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The Founder

2023-10-04T19:19:42Z

Businessmint: 2016 film by John Lee Hancock

{{short description|2016 film by John Lee Hancock}}
{{About||the student newspaper at Royal Holloway, University of London|The Founder (newspaper){{!}}''The Founder'' (newspaper)|other uses|Founder (disambiguation){{!}}Founder}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox film
| name = The Founder
| image = The Founder poster.png
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[John Lee Hancock]]
| producers = {{Plainlist|
* [[Don Handfield]]
* [[Jeremy Renner]]
* [[Aaron Ryder]]
}}
| writer = [[Robert Siegel (filmmaker)|Robert Siegel]]
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Michael Keaton]]
* [[Nick Offerman]]
* [[John Carroll Lynch]]
* [[Linda Cardellini]]
* [[B. J. Novak]]
* [[Laura Dern]]
}}
| music = [[Carter Burwell]]
| cinematography = [[John Schwartzman]]
| editing = [[Robert Frazen]]
| production_companies = {{Plainlist|
* [[FilmNation Entertainment]]
* [[Don Handfield|The Combine]]
* Faliro House Productions S.A.
}}
| distributor = [[The Weinstein Company]]
| released = {{film date|2016|12|7|[[Arclight Hollywood]]|2017|1|20|United States}}
| runtime = 115 minutes<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/founder-film|title=''The Founder'' (12A)|work=[[British Board of Film Classification]]|date=September 13, 2016|access-date=September 14, 2016|archive-date=May 9, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190509184007/http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/founder-film|url-status=live}}</ref>
| country = {{Plainlist|
* United States
}}
| language = English
| budget = $7–25 million<ref name=indie/><ref name="lawsuit">{{cite web|first1=Anita|last1=Busch|first2=Anthony|last2=D'Alessandro|url=https://deadline.com/2017/02/the-weinstein-co-sued-over-distribution-of-the-founder-1201904600/|title=The Weinstein Co. Sued Over Distribution Of 'The Founder' By FilmNation And Its Subsidiary|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=February 8, 2017|access-date=February 20, 2017|archive-date=February 22, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222052903/http://deadline.com/2017/02/the-weinstein-co-sued-over-distribution-of-the-founder-1201904600/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="lawsuit2">{{cite web |first=David |last=Ng |url=https://www.latimes.com/business/hollywood/la-fi-ct-weinstein-lawsuit-founder-20170208-story.html |title=Weinstein Co. sued over release dates for 'The Founder' and 'Gold' |website=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=February 8, 2017 |access-date=February 20, 2017 |archive-date=February 20, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170220082613/http://www.latimes.com/business/hollywood/la-fi-ct-weinstein-lawsuit-founder-20170208-story.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
| gross = $24.1 million<ref name="BOM">{{cite web |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt4276820/?ref_=bo_se_r_1 |title=The Founder (2016) |website=[[Box Office Mojo]] |access-date=October 12, 2017 |archive-date=February 7, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207114600/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt4276820/?ref_=bo_se_r_1 |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}

'''''The Founder''''' is a 2016 American [[Biographical film|biographical]] [[drama film]] directed by [[John Lee Hancock]] and written by [[Robert Siegel (filmmaker)|Robert Siegel]]. Starring [[Michael Keaton]] as businessman [[Ray Kroc]], the film depicts the story of his creation of the [[McDonald's]] fast-food restaurant chain, which eventually involved forcing out the company's original founders to take control with conniving ruthlessness. [[Nick Offerman]] and [[John Carroll Lynch]] co-star as McDonald's founders [[Richard and Maurice McDonald]], alongside [[Linda Cardellini]] as Ray Kroc's third wife [[Joan Kroc|Joan Smith]], and [[B. J. Novak]] as McDonald's president and chief executive [[Harry J. Sonneborn]].<ref name=film>{{cite AV media | people=[[John Lee Hancock|Hancock, John Lee]] (Director) | date=January 20, 2017 | title=The Founder | medium=Motion picture | location=[[Douglasville, Georgia]] | publisher=[[The Weinstein Company]]}}</ref>

The film premiered at [[Arclight Hollywood]] on December 7, 2016, and was released theatrically in the United States on January 20, 2017, by [[the Weinstein Company]]. It grossed $24 million worldwide and received generally positive reviews from critics, who praised Keaton's performance.

==Plot==
In 1954, traveling [[milkshake machine]] salesman [[Ray Kroc]] observes that many of the drive-in restaurants that he tries to sell to are inefficiently run. After learning that a drive-in in [[San Bernardino, California|San Bernardino]], California is ordering an unusually large number of milkshake mixers, Kroc drives to see it. What he finds is [[McDonald's]], a popular [[Drive-through#Walk-up windows|walk-up]] [[restaurant]] with fast service, high-quality food, disposable packaging and a family-friendly atmosphere.

Kroc meets with [[Richard and Maurice McDonald|Maurice "Mac" and Richard "Dick" McDonald]], who give him a tour of the restaurant. The next day, Kroc suggests the brothers [[franchising|franchise]] the restaurant but they hesitate, pointing out that they already tried, only to fail. Kroc persists and eventually convinces them to allow him to lead their franchising efforts on the condition that he agrees to a [[Contract|strict contract]], which requires all changes to be subject to the McDonald brothers' approval.

Kroc begins building a McDonald's restaurant in [[Des Plaines, Illinois]], while attempting to entice wealthy investors to open franchises but encounters the same poor management ethic which doomed the original franchise efforts. After encountering a Jewish [[Bible]] salesman, Kroc hits on the idea of franchising to middle-class investors and begins visiting local [[fraternity]] organizations and church communities finding their members to be more inclined to uphold McDonald's quality as they are more invested than their wealthy counterparts. It proves successful and new franchises begin opening across the [[Midwest]], with Kroc representing himself as the creator of McDonald's and [[Fred L. Turner|Fred Turner]], a burger cook at the Des Plaines restaurant, as his associate. During that time, Kroc meets Rollie Smith, an upscale restaurant owner in [[Minnesota]] who wishes to invest and Rollie's wife, [[Joan Kroc|Joan]], to whom Kroc is immediately attracted.

Kroc expands rapidly but his shares of franchise profits are limited due to his contract, which the McDonald brothers decline to renegotiate. Joan Smith suggests saving money by introducing a [[Powdered milk|powdered]] milkshake but the brothers consider it to be degrading to their food quality standards. Kroc's wife Ethel is upset by a visit from the bank since his [[mortgage]] is three months' late and she did not know Kroc had mortgaged their house. [[Harry J. Sonneborn|Harry Sonneborn]], a financial consultant, tells Kroc the real profit opportunity is in providing real estate to the franchisees, which will not only provide a revenue stream, but give Kroc leverage over his franchisees and the brothers. Kroc incorporates a new company, Franchise Realty Corporation and attracts new investors, while opening new restaurants without the brothers' approval. This upsets the brothers and emboldens Kroc, who increasingly defies them by circumventing their authority and providing powdered milkshakes to all franchisees but not their restaurant. Kroc also divorces Ethel who gets all his assets except any shares in his business.

Ray Kroc renames the company the McDonald's Corporation and demands to be released from his contract and buy the McDonald brothers out, which sends Mac into [[diabetic shock]]. Kroc visits him in the hospital and offers a [[Blank cheque|blank check]] to settle their business. The brothers agree to a $2.7 million lump sum payment (equivalent to $26 million in 2020), ownership of their original restaurant in San Bernardino and a 1% annual royalty but when the time comes to finalize the agreement, Kroc refuses to include the royalty in the settlement and instead offers it as a [[handshake deal]]. Afterwards Dick McDonald confronts Kroc and asks why he had to take over their business when he could have easily stolen their idea and recreated it. Kroc answers that the true value of McDonald's is the name itself, which expresses the attributes of [[Americana (culture)|Americana]].

The McDonald brothers are forced to take their own name off the original restaurant and Kroc opens a new McDonald's franchise directly across the street. Kroc marries Joan Smith, who has left Rollie Smith. In 1970, Kroc prepares a speech for California Governor [[Ronald Reagan]] – plagiarized heavily from a motivational speech he heard earlier in the film – crediting himself for his success, which he claims was achieved not through talent or education but through persistence.

An epilogue reveals that the McDonald brothers were never paid their royalties, which would eventually have been about $100 million a year and that McDonald's feeds about 1% of the world's population every day.

==Cast==
* [[Michael Keaton]] as [[Ray Kroc]]
* [[Nick Offerman]] as [[Richard and Maurice McDonald|Richard "Dick" McDonald]]
* [[John Carroll Lynch]] as [[Richard and Maurice McDonald|Maurice "Mac" McDonald]]
* [[Linda Cardellini]] as [[Joan Kroc|Joan Smith]]
* [[B. J. Novak]] as [[Harry J. Sonneborn]]
* [[Laura Dern]] as Ethel Kroc
* Justin Randell Brooke as [[Fred L. Turner|Fred Turner]]
* Kate Kneeland as [[June Martino]]
* [[Patrick Wilson (American actor)|Patrick Wilson]] as Rollie Smith
* [[Griff Furst]] as Jim Zien
* Wilbur Fitzgerald as Jerry Cullen
* [[Afemo Omilami]] as Mr. Merriman

==Production==
The screenplay for ''The Founder'' was written by Robert Siegel, based on Ray Kroc's autobiography and an unauthorized biography.<ref>{{cite news |first=Robert |last=Seigel |author-link=Robert Siegel |date=January 25, 2017 |title='The Founder' Follows Salesman's Genius Idea To Franchise McDonald's |work=[[All Things Considered]] |publisher=[[NPR]] |url=https://www.npr.org/2017/01/25/511655874/the-founder-follows-salesmans-genius-idea-to-franchise-mcdonalds |access-date=January 29, 2017 |archive-date=January 30, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170130135546/http://www.npr.org/2017/01/25/511655874/the-founder-follows-salesmans-genius-idea-to-franchise-mcdonalds |url-status=live }}</ref> According to early reports, the film was to be developed in the same vein as ''[[There Will Be Blood]]'' and ''[[The Social Network]]''. According to ''[[Deadline Hollywood]]'', it was ranked the 13th-best unproduced script of 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thewrap.com/weinstein-company-wins-bidding-war-for-michael-keatons-mcdonalds-movie-the-founder-exclusive/|title=Weinstein Company Wins Bidding War for Michael Keaton's McDonald's Movie 'The Founder' (Exclusive)|publisher=[[TheWrap]]|date=March 2, 2015|access-date=March 3, 2015|archive-date=March 3, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150303013609/http://www.thewrap.com/weinstein-company-wins-bidding-war-for-michael-keatons-mcdonalds-movie-the-founder-exclusive/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deadline.com/2014/12/black-list-2014-announcement-schedule-1201324672/|title=Black List 2014 Gets Star Treatment In 10th Anniversary Announcement Monday|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=December 14, 2014|access-date=March 3, 2015|archive-date=April 9, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150409010938/http://deadline.com/2014/12/black-list-2014-announcement-schedule-1201324672/|url-status=live}}</ref> In December 2014, John Lee Hancock was signed to direct the film.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.comingsoon.net/movies/news/391277-john-lee-hancock-plans-mcdonalds-history-feature-the-founder|title=John Lee Hancock Plans McDonald's History Story, The Founder|publisher=[[CraveOnline|ComingSoon.net]]|date=December 10, 2014|access-date=March 3, 2015|archive-date=April 2, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402114123/http://www.comingsoon.net/movies/news/391277-john-lee-hancock-plans-mcdonalds-history-feature-the-founder|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Casting===
In February 2015, Michael Keaton was signed to the role of Ray Kroc.<ref>{{cite web|first=Brian|last=Formo|url=http://uk.complex.com/pop-culture/2015/02/michael-keaton-mcdonalds-the-founder-harvey-weinstein|title=Burgerman: Michael Keaton Will Star in a McDonald's Biopic|work=[[Complex (magazine)|Complex]]|date=February 28, 2015|access-date=March 3, 2015|archive-date=April 2, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402093617/http://uk.complex.com/pop-culture/2015/02/michael-keaton-mcdonalds-the-founder-harvey-weinstein|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Laura Dern]] joined the film on May 11, 2015, to play Kroc's wife Ethel Fleming, whom Kroc divorced in 1961.<ref name=DernCast>{{cite web|last1=Kit|first1=Borys|title=Laura Dern in Talks to Join Michael Keaton in McDonald's Mogul Biopic (Exclusive)|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/laura-dern-talks-join-michael-794871|access-date=May 12, 2015|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=May 11, 2015|archive-date=May 14, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150514002942/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/laura-dern-talks-join-michael-794871|url-status=live}}</ref> The next day, it was announced that Nick Offerman joined the film, set to play Richard "Dick" McDonald.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/nick-offerman-joins-micheal-keaton-795025|title=Nick Offerman Joins Micheal Keaton in McDonald's Mogul Biopic (Exclusive)|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|first=Borys|last=Kit|date=May 12, 2015|access-date=January 19, 2017|archive-date=February 1, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170201234812/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/nick-offerman-joins-micheal-keaton-795025|url-status=live}}</ref> On May 28, 2015, it was announced that B. J. Novak joined the film as Kroc's financial consultant, Harry J. Sonneborn.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/bj-novak-joins-michael-keaton-798599|title=B.J. Novak Joins Michael Keaton in McDonald's Founder Biopic (Exclusive)|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|first=Borys|last=Kit|date=May 28, 2015|access-date=January 16, 2017|archive-date=August 3, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803170659/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/bj-novak-joins-michael-keaton-798599|url-status=live}}</ref> On June 9, 2015, it was reported that Linda Cardellini had joined the film,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2015/film/news/linda-cardellini-michael-keaton-mcdonalds-founder-1201515935/|title=Linda Cardellini Joins Michael Keaton in McDonald's Drama 'The Founder'|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|first=Dave|last=McNary|date=June 9, 2015|access-date=January 19, 2017|archive-date=February 2, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202001032/http://variety.com/2015/film/news/linda-cardellini-michael-keaton-mcdonalds-founder-1201515935/|url-status=live}}</ref> and on June 26, 2015, it was announced that John Carroll Lynch and [[Patrick Wilson (American actor)|Patrick Wilson]] had also been cast.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2015/06/john-carroll-lynch-the-founder-gwendolyn-christie-swallows-and-amazons-1201459085/|title=John Carroll Lynch On 'The Founder' Menu; Gwendoline Christie Joins 'Swallows & Amazons'|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|first=Patrick|last=Hipes|date=June 26, 2015|access-date=January 19, 2017|archive-date=July 13, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160713091525/http://deadline.com/2015/06/john-carroll-lynch-the-founder-gwendolyn-christie-swallows-and-amazons-1201459085/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Filming===
[[Principal photography]] for the film began in [[Newnan, Georgia|Newnan]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] on June 1, 2015.<ref>{{cite web|title=On the Set for 6/1/15: James Gunn Starts Shooting 'The Belko Experiment', Michael Keaton Begins Mcdonald's Biopic 'The Founder' & More|url=http://www.ssninsider.com/on-the-set-for-6115-james-gunn-starts-shooting-the-belko-experiment-michael-keaton-begins-mcdonalds-biopic-the-founder-more/|access-date=June 1, 2015|work=SSN Insider|date=June 1, 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20160422141423/http://www.ssninsider.com/on-the-set-for-6115-james-gunn-starts-shooting-the-belko-experiment-michael-keaton-begins-mcdonalds-biopic-the-founder-more/|archive-date=April 22, 2016|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Bernarde|first1=Scott|title=Movie Shoot in Douglasville Begins Next Week|url=http://patch.com/georgia/douglasville/movie-shoot-douglasville-begins-next-week-0|access-date=June 6, 2015|work=[[Patch.com]]|date=June 3, 2015|archive-date=June 7, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607005323/http://patch.com/georgia/douglasville/movie-shoot-douglasville-begins-next-week-0|url-status=live}}</ref> Production designer [[Michael Corenblith]] had previously worked on films including ''[[Apollo 13 (film)|Apollo 13]]'', ''[[Saving Mr. Banks]]'' and ''[[The Blind Side (film)|The Blind Side]]'' in which attention to historic detail was important. Corenblith worked from archival photos, training films, materials provided by the McDonald family, blueprints obtained from [[eBay]], and research at the [[oldest McDonald's restaurant]] in [[Downey, California]]. The McDonald brothers' original octagonal San Bernardino restaurant was built in Newnan in the parking lot of the [[Coweta County, Georgia|Coweta County]] administration building.<ref>{{cite news|first=Maggie|last=Bowers|date=January 18, 2017|title='The Founder' movie to open Friday|url=http://times-herald.com/news/2017/01/the-founder-movie-to-open-friday|work=[[The Newnan Times-Herald]]|access-date=September 4, 2017|archive-date=September 5, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170905002826/http://times-herald.com/news/2017/01/the-founder-movie-to-open-friday|url-status=live}}</ref>

