<br /> <br /> The Parsis had first played the European members of the Bombay Gymkhana in 1877. The Europeans won after the Parsis had surprisingly taken a first innings lead and the match was reiterated several times in the following years. The Parsis went to England twice in the 1880s and were all that time gaining expertise and experience. In the Gymkhana match of September 1889, the Parsis won by 10 wickets&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/261/261089.html |title=Bombay Gymkhana v Parsees, September 1889 |work=CricketArchive |access-date=6 September 2022 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=4 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004153000/https://cricketarchive.com/subscribe |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; and then, four months later, came the celebrated victory over Vernon's XI.{{sfn|Bose|1990|pp=23–26}} [[Mihir Bose]] likened the popular acclaim of the Parsi team to that of a people who had [[Battle of Nahavand|lost their country long ago]] and suddenly rediscovered themselves on a cricket field.{{sfn|Bose|1990|p=26}}<br /> <br /> Two years later, the Parsis were playing their [[Europeans cricket team|European counterparts]] in a match billed as the [[Bombay Quadrangular|Bombay Presidency]] and generally accorded [[first-class cricket|first-class status]], the inaugural first-class match in India. Unfortunately, it was ruined by rain and resulted in a draw, but it meant the Parsis had arrived at cricket's highest level. In the years that followed, the cricketers among the Hindu and Muslim communities inevitably caught up and the Bombay Presidency Match became the Bombay Triangular in 1907 and the [[Bombay Quadrangular]] in 1912.{{sfn|Bose|1990|pp=32–33}}<br /> <br /> ==Players==<br /> The list below includes all players who represented Vernon's XI in at least one of the thirteen matches. There was no formal squad selection process as for later [[Test cricket|Test teams]] and the players became involved as a result of receiving friendly invitations, or by being available when the team was short of numbers. Some players therefore had a very temporary association with the team at one or two locations only. The table gives the name, cricket club (if specific), age (i.e., on 1 November 1889) and on-field roles of each player:<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;font-size:95%; width:90%;&quot;<br /> |+ Batsmen<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; width=&quot;20%&quot; |'''Name'''<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; width=&quot;20%&quot; |'''Club'''<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; width=&quot;20%&quot; |'''Birth date'''<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; width=&quot;10%&quot; |'''Batting style'''<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; width=&quot;25%&quot; |'''Bowling style'''<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; width=&quot;5%&quot; |'''Refs'''<br /> |-<br /> | [[Martin Hawke, 7th Baron Hawke|Lord Hawke]]<br /> | [[Yorkshire County Cricket Club|Yorkshire]]<br /> | {{Birth date and age2|1889|11|01|1860|08|16|df=y}}<br /> | rowspan=4| right-handed<br /> | rowspan=2| <br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/0/189/189.html |title=Lord Hawke |work=CricketArchive |access-date=4 September 2022 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=26 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926191426/https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/0/189/189.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | E. M. Lawson-Smith<br /> | [[Northumberland County Cricket Club|Northumberland]]<br /> | {{Birth date and age2|1889|11|01|1859|11|03|df=y}}<br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/298/298050/298050.html |title=Edward Lawson-Smith |work=CricketArchive |access-date=4 September 2022 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=4 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904110414/https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/298/298050/298050.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[George Vernon (cricketer)|George Vernon]]<br /> | rowspan=2| [[Middlesex County Cricket Club|Middlesex]]<br /> | {{Birth date and age2|1889|11|01|1856|06|20|df=y}}<br /> | [[underarm bowling|underarm]] slow (hand unknown)<br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/0/72/72.html |title=George Vernon |work=CricketArchive |access-date=4 September 2022 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=4 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904091922/https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/0/72/72.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[James Walker (sportsman)|J. G. Walker]]<br /> | {{Birth date and age2|1889|11|01|1859|09|09|df=y}}<br /> | <br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Players/33/33566/33566.html |title=James Walker |work=CricketArchive |access-date=4 September 2022 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=4 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904103502/https://cricketarchive.com/Players/33/33566/33566.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;font-size:95%; width:90%;&quot;<br /> |+ All-rounders<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; width=&quot;20%&quot; |'''Name'''<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; width=&quot;20%&quot; |'''Club'''<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; width=&quot;20%&quot; |'''Birth date'''<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; width=&quot;10%&quot; |'''Batting style'''<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; width=&quot;25%&quot; |'''Bowling style'''<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; width=&quot;5%&quot; |'''Refs'''<br /> |-<br /> | [[Arthur Gibson (Lancashire cricketer)|Arthur Gibson]]<br /> | [[Lancashire County Cricket Club|Lancashire]] || {{Birth date and age2|1889|11|01|1863|06|15|df=y}} || right-handed || right arm [[medium pace bowling|medium pace]] || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/29/29627/29627.html |title=Arthur Gibson |work=CricketArchive |access-date=4 September 2022 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=8 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171108040348/https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/29/29627/29627.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;font-size:95%; width:90%;&quot;<br /> |+ Wicket-keepers<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; width=&quot;20%&quot; |'''Name'''<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; width=&quot;20%&quot; |'''Club'''<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; width=&quot;20%&quot; |'''Birth date'''<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; width=&quot;10%&quot; |'''Batting style'''<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; width=&quot;25%&quot; |'''Bowling style'''<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; width=&quot;5%&quot; |'''Refs'''<br /> |-<br /> | [[Hylton Philipson]]<br /> | [[Oxford University Cricket Club|Oxford University]]<br /> | {{Birth date and age2|1889|11|01|1866|06|08|df=y}}<br /> | rowspan=2| right-handed<br /> | rowspan=2| <br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/0/72/72.html |title=Hylton Philipson |work=CricketArchive |access-date=4 September 2022 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=4 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904091922/https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/0/72/72.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Thomas Tapling]]<br /> | various teams<br /> | {{Birth date and age2|1889|11|01|1855|10|30|df=y}}<br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/33/33180/33180.html |title=Thomas Tapling |work=CricketArchive |access-date=4 September 2022 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=4 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904031122/https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/33/33180/33180.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;font-size:95%; width:90%;&quot;<br /> |+ Bowlers<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; width=&quot;20%&quot; |'''Name'''<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; width=&quot;20%&quot; |'''Club'''<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; width=&quot;20%&quot; |'''Birth date'''<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; width=&quot;10%&quot; |'''Batting style'''<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; width=&quot;25%&quot; |'''Bowling style'''<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; width=&quot;5%&quot; |'''Refs'''<br /> |-<br /> | [[Ernest de Little]]<br /> | [[Cambridge University Cricket Club|Cambridge University]]<br /> | {{Birth date and age2|1889|11|01|1868|06|19|df=y}}<br /> | rowspan=4| right-handed<br /> | right arm [[fast bowling|fast]]<br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/29/29013/29013.html |title=Ernest de Little |work=CricketArchive |access-date=4 September 2022 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=4 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904132112/https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/29/29013/29013.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[George Hone-Goldney]]<br /> | various teams<br /> | {{Birth date and age2|1889|11|01|1851|01|24|df=y}}<br /> | right arm [[medium pace bowling|medium pace]]<br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/30/30353/30353.html |title=George Hone-Goldney |work=CricketArchive |access-date=4 September 2022 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=4 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904031127/https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/30/30353/30353.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[John Hornsby (cricketer)|John Hornsby]]<br /> | [[Middlesex County Cricket Club|Middlesex]]<br /> | {{Birth date and age2|1889|11|01|1860|04|18|df=y}}<br /> | [[left arm orthodox spin|slow left arm orthodox]]<br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/30/30380/30380.html |title=John Hornsby |work=CricketArchive |access-date=4 September 2022 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=4 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904115106/https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/30/30380/30380.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Albert Leatham]]<br /> | rowspan=2| various teams<br /> | {{Birth date and age2|1889|11|01|1859|08|09|df=y}}<br /> | left arm [[medium pace bowling|slow medium]]<br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/30/30928/30928.html |title=Albert Leatham |work=CricketArchive |access-date=4 September 2022 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=4 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904125048/https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/30/30928/30928.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Francis Shand]]<br /> | {{Birth date and age2|1889|11|01|1855|06|23|df=y}}<br /> | left-handed<br /> | left arm [[fast bowling|fast]]<br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/32/32683/32683.html |title=Francis Shand |work=CricketArchive |access-date=4 September 2022 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=4 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904031123/https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/32/32683/32683.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;font-size:95%; width:90%;&quot;<br /> |+ Others<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; width=&quot;20%&quot; |'''Name'''<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; width=&quot;75%&quot; |'''Notes'''<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; width=&quot;5%&quot; |'''Refs'''<br /> |-<br /> | [[Hugh Bateman-Champain]]<br /> | Bateman-Champain (1869–1933) played in eleven first-class matches for [[Gloucestershire County Cricket Club|Gloucestershire]], and one for MCC, between 1888 and 1902. He played for Vernon's XI against the Punjab. In later life, he was appointed secretary-general of the British Red Cross. <br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/27/27746/27746.html |title=Hugh Bateman-Champain |work=CricketArchive |access-date=4 September 2022 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=4 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904162256/https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/27/27746/27746.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Herman Bonham-Carter<br /> | Herman Bonham-Carter (1863–1945) was educated at [[Winchester College]] and the [[Royal Military Academy, Woolwich]]. He became an officer in the [[Royal Engineers]] and, from December 1888, he was in India at the Public Works Department (Traffic Department), managing railways. He had played cricket at the Academy and for the Royal Engineers team but never in any top-class matches. He joined Vernon's XI for their final match in Lahore. In 1891, he played for [[Marylebone Cricket Club]] against [[Hampshire County Cricket Club|Hampshire]] but, again, that was not a top-class match.<br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/256/256115/256115.html |title=Herman Bonham-Carter |work=CricketArchive |access-date=4 September 2022 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=4 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904162251/https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/256/256115/256115.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Hon. A. N. Curzon<br /> | The Honourable Alfred Nathaniel Curzon (1860–1920), a son of the [[Alfred Curzon, 4th Baron Scarsdale|4th Lord Scarsdale]], was an officer in the 5th (Militia) Battalion of the Derbyshire Regiment, which was visiting Ceylon in 1889 and 1890. <br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/251/251507/Miscellaneous_Matches.html |title=Matches played by A. N. Curzon |work=CricketArchive |access-date=4 September 2022 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=4 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904163208/https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/251/251507/Miscellaneous_Matches.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;C23244&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |url=https://archive.acscricket.com/cricket/1890/50/index.html |title=The English Amateurs in India |journal=Cricket: A Weekly Record of the Game |publisher=Merritt &amp; Hatcher Ltd |location=London |volume=IX |issue=232 |page=44 |date=27 March 1890 |via=ACS}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000228/18881201/036/0005 |title=Local News |publisher=Derbyshire Times |date=1 December 1888 |page=5 |via=British Newspaper Archive}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[P. G. von Donop]]<br /> | Better known as a footballer, he was an officer in the [[Royal Engineers]] and was stationed in Bombay from 1889 to 1894 as Inspector of Submarine Defences. He had always been a keen club cricketer but never played at top-class level. He joined Vernon for the two matches at the Gymkhana.<br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/251/251027/251027.html |title=Pelham von Donop |work=CricketArchive |access-date=4 September 2022 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=4 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904162217/https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/251/251027/251027.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | F. W. Kerr<br /> | Frederick W. Kerr is known to have been a member of the [[Colombo Cricket Club]] in 1889 when he played in four matches, including one for and one against Vernon's XI. He and S. L. Murray were officers in the [[Gordon Highlanders]] who joined Vernon for the opening match against Ceylon in Kandy, because of other players being unavailable.<br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/251/251473/251473.html |title=F. W. Kerr |work=CricketArchive |access-date=4 September 2022 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=4 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904031134/https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/251/251473/251473.html |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;C23011&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |url=https://archive.acscricket.com/cricket/1890/50/index.html |title=The English Amateurs in India |journal=Cricket: A Weekly Record of the Game |publisher=Merritt &amp; Hatcher Ltd |location=London |volume=VIII |issue=232 |page=11 |date=27 December 1889 |via=ACS}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;GH&quot;&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WWc-AQAAIAAJ |chapter=The Gordon Highlanders |title=Official Army List |publisher=[[War Office]] |location=London |year=1894 |page=860}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | S. L. Murray<br /> | Stewart Lygon Murray (1863–1930) is known to have been a member of the [[Colombo Cricket Club]] in 1889 when he played in three matches, including one for and one against Vernon's XI. He and F. W. Kerr joined Vernon for the opening match against Ceylon in Kandy, because of other players being unavailable. Murray was an officer in the [[Gordon Highlanders]], first commissioned as a lieutenant in 1884. He later became a military historian.<br /> | &lt;ref name=&quot;C23011&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/251/251474/251474.html |title=S. L. Murray |work=CricketArchive |access-date=4 September 2022 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=4 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904031146/https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/251/251474/251474.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;GH&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | W. W. Sevier<br /> | Listed by ''CricketArchive'' in thirty 1884 schools matches which involved the All Saints' School at [[Bloxham]]. In 1888 and 1889, he played in some matches for the East Gloucestershire club, based in [[Cheltenham]], and one for the [[Free Foresters cricket team|Free Foresters]].<br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/253/253704/253704.html |title=W. W. Sevier |work=CricketArchive |access-date=4 September 2022 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=4 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904131551/https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/253/253704/253704.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Robert Vizard<br /> | Robert Davenport Vizard (1861–1941) played cricket between 1878 and 1891. He represented each of [[Shropshire County Cricket Club|Shropshire]], [[Dorset County Cricket Club|Dorset]] and [[Cheshire County Cricket Club|Cheshire]] but never played in top-class cricket. He joined Vernon's XI for the match in Meerut, having played against them in Agra. He died in [[Kalutara]], Ceylon.<br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/251/251133/251133.html |title=Robert Vizard |work=CricketArchive |access-date=4 September 2022 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=4 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904162229/https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/251/251133/251133.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | John Waterfield<br /> | John Ewart Waterfield (1862–1891) played in five schools matches for Dulwich College in 1879 but is not recorded again until the 1889–90 season in India. He never played in top-class cricket. He joined Vernon's XI for their final match in Lahore, having played against them in three previous matches. He died 14 months later in [[Meerut]], aged only 28.<br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/251/251423/251423.html |title=John Waterfield |work=CricketArchive |access-date=4 September 2022 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=4 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904162240/https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/251/251423/251423.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | H. Hilliard<br /> | rowspan=6| No information has been found about these players other than their appearances in the Ceylon, Agra or Lucknow matches.<br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/251/251122/251122.html |title=H. Hilliard |work=CricketArchive |access-date=4 September 2022 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=4 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904162227/https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/251/251122/251122.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Hughes<br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/251/251108/251108.html |title=Hughes |work=CricketArchive |access-date=4 September 2022 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=4 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904162240/https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/251/251108/251108.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | A. John<br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/251/251123/251123.html |title=A. John |work=CricketArchive |access-date=4 September 2022 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=4 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904162231/https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/251/251123/251123.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Maxwell<br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/251/251121/251121.html |title=Maxwell |work=CricketArchive |access-date=4 September 2022 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=4 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904162229/https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/251/251121/251121.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Rawlinson<br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/251/251107/251107.html |title=Rawlinson |work=CricketArchive |access-date=4 September 2022 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=4 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904162245/https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/251/251107/251107.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | E. Thomas<br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/251/251093/251093.html |title=E. Thomas |work=CricketArchive |access-date=4 September 2022 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=4 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904031132/https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/251/251093/251093.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> {{reflist|group=notes}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==Bibliography==<br /> * {{cite book |last=ACS |author-link=Association of Cricket Statisticians and Historians |title=A Guide to First-class Cricket Matches Played in the British Isles |year=1982 |publisher=ACS |location=Nottingham}}<br /> * {{cite book |last=Bose |first=Mihir |title=A History of Indian Cricket |year=1990 |publisher=[[André Deutsch]] |location=London |isbn=978-02-33985-63-3}}<br /> * {{cite book |last=Caple |first=S. Canynge |title=England ''versus'' India: 1886 – 1959 |year=1959 |publisher=Littlebury &amp; Co. Ltd |location=Worcester |asin=B001EN6QX2 |oclc=451210}}<br /> * {{cite book |last=Coldham |first=James P. |title=Lord Hawke – A Cricketing Biography |year=1990 |publisher=The Crowood Press |isbn=978-1-8522-3305-1}}<br /> * {{cite book |last=Guha |first=Ramachandra |author-link=Ramachandra Guha |title=A Corner of a Foreign Field – An Indian History of a British Sport |year=2001 |publisher=Picador |isbn=978-0-3304-9117-4}}<br /> * {{cite book |editor1-last=Swanton |editor1-first=E. W. |editor2-last=Plumptre |editor2-first=George |editor3-last=Woodcock |editor3-first=George |title=Barclays World of Cricket |publisher=Harper Collins |location=London |year=1986 |isbn=978-00-02181-93-8}}<br /> <br /> {{International cricket tours of India}}<br /> {{International cricket tours of Sri Lanka}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Vernon, George, XI cricket team in Ceylon and India in 1889-90}}<br /> [[Category:1889 in English cricket]]<br /> [[Category:1890 in English cricket]]<br /> [[Category:1889 in Ceylon]]<br /> [[Category:1889 in Indian cricket]]<br /> [[Category:1890 in Indian cricket]]<br /> [[Category:English cricket tours of India|1889-90]]<br /> [[Category:English cricket tours of Sri Lanka|1889-90]]<br /> [[Category:Indian cricket seasons from 1864 to 1917–18]]<br /> [[Category:Sri Lankan cricket seasons from 1880–81 to 1971–72]]<br /> [[Category:International cricket competitions from 1888–89 to 1918]]</div>

BuyMetabolicSolutionsKeto https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bal_Vidyalaya&diff=475819 2026-02-22T18:38:43Z

<p>BuyMetabolicSolutionsKeto: adjusted details for accuracy and cleaned formatting</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Private school in Rajasthan, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox school<br /> | name = Bal Vidyalaya<br /> | image = Bal Vidyalaya.jpg<br /> | motto = ''Service Before Self''<br /> | established = 1974<br /> | type = Private School<br /> | founder = Mr. [[Bhuvnesh Chaturvedi]]<br /> | principal = Mr. Shankar Lal Sharma<br /> | enrollment = 3000 +<br /> | address = SP circle, NH. 29, Baran Road<br /> | city = [[Kota, Rajasthan|Kota]]<br /> | state = [[Rajasthan]]<br /> | country = India<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|25.115|75.5154|type:edu_region:IN|display=inline,title}}<br /> | publication = GARIMA<br /> | affiliations = Board Of Secondary Education, Rajasthan, Ajmer&lt;br&gt;[[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]]<br /> | website = {{URL|balhit.ac.in/indexviya.htm}}<br /> }}<br /> '''Bhuvnesh Bal Vidyalaya''', previously known as '''Bal Vidyalaya''', is a private semi-boarding Senior Secondary School in [[Kota, Rajasthan|Kota]] in the Indian state of [[Rajasthan]]. The school contains five hostels which in total house 620 students. Bhuvnesh Bal Vidyalaya is affiliated with the nearby Bal Mandir.<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> The school was built on land allotted by Rajasthan Government to Honourable Mr. [[Bhuvnesh Chaturvedi]] (Former State Minister). Dr. [[V.K.R.V. Rao]] (then Minister of Education) laid the foundation stone on 24 May 1970. The building was inaugurated on 25 July 1974 by Shri [[Mohan Lal Sukhadia]], then Governor of Karnataka. A science museum at Bhuvnesh Bal Vidyalaya was inaugurated in May 2003 and a swimming pool was constructed in February 2004.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=BHUVNESH BAL VIDYALAYA |url=https://www.balhit.ac.in/bal-vidyalaya/index.php |access-date=2024-11-08 |website=www.balhit.ac.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:VpComesBV.JPG|thumb|Mr. [[Mohammad Hamid Ansari]], [[Vice President of India]] presenting a memento to Mrs. J. Robinson, 1st Principal of the Bal Mandir - Bal Vidyalaya, at the Golden Jubilee Celebrations of the Bal Hitkari Samiti, at Kota, Rajasthan on 15 May 2008.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.vicepresidentofindia.nic.in/photogalleryn61.asp|title=Mr. Vice President Of India At Bal Vidyalaya|date=15 May 2008|work=Vice President Of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923175937/http://www.vicepresidentofindia.nic.in/photogalleryn61.asp|archive-date=2015-09-23|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;|alt=]]<br /> <br /> [[File:Farhan Kota.JPG|thumb|Students At Bal Vidyalaya's Camps.]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Schools in Rajasthan]]<br /> [[Category:Education in Kota, Rajasthan]]<br /> <br /> {{Rajasthan-school-stub}}</div>

BuyMetabolicSolutionsKeto https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Govind_Prasad_Mishra&diff=466881 2026-02-07T19:30:49Z

<p>BuyMetabolicSolutionsKeto: small adjusted citations after review also and added references for accuracy</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian politician}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Govind Prasad Mishra<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1949|08|02}}<br /> | birth_place = Kosta Pawai, [[Sidhi]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]<br /> | citizenship = Indian<br /> | education = [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]], [[LL.B]], D.C.E.<br /> | alma_mater = Awadhesh Pratap Singh University, [[Samrat Ashok Technological Institute]]<br /> | occupation = Politician<br /> | years_active = 1993 – present<br /> | era = <br /> | employer = <br /> | organization = <br /> | agent = <br /> | known_for = <br /> | notable_works = <br /> | style = <br /> | term = 2009 – present<br /> | predecessor = <br /> | successor = <br /> | party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br /> | movement = <br /> | opponents = <br /> | boards = [[List of committees of the Indian government#Department Related Standing Committees (DRSCs)|Committee on Coal and Steel]]<br /> | spouse = Geeta Mishra<br /> | children = <br /> | parents = Shri Hanuman Prasad Mishra (father), Saraswati Devi (mother)<br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Govind Prasad Mishra''' (born 2 August 1949 in Kosta Pawai, Sidhi) is an Indian politician, belonging to [[Bhartiya Janata Party]]. From 1993–1998, he was a member of the [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]. In the [[2009 Indian general election|2009 election]] he was elected to the [[15th Lok Sabha]] from the [[Sidhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sidhi Lok Sabha]] constituency of Madhya Pradesh.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://eciresults.nic.in/frmWinnerList.aspx |title=Election Commission of India-General Elections 2009 Results |access-date=14 February 2012 |archive-date=27 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090627024230/http://eciresults.nic.in/frmWinnerList.aspx |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Former Sidhi MP Govind Mishra quits BJP&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=The Times of India |title=Former Sidhi MP Govind Mishra quits BJP |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections/madhya-pradesh/news/former-sidhi-mp-govind-mishra-quits-bjp/articleshow/68822264.cms |access-date=30 September 2024 |date=11 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930180250/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections/madhya-pradesh/news/former-sidhi-mp-govind-mishra-quits-bjp/articleshow/68822264.cms |archive-date=30 September 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Mishra is an agriculturist and advocate. He is married to Geeta Mishra and has 4 daughters and 4 sons.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url = http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/Members/Biography.aspx?mpsno=4512 |title=Fifteenth Lok Sabha Member's Bioprofile |accessdate = 14 February 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; His Eldest Son, Anendra Mishra Rajan, has joined Aam Admi Party, in 2023.<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [http://www.archive.india.gov.in/govt/loksabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=4512 Indian government profile of Mishra] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150122222538/http://www.archive.india.gov.in/govt/loksabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=4512 |date=22 January 2015 }}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Mishra, Govind}}<br /> [[Category:India MPs 2009–2014]]<br /> [[Category:1949 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:People from Sidhi district]]<br /> [[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 1993–1998]]<br /> [[Category:Lok Sabha members from Madhya Pradesh]]<br /> <br /> {{MadhyaPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}</div>

BuyMetabolicSolutionsKeto https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kudroli_Bhagavathi_Temple&diff=510963 2026-02-02T13:55:49Z

<p>BuyMetabolicSolutionsKeto: Added A Place.</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox Hindu temple|name=Kudroli Shri Bhagavathi Kshetra&lt;br /&gt;ಕುದ್ರೋಳಿ ಶ್ರೀ ಭಗವತೀ ಕ್ಷೇತ್ರ|location=[[Kudroli]], [[Kodailbail]], [[Mangalore]], [[Karnataka]]|image=Kudroli Bhagavathi Khsethra 1.jpg|caption=Kudroli Shri Bhagavathi Kshetra&lt;br /&gt;ಕುದ್ರೋಳಿ ಶ್ರೀ ಭಗವತೀ ಕ್ಷೇತ್ರ|website=http://kudrolibhagavathi.org}}<br /> The '''Kudroli Shri Bhagavathi Kshetra''' is a temple located in the heart of the city in [[Kodialbail]], [[Mangalore]] in [[Karnataka]].<br /> <br /> This temple has an 800-year-old history and this is the only temple where 14 Goddesses Bhagavathi are worshiped in three different names: Shri Cheerumbha Bhagavathi (4 forms), Shri Padangara Bhagavathi (5 forms), Shri Pullurali Bhagavathi (5 forms) which is why this temple is called Koota Kala among the 18 bhagavathi temples situated in the States of Karnataka and Kerala states together.<br /> <br /> ==Festivals==<br /> [[File:Kudroli Bhagavathi Temple.jpg|thumb|right| Devotees inside temple]]<br /> Every year in March, [[Nadavali Utsav]] (or Nadavali) is held in the temple for three days, and [[Bharani Utsav]] is held grandly once in seven years here.<br /> <br /> ==Sculptures and spaces==<br /> [[File:Veera Sthambha 1.jpg|thumb|Veera Sthambha at the temple]]<br /> Veera Sthambha is a stone sculpture and is a special attraction of the temple. [[Siyala Abisheka]] is held in the month of May (2nd Sunday) every year.<br /> <br /> A statue of Shri Narayana Guru is carved in white marble and situated in the entrance. In the month of September, [[Narayan Guru Jayanthi]] is held here.<br /> <br /> An auditorium and dining room with a seating capacity of 1,500 people is located within the temple premises.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.mangaloretoday.com/main/-Akshaya-Hall-inaugurated-at-Shree-Kudroli-Bhagavathi-Temple.html|work=Mangalore Today|title='Akshaya' Hall inaugurated at Shree Kudroli Bhagavathi Temple|date=October 5, 2013|access-date=January 13, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Hindu temples in Karnataka}}<br /> <br /> {{coord|12.8757|74.8378|type:landmark_region:IN|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Hindu temples in Mangalore]]<br /> [[Category:Tourist attractions in Mangalore]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{India-Hindu-temple-stub}}<br /> {{Mangalore-geo-stub}}</div>

BuyMetabolicSolutionsKeto https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paleobiota_of_the_Ca%C3%B1ad%C3%B3n_Asfalto_Formation&diff=462072 2026-02-01T15:19:29Z