After a month of searching for a suitable location, an old-style McDonald's building set with the "[[Golden Arches|golden arches]]" was constructed in a church parking lot in seven working days in [[Douglasville, Georgia]].<ref name="www.douglascountysentinel.com">{{cite web|last=Corley|first=Laura|title=Golden Arches Are Going Up|url=http://www.douglascountysentinel.com/leisure/article_1662eb94-05a2-11e5-84bf-37dd1e7a0c7f.html|access-date=June 6, 2015|work=Douglas County Sentinel|date=May 28, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170427215348/http://www.douglascountysentinel.com/leisure/article_1662eb94-05a2-11e5-84bf-37dd1e7a0c7f.html|archive-date=April 27, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> The set included a working kitchen with period-accurate kitchen equipment that was brought up to current code. Rearrangement of exterior features such as parking lot striping allowed that set to serve as each franchise location portrayed in the film. Both interior and exterior portions of the restaurant were modular, allowing countertops or entire wall-sized glass panes to be removed to make room for cameras and other equipment.<ref name="www.douglascountysentinel.com"/><ref name=bi/>
* Douglasville, Georgia site of McDonald's building set: {{coord|33|44|58.19|N|84|45|0.70|W|type:landmark_scale:2000|display=inline}}
Filming also took place on location at the [[Canton Theatre]] in Historic Downtown [[Canton, Georgia]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Founder |url=https://explorecantonga.com/things-to-do/attractions/filmed-in-canton/the-founder/ |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=Explore Canton, GA |language=en-US}}</ref>

The [[J. Mack Robinson College of Business Administration Building]] in [[downtown Atlanta]], which houses a [[Bank of America]] branch, served as the Illinois First Federal Savings & Loan Association building.<ref name=bi>{{cite web|first=Jason|last=Guerrasio|date=December 15, 2016|title=How the earliest McDonald's restaurants were recreated for Michael Keaton's new movie|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/original-mcdonalds-restaurants-the-founder-set-2016-12/#the-movie-was-shot-in-atlanta-and-corenblith-was-tasked-with-finding-a-location-within-a-30-mile-radius-of-its-production-hub-3|website=[[Business Insider]]|language=en|access-date=September 4, 2017|archive-date=September 5, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170905004928/http://www.businessinsider.com/original-mcdonalds-restaurants-the-founder-set-2016-12/#the-movie-was-shot-in-atlanta-and-corenblith-was-tasked-with-finding-a-location-within-a-30-mile-radius-of-its-production-hub-3|url-status=live}}</ref> Some interior sets were built on soundstages at [[EUE/Screen Gems|EUE Screen Gems Studios]] in Atlanta. Atlanta's [[East Lake Golf Club]] served as [[Rolling Green Country Club]] in the film.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Gire|first1=Dann|title=Here's how the film 'The Founder' recreated spots that featured in McDonald's founder Ray Kroc's life|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/The-Culture/Movies/2017/0121/Here-s-how-the-film-The-Founder-recreated-spots-that-featured-in-McDonald-s-founder-Ray-Kroc-s-life|website=[[Christian Science Monitor]]|date=21 January 2017|access-date=September 4, 2017|archive-date=September 5, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170905002130/https://www.csmonitor.com/The-Culture/Movies/2017/0121/Here-s-how-the-film-The-Founder-recreated-spots-that-featured-in-McDonald-s-founder-Ray-Kroc-s-life|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Mordan|first1=Laura|title=The Founder Set Design: See What the First McDonald's Burger Joint Looked Like in 1954|url=https://www.architecturaldigest.com/story/the-founder-set-design-see-what-the-first-mcdonalds-burger-joint-looked-like|website=[[Architectural Digest]]|date=January 6, 2017|language=en|access-date=September 4, 2017|archive-date=September 5, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170905050450/https://www.architecturaldigest.com/story/the-founder-set-design-see-what-the-first-mcdonalds-burger-joint-looked-like|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Release==
On March 2, 2015, [[The Weinstein Company]] paid $7 million for the film's distribution rights.<ref>{{cite web|first=Dave|last=McNary|url=https://www.variety.com/2015/film/news/weinstein-co-buys-michael-keatons-mcdonalds-movie-the-founder-1201443179/|title=Weinstein Co. Buys Michael Keaton's McDonald's Movie 'The Founder'|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=March 2, 2015|access-date=March 3, 2015|archive-date=March 2, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150302123423/http://variety.com/2015/film/news/weinstein-co-buys-michael-keatons-mcdonalds-movie-the-founder-1201443179/|url-status=live}}</ref> On March 26, 2015, the studio set the film for a November 25, 2016 release date.<ref>{{cite news|last1=D'Alessandro|first1=Anthony|title=Michael Keaton Starrer 'The Founder' Gets Release Date; Focus World Rounds Out 2015 Slate|url=https://www.deadline.com/2015/03/michael-keaton-founder-a-little-chaos-kate-winslet-cop-car-kevin-bacon-1201399587/|access-date=April 6, 2015|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=March 26, 2015|archive-date=April 2, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402192521/http://deadline.com/2015/03/michael-keaton-founder-a-little-chaos-kate-winslet-cop-car-kevin-bacon-1201399587/|url-status=live}}</ref> In March 2016, the film was moved up to August 5, 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2016/03/the-founder-lion-release-date-change-weinstein-co-1201712527/|title=Weinstein Co.'s 'The Founder' Moves To August; 'Lion' To Roar During Thanksgiving Week|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|first=Anthony|last=D'Alessandro|date=March 1, 2016|access-date=March 1, 2016|archive-date=March 2, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160302095300/http://deadline.com/2016/03/the-founder-lion-release-date-change-weinstein-co-1201712527/|url-status=live}}</ref> On July 13, 2016, the film's release date was delayed until a limited December 16, 2016 date, followed by a wide release on January 20, 2017.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.ew.com/article/2016/07/13/founder-release-date-michael-keaton-mcdonalds|title=Michael Keaton's McDonald's movie The Founder gets awards season release date|magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|first=Devan|last=Coggan|date=July 13, 2016|access-date=July 13, 2016}}</ref> The film eventually opened in the United States at [[Arclight Hollywood]] on December 7, 2016, in order to qualify for the [[89th Academy Awards|2017 Oscars]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2016/12/the-founder-michael-keaton-mcdonalds-1201865619/|title=Weinstein Co.'s McDonald's Movie 'The Founder' Will Open Doors Early|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|first=Anthony|last=D'Alessandro|date=December 6, 2016|access-date=December 6, 2016|archive-date=December 8, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161208130302/http://deadline.com/2016/12/the-founder-michael-keaton-mcdonalds-1201865619/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In February 2017 [[FilmNation Entertainment]], one of the film's production companies, sued The Weinstein Company for $15 million. The Weinstein Company released ''[[Gold (2016 film)|Gold]]'' on January 27, 2017, a week after ''The Founder'', which FilmNation claimed was a breach of contract, saying the two companies had an agreement that no Weinstein Company film would be released within a week before or after ''The Founder''.<ref name=lawsuit/><ref name=lawsuit2/>

==Reception==
===Box office===
''The Founder'' grossed $12.8 million in the United-States and Canada and $11.3 million in others territories, for a worldwide total of $24.1 million.<ref name=BOM/>

In North America, the film was expected to gross $3 million from 1,115 theaters in its opening weekend.<ref name="preview">{{cite web |url=https://deadline.com/2017/01/split-xxx-return-of-xander-cage-the-founder-box-office-preview-1201888052/ |title='Split' And 'xXx' Merge Into Market While 'The Founder' May Get Lost In Heavy Traffic – Box Office Preview |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |date=January 17, 2017 |access-date=April 17, 2020 |archive-date=May 19, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200519235945/https://deadline.com/2017/01/split-xxx-return-of-xander-cage-the-founder-box-office-preview-1201888052/ |url-status=live }}</ref> It ended up earning $3.8 million, finishing 9th at the box office.<ref name="opening">{{cite web|title=Uni/Blumhouse's 'Split' Is A Hit With High $39M To $40M+; 'Xander Cage' Falls Down|url=https://deadline.com/2017/01/split-xxx-return-of-xander-cage-the-founder-late-night-thursday-previews-box-office-1201889940/|date=January 23, 2017|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|access-date=April 17, 2020|archive-date=August 1, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801104834/https://deadline.com/2017/01/split-xxx-return-of-xander-cage-the-founder-late-night-thursday-previews-box-office-1201889940/|url-status=live}}</ref> In its second week the film made $2.6 million, a drop of 23.4%.<ref name="second">{{cite web |url=https://deadline.com/2017/01/dogs-purpose-split-resident-evil-gold-box-office-1201895463/ |title=Is Controversy Impacting 'A Dog's Purpose' At The Box Office? |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |date=January 29, 2017 |access-date=April 17, 2020 |archive-date=June 16, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616030822/https://deadline.com/2017/01/dogs-purpose-split-resident-evil-gold-box-office-1201895463/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Critical response===
On review aggregator [[Rotten Tomatoes]], the film has an approval rating of 81% based on 248 reviews, with a [[Weighted arithmetic mean|weighted average]] of 6.90/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "''The Founder'' puts Michael Keaton's magnetic performance at the center of a smart, satisfying biopic that traces the rise of one of America's most influential businessmen – and the birth of one of its most far-reaching industries."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the_founder/|title=The Founder (2017)|website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|access-date=September 2, 2019|archive-date=January 16, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116181542/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the_founder|url-status=live}}</ref> On [[Metacritic]], the film holds a weighted average score 66 out of 100, based on 47 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.metacritic.com/movie/the-founder |title=The Founder reviews |publisher=[[Metacritic]] |access-date=February 5, 2017 |archive-date=February 2, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202055106/http://www.metacritic.com/movie/the-founder |url-status=live }}</ref> Audiences polled by [[CinemaScore]] gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale.<ref name=indie>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiewire.com/2017/01/box-office-top-ten-takeaways-split-the-founder-xxx-the-return-of-xander-cage-james-mcavoy-m-night-shyamalan-1201771566/|title=Top Ten Box Office Takeaways: M. Night Shyamalan Returns with 'Split'|website=[[IndieWire]]|author=Tom Brueggemann|date=January 22, 2019|access-date=April 1, 2019|archive-date=December 23, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191223205509/https://www.indiewire.com/2017/01/box-office-top-ten-takeaways-split-the-founder-xxx-the-return-of-xander-cage-james-mcavoy-m-night-shyamalan-1201771566/|url-status=live}}</ref>

''[[Rolling Stone]]''{{'}}s [[Peter Travers]] gave the film three out of four stars, stating director Hancock and screenwriter Siegel did "strive hard—and mostly succeed—at keeping Hollywood sentiment out of the storytelling.... Set more than a half century ago, ''The Founder'' proves to be a movie for a divisive here and now. Step right up. You might just learn something."<ref>{{cite magazine|last1=Travers|first1=Peter|title='The Founder' Review: Michael Keaton Makes a Happy Meal of McDonalds Biopic|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/movies/reviews/peter-travers-the-founder-movie-review-w455928|magazine=[[Rolling Stone]]|access-date=19 January 2017|date=18 January 2017}}</ref> [[RogerEbert.com]]'s [[Matt Zoller Seitz]] gave the film three out of four stars saying that despite the film over-relying on exposition and failing to skillfully incorporate Ray Kroc's personal life into the narrative, "I'd be lying if I said I hadn't thought about ''The Founder'' constantly since seeing it... It's an ad that becomes a warning before circling around and becoming another, darker kind of advertisement, and one of the most intriguing and surprising things about ''The Founder'' is that, in the end, it seems vaguely ashamed of itself for letting this happen".<ref>{{cite web|last1=Seitz|first1=Matt Zoller|authorlink=Matt Zoller Seitz|title=The Founder Movie Review & Film Summary|url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/the-founder-2017|website=[[RogerEbert.com]]|access-date=19 January 2017|date=19 January 2017|archive-date=May 13, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513132625/https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/the-founder-2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Accolades===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col"| Year
! scope="col"| Award
! scope="col"| Category
! scope="col"| Recipient(s)
! scope="col"| Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
| 2016
|[[Capri Hollywood International Film Festival|Capri Awards]]
| Best Actor
| {{center|[[Michael Keaton]]}}
| {{Won}}
|
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2017
| rowspan="3"|[[AARP#AARP Awards|AARP Movies for Grownups Awards]]
| Best Time Capsule
| {{center|''The Founder''}}
| {{Nom}}
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/2017-aarp-nominations-movies-grownups-awards-956675/item/best-picture-956668|title=Denzel Washington's 'Fences' Leads Nominations for AARP's Movies for Grownups Awards|first=Abid|last=Rahman|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=December 15, 2016|access-date=December 26, 2016|archive-date=December 26, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226221936/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/2017-aarp-nominations-movies-grownups-awards-956675/item/best-picture-956668|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| Best Actor
| {{center|[[Michael Keaton]]}}
| {{Nom}}
|-
| Best Buddy Picture
| {{center|[[John Carroll Lynch]] and [[Nick Offerman]]}}
| {{Nom}}
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Box Office Mojo}}
* {{Metacritic film}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20161212215403/http://twcguilds.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/THE-FOUNDER_Script_wCover_Rd12.pdf Official screenplay]

{{John Lee Hancock|state=expanded}}
{{McDonald's}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Founder, The (film)}}
[[Category:2010s biographical drama films]]
[[Category:2010s business films]]
[[Category:2016 drama films]]
[[Category:2016 films]]
[[Category:2016 documentary films]]
[[Category:American biographical drama films]]
[[Category:American business films]]
[[Category:American historical films]]
[[Category:Documentary films about McDonald's]]
[[Category:Biographical films about businesspeople]]
[[Category:Drama films based on actual events]]
[[Category:FilmNation Entertainment films]]
[[Category:Films about companies]]
[[Category:Films about food and drink]]
[[Category:Films about McDonald's]]
[[Category:Films directed by John Lee Hancock]]
[[Category:Films scored by Carter Burwell]]
[[Category:Films set in 1954]]
[[Category:Films set in 1970]]
[[Category:Films set in California]]
[[Category:Films set in Illinois]]
[[Category:Films set in Minnesota]]
[[Category:Films set in Missouri]]
[[Category:Films set in restaurants]]
[[Category:Films set in the 1950s]]
[[Category:Films set in the 1960s]]
[[Category:Films shot in Atlanta]]
[[Category:Films shot in Georgia (U.S. state)]]
[[Category:The Weinstein Company films]]
[[Category:2010s English-language films]]
[[Category:2010s American films]]

Sitamarhi Nawada

2023-09-27T21:43:56Z

Businessmint: Sitamarhi, Nawada: Fix grammar

#REDIRECT [[Sitamarhi, Nawada]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

2023 UP T20 League

2023-09-17T10:44:04Z

Businessmint: Added page.

The '''2023 UP T20 League''' was the inaugural edition of the UP T20 , a franchise [[Twenty20 cricket]] league in [[Uttar Pradesh|Uttarpardesh]], [[India]].The league was organised by the '''Uttar Pradesh Cricket Association (UPCA)''' in 2023.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thesportsnews.in/upt20-2023-upt20-league-2023-squad-teams-and-players-list-uttar-pradesh-t20-league-2023-full-player-list-for-all-teams/|title=Six teams participating in UPT20 2023|work=The Sports News|access-date = 2 September 2023}}</ref>The tournament was played between 27 August to 16 September 2023.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiacricketschedule.com/2023/08/UP-T20-League-2023-Schedule-Fixtures-Match-Time-Table-and-Venue.html?m=1 |title=UP T20League2023|work=India cricket Schedule|access-date = 2 September 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.crictracker.com/uttar-pradesh-t20/fixtures/|title=UP T20League2023 Fixtures|work=Crictraker |access-date = 2 September 2023}}</ref>

{{Infobox cricket tournament
| name = 2023 UP T20 League
| image = JIOUPT20.jpg
| caption =
| fromdate = 27 August
| todate = 16 September 2023
| administrator = [[Uttar Pradesh Cricket Association]]
| cricket format = [[Twenty20]]
| tournament format = [[Round-robin tournament|Double round-robin]] and [[playoffs]]
| host = [[Kanpur]], [[India]]
| champions = Kashi Rudras
| runner up = Meerut Maverick
| count = 1
| participants = 6
| matches = 33
| player of the series = [[Karan Sharma (cricketer, born 1998)|Karan Sharma]]
| most runs = [[Karan Sharma (cricketer, born 1998)|Karan Sharma]] (606)
| most wickets = Atal Bihari Rai (26)
| attendance =
| website = https://twitter.com/t20uttarpradesh
| previous_year =
| previous_tournament =
| next_year =
| next_tournament =
}}

==Teams==
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.crictracker.com/uttar-pradesh-t20/teams/|title=UP T20League Teams|work=Crictraker |access-date = 2 September 2023}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Team
!City
!Coach
!Captain
|-
|Gorakhpur Lions
|[[Gorakhpur]]
|
|[[Dhruv Jurel]]
|-
|Kanpur Superstars
|[[Kanpur]]
|
|[[W1P5r Rizvi]]
|-
|Kashi Rudras
|[[Varanasi]]
|
|[[Karan Sharma (cricketer, born 1998)|Karan Sharma]]
|-
|Noida Super Kings
|[[Noida]]
|
|[[Nitish Rana]]
|-
|Lucknow Falcons
|[[Lucknow]]
|
|[[Priyam Garg]]
|-
|Meerut Maverick
|[[Meerut]]
|
|[[Rinku Singh]]
|-
|}

== Squads ==
* Gorakhpur Lions Squad

Abhishek Goswami (Captain), Rishabh Bansal, Mohsin Khan, Divyansh Chaturvedi, Sameer Choudhary, Kaartikaya Singh, Shivam Sharma, Abdul Rehman, Anshuman Pandey, Siddharth Yadav, Ankit Rathi, Yashovardhan Singh, Rishav Rai, Karan Chaudhary, Vijay Kumar, Vivek Kumar, Puneet Gupta, Ankit Chaudhary, Sunil Kumar

* Kanpur Superstars Squad

Akshdeep Nath (Captain), Pranjal Saini, Ankit Rajpoot, Kushagra Sharma, Sameer Rizvi, Vivek, Aaqib Khan, Kartikeya Yadav, Ajay Kumar, Jashmer Dhankar, Rishabh Rajput, Ansh Yadav, Shivam Saraswat, Adarsh Singh, Rahul Rajpal, Vishal Pandey, Shubh Khanna, Shanu Saini, Prashant Chaudhary, Vineet Panwar

* Kashi Rudras Squad

Karan Sharma, Shivam Mavi, Prince Yadav, Shiva Singh, Rajat Singhwal, Atal Behari Rai, Kamil Khan, Abhishek Yadav, Boby Yadav, Akshay Dubey, Sachin Singh Bishem, Priyanshu Pandey, Mirza Shahbaz, Aranav Baliyan, Ajay Singh, Ankur Malik

* Noida Super Kings Squad

Nitish Rana (Captain), Shiven Malhotra, Bhuvneshwar Kumar, Shantanu, Saurabh Kumar, Osho Mohan, Samarth Singh, Mohd Javed, Chaitanya Prashar, Almas Shaukat, Prashant Veer, Manish Solanki, Aditya Sharma, Rohit Dwivedi, Naman Tiwari, Arjun Bharadwaj, Nilotpalendu Pratap, Kunal Tyagi, Tarun Pawadia, Kishan

* Lucknow Falcons Squad

Priyam Garg (Captain), Yash Dayal, Anjaneya Suryavanshi, Vineet Dubey, Aaradhaya Yadav, Mohd. Amaan, Kartikeya Jaiswal, Satya Prakash, Harsh Tyagi, Sudhanshu Sonkar, Kritagya Singh, Pradeep Yadav, Zeeshan Ansari, Nadeem, Shaurya Singh, Shubhang Raj, Vishal Gaur, Mukesh Kumar, Sawan Singh, Vikrant Chaudhary

* Meerut Mavericks Squad

Madhav Kaushik (Captain), Rinku Singh, Akshay Sain, Kartik Tyagi, Yogendra Doyla, Divyansh Joshi, Abhinav Tiwari, Parth Jain, Kunal Yadav, Jamshed Alam, Swastik Chikara, Rohit Rajpal, Purnank Tyagi, Rajeev Chaturvedi, Shoaib Siddiqui, Vaibhav Chaudhary, Kuldeep Kumar, Yuvraj Yadav, Uvaish Ahmed, Rituraj Sharma

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Gorakhpur Lions
!Kanpur Superstars
!Kashi Rudras
!Noida Super Kings
!Lucknow Falcons
!Meerut Maverick
|-
| valign="top" |
*
| valign="top" |
* [[Sameer Rizvi]] (C)
| valign="top" |
*
| valign="top" |
*
| valign="top" |
*
| valign="top" |
* [[Rinku Singh]]
*
*
*
|}
==Venues==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="3"|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|-
! [[Kanpur]]
|-
| [[Green Park Stadium]]
|-
| Coordinates: {{coord|26|28|55|N|80|20|52|E|type:landmark|display=it}}
|-
| Capacity: 32,000
|-
|Matches: 33
|-
| [[File:Green Park International Stadium Kanpur.jpg]]
|-
|colspan="2"|{{Location map+|Uttar Pradesh|caption=|float=center|width=300|places={{Location map~|Uttar Pradesh|lat_deg=26|lat_min=16|lon_deg=74|lon_min=0|position=right|background=|label=[[Kanpur]]}}
}}

|}

== Points table ==
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=CricketRR
|update=complete
|start_date=27 August 2023
|source=[https://www.crictracker.com/uttar-pradesh-t20/standings/ Crictraker]
|sortable_table=yes
|show_tie=no

|winpoints=2
|nrpoints=1

|team1=MM |team2=NSK |team3=LF |team4=KR |team5=KS |team6=GL
|result1=Q |result2=Q |result3=Q |result4=Q

|win_MM=7 |loss_MM=2 |nr_MM=1
|nrr_MM=1.370 |status_MM=R
|win_NSK=6 |loss_NSK=3 |nr_NSK=1
|nrr_NSK=0.172 |status_=
|win_LF=4 |loss_LF=4 |nr_LF=2 |nrr_LF=-1.091
|win_KR=5 |loss_KR=5 |nr_KR=
|nrr_KR=0.083|status_KR=C
|win_KS=3 |loss_KS=6 |nr_KS=1
|nrr_KS=0.145
|win_GL=2 |loss_GL=7 |nr_GL=1
|nrr_GL=-0.689

|name_MM=Meerut Mavericks
|name_NSK=Noida Super Kings
|name_LF=Lucknow Falcons
|name_KR=Kashi Rudras
|name_KS=Kanpur Superstars
|name_GL=Gorakhpur Lions
|col_Q=#cfc
|status_text_R=Runners-up
}}
* {{color box|border=darkgray|#cfc}} The top four sides advanced to the [[#Semi-finals|semi-finals]].
* Points – Win 2, No Result 1. One additional point is awarded for a win when the [[run rate]] difference is 1.25 greater than the opposing side's.