<p>BuyMetabolicSolutionsKeto: improve citations to improve readability and updated info as per guidelines</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Geological formation in Argentina}}<br /> {{multiple image<br /> | align = right<br /> | perrow = 3/3<br /> | total_width = 400<br /> | image1 = USA - California - Carrizo Plain National Monument - Soda Lake - 52977300396.jpg<br /> | image2 = 2018-12-30 114345 Waimangu Volcanic Valley anagoria.jpg<br /> | footer = The Chacritas Member hosted volcanic-influenced soda lake (Example from modern [[California]]), while nearby environments hosted varied floral belts from coastal Cheirolepidaceous forests to highland Podocarps (Modern Equivalent from [[New Zealand]]), a rift area with nearby volcanic influence of the Chon Aike Province<br /> }}<br /> The [[Cañadón Asfalto Formation]] is a [[geological formation]] which dates to the [[Toarcian]] age of the [[Early Jurassic]] period of [[Argentina]]. The rocks of the formation preserve a diverse biota, including [[plant]]s, [[dinosaur]]s, [[invertebrate]]s, [[mammal]]s and [[pterosaur]]s, among others. The formation is divided into two members: the lower Las Chacritas Member, and the overlying Puesto Almada member, though the latter has also been assigned to the overlying [[Cañadón Calcáreo Formation]] by some authors. The members are typically composed of fluvial-lacustrine deposits consisting of sandstones and shales, with a limestone carbonate evaporitic sequence also being present in the lower of the two.<br /> <br /> ==Invertebrates==<br /> {{Paleobiota-key-compact}}<br /> <br /> ===Demospongiae===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;7&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''[[Palaeospongillidae]] reported from the Cañadon Asfalto Formation'''<br /> |-<br /> ! Genus<br /> ! Species<br /> ! Location<br /> ! Stratigraphic position<br /> ! Material<br /> ! Notes<br /> ! Images<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> ''[[Palaeospongilla]]''&lt;ref name=FaunaChacri&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Cabaleri |first1=N. G. |last2=Benavente |first2=C. A. |title=Sedimentology and paleoenvironments of the Las Chacritas carbonate paleolake, Cañadón Asfalto Formation (Jurassic), Patagonia, Argentina |journal=Sedimentary Geology |date=2013 |volume=284 |issue=4 |pages=91–105 |doi=10.1016/j.sedgeo.2012.11.008 |bibcode=2013SedG..284...91C |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0037073812003247|access-date=29 July 2022|hdl=11336/182449 |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> *''P. chubutensis''<br /> |<br /> *Estancia Fossati locality<br /> |<br /> *Las Chacritas Member<br /> |<br /> Isolated Specimens<br /> |<br /> A freshwater (Lacustrine) member of [[Palaeospongillidae]] (Spongillida Sponges). Represents the main lacustrine bottom inhabitant of the Chacritas Paleolake<br /> |<br /> [[File:Spongilla lacustris.jpg|thumb|center|155px|Example of the living genus ''[[Spongilla]]''. The genus ''[[Palaeospongilla]]'' was likely similar]]<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Crustacea===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;7&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''[[Crustacea]] reported from the Cañadon Asfalto Formation'''<br /> |-<br /> ! Genus<br /> ! Species<br /> ! Location<br /> ! Stratigraphic position<br /> ! Material<br /> ! Notes<br /> ! Images<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> ''[[Carapacestheria]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Gallego |first1=O.F. |last2=Cabaleri |first2=N.G. |title=Conchóstracos de la Formación Cañadón Asfalto (Jurásico Medio – Superior): análisis preliminar de su distribución estratigráfica |journal=Ameghiniana: II Simposio Argentino del Jurásico (Buenos Aires) |date=2005 |volume=42 |issue=2 |page=51}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=ConchoA&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Tasch |first1=P. |last2=Volkheimer |first2=W. |title=Jurassic conchostracans from Patagonia |journal=The University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions |date=1970 |volume=50 |issue=3 |pages=24–48 |url=https://kuscholarworks.ku.edu/handle/1808/3693?show=full |access-date=29 July 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Carapace&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Monferran |first1=M. D. |last2=Gallego |first2=O. F. |last3=Cabaleri |first3=N. G. |title=Revision of Two Spinicaudatan Species from the Cañadón Asfalto Formation (Jurassic), Patagonia Argentina |journal=Zoological Studies |date=2020 |volume=59 |issue=3 |pages=112–123 |doi=10.6620/ZS.2020.59-37 |pmid=33262859 |pmc=7689052 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> *''C. taschi''<br /> |<br /> *Cañadón Asfalto<br /> *Cañadón Lahuincó<br /> *Cerro Bayo<br /> |<br /> *Las Chacritas Member<br /> *Puesto Almada Member<br /> |<br /> Isolated Valves<br /> |<br /> A freshwater (Lacustrine) member of [[Eosestheriidae]] (Spinicaudatan). Originally identified as ''Cyzicus (Euestheria) taschi''. This genus is found in identical alkaline lacustrine settings in the also Toarcian [[Mawson Formation]] of Antarctica<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;background:#f3e9f3;&quot; |<br /> ''[[Congestheriella]]''&lt;ref name=Carapace/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Gallego|first1=O.F. |last2=Shen |first2=Y.B. |last3=Cabaleri |first3=N.G. |last4=Hernández |first4=M. |title=The genus Congestheriella Kobayashi, 1954 (&quot;Conchostraca&quot;, Diplostraca, Afrograptioidea): redescription and new combination to Isaura olsoni Bock from Venezuela and a new species from Argentina (Upper Jurassic) |journal=Alavesia |date=2010 |volume=3 |issue=6 |pages=11–24 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285785869 |access-date=2022-07-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |style=&quot;background:#f3e9f3;&quot; |<br /> *''C. rauhuti''<br /> |style=&quot;background:#f3e9f3;&quot; |<br /> *Sierra de la Manea<br /> *Estancia El Torito<br /> *Cañadón Los Chivos<br /> |style=&quot;background:#f3e9f3;&quot; |<br /> *Puesto Almada Member<br /> |style=&quot;background:#f3e9f3;&quot; |<br /> Isolated Valves<br /> |style=&quot;background:#f3e9f3;&quot; |<br /> A freshwater (Lacustrine) member of [[Afrograptidae]] (Spinicaudatan). Given the stratigraphic uncertainty, it may come from the Cañadón Calcáreo Formation.<br /> |style=&quot;background:#f3e9f3;&quot; |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> ''[[Darwinula]]''&lt;ref name=Micro/&gt;<br /> |<br /> *''D. magna''<br /> *''D. spp.''<br /> |<br /> *Cañadón Asfalto<br /> *Cañadón Lahuincó<br /> *Cerro Bayo<br /> *Cañadón Asfalto<br /> *Quebrada Subsidiaria<br /> *Estancia el Torito<br /> |<br /> *Las Chacritas Member<br /> *Puesto Almada Member<br /> |<br /> Isolated Valves<br /> |<br /> A freshwater (Lacustrine) member of [[Darwinulidae]] (Ostracod). <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> ''[[Eosolimnadiopsis]]''&lt;ref name=Trich/&gt;<br /> |<br /> *''E. spp.''<br /> |<br /> *Cerro Cóndor<br /> *Estancia Fossati&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Mateo Daniel |first1=Monferran |last2=Lara |first2=María Belén |last3=Gallego |first3=Oscar Florencio |last4=Ballent |first4=Sara |last5=Cabaleri |first5=Nora |last6=Armella |first6=Claudia |date=2010 |title=Nuevos registros de invertebrados en la Formación Cañadón Asfalto, Depocentro Fossati (Jurásico Medio-Superior), Provincia del Chubut, Argentina |url=https://www.conicet.gov.ar/new_scp/detalle.php?keywords=&amp;id=02625&amp;inst=yes&amp;congresos=yes&amp;detalles=yes&amp;congr_id=1055851 |journal=Simposio; IV Simposio Argentino del jurásico y sus Límites |volume=9 |issue=1 |page=23}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> *Las Chacritas Member<br /> |<br /> Isolated Valves<br /> |<br /> A freshwater (Lacustrine) member of [[Palaeolimnadiopseidae]] (Spinicaudatan).<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> ''[[Euestheria]]''&lt;ref name=FOSSALMA/&gt;&lt;ref name=ConchoA/&gt;&lt;ref name=Carapace/&gt;<br /> |<br /> *''E. volkheimeri''<br /> |<br /> *Cerro Cóndor<br /> *Cerro Bayo<br /> *Alice Creek<br /> *Quebrada Subsidiaria<br /> |<br /> *Las Chacritas Member<br /> *Puesto Almada Member<br /> |<br /> Isolated Valves<br /> |<br /> A freshwater (Lacustrine) member of [[Euestheriidae]] (Spinicaudatan).<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> ''[[Lioestheria]]''&lt;ref name=FOSSALMA/&gt;&lt;ref name=ConchoA/&gt;&lt;ref name=Carapace/&gt;<br /> |<br /> *''C. (Lioestheria) sp. B''<br /> *''C. (Lioestheria) sp. C''<br /> |<br /> *Cañadón Las Chacritas<br /> *Colan Conhué<br /> *Alice Creek<br /> |<br /> *Las Chacritas Member<br /> *Puesto Almada Member<br /> |<br /> Isolated Valves<br /> |<br /> A freshwater (Lacustrine) member of [[Fushunograptidae]] (Spinicaudatan).<br /> |<br /> [[File:California Clam Shrimp (Cyzicus californicus).jpg|155px|thumb|center|Extant example of the Genus]]<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;background:#f3e9f3;&quot; |<br /> ''[[Mandelstamia]]''&lt;ref name=FOSSALMA/&gt;&lt;ref name=Micro/&gt;<br /> |style=&quot;background:#f3e9f3;&quot; |<br /> *''M.? spp.''<br /> |style=&quot;background:#f3e9f3;&quot; |<br /> *Estancia El Torito<br /> |style=&quot;background:#f3e9f3;&quot; |<br /> *Puesto Almada Member<br /> |style=&quot;background:#f3e9f3;&quot; |<br /> Isolated Valves<br /> |style=&quot;background:#f3e9f3;&quot; |<br /> A freshwater (Lacustrine) member of [[Limnocytheridae]] (Ostracodan). Given the stratigraphic uncertainty, it may come from the Cañadón Calcáreo Formation<br /> |style=&quot;background:#f3e9f3;&quot; |<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;background:#f3e9f3;&quot; |<br /> ''[[Metacypris]]''&lt;ref name=FOSSALMA/&gt;&lt;ref name=Micro/&gt;<br /> |style=&quot;background:#f3e9f3;&quot; |<br /> *''M. sp.''<br /> |style=&quot;background:#f3e9f3;&quot; |<br /> *Estancia El Torito<br /> |style=&quot;background:#f3e9f3;&quot; |<br /> *Puesto Almada Member<br /> |style=&quot;background:#f3e9f3;&quot; |<br /> Isolated Valves<br /> |style=&quot;background:#f3e9f3;&quot; |<br /> A freshwater (Lacustrine) member of [[Loxoconchidae]] (Ostracodan). Given the stratigraphic uncertainty, it may come from the Cañadón Calcáreo Formation.<br /> |style=&quot;background:#f3e9f3;&quot; |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> ''[[Penthesilenula]]''&lt;ref name=FOSSALMA/&gt;&lt;ref name=Micro&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Musacchio |first1=E.A. |title=Estratigrafía y micropalentología del Jurásico y el Cretácico en la comarca del Valle Medio del Río Chubut, Argentina |journal=Actas 6º Congreso Argentino de Paleontología y Bioestratigrafía |date=1995 |volume=6 |issue=12 |pages=179–187}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Ballent |first1=S.C. |last2=Díaz |first2=A.R. |title=Contribution to the taxonomy, distribution and paleoecology of the early representatives of Penthesilenula Rossetti &amp; Martens, 1998 (Crustacea, Ostracoda, Darwinulidae) from Argentina, with the description of a new species |journal=Hydrobiologia |date=2011 |volume=688 |issue=10 |pages=125–138 |doi=10.1007/s10750-011-0658-8 |s2cid=254547791 |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10750-011-0658-8 |access-date=2022-07-29|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> *''P. magna''<br /> *''P. sarytirmenensis''<br /> |<br /> *Cañadón de la Angostura<br /> *Estancia El Torito<br /> |<br /> *Las Chacritas Member<br /> *Puesto Almada Member<br /> |<br /> Isolated Valves<br /> |<br /> A freshwater (Lacustrine) member of [[Darwinulidae]] (Ostracodan). These species are characteristic of the Middle Jurassic of northern China and where used to correlate the age of the beds<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;background:#f3e9f3;&quot; |<br /> ''[[Pseudestherites]]''&lt;ref name=FOSSALMA/&gt;<br /> |style=&quot;background:#f3e9f3;&quot; |<br /> *''P. sp.''<br /> |style=&quot;background:#f3e9f3;&quot; |<br /> *Estancia El Torito<br /> *Cañadón Los Chivos<br /> |style=&quot;background:#f3e9f3;&quot; |<br /> *Puesto Almada Member <br /> |style=&quot;background:#f3e9f3;&quot; |<br /> Isolated Valves<br /> |style=&quot;background:#f3e9f3;&quot; |<br /> A freshwater (Lacustrine) member of [[Antronestheriidae]] (Spinicaudatan). Given the stratigraphic uncertainty, it may come from the Cañadón Calcáreo Formation. <br /> |style=&quot;background:#f3e9f3;&quot; |<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;background:#f3e9f3;&quot; |<br /> ''[[Theryosinoecum]]''&lt;ref name=FOSSALMA/&gt;&lt;ref name=Micro/&gt;<br /> |style=&quot;background:#f3e9f3;&quot; |<br /> *''T. barrancalensis minor''<br /> |style=&quot;background:#f3e9f3;&quot; |<br /> *Estancia El Torito<br /> |style=&quot;background:#f3e9f3;&quot; |<br /> *Puesto Almada Member<br /> |style=&quot;background:#f3e9f3;&quot; |<br /> Isolated Valves<br /> |style=&quot;background:#f3e9f3;&quot; |<br /> A freshwater (Lacustrine) member of [[Cytheroidea]] (Ostracodan). Given the stratigraphic uncertainty, it may come from the Cañadón Calcáreo Formation.<br /> |style=&quot;background:#f3e9f3;&quot; |<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;background:#f3e9f3;&quot; |<br /> ''[[Timiriasevia]]''&lt;ref name=FOSSALMA/&gt;&lt;ref name=Micro/&gt;<br /> |style=&quot;background:#f3e9f3;&quot; |<br /> *''T. sp.''<br /> |style=&quot;background:#f3e9f3;&quot; |<br /> *Estancia El Torito<br /> |style=&quot;background:#f3e9f3;&quot; |<br /> *Puesto Almada Member<br /> |style=&quot;background:#f3e9f3;&quot; |<br /> Isolated Valves<br /> |style=&quot;background:#f3e9f3;&quot; |<br /> A freshwater (Lacustrine) member of [[Limnocytheridae]] (Ostracodan). Given the stratigraphic uncertainty, it may come from the Cañadón Calcáreo Formation.<br /> |style=&quot;background:#f3e9f3;&quot; |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> ''[[Wolfestheria]]''&lt;ref name=Carapace/&gt;<br /> |<br /> *''W. patagoniensis''<br /> *''W. smekali''<br /> |<br /> *Cañadón Asfalto<br /> *Cañadón Lahuincó<br /> *Estancia La Sin Rumbo<br /> |<br /> *Las Chacritas Member<br /> *Puesto Almada Member<br /> |<br /> Isolated Valves<br /> |<br /> A freshwater (Lacustrine) member of [[Fushunograptidae]] (Spinicaudatan).<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Mollusca===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;7&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''[[Mollusca]] reported from the Cañadon Asfalto Formation'''<br /> |-<br /> ! Genus<br /> ! Species<br /> ! Location<br /> ! Stratigraphic position<br /> ! Material<br /> ! Notes<br /> ! Images<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> ''[[Corbicula]]''&lt;ref name=Moll/&gt;<br /> |<br /> *''C. spp.''<br /> |<br /> *Cerro Cóndor<br /> *Cerro Bayo<br /> *Estancia El Torito<br /> |<br /> *Las Chacritas Member<br /> *Puesto Almada Member<br /> |<br /> Isolated Shells<br /> |<br /> A freshwater (Lacustrine) member of [[Corbiculidae]] (Bivalve).<br /> |<br /> [[File:Grobgerippte Körbchenmuschel Corbicula fluminea.jpg|155px|thumb|center|Extant example of the Genus]]<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> ''[[Cyanocyclas]]''&lt;ref name=Moll/&gt;<br /> |<br /> *''C. spp.''<br /> |<br /> *Cerro Cóndor<br /> *Cerro Bayo<br /> *Estancia El Torito<br /> |<br /> *Las Chacritas Member<br /> *Puesto Almada Member<br /> |<br /> Isolated Shells<br /> |<br /> A freshwater (Lacustrine) member of [[Corbiculidae]] (Bivalve).<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> ''[[Diplodon]]''&lt;ref name=FOSSALMA/&gt;&lt;ref name=Moll&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Martínez |first1=S. |last2=Gallego |first2=O.F |last3=Cabaleri |first3=N. |title=Nueva fauna de moluscos de la Formación Cañadón Asfalto (Jurásico Medio a Superior) Chubut, Argentina |journal=Ameghiniana |date=2007 |volume=44 |issue=4 |page=96 |url=https://www.conicet.gov.ar/new_scp/detalle.php?keywords=&amp;id=29994&amp;congresos=yes&amp;detalles=yes&amp;congr_id=242977 |access-date=2022-07-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Monferran |first1=Mateo Daniel |last2=Cabaleri |first2=Nora |last3=Armella |first3=Claudia |last4=Martínez |first4=Sergio |last5=Gallego |first5=Oscar |last6=Zacarías |first6=Iracema |last7=Calathaki |first7=Hugo Barrios |date=2023-01-31 |title=Freshwater bivalves and their environmental conditions in a Jurassic lacustrine system (Cañadón Asfalto Formation) from Patagonia, Argentina |url=http://www.andeangeology.cl/index.php/revista1/article/view/V50n2-3461 |journal=Andean Geology |language=en |volume=50 |issue=2 |page=248 |doi=10.5027/andgeoV50n2-3461 |issn=0718-7106|doi-access=free |hdl=20.500.12008/42389 |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> *''D. spix''<br /> *''D. cf.matildensis''<br /> *''D. cf.spix''<br /> *''D. spp.''<br /> |<br /> *Cañadón Asfalto<br /> *Cerro Caracoles<br /> *Las Chacritas<br /> *Cañadón Lahuincó<br /> *Cañadón Miyanao<br /> *Cerro Cóndor<br /> *Cerro Bayo<br /> *Alice Creek<br /> *Quebrada Subsidiaria<br /> *Estancia El Torito<br /> |<br /> *Las Chacritas Member<br /> *Puesto Almada Member<br /> |<br /> Isolated Shells<br /> |<br /> A freshwater (Lacustrine) member of [[Unionidae]] (Bivalve). The most abundant Bivalve genus on the Formation. Represents also some of the smallest-sized specimens recorded in the Mesozoic, what can be explained by potential environment stress.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> |<br /> [[File:Diplodon Chilensis .jpg|155px|thumb|center|Extant example of the Genus]]<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> [[Nayadidae]]&lt;ref name=MAINBIO/&gt;<br /> | <br /> Indeterminate<br /> |<br /> *Cañadón Asfalto<br /> *Cañadón Lahuincó<br /> |<br /> *Las Chacritas Member<br /> |<br /> Isolated Shells<br /> |<br /> A freshwater (Lacustrine) member of [[Unionidae]] (Bivalve).<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> ''[[Palaeomutela]]''&lt;ref name=ConchoA/&gt;<br /> |<br /> *''P. spp.''<br /> |<br /> *Las Chacritas<br /> |<br /> *Las Chacritas Member<br /> |<br /> Isolated Shells<br /> |<br /> A freshwater (Lacustrine) member of [[Palaeomutelidae]] (Bivalve).<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> ''[[Potamolithus]]''&lt;ref name=ConchoA/&gt;&lt;ref name=MAINBIO/&gt;<br /> |<br /> *''P.? spp.''<br /> |<br /> *Cañadón Asfalto<br /> *Cerro Caracoles<br /> *Las Chacritas<br /> *Cañadón Lahuincó<br /> |<br /> *Las Chacritas Member<br /> |<br /> Isolated Shells<br /> |<br /> A freshwater (Lacustrine) member of [[Tateidae]] (Snail).<br /> |<br /> [[File:Potamolithus rushii shell 4.png|155px|thumb|center|Extant example of the Genus]]<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> [[Sphaeriidae]]&lt;ref name=FaciesAr&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Cabaleri |first1=N. |last2=Volkheimer |first2=W. |last3=Armella |first3=C. |last4=Gallego |first4=O. |last5=Silva Nieto |first5=D. |last6=Páez |first6=M. |last7=Koukharsky |first7=M. |title=Estratigrafía, análisis de facies y paleoambientes de la Formación Cañadón Asfalto en el depocentro jurásico Cerro Cóndor, provincia del Chubut. |journal=Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina |date=2010 |volume=66 |issue=3 |pages=349–367 |url=http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0004-48222010000200006 |access-date=2022-09-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | <br /> Indeterminate<br /> |<br /> *Cañadón Asfalto<br /> |<br /> *Las Chacritas Member<br /> |<br /> Isolated Shells<br /> |<br /> A freshwater (Lacustrine) member of [[Sphaeriida]] (Bivalve).<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> ''[[Viviparus]]''&lt;ref name=Moll/&gt;<br /> |<br /> *''V. spp.''<br /> |<br /> *Cañadón Asfalto<br /> *Cerro Caracoles<br /> *Cañadón Lahuincó<br /> *Cañadón Asfalto<br /> *Quebrada Subsidiaria<br /> *Estancia El Torito<br /> |<br /> *Las Chacritas Member<br /> *Puesto Almada Member<br /> |<br /> Isolated Shells<br /> |<br /> A freshwater (Lacustrine) member of [[Viviparidae]] (Snail).<br /> |<br /> [[File:Viviparus contectus 3.JPG|155px|thumb|center|Extant example of the Genus]]<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Insecta===<br /> Insect eggs of unknown affinity were reported from several layers of the Estancia Fossati locality.&lt;ref name=FaunaChacri/&gt;<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;7&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''[[Insects]] reported from the Cañadon Asfalto Formation'''<br /> |-<br /> ! Genus<br /> ! Species<br /> ! Location<br /> ! Stratigraphic position<br /> ! Material<br /> ! Notes<br /> ! Images<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;background:#f3e9f3;&quot; |<br /> [[Chironomidae]]&lt;ref name=NeoO/&gt;<br /> |style=&quot;background:#f3e9f3;&quot; | <br /> Indeterminate<br /> |style=&quot;background:#f3e9f3;&quot; |<br /> *Gan Gan<br /> |style=&quot;background:#f3e9f3;&quot; |<br /> *Puesto Almada Member<br /> |style=&quot;background:#f3e9f3;&quot; |<br /> Head capsules<br /> |style=&quot;background:#f3e9f3;&quot; |<br /> Indeterminate Bittacidae (Migdes) remains, associated with lacustrine facies. Given the stratigraphic uncertainty, it may come from the Cañadón Calcáreo Formation<br /> |style=&quot;background:#f3e9f3;&quot; |<br /> [[File:Non-biting Midge on Moss (27848071204).jpg|thumb|center|155px|Extant member of the Family]]<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> [[Coleoptera]]&lt;ref name=Insects/&gt;<br /> | <br /> Indeterminate<br /> |<br /> *Cerro Cóndor<br /> *Estancia Fossati&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> *Estancia El Torito<br /> *Estancia La Sin Rumbo<br /> |<br /> *Las Chacritas Member<br /> *Puesto Almada Member<br /> |<br /> Elytra and body remains<br /> |<br /> Indeterminate Beetle remains, associated with lacustrine facies<br /> |<br /> [[File:Beetle (Coleoptera) - Kitchener, Ontario.jpg|thumb|center|155px|Extant example of the Group]]<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;background:#FEF6E4;&quot; |<br /> ''[[Conchindusia]]''&lt;ref name=FOSSALMA/&gt;&lt;ref name=Trich&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Monferran |first1=M. D. |last2=Gallego |first2=O. F. |last3=Genise |first3=J. F. |authorlink3=Jorge Fernando Genise|title=Nuevos datos sobre los capullos fósiles (Tricoptera) del Jurásico de la Patagonia Argentina |journal=Comunicaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste |date=2009 |url=https://www.conicet.gov.ar/new_scp/detalle.php?keywords=&amp;id=32802&amp;congresos=yes&amp;detalles=yes&amp;congr_id=1338246 |access-date=13 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |style=&quot;background:#FEF6E4;&quot; |<br /> ''C. isp.''<br /> |style=&quot;background:#FEF6E4;&quot; |<br /> *Cerro Cóndor<br /> *Gan Gan<br /> |style=&quot;background:#FEF6E4;&quot; |<br /> *Las Chacritas Member<br /> *Puesto Almada Member<br /> |style=&quot;background:#FEF6E4;&quot; |<br /> Imprints or compressed moulds of larval cases<br /> |style=&quot;background:#FEF6E4;&quot; |<br /> Indeterminate Trichoptera (Caddisflies) Ichnofossils, associated with lacustrine facies. Larval cases made of conchostracan shells<br /> |style=&quot;background:#FEF6E4;&quot; |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> [[Heteroptera]]&lt;ref name=Insects/&gt;<br /> | <br /> Indeterminate<br /> |<br /> *Cerro Cóndor<br /> *Estancia Fossati<br /> *Estancia El Torito<br /> *Estancia La Sin Rumbo<br /> |<br /> *Las Chacritas Member<br /> *Puesto Almada Member<br /> |<br /> Fragmentary wings<br /> |<br /> Indeterminate Heteroptera remains, associated with lacustrine facies<br /> |<br /> [[File:Apiomeris spissipes.jpg|thumb|center|155px|Extant example of the Group]]<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;background:#f3e9f3;&quot; |<br /> [[Neorthophlebidae]]&lt;ref name=NeoO&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Petrulevicius|first1=F.|title=A new species of Bittacidae sensu lato (Mecoptera) from the Callovian-Oxfordian: new Jurassic locality of insect body fossils from Patagonia, Argentina |journal=Proceedings of the 4th International Congress of Paleoentomology, International Palaeoentomological Society, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Diputación Forai de Álava, Spain |date=2007 |volume=275 |issue=4 |page=23 |url=https://www.conicet.gov.ar/new_scp/detalle.php?keywords=&amp;id=20273&amp;congresos=yes&amp;detalles=yes&amp;congr_id=2939676 |access-date=2022-07-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |style=&quot;background:#f3e9f3;&quot; | <br /> Indeterminate<br /> |style=&quot;background:#f3e9f3;&quot; |<br /> *Gan Gan<br /> |style=&quot;background:#f3e9f3;&quot; |<br /> *Puesto Almada member<br /> |style=&quot;background:#f3e9f3;&quot; |<br /> Wings and parts of body<br /> |style=&quot;background:#f3e9f3;&quot; |<br /> Indeterminate Bittacidae (Scorpionfly) remains, associated with lacustrine facies. Given the stratigraphic uncertainty, it may come from the Cañadón Calcáreo Formation<br /> |style=&quot;background:#f3e9f3;&quot; |<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;background:#FEF6E4;&quot; |<br /> ''[[Ostracindusia]]''&lt;ref name=FOSSALMA/&gt;&lt;ref name=Trich/&gt;<br /> |style=&quot;background:#FEF6E4;&quot; |<br /> ''O. isp.''<br /> |style=&quot;background:#FEF6E4;&quot; |<br /> *Cerro Cóndor<br /> *Gan Gan<br /> |style=&quot;background:#FEF6E4;&quot; |<br /> *Las Chacritas Member<br /> *Puesto Almada Member<br /> |style=&quot;background:#FEF6E4;&quot; |<br /> Imprints or compressed moulds of larval cases<br /> |style=&quot;background:#FEF6E4;&quot; |<br /> Indeterminate Trichoptera (Caddisflies) Ichnofossils, associated with lacustrine facies. Larval cases made of ostracodan shells<br /> |style=&quot;background:#FEF6E4;&quot; |<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;background:#FEF6E4;&quot; |<br /> ''[[Terrindusia]]''&lt;ref name=FOSSALMA/&gt;&lt;ref name=FossilAlm/&gt;&lt;ref name=Trich/&gt;<br /> |style=&quot;background:#FEF6E4;&quot; |<br /> ''T. isp.''<br /> |style=&quot;background:#FEF6E4;&quot; |<br /> *Cerro Cóndor<br /> *Estancia Fossati&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> *Gan Gan<br /> |style=&quot;background:#FEF6E4;&quot; |<br /> *Las Chacritas Member<br /> *Puesto Almada Member<br /> |style=&quot;background:#FEF6E4;&quot; |<br /> Imprints or compressed moulds of larval cases<br /> |style=&quot;background:#FEF6E4;&quot; |<br /> Indeterminate Trichoptera (Caddisflies) Ichnofossils, associated with lacustrine facies. Larval cases made of clasts or terrigenous particles<br /> |style=&quot;background:#FEF6E4;&quot; |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> [[Trichoptera]]&lt;ref name=FOSSALMA/&gt;&lt;ref name=Insects&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Andrade-Morraye |first1=M. |last2=Genise |first2=J. |authorlink2=Jorge Fernando Genise|title=An association of fossil larval tubes and head capsules of Chironomidae (Diptera) from the Jurassic (Callovian–Oxfordian) Cañadón Asfalto Formation, Patagonia, Argentina |journal=Proceedings of the Fossils X3, International Paleoentomological Society, Pretoria |date=2005 |volume=3 |issue=1 |page=5}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=FossilAlm&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Gallego|first1=O. F. |last2=Cabaleri |first2=N. G. |last3=Armella |first3=C. |last4=Volkheimer |first4=W. |last5=Ballent |first5=S. C. |last6=Martínez |first6=S. |last7=Páez |first7=M. A. |title=Paleontology, sedimentology and paleoenvironment of a new fossiliferous locality of the Jurassic Cañadón Asfalto Formation, Chubut Province, Argentina |journal=Journal of South American Earth Sciences |date=2011 |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=54–68 |doi=10.1016/j.jsames.2010.11.001 |bibcode=2011JSAES..31...54G |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0895981110000830 |access-date=2022-07-29|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | <br /> Indeterminate<br /> |<br /> *Cerro Cóndor<br /> *Estancia Fossati<br /> *Estancia El Torito<br /> *Estancia La Sin Rumbo<br /> |<br /> *Las Chacritas Member<br /> *Puesto Almada Member<br /> |<br /> Wings and larval cases<br /> |<br /> Indeterminate Trichoptera (Caddisflies) remains, associated with lacustrine facies<br /> |<br /> [[File:Koecherfliege 6.JPG|thumb|center|155px|Extant example of the Group]]<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Vertebrates==<br /> ===Fish===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;7&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''[[Actinopteri]] reported from the Cañadon Asfalto Formation'''<br /> |-<br /> ! Genus<br /> ! Species<br /> ! Location<br /> ! Stratigraphic position<br /> ! Material<br /> ! Notes<br /> ! Images<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> [[Archaeomaenidae]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=López-Arbarello |first1=A. |last2=Rauhut |first2=O. W. |last3=Moser |first3=K. |title=Jurassic fishes of Gondwana |journal=Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina |date=2008 |volume=63 |issue=4 |pages=586–612 |url=http://www.scielo.org.ar/img/revistas/raga/v63n4/html/v63n4a10.htm#fig14 |access-date=29 July 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | <br /> Indeterminate<br /> |<br /> *Cerro Cóndor<br /> *Cañadón Asfalto<br /> *Cañadón Miyanao<br /> *Estancia Fossati<br /> *Localidad de Canela&lt;ref name=Canela/&gt;<br /> *Cañadón Asfalto<br /> *Quebrada Subsidiaria<br /> |<br /> *Las Chacritas Member<br /> |<br /> Isolated large median fin &amp; Isolated Scales<br /> |<br /> A freshwater (Lacustrine) member of [[Archaeomaenidae]] (Teleostei). Maybe related to the genus ''[[Oreochima]]'', coming from layers coeval, coregional, and of identical deposition of the [[Mawson Formation]] of Antarctica<br /> |<br /> [[File:Archaeomaene tenuis.jpg|thumb|center|155px|Example of member of the family [[Archaeomaenidae]], ''[[Archaeomaene]]'']]<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Amphibians===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;7&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''[[Amphibian]]s reported from the Cañadon Asfalto Formation'''<br /> |-<br /> ! Genus<br /> ! Species<br /> ! Location<br /> ! Stratigraphic position<br /> ! Material<br /> ! Notes<br /> ! Images<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> ''[[Notobatrachus]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;escapaetal2008&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Escapa|first1=I.H.|last2=Sterli|first2=J.|last3=Pol|first3=D.|last4=Nicoli|first4=L.|year=2008|title=Jurassic Tetrapods and Flora of Cañadon Asfalto Formation in Cerro Cóndor Area, Chubut Province|url=http://mef.org.ar/~muspal/images/stories/investigacion/iescapa_docs/escapa_et_al_2008b.pdf|journal=Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina|volume=63|issue=4|pages=613–624|access-date=2014-09-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924044911/http://mef.org.ar/~muspal/images/stories/investigacion/iescapa_docs/escapa_et_al_2008b.pdf|archive-date=2014-09-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=fossilAmp&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Barcelos |first1=L. A. |last2=dos Santos |first2=R. O. |title=The Lissamphibian Fossil Record of South America |journal=Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments |date=2022 |volume=176 |issue=4 |pages=341–405 |doi=10.1007/s12549-022-00536-0 |s2cid=250077749 |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12549-022-00536-0 |access-date=1 August 2022|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> *''N. degiustoi''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Báez |first1=A. M. |last2=Nicoli |first2=L. |title=A new species of Notobatrachus (Amphibia, Salientia) from the Middle Jurassic of northwestern Patagonia |journal=Journal of Paleontology |date=2008 |volume=82 |issue=2 |pages=372–376 |doi=10.1666/06-117.1 |bibcode=2008JPal...82..372B |s2cid=130032431 |url=https://ri.conicet.gov.ar/handle/11336/135748 |access-date=1 August 2022|hdl=11336/135748 |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *''N. reigi''<br /> *''Cf.N. spp.''&lt;ref name=Canela&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Turazzini |first1=G. F. |last2=Appella-Guiscafre |first2=L. S. |last3=Lires |first3=A. I. |last4=Garberoglio |first4=F. |last5=Canessa Leandro |first5=A. |last6=Gómez |first6=R. O. |last7=Rougier |first7=G. W. |title=Promising future: a new mammal-bearing microvertebrate locality from the Cañadón Asfalto formation (Jurassic; Chubut, Argentina) |journal=Ameghiniana: Congreso; XI Congreso de la Asociación Paleontológica Argentina |date=2017 |volume=XI |issue=1 |pages=54–52 |url=https://www.conicet.gov.ar/new_scp/detalle.php?keywords=&amp;id=42024&amp;congresos=yes&amp;detalles=yes&amp;congr_id=8078538 |access-date=1 August 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> *Cañadon Bagual<br /> *Zitarrosa<br /> *Cerro Cóndor<br /> *Canela<br /> *Queso Rallado<br /> |<br /> Las Chacritas Member<br /> |<br /> *Many articulated, mostly complete skeletons<br /> *Most of a partially articulated skeleton and skull<br /> |<br /> An early frog of the family [[Notobatrachidae]]. ''Notobatrachus degiustoi'' can be distinguished from ''N. reigsi'' by features of the skull. The presence of this anuran in several locations suggests local proliferation linked with lacustrine bodies<br /> |<br /> [[File:Notobatrachus NT.jpg|200px]]<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Turtles===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;7&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''[[Turtle]]s reported from the Cañadon Asfalto Formation'''<br /> |-<br /> ! Genus<br /> ! Species<br /> ! Location<br /> ! Stratigraphic position<br /> ! Material<br /> ! Notes<br /> ! Images<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> ''[[Condorchelys]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;escapaetal2008&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=Condor&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Sterli |first1=J. |last2=De La Fuente |first2=M. S. |last3=Rougier |first3=G. W. |title=New remains of Condorchelys antiqua (Testudinata) from the Early-Middle Jurassic of Patagonia: anatomy, phylogeny, and paedomorphosis in the early evolution of turtles |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |date=2018 |volume=38 |issue=4 |pages=(1)-(17) |doi=10.1080/02724634.2018.1480112 |bibcode=2018JVPal..38....1S |s2cid=109556104 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02724634.2018.1480112 |access-date=1 August 2022|hdl=11336/99525 |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Condorc&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Sterli |first1=J. |last2=Vlachos |first2=E. |last3=Puerta |first3=P. |last4=Oriozabala |first4=C. |last5=Krause |first5=M. |title=Contribution to the diversity of the fossil record of turtles (Testudinidata) from Chubut province (Argentina) and its significance in understanding the evolution of turtles in southern South America |journal=Publicación Electrónica de la Asociación Paleontológica Argentina |date=2021 |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=118–160 |url=https://www.peapaleontologica.org.ar/index.php/peapa/article/view/338 |access-date=31 March 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> *''C. antiqua''<br /> *''C. cf.antiqua''<br /> *''C. spp.''<br /> |<br /> *Queso Rallado<br /> *Cañadon Bagual<br /> *Chucrut<br /> *Canela facies <br /> |<br /> Las Chacritas Member<br /> |<br /> *Holotype: Most of a skull, carapace, and plastron.<br /> *MPEF-PV 3163, left humerus<br /> *MPEF-PV 3164, costal plate<br /> |<br /> A stem turtle ([[Mesochelydia]]n) outside both extant groups, closely related with ''[[Kayentachelys]] aprix'' of North America and ''[[Indochelys]] spatulata'' of India. Likely occupied aquatic or semiaquatic niches.&lt;ref name=Condor/&gt;<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> [[Testudinata]]&lt;ref name=Condorc/&gt;<br /> |<br /> Indeterminate<br /> |<br /> *Canela facies <br /> |<br /> Las Chacritas Member<br /> |<br /> *plastrons<br /> |<br /> Indeterminate Turtle remains<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Lepidosaurs ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;7&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Lepidosauria|Lepidosaurs]] '''reported from the Cañadon Asfalto Formation'''<br /> |-<br /> ! Genus<br /> ! Species<br /> ! Location<br /> ! Stratigraphic position<br /> ! Material<br /> ! Notes<br /> ! Images<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Sphenocondor]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;AGR12&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Apesteguía|first1=S. N.|last2=Gómez|first2=R. L. O.|last3=Rougier|first3=G. W.|year=2012|title=A basal sphenodontian (Lepidosauria) from the Jurassic of Patagonia: New insights on the phylogeny and biogeography of Gondwanan rhynchocephalians|journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society|volume=166|issue=2|page=342|doi=10.1111/j.1096-3642.2012.00837.x|doi-access=free|hdl=20.500.12110/paper_00244082_v166_n2_p342_Apesteguia|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> ''S. gracilis''<br /> |<br /> Queso Rallado<br /> |<br /> Las Chacritas Member<br /> |<br /> Dentary<br /> |<br /> A [[Sphenodontia]]n [[Rhynchocephalia]]n, closely related with ''[[Godavarisaurus]]'' from the almost coeval Jurassic [[Kota Formation]] of India, maybe part of an endemic Gondwanan clade.&lt;ref name=&quot;AGR12&quot;/&gt;<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Crocodylomorpha ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;7&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''[[Crocodyliformes]] reported from the Cañadón Asfalto Formation'''<br /> |-<br /> ! Genus<br /> ! Species<br /> ! Location<br /> ! Stratigraphic position<br /> ! Material<br /> ! Notes<br /> ! Images<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> [[Crocodylomorpha]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Sterli |first1=J. |last2=Pol |first2=D. |last3=Rougier |first3=G. |last4=Rauhut |first4=O. |last5=Baez |first5=A. |last6=Carballido |first6=J. |last7=Nicoli |first7=L. |title=Nuevos aportes a la diversidad taxonómica de vertebrados de la Formación Cañadón Asfalto (Jurásico Medio) de la provincia del Chubut, Argentina |journal=IV Simposio del Jurásico y sus Límites, Bahía Blanca, Argentina |date=2010 |volume=4 |issue=1 |page=22 |url=https://www.conicet.gov.ar/new_scp/detalle.php?keywords=&amp;id=20345&amp;congresos=yes&amp;detalles=yes&amp;congr_id=999472 |access-date=2 August 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Becerra |first=M. G. |date=2020 |title=You are what you eat: preliminary SEM-EDS analyses in isolated teeth of vertebrates from Cañadón Asfalto Fm. (Early Jurassic) to address the possible diet of Manidens condorensis. |url=https://www.conicet.gov.ar/new_scp/detalle.php?keywords=&amp;id=35961&amp;congresos=yes&amp;detalles=yes&amp;congr_id=9240448 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203050833/https://www.conicet.gov.ar/new_scp/detalle.php?keywords=&amp;id=35961&amp;congresos=yes&amp;detalles=yes&amp;congr_id=9240448 |archive-date=2024-02-03 |access-date=2025-04-02 |website=www.conicet.gov.ar |language=es-ES |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> Indeterminate <br /> |<br /> Queso Rallado<br /> |<br /> Las Chacritas Member<br /> |<br /> Teeth &amp; several isolated remains<br /> |<br /> Indeterminate crocodylomorph remains that represent small carnivorous vertebrates linked with lacustrine facies.<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Pterosaurs===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;7&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''[[Pterosaurs]] reported from the Cañadón Asfalto Formation'''<br /> |-<br /> ! Genus<br /> ! Species<br /> ! Location<br /> ! Stratigraphic position<br /> ! Material<br /> ! Notes<br /> ! Images<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> ''[[Allkaruen]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;codorniu2016&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | first1 = L. | last1 = Codorniú | first2 = A.P. | last2 = Carabajal | first3 = D. | last3 = Pol | first4 = D. | last4 = Unwin | first5 = O.W.M | last5 = Rauhut | title = A Jurassic pterosaur from Patagonia and the origin of the pterodactyloid neurocranium | journal = PeerJ | date = 2016 | doi = 10.7717/peerj.2311 | volume = 4 | article-number = e2311 | pmid=27635315 | pmc=5012331 | doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> ''A. koi''<br /> |<br /> Canadón Carrizal<br /> |<br /> Las Chacritas Member<br /> |<br /> A braincase, as well as a mandible and cervical vertebrae.<br /> |<br /> A pterosaur either related with [[Breviquartossa]] or maybe even a sister group of monofenestratan ([[Wukongopteridae]] + [[Pterodactyloidea]]) pterosaurs<br /> |<br /> [[File:Allkaruen.png|frameless]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Ctenochasmatidae]]?&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;<br /> |Indeterminate<br /> |Queso Rallado<br /> |Not Determined<br /> |Isolated tooth<br /> |Resembles the teeth of ''[[Pterodaustro]]''. The exact provenance of the specimen is unknown<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Melkamter]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Fernandes |first1=A.E |last2=Pol |first2=D. |last3=Rauhut |first3=O.W.M. |date=2024 |title=The oldest monofenestratan pterosaur from the Queso Rallado locality (Cañadón Asfalto Formation, Toarcian) of Chubut Province, Patagonia, Argentina |journal=R. Soc. Open Sci. |volume=11 |issue=1 |page=18|doi=10.1098/rsos.241238 |doi-access=free|pmc=11631458 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |''M. pateko'' <br /> |Queso Rallado<br /> |Las Chacritas Member<br /> |Partial skull and associated postcranial elements<br /> |A [[monofenestrata]]n pterosaur, representing the oldest known record of this clade<br /> |[[File:Melkamter (life restoration).jpg|frameless]]<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> [[Scaphognathinae]]?&lt;ref name=rauhut2005/&gt;&lt;ref name=Pteroa&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Unwin |first1=D. M. |last2=Rauhut |first2=O. W. M. |last3=Haluza |first3=A. |title=The first &quot;rhamphorhynchoid&quot; from South America and the early history of pterosaurs |journal=Geobiologie |date=2004 |volume=74 |issue=4 |pages=235–237 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233386525 |access-date=17 April 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | <br /> Indeterminate<br /> |<br /> Las Chacritas<br /> |<br /> Las Chacritas Member<br /> |<br /> Uncatalogued specimens, several mandibles, braincase, shoulder girdle, two humeri, several wing-finger phalanges<br /> |<br /> Indeterminate remains of a pterosaur, possibly a [[rhamphorhynchoid]] with a wingspan of about {{convert|1.5|-|2|m|ft}}. The mandible morphology is similar to [[Scaphognathinae|scaphognathines]].&lt;ref name=Pteroa/&gt;<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Theropods===<br /> During a campaign conducted in early 2021, remains of a large theropod dinosaur were found near the town of Las Chacritas. In 2020 a new fossil locality was found, named Cañadón de las Huellas due to the large number of sauropod, and probably theropod, footprints on one of the canyon walls. In the same locality in 2021, articulated remains where recovered and represent at least one sauropod and one large theropod.&lt;ref name=EUSA&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Gomez |first1=K. L. |title=Diversidad, evolución y diversificación temprana de los Eusaurópodos basales durante el Jurásico Temprano-Medio en Patagonia |journal=Tesis de Postgrado |date=2023 |pages=1–645 |url=http://rdi.uncoma.edu.ar/handle/uncomaid/17143 |access-date=28 May 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> At least four theropod morphotypes, including one with ceratosaur and another with Piatnitzkysauridae affinities, are known from the Cañadón Bagual.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Ezcurra |first1=M. D. |last2=Pol |first2=D. |title=Theropod remains from a new bone–bed of the Cañadón Asfalto Formation (Middle Jurassic), Chubut Province, Argentina |journal=XXIV Jornadas Argentinas de Paleontología de Vertebrados, San Rafael, Mendoza, Argentina |date=2009 |volume=14 |issue=1 |page=31 |url=https://www.conicet.gov.ar/new_scp/detalle.php?keywords=&amp;id=48036&amp;congresos=yes&amp;detalles=yes&amp;congr_id=2461462 |access-date=28 May 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;7&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''[[Theropoda]] reported from the Cañadón Asfalto Formation'''<br /> |-<br /> ! Genus<br /> ! Species<br /> ! Location<br /> ! Stratigraphic position<br /> ! Material<br /> ! Notes<br /> ! Images<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> ''[[Asfaltovenator]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author1=Oliver W. M. Rauhut |author2=Diego Pol |year=2019 |title=Probable basal allosauroid from the early Middle Jurassic Cañadón Asfalto Formation of Argentina highlights phylogenetic uncertainty in tetanuran theropod dinosaurs |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=9 |issue=1 |article-number=18826 |doi=10.1038/s41598-019-53672-7 |pmid=31827108 |doi-access=free |pmc=6906444|bibcode=2019NatSR...918826R }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> ''A. vialidadi''<br /> |<br /> Cerro Condor<br /> |<br /> Las Chacritas Member<br /> |<br /> Nearly compete skull and largely complete front half of the skeleton forward of the hips, distal pubis and fermur and proximal fibula and tibia, partial foot<br /> | <br /> A probable early member of [[Allosauroidea]]<br /> |<br /> [[File:Asfaltovenator head portrait.jpg|thumb|center|''[[Asfaltovenator]]'']]<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> [[Averostra]]&lt;ref name=TheropodDiv&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Castiblanco Ramírez |first1=P. M. |title=Estudio de la diversidad taxonómica de dinosaurios terópodos de la formación cañadón asfalto, en la provincia del Chubut, Argentina, a partir de un análisis morfométrico de sus dientes |journal=Tesis Propuesta Como Cumplimiento de los Requisitos Para el Pregrado de Geociencias, Universidad de los Andes |date=2016 |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=1–41 |url=https://repositorio.uniandes.edu.co/bitstream/handle/1992/24359/u728601.pdf?sequence=1 |access-date=1 August 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> Indeterminate<br /> |<br /> *Cerro Cóndor<br /> *Puesto el Quemado<br /> *Cerro Bayo<br /> |<br /> Las Chacritas Member<br /> |<br /> Isolated teeth: MPEF BA 182/08, BA 40/08, BA 09/80, BA 88/08, BA 252G+165/08 A, BA 252G+165/08 B, BA 252G+165/08 C <br /> |<br /> Theropod dinosaur teeth that resemble those assigned to the families [[Ceratosauridae]], [[Megalosauridae]] and [[Abelisauridae]]<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> [[Ceratosauridae]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Pradelli |first1=L. A. |last2=Pol |first2=D. |last3=Ezcurra |first3=M. D. |year=2024 |title=New dinosaur remains increase theropod diversity in the Cañadón Asfalto Formation (Lower Jurassic), Chubut Province, Argentina |journal=Journal of Systematic Palaeontology |volume=22 |issue=1 |at=2318262 |doi=10.1080/14772019.2024.2318262 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> Indeterminate<br /> |<br /> Cañadon Bagual<br /> |<br /> Las Chacritas Member<br /> |<br /> A dentary with teeth in situ, MPEF-PV 6775<br /> |<br /> It resembles the dentary of ''[[Ceratosaurus]]''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> ''[[Condorraptor]]''&lt;ref name=rauhut2005&gt;{{cite journal|last=Rauhut|first=O.W.M.|year=2005|title=Osteology and relationships of a new theropod dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic of Patagonia|journal=Palaeontology|volume=48|issue=1|pages=87–110|doi=10.1111/j.1475-4983.2004.00436.x|bibcode=2005Palgy..48...87R |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=novas2009&gt;{{cite book |last=Novas |first=Fernando |date=2009 |title=The Age of Dinosaurs in South America |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dXYi6j7QQ-YC |publisher=Indiana University Press |page=118 |isbn=978-0-253-35289-7 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> ''C. currumili''<br /> |<br /> Las Chacritas<br /> |<br /> Las Chacritas Member<br /> |<br /> Partial articulated skeleton<br /> |<br /> A relative of ''Piatnitzkysaurus'' from the same formation, and a possible junior synonym of it as well.<br /> |<br /> [[File:Condorraptor.jpg|thumb|center|''[[Condorraptor]]'']]<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> [[Dromaeosauridae]]&lt;ref name=TheropodDiv/&gt;<br /> |<br /> Indeterminate<br /> |<br /> *Cerro Cóndor<br /> *Puesto el Quemado<br /> *Cerro Bayo<br /> |<br /> Las Chacritas Member<br /> |<br /> Isolated Teeth: MEPF BA 61/08, BA 103/08, BA 32/08 A, BA 32/08 B, BA 104/08, BA 226B/08, PV 3498, BA 29/08, BA51/08, BA 270/08 a, BA 270/08 b, BA 270/08 c<br /> |<br /> Theropod dinosaur teeth that resemble those assigned to the family [[Dromaeosauridae]]. Alternatively, they could belong to basal members of [[Coelurosauria]]<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> ''[[Eoabelisaurus]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;pol&amp;rahut2012&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | author = Diego Pol &amp; Oliver W. M. Rauhut | year = 2012 | title = A Middle Jurassic abelisaurid from Patagonia and the early diversification of theropod dinosaurs | journal = Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences | volume = 279 | issue = 1804 | pages = 3170–5 | doi = 10.1098/rspb.2012.0660 | pmid=22628475 | pmc=3385738}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> ''E. mefi''<br /> |<br /> Jugo Luco<br /> |<br /> Las Chacritas Member<br /> |<br /> A nearly complete articulated skeleton<br /> |<br /> A Neoceratosaur, which was suggested to be a basal member of [[Abelisauria]], but also a member of [[Ceratosauridae]]<br /> |<br /> [[File:Eoabelisaurus life restoration.jpg|thumb|center|''[[Eoabelisaurus]]'']]<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> [[Megalosauridae]]&lt;ref name=TheropodDiv/&gt;<br /> |<br /> Indeterminate<br /> |<br /> *Cerro Cóndor<br /> *Puesto el Quemado<br /> *Cerro Bayo<br /> |<br /> Las Chacritas Member<br /> |<br /> Isolated Teeth: MPEF PV 1175, BA 66/08, PV 1356, PV 1357<br /> |<br /> Theropod dinosaur teeth that resemble those assigned to the family [[Megalosauridae]]. <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> [[Neotheropoda]]&lt;ref name=TheropodDiv/&gt;<br /> |<br /> Indeterminate<br /> |<br /> *Cerro Cóndor<br /> *Puesto el Quemado<br /> *Cerro Bayo<br /> |<br /> Las Chacritas Member<br /> |<br /> Isolated Teeth: MPEF BA 68/08, BA 92/08, PV 3499, BA 68/08, BA 183/08<br /> |<br /> Theropod dinosaur teeth that resemble those assigned to basal neotheropods, such as members of [[Coelophysoidea]]. <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> [[Piatnitzkysauridae]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Rauhut |first1=O. W. |title=A fragmentary theropod skull from the Middle Jurassic of Patagonia |journal=Ameghiniana |date=2007 |volume=44 |issue=2 |pages=479–483 |url=http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?pid=S0002-70142007000200019&amp;script=sci_arttext&amp;tlng=es |access-date=11 July 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=TheropodDiv/&gt;<br /> |<br /> Indeterminate<br /> |<br /> *Cerro Cóndor<br /> *Puesto el Quemado<br /> *Cerro Bayo<br /> |<br /> Las Chacritas Member<br /> |<br /> Isolated Teeth &amp; Cranial remains: MPEF 1717 CC 205, PV 3440A A, PV 3440A B, PV 3440A C, PV 3440A D, PV 3440A E, PV 3440A F, PV 3440A G<br /> |<br /> Theropod dinosaur teeth that resemble those assigned to members of [[Piatnitzkysauridae]]. <br /> |-<br /> |<br /> ''[[Piatnitzkysaurus]]''&lt;ref name=novas2009/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Rauhut |first1=O. W. |title=Braincase structure of the Middle Jurassic theropod dinosaur Piatnitzkysaurus |journal=Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences |date=2004 |volume=41 |issue=9 |pages=1109–1122 |doi=10.1139/e04-053 |bibcode=2004CaJES..41.1109R |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235907348 |access-date=1 August 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> ''P. floresi''<br /> |<br /> Cerro Cóndor South<br /> |<br /> Las Chacritas Member<br /> |<br /> Two &quot;fragmentary skulls with associated postcranium.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;table-4-1-72&quot;&gt;&quot;Table 4.1,&quot; in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 72.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> Possible senior synonym of ''[[Condorraptor]]'' from the same formation.<br /> |<br /> [[File:Piatnitzkysaurus floresi by Paleocolour.jpg|thumb|center|''[[Piatnitzkysaurus]]'']]<br /> |- <br /> |style=&quot;background:#E6E6E6;&quot;|<br /> [[Spinosauridae]]&lt;ref name=TheropodDiv/&gt;<br /> |style=&quot;background:#E6E6E6;&quot;|<br /> Indeterminate<br /> |style=&quot;background:#E6E6E6;&quot;|<br /> *Cerro Cóndor<br /> |style=&quot;background:#E6E6E6;&quot;|<br /> Las Chacritas Member<br /> |style=&quot;background:#E6E6E6;&quot;|<br /> Isolated Teeth : MEPF PV 1350<br /> |style=&quot;background:#E6E6E6;&quot;|<br /> Theropod dinosaur teeth resembling those assigned to members of [[Spinosauridae]]. Alternatively, they could belong to members of Ceratosauria<br /> |style=&quot;background:#E6E6E6;&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> [[Tetanurae]]&lt;ref name=TheropodDiv/&gt;<br /> |<br /> Indeterminate<br /> |<br /> *Cerro Cóndor<br /> *Puesto el Quemado<br /> *Cerro Bayo<br /> |<br /> Las Chacritas Member<br /> |<br /> Isolated Teeth : MEPF BA 84/08, BA 49/08 A, BA 49/08 B, BA 64/08, BA 65/08, BA 266/07<br /> |<br /> Theropod dinosaur teeth that resemble with those assigned to members of [[Megalosauridae]] and [[Dromaeosauridae]]<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> [[Theropoda]]&lt;ref name=TheropodDiv/&gt;<br /> |<br /> Indeterminate<br /> |<br /> *Cerro Cóndor<br /> |<br /> Las Chacritas Member<br /> |<br /> Isolated Teeth : MPEF PV 1640<br /> |<br /> &quot;Outlier&quot; tooth that doesn't fit in any previously known morphotype, maybe due to preservation<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;background:#FEF6E4;&quot;| <br /> ''[[Theropodipedia]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Leonardi |first1=G. |title=Annotated Atlas of South America Tetrapod Footprints (Devonian to Holocene) with an Appendix on Mexico and Central America |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |date=1994 |volume=16 |issue=3 |publisher=República Federativa do Brasil, Ministério de Minas e Energia, Secretaria de Minas e Metalurgia, Companhia de Pesquisa de Recursos Minerais |location=Brasília |page=599 |doi=10.1080/02724634.1996.10011348 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/02724634.1996.10011348 |access-date=10 August 2022|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | style=&quot;background:#FEF6E4;&quot;|<br /> Indeterminate<br /> | style=&quot;background:#FEF6E4;&quot;| <br /> *Cerro Cóndor<br /> | style=&quot;background:#FEF6E4;&quot;| <br /> Las Chacritas Member<br /> | style=&quot;background:#FEF6E4;&quot;| <br /> Footprints<br /> | style=&quot;background:#FEF6E4;&quot;|<br /> Possible [[Theropoda|theropod]] footprints, unassigned to any concrete ichnogenus <br /> | style=&quot;background:#FEF6E4;&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Sauropodomorphs ===<br /> A sediment tubular shaped mass enriched in organic matter, closely associated within the ventral area of articulated remains of a sauropod, was recovered at Cerro Condor, composed of a high concentration of pollen grains &amp; cuticular fragments, mainly leaves of two morphotypes ([[Araucariaceae]] and [[Cheirolepidiaceae]]), probably representing the gut contents of the sauropod, inferring a conifer-based diet.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Davie |first1=Ian |last2=Escapa |first2=Ignacio |last3=Pol |first3=Diego |last4=Carballido |first4=Jose Luis |date=2018 |title=¿Qué Comían Los Gigantes? Restos Vegetales Asociados A Un Saurópodo En La Formación Cañadón Asfalto (Jurásico Inferior-Medio) Chubut, Argentina |url=https://www.conicet.gov.ar/new_scp/detalle.php?keywords=Ignacio%2BEscapa&amp;id=27064&amp;congresos=yes&amp;detalles=yes&amp;congr_id=10196914 |journal=Reunión de Comunicaciones de la Asociación Paleontológica Argentina |volume=12 |issue=1 |page=8 |access-date=24 March 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;7&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''[[Sauropodiformes]] reported from the Cañadón Asfalto Formation'''<br /> |-<br /> ! Genus<br /> ! Species<br /> ! Location<br /> ! Stratigraphic position<br /> ! Material<br /> ! Notes<br /> ! Images<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> ''[[Bagualia]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;Bagualia2&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author1=D. Pol |author2=J. Ramezani |author3=K. Gomez |author4=J. L. Carballido |author5=A. Paulina Carabajal |author6=O. W. M. Rauhut |author7=I. H. Escapa |author8=N. R. Cúneo |year=2020 |title=Extinction of herbivorous dinosaurs linked to Early Jurassic global warming event |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |volume=287 |issue=1939 |article-number=20202310 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2020.2310 |pmc=7739499 |pmid=33203331 |s2cid=226982302 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> ''B. alba''<br /> |<br /> Cañadon Bagual<br /> |<br /> Las Chacritas Member<br /> |<br /> The partial skeletons of three individuals<br /> |<br /> An early member of [[Eusauropoda]], related with the African genus ''[[Spinophorosaurus]]''<br /> |[[File:Bagualia alba (skeletal reconstruction).png|200x200px]]<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> [[Diplodocidae]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Holwerda |first1=F. M. |last2=Pol |first2=D. |last3=Rauhut |first3=O. W. |title=Using dental enamel wrinkling to define sauropod tooth morphotypes from the Cañadón Asfalto Formation, Patagonia, Argentina |journal=PLOS ONE |date=2015 |volume=10 |issue=2 |article-number=e0118100 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0118100 |pmid=25692466 |pmc=4333578 |bibcode=2015PLoSO..1018100H |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=SauropodsCa&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Holwerda |first1=F. M. |title=Revision of basal sauropods from the Middle Jurassic of Patagonia and the early evolution of sauropods |journal=(Doctoral dissertation, lmu) Ludwig- Maximilians-Universität München |date=2019 |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=1–250 |url=https://edoc.ub.uni-muenchen.de/25483/1/Holwerda_Femke.pdf |access-date=1 August 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> Indeterminate<br /> |<br /> Cerro Condor Sur<br /> |<br /> Las Chacritas Member<br /> |<br /> MACN-CH 934: axial neural arches and spines, an ilium, a pubis, ?two or ?three ischia, and two maxillae<br /> |<br /> This specimen shows strong [[Diplodocidae]] affinities, yet it has been considered either a derived non-neosauropodan eusauropod (having resemblance with ''[[Lapparentosaurus]]'' in some characters) or even a basal neosauropod (also resembling ''[[Haplocanthosaurus]]'')<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> |<br /> [[Eusauropoda]]&lt;ref name=SauropodsCa/&gt;<br /> |<br /> Indeterminate<br /> |<br /> Cerro Condor Sur<br /> |<br /> Las Chacritas Member<br /> |<br /> MACN-CH 230: three dorsal vertebrae<br /> |<br /> Likely a eusauropod, possibly a cetiosaurid. Smaller than other sauropod taxa found in the formation.<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> |[[Eusauropoda]]?&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gomez |first=Kevin L. |last2=Carballido |first2=José L. |last3=Pol |first3=Diego |date=2026-01-21 |title=Dental replacement patterns and morphological diversity in Lower Jurassic sauropods from the Cañadón Asfalto Basin, Patagonia, Argentina |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02724634.2025.2588133 |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |language=en |doi=10.1080/02724634.2025.2588133 |issn=0272-4634|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |Indeterminate<br /> |Cerro Condor Este<br /> |Las Chacritas Member<br /> |MPEF-PV 12010: A left premaxilla <br /> |It has the thickest enamel of the sampled sauropod specimens<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> ''[[Patagosaurus]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Holwerda |first1=F. M. |last2=Rauhut |first2=O. W. |last3=Pol |first3=D. |title=Osteological revision of the holotype of the Middle Jurassic sauropod dinosaur Patagosaurus fariasi Bonaparte, 1979 (Sauropoda: Cetiosauridae) |journal=Geodiversitas |date=2021 |volume=43 |issue=16 |pages=575–643 |doi=10.5252/geodiversitas2021v43a16 |s2cid=237537773 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> ''P. fariasi''<br /> |<br /> Cerro Condor<br /> |<br /> Las Chacritas Member<br /> |<br /> Many specimens, including a partial skull.<br /> |<br /> A non-neosauropodan eusauropodan member of [[Cetiosauridae]]. This genus represents the most abundant sauropod in the formation<br /> |<br /> [[File:Patagosaurus.jpg|200px]]<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> [[Sauropodiformes]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Becerra |first1=M. G. |last2=Carballido |first2=J. L. |last3=Pol |first3=D. |title=Primer registro de un Sauropoda no-Eusauropoda del Toarciano bajo-medio de Cañadón Asfalto[First report of a non-Eusauropoda Sauropoda from the lower-middle Toarcian of Cañadón Asfalto] |journal=XXX Jornadas Argentinas de Paleontología de Vertebrados. Resúmenes. Ameghiniana |date=2016 |volume=53 |issue=6 |page=8 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/308879954 |access-date=31 March 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> Indeterminate<br /> |<br /> Queso Rallado, near Cerro Cóndor<br /> |<br /> Las Chacritas Member<br /> |<br /> Isolated Teeth: MPEF-PV 10860<br /> |<br /> An indeterminate [[Sauropodiformes|Sauropodiform]] or a very basal sauropod or even dental material of ''[[Volkheimeria]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Becerra|first1=M. G. |last2=Gomez |first2=K. L. |last3=Pol |first3=D. |title=A sauropodomorph tooth increases the diversity of dental morphotypes in the Cañadón Asfalto Formation (Early–Middle Jurassic) of Patagonia |journal=Comptes Rendus Palevol |date=2017 |volume=16 |issue=8 |pages=832–840 |doi=10.1016/j.crpv.2017.08.005 |bibcode=2017CRPal..16..832B |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1631068317301082 |access-date=2 August 2022|hdl=11336/42733 |hdl-access=free |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> |<br /> [[Sauropoda]]&lt;ref name=SauropodsCa/&gt;<br /> |<br /> Indeterminate<br /> |<br /> Cerro Condor Sur<br /> |<br /> Las Chacritas Member<br /> |<br /> MACN-CH 219, 223(+221), 231<br /> |<br /> Too fragmentary to be ascribed to any taxon, currently classified as Sauropoda indet.<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> |<br /> [[Titanosauriformes]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Carballido |first1=J. L. |last2=Holwerda |first2=F. M. |last3=Pol |first3=D. |last4=Rauhut |first4=O. W. |title=An Early Jurassic sauropod tooth from Patagonia (Cañadón Asfalto Formation): implications for sauropod diversity |journal=Publicación Electrónica de la Asociación Paleontológica Argentina |date=2017 |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=50–57 |url=https://ri.conicet.gov.ar/handle/11336/74496 |access-date=31 March 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> Indeterminate<br /> |<br /> Queso Rallado, near Cerro Cóndor<br /> |<br /> Las Chacritas Member<br /> |<br /> Isolated Teeth: MPEF-PV 10606<br /> |<br /> An indeterminate [[Titanosauriformes|Titanosauriform]]. It can be alternatively a basal Eusauropod. Possible relationships with ''[[Atlasaurus]]''<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> |<br /> ''[[Volkheimeria]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;SauropodsCa&quot; /&gt;<br /> |<br /> ''V. chubutensis''<br /> |<br /> Cerro Cóndor South<br /> |<br /> Las Chacritas Member<br /> |<br /> &quot;Partial skeleton consisting of presacral and sacral vertebrae, pelvis, [and] hindlimb.&quot;<br /> |<br /> Either a gravisaur or a sister taxon of the Indian genus ''[[Barapasaurus]]''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Ornithischians ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;7&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''[[Ornithischia]]ns reported from the Cañadón Asfalto Formation'''<br /> |-<br /> ! Genus<br /> ! Species<br /> ! Location<br /> ! Stratigraphic position<br /> ! Material<br /> ! Notes<br /> ! Images<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;background:#E6E6E6;&quot;|<br /> [[Cerapoda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ornithis&quot;/&gt; <br /> |style=&quot;background:#E6E6E6;&quot;|<br /> Indeterminate<br /> |style=&quot;background:#E6E6E6;&quot;|<br /> Queso Rallado<br /> |style=&quot;background:#E6E6E6;&quot;|<br /> Las Chacritas Member<br /> |style=&quot;background:#E6E6E6;&quot;|<br /> Isolated ungual phalanx and Isolated Teeth: MPEF-PV 3818, MPEF-PV 3824, MEPF-PV 3820, MEPF-PV 3825, MEPF-PV 10861, MPEF-PV 10823, MPEF-PV 3821 &amp; MPEF-PV 10864<br /> |style=&quot;background:#E6E6E6;&quot;|<br /> An indeterminate [[Cerapoda]]n with resemblances with ''[[Hypsilophodon]]''. Some of the referred remains have been reclassified as ''Manidens'' material<br /> |style=&quot;background:#E6E6E6;&quot;| <br /> |-<br /> |<br /> [[Heterodontosauridae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ornithis&quot;/&gt;<br /> |<br /> Indeterminate<br /> |<br /> Queso Rallado<br /> |<br /> Las Chacritas Member<br /> |<br /> Metapodials, caudal vertebrae, and isolated phalanges: MPEF-PV 3826<br /> |<br /> [[heterodontosauridae|heterodontosaurid]] that cannot be compared with ''Manidens'' due to the lack of overlapping fossils.<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> |<br /> ''[[Manidens]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;poletal2011&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last=Pol |first=D. |author2=Rauhut, O.W.M. |author3= Becerra, M. |year=2011 |title=A Middle Jurassic heterodontosaurid dinosaur from Patagonia and the evolution of heterodontosaurids |journal=Naturwissenschaften |volume=98 |issue=5 |pages=369–379 |doi=10.1007/s00114-011-0780-5 |pmid=21452054|bibcode=2011NW.....98..369P |s2cid=22636871 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ornithis&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Becerra |first1=M. G. |title=Dinosaurios ornitisquios de la Formación Cañadón Asfalto (Jurásico temprano a medio), Chubut, Argentina: anatomía y relaciones filogenéticas |journal=(Doctoral Dissertation, Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales). |date=2016 |pages=1–649 |url=https://bibliotecadigital.exactas.uba.ar/download/tesis/tesis_n5967_Becerra.pdf |access-date=15 October 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> ''M. condorensis''<br /> |<br /> *Queso Rallado<br /> *Sitio Frenguelli<br /> *Sitio Canela<br /> |<br /> Las Chacritas Member<br /> |<br /> Partial articulated specimen, skull &amp; associated elements as well referred isolated teeth: MPEF-PV 3809, MPEF-PV 3211, MPEF-PV 3808, MPEF-PV 10867, MPEF-PV 1719, MPEF-PV 1786, MPEF-PV 1718, MPEF-PV 3810, MPEF-PV 3811, MPEF-PV 3812, MPEF-PV 3813, MPEF-PV 3814, MPEF-PV 3815, MPEF-PV 3816, MPEF-PV 10866<br /> |<br /> A primitive and small [[heterodontosauridae|heterodontosaurid]]. Fossils attributed to this genus may have been at least partially [[arboreal]]. [[Principal component analysis]] found that the feet of ''Manidens'' were most similar to those of tree-perching birds.&lt;ref name=&quot;arb&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Becerra | first1 = M.C. | last2 = Pol | first2 = D. | last3 = Rauhut | first3 = O.W.M. | last4 = Cerda | first4 = I.A. | title = New heterodontosaurid remains from the Cañadón Asfalto Formation: cursoriality and the functional importance of the pes in small heterodontosaurids | journal = Journal of Paleontology | volume = 90 | issue = 3 | date = 2016 | pages = 555–577 | doi = 10.1017/jpa.2016.24 | s2cid = 56436933 | url = https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-paleontology/article/div-classtitlenew-heterodontosaurid-remains-from-the-canadon-asfalto-formation-cursoriality-and-the-functional-importance-of-the-pes-in-small-heterodontosauridsdiv/7E5BA9BACC6FD50F167845272C05391D| hdl = 11336/117485 | hdl-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> [[File:Manidens.png|200x200px]]<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> [[Ornithischia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ornithis&quot;/&gt;<br /> |<br /> Indeterminate<br /> |<br /> *Queso Rallado<br /> |<br /> Las Chacritas Member<br /> |<br /> Isolated teeth: MPEF-PV 3817, MPEFPV 3819, MPEF-PV 3822.<br /> |<br /> Not referable to any taxa beyond Ornithischia Indet.<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Mammals===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=&quot;7&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''[[Mammal]]s reported from the Cañadón Asfalto Formation'''<br /> |-<br /> ! Genus<br /> ! Species<br /> ! Location<br /> ! Stratigraphic position<br /> ! Material<br /> ! Notes<br /> ! Images<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> [[Allotheria]]&lt;ref name=Condordo/&gt;<br /> |<br /> Indeterminate<br /> |<br /> Queso Rallado<br /> |<br /> Las Chacritas Member<br /> |<br /> Isolated Teeth<br /> |<br /> An [[Allotheria]]n whose affinities hasn't been tested<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> ''[[Argentoconodon]]''&lt;ref name=Argentoc&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Gaetano | first1 = L.C. | last2 = Rougier | first2 = G.W. | year = 2011 | title = New materials of Argentoconodon fariasorum (Mammaliaformes, Triconodontidae) from the Jurassic of Argentina and its bearing on triconodont phylogeny | journal = Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology | volume = 31 | issue = 4| pages = 829–843 | doi = 10.1080/02724634.2011.589877 | bibcode = 2011JVPal..31..829G | s2cid = 85069761|url=https://bibliotecadigital.exactas.uba.ar/greenstone3/exa/collection/paper/document/paper_02724634_v31_n4_p829_Gaetano |access-date=1 August 2022| hdl = 11336/68497 | hdl-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> ''A. fariasorum''<br /> |<br /> Queso Rallado<br /> |<br /> Las Chacritas Member<br /> |<br /> MPEF-PV2362, fragmentary left maxilla, MPEF-PV2363 partial skeleton, MPEFPV2364 isolated complete right upper last molariform<br /> |<br /> A [[volaticotheria]]n ([[Alticonodontinae]]), closely related to the Asian genus ''[[Volaticotherium]]'', having similar postcraneal appearance, indicating possible gliding capabilities, yet better material is needed to prove it.&lt;ref name=Argentoc/&gt;<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> ''[[Asfaltomylos]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;escapaetal2008&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Martin |first1=T. |last2=Rauhut |first2=O. W. |title=Mandible and dentition of Asfaltomylos patagonicus (Australosphenida, Mammalia) and the evolution of tribosphenic teeth |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |date=2005 |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=414–425 |doi=10.1671/0272-4634(2005)025[0414:MADOAP]2.0.CO;2 |s2cid=86312639 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235907341 |access-date=1 August 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> ''A. patagonicus''<br /> |<br /> Queso Rallado<br /> |<br /> Las Chacritas Member<br /> |<br /> MPEF PV 1671, complete lower maxilla<br /> |<br /> An [[Australosphenida]]n, related to ''[[Henosferus]]'' in [[Henosferidae]].<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> ''[[Condorodon]]''&lt;ref name=Condordo&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Gaetano |first1=L. C.|last2=Rougier |first2=G. W. |title=First amphilestid from South America: a molariform from the Jurassic Cañadón Asfalto Formation, Patagonia, Argentina |journal=Journal of Mammalian Evolution |date=2012 |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=235–248 |doi=10.1007/s10914-012-9194-1 |s2cid=254698557 |url=https://idp.springer.com/authorize/casa?redirect_uri=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10914-012-9194-1&amp;casa_token=jKpGiiJJLSQAAAAA:v_vA6-IAZHxZXyfJuOiKHQ2n6bamJbPXdRGh-MnYu3HH60qH-7L4UuDnmxgkJzrk8wQUkwgIhadvoM_Cj8w |access-date=1 August 2022|hdl=11336/68489 |hdl-access=free |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> |<br /> ''C. spanios''<br /> |<br /> Queso Rallado<br /> |<br /> Las Chacritas Member<br /> |<br /> MPEF-PV 2365, isolated complete lower left molariform<br /> |<br /> An &quot;[[amphilestid]]&quot; triconodont, related with the late jurassic African ''[[Tendagurodon]]''.&lt;ref name=Condordo/&gt;<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> ''[[Henosferus]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;escapaetal2008&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=Henus&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Rougier |first1=G. W. |last2=Martinelli |first2=A. G. |last3=Forasiepi |first3=A. M. |last4=Novacek |first4=M. J. |title=New Jurassic mammals from Patagonia, Argentina: a reappraisal of australosphenidan morphology and interrelationships. |journal=American Museum Novitates |date=2007 |issue=3 |pages=1–54 |citeseerx=10.1.1.693.6352 |url=https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.693.6352&amp;rep=rep1&amp;type=pdf |access-date=1 August 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> *''H. molus''<br /> *''H. sp.''<br /> |<br /> *Queso Rallado<br /> *Canela&lt;ref name=Canela/&gt;<br /> |<br /> Las Chacritas Member<br /> |<br /> MPEF 2353 right lower jaw, MPEF 2354 Left lower jaw, MPEF 2357 Left lower jaw, referred MPEF 2355 isolated upper premolar<br /> |<br /> An [[Australosphenida]]n, related to ''Asfaltomylos'' in Henosferidae, being twice as large as this last one.&lt;ref name=Henus/&gt;<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Fungi==<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Genus<br /> ! Species<br /> ! Location<br /> ! Stratigraphic position<br /> ! Member<br /> ! Material<br /> ! Ecogroup<br /> ! Palaeoclimate requirements<br /> ! Notes<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> ''[[Annella (Fungus)|Annella]]''&lt;ref name=Fungus&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Olivera |first1=D. E. |last2=Quattrocchio |first2=M. E. |last3=Zavattieri |first3=A. M. |title=The fungal spore Annella capitata Srivastava from the Jurassic (Late Toarcian–Late Bajocian) Cañadón Asfalto Formation of Patagonia, Argentina |journal=Palynology |date=2015 |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=258–269 |doi=10.1080/01916122.2014.955616 |bibcode=2015Paly...39..258O |hdl=11336/6627 |s2cid=130822113 |url=https://www.academia.edu/download/37614130/Olivera_et_al.__2014_Palynology_Annella.pdf |access-date=29 July 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> *''A. capitata''<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Central Patagonia<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> *Cañadon Lahuincó<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> *Las Chacritas Member<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Hypae and Miospores<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Unknown: either Aquatic (Freshwater) or Parasitic<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Unknown, suggested highly seasonality<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> A Fungus of uncertain relationships. This species is recovered in both coal seams and proximal prodelta sediments, making the assignation of a biome complex.&lt;ref name=Fungus/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Plants==<br /> According to a [[palynological]] study the dominant pollen was produced by the conifer families Cheirolepidiaceae (''Classopollis'') and Araucariaceae (mainly ''Araucariacites'' and ''Callialasporites''), suggesting that warm-temperate and relatively humid conditions under highly seasonal climate prevailed during the depositional times of the unit. The abundance of ''Botryococcus'' supports the presence of a shallow lake with probably saline conditions.&lt;ref name=PalynA&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Olivera |first1=D. E. |last2=Zavattieri |first2=A. M. |last3=Quattrocchio |first3=M. E. |title=The palynology of the Cañadón Asfalto formation (Jurassic), Cerro Cóndor depocentre, Cañadón Asfalto Basin, Patagonia, Argentina: palaeoecology and palaeoclimate based on ecogroup analysis |journal=Palynology |date=2015 |volume=39 |issue=3 |pages=362–386 |doi=10.1080/01916122.2014.988382 |bibcode=2015Paly...39..362O |hdl=11336/47675 |s2cid=129591727 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01916122.2014.988382 |access-date=4 September 2023|hdl-access=free |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; Locally, the Cañadón Asfalto represents a more poor record of the floras seen in the undeliying [[Lonco Tapial Formation]], with its closest floras found on the Antarctic Peninsula [[Ellsworth Land Volcanic Group]] at [[Potter Peak]], sharing ''Brachyphyllum'' spp. and ''Elatocladus confertus''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Penin2&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Hunter |first1=M. A. |last2=Riley |first2=T. R. |last3=Cantrill |first3=D. J. |last4=Flowerdew |first4=M. J. |last5=Millar |first5=I. L. |date=2006 |title=A new stratigraphy for the Latady Basin, Antarctic Peninsula: Part 1, Ellsworth land volcanic group |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/48AAB48BE2DAAB2D7B0D052D0FDED7A9/S0016756806002597a.pdf/new_stratigraphy_for_the_latady_basin_antarctic_peninsula_part_1_ellsworth_land_volcanic_group.pdf |journal=Geological Magazine |volume=143 |issue=6 |pages=777–796 |bibcode=2006GeoM..143..777H |doi=10.1017/S0016756806002597 |s2cid=130465133 |access-date=5 September 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Phytoplankton===<br /> Possible freshwater &quot;calcareous algae&quot;, associated with conifer shoots and aquatic invertebrates, have been reported from Cerro Caracoles.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Monferran |first1=Mateo Daniel |last2=Zacarias |first2=Iracema |last3=Gallego |first3=Oscar Florencio |date=2011 |title=Cerrito Caracoles: una nueva localidad con invertebrados fósiles de la Formación Cañadón Asfalto (Jurásico Medio-Superior) Chubut, Argentina |url=https://www.conicet.gov.ar/new_scp/detalle.php?keywords=&amp;id=02625&amp;inst=yes&amp;congresos=yes&amp;detalles=yes&amp;congr_id=1487401 |journal=XVIII Reunión de Comunicaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas |volume=8 |issue=1 |page=112}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Genus<br /> ! Species<br /> ! Location<br /> ! Member<br /> ! Material<br /> ! Ecogroup<br /> ! Palaeoclimate requirements<br /> ! Notes<br /> ! Images<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> ''[[Botryococcus]]''&lt;ref name=PalynA/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;volkheimeretal2011&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=FOSSALMA&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Cabaleria|first1=Nora G.|last2=Benavente|first2=Cecilia A.|last3=Monferranc|first3=Mateo D.|last4=Narváez|first4=Paula L.|last5=Volkheimer|first5=Wolfgang|last6=Gallego|first6=Oscar F.|last7=Do Campoa|first7=Margarita D.|year=2011|title=Sedimentology and palaeontology of the Upper Jurassic Puesto Almada Member (Cañadón Asfalto Formation, Fossati sub-basin), Patagonia Argentina: Palaeoenvironmental and climatic significance |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0037073813001644|journal=Sedimentary Geology|volume=296|issue=1|pages=103–121|doi=10.1016/j.sedgeo.2013.08.011 |hdl=11336/2418|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> *''B. sp. cf. B. braunii''<br /> *''B. spp''<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> *Cañadon Lahuincó<br /> *Cañadón Caracoles<br /> *Cerro Bandera<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> *Las Chacritas Member<br /> *Puesto Almada Member<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Algae<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Aquatic (freshwater); Alkaline indicator<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Highly seasonal climate<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> A freshwater algae of the family [[Botryococcaceae]]. This genus is the main indicator, due to its abundance, of the presence of a shallow lake with probably saline conditions, reaching in some samples about 96 to 70%.&lt;ref name=PalynA/&gt;<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> [[File:Botryococcus braunii.jpg|thumb|none|155px|Extant specimen]]<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> ''[[Leiosphaeridia]]''&lt;ref name=PalynA/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;volkheimeretal2011&quot;/&gt;<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> *''L. sp.''<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> *Cañadon Lahuincó<br /> *Cañadón Caracoles<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; | <br /> *Las Chacritas Member<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Zygospores<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Aquatic (freshwater)<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Temperate to warm; seasonal climate<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Algae or Algae Acritarch of the family [[Prasinophyceae]].<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> ''[[Ovoidites]]''&lt;ref name=PalynA/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;volkheimeretal2011&quot;/&gt;<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> *''O. spp.''<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> *Cañadon Lahuincó<br /> *Cañadón Caracoles<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; | <br /> *Las Chacritas Member<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Zygospores<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Aquatic (freshwater)<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Temperate to warm; seasonal climate<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Algae of the family [[Zygnemataceae]]<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> [[File:Spirogyra water surface and water inside.jpg|thumb|none|200px|Extant ''[[Spirogyra]]''; ''[[Ovoidites]]'' may be derived from a similar genus]]<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Bryophyta===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Genus<br /> ! Species<br /> ! Location<br /> ! Member<br /> ! Material<br /> ! Ecogroup<br /> ! Palaeoclimate requirements<br /> ! Notes<br /> ! Images<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> ''[[Antulsporites]]''&lt;ref name=PalynA/&gt;<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> *''A. saevus''<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> *Cañadon Lahuincó<br /> *Cañadón Caracoles<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; | <br /> *Las Chacritas Member<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Spores<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Upland and Riverside<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Can withstand long periods of drought; seasonal climate<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot;|<br /> Affinities with the family [[Sphagnaceae]] in the [[Sphagnopsida]]. &quot;Peat moss&quot; spores, related to genera such as ''[[Sphagnum]]'' that can store large amounts of water.<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> [[File:SphagnumFallax.jpg|thumb|none|155px|Extant ''[[Sphagnum]]'' specimens; ''[[Stereisporites]]'', ''[[Sculptisporis]]'' and ''[[Rogalskaisporites]]'' probably come from similar genera]]<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> ''[[Neoraistrickia]]''&lt;ref name=PalynA/&gt;<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> *''N. cf. suratensis''<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> *Cañadon Lahuincó<br /> *Cañadón Caracoles<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; | <br /> *Las Chacritas Member<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Spores<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Upland and Lowland <br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Warm to temperate, relatively wet<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot;|<br /> Affinities with the family [[Selaginellaceae]] and [[Lycopodiaceae]] in the [[Lycopsida]].<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> ''[[Nevesisporites]]''&lt;ref name=PalynA/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;volkheimeretal2011&quot;/&gt;<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> *''N. vallatus''<br /> *''N. cf. undatus''<br /> *''N. cf. radiatus''<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> *Cañadon Lahuincó<br /> *Cañadón Caracoles<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; | <br /> *Las Chacritas Member<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Spores<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Upland and Riverside<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Can withstand long periods of drought; seasonal climate<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Affinities with [[Bryophyte|Bryophyta]].<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> ''[[Retitriletes]]''&lt;ref name=PalynA/&gt;<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> *''R. austroclavatidites''<br /> *''R. semimuris''<br /> *''R. sp. 1''<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> *Cañadon Lahuincó<br /> *Cañadón Caracoles<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; | <br /> *Las Chacritas Member<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Spores<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Upland and Lowland <br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Warm to temperate, relatively wet<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Affinities with [[Bryophyte|Bryophyta]].<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> ''[[Stereisporites]]''&lt;ref name=PalynA/&gt;<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> *''S. sp. cf. S. psilatus''<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> *Cañadon Lahuincó<br /> *Cañadón Caracoles<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; | <br /> *Las Chacritas Member<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Spores<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Upland and Riverside<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Can withstand long periods of drought; seasonal climate<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Affinities with the family [[Sphagnaceae]] in the [[Sphagnopsida]].<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Equisetales===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Genus<br /> ! Species<br /> ! Location<br /> ! Member<br /> ! Material<br /> ! Ecogroup<br /> ! Palaeoclimate requirements<br /> ! Notes<br /> ! Images<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> ''[[Equisetites]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;volkheimeretal2011&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=MAINBIO&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Frenguelli|first1=J.|title=Los estratos con &quot;Estheria&quot; en el Chubut (Patagonia)|journal=Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina|date=1949 |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=11–24 |url=https://revista.geologica.org.ar/raga/article/view/95 |access-date=27 December 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=MAIFLOR&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Escapa|first1=I.H.|title=La tafoflora de la Formación Cañadón Asfalto, Jurasico Medio superior de Chubut. Taxonomía, bioestratigrafia y paleofitogeografia|journal=PhD Thesis. Universidad del Comahue, Bariloche|date=2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=RevFlora&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Escapa |first1=Ignacio H. |last2=Elgorriaga |first2=Andres |last3=Nunes |first3=Giovanni Cristián |last4=Cunéo |first4=Rubèn |last5=Scasso |first5=Roberto A |title=Megafloras del Jurásico en la Cuenca de Cañadón Asfalto: Biomas en transformación |journal=In book: Relatorio XXI Congreso Geológico Argentino - Geología y Recursos Naturales de la Provincia del ChubutPublisher: Asociación Geológica Argentina |date=2021 |volume=21 |issue=6 |pages=887–890 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/356645494 |access-date=8 September 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> *''E. approximatus''<br /> *''E. spp.''<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> *Cañadon Asfalto<br /> *Cañadon Lahuincó<br /> *Paso de Indios<br /> *Pomelo locality<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; | <br /> *Las Chacritas Member<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Stems<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Lowland and Riverside <br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Warm to temperate, relatively wet<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Plants of the group [[Equisetales]]. Usually linked with riversides<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> [[File:Equisetites arenaceus 54645.jpg|thumb|none|155px|''[[Equisetites]]'' specimen]]<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Pteridophyta===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Genus<br /> ! Species<br /> ! Location<br /> ! Member<br /> ! Material<br /> ! Ecogroup<br /> ! Palaeoclimate requirements<br /> ! Notes<br /> ! Images<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> ''[[Baculatisporites]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;volkheimeretal2011&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Volkheimer|first1=W.|last2=Quattrocchio|first2=M.|last3=Cabaleri|first3=N.|last4=García|first4=V.|year=2011|title=Palynology and paleoenvironment of the Jurassic lacustrine Cañadón Asfalto Formation at Cañadón Lahuincó locality, Chubut Province, Central Patagonia, Argentina|url=https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=2741009|journal=Revista Española de Micropaleontología|volume=40|issue=1–2|pages=77–96|issn=0556-655X}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> *''B. comaumensis''<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> *Cañadon Lahuincó<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; | <br /> *Las Chacritas Member<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Spores<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Lowland and Riverside <br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Warm to temperate, relatively wet<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Affinities with the family [[Osmundaceae]] in the [[Polypodiopsida]]. Near fluvial current ferns, related to the modern ''Osmunda regalis''.<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> [[File:Cinnamon Fern (Osmundastrum cinnamomeum) - Cape St. Mary's Ecological Reserve, Newfoundland 2019-08-10.jpg|thumb|none|155px|Extant ''[[Osmunda]]'' specimens; ''[[Baculatisporites]]'' probably come from similar genera or maybe a species from the genus]]<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> ''[[Biretisporites]]''&lt;ref name=PalynA/&gt;<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> *''B. sp. A''<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> *Cañadon Lahuincó<br /> *Cañadón Caracoles<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; | <br /> *Las Chacritas Member<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Spores<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Lowland and Riverside<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Warm to temperate, relatively wet<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Affinities with the [[Marattiaceae]] in the [[Polypodiopsida]]. Fern spores from low herbaceous flora.<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> [[File:Marattia sp (2944472770).jpg|thumb|none|155px|Extant ''[[Marattia]]'' specimens; ''[[Marattisporites]]'' probably comes from similar genera]]<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> ''[[Cadargasporites]]''&lt;ref name=PalynA/&gt;<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> *''C. sp. cf. C. reticulatus''<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> *Cañadon Lahuincó<br /> *Cañadón Caracoles<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; | <br /> *Las Chacritas Member<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Spores<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Lowland and Riverside<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Warm to temperate, relatively wet<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Uncertain affinity Fern Spores<br /> Filicopsida incertae sedis<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; | <br /> ''[[Cladophlebis]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;volkheimeretal2011&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=MAIFLOR/&gt;&lt;ref name=RevFlora/&gt;<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> *''C. grahami''<br /> *''C. oblonga''<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> *Cañadon Asfalto<br /> *Cañadon Lahuincó<br /> *Paso de Indios<br /> *Pomelo locality<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; | <br /> *Las Chacritas Member<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; | <br /> Isolated Pinnae<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Lowland and Riverside<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Warm to temperate, relatively wet<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; | <br /> Plants of the family [[Osmundaceae]].<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; | <br /> [[File:Cladophlebis nebbensis - National Museum of Nature and Science, Tokyo - DSC07005.JPG|155px]]<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> ''[[Clavatisporites]]''&lt;ref name=PalynA/&gt;<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> *''C. spp.''<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> *Cañadon Lahuincó<br /> *Cañadón Caracoles<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; | <br /> *Las Chacritas Member<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Spores<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Lowland and Riverside<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Warm to temperate, relatively wet<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF; |<br /> Filicopsida incertae sedis<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> ''[[Deltoidospora]]''&lt;ref name=PalynA/&gt;<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> *''D. australis''<br /> *''D. minor''<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> *Cañadon Lahuincó<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; | <br /> *Las Chacritas Member<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Spores<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Upland, Lowland and Riverside <br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Warm to temperate, relatively wet<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|<br /> Affinities with the families [[Cyatheaceae]]/[[Dicksoniaceae]] [[Dipteridaceae]]/[[Matoniaceae]] in the [[Polypodiopsida]]. <br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> ''[[Dictyophyllidites]]''&lt;ref name=PalynA/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;volkheimeretal2011&quot;/&gt;<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> *''D. harrisii''<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> *Cañadon Lahuincó<br /> *Cañadón Caracoles<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; | <br /> *Las Chacritas Member<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Spores<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Lowland and Riverside <br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Warm to temperate, relatively wet<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; | <br /> ''[[Gleichenites]]''&lt;ref name=RevFlora/&gt;<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> *''G. cf.taquetrensis''<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; | <br /> *Paso de Indios<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; | <br /> *Las Chacritas Member<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; | <br /> Isolated Pinnae<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Lowland and Riverside <br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Warm to temperate, relatively wet<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; | <br /> Plants of the family [[Gleicheniales]].<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; | <br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> ''[[Ischyosporites]]''&lt;ref name=PalynA/&gt;<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> *''I. marburgensis''<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> *Cañadon Lahuincó<br /> *Cañadón Caracoles<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; | <br /> *Las Chacritas Member<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Spores<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Upland, Lowland Riverside<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Warm to temperate, relatively wet<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |<br /> Affinities with the family [[Lygodiaceae]] and [[Schizaeaceae]] in the [[Polypodiopsida]]. Climbing or herbaceous fern spores.<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |<br /> [[File:Small-leaved-Climbing-Fern (2928313776).gif|thumb|center|155px|Extant ''[[Lygodium]]''; ''[[Lygodioisporites]]'' probably comes from similar genera or maybe a species from the genus]]<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> ''[[Klukisporites]]''&lt;ref name=PalynA/&gt;<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> *''K. lacunus''<br /> *''K. variegatus''<br /> *''K. sp. cf. K. scaberis''<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> *Cañadon Lahuincó<br /> *Cañadón Caracoles<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; | <br /> *Las Chacritas Member<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Spores<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Upland, Lowland Riverside<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Warm to temperate, relatively wet<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> ''[[Obtusisporis]]''&lt;ref name=PalynA/&gt;<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> *''O. modestus''<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> *Cañadon Lahuincó<br /> *Cañadón Caracoles<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; | <br /> *Las Chacritas Member<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Spores<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Lowland and Riverside<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Warm to temperate, relatively wet<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF; |<br /> Filicopsida incertae sedis<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> ''[[Rugulatisporites]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;volkheimeretal2011&quot;/&gt;<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> *''R. sp.''<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> *Cañadon Lahuincó<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; | <br /> *Las Chacritas Member<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Spores<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Lowland and Riverside <br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Warm to temperate, relatively wet<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;|<br /> Affinities with the family [[Osmundaceae]] in the [[Polypodiopsida]].<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> ''[[Sphenopteris]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;volkheimeretal2011&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=MAIFLOR/&gt;<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> *''S. patagonica''<br /> *''S. hallei''<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> *Cañadon Asfalto<br /> *Cañadon Lahuincó<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; | <br /> *Las Chacritas Member<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Isolated Pinnae<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Upland, Lowland and Riverside <br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Warm to temperate, relatively wet<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Plants of the group [[Sphenopteridae]], whose affinity for mesozoic specimens is uncertain, yet has been suggested to be fronds of [[Dicksoniaceae]] affinity<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> [[File:Sphenopteris schumannii.jpg|155px]]<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> ''[[Todisporites]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;volkheimeretal2011&quot;/&gt;<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> *''T. minor''<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> *Cañadon Lahuincó<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; | <br /> *Las Chacritas Member<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Spores<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Upland<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Warm to temperate, relatively wet. Can withstand long periods of drought; seasonal climate<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;|<br /> Affinities with the family [[Osmundaceae]] in the [[Polypodiopsida]].<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> ''[[Trilobosporites]]''&lt;ref name=PalynA/&gt;<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> *''T. sp.''<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> *Cañadon Lahuincó<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; | <br /> *Las Chacritas Member<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Spores<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Upland, Lowland and Riverside <br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Warm to temperate, relatively wet<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Affinities with the families [[Cyatheaceae]]/[[Dicksoniaceae]] [[Dipteridaceae]]/[[Matoniaceae]] in the [[Polypodiopsida]]. <br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> ''[[Verrucosisporites]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;volkheimeretal2011&quot;/&gt;<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> *''V. varians''<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> *Cañadon Lahuincó<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; | <br /> *Las Chacritas Member<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Spores<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Upland<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Can withstand long periods of drought; seasonal climate<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;|<br /> Affinities with the family [[Osmundaceae]] in the [[Polypodiopsida]].<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Peltaspermales===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Genus<br /> ! Species<br /> ! Location<br /> ! Member<br /> ! Material<br /> ! Ecogroup<br /> ! Palaeoclimate requirements<br /> ! Notes<br /> ! Images<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; | <br /> ''[[Alisporites]]''&lt;ref name=PalynA/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;volkheimeretal2011&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=FOSSALMA/&gt;<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> *''A. similis''<br /> *''A. lowoodensis''<br /> *''A. spp.''<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; | <br /> *Cañadon Lahuincó<br /> *Cañadón Caracoles<br /> *Cerro Bandera<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; | <br /> *Las Chacritas Member<br /> *Puesto Almada Member<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; | <br /> Pollen<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Riverside <br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Warm, can withstand long periods of drought; seasonal climate<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Affinities with the families [[Peltaspermaceae]], [[Corystospermaceae]] or [[Umkomasiaceae]] in the [[Peltaspermales]]. Pollen of uncertain provenance that can be derived from any of the members of the Peltaspermales. <br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> ''[[Antevsia]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Elgorriaga |first1=A. |last2=Escapa |first2=I. |last3=Cuneo |first3=R. |title=Peltaspermales from the Jurassic of Canadón Asfalto Basin. In Chubut Province, Argentina |journal=Boletın de la Asociacion Latinoamericana de Paleobotanica y Palinologıa: XIV International Palynological Congress–X International Organisation of Palaeobotany Conference |date=2016 |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=203–204 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/313425533 |access-date=22 July 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> ''A. sp.''<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> *Pomelo locality<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; | <br /> *Las Chacritas Member<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Pollen-bearing organs<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Lowland and Riverside <br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Warm, can withstand long periods of drought; seasonal climate<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Plants of the group [[Peltaspermaceae]].<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> ''[[Archangelskya]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;volkheimeretal2011&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=MAIFLOR/&gt;&lt;ref name=RevFlora/&gt;<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> ''A. furcata''<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> *Cañadon Asfalto<br /> *Cañadon Lahuincó<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; | <br /> *Las Chacritas Member<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Isolated Pinnae<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Lowland and Riverside <br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Warm, can withstand long periods of drought; seasonal climate<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Plants of the group [[Pteridospermata]]<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> ''[[Lepidopteris]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;Pomelo2&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Sender |first1=L.M. |last2=Escapa |first2=I.H. |last3=Elgorriaga |first3=A. |last4=Cúneo |first4=R. |last5=Scasso |first5=R.A. |date=2016 |title=Diversidad macroflorística del yacimiento &quot;Pomelo&quot; (Toarciano-Aaleniano) en el área de Cerro Cóndor (Chubut, Argentina) |url=https://www.conicet.gov.ar/new_scp/detalle.php?keywords=Ignacio%2BEscapa&amp;id=27064&amp;congresos=yes&amp;detalles=yes&amp;congr_id=10196917 |journal=VI Simposio Argentino del Jurásico |volume=6 |issue=37}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Pomelo&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Elgorriaga|first1=A.|last2=Escapa|first2=I.|last3=Cúneo|first3=N. R.|title=Relictual Lepidopteris (Peltaspermales) from the Early Jurassic Cañadón Asfalto Formation, Patagonia, Argentina|journal=International Journal of Plant Sciences|date=2019 |volume=180 |issue=6 |pages=578–596 |doi=10.1086/703461 |s2cid=195435840 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333623398 |access-date=27 December 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> ''L. scassoi''<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> *Pomelo locality<br /> *A12 locality<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; | <br /> *Las Chacritas Member<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Isolated Pinnae<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Lowland and Riverside <br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Warm, can withstand long periods of drought; seasonal climate<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Plants of the group [[Peltaspermaceae]]. This species represents the youngest record of the genus, by more than 20 Myr.<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> [[File:Lepidopteris life restoration.jpg|155px]]<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> ''[[Peltaspermum]]''&lt;ref name=RevFlora/&gt;&lt;ref name=Pomelo2/&gt;<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> ''P. sp.''<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> *Pomelo locality<br /> *A12 locality<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; | <br /> *Las Chacritas Member<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Ovuliferous Cones<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Lowland and Riverside <br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Warm, can withstand long periods of drought; seasonal climate<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Plants of the group [[Peltaspermaceae]].<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> [[File:Peltaspermum monodiscum.jpg|155px]]<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> ''[[Vitreisporites]]''&lt;ref name=PalynA/&gt;<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> *''V. pallidus''<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> *Cañadon Lahuincó<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; | <br /> *Las Chacritas Member<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Pollen<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Riverside <br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Warm, relatively wet<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> From the family [[Caytoniaceae]] in the [[Caytoniales]]. Caytoniaceae are a complex group of Mesozoic fossil floras that may be related to both Peltaspermales and Ginkgoaceae.<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Cycadeoidopsida===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Genus<br /> ! Species<br /> ! Location<br /> ! Member<br /> ! Material<br /> ! Ecogroup<br /> ! Palaeoclimate requirements<br /> ! Notes<br /> ! Images<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> ''[[Zamites]]''&lt;ref name=RevFlora/&gt;&lt;ref name=Pomelo2/&gt;<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> *''Z. sp.''<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> *Pomelo locality<br /> *A12 locality<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; | <br /> *Las Chacritas Member<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Leaflets<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Lowland and Riverside <br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Warm to temperate, can withstand long periods of drought; seasonal climate<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; | <br /> Affinities with [[Bennettitales]] inside [[Cycadeoidopsida]]. <br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> [[File:Zamites feneonis 153 maf Orbagnoux - Ain.jpg|155px]] <br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Czekanowskiales===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Genus<br /> ! Species<br /> ! Location<br /> ! Member<br /> ! Material<br /> ! Ecogroup<br /> ! Palaeoclimate requirements<br /> ! Notes<br /> ! Images<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> ''[[Phoenicopsis]]''&lt;ref name=MAINBIO/&gt;&lt;ref name=RevFlora/&gt;<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> *''P. sp.''<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> *Cañadon Asfalto<br /> *Pomelo locality<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; | <br /> *Las Chacritas Member<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Pollen Organs<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Lowland and Riverside <br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Warm to temperate, can withstand long periods of drought; seasonal climate<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Plants of the group [[Leptostrobales]] ([[Czekanowskiales]]). Ginkgo-like taxa<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Gnetopsida===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Genus<br /> ! Species<br /> ! Location<br /> ! Member<br /> ! Material<br /> ! Ecogroup<br /> ! Palaeoclimate requirements<br /> ! Notes<br /> ! Images<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> ''[[Ephedripites]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;volkheimeretal2011&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=FOSSALMA/&gt;<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> *''E. spp.''<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> *Cañadon Lahuincó<br /> *Cerro Bandera<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; | <br /> *Las Chacritas Member<br /> *Puesto Almada Member<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Pollen<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Lowland and Riverside <br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Warm to temperate, can withstand long periods of drought; seasonal climate<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> A Pollen Grain, affinities with [[Ephedraceae]] inside [[Gnetopsida]]. <br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> [[File:Pollença - Ma-10 - Mirador de Mal Pas - Ephedra fragilis 02 ies.jpg|thumb|center|155px|Extant ''[[Ephedra (plant)|Ephedra]]'', typical example of [[Ephedraceae]]. ''[[Equisetosporites]]'' probably come from a similar or a related Plant]] <br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Coniferophyta===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Genus<br /> ! Species<br /> ! Location<br /> ! Member<br /> ! Material<br /> ! Ecogroup<br /> ! Palaeoclimate requirements<br /> ! Notes<br /> ! Images<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; | <br /> ''[[Agathoxylon]]''&lt;ref name=Wood2A&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Gnaedinger |first1=S. |last2=Cúneo |first2=N.R. |title=Maderas de Gimnospermas de la Formación Cañadón Asfalto, Chubut, Argentina |journal=Xiv Simposio Argentino de Paleobotánica y Palinología |date=2009 |volume=14 |issue=1 |page=46 |url=https://www.conicet.gov.ar/new_scp/detalle.php?keywords=&amp;id=02625&amp;inst=yes&amp;congresos=yes&amp;detalles=yes&amp;congr_id=682578 |access-date=28 March 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> *''A. spp.''<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; | <br /> *Cañadon Bagual<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; | <br /> *Las Chacritas Member<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; | <br /> Fossil Wood<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Upland, Lowland and Riverside <br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> ?Warm to temperate, relatively wet<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Affinities with the family [[Araucariaceae]] in the [[Pinales]].<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; | <br /> ''[[Araucariacites]]''&lt;ref name=PalynA/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;volkheimeretal2011&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=FOSSALMA/&gt;<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> *''A. australis''<br /> *''A. fissus''<br /> *''A. pergranulatus''<br /> *''A. cf. A. pergranulatus''<br /> *''A. sp. A''<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; | <br /> *Cañadon Lahuincó<br /> *Cañadón Caracoles<br /> *Cerro Bandera<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; | <br /> *Las Chacritas Member<br /> *Puesto Almada Member<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; | <br /> Pollen<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Upland, Lowland and Riverside <br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> ?Warm to temperate, relatively wet<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Affinities with the family [[Araucariaceae]] in the [[Pinales]]. Conifer pollen from medium to large arboreal plants.<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> ''[[Araucaritites]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;volkheimeretal2011&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=MAIFLOR/&gt;&lt;ref name=RevFlora/&gt;<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> *''A. chuchensis''<br /> *''A. spp.''<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> *Cañadon Asfalto<br /> *Pomelo locality<br /> *A12 locality<br /> *Cañadon Lahuincó<br /> *Estancia La Vistosa<br /> *Paso de Indios<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; | <br /> *Las Chacritas Member<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Ovuliferous scales<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Upland, Lowland and Riverside <br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> ?Warm to temperate, relatively wet<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Plants of the family Araucariaceae.<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> ''[[Athrotaxites]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;volkheimeretal2011&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=MAIFLOR/&gt;&lt;ref name=RevFlora/&gt;<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> *''A. ungeri''<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> *Cañadon Asfalto<br /> *Cañadon Lahuincó<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; | <br /> *Las Chacritas Member<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Branched shoots<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Upland<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> ?Warm to temperate, relatively wet<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Plants of the family [[Taxodiaceae]]<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; | <br /> ''[[Austrohamia]]''&lt;ref name=RevFlora/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Contreras|first1=D.L.|last2=Escapa|first2=I.|last3=Cúneo|first3=N. R.|last4=Iribarren|first4=R. C.|title=Reconstructing the early evolution of the cupressaceae: A whole-plant description of a new austrohamia species from the cañadón asfalto formation (early Jurassic), Argentina|journal=International Journal of Plant Sciences|date=2019 |volume=180 |issue=8|pages=834–868|doi=10.1086/704831 |s2cid=202862782 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335628079|access-date=27 December 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> *''A. asfaltensis''<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> *Cañadon Lahuincó<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; | <br /> *Las Chacritas Member<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Branched shoots &amp; Ovuliferous cones<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Upland, Lowland and Riverside <br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> ?Warm to temperate, relatively wet<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Plants of the family [[Cunninghamioideae]]. Along with the also Argentinian species ''A. minuta'', this specimens represent the oldest fossil taxa that can be confidently assigned to Cupressaceae sensu lato<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> ''[[Brachyoxylon]]''&lt;ref name=RevFlora/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Bodnar|first1=J.|last2=Escapa|first2=I.|last3=Cúneo|first3=N. R.|last4=Gnaedinger|first4=S.|title=First Record of Conifer Wood from the Cañadón Asfalto Formation (Early-Middle Jurassic), Chubut Province, Argentina|journal=Ameghiniana|date=2013 |volume=50 |issue=2 |pages=227–239 |doi=10.5710/AMGH.26.04.2013.620 |hdl=11336/3391 |s2cid=130814427 |url=https://ameghiniana.org.ar/index.php/ameghiniana/article/download/620/1837|access-date=27 December 2021|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> ''B. currumilii''<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> *Pomelo locality<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; | <br /> *Las Chacritas Member<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Fossil Wood<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Upland, Lowland and Riverside <br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> ?Warm to temperate, relatively wet<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Plants of the family Araucariaceae or Cheirolepidiaceae<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> ''[[Brachyphyllum]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;volkheimeretal2011&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=MAIFLOR/&gt;&lt;ref name=RevFlora/&gt;&lt;ref name=Pomelo2/&gt;<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> *''B. cf. lotenaense''<br /> *''B. spp.''<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> *Cañadon Asfalto<br /> *Cerro Caracoles<br /> *Las Chacritas<br /> *Pomelo locality<br /> *A12 locality<br /> *Cañadon Lahuincó<br /> *Paso de Indios<br /> *Canela locality<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; | <br /> *Las Chacritas Member<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Branched shoots &amp; Ovuliferous cones<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Upland, Lowland and Riverside <br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> ?Warm to temperate, relatively wet<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Plants of the family Araucariaceae or Cheirolepidiaceae<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> ''[[Callialasporites]]''&lt;ref name=PalynA/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;volkheimeretal2011&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=FOSSALMA/&gt;<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> *''C. dampieri''<br /> *''C. microvelatus''<br /> *''C. turbatus''<br /> *''C. minus''<br /> *''C. sp. 1''<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; | <br /> *Cañadon Lahuincó<br /> *Cañadón Caracoles<br /> *Cerro Bandera<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; | <br /> *Las Chacritas Member<br /> *Puesto Almada Member<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; | <br /> Pollen<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Upland, Lowland and Riverside <br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> ?Warm to temperate, relatively wet<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Affinities with the family [[Araucariaceae]] in the [[Pinales]]. Conifer pollen from medium to large arboreal plants.<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; | <br /> ''[[Cerebropollenites]]''&lt;ref name=PalynA/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;volkheimeretal2011&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=FOSSALMA/&gt;<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> *''C. macroverrucosus''<br /> *''C. carlylensis''<br /> *''C. mesozoicus''<br /> *''C. sp. 1''<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; | <br /> *Cañadon Lahuincó<br /> *Cañadón Caracoles<br /> *Cerro Bandera<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; | <br /> *Las Chacritas Member<br /> *Puesto Almada Member<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Pollen<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Upland, Lowland and Riverside <br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> ?Warm to temperate, relatively wet<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Affinities with both [[Sciadopityaceae]] and [[Miroviaceae]] in the [[Pinopsida]]. This pollen's resemblance to extant ''[[Sciadopitys]]'' suggest that Miroviaceae may be an extinct lineage of Sciadopityaceae-like plants.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Hofmann |first1=Christa-Ch. |last2=Odgerel |first2=Nyamsambuu |last3=Seyfullah |first3=Leyla J. |title=The occurrence of pollen of Sciadopityaceae Luerss. through time |journal=Fossil Imprint |date=2021 |volume=77 |issue=2 |pages=271–281 |doi=10.37520/fi.2021.019 |s2cid=245555379 |url=https://www.biotaxa.org/AMNPSBHN/article/view/73112 |access-date=27 December 2021|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> [[File:Sciadopitys verticillata cones.jpg|thumb|none|155px|Extant ''[[Sciadopitys]]''. ''[[Cerebropollenites]]'' likely come from a related plant]] <br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; | <br /> ''[[Classopollis]]''&lt;ref name=PalynA/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;volkheimeretal2011&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=FOSSALMA/&gt;<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> *''C. classoides''<br /> *''C. intrareticulatus''<br /> *''C. simplex''<br /> *''C. itunensis''<br /> *''C. torosus''<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; | <br /> *Cañadon Lahuincó<br /> *Cañadón Caracoles<br /> *Cerro Bandera<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; | <br /> *Las Chacritas Member<br /> *Puesto Almada Member<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Pollen<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Lowland and Coastal lake<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Warm to temperate, can withstand long periods of drought; seasonal climate<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Affinities with the [[Hirmeriellaceae]] in the [[Pinopsida]]. ''Classopollis'' is the most abundant component of the assemblage, with ranges from 73 to 81.6% to 89.6%-89.7% in some samples.&lt;ref name=PalynA/&gt; <br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; | <br /> ''[[Elatoclaudus]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;volkheimeretal2011&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=MAIFLOR/&gt;&lt;ref name=RevFlora/&gt;<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> *''E. confertus''<br /> *''E. jabalpurensis''<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> *Cañadon Asfalto<br /> *Cañadon Lahuincó<br /> *Pomelo locality<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; | <br /> *Las Chacritas Member<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Branched shoots<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Upland and Lowland<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Warm to temperate, can withstand long periods of drought; seasonal climate<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Plants of the family Cupressaceae<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; | <br /> ''[[Exesipollenites]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;volkheimeretal2011&quot;/&gt;<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> *''E. sp.''<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; | <br /> *Cañadon Lahuincó<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; | <br /> *Las Chacritas Member<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Pollen<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Lowland and Coastal lake<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Warm to temperate, can withstand long periods of drought; seasonal climate<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Affinities with the [[Hirmeriellaceae]] in the [[Pinopsida]]. ''Classopollis'' is the most abundant component of the assemblage, with ranges from 73 to 81.6% to 89.6%-89.7% in some samples.&lt;ref name=PalynA/&gt; <br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; | <br /> ''[[Indusiisporites]]''&lt;ref name=PalynA/&gt;<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> *''I. parvisaccatus''<br /> *''I. sp. 1''<br /> *''I. sp. 2''<br /> *''I. sp. 3''<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; | <br /> *Cañadón Lahuincó<br /> *Cañadón Caracoles<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; | <br /> *Las Chacritas Member<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Pollen<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Upland<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Temperate, relatively dry<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Affinities with the family [[Podocarpaceae]]. Pollen from diverse types of Podocarpaceous conifers, that include morphotypes similar to the low arbustive ''[[Microcachrys]]'' and the medium arbustive ''[[Lepidothamnus]]'', likely linked with Upland settings<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> ''[[Inaperturopollenites]]''&lt;ref name=PalynA/&gt;<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> *''I. indicus''<br /> *''I. giganteus''<br /> *''I. microgranulatus''<br /> *''I. cf. reidi''<br /> *''I. sp. 1''<br /> *''I. sp. 2''<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> *Cañadon Lahuincó<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; | <br /> *Las Chacritas Member<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Pollen<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Upland, Lowland and Riverside <br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> ?Warm to temperate, relatively wet<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Affinities with the family [[Araucariaceae]] in the [[Pinales]]. Conifer pollen from medium to large arboreal plants.<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; | <br /> ''[[Kaokoxylon]]''&lt;ref name=Wood2A/&gt;<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> *''K. spp.''<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; | <br /> *Cañadon Bagual<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; | <br /> *Las Chacritas Member<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; | <br /> Fossil Wood<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Upland, Lowland and Riverside <br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> ?Warm to temperate, relatively wet<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Affinities with the family [[Araucariaceae]] in the [[Pinales]]. Represents the youngest record of the genus, otherwise know from Permian or Triassic strata.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Crisafulli |first1=Alexandra |last2=Dutra |first2=Tânia |date=2009-12-30 |title=Kaokoxylon zalesskyi (Sahni) Maheshwari en los niveles superiores de la Secuencia Santa Maria 2 (Formación Caturrita), Cuenca de Paraná, Brasil |journal=Gaea: Journal of Geoscience |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=61–69 |doi=10.4013/gaea.2009.52.02 |issn=1983-3628|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> ''[[Microcachryidites]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;volkheimeretal2011&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=FOSSALMA/&gt;<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> *''M. castellanosii''<br /> *''M. antarcticus''<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> *Cañadón Lahuincó<br /> *Cañadón Caracoles<br /> *Cerro Bandera<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; | <br /> *Las Chacritas Member<br /> *Puesto Almada Member<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Pollen<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Upland<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Temperate, relatively dry<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Affinities with the family [[Podocarpaceae]]. Pollen from Podocarpaceous conifers similar to the low arbustive ''[[Microcachrys]]''<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> [[File:Microcachrys tetragona 112011800.jpg|thumb|center|155px|Extant ''[[Microcachrys]]'' Cone, example of the [[Podocarpaceae]]. ''[[Microcachryidites]]'' is similar to the pollen found on this genus]]<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> ''[[Pagiophyllum]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;volkheimeretal2011&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=MAIFLOR/&gt;&lt;ref name=RevFlora/&gt;&lt;ref name=Pomelo2/&gt;<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> *''P. divaricatum''<br /> *''P. fiestmantelli''<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> *Cañadon Asfalto<br /> *Pomelo locality<br /> *A12 locality<br /> *Cañadon Lahuincó<br /> *Paso de Indios<br /> *Canela locality<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; | <br /> *Las Chacritas Member<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Branched shoots<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Lowland and Coastal lake<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Warm to temperate, can withstand long periods of drought; seasonal climate<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Plants of the family Araucariaceae or Cheirolepidiaceae<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> ''[[Pelourdea]]''&lt;ref name=MAINBIO/&gt;&lt;ref name=RevFlora/&gt;<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> *''P. sp.''<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> *Cañadon Asfalto<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; | <br /> *Las Chacritas Member<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Pollen Organs<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Lowland and Coastal lake<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Warm to temperate, can withstand long periods of drought; seasonal climate<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Incertae sedis inside Coniferales, suggested as a member of its own family, the &quot;[[Pelourdeaceae]]&quot;. A hygrophytic riparian conifer with herbaceous or shrubby habit. Some specimens are difficult to identify.<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> ''[[Perinopollenites]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;volkheimeretal2011&quot;/&gt;<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> *''P. elatoides''<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; | <br /> *Cañadón Lahuincó<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; | <br /> *Las Chacritas Member<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Pollen<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Upland and Lowland<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Warm to temperate; seasonal climate<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Affinities with the family [[Cupressaceae]] in the [[Pinopsida]]. Pollen that resembles that of extant genera such as the genus ''[[Actinostrobus]]'' and ''[[Austrocedrus]]'', probably derived from Upland environments.<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> [[File:Austrocedrus chilensis.jpg|thumb|none|155px|Extant ''[[Austrocedrus]]''. ''[[Exesipollenites]]'' and ''[[Perinopollenites]]'' maybe come from a related plant]]<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; | <br /> ''[[Phrixipollenites]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;volkheimeretal2011&quot;/&gt;<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> ''P. sp.''<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; | <br /> *Cañadón Lahuincó<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; | <br /> *Las Chacritas Member<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Pollen<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Upland<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Temperate, relatively dry<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Affinities with the family [[Podocarpaceae]]. <br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> ''[[Pinuspollenites]]''&lt;ref name=PalynA/&gt;<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> *''P. globosaccus''<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> *Cañadon Lahuincó<br /> *Cañadón Caracoles<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; | <br /> *Las Chacritas Member<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Pollen<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Upland, Lowland and Riverside <br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> ?Warm to temperate, relatively wet<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Affinities with the family [[Pinaceae]] in the [[Pinopsida]]. Conifer pollen from medium to large arboreal plants.<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; | <br /> ''[[Podocarpidites]]''&lt;ref name=PalynA/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;volkheimeretal2011&quot;/&gt;<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> *''P. verrucosus''<br /> *''P. astrictus''<br /> *''P. ellipticus''<br /> *''P. multesimus''<br /> *''P. variabilis''<br /> *''P. sp. cf. P. radiatus''<br /> *''P. sp. cf. P. verrucosus''<br /> *''P. sp. 1''<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; | <br /> *Cañadón Lahuincó<br /> *Cañadón Caracoles<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; | <br /> *Las Chacritas Member<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Pollen<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Upland<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Temperate, relatively dry<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Affinities with the family [[Podocarpaceae]] in the [[Pinopsida]].<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> [[File:Podocarpus macrophyllus (seed s2).jpg|thumb|center|155px|Extant ''[[Podocarpus]]'' Cone, example of the [[Podocarpaceae]]. ''[[Podocarpidites]]'' is similar to the pollen found on this genus]]<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; | <br /> ''[[Podocarpoxylon]]''&lt;ref name=Wood2A/&gt;<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> *''P. spp.''<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; | <br /> *Cañadon Bagual<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; | <br /> *Las Chacritas Member<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; | <br /> Fossil Wood<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Upland, Lowland and Riverside <br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> ?Warm to temperate, relatively wet<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Affinities with the family [[Podocarpaceae]] in the [[Pinopsida]].<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; | <br /> ''[[Podosporites]]''&lt;ref name=PalynA/&gt;<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> *''P. variabilis''<br /> *''P. sp. 1''<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; | <br /> *Cañadón Lahuincó<br /> *Cañadón Caracoles<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; | <br /> *Las Chacritas Member<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Pollen<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Upland<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Temperate, relatively dry<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Affinities with the family [[Podocarpaceae]] in the [[Pinopsida]].<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; | <br /> ''[[Protocupressinoxylon]]''&lt;ref name=Wood2A/&gt;<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> *''P. spp.''<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; | <br /> *Cañadon Bagual<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; | <br /> *Las Chacritas Member<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; | <br /> Fossil Wood<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Upland, Lowland and Riverside <br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> ?Warm to temperate, relatively wet<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Affinities with the family [[Hirmeriellaceae]] in the [[Pinopsida]].<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; | <br /> ''[[Prototaxoxylon]]''&lt;ref name=Wood2A/&gt;<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> *''P. spp.''<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; | <br /> *Cañadon Bagual<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; | <br /> *Las Chacritas Member<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; | <br /> Fossil Wood<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Upland, Lowland and Riverside <br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> ?Warm to temperate, relatively wet<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> Affinities with the family [[Taxaceae]] in the [[Pinopsida]]. Alternatively, it can represent woods of the &quot;Mesozoic Prototaxoxylon Group&quot;, an unnamed conifer family of possible Permian affinities.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Philippe |first1=Marc |last2=Afonin |first2=Maxim |last3=Delzon |first3=Sylvain |last4=Jordan |first4=Gregory J. |last5=Terada |first5=Kazuo |last6=Thiébaut |first6=Mélanie |date=2019 |title=A paleobiogeographical scenario for the Taxaceae based on a revised fossil wood record and embolism resistance |journal=Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology |volume=263 |pages=147–158 |doi=10.1016/j.revpalbo.2019.01.003 |issn=0034-6667}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |style=&quot;background:#D1FFCF;&quot; |<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> {{Portal|Argentina|Dinosaurs|Earth sciences|Paleontology}}<br /> * [[Cañadón Asfalto Formation]]<br /> * [[Cañadón Calcáreo Formation]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Cañadón Asfalto Formation]]<br /> [[Category:Geologic formations of Argentina]]<br /> [[Category:Cañadón Asfalto Basin]]<br /> [[Category:Jurassic paleontological sites]]<br /> [[Category:Mesozoic paleontological sites of South America]]<br /> [[Category:Fossiliferous stratigraphic units of South America]]<br /> [[Category:Paleontology in Argentina]]<br /> [[Category:Mesozoic paleobiotas|Cañadón]]<br /> [[Category:Paleontology lists]]</div>