== League stage ==
{{hatnote|All times are in [[Indian Standard Time]] ([[UTC+05:30]]).}}

{{Limited overs matches
| round = {{anchor|match1}} '''Match 1'''
| date = 2023
| time =
| daynight = Yes
| team1 =
| team2 =
| score1 =
| runs1 =
| wickets1 =
| score2 =
| runs2 =
| wickets2 =
| result =
| report = [http://.html Scorecard]
| venue =
| umpires =
| toss =
| motm =
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----

{{Limited overs matches
| round = {{anchor|match2}} '''Match 2'''
| date = 2023
| time =
| daynight = Yes
| team1 =
| team2 =
| score1 =
| runs1 =
| wickets1 =
| score2 =
| runs2 =
| wickets2 =
| result =
| report = [http://.html Scorecard]
| venue =
| umpires =
| toss =
| motm =
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----

{{Limited overs matches
| round = {{anchor|match3}} '''Match 3'''
| date = 2023
| time =
| daynight = Yes
| team1 =
| team2 =
| score1 =
| runs1 =
| wickets1 =
| score2 =
| runs2 =
| wickets2 =
| result =
| report = [http://.html Scorecard]
| venue =
| umpires =
| toss =
| motm =
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Limited overs matches
| round = {{anchor|match4}} '''Match 4'''
| date = 2023
| time =
| daynight = Yes
| team1 =
| team2 =
| score1 =
| runs1 =
| wickets1 =
| score2 =
| runs2 =
| wickets2 =
| result =
| report = [http://.html Scorecard]
| venue =
| umpires =
| toss =
| motm =
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----

{{Limited overs matches
| round = {{anchor|match5}} '''Match 5'''
| date = 2023
| time =
| daynight = Yes
| team1 =
| team2 =
| score1 =
| runs1 =
| wickets1 =
| score2 =
| runs2 =
| wickets2 =
| result =
| report = [http://.html Scorecard]
| venue =
| umpires =
| toss =
| motm =
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----

{{Limited overs matches
| round = {{anchor|match6}} '''Match 6'''
| date = 2023
| time =
| daynight = Yes
| team1 =
| team2 =
| score1 =
| runs1 =
| wickets1 =
| score2 =
| runs2 =
| wickets2 =
| result =
| report = [http://.html Scorecard]
| venue =
| umpires =
| toss =
| motm =
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----

{{Limited overs matches
| round = {{anchor|match7}} '''Match 7'''
| date = 2023
| time =
| daynight = Yes
| team1 =
| team2 =
| score1 =
| runs1 =
| wickets1 =
| score2 =
| runs2 =
| wickets2 =
| result =
| report = [http://.html Scorecard]
| venue =
| umpires =
| toss =
| motm =
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Limited overs matches
| round = {{anchor|match8}} '''Match 8'''
| date = 2023
| time =
| daynight = Yes
| team1 =
| team2 =
| score1 =
| runs1 =
| wickets1 =
| score2 =
| runs2 =
| wickets2 =
| result =
| report = [http://.html Scorecard]
| venue =
| umpires =
| toss =
| motm =
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----

{{Limited overs matches
| round = {{anchor|match9}} '''Match 9'''
| date = 2023
| time =
| daynight = Yes
| team1 =
| team2 =
| score1 =
| runs1 =
| wickets1 =
| score2 =
| runs2 =
| wickets2 =
| result =
| report = [http://.html Scorecard]
| venue =
| umpires =
| toss =
| motm =
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----

{{Limited overs matches
| round = {{anchor|match10}} '''Match 10'''
| date = 2023
| time =
| daynight = Yes
| team1 =
| team2 =
| score1 =
| runs1 =
| wickets1 =
| score2 =
| runs2 =
| wickets2 =
| result =
| report = [http://.html Scorecard]
| venue =
| umpires =
| toss =
| motm =
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----

==Knockout stage==

{{4TeamBracket
|team-width=150px
|score-width=120px

|RD1='''Semi-finals'''
|RD2='''Final'''
|RD1-seed1=1
|RD1-team1= 1st Placed Team
|RD1-score1=
|RD1-seed2=4
|RD1-team2= 4th Placed Team
|RD1-score2=

|RD1-seed3=2
|RD1-team3= 2nd Placed Team
|RD1-score3=
|RD1-seed4=3
|RD1-team4= 3rd Placed Team
|RD1-score4=

|RD2-seed1= SFW1
|RD2-team1= Kashi Rudras
|RD2-score1=
|RD2-seed2= SFW2
|RD2-team2= Meerut Maverick
|RD2-score2=
}}

=== Semi-finals ===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 15 September 2023
| time = 15:30
| daynight = y
| team1 = 1st Placed Team
| score1 =
| runs1 =
| wickets1 =
| team2 = 4th Placed Team
| score2 =
| runs2 =
| wickets2 =
| result =
| report =[https://.html Scorecard]
| venue =
| umpires =
| motm =
| toss =
| notes =
}}
----

{{Limited overs matches
| date = 15 September 2023
| time = 19:00
| daynight =
| team1 = 2nd Placed Team
| score1 =
| runs1 =
| wickets1 =
| team2 = 3rd Placed Team
| score2 =
| runs2 =
| wickets2 =
| result =
| report =[https://.html Scorecard]
| venue =
| umpires =
| motm =
| toss =
| notes =
}}
----
===Final===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 16 September 2023
| time = 19:00
| daynight = y
| team1 =Kashi Rudras
| score1 = 150/3 (19.1)Overs
| runs1 = [[Karan Sharma (cricketer, born 1998)|Karan Sharma]] 76 (57)
| wickets1 = [[Kartik Tyagi]] 3/45 (4) Overs
| team2 = Meerut Maverick
| score2 = 146/8 (20) Overs
| runs2 = Rituraj Sharma 53 (39)
| wickets2 = Atal Bihari Rai 3/32(4)Overs
| result = Kashi Rudras won by 7 wickets.
| report =[https://www.crictracker.com/live-scores/tba-vs-tba-final-t20-uttar-pradesh-t20-16-sep-2023/.html Scorecard]
| venue =[[Green Park Stadium]], [[Kanpur]]
| umpires = Anurag Rathaur (India), AP Singh (India)
| motm = [[Karan Sharma (cricketer, born 1998)|Karan Sharma]]
| toss = Kashi Rudras elected to bowl
| notes =
}}

== Statistics ==
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.crictracker.com/uttar-pradesh-t20/stats/|title=UP T20League Statistics|work=Crictraker |access-date = 2 September 2023}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+Most runs
!Batsmen
!Team
!Runs
|-
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|}
{{updated|16 September 2023}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Most wickets
!Bowler
!Team
!Wkts
|-
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|}
{{updated|16 September 2023}}

{| class="wikitable"
|+Most Sixes
!Batsmen
!Team
!6s
|-
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|}
{{updated|16 September 2023}}

====Most runs====
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
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!Team
!{{Tooltip|Mat|Matches}}
!{{Tooltip|Inns|Innings}}
!Runs
!{{Tooltip|Ave|Average}}
!{{Tooltip|SR|Strike rate}}
!{{Tooltip|HS|High score}}
!{{Tooltip|50|Fifties}}
!6s
!4s
!{{Tooltip|100|Hundreds}}
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! colspan="12" | ''Last Updated: [https://www.crictracker.com/uttar-pradesh-t20/stats/batting-most-runs/ 16 September 2023]''
|}
==== Most wickets ====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
! class="unsortable" |Player
!Team
!{{Tooltip|Mat|Matches}}
!{{Tooltip|Inns|Innings}}
!{{Tooltip|Wkts|Wickets}}
!{{Tooltip|Ave|Average}}
!{{Tooltip|Econ|Economy}}
!{{Tooltip|BBI|Best innings bowling}}
!{{Tooltip|SR|Strike rate}}
|-style="background:black;color:gold"
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! colspan="9" |''Last Updated: [https://www.crictracker.com/uttar-pradesh-t20/stats/bowling-top-wicket-takers/ 16 September 2023]''
|}

==Prizes and awards==
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thesportsgrail.com/up-t20-league-2023-final-match-winner-prize-money-awards-winners-list-most-runs-and-wickets/|title=UP T20League final match winner prize money, awards winners list, most runs and wickets|work=Cricinfo |access-date = 16 September 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.facebook.com/t20uttarpradesh|title=UP T20League Awards |work=Facebook |access-date = 16 September 2023}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable plainrowheader"
! Category !! Amount !! Winner !! Performance
|-
|Champion || {{INR Convert|1|c}} || Kashi Rudras || –
|-
| Runner-up || {{INR Convert|60|l}} || Meerut Maverick ||-
|-
| Most Sixes || {{INR}}50,000 ||[[Sameer Rizvi]] ||35 (6s)
|-
|Emerging Player of the Season
|{{INR}}75,000
|Swastik Chikara
|
|-
|Jio Most Valuable Player of the Season
|{{INR}}1,00,000
|[[Karan Sharma (cricketer, born 1998)|Karan Sharma]]
|
|-
|Dream Set Go Orange Cap of the Season
|{{INR}}50,000
|[[Karan Sharma (cricketer, born 1998)|Karan Sharma]]
|
|-
|Dream Set Go Purple Cap of the Season
|{{INR}}50,000
|Atal Bihari Rai
|
|-
|Pulse Tangy Moment of the Season
|{{INR}}50,000
|
|-
|Most Economical Bowler of the Season
|{{INR}}50,000
|[[Bhuneshwar kumar]]
|}
==News==
* This tournament is such an immense opportunity for young players", said the league's two-time centurion, Sameer Rizvi said.
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.crictracker.com/cricket-press-release/new-heroes-of-up-swastik-chikara-and-sameer-rizvi-reign-in-upt20/|title=New heroes of UP, Swastik Chikara and Sameer Rizvi reign in UPT20|work=Crictraker |access-date = 2 September 2023}}</ref>

* Rinku Singh smashes 3 sixes in a row in Super Over to help his team win in UP T20 match.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.crictracker.com/social-tracker-cricket/rinku-singh-smashes-3-sixes-in-a-row-in-super-over-to-help-his-team-win-in-up-t20-match-video-viral/|title=Rinku Singh scored 18 runs in the Super Over for the Meerut Mavericks|work=Crictraker |access-date = 2 September 2023}}</ref>

* UPT20 2023: Sensational Samarth Singh guides Noida Super Kings to victory in tournament opener.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.crictracker.com/cricket-press-release/upt20-2023-sensational-samarth-singh-guides-noida-super-kings-to-victory-in-tournament-opener/|title=Sensational Samarth Singh guides Noida Super Kings to victory in tournament opener|work=Crictraker |access-date = 2 September 2023}}</ref>
* Cricket fever grips Uttar Pradesh with UPT20 set to get off the mark.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.crictracker.com/cricket-press-release/cricket-fever-grips-uttar-pradesh-with-upt20-set-to-get-off-the-mark/?amp=1|title=Cricket fever grips Uttar Pradesh with UPT20 set to get off the mark|work=CricTracker |access-date= 27 August 2023}}</ref>

==External links==
Season home at [https://www.crictracker.com/uttar-pradesh-t20/ Crictraker]

Series home at [https://www.fancode.com/cricket/tour/jio-uttar-pradesh-t20-16508085/matches Fancode]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Seasons in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:2023 in Indian cricket]]

List of national legal systems

2023-01-10T05:49:28Z

Businessmint: Authored a fresh article.

{{Short description|System for interpreting and enforcing the laws}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
[[File:Map of the Legal systems of the world (en).png|thumb|upright=2|Legal systems of the world]]
The contemporary '''national legal systems''' are generally based on one of four basic [[systems]]: [[civil law (legal system)|civil law]], [[common law]], [[customary law]], [[religious law]] or combinations of these. However, the legal system of each country is shaped by its unique history and so incorporates individual variations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://saint-claire.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Legal-Systems-of-the-World.pdf|title=Legal Systems of the World|publisher=Saint: Security Sector Development|access-date=31 May 2017|archive-date=25 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200325120143/http://saint-claire.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Legal-Systems-of-the-World.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> The science that studies law at the level of legal systems is called [[comparative law]].

Both ''civil'' (also known as ''Roman'') and ''common'' law systems can be considered the most widespread in the world: civil law because it is the most widespread by landmass and by population overall, and common law because it is employed by the greatest number of people compared to any single civil law system.<ref>{{cite book|last=Wood|first=Phillip|title=''Principles of International Insolvency''|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f_yWaV_-_l4C&q=maps+of+world+financial+law+common+law&pg=PT454|publisher=Sweet & Maxwell|isbn=9781847032102|access-date=30 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Wood|first=Phillip|title=''Maps of World Financial Law:Law and practice of international finance series''|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z5vKGAAACAAJ|publisher=Sweet & Maxwell|isbn=9781847033420|access-date=30 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=''English Common Law is the most widespread legal system in the world''|url=https://www.sweetandmaxwell.co.uk/about-us/press-releases/061108.pdf|publisher=Sweet & Maxwell|access-date=30 August 2015}}</ref>

==Civil law==
{{Main|Civil law (legal system)}}
[[File:Milkau Oberer Teil der Stele mit dem Text von Hammurapis Gesetzescode 369-2.png|thumb|right|150px|[[Shamash]] (the [[Babylonia]]n sun god) hands King [[Hammurabi]] a [[The Code of Hammurabi|code of law]].]]

The source of law that is recognized as authoritative is [[Codification (law)|codifications]] in a constitution or [[statute]] passed by [[legislature]], to amend a code.
While the concept of codification dates back to the [[Code of Hammurabi]] in [[Babylon]] ca. 1790 BC, civil law systems derive from the [[Roman Empire]] and, more particularly, the ''[[Corpus Juris Civilis]]'' issued by the Emperor [[Justinian]] ca. AD 529. This was an extensive reform of the law in the [[Byzantine Empire]], bringing it together into codified documents. Civil law was also partly influenced by [[religious law]]s such as [[Canon law]] and [[Sharia|Islamic law]].<ref name=Badr>{{citation|title=Islamic Law: Its Relation to Other Legal Systems|first=Gamal Moursi|last=Badr|journal=The American Journal of Comparative Law|volume=26|issue=2 [Proceedings of an International Conference on Comparative Law, Salt Lake City, Utah, February 24–25, 1977]|pages=187–198 [196–8]|doi=10.2307/839667|jstor=839667}}</ref><ref name=J-Makdisi /> Civil law today, in theory, is interpreted rather than developed or made by judges. Only [[legislature|legislative]] enactments (rather than legal [[precedent]]s, as in common law) are considered legally binding.

Scholars of [[comparative law]] and economists promoting the [[legal origins theory]] usually subdivide civil law into distinct groups:
* '''[[Napoleonic Code|French civil law]]''': in France, the [[Benelux]] countries, Italy, Romania, Spain and former colonies of those countries, mainly in Latin America, Africa and the Middle East;
* '''[[Law of Germany#Civil law|German civil law]]''': in Germany, Austria, Russia, Switzerland, Estonia, Latvia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Kosovo*, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Slovenia, Serbia, Greece, [[Portugal]] and [[Portuguese Empire|its former colonies]], Turkey, and East Asian countries including Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan (Republic of China);
* '''[[Scandinavian law|Scandinavian civil law]]''': in Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. As historically integrated into the Scandinavian cultural sphere, Finland and Iceland also inherited the system, although especially Iceland [[Law of Iceland#History|has its own]] legal roots. Scandinavian or '''Nordic''' civil law exhibit least similar treats with other civil law systems and is sometimes considered a legal system in its own right, despite reception from mainly German civil law.

However, some of these legal systems are often and more correctly said to be of hybrid nature:
*'''Napoleonic to Germanistic influence ([[Italian law|Italian civil law]]) '''
The [[Italy|Italian]] civil code of 1942 replaced the original one of 1865, introducing germanistic elements due to the geopolitical alliances of the time.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.teoriaestoriadeldirittoprivato.com/index.php?com=statics&option=index&cID=132 |title = Towards a Civil Code: The Italian Experience|last = Triggiano|first = Annalisa|website = Teoria e Storia del Diritto Privato}}</ref> The Italian approach has been imitated by other countries including [[Portugal]] (1966), the [[Netherlands]] (1992), [[Lithuania]] (2000), [[Brazil]] (2002) and [[Argentina]] (2014). Most of them have innovations introduced by the Italian legislation, including the unification of the [[civil code|civil]] and [[Commercial code (law)|commercial code]]s.<ref>{{cite journal|url = http://scholarship.law.duke.edu/lcp/vol16/iss2/8/ |title = On the Legal Method of the Uniform Commercial Code|journal = Law and Contemporary Problems|volume = 16|number = 2|first= Mitchell|last= Franklin|date = Spring 1951|pages = 330–343|doi = 10.2307/1190098|jstor = 1190098}}</ref>

*'''Germanistic to Napoleonic influence ([[Swiss law|Swiss civil law]])'''
The [[Swiss civil code]] is considered mainly influenced by the German civil code and partly influenced by the French civil code. The civil code of the [[Republic of Turkey]] is a slightly modified version of the Swiss code, adopted in 1926 during [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]]'s presidency as part of the government's progressive reforms and secularization.

A comprehensive list of countries that base their legal system on a [[Codification (law)|codified]] civil law follows:
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;"
|+
|-
! style="width:130px;" |Country
! Description
|-
|{{flagicon|Albania}} [[Law of Albania|Albania]]
|Based on Napoleonic Civil law. The Civil Code of the Republic of Albania, 1991 [http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/UNTC/UNPAN014893.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160122163847/http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/UNTC/UNPAN014893.pdf }}
|-
|{{flagicon|Angola}} [[Law of Angola|Angola]]
|Based on [[Portuguese law|Portuguese civil law]]
|-
|{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Law of Argentina|Argentina]]
|The Spanish legal tradition had a great influence on the [[Civil Code of Argentina]], basically a work of the Argentine [[jurist]] [[Dalmacio Vélez Sársfield]], who dedicated five years of his life to this task. The Civil Code came into effect on 1 January 1871. Beyond the influence of the Spanish legal tradition, the Argentinian Civil Code was also inspired by the Draft of the Brazilian Civil Code, the [[wikt: Draft|Draft]] of the Spanish Civil Code of 1851, the [[Napoleonic code]] and the [[Civil Code (Chile)|Chilean Civil Code]]. The sources of this Civil Code also include various theoretical legal works, mainly of the great French jurists of the 19th century. It was the first Civil Law that consciously adopted as its cornerstone the distinction between i. rights from obligations and ii. real property rights, thus distancing itself from the French model.

The Argentinian Civil Code was also in effect in Paraguay, as per a [[Paraguayan]] law of 1880, until the new Civil Code went into force in 1987.

In Argentina, this 1871 Civil Code remained in force until August 2015, when it was replaced by the new ''Código Civil y Comercial de la Nación''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.infoleg.gob.ar/infolegInternet/anexos/235000-239999/235975/norma.htm |title=Ministerio de Economía y Finanzas Públicas – Argentina |publisher=InfoLEG |access-date=2017-01-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://jornadaonline.com/Pol%C3%ADtica/139234-Comienza-a-regir-el-nuevo-C%C3%B3digo-Civil-y-Comercial |title=Comienza a regir el nuevo Código Civil y Comercial |publisher=Jornadaonline.com |access-date=2017-01-19 |archive-date=23 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160623044951/http://jornadaonline.com/Pol%C3%ADtica/139234-Comienza-a-regir-el-nuevo-C%C3%B3digo-Civil-y-Comercial |url-status=dead }}</ref>

During the second half of the 20th century, the [[German law|German]] legal theory became increasingly influential in Argentina.
|-
|{{flagicon|Andorra}} [[Laws of Andorra|Andorra]]
|Courts apply the customary laws of Andorra, supplemented with Roman law and customary Catalan law.<ref>[https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3164.htm Andorra (11/07)]</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Armenia}} [[Law of Armenia|Armenia]]
| Based on Napoleonic Civil law and traditional Armenian law.
|-
|{{flagicon|Aruba}} [[Law of Aruba|Aruba]]
|Based on Dutch civil law
|-
|{{flagicon|Austria}} [[Law of Austria|Austria]]
|Based on Germanic Civil law. The [[Allgemeines bürgerliches Gesetzbuch]] (ABGB) of 1811
|-
|{{flagicon|Azerbaijan}} [[Law of Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]]
|Based on German, French, Russian, and traditional Azerbaijani Law
|-
|{{flagicon|Belarus}} [[Law of Belarus|Belarus]]
|Based on Germanic Civil law ([[Administrative Code of Belarus|administrative]], [[Criminal Code of Belarus|criminal]] codes)
|-
|{{flagicon|Belgium}} [[Law of Belgium|Belgium]]
|The [[Napoleonic Code]] is still in use, although it is heavily modified (especially concerning family law)
|-
|{{flagicon|Benin}} [[Law of Benin|Benin]]
|Based on Napoleonic Civil law.
|-
|{{flagicon|Bolivia}} [[Law of Bolivia|Bolivia]]
|Influenced by the [[Napoleonic Code]]
|-
|{{flagicon|Bosnia and Herzegovina}} [[Law of Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnia and Herzegovina]]
|Influenced by [[Law of Austria|Austrian law]]. The Swiss civil law ([[Zivilgesetzbuch]]) was a model for the Law on Obligations of 1978.
|-
|{{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Law of Brazil|Brazil]]
|Based on German, Italian, French and Portuguese law. However, in 2004 the [[Constitution of Brazil|Federal Constitution]] was amended to grant the [[Supreme Federal Court]] authority to issue binding precedents (''súmulas vinculantes'') to settle controversies involving constitutional law – a mechanism that echoes the ''stare decisis'' principle typically found in common law systems.
|-
|{{flagicon|Bulgaria}} [[Law of Bulgaria|Bulgaria]]
|Civil Law system influenced by Germanic and Roman law systems
|-
|{{flagicon|Burkina Faso}} [[Laws of Burkina Faso|Burkina Faso]]
| Based on the French civil law system
|-
|{{flagicon|Burundi}} [[Laws of Burundi|Burundi]]
|
|-
|{{flagicon|Chad}} [[Laws of Chad|Chad]]
| Based on the French civil law system
|-
|{{flagicon|China}} [[Law of the People's Republic of China|People's Republic of China]]
|Based on Germanic Civil law and France Civil law, also with influences from the [[Socialist law|Soviet Socialist law]] from [[Soviet Union]]
|-
|{{flagicon|Republic of the Congo}} [[Laws of Republic of the Congo|Republic of the Congo]]
|Based on the Napoleonic Civil law.
|-
|{{flagicon|Democratic Republic of the Congo}} [[Laws of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|the Democratic Republic of the Congo]]
|Based on Belgian civil law
|-
|{{flagicon|Cambodia}} [[Law of Cambodia|Cambodia]]
|
|-
|{{flagicon|Cape Verde}} [[Law of Cape Verde|Cape Verde]]
|Based on Portuguese civil law
|-
|{{flagicon|Central African Republic}} [[Law of Central African Republic|Central African Republic]]
| Based on the French civil law system
|-
|{{flagicon|Chile}} [[Law of Chile|Chile]]
|Based on the Chilean Civil Law inspired by the Napoleonic Civil Law. The Spanish legal tradition exercised an especially great influence on the civil code of Chile. On its turn, the Chilean civil code influenced to a large degree the drafting of the civil codes of other [[Latin-American]] states. For instance, the codes of Ecuador (1861) and Colombia (1873) constituted faithful reproductions of the Chilean code, but for very few exceptions. The compiler of the [[Civil Code of Chile]], Venezuelan [[Andrés Bello]], worked for its completion for almost 30 years, using elements, of the Spanish law on the one hand, and of other [[Western law]]s, especially of the French one, on the other. It is noted that he consulted and used all of the codes that had been issued till then, starting from the era of [[Justinian]].