BuyMetabolicSolutionsKeto https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Savitha_Sastry&diff=533683 2026-01-29T03:13:53Z

<p>BuyMetabolicSolutionsKeto: Added a page</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian dancer}}<br /> {{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Savitha Sastry<br /> | image = Savithayudh.jpg<br /> | caption = Sastry performing ''[[Yudh: Three perspectives, one truth|Yudh]]'' at the [[Madras Music Academy|Music Academy]] Chennai (2013)<br /> | birth_name = Savitha Subramaniam<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1969|08|11}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Hyderabad]], India<br /> | occupation = Bharatanatyam choreographer and dancer<br /> | years_active = 1981–present<br /> | spouse = [[AK Srikanth]]<br /> | children = <br /> | alma_mater = [[Stella Maris College, Chennai|Stella Maris College]], Chennai<br /> | website = {{URL|savithasastry.com}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Savitha Sastry''' (born 11 August 1969) is an Indian dancer and choreographer best known as an exponent of [[Bharatanatyam]]. She is known to experiment with the format of traditional Bharatanatyam by using the techniques of Bharatanatyam to showcase theme-based productions based on novel stories, not based on Indian mythology or religion.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.pressreader.com/india/deccan-chronicle/20120806/282621734857039 Praveen, Priyanka. (6 August 2012). Breaking free from the mould. ''Deccan Chronicle''].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.tribuneindia.com/2012/20120715/ttlife1.htm Singh, Nonika. (15 July 2012). Like a Free Bird. ''The Tribune.'']&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.pressreader.com/india/the-asian-age/20130127/282862253256441 Yasin, Fozia. (27 January 2013). Modern Classics. ''The Asian Age''.]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.savithasastry.com/press/yudh/deccanChronicle030513.jpg Vincent, Anusha. (5 March 2013). Natya goes beyond borders. ''Deccan Chronicle''.]&lt;/ref&gt; Her innovations have been described as 'path breaking' by critics.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.savithasastry.com/press/chains/afternoonDespatchCourierFeb122015.jpg Walia, Yamini. (12 February 2015). The Classical Storyteller. ''Afternoon Despatch &amp; Courier'']&lt;/ref&gt; and she is considered to be a 'renaissance architect'&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.savithasastry.com/press/chains/absoluteindiaJan312015.jpg Chatterjee, Anannya. (31 January 2015). Tussle between personal choice and societal expectations is a constant. &quot;Absolute India&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt; who 'holds the distinction of being the dancer to have brought out a revolution in the way Bharatanatyam is presented after [[Rukmini Devi Arundale]]'.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2015/mar/09/telling-the-tale-of-womanhood-726376.html Vishwanath, Narayana. (9 March 2015). Telling the tale of Womanhood.&quot;Indian Express&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.business-standard.com/content/press-releases-ani/the-award-winning-trilogy-colors-culminates-on-independence-day-with-its-third-part-colors-saffron-121081001375_1.html ANI Report. (10 August 2021)The Award Winning Trilogy &quot;Colors&quot; culminates on Independence Day with its third part Colors: Saffron ''Business Standard'']&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Early life and education==<br /> Savitha Subramaniam was born in Hyderabad, and later lived in Mumbai before her family relocated to their home town of [[Chennai]]. She started her training in Bharatanatyam under the tutelage of Guru Mahalingam Pillai at the Sri Rajarajeswari Bharatha Natya Kala Mandir in Mumbai, and later with [[Adyar K. Lakshman|Adyar K Lakshman]] and the [[Dhananjayans]] in Chennai.&lt;ref name=&quot;indiatoday.in&quot;&gt;[https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/featurephilia/story/savitha-sastry-neuroscientist-changed-career-perform-teach-bharatanatyam-for-free-1739806-2020-11-10 Chakrabarty, Roshni. (10 November 2020). Why this neuroscientist changed her career to perform and teach Bharatanatyam for free. &quot;India Today&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt; She did her schooling at the [[PS Senior Secondary School|P.S Senior Secondary School]] in Chennai, and her graduation from [[Stella Maris College, Chennai|Stella Maris College]].<br /> <br /> In 1986, she featured as the lead dancer in the Tamil film ''Ananda Tandavam'', a production of her Guru&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20031206153449/http://www.hindu.com/ms/2003/12/01/stories/2003120100040800.htm Viswanathan, Lakshmi. (1 December 2003). Inimitable Dance Guru. ''The Hindu.'']&lt;/ref&gt; [[Adyar K. Lakshman|Adyar K Lakshman]]. She pursued her master's degree in the United States, where she majored in neuroscience.&lt;ref name=&quot;indiatoday.in&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Bharatanatyam==<br /> Through the 1980s, 1990s and the first decade of the millennium, Sastry had performed mostly traditional repertoires of [[Bharatanatyam]]. She produced and choreographed a few full length presentations such as ''Krishna: The Supreme Mystic'' and ''Purushartha'' during this phase.&lt;ref name=&quot;officialwebpage&quot;&gt;[http://www.savithasastry.com/savitha.html About Savitha], savithasastry.com; accessed 28 June 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> She is credited to have a high degree of technical proficiency in her kinetics of the dance form in being able to deliver it with the grace and technique demanded of [[Bharatanatyam]] performers.&lt;ref&gt;Suri, Sathish.[http://www.narthaki.com/info/rev11/rev1095.html Profile], Narthaki.com; accessed 25 September 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Sydney]]-based critic Hamsa Venkat referred to &quot;Savitha's crisp nritta (pure dance), clean lines and flawless aramandi was a breath of fresh air, and truly inspirational for students of dance.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Venkat, Hamsa, [http://sydhwaney.com/dance/shobana-the-sensational-queen-of-mime &quot;A Queen of Mime&quot;], Sydhwaney.com, 11 March 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; The Audition Panel of the San Francisco Ethnic Dance Festival described her dancing with the words &quot;Moves like a temple sculpture come to life&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;officialwebpage&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Notable productions==<br /> By 2009, Sastry departed from performing traditional ''margams'' (the traditional order in which classical dance is performed), and started her work on theme based productions. Sastry is noted for the use of contemporary and original story lines in her performances and her portrayal of multiple characters as a solo performer in them, which is a marked departure from the traditional [[Bharatanatyam]] theme of the nayika (the heroine) pining for love or pieces based on [[Bhakti]] (devotion) alone. Some of her notable productions include ''Music Within'' (2010),&lt;ref&gt;Das, Priya. [http://www.indiacurrents.com/articles/2010/11/29/a-quiet-dance-of-the-soul &quot;A Quiet Dance of the Soul&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426042757/https://www.indiacurrents.com/articles/2010/11/29/a-quiet-dance-of-the-soul |date=26 April 2015 }}, ''India Currents'', 29 November 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Bal, Harish. [http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/dance/festival-rhythms/article2534186.ece &quot;Festival Rhythms&quot;], ''The Hindu'', 13 October 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[Soul Cages: The story of life, death and beyond|Soul Cages]]'' (2012),&lt;ref&gt;Subramanya, Mysore V.[http://www.deccanherald.com/content/151173/music-amp-dance-reviews.html &quot;Music &amp; Dance Reviews&quot;], ''Deccan Herald'', 11 April 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Sharma, SD. [http://www.savithasastry.com/press/soulCages/hindustanTimes071512.jpg &quot;Savitha Sastry leaves Chandigarh Audience awestruck&quot;], ''Hindustan Times'' (July 2012).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Kumar, Ranee. [http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/enchanting-treatment/article3748018.ece &quot;Enchanting Treatment&quot;], ''The Hindu'', 10 August 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Singh, Ayesha. [https://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/2012/dec/09/soul-cages-a-renaissance-in-bharatanatyam-432206.html &quot;Soul Cages – A renaissance in Bharatanatyam&quot;], ''Sunday Standard'', 9 December 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Mendoza, Conan.[http://www.savithasastry.com/press/yudh/deccanChronicle040313.jpg &quot;The Drama of Dance&quot;], ''Deccan Chronicle'', 3 April 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.indiastudychannel.com/resources/159586-Reviews-Yudh-dance-drama-ballet-by-Savitha-Sastry-leading-Bharatnatyam.aspx Reviews on YUDH – the dance drama ballet by Savitha Sastry], IndiaStudyChannel, 26 April 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Pattabhiraman, Arundhati. [http://www.deccanherald.com/content/317640/creativity-unlimited.html?fb_action_ids=477278488988769&amp;fb_action_types=og.likes&amp;fb_source=timeline_og&amp;action_object_map=%7B%22477278488988769%22%3A347052742079071%7D&amp;action_type_map=%7B%22477278488988769%22%3A%22og.likes%22%7D&amp;action_ref_map=%5B%5D &quot;Creativity Unlimited&quot;], ''Deccan Herald''], 10 March 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[The Prophet: Destiny. Divinity. Doubt]]''&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.savithasastry.com/press/prophet/indianExpressPg2110913.jpg &quot;Around Town&quot;], ''Indian Express'', 19 November 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; and ''[[Chains: Love Stories of Shadows]]'' (2015).<br /> [[File:Savitha Sastry Chains.jpg|thumb|Sastry performing ''[[Chains: Love Stories of Shadows]]'' at [[National Centre for the Performing Arts (India)|NCPA]] Mumbai (2015)]]<br /> Sastry has been critically lauded not only for her technique, but also for her innovations in the art form to take it to a wider audience. A profile story in [[the Times of India]] reported &quot;(Savitha) has merged contemporary content with the centuries old dance form to create a unique niche&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;officialwebpage&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Critic Fozia Yasin of the ''Asian Age'' notes that Sastry &quot;aims to bring about a renaissance in the traditional art form by marrying the aesthetics of Bharatanatyam with the power of an intelligent and novel story-line.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;officialwebpage&quot;/&gt; Critic Nonika Singh of ''The Tribune'' wrote, &quot;Knocking down pigeonholes as she breaks free, she hopes to inspire more and more aspiring dancers to soar along, in the vast expanse of tradition minus the baggage of restrictive thinking!&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;officialwebpage&quot;/&gt; Critic Yamini Walia of [[the Afternoon Despatch &amp; Courier]] reports that &quot;her path breaking work has been recognised as a renaissance by critics and audiences all over the world.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Walia, Yamini.[http://www.savithasastry.com/press/chains/afternoonDespatchCourierFeb122015.jpg &quot;The Classical Storyteller&quot;], ''Afternoon Despatch &amp; Courier''; accessed 28 June 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> All her productions have been based on short stories by her husband, [[AK Srikanth]], and the soundtrack for the productions have been composed by [[Rajkumar Bharathi]], the great grandson of the veteran poet [[Subramanya Bharathi|Subramania Bharathi]]. These have been performed in the Indian Subcontinent, Australia, South East Asia, the Middle East, Africa, Europe and the Americas, and the productions have met with critical and popular acclaim. Another hallmark of Sastry's presentations is a Q &amp; A session that she and Srikanth have with the audience at the end of the performance where the audience discuss the presentation with the performer and writer. Critic Lakshmi Ramakrishna of the Hindu praised this teamwork with the words &quot;The husband – wife duo has struck a chord with audiences in conveying deeply philosophical thoughts with striking simplicity, élan and elegance&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Ramakrishna, Lakshmi. [http://www.savithasastry.com/press/chains/hinduFeb272015.jpg &quot;I salute the power of this dance form&quot;], ''The Hindu''; accessed 27 February 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> She has been labeled the &quot;Dancing Storyteller&quot; by the popular press following these productions.&lt;ref&gt;Agarwal, Kanchan.[http://postnoon.com/2013/02/23/a-lifetime-of-learning/110389 &quot;A lifetime of learning&quot;], postnoon.com, 23 February 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ncpamumbai.com/event/yudh-three-perspectives-one-truth &quot;Three perspectives, one truth&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130630001731/http://www.ncpamumbai.com/event/yudh-three-perspectives-one-truth |date=30 June 2013 }}, National Centre Performing Arts, Mumbai website; accessed 28 June 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Sundar, Mrinalini.[http://www.savithasastry.com/press/yudh/NIE032913.jpg Sundar, Mrinalini. &quot;Alternative Storyteller&quot;], ''Indian Express'', 29 March 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Digital productions==<br /> Since 2018, Sastry and AK Srikanth have been releasing their productions on free to stream digital platforms to take their work to a world audience.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.deccanherald.com/metrolife/metrolife-lifestyle/storytelling-through-dance-906213.html/ &quot;Storytelling through dance&quot; by Krupa Joseph, Deccan Herald, 20 October 2020]&lt;/ref&gt; They also produce short classical dance videos that narrate a unique story, on the same lines of popular music videos. The short films have been nominated in over 50 film festivals across the world.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.business-standard.com/content/press-releases-ani/bharatanatyam-danseuse-savitha-sastry-and-ak-srikanth-writer-and-director-mark-a-decade-of-their-bharatanatyam-dance-productions-with-beyond-the-rains-122020700655_1.html 'Bharatanatyam Danseuse Savitha Sastry and AK Srikanth, Writer and Director Mark a Decade of their Bharatanatyam Dance Productions with Beyond the Rains' Business Standard, 7 February 2022]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Their first release, ''The Descent'' was based on the story of a fallen superstar, and dealt with themes of depression.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/featurephilia/story/savitha-sastry-neuroscientist-changed-career-perform-teach-bharatanatyam-for-free-1739806-2020-11-10/ 'Why this neuroscientist changed her career to perform and teach Bharatanatyam for free' by Roshni Chakrabarty, India Today, 10 November 2020]&lt;/ref&gt; The film was awarded the Best Short Film 2019 at the [[Calcutta International Cult Film Festival]],&lt;ref&gt;[https://eshe.in/2020/12/13/savitha-sastry/ &quot;Neuroscientist and Dancer Savitha Sastry Is Giving Bharatanatyam a Digital Makeover&quot; by Manvi Pant, eShe 13 December, 2020].&lt;/ref&gt; The Top Shorts Awards, the Near Nazareth Festival and the Best Global Short. It was also nominated at the John Abraham International Short Film Festival, the 5th Jaipur Film World 2021, Venice Film Awards, Cannes Short Film Festival, FilmFest by Rogue Dancer, Open Window International Film Challenge, Conceptsion International Film Awards, Mumbai 9th Indian Cine Festival 2021, the 11th Dada Saheb Phalke Film Festival 2021, Florence Film Awards, and the First Time Filmmaker Sessions.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.savithasastry.com/portfolio-item/thedescent/ &quot;Awards List&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> 2020 and 2021 saw Srikanth and Savitha releasing their much acclaimed [[The Colors Trilogy|Colors Trilogy]]. The series of three films was based on the colors of the [[Flag of India|Indian National Flag]] - Green, White and Saffron. The stories juxtaposed the ideals behind these colors as envisaged by the Founding Fathers of Indian independence, with the lives of women in modern day India.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/2020/Nov/22/chasing-ideals-one-dance-at-a-time-2225552.html |title=Chasing ideals one dance at a time |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |first=Ayesha |last=Singh |date=21 November 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The first part of the trilogy, [[The Colors Trilogy|Colors: Green]] is said to have been inspired by the life of Srikanth's mother.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/dance/ak-srikanth-releases-his-short-film-three-colors-green/article32693302.ece 'A film about dreams and aspirations of women' by Shilpa SR, The Hindu, 25 September 2020]&lt;/ref&gt; The second part - White is a biographical account of the story of her shift from traditional Bharatanatyam to the theme based productions she is famous for.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/indian-bharatanatyam-dancer-savitha-sastry-on-dance-film-colors-white-more-389489/ 'Indian Bharatanatyam dancer Savitha Sastry on dance film 'Colors: White' &amp; more' by Zeba Khan, WION News, 4 June 2021]&lt;/ref&gt; The concluding part Saffron is a dystopian premise that portrays a prison that houses women that are deemed more successful than their men.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20211026114204/https://www.sify.com/news/saffron-completes-colours-dance-film-trilogy-of-srikanth-savitha-sastry-ians-interview-news-national-vjbjOtfhibjea.html &quot;'Saffron' completes 'Colours' dance film trilogy of Srikanth, Savitha Sastry&quot; IANS, Sify.com, 1 September 2021]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The series was hugely acclaimed, with Critics in Business Standard reporting &quot;Writer AK Srikanth's story, while here as a short film, comes to life as it was written. And it is that much richer as an experience for all.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.business-standard.com/content/press-releases-ani/the-award-winning-trilogy-colors-culminates-on-independence-day-with-its-third-part-colors-saffron-121081001375_1.html/ &quot;The Award Winning Trilogy &quot;Colors&quot; culminates on Independence Day with its third part Colors: Saffron&quot; Business Standard, 10 August 2021].&lt;/ref&gt; DNA reported &quot;The story is a befitting tribute to the strength and courage of a woman&quot; &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.aninews.in/news/business/business/danseuse-savitha-sastry-and-director-ak-srikanth-release-their-8th-production-arangetram-the-debut20220906131233/ Danseuse Savitha Sastry and Director AK Srikanth release their 8th production Arangetram (The Debut)]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-savitha-sastry-gets-lauded-for-her-performance-in-short-film-colors-saffron-2910182/ &quot;Savitha Sastry gets lauded for her performance in short film ‘Colors: Saffron’&quot;] DNA, 8 September 2021].&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ''Beyond the Rains'', the short film based on AK Srikanth's short story ''The Girl in the Bubble'' was released on Valentine's Eve in 2022. The film is said to be structured like a [[Haiku]], and is noted for its delicate portrayal of the emotion of love.&lt;ref&gt;[https://ianslive.in/news/_capturing_the_tenderness_of_a_dew_drop_about_to_fall_from_a_leaf_ians_interview_-855144/NATION/1/&quot;Capturing the tenderness of a dew drop about to fall from a leaf&quot; by Vishnu Makhijani, IANS, 6 March 2022].&lt;/ref&gt; In June 2022, Savitha and Srikanth released their short film ''Dvija'' to critical acclaim. ''Dvija'' is based on a short story by Srikanth titled ''The Shrine'', and was inspired by [[Ueda Akinari|Ueda Akinari's]] [[Harusame Monogatari]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2022/jun/28/insearch-of-selfless-love-2470385.html 'In search of selfless love' Indian Express, 28 June 2022].&lt;/ref&gt; The release of this film coincided with ten years of their production company.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/dance/a-short-film-about-god-man-and-relationships/article65476262.ece 'A short film about god, man and relationships' The Hindu, 2 June 2022].&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> September 2022 saw the release of 'Arangetram', a humorous take on the aspirations of the Indian middle class and their dreams. Critic Monika Monalisa of the ''Indian Express'' called the film &quot;a breezy family entertainer, a genre that is hard to come by these days&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2022/sep/15/unfinished-goals-2498223.html/ 'Unfinished Goals' by Monika Monalisa, Indian Express, 15 September 2022].&lt;/ref&gt; A review by ANI commented that &quot;While this short film enters around the character played by Savitha, every supporting actor also has quirks and eccentricities that makes the whole characterisation believable, and yet joyous.&quot; The review went on to add that &quot;This short film is a throwback to the cinema of breezy comedies by stalwarts such as [[Amol Palekar]], [[Hrishikesh Mukherjee]] and [[Basu Chatterjee]].&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.aninews.in/news/business/business/danseuse-savitha-sastry-and-director-ak-srikanth-release-their-8th-production-arangetram-the-debut20220906131233/ 'Danseuse Savitha Sastry and Director AK Srikanth release their 8th production Arangetram (The Debut)' ANI News, 7 September 2022].&lt;/ref&gt; In March 2023, they released the second of their 'Families Trilogy' titled 'Filter Coffee'. Critic Monika Monalisa of the ''Indian Express'' described the film as one that would &quot;remind the viewers of the breezy light-hearted films of the 70s.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2023/mar/01/in-betweentwo-states-2551876.html/ 'In between two states' by Monika Monalisa, Indian Express, 1 March 2023].&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In July 2023, Savitha launched her film 'Slow Rivers', also starring Bollywood thespian [[Ashish Vidyarthi]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.aninews.in/news/business/business/slow-rivers-savitha-sastrys-new-magnum-opus20230706154449/ 'Slow Rivers - Savitha Sastry's new magnum opus' ANI News, 6 July 2023].&lt;/ref&gt; A review in the Indian Express described the film as &quot;a story around the relationship between an artiste and her art, a mind-bender that paints its canvas through the real and the unreal.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2023/jul/19/slow-riversreviewsmoky-mirrors-2596183.html/ 'Smoky Mirrors' Indian Express, 19 July 2023].&lt;/ref&gt; Critic Zeba Khan in her review of the film on WION commented that &quot;Actor Ashish Vidyarthi and the protagonist Savitha Sastry star together for the first time, in roles that crackle with power every time the two appear on screen together. The confrontation between the two goes far beyond just their roles, into philosophies of the relationship between art and the artiste.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/indian-danseuse-savitha-sastry-rolls-out-a-new-film-that-tells-a-unique-story-of-a-dancer-and-her-mentor-613817/ 'Indian danseuse Savitha Sastry rolls out a new film that tells a unique story of a dancer and her mentor' by Zeba Khan, WION, 10 July 2023].&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> October 2023 saw the duo release their love story 'The Ghost of the Lighthouse', co-starring actor Jamie Alter, the son of [[Tom Alter]]. Critic Zeba Khan, in a review in WION described the film as &quot;a touching vignette into the life of everyday people in small towns.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-award-winning-director-dancer-duo-ak-srikanth-savitha-sastry-launch-new-dance-film-653362/ 'Award-winning director-dancer duo AK Srikanth, Savitha Sastry launch new dance film' by Zeba Khan, WION, 31 October 2023].&lt;/ref&gt; Critic Pooja Das described the cinematography with the words &quot;Breathtaking views of rolling hills, beautiful seaside beaches, and crashing waves on the shore.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2023/nov/21/the-ghost-of-the-lighthouse-the-talking-canvas-2634662.html/ '''The Ghost of the Lighthouse': The Talking canvas'' by Pooja Das, Indian Express, 21 November 2023]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2024, the couple released the cinematic version of their debut stage performance from 2012 - [[Soul Cages: The Story of Life, Death and Beyond|Soul Cages]]. Critic Prashant Tamta writing for DNA commented that the film &quot;at its core, looks at the equilibrium between life and death.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-soul-cages-receives-more-than-a-million-views-within-a-month-of-its-release-3088262/ '''Soul Cages receives more than a million views within a month of its release'' by Prashant Tamta, DNA, 6 May 2024].&lt;/ref&gt; News Voir reported via the Print that &quot;The film explores the delicate balance between life and death, weaving a story that is philosophically rich, extremely moving, and yet at the same time easy to understand.&lt;ref&gt;[https://theprint.in/ani-press-releases/soul-cages-a-short-film-looking-at-the-equilibrium-between-life-and-death/2024536/ '''Soul Cages – A Short Film Looking at the Equilibrium between Life and Death'' ANI, 2 April 2024].&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The release of their first full length feature film 'A Song for Eresha' is scheduled for 2025. Co-starring debutante Mayurakshi Sen, Mekha Rajan and Arshya Lakshman in key roles, the film has been described as 'Poetry in Motion' by an ANI Press Report following a preview screening. &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.aninews.in/news/business/exclusive-media-screening-of-a-song-for-eresha-unveils-a-poetic-fusion-of-bharatanatyam-and-cinema20250527142206/ '''Exclusive Media Screening of A Song for ERESHA Unveils a Poetic Fusion of Bharatanatyam and Cinema'' ANI, 27 May 2025].&lt;/ref&gt; Critic Neha Kirpal writing for The Hindu commented that the film seamlessly blends classical Indian dance with story telling. &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/a-song-for-eresha-a-film-based-on-indian-classical-dance-is-all-set-for-a-theatrical-release/article69610008.ece/ '''A Song for ERESHA, a film based on Indian classical dance, is all set for a theatrical release'' The Hindu, 28 May 2025].&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Dance theatre productions==<br /> * ''Purushartha'' (2002)<br /> * ''Sacrifice'' (2003)<br /> * ''Krishna – The Supreme Mystic'' (2006)<br /> * ''[http://www.savithasastry.com/portfolio-item/music-within/ Music Within]'' (2010) <br /> * ''[[Soul Cages: The story of life, death and beyond|Soul Cages: The story of Life, Death &amp; Beyond]]'' (2012)<br /> * ''[[Yudh: Three perspectives, one truth|Yudh – Three Perspectives, One Truth]]'' (2013)<br /> * ''[[The Prophet: Destiny. Divinity. Doubt]]'' (2013)<br /> * ''[[Chains: Love Stories of Shadows]]'' (2015)<br /> * ''[http://www.savithasastry.com/portfolio-item/in-gods-country/ In God's Country]'' (2015)<br /> * ''[http://www.savithasastry.com/portfolio-item/music-within/ Music Within - the Group Presentation]'' (2020)<br /> <br /> ==Documentaries==<br /> *''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YGJP0ehDQHg/ Elysian Pursuits: The Digital Years]'' (2022)<br /> * ''[http://www.savithasastry.com/portfolio-item/our-journey/ Elysian Pursuits: The Journey of Savitha Sastry]'' (2015)<br /> * ''Sex, Death &amp; the Gods - a BBC documentary'' (2011)<br /> <br /> ==Short films==<br /> *''The Descent'' (2019)<br /> *''Awakening'' (2019)<br /> *''[[The Colors Trilogy|Colors Trilogy: Green]]'' (2020)<br /> *''[[The Colors Trilogy|Colors Trilogy: White]]'' (2021)<br /> *''[[The Colors Trilogy|Colors Trilogy: Saffron]]'' (2021)<br /> *''Beyond the Rains'' (2022)<br /> *''Dvija'' (2022)<br /> *''Arangetram/ Rangapravesha'' (2022)<br /> *''Filter Coffee'' (2023)<br /> *''Slow Rivers'' (2023)<br /> *''The Ghost of the Lighthouse'' (2023)<br /> *''Soul Cages'' (2024)<br /> <br /> ==Feature films==<br /> *''A Song for Eresha'' (2025)<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> *[[Indian women in dance]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{commons category}}<br /> <br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Sastry, Savitha}}<br /> [[Category:Bharatanatyam dancers]]<br /> [[Category:Indian classical choreographers]]<br /> [[Category:Indian female classical dancers]]<br /> [[Category:Indian women choreographers]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:1969 births]]<br /> [[Category:Dancers from Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Stella Maris College, Chennai alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Artists from Hyderabad, India]]<br /> [[Category:Dancers from Telangana]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian women artists]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian dancers]]<br /> [[Category:Women artists from Andhra Pradesh]]</div>