The Civil Code came into effect on 1 January 1857. The influence of the [[Napoleonic code]] and the Law of Castile of the Spanish colonial period (especially the ''[[Siete Partidas]]''), is great; it is observed however that ''e.g.'' in many provisions of [[property law|property]] or [[contract law]], the solutions of the French ''code civil'' were put aside in favor of pure [[Roman law]] or Castilian law.
|-
|{{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Law of Colombia|Colombia]]
|Based on the Chilean Civil Law. Civil code introduced in 1873. Nearly faithful reproduction of the [[Civil Code (Chile)|Chilean civil code]]
|-
|{{flagicon|Costa Rica}} [[Law of Costa Rica|Costa Rica]]
|Based on the Napoleonic Civil Law. First Civil Code (a part of the General Code or [[Braulio Carrillo Colina|Carrillo]] Code) came into effect in 1841; its text was inspired by the South Peruvian Civil Code of Marshal [[Andres de Santa Cruz]]. The present Civil Code went into effect 1 January 1888 and was influenced by the [[Napoleonic Code]] and the Spanish Civil Code of 1889 (from its 1851 draft version).
|-
|{{flagicon|Croatia}} [[Law of Croatia|Croatia]]
|Based on the Germanic Civil Law. The Croatian Law system is largely influenced by German and Austrian law systems. It is significantly influenced by the [[Allgemeines bürgerliches Gesetzbuch|Civil Code of the Austrian Empire]] from 1811, known in Croatia as ''"General Civil Law"'' ''("Opći građanski zakon")''. OGZ was in force from 1853<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopedia.hr/natuknica.aspx?ID=45220 |title=Opći građanski zakonik | Hrvatska enciklopedija |publisher=Enciklopedija.hr |access-date=2017-01-19}}</ref> to 1946. After the [[World War II]], Croatia becomes a member of the [[the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslav Federation]] which enacted in 1946 the ''"Law on immediate voiding of regulations passed before April 6, 1941, and during the enemy occupation"'' ''("Zakon o nevaženju pravnih proposal donesenih prije 6. travnja 1941. i za vrijeme neprijateljske okupacije")''. By this law, OGZ was declared invalid as a whole, but the implementation of some of its legal rules was approved. During the post-War era, the Croatian legal system become influenced by elements of the [[socialist law]]. Croatian civil law was pushed aside, and it took norms of public law and legal regulation of the [[Socialization (economics)|social ownership]]. After Croatia declared independence from Yugoslavia on 25 June 1991, the previous legal system was used as a base for writing new laws. ''"The Law on Obligations"'' ''("Zakon o obveznim odnosima")'' was enacted in 2005.<ref>Croatian legal history in the European context, Dalibor Čepulo, p. 357</ref> Today, Croatia as a [[European Union]] member state implements elements of the [[Acquis communautaire|EU acquis]] into its legal system.
|-
|{{flagicon|Cuba}} [[Law of Cuba|Cuba]]
|Influenced by Spanish and American law with large elements of [[Communist legal theory]].
|-
|{{flagicon|Curaçao}} [[Law of Curaçao|Curaçao]]
|Based on Dutch Civil Law.
|-
|{{flagicon|Czech Republic}} [[Law of the Czech Republic|Czech Republic]]
|Based on Germanic civil law. Descended from the [[Allgemeines bürgerliches Gesetzbuch|Civil Code of the Austrian Empire]] (1811), influenced by German (1939–45) and Soviet (1947/68–89) legal codes during occupation periods, substantially reformed to remove Soviet influence and elements of [[socialist law]] after the [[Velvet Revolution]] (1989). The new Civil Code of the Czech Republic was introduced in 2014, reestablishing the norms of the ABGB, an reintroducing terms and concepts from it.
|-
|{{flagicon|Denmark}} [[Courts of Denmark|Denmark]]
|Based on [[North Germanic law]]. Scandinavian-North Germanic civil law.
|-
|{{flagicon|Dominican Republic}} [[Law of the Dominican Republic|Dominican Republic]]
|Based on the [[Napoleonic Code]]
|-
|{{flagicon|Ecuador}} [[Law of Ecuador|Ecuador]]
|Based on the Chilean civil law. Civil code introduced in 1861.
|-
|{{flagicon|El Salvador}} [[Law of El Salvador|El Salvador]]
|Based on law.
|-
|{{flagicon|Estonia}} [[Law of Estonia|Estonia]]
|Based on German civil law.
|-
|{{flagicon|Finland}} [[Law of Finland|Finland]]
|Based on Nordic law.<ref name="cia.gov">[https://web.archive.org/web/20070613003025/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2100.html The World Factbook]</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|France}} [[French law|France]]
|Based on [[Napoleonic code]] (''code civil'' of 1804)
|-
|{{flagicon|Egypt}} [[Egyptian Civil Code|Egypt]]
|Based on Napoleonic civil law and Islamic law.
|-
|{{flagicon|Equatorial Guinea}} [[Laws of Equatorial Guinea|Equatorial Guinea]]
|
|-
|{{flagicon|Ethiopia}} [[Laws of Ethiopia|Ethiopia]]
|
|-
|{{flagicon|Gabon}} [[Laws of Gabon|Gabon]]
| Based on the French civil law system
|-
|{{flagicon|Guinea}} [[Laws of Guinea|Guinea]]
|Based on French civil law system, customary law, and decree<ref name="cia.gov" />
|-
|{{flagicon|Guinea-Bissau}} [[Laws of Guinea-Bissau|Guinea-Bissau]]
|Based on Portuguese civil law
|-
|{{flagicon|Georgia}} [[Law of Georgia (country)|Georgia]]
|
|-
|{{flagicon|Germany}} [[German law|Germany]]
|Based on Germanic civil law. The [[Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch]] of 1900 ("BGB"). The BGB is influenced both by Roman and German law traditions.
|-
|{{flagicon|Greece}} [[Law of Greece|Greece]]
|Based on Germanic civil law. The Greek [[civil code]] of 1946, highly influenced by traditional Roman law and the German civil code of 1900 ([[Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch]]); the Greek civil code replaced the [[Byzantine law|Byzantine–Roman civil law]] in effect in Greece since its independence (Νομική Διάταξη της Ανατολικής Χέρσου Ελλάδος, Legal Provision of Eastern Mainland Greece, November 1821: 'Οι Κοινωνικοί Νόμοι των Αειμνήστων Χριστιανών Αυτοκρατόρων της Ελλάδος μόνοι ισχύουσι κατά το παρόν εις την Ανατολικήν Χέρσον Ελλάδα', 'The Social [i.e. Civil] Laws of the Dear Departed Christian Emperors of Greece [referring to the Byzantine Emperors] alone are in effect at present in Eastern Mainland Greece')
|-
|{{flagicon|Guatemala}} [[Law of Guatemala|Guatemala]]
|Based on Napoleonic civil law. Guatemala has had three Civil Codes: the first one from 1877, a new one introduced in 1933, and the one currently in force, which was passed in 1963. This Civil Code has suffered some reforms throughout the years, as well as a few derogations relating to areas that have subsequently been regulated by newer laws, such as the Code of Commerce and the Law of the National Registry of Persons. In general, it follows the tradition of the Roman-French system of civil codification.

Regarding the theory of 'sources of law' in the Guatemalan legal system, the 'Ley del Organismo Judicial' recognizes 'the law' as the main legal source (in the sense of legislative texts), although it also establishes 'jurisprudence' as a complementary source. Although jurisprudence technically refers to judicial decisions in general, in practice it tends to be confused and identified with the concept of 'legal doctrine', which is a qualified series of identical resolutions in similar cases pronounced by higher courts (the Constitutional Court acting as a 'Tribunal de [[Amparo (law)|Amparo]]', and the Supreme Court acting as a 'Tribunal de Casación') whose theses become binding for lower courts.
|-
|{{flagicon|Haiti}} [[Law of Haiti|Haiti]]
|Based on Napoleonic civil law.
|-
|{{flagicon|Honduras}} [[Law of Honduras|Honduras]]
|
|-
|{{flagicon|Hungary}} [[Law of Hungary|Hungary]]
|Based on Germanic, codified [[Roman law]] with elements from Napoleonic civil law.
|-
|{{flagicon|Iceland}} [[Law of Iceland|Iceland]]
|Based on [[North Germanic law]]. Germanic traditional laws and influenced by Medieval Norwegian and Danish laws.
|-
|{{flagicon|India}} [[Law of India|India]] (only State of [[Goa]], and Union Territories of [[Daman and Diu]] and [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]])
|Based on Portuguese civil law
|-
|{{flagicon|Italy}} [[Law of Italy|Italy]]
|Based on Germanic civil law, with elements of the [[Napoleonic civil code]]; civil code of 1942 replaced the original one of 1865
|-
|{{flagicon|Ivory Coast}} [[Law of Ivory Coast|Ivory Coast]]
| Based on French civil law system
|-
|{{flagicon|Japan}} [[Japanese law|Japan]]
|Based on Germanic civil law. Japanese civil code of 1895.
|-
|{{flagicon|Latvia}} [[Law of Latvia|Latvia]]
|Based on Napoleonic and German civil law, as it was historically before the Soviet occupation. While general principles of law are prerequisites in making and interpreting the law, case law is also regularly applied to present legal arguments in courts and explain the application of law in similar cases. Civil law largely modeled after the Napoleonic code mixed with strong elements of German civil law. Criminal law retains Russian and German legal traditions, while criminal procedure law has been fully modeled after practice accepted in Western Europe. The civil law of Latvia enacted in 1937.
|-
|{{flagicon|Lebanon}} [[Law of Lebanon|Lebanon]]
|Based on Napoleonic civil law.
|-
|{{flagicon|Lithuania}} [[Law of Lithuania|Lithuania]]
|Modeled after Dutch civil law
|-
|{{flagicon|Louisiana}} [[Louisiana#Civil law|Louisiana]] {{flagicon|United States}} (U.S.)
| Law in the state of Louisiana is based on French and Spanish civil law
Federal courts and 49 states use the legal system based on English common law (see below), which has diverged somewhat since the mid-nineteenth century in that they look to each other's cases for guidance on issues of the first impression and rarely look at contemporary cases on the same issue in the UK or the Commonwealth.
|-
|{{flagicon|Luxembourg}} [[Law of Luxembourg|Luxembourg]]
|Based on Napoleonic civil law.
|-
|{{flagicon|Macau}} [[Legal system of Macau|Macau]]
|Based on the Portuguese civil law; also influenced by the law of the PRC
|-
|{{flagicon|Mexico}} [[Legal system of Mexico|Mexico]]
|Based on Napoleonic civil law."The origins of Mexico's legal system are both ancient and classical, based on the Roman and French legal systems, and the Mexican system shares more in common with other legal systems throughout the world (especially those in Latin America and most of continental Europe) ..."<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mexonline.com/lawreview.htm |title=Jaime B. Berger Stender Attorney at Law author, Tijuana, B.C., Mexico |access-date=23 February 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050404100250/http://www.mexonline.com/lawreview.htm |archive-date=4 April 2005 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Mongolia}} [[Law of Mongolia|Mongolia]]
|Based on Germanic civil law.
|-
|{{flagicon|Montenegro}} [[Law of Montenegro|Montenegro]]
|Based on Napoleonic and German civil law. First: the General Property Code for the [[Principality of Montenegro]] of 1888, written by [[Valtazar Bogišić]]. Present: the Law on Obligations of 2008.
|-
|{{flagicon|Mozambique}} [[Law of Mozambique|Mozambique]]
|Based on Portuguese civil law
|-
|{{flagicon|Netherlands}} [[Law of the Netherlands|Netherlands]]
|Based on [[Napoleonic Code|Napoleonic code with German law influence]]
|-
|{{flagicon|Nepal}} [[Law of the Nepal|Nepal]]
|Based on [[National Code of Nepal|Civil Code]], however, the principle of ''[[stare decisis]]'' is widely practised. The legal system of Nepal has been influenced by [[Indian legal system|the Indian legal system]]
|-
|{{flagicon|Norway}} [[Law of Norway|Norway]]
|Scandinavian-North Germanic civil law, based on [[North Germanic law]]. King [[Magnus VI of Norway|Magnus VI the Lawmender]] unified the regional laws into a single code of law for the whole kingdom in 1274. This was replaced by [[Christian V of Denmark|Christian V]]'s ''Norwegian Code'' of 1687.
|-
|{{flagicon|Panama}} [[Law of Panama|Panama]]
|
|-
|{{flagicon|Paraguay}} [[Law of Paraguay|Paraguay]]
|The Paraguayan Civil Code in force since 1987 is largely influenced by the Napoleonic Code and the Argentinian Code
|-
|{{flagicon|Peru}} [[Law of Peru|Peru]]
|Based on civil law system; accepts compulsory International Court of Justice ICJ jurisdiction with despotic and corrupting reservations;
|-
|{{flagicon|Poland}} [[Polish law|Poland]]
|The Polish Civil Code in force since 1965
|-
|{{flagicon|Portugal}} [[Portuguese law|Portugal]]
|Influenced by the [[Napoleonic Code]] and later by the German civil law
|-
|{{flagicon|Taiwan}} [[Law of the Republic of China|Taiwan (Republic of China)]]
|Influenced by German [[Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch|Civil Code]] and Japanese [[Six Codes]]. Enacted in 1931.
|-
|{{flagicon|Romania}} [[Romanian law|Romania]]
|[[Civil Code of Romania|Civil Code]] came into force in 2011. Based on the Civil Code of Quebec, but also influenced by the Napoleonic Code and other French-inspired codes (such as those of Italy, Spain and Switzerland)<ref>{{cite book |title=Drept civil. Drepturile reale Principale |publisher=C.H. Beck |author=Valeriu Stoica |year=2009 |location=Bucharest |pages=XIII}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Russia}} [[Law of Russia|Russia]]
|Civil Law system descendant from Roman Law through Byzantine tradition. Heavily influenced by German and Dutch norms in 1700–the 1800s. Socialist-style modification in 1900s and Continental European Law influences since the 1990s.
|-
|{{flagicon|Rwanda}} Rwanda
|Mixture of Belgian civil law and English common law
|-
|{{flagicon|São Tomé and Príncipe}} [[Law of São Tomé e Príncipe|São Tomé e Príncipe]]
|Based on Portuguese civil law
|-
|{{flagicon|Serbia}} [[Law of Serbia|Serbia]]
|First: the [[Serbian civil law|Civil Code]] of [[Principality of Serbia]] of 1844, written by Jovan Hadžić, was influenced by the Austrian Civil Code ([[Allgemeines bürgerliches Gesetzbuch]]). Present: The Swiss civil law ([[Zivilgesetzbuch]]) was a model for the Law on Obligations of 1978.
|-
|{{flagicon|Slovakia}} [[Law of Slovakia|Slovakia]]
|Descended from the [[Allgemeines bürgerliches Gesetzbuch|Civil Code of the Austrian Empire]] (1811), influenced by German (1939–45) and Soviet (1947/68–89) legal codes during occupation periods, substantially reformed to remove Soviet influence and elements of [[socialist law]] after the [[Velvet Revolution]] (1989).
|-
|{{flagicon|Slovenia}} [[Law of Slovenia|Slovenia]]
|A Civil Law system influenced mostly by Germanic and Austro-Hungarian law systems
|-
|{{flagicon|South Korea}} [[Law of South Korea|South Korea]]
|Based on the German civil law system. Also largely influenced by Japanese civil law which itself modeled after the German one. [[Civil Code of the Republic of Korea|Korean Civil Code]] was introduced 1958 and fully enacted by 1960.
|-
|{{flagicon|Spain}} [[Law of Spain|Spain]]
|Influenced by the [[Napoleonic Code]], it also has some elements of Spain's legal tradition, starting with the [[Siete Partidas]], major legislative achievement from the Middle Ages. That body of law remained more or less unchanged until the 19th century when the first civil codes were drafted, merging both the Napoleonic style with the Castilian traditions.
|-
|{{flagicon|Suriname}} [[Suriname]]
|Based on Dutch civil law
|-
|{{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Law of Sweden|Sweden]]
|Scandinavian-North Germanic civil law. Like all Scandinavian legal systems, it is distinguished by its traditional character and for the fact that it did not adopt elements of Roman law. It assimilated very few elements of foreign laws whatsoever. The Napoleonic Code had no influence in the codification of law in Scandinavia. The historical basis of the law of Sweden, just as for all Nordic countries, is [[North Germanic law]]. Codification of the law started in Sweden during the 18th century, preceding the codifications of most other European countries. However, neither Sweden nor any other Nordic state created a civil code of the kind of the ''Code Civil'' or the BGB.
|-
|{{flagicon|Switzerland}} [[Law of Switzerland|Switzerland]]
|The [[Swiss Civil Code]] of 1908 and 1912 (obligations; fifth book)
|-
|{{flagicon|Syria}} [[Syrian law|Syria]]
|Based on Napoleonic civil law.
|-
|{{flagicon|Timor-Leste}} [[Law of Timor-Leste|Timor-Leste]]
|Based on Portuguese civil law
|-
|{{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Law of Turkey|Turkey]]
|Modeled after the Swiss civil law ([[Zivilgesetzbuch]]) of 1907.
|-
|{{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Law of Ukraine|Ukraine]]
| Civil Code of Ukraine of 2004
|-
|{{flagicon|Uruguay}} [[Law of Uruguay|Uruguay]]
|The basis for its [[public law]] is the [[Constitution of Uruguay of 1967|1967 Constitution]], amended in 1989, 1994, [[Constitution of Uruguay of 1997|1996]], and 2004. There is a clear separation of functions between the three administrative powers.<ref>[http://www.rau.edu.uy/uruguay/const97-1.6.htm Constitution of Uruguay] {{in lang|es}}</ref> Private relationships are governed by the [[Uruguayan Civil Code]].<ref>[http://www.parlamento.gub.uy/htmlstat/pl/codigos/CodigoCivil/2002/cod_civil-indice.htm Uruguayan Civil Code] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213041621/http://www.parlamento.gub.uy/htmlstat/pl/codigos/CodigoCivil/2002/cod_civil-indice.htm }} {{in lang|es}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Uzbekistan}} [[Law of Uzbekistan|Uzbekistan]]
|Represents an evolution of [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] civil law. The overwhelmingly strong impact of the Communist legal theory is traceable.
|-
|{{flagicon|Vietnam}} [[Legal system in Vietnam|Vietnam]]
|[[Communism|Communist legal theory]] and [[French civil law]]
|-
|{{flagicon|Venezuela}} [[Law of Venezuela|Venezuela]]
|[[Civil law (legal system)|Civil law]]
|}

==Common law==
{{Main|Common law}}
[[File:King John signing the Great Charter (Magna Carta) by English School.png|thumb|right|150px|King John of England signs [[Magna Carta]].]]
Common law and [[Equity (law)|equity]] are systems of law whose sources are the decisions in cases by judges. In addition, every system will have a legislature that passes new laws and statutes. The relationships between statutes and judicial decisions can be complex. In some jurisdictions, such statutes may overrule judicial decisions or codify the topic covered by several contradictory or ambiguous decisions. In some jurisdictions, judicial decisions may decide whether the jurisdiction's constitution allowed a particular statute or statutory provision to be made or what meaning is contained within the statutory provisions. The common law developed in England, influenced by [[Anglo-Saxons|Anglo-Saxon]] law and to a much lesser extent by the [[Norman conquest of England]], which introduced legal concepts from [[Norman law]], which, in turn, had its origins in [[Salic law]]. Common law was later inherited by the [[Commonwealth of Nations]], and almost every former colony of the [[British Empire]] has adopted it ([[Malta]] being an exception). The doctrine of ''stare decisis'', also known as ''case law'' or ''[[precedent]] by courts'', is the major difference to codified civil law systems.

Common law is practiced in [[Law of Canada|Canada]] (excluding [[Quebec law|Quebec]]), [[Law of Australia|Australia]], [[Law of New Zealand|New Zealand]], most of the [[Law of the United Kingdom|United Kingdom]] ([[English law|England, Wales]], and [[Northern Ireland law|Northern Ireland]]), [[Law of South Africa|South Africa]], [[Law of the Republic of Ireland|Ireland]], [[Law of India|India]] (excluding [[Goa civil code|Goa]]),{{Citation needed|reason=Reliable source needed because the Supreme Court of India's decisions overrides many lower courts}} [[Law of Pakistan|Pakistan]], [[Law of Hong Kong|Hong Kong]], the [[Law of the United States|United States]] (on state and territorial levels excluding [[Law of Louisiana|Louisiana]] and [[Law of Puerto Rico|Puerto Rico]]), [[Law of Bangladesh|Bangladesh]], and many other places. Several others have adapted the common law system into a mixed system; For example, Nigeria operates largely on a common law system in the southern states and at the federal level, but also incorporates religious law in the northern states.

In the [[European Union]], the [[European Court of Justice|Court of Justice]] takes an approach mixing civil law (based on the treaties) with an attachment to the importance of case law. One of the most fundamental documents to shape common law is the English [[Magna Carta]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Magna Carta|url=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/magnacarta.html|access-date=10 November 2006}}</ref> which placed limits on the power of the English Kings. It served as a kind of medieval bill of rights for the aristocracy and the judiciary who developed the law.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;"
|+
|-
! style="width:175px;"|Country
! Description
|-
| {{flagicon|American Samoa}} [[Constitution of American Samoa|American Samoa]]
| Based on [[law of the United States]]
|-
| {{flagicon|Antigua and Barbuda}} [[Laws of Antigua and Barbuda|Antigua and Barbuda]]
| Based on English common law
|-
| {{flagicon|Australia}} [[Law of Australia|Australia]]
| Based on English common law.
|-
| {{flagicon|Bahamas}} [[Law of the Bahamas|Bahamas]]
| Based on English common law
|-
| {{flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Law of Bangladesh|Bangladesh]]
| Based on English common law, with the Muslim family law heavily based on Shariah law.
|-
| {{flagicon|Barbados}} [[Law of Barbados|Barbados]]
| Based on English common law
|-
| {{flagicon|Belize}} [[Government of Belize|Belize]]
| Based on English common law
|-
| {{flagicon|Bhutan}} [[Law of Bhutan|Bhutan]]
| Based on English common law, with an Indian influence. Religious law influences personal law.
|-
| {{flagicon|British Virgin Islands}} [[Law of the British Virgin Islands|British Virgin Islands]]
| Based on English common law
|-
| {{flagicon|Canada}} [[Law of Canada|Canada]]
| Based on English common law, except in {{flagicon|Quebec}} [[Quebec]], where [[Quebec law|a civil law system]] based on [[Law of France|French law]] prevails in most matters of a civil nature, such as obligations (contract and delict), property law, family law, and private matters. Federal statutes take into account the juridical nature of Canada and use both common law and civil law terms where appropriate.
|-
| {{flagicon|Cayman Islands}} [[Law of the Cayman Islands|Cayman Islands]]
| Based on English common law
|-
| {{flagicon|Cyprus}} [[Law of Cyprus|Cyprus]]
| Based on English common law as inherited from British colonization, with civil law influences, particularly in criminal law.
|-
| {{flagicon|Dominica}} [[Law of Dominica|Dominica]]
| Based on English common law
|-
| {{flagicon|England}} {{flagicon|Wales}} [[English law|England and Wales]] {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} (UK)
| Primarily [[common law]], with early [[Roman law|Roman]] and some modern [[continental Europe]]an influences
|-
| {{flagicon|Fiji}} [[Law of Fiji|Fiji]]
| Based on English common law
|-
| {{flagicon|Gibraltar}} [[Law of Gibraltar|Gibraltar]]
| Based on English common law
|-
| {{flagicon|Ghana}} [[Laws of Ghana|Ghana]]
|-
| {{flagicon|Grenada}} [[Law of Grenada|Grenada]]
| Based on English common law
|-
| {{flagicon|Hong Kong}} [[Law of Hong Kong|Hong Kong]]
| Principally based on English common law
|-
| {{flagicon|India}} [[Law of India|India]]
| Based on English common law, except in [[Goa]], [[Daman and Diu]] and [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]] which follow a [[Goa civil code|Civil law system]] based on the Portuguese Civil Law<ref>Nandini Chavan, Qutub Jehan Kidwai, ''Personal Law Reforms and Gender Empowerment: A Debate on Uniform Civil Code'', Page 245, Hope India Publications, 2006</ref>
|-
| {{flagicon|Republic of Ireland}} [[Law of the Republic of Ireland|Ireland]]
| Based on Irish law before 1922, which was itself based on English common law
|-
| {{flagicon|Israel}} [[Israeli law|Israel]]
| Based on English common law arising from the period of the [[Mandatory Palestine|British Mandate]] (which includes laws arising from previous [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] rule),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tau.ac.il/law/members/ron-harris/8.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2015-01-30 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223233903/http://www.tau.ac.il/law/members/ron-harris/8.pdf |archive-date=23 February 2015 }}</ref> also incorporating civil law and fragments of [[Halakha]] and [[Sharia]] for family law cases
|-
| {{flagicon|Jamaica}} [[Judiciary of Jamaica|Jamaica]]
| Based on English common law
|-
| {{flagicon|Kiribati}} [[Law of Kiribati|Kiribati]]
| Based on English common law
|-
|{{flagicon|Liberia}} [[Law of Liberia|Liberia]]
| Based on Anglo-American and customary law
|-
|{{flagicon|Marshall Islands}} [[Law of Marshall Islands|Marshall Islands]]
| Based on [[law of the United States]]
|-
|{{flagicon|Myanmar}} [[Law of Myanmar|Myanmar]]
| Based on English common law
|-
| {{flagicon|Nauru}} [[Law of Nauru|Nauru]]
| Based on English common law
|-
| {{flagicon|Nepal}} [[Law of Nepal|Nepal]]
| Based on English common law
|-
| {{flagicon|New Zealand}} [[Law of New Zealand|New Zealand]]
| Based on English common law
|-
| [[Northern Ireland law|Northern Ireland]] {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} (UK)
| Based on Irish law before 1921, in turn, based on English common law
|-
| {{flagicon|Palau}} [[Law of Palau|Palau]]
| Based on [[law of the United States]]
|-
| {{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Law of Pakistan|Pakistan]]<ref>[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/pakistan/ The World Factbook]</ref>
| Based on English common law with some provisions of Islamic law
|-
| {{flagicon|Papua New Guinea}} [[Law of Papua New Guinea|Papua New Guinea]]
| Based on English common law and customary laws of its more than 750 different cultural and language groups
|-
| {{flagicon|Saint Kitts and Nevis}} [[Law of Saint Kitts and Nevis|Saint Kitts and Nevis]]
| Based on English common law
|-
| {{flagicon|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines}} [[Law of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]]
| Based on English common law
|-
| {{flagicon|Singapore}} [[Law of Singapore|Singapore]]
| Based on English common law, but Muslims are subject to the Administration of Muslim Law Act, which gives the Sharia Court jurisdiction over Muslim personal law, ''e.g.'', marriage, inheritance and divorce.
|-
| {{flagicon|Tonga}} [[Law of Tonga|Tonga]]
| Based on English common law
|-
| {{flagicon|Trinidad and Tobago}} [[Law of Trinidad and Tobago|Trinidad and Tobago]]
| Based on English common law
|-
| {{flagicon|Tuvalu}} [[Law of Tuvalu|Tuvalu]]
| Based on English common law
|-
| {{flagicon|Uganda}} [[Law of Uganda|Uganda]]
| Based on English common law
|-
| {{flagicon|United States}} [[Law of the United States|United States]]
| [[Federal judiciary of the United States|Federal courts]] and 49 states use the legal system based on English common law, which has diverged somewhat since the mid-nineteenth century in that they look to each other's cases for guidance on issues of the first impression and rarely if ever, look at contemporary cases on the same issue in the UK or the Commonwealth. [[Law of Louisiana|Law in the state of Louisiana]] is based on French and Spanish civil law. [[Law of Puerto Rico|Law in the territory of Puerto Rico]] is based on Spanish civil law.
|}

==Religious law==
{{main|Religious law}}

Religious law refers to the notion of a religious system or document being used as a legal source, though the methodology used varies. For example, the use of Judaism and ''[[halakha]]'' for public law has a static and unalterable quality, precluding amendment through legislative acts of government or development through judicial precedent; Christian [[canon law]] is more similar to [[civil law (legal system)|civil law]] in its use of [[code (law)|codes]]; and Islamic [[sharia]] law (and ''[[fiqh]]'' jurisprudence) is based on legal [[precedent]] and reasoning by [[analogy]] (''[[qiyas]]''), and is thus considered similar to [[common law]].<ref>{{citation|title=Islamic Finance: Law, Economics, and Practice|first=Mahmoud A.|last=El-Gamal|year=2006|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=0-521-86414-3|page=16}}</ref>

The main kinds of religious law are [[sharia]] in Islam, ''[[halakha]]'' in Judaism, and [[canon law]] in some Christian groups. In some cases these are intended purely as individual moral guidance, whereas in other cases they are intended and may be used as the basis for a country's legal system; the latter was particularly common during the [[Middle Ages]].