BuyMetabolicSolutionsKeto https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sainagar_Shirdi_railway_station&diff=448481 2026-01-27T08:52:55Z

<p>BuyMetabolicSolutionsKeto: Expanded article with relevant info</p> <hr /> <div>{{Multiple issues|<br /> {{Primary sources|date=August 2024}}<br /> {{more citations needed|date=August 2024}}}}<br /> {{Short description|Train station in Maharashtra, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}<br /> {{Infobox station<br /> | name = Sainagar Shirdi railway station<br /> | type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]] [[Indian Railways]] station<br /> | style = Indian Railways<br /> | image = SNSI Sainagar Shirdi Railway Station.jpg<br /> | image_caption = Sainagar Shirdi<br /> | address = [[Shirdi, Ahmednagar district, Maharashtra]]<br /> | country = India<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|19|46|50.73|N|74|28|48.5|E|region:IN|display=inline}}<br /> | elevation = {{convert|504|m|ft}}<br /> | line = [[Daund–Manmad branch line]]<br /> | other = Buses, Taxi stand, Prepaid auto service<br /> | structure = Standard on ground<br /> | platform = 4<br /> | tracks = 5<br /> | parking = Yes<br /> | opened = 2009<br /> | closed = <br /> | rebuilt = <br /> | electrified = 2011–12<br /> | accessible = Yes<br /> | code = {{Indian railway code<br /> | code = SNSI&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;stn_code&quot; /&amp;gt;<br /> | zone = [[Central Railway zone]]<br /> | division = {{rwd|Pune}}<br /> }}<br /> | owned = [[Ministry of Railways (India)]]<br /> | operator = [[Indian Railways]]<br /> | status = Functioning<br /> (Wi-fi Enabled)<br /> | former = <br /> | passengers = <br /> | pass_year = <br /> | pass_percent = <br /> | pass_system = <br /> | map_type = India Maharashtra#India<br /> | map_caption = Location in [[Maharashtra]]##Location in India<br /> | map_dot_label = Sainagar Shirdi<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Sainagar Shirdi railway station''' (station code: SNSI&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;stn_code&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web |title=Station Code Index |url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/coaching/pdf/Station_code.pdf |website=Portal of Indian Railways |publisher=Centre For Railway Information Systems |access-date=23 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216225807/https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/coaching/TAG_2023-24/Station_Code_Index.pdf |archive-date=16 February 2024 |page=7 |format=PDF |date=2023–24}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;) is a railway station serving the town of [[Shirdi]], [[Maharashtra]]. Sainagar Shirdi is a railway terminus and belongs to [[Central Railways]] of [[Indian Railways]]. <br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> Work began in 2003, and the railway station opened in 2009.{{cn|date=August 2024}}<br /> <br /> The Manmad–Puntamba-Sainagar Shirdi is a broad-gauge line which was electrified in 2011–12.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web| url = http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/stat_econ/pdf/YEAR_BOOK_ENG_2011_12/6.pdf|title =Electrification |publisher=[[Indian Railways]] | accessdate = 2013-03-24 }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; <br /> <br /> == Trains ==<br /> {{No sources|section|date=December 2024}}<br /> # 22147 [[Dadar Central–Sainagar Shirdi Weekly Superfast Express]]<br /> # 17207 [[Sainagar Shirdi–Vijayawada Express]] (Wednesday) via [[Secunderabad]]<br /> # 17001 [[Sainagar Shirdi–Secunderabad Express]] via [[Bidar]] (Monday and Saturday)<br /> # 17205 [[Sainagar Shirdi–Kakinada Port Express]] via [[Secunderabad]] (Sunday, Tuesday and Thursday)<br /> # 51034 [[Mumbai CST–Sainagar Shirdi Fast Passenger]] via [[Daund]]<br /> # 22602 [[Chennai–Sainagar Shirdi Express|Sainagar Shirdi-Chennai Central SuperFast Express]] (Friday) via [[Yelahanka]], [[Krishnarajapuram]] ([[Bangalore]]), [[Daund]]<br /> # 22893 [[Sainagar Shirdi–Howrah Express|Sainagar Shirdi – Howrah SuperFast Express]] Via [[Nagpur]] (Saturday)<br /> # 18504 [[Sainagar Shirdi–Visakhapatnam Express]] via [[Kazipet]](Friday)<br /> # 12131 [[Dadar Central–Sainagar Shirdi Superfast Express]] via [[Nasik]] (Sunday, Tuesday and Thursday)<br /> # 16218 [[Mysore–Sainagar Shirdi Express]] via [[Bangalore]], [[Daund]] (Tuesday)<br /> # 22455 [[Sainagar Shirdi–Kalka Express]] via [[Bhopal ]]–[[Agra]]–[[New Delhi]] (Tuesday &amp;amp; Saturday)<br /> # 20857 [[Puri–Sainagar Shirdi Weekly Superfast Express]] via [[Manmad]]–[[Bhusawal]]–[[Nagpur]]–[[Raipur]]–[[Bhubaneswar]] (Sunday)<br /> # 17418 [[Tirupati–Sainagar Shirdi Express]] via Manmad Secunderabad<br /> # 11001 [[Sainagar Shirdi–Pandharpur Express]]<br /> # 77657 [[Jalna–Sainagar Shirdi DEMU]]<br /> # 22224 [[Mumbai CSMT - Sainagar Shirdi Vande Bharat Express|Sainagar Shirdi - Mumbai CSMT Vande Bharat Express]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * [http://www.makemytrip.com/railways/sainagar_shirdi-snsi-railway-station.html Sainagar Shirdi Trains]<br /> * {{Wikivoyage inline|Shirdi}}<br /> <br /> {{Maharashtra-railstation-stub}}<br /> <br /> {{Central Railway}}<br /> {{Railway stations in Maharashtra}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2009]]<br /> [[Category:Railway stations in Ahmednagar district]]<br /> [[Category:Transport in Shirdi]]<br /> [[Category:Pune railway division]]</div>

BuyMetabolicSolutionsKeto https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=House_of_Secrets:_The_Burari_Deaths&diff=503143 2026-01-20T21:27:51Z

<p>BuyMetabolicSolutionsKeto: Added A Article.</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|2021 docuseries}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}<br /> {{Infobox television<br /> | image = House of Secrets - The Burari Deaths poster.jpg<br /> | caption = The cover of the docuseries, depicting Lalit Chundawat, the perpetrator of the Burari mass-suicide<br /> | alt_name =<br /> | native_name = <br /> | genre = [[True crime]] [[docuseries]]<br /> | creator = [[Leena Yadav]]&lt;br/&gt;Anubhav Chopra<br /> | based_on = [[Burari deaths|2018 Burari mass suicide]]<br /> | developer = <br /> | writer = <br /> | director = Leena Yadav&lt;br/&gt;Anubhav Chopra<br /> | creative_director = <br /> | starring = <br /> | theme_music_composer = <br /> | composer = [[A.R. Rahman]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Qutub-E-Kripa]]<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Hindi&lt;br/&gt;English&lt;br/&gt;Punjabi<br /> | num_episodes = 3<br /> | executive_producer = Aseem Bajaj&lt;br/&gt;[[James Haygood]]<br /> | producer = Yogendra Mogre&lt;br/&gt;Katherine LeBlond<br /> | location = [[Burari]], [[Delhi]] &lt;br/&gt; [[Tohana]], [[Haryana]]<br /> | cinematography = <br /> | editor = <br /> | camera = <br /> | runtime = <br /> | network = [[Netflix]]<br /> | released = {{Start date|2021|10|08}}<br /> }}<br /> '''''House of Secrets: The Burari Deaths''''' is a 2021 docuseries by [[Netflix]]. Created by [[Leena Yadav]] and Anubhav Chopra, the three-part series explores the theories surrounding the demise of 11 members of the same family on 30 June 2018. Termed as the [[Burari deaths]] by the media, the true-crime docuseries released on 8 October 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Scroll Staff|title='House of Secrets: The Burari Deaths': True-crime show revisits the demise of 11 members of a family|url=https://scroll.in/reel/1006754/house-of-secrets-the-burari-deaths-true-crime-show-revisits-the-demise-of-11-members-of-a-family|access-date=2021-10-04|website=Scroll.in|date=October 2021 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; The series is directed by Leena Yadav and Anubhav Chopra. [[A. R. Rahman]] and his ensemble of musician group, [[Qutub-E-Kripa]], composed and produced the score of the docuseries, dialogues by Tyson Newton Fernandez.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=AR Rahman on creating the score for House of Secrets: Burari Deaths|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/news/2021/oct/04/arrahman-on-creating-the-score-for-house-of-secrets-burari-deaths-27066.html|access-date=2021-10-04|website=[[Cinema Express]]|date=4 October 2021 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yogendra Mogre and Katherine Leblond are the producers while Aseem Bajaj and [[James Haygood]] are the executive producers.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Pandya|first=Sonal|title=House Of Secrets: The Burari Deaths trailer – Chilling account of the demise of three generations in a family|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2021/oct/1/31561|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006115417/https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2021/oct/1/31561|url-status=live|archive-date=6 October 2021|access-date=2021-10-06|website=Cinestaan}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Vijayakar|first=R. M. |title=Netflix Releases Trailer of 'House of Secrets: The Burari Deaths'|url=https://www.indiawest.com/entertainment/television/netflix-releases-trailer-of-house-of-secrets-the-burari-deaths/article_e3d829a6-2605-11ec-92cb-c7cbe16a4f2d.html|access-date=2021-10-06|website=India West|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> <br /> * Anita Anand, Clinical Hypnotherapist<br /> * Hemani Bhandari, Reporter, The Hindu<br /> *[[Barkha Dutt]], Journalist <br /> *Manoj Kumar, SHO (2016-2019) of Burari Police Station <br /> *Naresh Bhatia, Sub-inspector (2017-2020) of Burari Police Station<br /> *Mukesh Sengar, Senior Special Correspondent, [[NDTV India|NDTV]]<br /> * Brajesh Kumar, SSA (Biology) Forensic Science Laboratory, New Delhi.<br /> <br /> == Production ==<br /> [[Leena Yadav]] had plans of making a [[Nonfiction|non-fictional]] work after the release of ''[[Parched]]'' (2015) and ''[[Rajma Chawal]]'' (2018). She revealed in an interview her plans to create a documentary about the [[Burari deaths|Burari mass suicide]], an incident revolving around the demise of 11 members of the same family on 30 June 2018, for the creative team working at [[Netflix|Netflix India]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-10-04|title=Leena Yadav talks moving to non-fiction storytelling, making House of Secrets for Netflix|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/leena-yadav-talks-moving-to-non-fiction-storytelling-making-house-of-secrets-for-netflix-10022441.html|access-date=2021-10-19|website=Firstpost|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; She felt that there were many stories surrounding the incident that people were unaware of; after she posted the incident, many media channels covered the topic and it became a national sensation, but was stopped at one particular point. The truth regarding the incident and its root cause prompted Yadav to film a documentary about this topic.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Taskin|first=Bismee|date=2021-01-17|title=Scary to neighbours, home to families – Burari house fights horror tag 2 yrs after 11 deaths|url=https://theprint.in/india/scary-to-neighbours-home-to-families-burari-house-fights-horror-tag-2-yrs-after-11-deaths/585719/|access-date=2021-10-04|website=ThePrint|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {{Quote box<br /> | quote = &quot;It was different as I come from a narrative background. It was interesting to give up all control. I went into an interview not knowing what I will learn and where it will turn. I had to surrender to it, as the emotional content was so strong. We don't know what happened to the case and that is where the documentary will take you. More than a ‘whodunit’ it is a ‘whydunit' and even though the first question is who, why is much more important in this case.&quot;<br /> | align = left<br /> | width = 25%<br /> }}<br /> Yadav began conceptualising the series with Anubhav Chopra, who worked as an assistant director in prominent Bollywood films. She came up with multiple conversations revolving around the people who witnessed the incident and police officers and journalists. The team also came in connection with the brother of one of the victims, saying that &quot;it was very therapeutic because they had not even spoken about the issues amongst themselves&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; She had covered a total of 400 hours which was considered to be &quot;difficult&quot; and &quot;emotionally draining&quot; but said that it was a &quot;big learning experience&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Leena Yadav shares 'emotionally draining' process of making 'House of Secrets: The Burari Deaths'|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/entertainment/out-of-box/leena-yadav-shares-emotionally-draining-process-of-making-house-of-secrets-the-burari-deaths20211002142850/|access-date=2021-10-19|website=ANI News|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> She added that &quot;our structure was to present it exactly the way we experienced it. To start with, it was a spectacle that blew up. Then the layers came in, and that is exactly the approach: seeing this as an event and then getting into each layer of revelations.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-10-13|title=House of Secrets The Burari Deaths director Leena Yadav: 'The mind behind the crime is the biggest catch'|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/house-of-secrets-the-burari-deaths-netflix-leena-yadav-7562608/|access-date=2021-10-19|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; For working on the series, she had approached non-professionals to work on the camera. Kshitij Kumar Goel and Laxman Suthar, handled the aerial footages. Yadav said that &quot;the camera has an interesting power, where people who have never been in front of a camera feel pushed to go to the truth. It’s like something is recording you so you better tell the truth now.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; She approached prominent composer [[A. R. Rahman]] to work on the background music. Rahman said that &quot;the series required a distinct, nuanced musical approach: enigmatic yet gripping&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-10-04|title=AR Rahman on Netflix's House of Secrets: 'An unexplored territory which required a distinct musical approach'|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/ar-rahman-on-netflix-house-of-secrets-an-unexplored-territory-which-required-a-distinct-musical-approach-7551297/|access-date=2021-10-19|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The score was curated by Rahman and his [[Qutub-E-Kripa]] musical team.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Unlike other documentaries which had a &quot;cinematic approach in the coverage of real incidents&quot;, Yadav wanted the documentary to be gripping, and must have &quot;a perspective among various people who witnessed the crime angle&quot;. Eventually, the inclusion of voice-over in the documentary made it to be &quot;thrilling and effective&quot;. The three-part series highlighted the secretive nature of Indian families, where many families are seemingly, ‘normal’ and ‘well-functioning’ on the surface, but are plagued by issues of all kinds.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Release ==<br /> [[Netflix|Netflix India]] announced the series in March 2021 as one of 40 Indian original programs (which included films, series, documentary, reality and stand-up comedy shows) slated for premiere that year.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-03-03|title=Netflix India 2021 slate announced: From Fabulous Lives season 2 and Kapil Sharma to Abbas-Mustan's next, see full list|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/netflix-india-2021-slate-announced-from-fabulous-lives-season-2-and-kapil-sharma-to-abbas-mustan-s-next-see-full-list-101614760233353.html|access-date=2021-10-19|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last1=Grater|first1=Tom|date=2021-03-03|title=Netflix India Unveils Slate Of 40 Films &amp; Series|url=https://deadline.com/2021/03/netflix-india-slate-40-films-series-1234704881/|access-date=2021-10-19|website=Deadline|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 1 October 2021, the trailer for the docuseries was released in [[YouTube]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-10-02|title=Trailer of Netflix docu-feature 'House of Secrets' out|url=https://www.dtnext.in/News/Cinema/2021/10/02113752/1321019/Trailer-of-Netflix-docufeature-House-of-Secrets-out.vpf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028170948/https://www.dtnext.in/News/Cinema/2021/10/02113752/1321019/Trailer-of-Netflix-docufeature-House-of-Secrets-out.vpf|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 October 2021|access-date=2021-10-19|website=dtNext.in|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the three-part series released through [[Netflix]] on 8 October 2021.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Reception==<br /> Anuj Kumar of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote: &quot;What makes the series convincing is the way it captures the inability of the experts in different fields to answer all the questions, and how the case impacted the lives of journalists who covered it, as well as the policemen and forensic experts who investigated it. Whatever they say solves a part of the jigsaw puzzle, but could not complete the picture, because ultimately there is no clear consensus even on whether it was a crime story.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Kumar|first=Anuj|date=2021-10-09|title='House of Secrets: The Burari Deaths' review: The autopsy of a society|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/house-of-secrets-the-burari-deaths-review-the-autopsy-of-a-society/article36912409.ece|access-date=2021-10-20|issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Pooja Biraia Jaiswal of ''[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]'' says, &quot;The impact is chilling, thanks to a compelling screenplay. By the end of the series, one is bound to get goose bumps. But the drawback is that there is no sense of finality. Although a line-up of experts dissects Lalit’s psychology and the family’s dynamics, in the end, one is left with more questions than answers.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Review: 'House of Secrets: The Burari Deaths'|url=https://www.theweek.in/theweek/leisure/2021/10/14/review-house-of-secrets-the-burari-deaths.html|access-date=2021-10-20|website=The Week|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Ektaa Malik of ''[[The Indian Express|Indian Express]]'' states, &quot;From incorporating the many conspiracy theories, to revealing the actual truth, the docu-series unravels like a work of fiction, backed by a solid screenplay. But its execution is hampered by the short-sightedness of its creators.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-10-12|title=House of Secrets The Burari Deaths review: Netflix docu-series gives goosebumps but fails to ask the right questions|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/house-of-secrets-the-burari-deaths-review-netflix-docu-series-7566100/|access-date=2021-10-20|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{IMDb title|14167390}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]<br /> [[Category:Netflix original documentary television series]]<br /> [[Category:True crime television series]]<br /> [[Category:Indian documentary television series]]<br /> [[Category:Indian films based on actual events]]</div>

BuyMetabolicSolutionsKeto https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dwarka_Sector_12_metro_station&diff=454730 2026-01-18T22:11:07Z

<p>BuyMetabolicSolutionsKeto: expand section additionally and cleaned formatting for consistency</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Metro station in Delhi, India}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}<br /> {{Infobox station<br /> | name = [[File:Delhi Metro logo.svg|50px]]&lt;br /&gt;Dwarka Sector 12&lt;br&gt;द्वारका सेक्टर 12<br /> | type = {{Delhi Metro Infobox station line|line=Blue}}<br /> | style = Delhi Metro<br /> | image = Dwarka Sector 12 Metro Station.jpg<br /> | address = Block B, Sector 12 Dwarka, New Delhi, 110078<br /> | coordinates = {{Coord|format=dms|display=inline,title}}<br /> | line = {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Blue|croute}}<br /> | other = <br /> | structure = [[Elevated]], [[Double-track railway|Double-track]]<br /> | platform = {{ubl|[[Side platform]]|Platform-1 → {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Blue|R|type=main}} / {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Blue|R|type=branch}}|Platform-2 → {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Blue|L}}}}<br /> | depth = <br /> | levels = 2<br /> | tracks = 2<br /> | parking = {{parking symbol}} Available<br /> | bicycle = <br /> | baggage_check = <br /> | opened = {{start date and age|2006|4|1|df=yes}}<br /> | closed = <br /> | rebuilt = <br /> | electrified = {{25 kV 50 Hz}} through [[Overhead line|overhead catenary]]<br /> | accessible = Yes {{Access icon}}<br /> | code = {{#property:P296}}<br /> | owned = [[Delhi Metro]]<br /> | operator = [[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation]] (DMRC)<br /> | zone = <br /> | smartcardname = <br /> | smartcardstatus = <br /> | former = <br /> | passengers = 5,395/day&lt;br /&gt;167,235/ Month average<br /> | pass_year = Jan 2015<br /> | pass_rank = <br /> | pass_percent = <br /> | pass_system = <br /> | mpassengers = <br /> | services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Delhi Metro|line=Blue|left=Dwarka Sector 11|right=Dwarka Sector 13}}<br /> | route_map = {{Delhi Metro Blue Line Route}}<br /> | map_state = collapsed<br /> | mapframe = yes<br /> | mapframe-marker = rail<br /> | mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Delhi Metro|Blue}}<br /> | mapframe-zoom = 14<br /> }}<br /> The '''Dwarka Sector 12''' metro station is located on the [[Blue Line (Delhi Metro)|Blue Line]] of the [[Delhi Metro]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.delhimetrorail.com/commuters/station_information.html |title=Station Information |access-date=2010-06-26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619035828/http://delhimetrorail.com/commuters/station_information.html |archive-date=19 June 2010 |df=dmy}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is the busiest metro station in Dwarka. Presence of several schools, banks, and business centres makes the metro station a centre of commute point. City Centre is located just in front of the metro station. E-rickshaw services are streamlined and easily available.<br /> <br /> ==The station==<br /> ===Station layout===<br /> {|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3<br /> |style=&quot;border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;&quot; width=50 rowspan=4 valign=top|'''L2'''<br /> |style=&quot;border-top:solid 1px grey;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;&quot; colspan=2|&lt;small&gt;[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;&quot; width=100|&lt;span style=color:#{{rcr|Delhi Metro|Blue}}&gt;'''Platform 1'''&lt;br/&gt;'''Eastbound'''&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |style=&quot;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;&quot; width=500|Towards → {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Blue|R|type=main}} / {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Blue|R|type=branch}}&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;'''Next Station:''' {{stl|Delhi Metro|Dwarka Sector 13}}&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |&lt;span style=color:#{{rcr|Delhi Metro|Blue}}&gt;'''Platform 2'''&lt;br/&gt;'''Westbound'''&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |&lt;span style=color:white&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Towards ← {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Blue|L}}&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;'''Next Station:''' {{stl|Delhi Metro|Dwarka Sector 11}}&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;text-align:center;&quot; colspan=2|&lt;small&gt;[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |valign=top|'''L1'''<br /> |valign=top|Concourse<br /> |valign=top|Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;border-top:solid 1px grey;&quot; width=50 valign=top|'''G'''<br /> |style=&quot;border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;&quot; width=100 valign=top|Street Level<br /> |style=&quot;border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;&quot; width=500 valign=top|Exit/Entrance<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Facilities===<br /> ATM is available. An &quot;ananda&quot; dairy shop is also open. List of available [[Cash machine|ATM]] at Dwarka Sector 12 metro station Punjab National Bank, State Bank of India, Canara Bank.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url=http://www.delhimetrorail.com/ATM_details.aspx| title=ATM Details| website=Delhi Metro Rail}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Entry/Exit==<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; width=&quot;60%&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;background:#{{rcr|Delhi Metro|Blue}};&quot;| &lt;span style=&quot;color:WHITE;&quot;&gt;Dwarka Sector 12 metro station Entry/exits&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! style=&quot;width:30%;&quot;|Gate No-1<br /> ! style=&quot;width:30%;&quot;|Gate No-2<br /> |-<br /> | || <br /> |-<br /> | || <br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> {{div col|colwidth=22em}}<br /> *[[Delhi]]<br /> *[[List of Delhi Metro stations]]<br /> *[[Transport in Delhi]]<br /> *[[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation]]<br /> *[[Delhi Suburban Railway]]<br /> *[[Delhi Monorail]]<br /> *[[Delhi Transport Corporation]]<br /> *[[West Delhi]]<br /> *[[New Delhi]]<br /> *[[Dwarka, Delhi]]<br /> *[[National Capital Region (India)]]<br /> *[[List of rapid transit systems]]<br /> *[[List of metro systems]]<br /> {{div col end}}<br /> {{Clear}}<br /> {{Portal bar|Trains|Transport|Engineering}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist|30em}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{Commons|Delhi Metro}}<br /> {{Wikivoyage|Delhi}}<br /> * [http://www.delhimetrorail.com/ Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. (Official site)]<br /> * [http://www.delhimetrorail.com/annual_report.aspx/ Delhi Metro Annual Reports]<br /> * {{cite web|title=Station Information|work=Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. (DMRC)|url=http://www.delhimetrorail.com/commuters/station_information.html}}<br /> * [http://www.urbanrail.net ''UrbanRail.Net''] – Descriptions of all metro systems in the world, each with a schematic map showing all stations.<br /> *{{Google maps|url=https://www.google.co.in/maps/place/Dwarka+Sector+12/@28.5926476,77.0375832,685m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m5!3m4!1s0x390d1ac5ca62f503:0x7c747b9dea566eb6!8m2!3d28.5922815!4d77.0406597|title= Dwarka Sector 12 metro station}}<br /> <br /> {{Delhi Metro}}<br /> {{Delhi &amp; NCR Metro stations|blue line=yes}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2006]]<br /> [[Category:Delhi Metro stations]]<br /> [[Category:2006 establishments in Delhi]]<br /> [[Category:Railway stations in South West Delhi district]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{Delhi-metro-stub}}<br /> {{Delhi-railstation-stub}}</div>

BuyMetabolicSolutionsKeto https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Krishan_Dhawan&diff=510755 2026-01-18T10:22:47Z

<p>BuyMetabolicSolutionsKeto: Added New Stub</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian actor (1926–1994)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name= Krishan Dhawan<br /> | image= <br /> | caption = <br /> | birthname = Krishan Dhawan<br /> <br /> | birth_date = {{birth year|1926}}<br /> | birth_place = <br /> | death_date = {{death date and age|1994|05|20|1926}}<br /> | occupation = Actor<br /> | notable_works = <br /> | spouse = <br /> | children = [[Dilip Dhawan]]<br /> |website = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Krishan Dhawan''' (1926 {{ndash}} 20 May 1994)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://filminformation.com/flash-back/flash-back-18-may-2019 | title=HOLLYWOOD STUDIOS TO BOOK VIDEO PIRATES – Film Information }}&lt;/ref&gt; was an Indian character actor in [[Hindi]] language films whose career spanned four decades from 1950 to 1993.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Krishan Dhawan |url=https://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2bcde873b7 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180226211024/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2bcde873b7 |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 February 2018 |website=British Film Institute |publisher=British Film Institute |access-date=8 August 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> Krishan Dhawan was an actor, known for [[Vidhaata|Vidhaata (1982)]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=BollySwar: 1981 – 1990 |date=14 April 2020 |publisher=Mavrix Infotech Private Limited |isbn=9788193848227 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V4rcDwAAQBAJ&amp;q=Krishan+Dhawan+dilip&amp;pg=PA237 |access-date=8 August 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Mujhe Jeene Do|Mujhe Jeene Do (1963)]] and [[Roti Kapda Aur Makaan#Plot|Roti Kapada Aur Makaan (1974)]].<br /> <br /> ==Personal life==<br /> He was born in [[Mumbai]] in a [[Punjabi Hindu]] family. He is the father of actor [[Dilip Dhawan]] who acted in the iconic television serial &quot;[[Nukkad]]&quot; portraying the role of the mechanic &quot;Guru&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Take-2: 50 Films That Deserve a New Audience |date=1 October 2015 |publisher=Hay House, Inc |isbn=9789384544850 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JEqwDAAAQBAJ&amp;q=Krishan+Dhawan+dilip&amp;pg=PT239 |access-date=8 August 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Filmography==<br /> <br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !Year !!Film !!Character/Role<br /> |-<br /> | 1950<br /> | [[Afsar (1950 film)|Afsar]]<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | 1951<br /> | [[Baazi (1951 film)|Baazi]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Houseful The Golden Years of Hindi Cinema |year=2012 |publisher=Om Books International, 2012 |isbn=9789380070254 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JSVCCwAAQBAJ&amp;q=Krishan+Dhawan+dilip&amp;pg=PT235 |access-date=8 August 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | Ramesh<br /> |-<br /> | 1954<br /> | [[Taxi Driver (1954 film)|Taxi Driver]]<br /> | Crooked gambler<br /> |-<br /> | 1955<br /> | [[Milap (1955 film)|Milap]]<br /> | Mohan Dayal (as Krishin Dhawan)<br /> |-<br /> | 1955<br /> | [[Faraar (1955 film)|Dev Anand in Goa (Alias Farar)]]<br /> | Police Inspector – Goa<br /> |-<br /> | 1956<br /> | [[Jagte Raho]]<br /> | Chinnu<br /> |-<br /> | 1956<br /> | [[Funtoosh]]<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | 1957<br /> | [[Nau Do Gyarah]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema |date=10 July 2014 |publisher=Routledge; 2 edition |isbn=9781135943189 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SLkABAAAQBAJ&amp;q=Krishan+Dhawan+dilip&amp;pg=PT12 |access-date=8 August 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | Kuldeep<br /> |-<br /> | 1957<br /> | Arpan <br /> | (as Krishan Dhawan)<br /> |-<br /> | 1957<br /> | Anjali<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | 1958<br /> | [[Kala Pani (1958 film)|Kala Pani]]<br /> | Jumman<br /> |-<br /> | 1960<br /> | [[Manzil (1960 film)|Manzil]]<br /> | Captain Prem Nath<br /> |-<br /> | 1960<br /> | Kala Bazar<br /> | Sapna's Boyfriend (as Krishna Dhawan)<br /> |-<br /> | 1960<br /> | [[Ek Phool Char Kaante]]<br /> | Shyam Dhawan<br /> |-<br /> | 1961<br /> | Maya<br /> | Deepak (as Krishen Dhawan)<br /> |-<br /> | 1961<br /> | Kanch Ki Gudiya<br /> | Amar<br /> |-<br /> | 1961<br /> | [[Chhaya (film)|Chhaya]]<br /> | Shyam Lal<br /> |-<br /> | 1962<br /> | [[Sahib Bibi Aur Ghulam]]<br /> | Master Babu (as Kishen Dhawan)<br /> |-<br /> | 1963<br /> | [[Phir Wohi Dil Laya Hoon]]<br /> | Mr. Kapoor<br /> |-<br /> | 1963<br /> | [[Mujhe Jeene Do]]<br /> | School-teacher<br /> |-<br /> | 1965<br /> | Shaheed<br /> | Sardar Ajit Singh<br /> |-<br /> | 1965<br /> | [[Janwar (1965 film)|Janwar]]<br /> | Mr. Srivastava (as Krishna Dhawan)<br /> |-<br /> | 1965<br /> | [[Guide (film)|Guide]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Screen World, 1966 |date=June 1966 |publisher=Biblo &amp; Tannen Publishers, 1966 |page=112 |isbn=9780819603074 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VCQ9AErr-uMC&amp;q=Krishan+Dhawan+dilip&amp;pg=PA112 |access-date=8 August 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | Inspector Girdhari<br /> |-<br /> | 1965<br /> | [[Chhoti Chhoti Baten|Chhoti Chhoti Baatein]]<br /> | Advocate Girish Lal<br /> |-<br /> | 1966<br /> | [[Teesri Kasam]]<br /> | Lalmohar<br /> |-<br /> | 1967<br /> | [[Upkar]]<br /> | Ramu<br /> |-<br /> |1967<br /> | ''[[Parivar (1967 film)|Parivar]]''<br /> |Diwanchand Rai<br /> |-<br /> | 1968/I<br /> | Brahmachari<br /> | Sheetal's Uncle (Mamaji)<br /> |-<br /> | 1968<br /> | [[Jhuk Gaya Aasman]]<br /> | Ramdas<br /> |-<br /> | 1968<br /> | [[Parivar (film)|Parivar]]<br /> | Diwanchand<br /> |-<br /> | 1969<br /> | Vishwas<br /> | Prem<br /> |-<br /> | 1969<br /> | [[Pyar Hi Pyar]]<br /> | Kewal Mehra<br /> |-<br /> | 1970<br /> | [[Sawan Bhadon]]<br /> | Darbarilal<br /> |-<br /> | 1970<br /> | Tum Haseen Main Jawan<br /> | Barrister Avinash<br /> |-<br /> | 1970<br /> | [[Purab Aur Pachhim]]<br /> | Om – Bharat's dad<br /> |-<br /> | 1970<br /> | [[Jeevan Mrityu]]<br /> | Ramakant<br /> |-<br /> | 1971<br /> | Sansar<br /> | Dayal<br /> |-<br /> | 1971<br /> | Jawan Muhabat<br /> | Constable<br /> |-<br /> | 1971<br /> | [[Ek Nari Ek Brahmachari]] <br /> | (as Kishen Dhawan)<br /> |-<br /> | 1972<br /> | Aankhon Aankhon Mein<br /> | Mamaji (Uncle)<br /> |-<br /> | 1972<br /> | [[Jangal Mein Mangal]]<br /> | Officer Ratanlal (as Krishna Dhawan)<br /> |-<br /> | 1972<br /> | Yaar Mera<br /> | Police Inspector<br /> |-<br /> | 1972<br /> | Wafaa<br /> | Shanti's Father<br /> |-<br /> | 1972<br /> | Shor<br /> | Shanker's father<br /> |-<br /> | 1973<br /> | [[Zanjeer (1973 film)|Zanjeer]]<br /> | Smuggler – Teja's man (as Dhawan)<br /> |-<br /> | 1973<br /> | Nafrat<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | 1973<br /> | [[Jalte Badan]] <br /> | (as Kishan Dhavan)<br /> |-<br /> | 1974<br /> | Call Girl<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | 1974<br /> | [[Roti Kapada Aur Makaan]]<br /> | Bharat's Father<br /> |-<br /> | 1974<br /> | [[Woh Main Nahin]]<br /> | Shaikh Mansoor<br /> |-<br /> | 1974<br /> | Vada Tera Vada<br /> | Preeti's father<br /> |-<br /> | 1974<br /> | [[Insaaniyat]]<br /> | Ramu<br /> |-<br /> | 1975<br /> | [[Andhera]]<br /> | Jugal<br /> |-<br /> | 1975<br /> | [[Dharmatma]]<br /> | Kishanlal – Anu's dad<br /> |-<br /> | 1975<br /> | [[Umar Qaid]]<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | 1976<br /> | [[Kalicharan]]<br /> | Avtaar Seth<br /> |-<br /> | 1976<br /> | [[Maha Chor]]<br /> | Diwanji<br /> |-<br /> |1977<br /> |''[[Shirdi Ke Sai Baba]]'' <br /> |Chaand<br /> |-<br /> | 1977<br /> | ''[[Amaanat (1977 film)|Amaanat]]''<br /> | Mohan's Father<br /> |-<br /> | 1977<br /> | [[Zamaanat]]<br /> | John uncle<br /> |-<br /> | 1977<br /> | Tinku<br /> | Adhikari<br /> |-<br /> | 1977<br /> | [[Chor Sipahee]]<br /> | Priya's dad<br /> |-<br /> | 1977<br /> | Agar... If<br /> | Ashok Saxena / Bhandar<br /> |-<br /> | 1978<br /> | Darwaza<br /> | Rachna's Father<br /> |-<br /> | 1978<br /> | Bhookh<br /> | Beena's dad<br /> |-<br /> | 1978<br /> | [[Chowki No.11]]<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | 1978<br /> | [[Aahuti (1978 film)|Aahuti]]<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | 1979<br /> | [[Shikshaa]]<br /> | Kundan<br /> |-<br /> | 1979<br /> | [[Gautam Govinda]]<br /> | Lala<br /> |-<br /> | 1979<br /> | [[Suhaag (1979 film)|Suhaag]] <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | 1980<br /> | Zakhmon Ke Nishan<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | 1981<br /> | [[Bulundi]]<br /> | Bhanu Khatri<br /> |-<br /> | 1981<br /> | [[Krodhi]]<br /> | Jagannath<br /> |-<br /> |1981<br /> |''[[Sannata (1981 film)|Sannata]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=022W3IbNB3s |title=Vinod Mehra, Sarika &amp; Deepak Parashar {{!}} Ramsay Superhit Thriller Movie {{!}} Sannata 1981 |date=2024-10-12 |last=Rare Movies On VHS |access-date=2025-10-07 |via=YouTube}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |Public Prosecutor<br /> |-<br /> | 1981<br /> | Dard (Conflict of Emotions)<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | 1981<br /> | Poonam<br /> | Raghu – Chander's &amp; Sudha's father<br /> |-<br /> | 1982<br /> | [[Dial 100 (1982 film)|Dial 100]]<br /> | Inspector Dalvi<br /> |-<br /> | 1982<br /> | Ghazab<br /> | Munimji (Jamuna's Uncle)<br /> |-<br /> | 1982<br /> | Dil... Akhir Dil Hai<br /> | Suraj Prakash (as Kishan Dhawan)<br /> |-<br /> | 1982<br /> | Jawalaa Dahej Ki <br /> | (as Krishna Dhawan)<br /> |-<br /> | 1982<br /> | [[Vidhaata]]<br /> | Ganpat<br /> |-<br /> | 1983<br /> | [[Coolie (1983 Hindi film)|Coolie]]<br /> | Maula Saab<br /> |-<br /> | 1983<br /> | [[Kalaakaar]]<br /> | Mathur<br /> |-<br /> | 1984<br /> | [[Wanted: Dead or Alive (1984 film)|Wanted: Dead or Alive]]<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | 1984<br /> | Zindagi Jeene Ke Liye <br /> | (as Krishan Dhavan)<br /> |-<br /> | 1985<br /> | [[Ram Teri Ganga Maili]]<br /> | Manilal<br /> |-<br /> | 1985<br /> | Surkhiyaan (The Headlines)<br /> | Archarya<br /> |-<br /> |1986<br /> |''[[Sasti Dulhan Mahenga Dulha]]''<br /> |Radheshyam<br /> |-<br /> | 1986<br /> | [[Pyaar Ke Do Pal]]<br /> | Geeta's dad<br /> |-<br /> | 1986<br /> | [[Avinash (film)|Avinash]]<br /> | Police Commissioner Bhagat<br /> |-<br /> |1987<br /> |''[[Insaniyat Ke Dushman]]''<br /> |Defence lawyer <br /> |-<br /> | 1987<br /> | Yaatna<br /> | Chetna's father<br /> |-<br /> | 1988<br /> | 7 Bijliyaan<br /> | Masterji<br /> |-<br /> | 1988<br /> | [[Aakhri Adaalat]]<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | 1989<br /> | Guru<br /> | Uma's &amp; Roma's dad (uncredited)<br /> |-<br /> | 1989<br /> | [[Oonch Neech Beech]]<br /> | Gupta (as Krishanan Dhawan)<br /> |-<br /> | 1989<br /> | [[Tujhe Nahin Chhodunga]]<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | 1989<br /> | Indira<br /> | Hazarilal<br /> |-<br /> | 1990<br /> | [[Paap Ki Kamaee]]<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> |Rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| 1991<br /> | [[Farishtay]]<br /> | Uncle 'Kaka' (as Kishan Dhawan)<br /> |-<br /> | [[Khoon Ka Karz]]<br /> | College Principal<br /> |-<br /> | [[Hai Meri Jaan]]<br /> |Rahim Chacha <br /> |-<br /> | 1992<br /> | Jungle Ka Beta<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | 1992<br /> | [[Nishchaiy]]<br /> | Bal Gopal<br /> |-<br /> | 1992<br /> | [[Apradhi (1992 film)|Apradhi]]<br /> | Chander's foster father<br /> |-<br /> | 1992<br /> | Lambu Dada<br /> | Lambu's victim's father<br /> |-<br /> | 1993<br /> | Ishq Aur Inteqaam<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | 1993<br /> | Sadhna<br /> | Sadhna's dad<br /> |-<br /> | 1996<br /> | Muthi Bhar Zameen<br /> | Mr. Khanna<br /> |-<br /> | 1997<br /> | [[Aakhri Sanghursh]]<br /> | Kajal's Father<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{IMDb name|0223524}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Dhawan, Krishan}}<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]<br /> [[Category:Male actors from Mumbai]]<br /> [[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]<br /> [[Category:1926 births]]<br /> [[Category:1994 deaths]]</div>

BuyMetabolicSolutionsKeto https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Madhu_Iyer&diff=514431 2026-01-12T13:26:30Z

<p>BuyMetabolicSolutionsKeto: done!</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian playback singer (b. 1984)}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=December 2014}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox person&lt;!-- Please do not change this &quot;infobox person&quot; because changing this infobox causes other info not appearing in it. ---&gt;<br /> | name = Madhu Iyer<br /> | image = Photograph of Indian film industry playback singer Madhu Iyer.jpg<br /> | caption = Madhu Iyer in 2022<br /> | native_name = &lt;!-- Write native name in English language since this is an English Wikipedia page/article. ---&gt;<br /> | alma_mater = [[Queen Mary's College, Chennai]]<br /> | occupation = {{hlist|Singer}}<br /> | spouse = {{marriage|Aravind Rajagopalan|2013}}<br /> | years_active = 2011–present<br /> | awards = [[#Awards and Prestigious Performances|See below]]<br /> | module = {{Infobox musical artist|embed=yes<br /> | background = solo_singer<br /> | genre = {{hlist|[[Indian classical music|Indian classical]]|[[bhajan]]|[[Electronic music|electronic]]}}<br /> | instrument = Vocals<br /> }}<br /> | other names = <br /> | website = {{URL|madhuiyer.com}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Madhu Iyer''' is an Indian [[playback singer]]. <br /> She has recorded songs for films and albums in various Indian languages and has established herself as a known playback singer of [[South Indian cinema]]. Madhu aspired to become a playback singer from an early age. At the age of four, she started performing on stages.&lt;ref&gt;Music Career&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> Apart from playback singing, Madhu performs in musical concerts around the world.<br /> She also appears in music videos. She produces her own music videos and teaches Carnatic music.<br /> <br /> == Early and personal life ==<br /> Madhu Iyer was known as Madhumitha Srinivasan during her early years and personal life. <br /> Born with a brother and a sister, Madhu was supported by her family during her journey in music. Madhu married Aravind Rajagopalan in 2013 and has two children Ekalaya and Aarathana. Madhu and family are living in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.&lt;ref&gt;Madhu Iyer Family&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Education and Music Training ==<br /> Madhu Iyer had her high school education at Sir Siva Swami Kalalaya and Sri Sankara Senior Secondary School in Chennai.&lt;ref&gt;High School&lt;/ref&gt; She completed Bachelor's degree in music at Queen Mary's College, Chennai, India.&lt;ref&gt;Higher Education&lt;/ref&gt; She also completed a Master's degree in human resource management.&lt;ref&gt;Management Education&lt;/ref&gt; Madhu Iyer was awarded prestigious title Sangeetha Vidwat Bhushana by well respected [[Madras Music Academy]] after completing advanced Carnatic music diploma course successfully. Madhu Iyer received her specialized education in Carnatic music from guru Vasanth Kumar and learning Carnatic and Hindustani music from Shri. Sriram Parasuram. Also, Madhu completed keyboard training from [[Trinity Laban Conservatoire of Music and Dance]], London, UK with Trinity topper award.&lt;ref&gt;Trinity Topper Award&lt;/ref&gt; Madhu Iyer is fluent in Tamil, English, Hindi and Sanskrit languages.<br /> <br /> == Career ==<br /> Madhu Iyer became known in Tamil music world when she was selected as the best performer in music<br /> competition broadcast by Vijay TV entitled Apoorva Ragangal, &amp; later on also in [[Super Singer T20]]. Later she became more popular in<br /> 2011 when she was selected to the final list of [[Airtel Super Singer 3]]. Madhu Iyer caught the attention of legendary music director and singer [[Ilaiyaraaja]], and [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]], another popular music director. Ilaiyaraaja provided opportunities to Madhu in concerts he conducted in Canada, U.S.A, England and Singapore. Madhu Iyer was nominated for the Best Female Playback Singer Award &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://awards.vikatan.com/cinema-awards/winners/2019/best-singer-female/ | title=சிறந்த பின்னணிப் பாடகி 2019 - சைந்தவி, எள்ளுவய, அசுரன் &amp;#124; Vikatan Cinema Awards | access-date=10 June 2022 | archive-date=29 November 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129101108/http://awards.vikatan.com/cinema-awards/winners/2019/best-singer-female/ | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; for her song [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KAKHkrtsaUw Sethupochu Manasu] presented by [[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards]] in 2019.&lt;ref&gt;Nomination for Award&lt;/ref&gt; The song from the Mammooty movie [[Peranbu]] with music directed by [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] became very popular.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/aug/02/peranbus-special-song-by-madhu-iyer-1851799.html | title=Peranbu's special song by Madhu Iyer | date=2 August 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Madhu Iyer also sang for movies [[Oru Kuppai Kathai]], [[Savarakathi]], [[Azhagu Kutti Chellam]], [[Amara Kaaviyam]] and [[Kaadu (2014 film)]].<br /> <br /> == Filmography ==<br /> {| class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot;<br /> !Year !! Film !! Song !! Composer !! Language <br /> |-<br /> | 2023 || [[Let's Get Married (2023 film)|Let's Get Married]] || Tikki Tikki Tata || Ramesh Thamilmani|| Tamil <br /> |-<br /> | 2022 || [[Kalaga Thalaivan]] || Neeladho || [[Arrol Corelli]] || Tamil <br /> |-<br /> | 2019 || [[Peranbu]] || Sethupochu Manasu || [[Saregama]] || Tamil <br /> |- <br /> | 2018 || [[Savarakathi]] || Annaanthu Paar || [[ Arrol Corelli]] || Tamil <br /> |-<br /> | 2018 || [[Oru Kuppai Kathai]] || Mazhai Pozhindhidum || [[Think Music]] || Tamil <br /> |-<br /> | 2016 || [[Azhagu Kutti Chellam]] || Thiruvasagam || [[Think Music]] || Tamil <br /> |- <br /> | 2014 || [[Amara Kaaviyam]] || Dheva Dhevadhai || [[Ghibran Vaibodha|Ghibran]]|| Tamil <br /> |- <br /> | 2014 || [[Kaadu (2014 film)]] || Uyire || [[K (composer)]] || Tamil <br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Awards and Prestigious Performances ==<br /> So far Madhu Iyer was known to have received the following awards and had opportunities for the listed prestigious performances.&lt;ref&gt;Awards&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *Recipient of “Jayamalika” award for young achievers by the Jayadharini Trust.<br /> *Recipient of “Raadhu” award by Raadhu foundation presented by Shri. Ashok Ramani.<br /> *Performed in the presence of “Bharat Ratna” Dr. [[M. S. Subbulakshmi]] and received a Saraswathi idol as a memento of appreciation.<br /> *One of the top 5 best voices recognized by [[Airtel Super Singer 3]] / Vijay TV (Season 2 and 3- 2011 and 2013).<br /> *Awarded “Maharajapuram Santhanam Award” by Narada Gana Sabha for best Carnatic vocalist in 2014.<br /> *Performed at the prestigious [[Madras Music Academy]] for RADEL mid-year concerts(2018) after getting selected through auditions.<br /> *Grade artist of ALL INDIA RADIO.<br /> <br /> == Notes ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> *Music Career (https://chennaiyilthiruvaiyaru.com/madhu-iyer/) (https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/aug/02/peranbus-special-song-by-madhu-iyer-1851799.html) <br /> *Sri Lalitam Trust (https://sites.google.com/slt.org.in/slt/about-us)<br /> *Madhu Iyer Family(https://www.facebook.com/madhu.iyer.16/about)<br /> *High School(https://www.facebook.com/madhu.iyer.16/about)<br /> *Higher Education (https://vidyarthicoe.com/meet-our-gurus.html).<br /> *Management Education (https://sites.google.com/slt.org.in/slt/about-us) <br /> *Trinity Topper Award (https://chennaiyilthiruvaiyaru.com/madhu-iyer/)<br /> *Nomination for Award (https://awards.vikatan.com/cinema-awards/) <br /> *Awards (https://vidyarthicoe.com/meet-our-gurus.html).<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{IMDb name|nm6612962}}<br /> * {{YouTube|u=madzi89}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Iyer, Madhu}}<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian women singers]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Indian women playback singers]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil-language playback singers]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]</div>

BuyMetabolicSolutionsKeto https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Narpuh_Wildlife_Sanctuary&diff=520667 2026-01-03T03:49:18Z

<p>BuyMetabolicSolutionsKeto: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}<br /> {{Short description|Wildlife Sanctuary in Meghalaya}}<br /> {{Infobox protected area<br /> | name = Narpuh Wildlife Sanctuary<br /> | iucn_category = IV<br /> | map = India Meghalaya#India<br /> | map_caption = Location in Meghalaya, India<br /> | relief = yes<br /> | mapframe = Yes<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|25.105389|92.437997|display=inline,title|region:IN-ML_type:landmark}}<br /> | location = East Jaintia Hills district, Meghalaya, India<br /> | nearest_city = Jowai<br /> | area_km2 = 59.90<br /> | established = 10 June 2014&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Letters to the EditorThe Shillong Times|url=https://theshillongtimes.com/2023/09/23/letters-to-the-editor-38/|date=2023-09-23|access-date=2025-12-02|language=en-US|website=The Shillong Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | governing_body = Forest &amp; Environment Department, Government of Meghalaya<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Narpuh Wildlife Sanctuary''' is a [[List of wildlife sanctuaries of India|wildlife sanctuary]] in the [[East Jaintia Hills district]] of the Indian state of [[Meghalaya]]. Notified in 2014, it protects a significant tract of semi-evergreen and evergreen forest in the [[Khasi and Jaintia Hills|Jaintia Hills]] and is important for several threatened species found in north-east India.&lt;ref name=&quot;MBB&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://megbiodiversity.nic.in/protected-areas |title=Protected Areas – Meghalaya |publisher=Meghalaya Biodiversity Board |access-date=2 December 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MOEF-ESZ&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://moef.gov.in/uploads/2019/10/S.O.-No.-3124-20.11.2015-Narpuh-ESZ-Notification-Meghalaya-sno-256.pdf |title=Notification: Narpuh Wildlife Sanctuary Eco-sensitive Zone |publisher=Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (Government of India) |format=PDF |access-date=2 December 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Geography==<br /> Narpuh Wildlife Sanctuary covers approximately 59.90 km² and lies in the southern part of the Jaintia Hills landscape. The sanctuary contains hilly terrain with evergreen and semi-evergreen forest types and perennial streams that form important catchments for local rivers.&lt;ref name=&quot;MBB&quot; /&gt; The sanctuary boundary and the official eco-sensitive zone (ESZ) are described in the Government of India notification for the ESZ; the ESZ around Narpuh extends beyond the sanctuary and covers a broader area as per the notification.&lt;ref name=&quot;MOEF-ESZ&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Biodiversity==<br /> The sanctuary is noted for its floral diversity and for fauna typical of the north-eastern hill forests. Species reported from the sanctuary and surrounding landscape include primates such as the [[western hoolock gibbon]], [[Sambar deer|sambar]], [[Muntjac|barking deer]], and a rich bird assemblage including hornbills and other forest birds.&lt;ref name=&quot;eMeghalaya&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.emeghalaya.com/tourism/narpuh-wildlife-sanctuary |title=Narpuh Wildlife Sanctuary |publisher=eMeghalaya |access-date=2 December 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Conservation and threats==<br /> Regional media and local conservation commentary have reported threats such as illegal logging, shifting cultivation and pressure from nearby settlements.&lt;ref name=&quot;ShTimes1&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://theshillongtimes.com/2023/08/30/dire-need-to-save-narpuh/ |title=Dire need to save Narpuh |publisher=The Shillong Times |date=30 August 2023 |access-date=2 December 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> It was rated as &quot;Good&quot; in the [[Wildlife Institute of India]]'s Management Effectiveness Evaluation (MEE) 2020-25 report.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Protected areas in Meghalaya rated &quot;good&quot; by WII|url=https://hubnetwork.in/protected-areas-in-meghalaya-rated-good-by-wii/|website=Hub News|date=2025-06-28|access-date=2025-12-02|language=en-US|first=Hub|last=Network}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> <br /> * [[Tawi Wildlife Sanctuary]]<br /> * [[Nongkhyllem Wildlife Sanctuary]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist|2}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{Official website|https://megbiodiversity.nic.in/protected-areas}} — Protected Areas (Meghalaya Biodiversity Board)<br /> * {{cite web|url=https://moef.gov.in/uploads/2019/10/S.O.-No.-3124-20.11.2015-Narpuh-ESZ-Notification-Meghalaya-sno-256.pdf|title=Narpuh ESZ notification (MOEF) |format=PDF}}<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Wildlife sanctuaries in Meghalaya]]<br /> [[Category:Protected areas established in 2014]]<br /> [[Category:East Jaintia Hills district]]<br /> [[Category:Tourist attractions in Meghalaya]]<br /> [[Category:Geography of Meghalaya]]</div>

BuyMetabolicSolutionsKeto https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mechanised_Infantry_Regiment&diff=462082 2025-12-01T00:14:07Z

<p>BuyMetabolicSolutionsKeto: further correct intro per sources additionally and updated info per standard format</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Mechanised infantry arm of the Indian Army}}<br /> {{For|the Sri Lankan Army regiment|Mechanized Infantry Regiment}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=May 2013}}<br /> {{Infobox military unit<br /> | unit_name = Mechanised Infantry Regiment<br /> | native_name = <br /> | image = Mechanised Infantry Regiment Insignia (India).svg<br /> | image_size = 150px<br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = Regimental insignia: A rifle bayonet mounted on a [[BMP-1]], depicting the infantry and mechanised facets of the Regiment<br /> | dates = 02 April 1979 - present<br /> | disbanded = <br /> | country = {{flag|India}}<br /> | allegiance = <br /> | branch = {{army|India}}<br /> | type = Line infantry<br /> | role = [[Mechanized Infantry]]<br /> | size = 27 battalions<br /> | command_structure = <br /> | garrison = [[Ahilya Nagar]], [[Maharashtra]]<br /> | garrison_label = Regimental centre<br /> | nickname = <br /> | patron = <br /> | motto = ''FAITH &amp; VALOUR''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/IaSouthern/status/1438553989784608774|title=Attestation Parade to mark entry of 241 recruits into Indian Army as Young Soldiers was held on 16 Sep 2021 at The Mechanised Infantry Regimental Centre, MIRC Ahmednagar.|date=2021-09-16|access-date=2021-10-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | colors = [[File:Mech Inf India Flag.jpg|100px]]<br /> | colors_label = Regimental flag<br /> | march = <br /> | mascot = <br /> | anniversaries = <br /> | equipment = <br /> | equipment_label = <br /> | battles = <br /> | battles_label = <br /> | decorations = <br /> | battle_honours = <br /> | battle_honours_label = <br /> | flying_hours = <br /> | website = &lt;!-- Commanders --&gt;<br /> | current_commander = <br /> | commander1 = [[Lieutenant General (India)|Lt Gen]] PS Shekawat&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2020/223002.pdf|title=Gazette of India No 45|date=2020-11-07|access-date=2020-11-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | commander1_label = Colonel of the Regiment<br /> | commander2 = <br /> | commander2_label = <br /> | commander3 = <br /> | commander3_label = <br /> | commander4 = <br /> | commander4_label = <br /> | commander5 = <br /> | commander5_label = <br /> | commander6 = <br /> | commander6_label = <br /> | commander7 = <br /> | commander7_label = <br /> | commander8 = <br /> | commander8_label = <br /> | commander9 = <br /> | commander9_label = <br /> | notable_commanders = &lt;!-- Insignia --&gt;<br /> | identification_symbol = ''Bolo Bharat Mata Ki Jai (Victory to Mother India)''<br /> | identification_symbol_label = War cry<br /> | identification_symbol_2 = <br /> | identification_symbol_2_label = <br /> | identification_symbol_3 = <br /> | identification_symbol_3_label = <br /> | identification_symbol_4 = <br /> | identification_symbol_4_label = <br /> | identification_symbol_5 = <br /> | identification_symbol_5_label = <br /> | identification_symbol_6 = <br /> | identification_symbol_6_label = &lt;!-- Aircraft --&gt;<br /> | aircraft_attack = <br /> | aircraft_bomber = <br /> | aircraft_electronic = <br /> | aircraft_fighter = <br /> | aircraft_helicopter = <br /> | aircraft_helicopter_attack = <br /> | aircraft_helicopter_cargo = <br /> | aircraft_helicopter_multirole = <br /> | aircraft_helicopter_observation = <br /> | aircraft_helicopter_trainer = <br /> | aircraft_helicopter_utility = <br /> | aircraft_interceptor = <br /> | aircraft_patrol = <br /> | aircraft_recon = <br /> | aircraft_trainer = <br /> | aircraft_transport = <br /> | aircraft_tanker = <br /> | aircraft_general = <br /> }}<br /> The '''Mechanised Infantry Regiment''' is an [[infantry]] [[regiment]] of the [[Indian Army]], comprising 27 battalions (including 3 tracked and 2 wheeled reconnaissance and support battalions) dispersed under various armoured formations throughout India. Together with the 23 battalions of [[Brigade of the Guards]], they form part of the ''Mechanised Infantry'' arm, which along with the [[Indian Army Armoured Corps|Armoured Corps]] form the Mechanised Forces.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/nation/4-new-mechanised-battalions-for-army-349271|title=4 new mechanised battalions for Army|date=2017-01-12|access-date=2022-04-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> The Mechanised Infantry Regiment is one of the youngest regiments in the army and was the mastermind of [[Krishnaswamy Sundarji|General K Sundarji]], who had the foresight to cater to the needs of a modern army.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=189859|title=Second General K Sundarji Memorial Lecture|date=2019-04-27|access-date=2022-04-09}}&lt;/ref&gt; After the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]], a need was felt to give infantry battalions greater mobility, especially when operating with armoured formations. In 1969, 1st Madras became the first infantry unit to be equipped with the [[armoured personnel carrier]] (APC) [[OT-62 TOPAS|TOPAS]]. In 1970, nine more of the oldest battalions from various infantry regiments were equipped with APCs, these included TOPAS, [[OT-64 SKOT|SKOT]] and [[BTR-60]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://salute.co.in/raising-of-the-mechanised-infantry-regiment/|title=RAISING OF THE MECHANISED INFANTRY REGIMENT|date=2017-09-10|access-date=2022-04-09}}&lt;/ref&gt; These battalions remained affiliated with their erstwhile Infantry Regiments and Regimental Centres and did not form a separate regiment. Eventually, fourteen old infantry battalions were mechanised.&lt;ref name=&quot;Infantry&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.indiandefencereview.com/spotlights/infantry-regiments-the-cutting-edge-of-soldiering/0/|title=Infantry Regiments: The cutting edge of Soldiering|date=2018-01-24|access-date=2022-04-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;IA&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimple.aspx?MnId=a6ojAr7FSFAgvNAVrQMY4A==&amp;ParentID=EAdr3F/pgLnf+YStJqXDDg==|title=Mech Inf Brief History|date=|access-date=2022-04-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> During the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]], some of these battalions saw action as part of combat groupings with [[Indian Army Armoured Corps|armoured units]] for the first time.<br /> The APCs were replaced with [[BMP-1]] Infantry Combat Vehicles between 1977 and 1978. The need for something more concrete and viable was felt, along with a need to develop a common battle and training philosophy with regards to the type of tactics. This necessitated the raising a totally new arm in the Indian Army, resulting in the various mechanised battalions being brought together under a single [[cap badge]] as the Mechanised Infantry Regiment, which was raised with fourteen battalions on 2 April 1979 and the affairs of the regiment were transferred from Directorate General of Infantry to Armoured Corps Directorate, which was renamed the Directorate General Mechanised Forces in 1986. Gen K Sundarji was appointed the first Colonel of the Mechanised Infantry Regiment, the post he held till his retirement.&lt;ref name=&quot;Infantry&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=autogenerated1&gt;[http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/Units/Infantry/99-Mechanised.html Bharat Rakshak :: Land Forces Site - The Mechanised Infantry Regiment&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120126113816/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/Units/Infantry/99-Mechanised.html |date=2012-01-26 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> [[File:Stamp of India - 1988 - Colnect 165238 - The Mechanised Infantry Regiment.jpeg|thumb|305x305px|1988 postal stamp]]<br /> The regiment saw a rapid expansion in the 1980s. Mechanised infantry battalions numbered 15 to 26 have been raised on all-India mixed class composition, unlike the older units, which were single class ones. The only exception was 20 Rajput, which joined the regiment as the 24th battalion in April 1992.&lt;ref name=&quot;IA&quot;/&gt;<br /> The Mechanised Infantry Regiment has been involved in [[Operation Pawan]] in Sri Lanka, [[Operation Rakshak]] in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] and [[Kashmir|Jammu &amp; Kashmir]] and [[Operation Vijay (1999)|Operation Vijay]] in Jammu &amp; Kashmir. It also took part in UN Peacekeeping Operations in [[Somalia]], [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Congo]], [[Angola]] and [[Sierra Leone]].The Regiment is affiliated to the Indian Naval Ship [[INS Gharial (L23)|Gharial]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Infantry&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=autogenerated1/&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Mechanised Infantry Regimental Centre.jpg|thumb|Attestation Parade at The Mechanised Infantry Regimental Centre, Ahmednagar, September 2021. The regimental insignia and flag can be seen in the background.]]<br /> <br /> ==Mechanised Infantry Institutions==<br /> ===Mechanised Infantry Centre and School===<br /> The ''Mechanised Infantry Regimental Centre (MIRC)'' was established on 2 April 1979 at [[Ahmednagar]] and it is spread over 2179 acres. It trains approximately 950 recruits annually.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://punekarnews.in/mechanised-infantry-regimental-centre-ahmednagar/|title=MECHANISED INFANTRY REGIMENTAL CENTRE- AHMEDNAGAR|date=23 September 2015|access-date=2022-04-09}}&lt;/ref&gt; It has three training battalions: Infantry Training Battalion, Composite Training Battalion and Driving and Maintenance Battalion.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://salute.co.in/raising-of-the-mechanised-infantry-regimental-centre/|title = Raising of the Mechanised Infantry Regimental Centre|date = 10 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was renamed as the ''Mechanised Infantry Centre and School (MIC&amp;S)'' on 17 September 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2016955|title=Raising Day of MECH INF Centre and School (MIC&amp;S), Ahmednagar|date=2024-04-02|access-date=2024-11-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; In addition to the troops from the Mechanised Infantry, those from the Brigade of the Guards undergo their 'mechanised' training at the MIC&amp;S. MIC&amp;S offers eight diploma courses and four post graduate diploma courses under the [[Savitribai Phule Pune University]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://bcud.unipune.ac.in/utilities/college_search/IAAA019870_ENG/Pune_University_College?id=college_search&amp;sid=IAAA019870_ENG|title=College Details|access-date=2024-11-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Quarter Guard===<br /> The Quarter Guard of the MIRC was created on 9 August 1979 during the first biennial conference. After the sanction of KLP, the present Quarter Guard was conceptualised in half circular area with front wide platform. The new Quarter Guard was completed in 1986. The Quarter Guard has 18 internal rooms as well as an armour shop and a guard room. To the right and left side of the guard are two guns and two cannons that symbolise the strength of soldiers.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;<br /> [[File:The ICV BMP II K Sarath passes through the Rajpath during the full dress rehearsal for the Republic Day Parade-2010, in New Delhi on January 23, 2010.jpg|thumb|305x305px| [[BMP-2]] of 12th Battalion, Mechanised Infantry Regiment passes through the Rajpath during the full dress rehearsal for the Republic Day Parade, 2010|alt=|right]]<br /> ===Military Band===<br /> {{See also|Indian military bands}}<br /> The MIRC Band is based at [[Ahmednagar]] and serves all regimental duties related to musical support. The band was formed during April 1982 under the auspices of Brigadier Tilak Raj. The band has held the honour of performing at national events such as the [[Beating Retreat]], [[Army Day (India)|Army]] and [[Delhi Republic Day parade|Republic Day Parades]], as well as events at the [[Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi|Rashtrapati Bhavan]]. It also has performed at the [[2007 Military World Games]], the [[2010 Commonwealth Games]], and the 2001 [[Mumbai]] International Fleet Review among others.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> [[File:The Carrier Mortar Tracked Vehicle gliding down the Rajpath during the Republic Day Parade - 2006, in New Delhi on January 26, 2006.jpg|thumb|305x305px| The Carrier Mortar Tracked Vehicle gliding down the Rajpath during the Republic Day Parade, 2006|alt=|right]]<br /> <br /> ===Regimental museum===<br /> The MIRC Museum was founded and inaugurated on 9 February 2000 by Lieutenant General Pankaj Joshi, the then Colonel of the regiment. The museum is currently housed at the ground floor of Mechanised Bhavan. The museum houses the regimental colour, as well as the history if the MIRC and mementos from Colonels of the regiment.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Equipment==<br /> * [[BMP-2]] Infantry Fighting Vehicles<br /> * [[TATA Kestrel]]<br /> [[File:The Mechanised Infantry Contingent passes through the Rajpath, on the occasion of the 68th Republic Day Parade 2017, in New Delhi on January 26, 2017.jpg|thumb|305x305px| The Mechanised Infantry Marching Contingent passes through the Rajpath, on the occasion of the 68th Republic Day Parade 2017|alt=|right]]<br /> <br /> == Regimental battalions ==<br /> [[File:NAMIS Republic day parade 2023.jpg|thumb|right|Nag Missile System, (17th Battalion, Mechanised Infantry Regiment), Republic Day Parade, 2023]]<br /> The Mechanised Infantry Regiment consists of units designated as ''battalions''. Each battalion consists of four [[Company (military unit)|companies]] - Headquarter Company and three Mechanised Companies. In addition, there are [[Platoon|platoons]] - Reconnaissance (recce), [[Indian Army Corps of Signals|Signals]], Adm Medium and [[Indian Army Corps of EME|Light Repair Workshop]]. The sanctioned strength of a battalion is 805 personnel (26 Officers, 52 [[Junior commissioned officer|JCOs]], 6 technical JCOs/[[Havildar|CHMs]] and 721 [[Other ranks|ORs]]. The battalions are operational under Armoured Divisions, Armoured Brigades or Independent Mechanised Brigades.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bn&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.aftdelhi.nic.in/assets/judgement/2013/OA/OA-331-2012%20Col%20LC%20Dahiya%20Vs%20Union%20Of%20India%20%20Ors.pdf|title=Details of Bns|date=2013-04-26|access-date=2021-11-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> <br /> The current battalions are as follows-&lt;ref name=autogenerated1 /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bn&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimple.aspx?MnId=aOi13gezHU0QkiJHiLla2g==&amp;ParentID=2JqMxmp1oIgvB2p4thtXBA==&amp;flag=8CKP966uzg96kLov0aWdfQ==|title=RAISING DAYS AND BATTLE HONOURS : MECH BATTALIONS|date=|access-date=2022-04-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/27th-mechanised-infantry-battalion-new-chapter-added-to-indian-army-4763104/|title=27th Mechanised Infantry Battalion: New chapter added to Indian Army|date=2017-07-23|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2017-07-23|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+<br /> |-<br /> ! Unit !! Date of raising !! Date of conversion to Mechanised !! Former designation(s)!! Battle honours!! Remarks<br /> |-<br /> | 1st Battalion || 01 Dec 1776|| 01 Dec 1969 || 1st Battalion, [[Madras Regiment]] ||Kalidhar ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2nd Battalion || 09 Nov 1803 || 15 Aug 1970|| 1st Battalion, [[Jat Regiment]] (Light Infantry) || Festubert ||<br /> |-<br /> | 3rd Battalion || 19 Feb 1824 || 14 June 1971 ||1st Battalion, [[8 Gorkha Rifles]] || Chushul ||<br /> |-<br /> | 4th Battalion || 30 Jul 1846 || 15 May 1970 || 1st Battalion, [[Sikh Regiment]] || Tithwal ||<br /> |-<br /> | 5th Battalion || 28 Dec 1852 || 01 May 1978 || 4th Gwalior Infantry; 14th Battalion, [[Kumaon Regiment]] || OP Hill ||<br /> |-<br /> | 6th Battalion || 05 May 1887 || 15 Jun 1970 ||1st Battalion, [[Garhwal Rifles]] || Gadra City ||<br /> |-<br /> | 7th Battalion || 30 May 1887 || 15 Apr 1970 || [[37th Dogras]]; 1st Battalion, [[Dogra Regiment]] || Asal Uttar ||<br /> |-<br /> | 8th Battalion ||05 May 1941 || 11 Aug 1971 || 7th Battalion, [[2nd Punjab Regiment]]; 7th Battalion, [[Punjab Regiment (India)|Punjab Regiment]] || Ichhogil || First unit to be equipped with [[BMP-1]]<br /> |-<br /> | 9th Battalion || 01 Apr 1949 || 11 Aug 1971 || 7th Battalion, [[The Grenadiers]] || Chhadbet ||<br /> |-<br /> | 10th Battalion || 27 May 1949 || 11 Aug 1971 ||20th Battalion, [[Maratha Light Infantry]] || Bejai ||<br /> |-<br /> | 11th Battalion || 11 Feb 1953 || 11 Aug 1971 || 18th Battalion, [[Rajputana Rifles]] || Basantar River ||<br /> |-<br /> | 12th Battalion || 01 Jan 1965 || 16 Nov 1975 || 8th Battalion, [[Parachute Regiment (India)|Parachute Regiment]]; 16th Battalion, [[Mahar Regiment]] || ||<br /> |-<br /> | 13th Battalion || 01 Jan 1965 || 02 Apr 1981 || 18th Battalion, [[Rajput Regiment]] || Akhaura ||<br /> |-<br /> | 14th Battalion || 01 Sep 1976 || 16 Jan 1981 || 16th Battalion, [[Jammu &amp; Kashmir Rifles]] || ||<br /> |-<br /> | 15th Battalion || 15 Dec 1981 || || || || First battalion to be raised directly as Mechanised Infantry<br /> |-<br /> | 16th Battalion || 01 Jan 1982 || || || ||<br /> |-<br /> | 17th Battalion || 15 Nov 1982 || || || || Reconnaissance &amp; Support (Tracked)<br /> |-<br /> | 18th Battalion || 01 Mar 1983 || || || ||<br /> |-<br /> | 19th Battalion || 15 Sep 1983 || || || || Reconnaissance &amp; Support (Tracked)<br /> |-<br /> | 20th Battalion || 01 Mar 1984 || || || ||<br /> |-<br /> | 21st Battalion || 01 Mar 1984 || || || ||<br /> |-<br /> | 22nd Battalion || 01 Mar 1984 || || || ||<br /> |-<br /> | 23rd Battalion || 11 Feb 1985 || || || || Reconnaissance &amp; Support (Wheeled)<br /> |-<br /> | 24th Battalion || 26 Jan 1954 || 05 Dec 1971 || 20th Battalion, [[Rajput Regiment]] || Khinsar || Reconnaissance &amp; Support (Tracked) {{refn|group=nb|The unit claims to trace its origins to 1212 CE, it was later part of the Indian State Forces, joined the Indian Army in April 1951 and was designated part of the Rajput Regiment in January 1954.}}<br /> |-<br /> | 25th Battalion || 25 Jun 1994 || || || || Reconnaissance &amp; Support (Wheeled)<br /> |-<br /> | 26th Battalion || ? 2015 || || || ||<br /> |-<br /> | 27th Battalion || 17 Jul 2017 || || || ||<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Gallantry awards==<br /> The regiment has won the following gallantry awards since its establishment in 1979&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ebVsDC8mGJo|title=Mechanised Infantry: A Regiment Born from Battle|website=[[YouTube]] |date=6 September 2024 |access-date=2024-11-21}}&lt;/ref&gt; -<br /> {{Incomplete list|date=November 2024}}<br /> *[[Maha Vir Chakra]] - 1<br /> **Major Rajesh Singh Adhikari - 2 Mech Inf attached to [[The Grenadiers|18 Grenadiers]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1502|title=Major Rajesh Singh Adhikari|access-date=2024-11-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Kirti Chakra]] - 2<br /> **Captain Hardev Singh&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/3226|title=Captain Hardev Singh|access-date=2024-11-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> **Sepoy Daya Shankar - [[Rashtriya Rifles|14 RR]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/3323|title=Sep Daya Shankar|access-date=2024-11-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Uttam Yudh Seva Medal]] - 2<br /> *[[Vir Chakra]] - 1<br /> **Second Lieutenant Satish Kumar Prabhakaran Menon - 15 Mech Inf&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/2597|title=2/Lt Satish Kumar Prabhakaran Menon|access-date=2024-11-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Shaurya Chakra]] - 19<br /> *[[Yudh Seva Medal]] - 4<br /> *[[Sena Medal]] - 87<br /> <br /> ==Notable Officers==<br /> *Lieutenant General K Surendra Nath {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|VSM}}}} - GOC-in-C [[Army Training Command]], 2011-13&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://hillpost.in/2010/12/lt-gen-k-surendra-nath-takes-charge-of-artrac/25482/|title=LT Gen K Surendra Nath takes charge of ARTRAC – Hill Post|date=31 December 2010|access-date=22 November 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *Lieutenant General [[Philip Campose]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|AVSM|VSM}}}} - GOC-in-C [[Western Command (India)|Western Command]], 2013-14 and [[Vice Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Vice Chief of the Army Staff]], 2014-15&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/keralite-is-chief-of-western-army-command/article4870513.ece|title=Keralite is chief of Western Army Command|date=2013-07-02|work=The Hindu|access-date=2024-11-22|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *Lieutenant General [[P M Hariz|PM Hariz]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|SM|VSM}}}} - GOC-in-C Army Training Command, 2015-16 and GOC-in-C [[Southern Command (India)|Southern Command]], 2016-17&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/lt-gen-hariz-retires-after-39-yr-service/articleshow/61871527.cms|title=Lieutenant General Hariz retires after 39-yr service|newspaper=The Times of India |date=2017-12-01|access-date=2024-11-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *Lieutenant General [[Pattacheruvanda C. Thimayya|PC Thimayya]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|VSM}}}} - GOC-in-C Army Training Command, 2018-20&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Lt Gen Thimmaya takes over as GoC Army Training Command, Shimla |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/lt-gen-thimmaya-takes-over-as-goc-army-training-command-shimla/articleshow/66457073.cms?from=mdr |website=The Economic Times |date=1 November 2018|access-date=22 November 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *Lieutenant General [[Ravendra Pal Singh (general)|Ravendra Pal Singh]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|VSM}}}} - GOC-in-C Western Command, 2019-21&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/lt-gen-ravindra-pal-singh-is-next-goc-in-c-western-command-to-take-over-on-oct-1-5843428/|title=Lt Gen Ravindra Pal Singh is next GOC-in-C Western Command, to take over on Oct 1|date=23 July 2019|work=The Indian Express|access-date=22 November 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> <br /> * [[List of regiments of the Indian Army]]<br /> <br /> ==External Media==<br /> * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c1Uqbfh7n_E Indian Army Mechanised Infantry] describing the weapons, vehicle and soldiers<br /> * [http://www.warbirds.in/galleries/wr/Maharashtra/Ahmednagar/MIRC Images of the Mechanised Infantry] showing the combat vehicles.<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> {{reflist|group=nb}}<br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Indian Army Arms and Services}}<br /> {{Indian Army Infantry Regiments}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Infantry regiments of the Indian Army from 1947]]<br /> [[Category:Military units and formations established in 1979]]</div>

BuyMetabolicSolutionsKeto https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uttar_Pradesh_Provincial_Armed_Constabulary&diff=455628 2025-10-31T00:53:32Z

<p>BuyMetabolicSolutionsKeto: basic cleanup structure after review and fixed typos for clarity</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Armed police force of the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}<br /> <br /> '''Uttar Pradesh Provincial Armed Constabulary''' ('''UP-PAC''') or '''''Provincial Armed Constabulary''''' ('''PAC''') is an armed police of the [[Indian state]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. It is maintained at key locations across the state and active only on orders from the Deputy Inspector General and higher-level authorities. It is usually assigned to VIP duty or to maintain law and order during fairs, festivals, athletic events, elections, and natural disasters. They are also deployed to quell outbreaks of student or labor unrest, organized crime, and communal riots; to maintain key guard posts; and to participate in antiterrorist operations. The Provincial Armed Constabulary is equipped with [[INSAS rifle|INSAS]] semi automatic guns and usually carries only ''[[Lathi charge|lathis]]'' while controlling the mob during unrests. UP-PAC consists of a total of 20,000 personnel as of 2005, composed of 33 [[battalion]]s located in different cities across the state as a wing of [[Uttar Pradesh Police]]. Each battalion is commanded by a Commanding Officer(CO) who is usually an [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] officer of [[Superintendent of police (India)|Senior Superintendent]] rank, and has seven to eight companies consisting of 120 to 150 ''[[Jawans]]'', each company headed by a State Police officer of [[Inspector of Police|Inspector]] rank, who is usually referred to as company commander in the PAC and below company there are 3 platoons consisting of 40-50 [[Jawans]], each platoon is usually headed by a [[Sub-inspector|Sub-Inspector]] rank state police officer. The PAC is headed by the Additional Director General Provincial Armed Constabulary (ADG PAC).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Gazette of India, part I, section 1 | publisher=Government of India | date=19 January 1957 | pages=16}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;upp-pac&quot;&gt;[http://uppolice.up.nic.in/pac.html Official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518190346/http://uppolice.up.nic.in/pac.html |date=18 May 2014 }} [[Uttar Pradesh Police]]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Awards==<br /> Mohammad Isa Company Commander of IV Battalion of the UP-PAC stationed at [[Allahabad]] was awarded ''Police Medal for Gallantry'' on 14 January 1957 for his successful encounter with armed [[dacoit]]s in a forest near the Kurat village.&lt;ref name=&quot;PMG&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.prideofindia.net/ipolice1.html | title=Police Medal for Gallantry | access-date=2013-06-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> Following is the summary of events related to UP-PAC:&lt;ref name=&quot;upp-pac&quot;/&gt;<br /> *1937–1941: In 1937, a decision was taken to organise a Police force of sanctioned strength of 7,000 personnel to be organised along military lines. The PAC Act stated the aim as an Act to raise an armed force for Law and Order duties, to be organised and drilled on military lines. The first 2 companies were accordingly raised by Colonel Thompson of the [[1st Brahmans]] with the help of Landlords of [[Deoria, Uttar Pradesh|Deoria]] and [[Ballia]] and from landlord's militias and retired sepoys. The first two companies were raised in 1937 and were paid for entirely by subscription of the landlords and businessmen. 15 battalions of [[United Provinces (1937–50)|United Provinces]] Military Police were raised from fresh recruits and retired military jawans between 1937 and 1942, the majority (6 battalions) from [[Bhumihar]]s and [[Rajputs]] from the Eastern part of the State ([[Poorvanchal]]), and 5 battalions with [[Jats]] and [[Tyagi]]s from [[Meerut]], [[Baghpat]], [[Kairana]], and [[Muzaffarnagar]] mixed with Poorvias; 3 battalions with [[Lodh]] and [[Jats]] from [[Agra]], [[Mathura]], [[Aligarh]], [[Hathras]] and [[Bulandshahr]] mixed with Poorvias and Tyagis/Jats both; and 1 battalion raised from [[Jats]], [[Rajput]]s and [[Ahir]]s of [[Moradabad]], [[Bareilly]], [[Aonla, Uttar Pradesh|Aonla]], [[Pilibhit]], [[Badaun]] and [[Shahjahanpur]], mixed with Poorvias. So from the beginning, the [[martial races]] and specifically the [[Bhumihar]]s and [[Rajput]]s of [[Poorvanchal]] constituted a majority of the composition of the force. Each Battalion had 4 companies and each company was to be headed by a DySP.<br /> *1948: United Provinces Military Police and United Provinces State Armed Constabulary were amalgamated into the United Provinces Provincial Armed Constabulary by enactment of [http://uppolice.up.nic.in/All%20Rules/The%20U.P.%20Pradeshik%20Armed%20%20Constabulary%20Act,%201948.pdf The U.P. Pradeshik Armed Constabulary Act, 1948 - Uttar Pradesh]<br /> *1950: Renamed to Uttar Pradesh Provincial Armed Constabulary due change of name of state<br /> *1956: Renamed to Uttar Pradesh Pradeshik Armed Constabulary by enactment of U.P. Act XXX of 1956<br /> *1962-73: 17 new battalions were raised, mostly from [[Bhumihar]]s, [[Rajput]]s and [[Yadav]]s from [[Poorvanchal]] and [[Tyagi]]s and [[Jat]]s from [[Meerut]], [[Baghpat]], [[Muzaffarnagar]], and [[Bulandshahr]]; but also 4 battalions from the [[Garhwali people|Garhwalis]] and [[Kumauni people|Kumaonis]], and [[martial races]] ([[Rajputs]], [[Lodh]]s, [[Ahir]]s, and [[Gujjar]]s from [[Agra]], [[Etah]], [[Mainpuri]], [[Etawah]], [[Firozabad district|Firozabad]] and the [[Bundelkhand]] region of [[Jalaun]], [[Jhansi]] and [[Auraiya]].).<br /> <br /> A unit called Special Police Force (SPF) previously existed to operate in cooperation with [[Indian Army]]. In the 1990s the SPF was merged into the 9th battalion of the PAC, which is situated in [[Moradabad]].<br /> <br /> The 46 Battalion called Task Force existed till 1998 (Jawans use to wear insignia of Tiger on their Uniform's Arms), with the special task to fight Dacoits and Insurgents on achieving its goal was again converted to normal PAC Battalion (Presently located at Rudrapur, under Uttarakhand Provincial Armed Constabulary).<br /> <br /> In [[1973 Uttar Pradesh Provincial Armed Constabulary revolt|May 1973, 12 battalions of the UP-PAC revolted]] and the Army was called in to control. About 30 policemen were killed and hundreds were arrested and dismissed from service.&lt;ref name=&quot;PI&quot;&gt;{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WIrLjQrgJGoC&amp;pg=PA473 | title=The police in India | publisher=Atlantic Publishers &amp; Dist | year=1997 | access-date=2013-06-25 | author=M. B. Chande | pages=473| isbn=9788171566280 }}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1982 two petitions to disband UP-PAC were filed in [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]].&lt;ref name=&quot;RB&quot;&gt;{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I8qWcQNfX_IC&amp;q=Uttar+Pradesh+Provincial+Armed+Constabulary&amp;pg=PA97 | title=Rivers of Blood: A Comparative Study of Government Massacres | publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group | date=1 Jan 1995 | access-date=2013-06-25 | pages=104| isbn=9780275951658 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Allegations related to human rights violations==<br /> UP-PAC had been alleged to be involved in number of human rights violation cases,&lt;ref name=&quot;AAA&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://archive.asianage.com/columnists/70s-show-464 | title=That '70s show | publisher=The Asian Age | date=24 May 2011 | access-date=2013-06-25 | author=Ashok Malik}}&lt;/ref&gt; including:<br /> * Worsening the situation during 1978 Aligarh riots.<br /> * Massacring more than 150 people during [[1980 Moradabad riots]]<br /> * Instigating communal violence in Meerut in 1982<br /> * Massacring over 40 people, from the Hashimpura ''mohalla'' (locality) of the Meerut city in the incidence known as [[Hashimpura massacre]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Rediff-2007-05-25&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.rediff.com/news/report/bobby/20070525.htm | title=After 20 years, Hashimpura survivors find hope in RTI Act | work=Rediff.com | date=25 May 2007&lt;!-- 17:50 IST --&gt;| access-date=2013-06-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Looting the markets in Kanpur while on duty in 2001&lt;ref name=&quot;MG-20010515&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.milligazette.com/Archives/15052001/16.htm | title=PAC anti-Muslim bias confirmed; 7 jawans suspended for looting | publisher=Pharos Media &amp; Publishing Pvt Ltd, New Delhi, India | date=2011-05-15 | access-date=2013-06-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Recent events==<br /> In 2001 the Maoists looted 14 [[Semi-automatic rifle|SLRs]] from Khoradih UP-PAC camp in [[Mirzapur]].<br /> <br /> In November 2004 the Naugharh landmine blast by [[Maoist]]s in [[Chandauli district]] in which [[naxalite]]s ambushed a police party, killing 17 police officers, 13 UP-PAC ''jawans'' and 4 [[Uttar Pradesh Police|UP-Police]] constables.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rediff-20041125&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.rediff.com/news/report/kanch/20041125.htm | title=17 policemen killed in UP naxal ambush | work=rediff.com | date=21 November 2004&lt;!-- 01:08 IST --&gt;| access-date=2013-06-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;TOI-20130601&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-06-01/varanasi/39674649_1_naxal-cadres-tendu-leaf-chandauli | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130628042457/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-06-01/varanasi/39674649_1_naxal-cadres-tendu-leaf-chandauli | url-status=dead | archive-date=28 June 2013 | title=Cops to remain alert for CM's visit to Chandauli | date=1 Jun 2013| work=[[The Times of India]] &lt;!--, 06.45 AM IST --&gt;| access-date=2013-06-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> During [[2013 North India floods]] UP-PAC and [[Indian Army|Army]] rescue teams shifted 25,000 to 30,000 people to safer places from flooded villages in Uttar Pradesh.&lt;ref name=&quot;TOI-20130623-01&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-06-23/lucknow/40146664_1_three-bodies-two-bodies-unidentified-bodies | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130930032221/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-06-23/lucknow/40146664_1_three-bodies-two-bodies-unidentified-bodies | url-status=dead | archive-date=30 September 2013 | title=Rivers still rising, over a dozen bodies recovered | date=23 Jun 2013| work=[[The Times of India]] &lt;!--, 04.42 AM IST --&gt;| access-date=2013-06-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;TOI-20130623-02&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-06-23/india/40146197_1_ballia-death-toll-mirzapur | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130628042451/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-06-23/india/40146197_1_ballia-death-toll-mirzapur | url-status=dead | archive-date=28 June 2013 | title=UP flood: Death toll reaches 45 | date=23 Jun 2013| work=[[The Times of India]] &lt;!--, 11.16 PM IST --&gt;| access-date=2013-06-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[State Armed Police Forces]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist|2}}<br /> <br /> {{Law enforcement agencies of India}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Government of Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Uttar Pradesh Police]]<br /> [[Category:1937 establishments in India]]<br /> [[Category:Military units and formations established in 1937]]<br /> [[Category:Government agencies established in 1937]]</div>

BuyMetabolicSolutionsKeto https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_dances&diff=471742 2025-10-30T03:46:46Z

<p>BuyMetabolicSolutionsKeto: added references</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|None}}<br /> {{More citations needed|date=November 2021}}<br /> This is a '''list of national dances'''. This may be a formal or informal designation. Not all nations officially recognize a national dance or dances.<br /> <br /> ==By country==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> ! Country !! Dance(s)<br /> |-<br /> | [[Afghanistan]] || [[Attan]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=&quot;Afghanistan&quot; entry at Encarta |url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761569370_5/Afghanistan.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091028165046/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761569370_5/Afghanistan.html |archive-date=2009-10-28 |url-status=dead |access-date=2015-01-03 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Albania]] || [[Shota (dance)|Shota]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Algeria]] || [[Chaabi (Algeria)|Chaabi]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Angola]] || [[Capoeira Angola]], [[Kabetula]], [[Kizomba]], [[Kuduro]], [[Rebita]], [[Semba]] and Viola<br /> |-<br /> | [[Argentina]] || [[Tango (dance)|Tango]], [[:es:Pericón (danza)|Pericón]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Armenia]] || [[Armenian dance]], [[Shalakho]], [[Kochari]]<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | [[Australia]] || [[Corroboree]], [[Bush dance]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Austria]] || [[Ländler]], [[Waltz]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Azerbaijan]] || [[Jangi (dance)|Jangi]], [[Khanchobany (dance)|Khanchobany]], [[Tello (dance)|Tello]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Bahamas]] || [[Quadrille]], [[Rake-and-scrape]], [[Heel and Toe Polka]], and Scullin<br /> |-<br /> | [[Bahrain]] || [[Ardah]], [[Liwa (music)|Liwa]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Bangladesh]] ||[[Baul]], [[Bizhu dance]], [[Marma people|Marma dance]], [[Peacock dance]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/51736/Bangladesh/277577/Music-dance-and-theatre ''Britannica'' - Bangladesh Music and Dance]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Belarus]] || [[Karahod]] <br /> |-<br /> | [[Belize]] || [[Brukdown]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Bermuda]] || [[Gombey]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Bolivia]] || [[Huayno]], [[Caporales]], [[Diablada]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Brazil]] || [[Samba (Brazilian)|Samba]], [[Frevo]], [[Maculelê (dance)|Maculelê]], [[Carimbó]], [[Capoeira]], [[Siriri]], [[Forró]], [[Maxixe (dance)|Maxixe]], [[Coco (music)|Coco]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2006/jul/27/dance ''Guardian'' article]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Brunei]] || [[Zapin]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Bulgaria]] || [[Rŭchenitsa]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Burma]] || [[Burmese dance]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Cambodia]] || [[Romvong]], [[Apsara Dance]], [[Peacock Dance]], [[Chhayam]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Canada]] || None, [[Canadian stepdance]] unofficially; [[Red River Jig]] for [[Métis]]; [[Jingle dress|jingle dance]], [[Fancy dance]] and First Nations tribal dance styles dominate in areas populated by [[First Nations in Canada|First Nations]].<br /> |-<br /> | [[Cape Verde]] || [[Coladeira]], [[Batuque (music and dance)|Batuque]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Chile]] || [[Cueca]];&lt;ref name=&quot;glossary&quot; /&gt; [[Rapa Nui]]: Sau-sau and others<br /> |-<br /> | [[China]]|| [[Yangge]], [[Lion dance]], [[Dragon dance]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Colombia]] || [[Vallenato]] and [[Cumbia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;glossary&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.lrc.salemstate.edu/aske/latmusic.htm#glossaire|title=Department of Foreign Languages, Salem State University &amp;#124; Dance glossary|author=Jon Aske|publisher=lrc.salemstate.edu|access-date=2015-01-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107163701/http://lrc.salemstate.edu/aske/latmusic.htm#glossaire|archive-date=2017-11-07|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Cook Islands]] || [[Ura (dance)|Ura]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Costa Rica]] || [[:es:Punto guanacasteco|Punto guanacasteco]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Croatia]] || [[Linđo]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Cuba]] || [[Danzón]], [[Cuban rumba|Rumba]], [[Conga Line]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Cyprus]] || [[Sousta]], [[Tatsia]], [[Turkish Cypriot folk dances]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Czech Republic]] || [[Polka]] <br /> |-<br /> | [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] || [[Soukous]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Denmark]] || [[Les Lanciers]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Dominica]] || [[Kwadril]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Dominican Republic]] || [[Merengue (dance)|Merengue]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Ecuador]] || [[Pasillo]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Egypt]] || [[Raqs sharqi]] and [[Beledi|Raqs baladi]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[El Salvador]] || [[:es:Xuc|Xuc]] <br /> |-<br /> | [[Eritrea]] || [[Music of Eritrea#Dancing|Quda]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Ethiopia]] || [[Eskista]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Finland]] || [[Finnish tango]], [[Jenkka]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Fiji]] || [[Meke]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[France]] || [[Gavotte]], [[Branle]], [[Farandole]], [[Tambourin]], [[Can-can|Can-Can]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[French Polynesia]] || [[Tamure]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] || [[Khorumi]], [[Perkhuli]] <br /> |-<br /> | [[Germany]] || [[Schuhplattler]], [[Zwiefacher]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Ghana]] || [[Adowa dance]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Greece]] || [[Syrtos]], [[Syrtaki]], [[Zeibekiko]], [[Pyrrhichios]], [[Serra (dance)|Serra]], [[Pentozali]], [[Kalamatianos]], [[Tsamiko]], [[Ballos]], [[Sousta]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Guadeloupe]] || [[Gwo ka]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Guatemala]] || [[Baile de la Conquista]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Guyana]] || [[Soca music|Soca]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Haiti]] ||[[Méringue|Meringue]], [[Compas]], [[Kadans]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Honduras]] || [[Punta]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Hungary]] || [[Czardas]]&lt;ref name=&quot;britannica&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9028454/czardas |title=czardas &amp;#124; Hungarian dance|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=2015-01-03}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Kalocsai]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Iceland]] || [[:is:Vikivaki|Vikivaki]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[India]] || [[Bharatanatyam|Bharatnatyam]], [[Chhau dance|Chhau]], [[Kathak]], [[Kathakali]], [[Kuchipudi]], [[Manipuri dance|Manipuri]], [[Mohiniyattam]], [[Odissi]], [[Sattriya]], [[Bhangra (dance)|Bhangra]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Two new postage stamps celebrate Armenian, Indian national dances |url=https://panarmenian.net/m/eng/news/259456 |access-date=2023-12-09 |website=panarmenian.net}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Two new postage stamps dedicated to &quot;Armenia-India joint issue. National dances&quot; theme |url=https://www.lragir.am/en/2018/08/29/69092}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Two new postage stamps celebrate Armenian, Indian national dances |url=https://www.newsinfo.am/eng/article/view/EkDbYf9yDr |access-date=2023-12-09 |website=www.newsinfo.am}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Indonesia]] || [[Legong]], [[Pendet]], [[Barong (mythology)#Barong dance|Barong Ket]], [[Ronggeng]], [[Kebyar duduk]], [[Saman dance]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Iraq]] || [[Kurdish dance]], [[Assyrian folk dance#Common Dances|Chobi]], [[Khigga]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Iran]] || [[Persian dance]], [[Kurdish dance]], [[Azerbaijani dances]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Ireland]] || [[Irish stepdance]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Israel]] || [[Israeli folk dancing]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Italy]] || [[Tarantella]], [[Furlana]], [[Liscio]], [[Monferrina]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Jamaica]] || [[Quadrille]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Japan]] || [[Nihon-buyō]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Jordan]] || [[Dabke]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Korea]] || [[Buchaechum]], [[Ganggangsullae]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Kosovo]] || [[Shota (dance)|Shota]]<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | [[Kuwait]] || [[Ardah]], [[Liwa (music)|Liwa]]<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | [[Lebanon]] || [[Dabke]]<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | [[Liechtenstein]] || [[Polka|Liechtensteiner Polka]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Madagascar]] || [[Hiragasy]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Malaysia]] || [[Joget]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Martinique]] || [[Bélé]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Mauritius]] and [[Réunion]] || [[Sega (genre)|Sega]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Mexico]] || [[Jarabe tapatío]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Moldova]] || [[Hora (dance)|Hora]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Mongolia]] || [[Biyelgee]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Morocco]] || [[Reggada]] and [[Gnawa]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Mozambique]] || [[Tufo (dance)|Tufo]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Nicaragua]] || [[Palo de mayo]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Nepal]] || [[Newa dance]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Netherlands]] || [[Klompendansen]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[New Zealand]] || [[Haka]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[North Macedonia]] || [[Osogovka]], [[Teshkoto]], [[Kopačka (folk dance)|Kopacka]], [[Belomorski biser]], [[Tresenica]], [[Belomorska kitka]], [[Pousteno]], [[Bajrace]], [[Berance]], [[Berovka]], [[Bufcansko]], [[Vleceno]], [[Vodensko]], [[Gajdarsko]], [[Gluvonemo]], [[Dracevka]], [[Dude Drne]], [[Ibraim odza]], [[Jeni jol]], [[Kavadarka]], [[Kalajdzisko]], [[Komitsko]], [[Krstacko]], [[Lesnoto]], [[Lisolaj]], [[Malesevka]], [[Oroto pocna]], [[Pajdusko]], [[Pembe]], [[Postupano]], [[Potrcano]], [[Potrculka]], [[Ramnoto]], [[Ratevka]], [[Rusalii]], [[Rusinsko]], [[Ratevka]], [[Sitnoto]], [[Skudrinka]], [[Staro oro]], [[Starskoto]], [[Tikvesko]], [[Toska]], [[Sopkata]], [[Cetvorka]], [[Toska]], [[Šopka|Sopka]], [[Tropnalo oro]], [[Zensko camce]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Norway]] || [[Hallingdans]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Oman]] || Al-Bar'ah<br /> |-<br /> |[[Pakistan]]<br /> |[[Jhumar]], [[Khattak dance|Khattak]], [[Bhangra (dance)|Bhangra]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Palestine]] || [[Dabke]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Panama]] || [[Tamborito]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Papua New Guinea]] || [[Sing-sing]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Paraguay]] || [[Paraguayan bottle dance]], [[Paraguayan polka]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Peru]] || [[Marinera]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Philippines]] || [[Cariñosa]] and [[Tinikling]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Poland]] || [[Krakowiak]], [[Kujawiak]], [[Mazurka|Mazur]], [[Oberek]], [[Polonaise (dance)|Polonaise]]&lt;ref name=&quot;poland&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://culture.poland.com/culture-music-d.php |title=Five national dances of Poland|publisher=culture.poland.com |access-date=2015-01-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070203114502/http://culture.poland.com/culture-music-d.php |archive-date=3 February 2007 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Portugal]] || [[Vira (dance)|Vira]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Puerto Rico]] || [[Danza]], [[Bomba (Puerto Rico)|Bomba]] and [[Plena]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Qatar]] || [[Ardah]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Romania]] || [[Căluş]], [[Hora (dance)|Hora]], [[Ciuleandra (dance)]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Russia]] || [[Barynya]], [[Kamarinskaya]], [[Kozachok]], [[Tropak]], [[Khorovod]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Saint Lucia]] || [[Kwadril]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Samoa]] and [[American Samoa]] || [[Taualuga]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Saudi Arabia]] || [[Ardah]], [[Khaleegy (dance)|Khaleegy]], [[Mizmar (dance)|Mizmar]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Senegal]] || [[Mbalax]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Serbia]] || [[Kolo (dance)|Kolo]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Seychelles]] || Kanmtole<br /> |-<br /> | [[Slovakia]] || [[Čardáš]], [[Karička]], [[Odzemok]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Somalia]] || [[Dhaanto]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Somaliland]] || [[Saylici]], [[Jaandheer]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[South Africa]] || [[Gumboot dance|Gumboot dancing]] and [[Indlamu (dance)|Indlamu]]; [[Volkspele]] among [[Afrikaners]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Spain]] || [[Flamenco]], [[Malagueñas (flamenco style)|Malagueñas]] ([[Andalusia]]), [[Jota (music)|Jota]] ([[Aragon]]), [[Sardana]] ([[Catalonia]]), [[Pasodoble]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Sri Lanka]] || [[Kandyan dance]], [[Lowcountry dance]], [[Sabaragamu dance]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Sudan]] || [[Tambour dance]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Suriname]] || [[Kaseko]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Sweden]] || [[Polska (dance)|Polska]], [[Hambo]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Switzerland]] || [[Ländler]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Syria]] || [[Dabke]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Thailand]] || [[Thai dance]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Tonga]] || [[Lakalaka]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Trinidad and Tobago]] || [[Limbo (dance)|Limbo]], [[Soca music|Soca]], [[Calypso music|Calypso]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Turkey]] || [[Zeybek dance|Zeybek]], [[Halay]], [[Horon (dance)|Horon]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Turkmenistan]] || [[Kyushtdepdi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;turkmenistan&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.turkmenistan.gov.tm/_eng/?id=530 |title=Turkmenistan: golden age &amp;#124; Our favourite dance |publisher=turkmenistan.gov.tm|access-date=2015-01-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Turks and Caicos]] || [[Ripsaw music|Ripsaw dance]], [[Rake-and-scrape]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Ukraine]] || [[Hopak]], [[Arkan (dance)|Arkan]], [[Tropak]], [[Metelytsia]], [[Kozachok]], [[Khorovod]] and [[Kolomyjka]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[United Arab Emirates]] || [[Yowlah]], [[Khaleegy (dance)|Khaleegy]] and [[Ardah]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[United Kingdom]] || ([[England]]) [[English country Dance|English Country Dance]], [[Rapper sword dance|Rapper Sword Dance]], [[Morris dance]], [[Clog dancing#English clog dancing|English clogging]], [[Hornpipe]]. ([[Scotland]]) [[Scottish highland dance]]. ([[Wales]]) [[Welsh Clog Dancing|Welsh clogging]]. ([[Northern Ireland]]) [[Irish stepdance]].<br /> |-<br /> | [[United States]] || No national dance, [[Swing (dance)|swing]] and [[square dancing]] unofficially; see [[List of U.S. state dances]]; [[Native American Hoop Dance|hoop dance]], [[Grass dance]], [[Jingle dress|jingle dance]], [[Fancy dance]] and Native American tribal dance styles dominate in areas populated by [[Native American tribes]].<br /> |-<br /> | [[Uruguay]] || [[Tango (dance)|Tango]], [[:es:Pericón (danza)|Pericón]], [[Candombe]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Uzbekistan]] || [[Lazgi]], [[Tanovar]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Venezuela]] || [[Joropo]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Virgin Islands]] || [[Quadrille]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Yemen]] || [[Al-Bara']], [[Sharh (Dance)|Sharh]]<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Dance}}<br /> {{national symbols|state=expanded}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:National Dances}}<br /> [[Category:Dance-related lists]]<br /> [[Category:Lists of national symbols|Dance]]</div>

BuyMetabolicSolutionsKeto https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atul_Kumar_Rai&diff=488305 2025-10-16T16:58:18Z

<p>BuyMetabolicSolutionsKeto: Made basic biography basic info.</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian novelist and screenwriter}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}{{Infobox writer &lt;!-- for more information see [[:Template:Infobox writer/doc]] --&gt;<br /> | image = Writer Atul Kumar Rai receiving Dainik Jagran Navankur Award.jpg<br /> | imagesize = <br /> | name = Atul Kumar Rai<br /> | caption = Rai receiving Dainik Jagran Navankur Award<br /> | pseudonym = <br /> | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1992|02|19|df=y}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Ballia]], India<br /> | occupation = [[Novelist]] [[Screenwriter]] [[Lyricist]]<br /> | period = 2022 to present<br /> | genre = [[Fiction]], [[Short story|Short Stories]]<br /> | education = [[Banaras Hindu University]] (B. Mus, Tabla ), (MPA. [[Musicology]], Ugc Net<br /> | movement = <br /> | notableworks = [[Sherdil: The Pilibhit Saga]]<br /> Chandpur ki Chanda<br /> Ishq Banarasi (Audio Series )<br /> | influenced = <br /> | website = {{URL|http://www.atulkumarrai.com}}<br /> | awards = [[Sahitya Academy]] [[Yuva Puraskar]]<br /> Dainik Jagran Srijan Samman<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Atul Kumar Rai''' (born 19 February 1992) is an Indian [[Hindi]] novelist and screenwriter. He is the author of ''Chandpur ki Chanda'',&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.jansatta.com/arts-and-literature/young-novelist-atul-kumar-rai-newly-created-novel-chandpur-ki-chanda-boasts-of-beats-of-rural-life/2061374/ | title=ग्रामीण जीवन की धड़कन को समेटे हुए है 'चांदपुर की चंदा' | date=26 February 2022 }}&lt;/ref&gt; which was awarded the 2023 [[Yuva Puraskar]] for Hindi language works by the [[Sahitya Akademi]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.aajtak.in/literature/story/sahitya-akademi-announces-yuwa-sahitya-puraskar-2023-atul-kumar-rai-for-hindi-anirudh-kanisetti-for-english-1721485-2023-06-23 | title=साहित्य अकादेमी युवा पुरस्कार 2023 घोषित, हिंदी में अतुल कुमार राय और अंग्रेजी में अनिरुद्ध कानिसेट्टी | date=23 June 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt; He is also a dialogue writer of the 2022 film ''[[Sherdil: The Pilibhit Saga]]''.<br /> <br /> == Personal life ==<br /> Atul Kumar Rai was born on 19 February 1992.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=लेखक अतुल कुमार राय का व्यक्तित्व |url=https://www.hindisamay.com/writer/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2-%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF.cspx?id=3300&amp;name=%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2-%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF}}&lt;/ref&gt; His father is a farmer. Atul completed his high school at Saraswati Shishu Vidya Mandir [[Sikanderpur, Uttar Pradesh|Sikanderpur]] Ballia. After intermediate, he completed his graduation in [[Tabla]] from [[Banaras Hindu University]] and has played Tabla in many national-level Music programs. During their post-graduation in [[Musicology]] from Banaras Hindu University, his interest shifted towards [[Hindi literature]]. He decided to become a full-time writer. and started writing a weekly Hindi blog. His blogs became popular in social media and were published in national newspapers like [[Dainik Jagran]] and [[Dainik Bhaskar|Daink Bhaskar]]. People praised his writing style and suggested writing a novel.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=शेरदिल के डायलॉग राइटर अतुल कुमार राय:पढ़ने-खाने के पैसे नहीं थे, तो तबला बजाने लगा |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/db-original/news/pankaj-tripathi-movie-dialogue-script-writer-atul-kumar-rai-journey-130247917.html |work=}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Writing career ==<br /> Atul's debut novel is Chandpur ki Chanda which has generated the attention of thousands of readers from all over India. Many national news portals, such as [[Jansatta]], [[DNA News|DNA]], [[Times Now Navbharat]], and [[Amar Ujala]] have written about the novel and praised his unique writing style.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=राजनीति और प्रेम के बीच गांव की मिट्टी में ले जाती है 'चांदपुर की चंदा' |url=https://www.timesnowhindi.com/lifestyle/article/book-review-hindi-chandpur-ki-chanda-author-atul-kumar-rai/391645}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=उपन्यास समीक्षा - चाँदपुर की चंदा |url=https://www.amarujala.com/kavya/book-review/chaandpur-ki-chanda-book-review-in-hindi}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=चांदपुर की चंदा' में है राजनीति और प्रेम के साथ देश-दुनिया के तमाम मुद्दों का कॉकटेल |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/hindi/india/analysis-book-review-chandpur-ki-chanda-written-atul-kumar-rai-4011399}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2023 [[Sahitya Akademi|Sahitya Academy]] awarded [[Yuva Puraskar]] for Chandpur ki Chanda.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Sahitya Akademi Award 2023: अतुल कुमार राय और सूर्यनाथ सिंह को साहित्य अकादमी युवा तथा बाल पुरस्कार |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/literature/atul-kumar-rai-sahitya-akademi-yuva-puraskar-and-suryanath-singh-sahitya-akademi-bal-sahitya-puraskar-2023-6631745.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; After the immense love of readers and the Sahitya Akademi Award, Dainik Jagran [[Nielsen Holdings|Nielsen Survey]] placed this novel at number two in the list of Hindi bestsellers in December 2023.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=जागरण बेस्टसेलर, दूसरे स्थान पर हिंद युग्म से प्रकाशित अतुल कुमार राय की पुस्तक 'चांदपुर की चंदा' |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/literature/sahitya-sansar-piyush-mishra-manav-kaul-ashutosh-rana-nilotpal-mrinal-and-divya-prakash-dubey-become-jagran-best-seller-list-jagran-samvadi-7868720.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; in 2025 Atul Received Dainik Jagran Navankur Samman By Home Minister [[Amit Shah]] and famous lyricist [[Prasoon Joshi]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=साहित्य सृजन सम्मान: पीयूष मिश्रा, शकील आजमी समेत इन लेखकों को मिला बेस्टसेलर की श्रेणी में पुरस्कार |url=https://www.jagran.com/news/national-dainik-jagran-kriti-samman-bestselling-authors-honored-in-2024-40006258.html#google_vignette |work=Dainik Jagran}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> His film writing career started with a short film The Suicide Note For which Atul got the best writer award at the [[Nirmal Pandey]] film festival Nainital.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=बलिया के अतुल को मिला शार्ट फिल्म के लिए बेस्ट राइटर का अवार्ड |url=https://www.hindusthansamachar.in/Encyc/2021/8/11/ballia-writer-atul-kumar-rai-awarded-film.php}}&lt;/ref&gt; His Film writing career in Bollywood started with [[Pankaj Tripathi|Pankaj Tripathi's]] Sherdil the Pilibhit Saga which was directed by [[Srijit Mukherji|Srijit Mukherjee]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=पंकज त्रिपाठी की फिल्म 'शेरदिल द पीलीभीत सागा' इस दिन होगी रिलीज बलिया के लाल इस भूमिका में आएगा नज़र |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/up-uttarakhand/uttar-pradesh/pankaj-tripathi-new-movie-sherdil-the-pilibhit-saga-release-on-june-24-2022-spup/1183805}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * [https://www.atulkumarrai.com/ Official blog]<br /> * {{IMDb name|12875385}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Rai, Atul}}<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian novelists]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian screenwriters]]<br /> [[Category:Banaras Hindu University alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]</div>

BuyMetabolicSolutionsKeto https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Feroz_Ahmad&diff=499057 2025-10-02T08:20:41Z

<p>BuyMetabolicSolutionsKeto: </p> <hr /> <div>{{distinguish|text = the Bangladeshi academic [[M. Feroze Ahmed]]}}<br /> {{Short description|Indian-born academic and historian (1938–2025)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox scientist<br /> | birth_name = Ferouz-Uddin Ahmad<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date|1938|1|26|df=yes}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Delhi]], [[British Raj|British India]]<br /> | death_date = {{death date and age|2025|2|20|1938|1|26|df=yes}}<br /> | death_place = [[Istanbul]], Turkey<br /> | citizenship = Turkey&lt;br/&gt;United States<br /> | fields = History and political science<br /> | workplaces = {{ubl|[[University of Massachusetts Boston]] | [[Yeditepe University]]}}<br /> | alma_mater = {{ubl|[[Delhi University]] | [[University of London]]}}<br /> | doctoral_advisor = [[Bernard Lewis]]<br /> | thesis_title = The Committee of Union and Progress in Turkish Politics, 1908–1914<br /> | thesis_year = 1966<br /> | known_for = Modern Turkish studies<br /> | awards = [[Order of Merit of the Republic of Turkey]]<br /> | spouse = Bedia Turgay Ahmad<br /> | children = 2<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Feroz Ahmad''' (26 January 1938 – 20 February 2025) was a Turkish-American academic, historian, and political scientist who taught at different universities, including the [[University of Massachusetts Boston]], [[Tufts University]], [[Harvard University]], [[Columbia University]], and [[Yeditepe University]]. He was one of the leading scholars studying modern history of Turkey.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Mustafa Bilgin|title=Britain and Turkey in the Middle East. Politics and Influence in the Early Cold War Era|year=2007|publisher=Tauris Academic Studies|location=London; New York|isbn=978-1-84511-350-6 |page=5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m_sWAQAAIAAJ}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Early life and education==<br /> Ahmad was born in [[Delhi]], [[British Raj|British India]], in 1938.&lt;ref name=dar20/&gt; He received a bachelor's degree in history from [[Delhi University]] and a master's degree in the same field from the [[University of London]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Feroz Ahmad|url=https://fenedebiyat.yeditepe.edu.tr/tr/tarih/akademik-kadro/feroz-ahmad|publisher=[[Yeditepe University]]|access-date=20 November 2021|language=Turkish|archive-date=27 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241227185222/https://fenedebiyat.yeditepe.edu.tr/tr/tarih/akademik-kadro/feroz-ahmad|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; He obtained a PhD from the University of London under the supervision of [[Bernard Lewis]] in 1966, and his thesis was about the [[Young Turk Revolution]] in 1908.&lt;ref name=dar20/&gt;&lt;ref name=soas&gt;{{cite web|author=Ferouz-Uddin Ahmad|title=The Committee of Union and Progress in Turkish Politics, 1908-1913|year=1966| doi=10.25501/SOAS.00033595|url=https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/33595/|publisher=SOAS University of London}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was first published by [[Clarendon Press]] in 1969 with the title ''The Young Turks: The Committee of Union and Progress in Turkish Politics, 1908-1914''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|year=1969<br /> |author=Feroz Ahmad|title=The Young Turks: The Committee of Union and Progress in Turkish Politics, 1908-1914| publisher=Clarendon Press<br /> |isbn=978-0-19-821475-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s8lpAAAAMAAJ}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> Ahmad worked at several U.S. universities between 1966 and 2003, including [[Columbia University]] and [[Harvard University]].&lt;ref name=dar20/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-02-20 |title=Ünlü tarihçi Feroz Ahmad hayatını kaybetti |url=https://serbestiyet.com/featured/unlu-tarihci-feroz-ahmad-hayatini-kaybetti-197494/ |access-date=2025-02-20 |website=Serbestiyet |language=tr}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was [[Emeritus|Emeritus Professor]] of history at the University of Massachusetts at Boston.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Feroz Ahmad|url=https://oneworld-publications.com/feroz-ahmad.html|publisher=Oneworld Publications|access-date=20 November 2021|archive-date=20 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120202502/https://oneworld-publications.com/feroz-ahmad.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; From 2006 he taught at Yeditepe University, [[Istanbul]].&lt;ref name=dar20/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Work and views===<br /> Ahmad published many books and articles, most of which are concerned with [[Ottoman history|Ottoman]] and modern Turkish history.&lt;ref name=hdn14/&gt; His major books are as follows:&lt;ref name=dar20/&gt; ''The Young Turks: The Committee of Union and Progress in Turkish Politics, 1908–1914'' (1969);&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|author=Roderic H. Davison|title=Book review. The Young Turks: The Committee of Union and Progress in Turkish Politics, 1908-1914 by Feroz Ahmad|journal=[[Political Science Quarterly]]|date=September 1972|volume=87|issue=3|pages=489–491|doi=10.2307/2149234|jstor=2149234}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''An Annotated Chronology of Multi-Party Politics in Turkey'' (1976, with Bedia Turgay Ahmad); ''From Unionism to Kemalism, Essays'' (1985); ''Turkish Experiment in Democracy'' (1994); ''The Making of Modern Turkey'' (1995); ''Turkey: The Quest for Identity'' (2006); ''From Empire to Republic: Essays on the Late Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey'' (2008); and ''The Young Turks and the Ottoman Nationalities: Armenians, Greeks, Albanians, Jews, and Arabs, 1908–1918'' (2014).<br /> <br /> In ''From Empire to Republic: Essays on the Late Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey'' Ahmad argued that the reports of the [[Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office|British Foreign Office]] and of the Istanbul correspondents of ''[[The Times]]'' newspaper, and the conservative [[Media of the Ottoman Empire|publications]] in the Ottoman Empire are the roots of the popular [[Antisemitism|anti-semitic]] [[conspiracy theories in Turkey]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|author=Marc David Baer|author-link=Marc David Baer|title=An Enemy Old and New: The Dönme, Anti-Semitism, and Conspiracy Theories in the Ottoman Empire and Turkish Republic|journal=[[The Jewish Quarterly Review]]|date=Fall 2013<br /> |volume=103|issue=4|page=530|jstor=43298763}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Personal life and death==<br /> Ahmad's wife was a Turkish woman, Bedia Turgay Ahmad (died December 2018), whom he married in 1964.&lt;ref name=dar20/&gt; He had twin girls from this marriage.&lt;ref name=dar20&gt;{{cite web|title=Prof. Feroz Ahmad: &quot;My wife and I, we were both very happy that we came to Darüşşafaka&quot;<br /> |url=https://www.darussafaka.org/en/news/prof-feroz-ahmad-my-wife-and-i-we-were-both-very-happy-that-we-came-to-darussafaka<br /> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120194351/https://www.darussafaka.org/en/news/prof-feroz-ahmad-my-wife-and-i-we-were-both-very-happy-that-we-came-to-darussafaka|archive-date=20 November 2021|date=17 August 2020|publisher=Darüşşafaka|access-date=20 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; He lived at [[Darüşşafaka Society|Darüşşafaka Residence]] in Istanbul from 2017 until his death.&lt;ref name=dar20/&gt; Ahmad died in Istanbul on 20 February 2025, at the age of 87.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Biçen |first1=Yagmur |title=Usta Tarihçi Feroz Ahmad hayatını kaybetti |url=https://www.ulusal.com.tr/tarih/usta-tarihci-feroz-ahmad-hayatini-kaybetti-15074425 |access-date=20 February 2025 |publisher=Ulusal |date=20 February 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Honors==<br /> Ahmad was the recipient of the [[Order of Merit of the Republic of Turkey]], which was awarded to him in August 2014.&lt;ref name=hdn14&gt;{{cite news<br /> |title=Turkish president honors distinguished historian Feroz Ahmad |url=https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkish-president-honors-distinguished-historian-feroz-ahmad-70626|access-date=20 November 2021|work=[[Hürriyet Daily News]]|date=19 August 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Ahmad, Feroz}}<br /> [[Category:1938 births]]<br /> [[Category:2025 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian historians]]<br /> [[Category:Academic staff of Yeditepe University]]<br /> [[Category:Scholars from Delhi]]<br /> [[Category:Delhi University alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Alumni of the University of London]]<br /> [[Category:University of Massachusetts Boston faculty]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian historians]]<br /> [[Category:Indian expatriate academics in the United States]]<br /> [[Category:Scholars of Ottoman history]]<br /> [[Category:Historians of Turkey]]<br /> [[Category:Indian expatriates in Turkey]]</div>

BuyMetabolicSolutionsKeto https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=2021_AIBA_World_Boxing_Championships&diff=482790 2025-08-18T20:21:53Z

<p>BuyMetabolicSolutionsKeto: Made new page v1.</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Boxing competitions}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox sport event<br /> |name=2021 AIBA World Boxing Championships<br /> |image=2021 AIBA World Boxing Championships.png<br /> |size=200<br /> |venue= [[Štark Arena]]<br /> |location=[[Belgrade]], [[Serbia]]<br /> |dates=25 October – 6 November<br /> |competitors= 510<br /> |teams=88<br /> |previous=[[2019 AIBA World Boxing Championships|Ekaterinburg 2019]]<br /> |next=[[2023 IBA World Boxing Championships|Tashkent 2023]]<br /> }}<br /> [[File:AIBA World Boxing Championships 2021 stamp of Serbia.jpg|thumb|A stamp of Serbia dedicated to the 2021 World Amateur Boxing Championships]]<br /> {{2021WorldBoxingChampionships}}<br /> The '''2021 [[AIBA World Boxing Championships]]''' were held in [[Belgrade]], [[Serbia]] from 25 October to 6 November.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=AIBA MEN'S WORLD BOXING CHAMPIONSHIPS 2021 {{!}} Detailed Competition Schedule|url=https://www.aiba.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/C08.pdf|publisher=[[International Boxing Association (amateur)|AIBA]]|date=24 October 2021|access-date=24 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024202541/https://www.aiba.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/C08.pdf|archive-date=24 October 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Belgrade was picked to host the championships for the second time; the original 2021 contract with New Delhi was cancelled due to a disagreement between AIBA and the Boxing Federation of India over hosting fees. AIBA also demanded the BFI pay a cancellation penalty of US$500,000.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=AIBA move 2021 World Boxing Championships from New Delhi to Belgrade due to pay dispute |url=https://www.the42.ie/2021-world-boxing-championships-5086644-Apr2020/ |access-date=24 October 2021 |work=The 42 |agency=AFP |publisher=Journal Media Ltd. |date=28 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> For the first time in AIBA’s 75-year history, medal winners were awarded prize money; gold medallists earn $100,000, silver medallists $50,000, and bronze medallists $25,000. The overall prize fund was worth $2.6 million.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title= Top stars are registered to take part in AIBA World Boxing Championships |url= https://www.aiba.org/blog/top-stars-are-registered-to-take-part-in-aiba-world-boxing-championships-in-belgrade/ |website= AIBA.org |date= 24 September 2021 |publisher= [[International Boxing Association (amateur)|International Boxing Association (AIBA)]] |accessdate= 28 September 2021 |archive-date= 4 October 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211004082426/https://www.aiba.org/blog/top-stars-are-registered-to-take-part-in-aiba-world-boxing-championships-in-belgrade/ |url-status= dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Medal summary==<br /> ===Medal table===<br /> {{Medals table<br /> | caption = <br /> | host = SRB<br /> | flag_template = flagcountry<br /> | event = <br /> | team = <br /> | gold_CUB = 3 | silver_CUB = 0 | bronze_CUB = 2<br /> | gold_KAZ = 2 | silver_KAZ = 2 | bronze_KAZ = 1<br /> | gold_USA = 2 | silver_USA = 2 | bronze_USA = 0<br /> | gold_JPN = 2 | silver_JPN = 0 | bronze_JPN = 0<br /> | gold_RBF = 1 | silver_RBF = 2 | bronze_RBF = 2 | name_RBF = {{flagicon|RUS|roc-olympics}} ''[[Russia|Russian Boxing Federation]]'' {{efn|name=mn1|In accordance with a ban by [[World Anti-Doping Agency|WADA]] and a decision by [[Court of Arbitration for Sport|CAS]], [[Russia]]n boxers were not permitted to use the Russian name, flag, or anthem. They instead participated as the [[Boxing Federation of Russia|Russian Boxing Federation]] and under the [[Russian Olympic Committee]] flag.}}<br /> | gold_AZE = 1 | silver_AZE = 0 | bronze_AZE = 2<br /> | gold_FRA = 1 | silver_FRA = 0 | bronze_FRA = 2<br /> | gold_UKR = 1 | silver_UKR = 0 | bronze_UKR = 0<br /> | gold_TBF = 0 | silver_TBF = 1 | bronze_TBF = 2 | name_TBF = ''[[Thailand|Thailand Boxing Federation]]'' {{efn|name=mn2|In accordance with a ban by [[World Anti-Doping Agency|WADA]], [[Thailand|Thai]] boxers participated as the Thailand Boxing Federation, under the [[International Boxing Association (amateur)|AIBA]] flag.}}<br /> | gold_ARM = 0 | silver_ARM = 1 | bronze_ARM = 1<br /> | gold_BLR = 0 | silver_BLR = 1 | bronze_BLR = 1<br /> | gold_ITA = 0 | silver_ITA = 1 | bronze_ITA = 1<br /> | gold_UZB = 0 | silver_UZB = 1 | bronze_UZB = 1<br /> | gold_BRA = 0 | silver_BRA = 1 | bronze_BRA = 0<br /> | gold_TUR = 0 | silver_TUR = 1 | bronze_TUR = 0<br /> | gold_GEO = 0 | silver_GEO = 0 | bronze_GEO = 2<br /> | gold_ALB = 0 | silver_ALB = 0 | bronze_ALB = 1<br /> | gold_BEL = 0 | silver_BEL = 0 | bronze_BEL = 1<br /> | gold_DOM = 0 | silver_DOM = 0 | bronze_DOM = 1<br /> | gold_IRI = 0 | silver_IRI = 0 | bronze_IRI = 1<br /> | gold_IND = 0 | silver_IND = 0 | bronze_IND = 1<br /> | gold_SCO = 0 | silver_SCO = 0 | bronze_SCO = 1<br /> | gold_SRB = 0 | silver_SRB = 0 | bronze_SRB = 1 | host_SRB = yes<br /> | gold_ESP = 0 | silver_ESP = 0 | bronze_ESP = 1<br /> | gold_TTO = 0 | silver_TTO = 0 | bronze_TTO = 1<br /> }}<br /> {{notelist}}<br /> <br /> ===Medalists===<br /> {| {{MedalistTable|type=Event}}<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=2|Minimumweight&lt;br /&gt;{{DetailsLink|2021 AIBA World Boxing Championships – Minimumweight}}<br /> |rowspan=2|{{flagmedalist|[[Temirtas Zhussupov]]|KAZ}}<br /> |rowspan=2|[[Wuttichai Yurachai]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Thailand|Thailand Boxing Federation]]<br /> |{{flagmedalist|[[Yauheni Karmilchyk]]|BLR}}<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagmedalist|[[Sakhil Alakhverdovi]]|GEO}}<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=2|Flyweight&lt;br /&gt;{{DetailsLink|2021 AIBA World Boxing Championships – Flyweight}}<br /> |rowspan=2|{{flagmedalist|[[Saken Bibossinov]]|KAZ}}<br /> |rowspan=2|{{flagmedalist|[[Roscoe Hill]]|USA}}<br /> |[[Thanarat Saengphet]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Thailand|Thailand Boxing Federation]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Akhtem Zakirov]]&lt;br /&gt;{{flagicon|RUS|roc-olympics}} [[Russia|Russian Boxing Federation]]<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=2|Bantamweight&lt;br /&gt;{{DetailsLink|2021 AIBA World Boxing Championships – Bantamweight}}<br /> |rowspan=2|{{flagmedalist|[[Tomoya Tsuboi]]|JPN}}<br /> |rowspan=2|{{flagmedalist|[[Makhmud Sabyrkhan]]|KAZ}}<br /> |{{flagmedalist|[[Billal Bennama]]|FRA}}<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagmedalist|[[Akash Kumar]]|IND}}<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=2|Featherweight&lt;br /&gt;{{DetailsLink|2021 AIBA World Boxing Championships – Featherweight}}<br /> |rowspan=2|{{flagmedalist|[[Jahmal Harvey]]|USA}}<br /> |rowspan=2|{{flagmedalist|[[Serik Temirzhanov]]|KAZ}}<br /> |{{flagmedalist|[[Samuel Kistohurry]]|FRA}}<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagmedalist|[[Osvel Caballero]]|CUB}}<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=2|Lightweight&lt;br /&gt;{{DetailsLink|2021 AIBA World Boxing Championships – Lightweight}}<br /> |rowspan=2|{{flagmedalist|[[Sofiane Oumiha]]|FRA}}<br /> |rowspan=2|{{flagmedalist|[[Abdumalik Khalokov]]|UZB}}<br /> |{{flagmedalist|[[Alexy de la Cruz]]|DOM}}<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagmedalist|[[Danial Shahbakhsh]]|IRI}}<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=2|Light welterweight&lt;br /&gt;{{DetailsLink|2021 AIBA World Boxing Championships – Light welterweight}}<br /> |rowspan=2|{{flagmedalist|[[Andy Cruz]]|CUB}}<br /> |rowspan=2|{{flagmedalist|[[Kerem Özmen]]|TUR}}<br /> |{{flagmedalist|[[Hovhannes Bachkov]]|ARM}}<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagmedalist|[[Reese Lynch]]|SCO}}<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=2|Welterweight&lt;br /&gt;{{DetailsLink|2021 AIBA World Boxing Championships – Welterweight}}<br /> |rowspan=2|{{flagmedalist|[[Sewon Okazawa]]|JPN}}<br /> |rowspan=2|{{flagmedalist|[[Omari Jones]]|USA}}<br /> |{{flagmedalist|[[Ablaikhan Zhussupov]]|KAZ}}<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagmedalist|[[Lasha Guruli]]|GEO}}<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=2|Light middleweight&lt;br /&gt;{{DetailsLink|2021 AIBA World Boxing Championships – Light middleweight}}<br /> |rowspan=2|{{flagmedalist|[[Yurii Zakharieiev]]|UKR}}<br /> |rowspan=2|[[Vadim Musaev]]&lt;br /&gt;{{flagicon|RUS|roc-olympics}} [[Russia|Russian Boxing Federation]]<br /> |{{flagmedalist|[[Sarkhan Aliyev]]|AZE}}<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagmedalist|[[Alban Beqiri]]|ALB}}<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=2|Middleweight&lt;br /&gt;{{DetailsLink|2021 AIBA World Boxing Championships – Middleweight}}<br /> |rowspan=2|{{flagmedalist|[[Yoenlis Hernández]]|CUB}}<br /> |rowspan=2|[[Dzhambulat Bizhamov]]&lt;br /&gt;{{flagicon|RUS|roc-olympics}} [[Russia|Russian Boxing Federation]]<br /> |{{flagmedalist|[[Salvatore Cavallaro]]|ITA}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[Weerapon Jongjoho]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Thailand|Thailand Boxing Federation]]<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=2|Light heavyweight&lt;br /&gt;{{DetailsLink|2021 AIBA World Boxing Championships – Light heavyweight}}<br /> |rowspan=2|{{flagmedalist|[[Robby Gonzales]]|USA}}<br /> |rowspan=2|{{flagmedalist|[[Aliaksei Alfiorau]]|BLR}}<br /> |{{flagmedalist|[[Vladimir Mironchikov]]|SRB}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[Savelii Sadoma]]&lt;br /&gt;{{flagicon|RUS|roc-olympics}} [[Russia|Russian Boxing Federation]]<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=2|Cruiserweight&lt;br /&gt;{{DetailsLink|2021 AIBA World Boxing Championships – Cruiserweight}}<br /> |rowspan=2|{{flagmedalist|[[Loren Alfonso]]|AZE}}<br /> |rowspan=2|{{flagmedalist|[[Keno Machado]]|BRA}}<br /> |{{flagmedalist|[[Herich Ruiz]]|CUB}}<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagmedalist|[[Victor Schelstraete]]|BEL}}<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=2|Heavyweight&lt;br /&gt;{{DetailsLink|2021 AIBA World Boxing Championships – Heavyweight}}<br /> |rowspan=2|{{flagmedalist|[[Julio César La Cruz]]|CUB}}<br /> |rowspan=2|{{flagmedalist|[[Aziz Abbes Mouhiidine]]|ITA}}<br /> |{{flagmedalist|[[Madiyar Saydrakhimov]]|UZB}}<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagmedalist|[[Enmanuel Reyes]]|ESP}}<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=2|Super heavyweight&lt;br /&gt;{{DetailsLink|2021 AIBA World Boxing Championships – Super heavyweight}}<br /> |rowspan=2|[[Mark Petrovskii]]&lt;br /&gt;{{flagicon|RUS|roc-olympics}} [[Russia|Russian Boxing Federation]]<br /> |rowspan=2|{{flagmedalist|[[Davit Chaloyan]]|ARM}}<br /> |{{flagmedalist|[[Nigel Paul (boxer)|Nigel Paul]]|TTO}}<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagmedalist|[[Mahammad Abdullayev]]|AZE}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Controversies==<br /> The [[Kosovo]] boxing team was prevented from competing at the tournament despite Serbia's hosting contract requiring Serbia to allow all teams to compete. (The contract further requires that all teams be allowed to compete under their own flags and explicitly includes Kosovo; [[International Boxing Association (amateur)|AIBA]] recognizes the [[Membership of Kosovo in international sports federations#International federations and associations membership|Kosovo Boxing Federation]] as a full member.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | url=https://www.iba.sport/national-federations/europe/ | title=Swedish Boxing Federation }}&lt;/ref&gt;) Two days prior to the tournament, the [[Kosovo]] boxing team was denied entry into Serbia at border control, effectively shutting them out of the tournament. During negotiations between AIBA and Serbia, Serbia stated to AIBA that Kosovo would not be allowed to compete except under the AIBA flag; this was rejected by Kosovo. One day prior to the tournament, AIBA suggested a compromise to Serbia where Kosovo would compete under &quot;a neutral flag&quot; (similar to Russia's situation); this was rejected by Serbia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | url=https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1114550/kok-kosovo-boxing-serbia | title=Kosovo boxing team denied entry to Serbia for third time }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | url=https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1114956/michael-houston-serbia-kosovo-boxing | title=Michael Houston: Serbia shutout shows where politics should stay out of sport }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | url=https://balkaninsight.com/2021/10/25/serbia-bars-kosovo-team-from-competing-in-boxing-championship/ | title=Serbia Bars Kosovo Team from Competing in Boxing Championship | date=25 October 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In December 2021 after the tournament, the [[International Olympic Committee]] sent a letter to Serbia condemning the incident.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | url=https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1120746/no-kosovo-flag-world-indoor-champs | title=Kosovo flag not on World Athletics website for Indoor Championships in Serbia }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Participating nations ==<br /> 510 athletes from 86 countries and two AIBA Fair Chance Teams participated in the championships:<br /> {{div col|colwidth=17em}}<br /> # AIBA Fair Chance Team 1 (9)<br /> # AIBA Fair Chance Team 2 (1)<br /> # {{ALB}} (3)<br /> # {{ARM}} (11)<br /> # {{AUT}} (1)<br /> # {{AZE}} (9)<br /> # {{BAH}} (2)<br /> # {{BAR}} (2)<br /> # {{BLR}} (6)<br /> # {{BEL}} (3)<br /> # {{BIH}} (3)<br /> # {{BRA}} (10)<br /> # {{BUL}} (8)<br /> # {{CMR}} (3)<br /> # {{TPE}} (10)<br /> # {{COL}} (8)<br /> # {{CRO}} (10)<br /> # {{CUB}} (8)<br /> # {{CYP}} (4)<br /> # {{CZE}} (1)<br /> # {{COD}} (5)<br /> # {{DOM}} (2)<br /> # {{ECU}} (9)<br /> # {{ENG}} (9)<br /> # {{EST}} (2)<br /> # {{FIN}} (3)<br /> # {{FRA}} (6)<br /> # {{GAM}} (1)<br /> # {{GEO}} (7)<br /> # {{GER}} (13)<br /> # {{GRE}} (4)<br /> # {{GUA}} (3)<br /> # {{GUY}} (2)<br /> # {{HAI}} (1)<br /> # {{HKG}} (1)<br /> # {{HUN}} (10)<br /> # {{IND}} (13)<br /> # {{IRI}} (10)<br /> # {{IRQ}} (1)<br /> # {{IRL}} (7)<br /> # {{ISR}} (4)<br /> # {{ITA}} (11)<br /> # {{JAM}} (3)<br /> # {{JPN}} (10)<br /> # {{JOR}} (4)<br /> # {{KAZ}} (13)<br /> # {{KEN}} (13)<br /> # {{KGZ}} (12)<br /> # {{LAO}} (1)<br /> # {{LTU}} (8)<br /> # {{LUX}} (1)<br /> # {{MLI}} (1)<br /> # {{MRI}} (3)<br /> # {{MEX}} (9)<br /> # {{MDA}} (8)<br /> # {{MGL}} (8)<br /> # {{MNE}} (2)<br /> # {{NEP}} (4)<br /> # {{NCA}} (1)<br /> # {{MKD}} (2)<br /> # {{NOR}} (3)<br /> # {{PAK}} (1)<br /> # {{PLE}} (1)<br /> # {{PAN}} (3)<br /> # {{POL}} (8)<br /> # {{PUR}} (4)<br /> # {{ROU}} (2)<br /> # {{flagicon|RUS|roc-olympics}} [[Russia|Russian Boxing Federation]] (13)<br /> # {{LCA}} (1)<br /> # {{SCO}} (6)<br /> # {{SRB}} (12)<br /> # {{SEY}} (3)<br /> # {{SLE}} (6)<br /> # {{SVK}} (5)<br /> # {{SLO}} (7)<br /> # {{SOM}} (2)<br /> # {{KOR}} (7)<br /> # {{ESP}} (8)<br /> # {{SRI}} (1)<br /> # {{TJK}} (8)<br /> # {{TAN}} (3)<br /> # [[Thailand|Thailand Boxing Federation]] (10)<br /> # {{TTO}} (5)<br /> # {{TUR}} (13)<br /> # {{UKR}} (13)<br /> # {{USA}} (9)<br /> # {{UZB}} (13)<br /> # {{VEN}} (4)<br /> {{div col end}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *[https://d21c25674tgiqk.cloudfront.net/2021/09/Version-2_Mens-WCH_Belgrade_2021_Team-Delegations-Handbook-V2.0-v3-latest.pdf Team Delegation Handbook] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021180601/https://d21c25674tgiqk.cloudfront.net/2021/09/Version-2_Mens-WCH_Belgrade_2021_Team-Delegations-Handbook-V2.0-v3-latest.pdf |date=21 October 2021 }}<br /> *[https://www.aiba.org/aiba-world-boxing-championships-2021-belgrade/ AIBA Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119200834/https://www.aiba.org/aiba-world-boxing-championships-2021-belgrade/ |date=19 November 2021 }}<br /> *[http://amateur-boxing.strefa.pl/Championships/WorldChampionships2021.pdf#page=94 Results Book]<br /> <br /> {{WC Amateur Boxing}}<br /> {{World championships in 2021}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2021 AIBA World Boxing Championships| ]]<br /> [[Category:IBA Men's World Boxing Championships]]<br /> [[Category:International sports competitions in Belgrade]]<br /> [[Category:2021 in boxing|AIBA World Boxing Championships]]<br /> [[Category:2021 in Serbian sport|AIBA World Boxing Championships]]<br /> [[Category:October 2021 sports events in Europe|AIBA]]<br /> [[Category:November 2021 sports events in Europe|AIBA]]</div>

BuyMetabolicSolutionsKeto https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pandavermangalam&diff=524104 2025-07-30T02:30:23Z

<p>BuyMetabolicSolutionsKeto: new some pg initial version - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}<br /> '''Pandavarmangalam''' is a special grade [[Panchayati raj|Panchayat]] in [[Thoothukudi District]] in the Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]] and belongs to [[Kovilpatti]] constituency. It is the second largest panchayat in [[Kovilpatti]] [[tehsil|Taluk]] and is situated near the south border of Kovilpatti, on the Kovilpatti-[[Pasuvanthanai]] Road.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Pandavarmangalam Census Town City Population Census 2011-2024 {{!}} Tamil Nadu |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/642243-pandavarmangalam-tamil-nadu.html |access-date=2024-07-09 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> [[File:Pandavermangalam Entrance (Gateway).jpg|thumb|alt=Pandavermangalam Gateway|பாண்டவர்மங்கலம் நுழைவாயில் ]]<br /> == History==<br /> The traditional belief is that during Ramayana era, [[Rama]] and his Vanara Sena (monkey warriors) went to [[Sri Lanka]] thru this way. And [[Pandava]]s who came along with Rama had stayed in this location and hence this village got its Name as Pandavarmangalam. &quot;Pandaver&quot; refers to Pandavas and &quot;Mangalam&quot; means Prosperity. Similarly, The Vanara Sena stayed nearby location and hence the next village got its name as Mandhithopu. &quot;Mandhi&quot; Means Monkey and &quot;Thoppu&quot; Means Farm Trees.<br /> <br /> Nonetheless, others states that &quot;Pandi&quot; refers to the [[rice field]] where Rice was cultivated. &quot;Avar&quot; refers to people who has and &quot;Mangalam&quot; Refers to Prosperity. Hence Pandavarmangalam refers to The land of people who has Rice Field and Prosperity.<br /> <br /> ==Sports==<br /> The Kuppusamy Naidu Memorial Tournament started in Pandavarmangalam at 1945 was conducted every year and it was the second oldest hockey tournament in [[India]]. It happens every year for around 15 days and hockey teams from all over India participate in this tournament. This tournament was conducted in Hockey Ground next to Nadar High School in Pandavarmangalam Panchayat, which was discontinued in this ground due to land dispute.<br /> <br /> ==Development and growth==<br /> Pandavarmangalam is famous for match works (Safety Matches) and fireworks.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2023-11-01 |title=Kovilpatti municipality passes resolution to merge seven neighbouring panchayats |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2023/Nov/01/kovilpatti-municipality-passes-resolution-to-merge-seven-neighbouring-panchayats-2628810.html |access-date=2024-07-09 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Also this is famous for Kali Amman Koil. The Kali Amman Kovil and the Tank was situated in the middle of Pandavarmangalam to have two sections - East and West divisions. The Name of the Tank is as &quot;Neeraavi&quot;. The Banyan Tree in the bank (Karai) of Lake Kanmai is very old and rooted or grown broadly.<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *[http://tnmaps.tn.nic.in/pr_villages.php?dc=28&amp;tlkname=Kovilpattai&amp;region=0001&amp;lvl=taluk&amp;size=1200 Revenue Villages of Kovilpatti Taluk (Thoothukudi District)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303231058/http://tnmaps.tn.nic.in/pr_villages.php?dc=28&amp;tlkname=Kovilpattai&amp;region=0001&amp;lvl=taluk&amp;size=1200 |date=3 March 2016 }}<br /> *[https://web.archive.org/web/20060803062542/http://www.thoothukudi.tn.nic.in/ Official Website of Thoothukudi District]<br /> *[http://bank-ifsc-code.com/indian-overseas-bank/ioba0002660.html IOB Pandavermangalam IFSC Code]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> {{Coord|9.15376|77.88133|display=title}}<br /> [[Category:Villages in Thoothukudi district]]</div>

BuyMetabolicSolutionsKeto https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wockhardt_Hospitals&diff=545814 2025-06-19T10:11:47Z

<p>BuyMetabolicSolutionsKeto: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian hospital chain}}<br /> {{Cleanup-PR|1=article|date=August 2022}}<br /> {{Use British English|date=March 2013}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox company<br /> | name = Wockhardt Hospitals<br /> | logo = <br /> | foundation = {{Start date and age|1989}}<br /> | type = [[Privately held company|Private]]<br /> | industry = [[Healthcare]]<br /> | location = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Khomba |title=Wockhardt to double number of hospitals by '08 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/healthcare/biotech/healthcare/wockhardt-to-double-number-of-hospitals-by-08/articleshow/1625662.cms |access-date=16 February 2023 |work=The Economic Times |date=16 February 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | key_people = Zahabiya Khorakiwala (MD)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=The right prescription |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/supplement/story/20130218-the-right-prescription-762001-2013-02-06 |access-date=16 February 2023 |work=India Today |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | num_locations = 6&lt;ref name=&quot;Revenue&quot;/&gt;<br /> | num_employees = 2,500+<br /> | revenue = {{decrease}} {{INRConvert|579|c}} (FY23)&lt;ref name=&quot;Revenue&quot;/&gt;<br /> | operating_income = {{decrease}} {{INRConvert|31|c}} (FY23)&lt;ref name=&quot;Revenue&quot;/&gt;<br /> | net_income = {{negative increase}} {{INRConvert|-87|c}} (FY23)&lt;ref name=&quot;Revenue&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Wockhardt Hospitals Limited |url=https://www.careratings.com/upload/CompanyFiles/PR/202310131007_Wockhardt_Hospitals_Limited.pdf |access-date=2 March 2024 |work=CARE Ratings}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | website = {{URL|https://www.wockhardthospitals.com}}<br /> }}<br /> '''Wockhardt Hospitals Ltd''' is an Indian [[For-profit hospital|for-profit]] [[Private hospital|private]] [[hospital network]] headquartered in [[Mumbai]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Exclusive: In conversation with Zahabiya Khorakiwala, MD, Wockhardt Hospitals |url=https://www.zeebiz.com/india/video-gallery-exclusive-in-conversation-with-zahabiya-khorakiwala-md-wockhardt-hospitals-88407 |website=Zee Business}}&lt;/ref&gt; The chain of hospitals is owned by the promoters of [[Wockhardt]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/company/WHLT:IN|title= Wockhardt Hospitals Ltd|publisher=Bloomberg L.P.|access-date=2020-03-18}}&lt;/ref&gt; a multinational pharmaceutical company.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Mehta |first1=Nina |title=Wockhardt may sell key hospitals to Fortis |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/healthcare/biotech/healthcare/wockhardt-may-sell-key-hospitals-to-fortis/articleshow/4623479.cms |access-date=16 February 2023 |work=The Economic Times |date=6 June 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; It has six hospitals across four [[western India]]n cities–[[Mumbai]], [[Nagpur]], [[Nashik]] and [[Rajkot]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Revenue&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> Wockhardt Hospitals started its first operations with a medical center in [[Kolkata]] in 1989 and a heart hospital in [[Bangalore]] two years later. The company was incorporated on 28 August 1991 under the Companies Act, 1956 as a public limited company, originally named First Hospitals and Heart Institute Limited.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Wockhardt Hospital focuses on the right approach for healthcare |url=https://www.biospectrumindia.com/news/79/12214/wockhardt-hospital-focuses-on-the-right-approach-for-healthcare.html |website=biospectrumindia.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wockhardt Hospitals were one of the early movers among corporate health-care chains in India.<br /> <br /> On 11 September 2000, the name was changed to Wockhardt Health Sciences Limited and subsequently on 19 October 2000 the name was changed to Wockhardt Hospitals Limited.&lt;ref name=&quot;rebuild&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/features/khorakiwalas-wockhardt-hospitals/story/191158.html|title=Khorakiwalas are now successfully rebuilding their hospital network|website=businesstoday.in|date=7 January 2013 |access-date=2019-07-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2009, Wockhardt Hospitals sold 10 of its hospitals in Mumbai, Bangalore and Kolkata to [[Fortis Healthcare]] for {{INR}}909 crore,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Unnikrishnan |first1=C. H. |title=Wockhardt to sell 10 hospitals to Fortis |url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/wlYcjJ89sOLhwwmUhu1qtI/Wockhardt-to-sell-10-hospitals-to-Fortis.html |access-date=2021-06-28 |work=mint |date=2009-08-24 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; which left it with seven multi speciality hospitals in Western India.&lt;ref name=&quot;rebuild&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Timeline===<br /> *'''January 1990''' Wockhardt Medical Centre, Kolkata<br /> *'''March 1991''' Wockhardt Hospital and Heart Institute, Bangalore<br /> *'''July 1993''' Wockhardt Hospital and Kidney Institute, Kolkata<br /> *'''July 2002''' Wockhardt Hospital, Mulund, Mumbai<br /> *'''July 2004''' Wockhardt Heart Hospital, Nagpur<br /> *'''July 2005''' Kamineni Wockhardt Hospital, Hyderabad&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Kamineni-Wockhardt hospital deal in ICU |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/kamineni-wockhardt-hospital-deal-in-icu/articleshow/5346051.cms |access-date=16 February 2023 |work=The Times of India |date=17 December 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *'''January 2006''' Wockhardt Hospital, Bannerghatta Road, Bangalore<br /> *'''February 2006''' Wockhardt Heart Centre, Hyderabad<br /> *'''January 2007''' N M Virani Wockhardt Hospital, Rajkot<br /> *'''January 2007''' Wockhardt Hospital, Chord Road, Bangalore<br /> *'''April 2007''' Sterling Wockhardt Hospital, Navi Mumbai<br /> *'''June 2007''' Wockhardt Hospital, Chord Road, Bangalore<br /> *'''2010''' NUSI Wockhardt Hospitals, Goa&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Balakrishnan |first1=Reghu |title=Wockhardt Hospitals eyes Tier-II towns |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/wockhardt-hospitals-eyes-tier-ii-towns-113092200464_1.html |access-date=16 February 2023 |work=Business Standard India |date=27 September 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *'''2014''' Acquisition of Management and Operation of TUIMSAR, North Mumbai<br /> *'''November 2014''' New Age Wockhardt Hospitals, South Mumbai&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Wockhardt launches Mumbai tertiary care hospital, next stop at Delhi |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/Wockhardt-launches-Mumbai-tertiary-care-hospital-next-stop-at-Delhi/article20904117.ece |access-date=16 February 2023 |work=The Hindu Businessline |date=6 November 2014 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Sapam |first1=Bidya |title=Wockhardt charts growth plan, to add two hospitals every year |url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/tpgjR4Y3jmsmaeLxq5K5CN/Wockhardt-charts-growth-plan-to-add-two-hospitals-every-yea.html |access-date=16 February 2023 |work=mint |date=14 May 2015 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Associations==<br /> *Wockhardt-HMI HIV/AIDS Education and Research Foundation (WHARF) is a non-government organization established to provide training to healthcare professionals and counselors in India.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/wockhardt-hmi-hivaids-research-launches-wharf-youth_229723.html|title=WHARF}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Education in Bangalore}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Hospital networks in India]]<br /> [[Category:Hospitals in India]]<br /> [[Category:1989 establishments in Maharashtra]]<br /> [[Category:Companies based in Mumbai]]<br /> [[Category:Hospitals in Mumbai]]<br /> [[Category:Indian companies established in 1989]]</div>

BuyMetabolicSolutionsKeto https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mulki_railway_station&diff=446738 2025-03-13T13:42:08Z

<p>BuyMetabolicSolutionsKeto: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Railway station in Karnataka, India}}<br /> {{Multiple issues|<br /> {{one source|date=February 2019}}<br /> {{third-party|date=February 2019}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}<br /> {{Infobox station<br /> | name = <br /> | type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]] Indian Railways Station<br /> | style = <br /> | image = Mulki Railway Station.jpg<br /> | image_size = <br /> | image_caption = <br /> | address = <br /> | coordinates = {{coord|13.0689|74.8053|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline,title}}<br /> | line = [[Konkan Railway]]<br /> | other = <br /> | structure = <br /> | platform = 1<br /> | depth = <br /> | levels = <br /> | tracks = 1<br /> | parking = <br /> | bicycle = <br /> | baggage_check = <br /> | opened = <br /> | closed = <br /> | rebuilt = <br /> | status = Active<br /> | electrified = Yes<br /> | accessible = <br /> | code = MULK<br /> | owned = [[Indian Railways]]<br /> | zone = <br /> | former = <br /> | passengers = <br /> | pass_year = <br /> | pass_percent = <br /> | pass_system = <br /> | mpassengers = <br /> | services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Indian Railways|line=Konkan Railway|left=Nandikoor|right=Surathkal|type=[[Konkan Railway]]}}<br /> | route_map = {{Konkan Railway Map|inline=1}}<br /> | map_state = collapsed<br /> | map_type = Karnataka<br /> | map_dot_label = Mulki<br /> }}<br /> '''Mulki railway station''' is a station on [[Konkan Railway]]. Mulki railway station is situated in [[Dakshina Kannada]] (D.K.) district of [[Karnataka]] state, Republic of India.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.udayavani.com/english-news/gold-ornaments-worth-rs-5-lakh-stolen-from-train-passenger-near-mulki|title= gold ornaments worth rs 5lakh stolen from train passenger near mulki|publisher=Udayavani,Kannada newspaper|access-date=4 March 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;It is at a distance of {{convert|724.800|km|mi|1|abbr=on}} down from north most starting point of Konkan Railway jurisdiction [[Roha]]. The preceding station on the northern direction is [[Nandikoor railway station]] and the next station on southern direction is [[Surathkal railway station]].&lt;ref name=&quot;KonkanRailway-20140331&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://konkanrailway.com/english/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/System-map-12-08-2014.jpg|title=Konkan railway system map|last=Prakash|first=L.|date=31 March 2014|publisher=Konkan Railway|access-date=12 December 2016|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304045017/http://konkanrailway.com/english/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/System-map-12-08-2014.jpg|archivedate=4 March 2016|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{commons category|Mulki railway station}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Railway stations along Konkan Railway line]]<br /> [[Category:Railway stations in Dakshina Kannada district]]<br /> [[Category:Karwar railway division]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{Karnataka-railstation-stub}}</div>

BuyMetabolicSolutionsKeto https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Udayana_Kumara_Kaviyam&diff=542334 2025-02-21T12:19:30Z

<p>BuyMetabolicSolutionsKeto: Added new biography</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Tamil epic}}<br /> {{Tamil literature}}<br /> <br /> '''Udayana Kumara Kaviyam''' is one of the [[Five Minor Epics|five minor epic poems]] of Sangham literature.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Division |first=Publications |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uib2DAAAQBAJ |title=INDIA: SOCIETY RELIGION AND LITERATURE IN ANCIENT AND MEDIEVAL PERIODS |publisher=Publications Division Ministry of Information &amp; Broadcasting |isbn=978-81-230-2191-1 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Though the name of the author is unknown, it is considered to be the work of a Jaina nun named Kandiyar. It is a Jaina treatise in 6 cantos with 369 stanzas. According to T.P. Meenakshi Sundaram the work &quot;reads like the composition of a high school boy&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Venkataramaiah |first=K. M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2pAMAQAAMAAJ&amp;q=Udayana+Kumara+Kaviyam |title=A Handbook of Tamil Nadu |date=1996 |publisher=International School of Dravidian Linguistics |isbn=978-81-85692-20-3 |pages=102 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The poem is about the story of Udayana in the ''Perunkadai'' and hence is an adaptation of ''Peru-n-katai'' with smaller changes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Datta |first=Amaresh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zB4n3MVozbUC&amp;dq=Udayana+Kumara+Kaviyam&amp;pg=PA1195 |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Devraj to Jyoti |date=1988 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=978-81-260-1194-0 |pages=1195 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Venkataramaiah |first=K. M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2pAMAQAAMAAJ&amp;q=Udayana+Kumara+Kaviyam |title=A Handbook of Tamil Nadu |date=1996 |publisher=International School of Dravidian Linguistics |isbn=978-81-85692-20-3 |pages=400 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> {{Jainism topics}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Jain texts]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil-language literature]]<br /> [[Category:Epic poems in Tamil]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{poem-stub}}<br /> {{india-literature-stub}}<br /> {{tamil-stub}}</div>

BuyMetabolicSolutionsKeto https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Santhwanam_2&diff=532932 2024-12-11T19:05:11Z

<p>BuyMetabolicSolutionsKeto: redirect</p> <hr /> <div>#REDIRECT [[Santhwanam (TV series)]]<br /> <br /> {{Rcat shell|<br /> {{R to related topic}}<br /> }}</div>

BuyMetabolicSolutionsKeto https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gokulpur,_Hooghly&diff=455424 2024-11-21T11:40:40Z

<p>BuyMetabolicSolutionsKeto: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}<br /> {{for|village in Rajasthan with the same name|Gokulpur}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Gokulpur<br /> | native_name = <br /> | native_name_lang = <br /> | other_name = <br /> | nickname = <br /> | settlement_type = Village<br /> | image_skyline = <br /> | image_alt = <br /> | image_caption = <br /> | pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India<br /> | pushpin_label_position = <br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|22.6794|N|88.2416|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]]<br /> | established_title = &lt;!-- Established --&gt;<br /> | established_date = <br /> | founder = <br /> | named_for = <br /> | government_type = <br /> | governing_body = [[Gram panchayat]] <br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | area_footnotes = <br /> | area_rank = <br /> | area_total_km2 = <br /> | elevation_footnotes = <br /> | elevation_m = <br /> | population_total = 560<br /> | population_as_of = 2011<br /> | population_rank = <br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | population_demonym = <br /> | population_footnotes = <br /> | demographics_type1 = Languages<br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official<br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = &lt;!-- [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] --&gt;<br /> | postal_code = <br /> | area_code_type = Telephone code<br /> | area_code = <br /> | registration_plate = WB <br /> | blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency<br /> | blank1_info_sec1 = [[Serampore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Serampore]]<br /> | blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency<br /> | blank2_info_sec1 = [[Chanditala (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chanditala]]<br /> | website = {{URL|wb.gov.in}} <br /> | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-WB]]<br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> ''' Gokulpur ''' is a village in [[Chanditala II]] community development block of [[Srirampore subdivision]] in [[Hooghly district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://banglarbhumi.gov.in/banglarbhumi/(S(gfjpdc3blgg2wgbhpjw25op1))/ASP%20PAGES/info_block.aspx?distcode=06&amp;bcode=11 |title= Mouza Information |publisher= Land &amp; Land Reforms Department, Government of West Bengal |access-date= 16 October 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161222012314/http://banglarbhumi.gov.in/banglarbhumi/(S(tyv5jjxe0bokhjwjl5jbecbj))/ASP%20PAGES/info_block.aspx?distcode=06&amp;bcode=11 |archive-date= 22 December 2016 |url-status= dead |df= dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Geography==<br /> Gokulpur is located at {{coord|22.6794|N|88.2416|E| source:itwiki_region:IN|}}. Chanditala police station serves this Village.<br /> <br /> ===Gram panchayat===<br /> Villages and census towns in Barijhati [[gram panchayat]] are: [[Barijhati]], [[Beledanga]], Gokulpur, [[Khanpur, Chanditala-II|Khanpur]], [[Makhalpara]] and [[Thero, Hooghly|Thero]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = https://villageinfo.in/west-bengal/hugli/chanditala-ii/beledanga.html | title = Beledanga| publisher = Indian Village Directory |access-date = 18 October 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Demographics==<br /> As per [[2011 Census of India]], Gokulpur had a population of 560 of which 288 (51%) were males and 272 (49%) females. Population below 6 years was 76. The number of literates in Gokulpur was 374 (77.27% of the population over 6 years).&lt;ref name=census2011&gt;{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= 2011 census: West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 7 October 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References== <br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Srirampore subdivision}}<br /> {{Hooghly District}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Villages in Hooghly district]]<br /> [[Category:Villages in Chanditala II CD Block]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{Hooghly-geo-stub}}</div>

BuyMetabolicSolutionsKeto https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shrichand_Bajaj&diff=535399 2024-10-23T14:02:09Z

<p>BuyMetabolicSolutionsKeto: Added page</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian swimmer}}<br /> {{use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}<br /> {{Infobox swimmer<br /> | name = Shrichand Bajaj<br /> | image = <br /> | caption = <br /> | fullname = Shrichand Bashamal Bajaj<br /> | nationality = Indian<br /> | strokes = <br /> | club = <br /> | collegeteam = <br /> | birth_date = 1 October 1933<br /> | birth_place = [[Mumbai]], India<br /> | death_date = {{death date and age|2005|7|20|1933|10|1|df=yes}}<br /> | death_place = [[Salem, Oregon]], United States<br /> | height = <br /> | weight = <br /> | medaltemplates = <br /> | show-medals = <br /> | updated = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Shrichand Bajaj''' (1 October 1933 &amp;ndash; 20 July 2005)&lt;ref name=&quot;Olympedia&quot;&gt;{{Olympedia|48276}}&lt;/ref&gt; was an Indian [[Swimming (sport)|swimmer]]. He competed in the [[Swimming at the 1956 Summer Olympics – Men's 100 metre freestyle|men's 100 metre freestyle]] at the [[1956 Summer Olympics]].&lt;ref name=&quot;SportsRef&quot;&gt;{{cite Sports-Reference |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ba/sri-chand-bajaj-1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418074557/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ba/sri-chand-bajaj-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 April 2020 |title=Sri Chand Bajaj Olympic Results |access-date=2 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{sports links}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Bajaj, Sri Chand}}<br /> [[Category:1933 births]]<br /> [[Category:2005 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Swimmers from Mumbai]]<br /> [[Category:Olympic swimmers for India]]<br /> [[Category:Swimmers at the 1956 Summer Olympics]]<br /> [[Category:Indian male freestyle swimmers]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{India-swimming-bio-stub}}</div>

BuyMetabolicSolutionsKeto