[[File:Aleppo Codex Joshua 1 1.jpg|thumb|150px|right|Aleppo Codex: 10th century Hebrew Bible with Masoretic pointing]]
''Halakha'' is followed by [[Orthodox Judaism|Orthodox]] and [[Conservative Judaism|Conservative]] Jews in both ecclesiastical and civil relations. No country is fully governed by ''halakha'', but two Jewish people may decide, because of personal belief, to have a dispute heard by a Jewish court, and be bound by its rulings.

[[Canon law]] is the internal [[ecclesiastical]] law, or operational policy, governing the [[Catholic Church]] (both the [[Latin Church]] and the [[Eastern Catholic Churches]]), the [[Canon law of the Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodox]] and [[Oriental Orthodoxy|Oriental Orthodox]] churches, and the individual national churches within the [[Anglican Communion]].<ref>Boudinhon, Auguste. [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09056a.htm "Canon Law." ] The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 9. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910. 9 August 2013</ref> [[Canon law of the Catholic Church]] ({{Lang-la|jus canonicum}})<ref>Black's Law Dictionary, 5th Edition, pg. 771: "Jus canonicum"</ref> is the [[legal system|system]] of [[law]]s and [[canon law|legal principles]] made and enforced by the [[Hierarchy of the Catholic Church|hierarchical authorities]] of the Catholic Church to regulate its external organisation and government and to order and direct the activities of Catholics toward the mission of the church.<ref>Della Rocca, ''Manual of Canon Law'', p. 3.</ref> The canon law of the Catholic Church has all the ordinary elements of a mature legal system: laws, [[Ecclesiastical court|courts]], [[Ecclesiastical lawyer|lawyers]], judges.<ref name="clinfocat">[[Edward N. Peters]], [http://www.canonlaw.info/a_catechistintro.htm "A Catechist's Introduction to Canon Law"], CanonLaw.info, accessed June-11-2013</ref> The canon law of the Latin Church was the first modern Western [[legal system]],<ref>Berman, Harold J. ''Law and Revolution'', pp. 86, 115.</ref> and is the oldest continuously functioning legal system in the [[Western world|West]].<ref>[[Edward N. Peters]], [https://canonlaw.info/ CanonLaw.info Home Page], accessed 11 June 2013.</ref><ref>Raymond Wacks,''Law: A Very Short Introduction, 2nd Ed.'' (Oxford University Press, 2015) p. 13.</ref> while the distinctive traditions of [[Eastern Catholic canon law]] govern the 23 Eastern Catholic [[particular church]]es ''[[sui iuris]].''

The Islamic legal system, consisting of [[sharia]] (Islamic law) and ''[[fiqh]]'' (Islamic jurisprudence), is the most widely used [[religious law]] system, and one of the three most common legal systems in the world alongside common law and civil law.<ref>{{citation|title=Islamic Law: Its Relation to Other Legal Systems|first=Gamal Moursi|last=Badr|journal=The American Journal of Comparative Law|volume=26|issue=2 – Proceedings of an International Conference on Comparative Law, Salt Lake City, Utah, 24–25 February 1977|pages=187–198|doi=10.2307/839667|jstor=839667}}</ref> It is based on both [[divine law]], derived from the [[hadith of the Quran and Sunnah]], and the rulings of ''[[ulema]]'' (jurists), who use the methods of ''[[ijma]]'' (consensus), ''[[qiyas]]'' (analogical deduction), ''[[ijtihad]]'' (research), and ''[[urf]]'' (common practice) to derive [[fatwā]] (legal opinions). An ''ulema'' was required to qualify for an ''[[ijazah]]'' ([[Law degree|legal]] [[doctorate]]) at a ''[[madrasa]]'' ([[law school]] or [[college]]) before they could issue ''fatwā''.<ref name=G-Makdisi>{{citation|last=Makdisi|first=George|title=Scholasticism and Humanism in Classical Islam and the Christian West|journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society|volume=109|issue=2|pages=175–182 [175–77]|doi=10.2307/604423|jstor=604423}}</ref> During the [[Islamic Golden Age]], classical Islamic law may have had an [[Islamic contributions to Medieval Europe|influence on the development]] of common law<ref name=J-Makdisi>{{citation|last=Makdisi|first=John A.|title=The Islamic Origins of the Common Law|journal=[[North Carolina Law Review]]|volume=77|issue=5|pages=1635–1739}}</ref> and several civil law institutions.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{citation|title=Islamic Law: Its Relation to Other Legal Systems|first=Gamal Moursi|last=Badr|journal=The American Journal of Comparative Law|volume=26|issue=2 – Proceedings of an International Conference on Comparative Law, Salt Lake City, Utah, 24–25 February 1977|pages=187–198 [196–8]|doi=10.2307/839667|jstor=839667}}</ref> Sharia law governs a number of Islamic countries, including Saudi Arabia and Iran, though most countries use Sharia law only as a supplement to national law. It can relate to all aspects of civil law, including property rights, contracts, and public law.

{| style="width:100%;" class="wikitable"
|-
! style="width:175px;"|Country
! Description
|-
| {{flagicon|Afghanistan}} [[Law of Afghanistan|Afghanistan]]
| Islamic law; formerly American and British law.
|-
| {{flagicon|Iran}} [[Law of Iran|Iran]]
| Shia Islamic law.
|-
| {{flagicon|Nigeria}} [[Law of Nigeria|Nigeria]]
| [[Sharia]] in the northern states, [[common law]] in the south and at the federal level.
|-
| {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} [[Law of Saudi Arabia|Saudi Arabia]]
| Islamic law.
|-
| {{flagicon|Yemen}} [[Law of Yemen|Yemen]]
| Islamic law.
|}

==Pluralistic systems==

===Civil law and canon law===
{{main|Canon law (Catholic Church)}}
[[Canon law]] is not divine law, properly speaking, because it is not found in revelation. Instead, it is seen as human law inspired by the word of God and applying the demands of that revelation to the actual situation of the church. [[Canon law]] regulates the internal ordering of the [[canon law (Catholic Church)|Catholic Church]], the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]] and the [[Anglican Communion]]. Canon law is amended and adopted by the legislative authority of the church, such as [[episcopal conference|councils of bishops]], individual bishops for their respective sees, the [[Pope]] for the entire Catholic Church, and the British Parliament for the [[Church of England]].
{| style="width:100%;" class="wikitable"
|-
! style="width:175px;"|Country
! Description
|-
| {{flagicon|Vatican City}} [[Law of Vatican City|Vatican City]]
| Based on [[Roman law|Roman]] & [[Law of Italy|Italian]] civil law and [[canon law (Catholic Church)|Catholic canon law]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pope Francis reforms Vatican City courts with new law|url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/pope-francis-reforms-vatican-city-courts-with-new-law-53918|access-date=2021-02-16|website=Catholic News Agency|language=en}}</ref>
|}

===Civil law and common law===
{| style="width:100%;" class="wikitable"
|-
! style="width:130px;"|Country
! Description
|-
| {{flagicon|Botswana}} [[Law of Botswana|Botswana]]
| Based on [[Law of South Africa|South African law]]. An 1891 proclamation by the [[High Commissioner for Southern Africa]] applied the law of the [[British Cape Colony|Cape Colony]] (now part of South Africa) to the [[Bechuanaland Protectorate]] (now Botswana).<ref name=pain>{{cite journal |title=The reception of English and Roman-Dutch law in Africa with reference to Botswana, Lesotho and Swaziland |first=JH |last=Pain |journal=The Comparative and International Law Journal of Southern Africa |volume=11 |number=2 |pages=137–167 }}</ref>
|-
| {{flagicon|Cameroon}} [[Laws of Cameroon|Cameroon]]
| Mixture of French civil law system and English common law (After [[World War I]], Cameroon was ruled by [[France]] and the [[United Kingdom]] as a [[League of Nations mandate]] then a [[United Nations trust territories|United Nations trust territory]] from 1916 to 1961)
|-
| {{flagicon|Cyprus}} [[Law of Cyprus|Cyprus]]
| Based on English common law (Cyprus was a British colony 1878–1960), with admixtures of French and Greek civil and public law, Italian civil law, Indian contract law, [[Greek Orthodox]] canon law and Muslim religious law.
|-
| {{flagicon|Eswatini}} [[Law of Eswatini|Eswatini]]
| Based on [[Law of South Africa|South African law]]. A 1907 proclamation by the [[High Commissioner for Southern Africa]] applied the Roman-Dutch common law of the [[Transvaal Colony]] (now part of South Africa) to the [[Swaziland Protectorate]] (now Eswatini).<ref name=pain/>
|-
| {{flagicon|Guyana}} [[Law of Guyana|Guyana]]
|
|-
| {{flagicon|Jersey}}[[Law of Jersey|Jersey]]
| The [[Jersey|Bailiwick of Jersey]]'s [[Law of Jersey|legal system]] draws on local legislation enacted by the [[States of Jersey]], [[Norman law|Norman customary law]], [[English common law#Common law|English common law]] and modern [[French civil law]]
|-

| {{flagicon|Kenya}} [[Law of Kenya|Kenya]]
| Based on English Common Law and Civil law as well as the country's customary law.
|-
| {{flagicon|Lesotho}} [[Law of Lesotho|Lesotho]]
| Based on [[Law of South Africa|South African law]]. An 1884 proclamation by the [[High Commissioner for Southern Africa]] applied the law of the [[British Cape Colony|Cape Colony]] (now part of South Africa) to [[Basutoland]] (now Lesotho).<ref name=pain/>
|-
| {{flagicon|Louisiana}} [[Louisiana law|Louisiana]] {{flagicon|United States}} (U.S.)
| Based on French and Spanish civil law, but federal laws (based on common law) are also in effect in Louisiana because of federal [[Supremacy Clause]].
|-
| {{flagicon|Malta}} [[Law of Malta|Malta]]
|Initially based on [[Roman Law]] and eventually progressed to the Code de Rohan, the [[Napoleonic Code]] with influences from Italian Civil Law. English common law however is also a source of Maltese Law, most notably in [[Public law|Public Law]]
|-
| {{flagicon|Mauritius}} [[Law of Mauritius|Mauritius]]
| Laws governing the Mauritian penal system are derived partly from [[French civil law]] and [[British common law]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mongabay.com/history/mauritius/mauritius-penal_system_8147.html|title=Mauritius-Penal System|access-date=19 March 2018}}</ref>
|-
| {{flagicon|Namibia}} [[Law of Namibia|Namibia]]
| Based on [[Law of South Africa|South African law]]. South Africa conquered [[South-West Africa]] (now Namibia) in 1915, and a 1919 proclamation by the [[Governor-General of South Africa|Governor-General]] applied the law of the [[Cape Province]] of South Africa to the territory.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nyulawglobal.org/globalex/Namibia1.htm |first1=Geraldine Mwanza |last1=Geraldo |first2=Isabella |last2=Nowases |title=Researching Namibian Law and the Namibian Legal System |access-date=7 May 2013}}</ref>
|-
| {{flagicon|Philippines}} [[Law of the Philippines|Philippines]]
| Based on Spanish law; influenced by U.S. common law after 1898 [[Spanish–American War|Spanish–]] and [[Philippine–American War]]s, personal law based on [[sharia]] law applies to Muslims
|-
| {{flagicon|Puerto Rico}} [[Law of Puerto Rico|Puerto Rico]] {{flagicon|United States}} (U.S.)
| Based on Spanish law; influenced by U.S. common law after 1898 (victory of the U.S. over Spain in the Spanish–American War of 1898 and cession of Puerto Rico to the U.S.); federal laws (based on common law) are in effect because of federal Supremacy Clause.
|-
| {{flagicon|Quebec}} [[Quebec law|Quebec]] {{flagicon|Canada}} ([[Law of Canada|Canada]])
| After the 1763 [[Treaty of Paris (1763)|Treaty of Paris]] awarded [[Canada (New France)|French Canada]] to Great Britain, the British initially attempted to impose English Common Law. In 1774, as a result of a ruling by the British courts in ''[[Campbell v Hall]]'' about the status of legal systems found in acquired territories, the British Parliament passed the ''[[Quebec Act]]'', which preserved French [[Civil law (legal system)|civil law]] for [[private law]] while keeping and reserving English [[common law]] for public law including criminal prosecution. Codification occurred in 1866 with the enactment of the ''[[Civil Code of Lower Canada]]'' ([[French language|French]]: ''Code civil du Bas-Canada''), which continued in force when the modern Province of Quebec was created at Confederation in 1867. Subsequently, the ''[[Civil Code of Quebec]]'' ([[French language|French]]: ''Code civil du Québec'') came into effect on 1 January 1994, and is the [[civil code]] currently in force. Canadian (federal) criminal law in force in Quebec is based on common law, but federal statutes of or relating to private law take into account the bijuridical nature of Canada and use both common law and civil law terms where appropriate.
|-
| {{flagicon|Saint Lucia}} [[Law of Saint Lucia|Saint Lucia]]
|
|-
| {{flagicon|Scotland}} [[Scots law|Scotland]] {{flagicon|UK}} (UK)
| Based on [[Roman law|Roman]] and continental law, with common law elements dating back to the [[Legal institutions of Scotland in the High Middle Ages|High Middle Ages]].<ref>This definition is partly disputed – Thomson, Stephen, [http://digitalcommons.law.lsu.edu/jcls/vol7/iss1/3/ ''Mixed Jurisdiction and the Scottish Legal Tradition: Reconsidering the Concept of Mixture''] (2014) 7(1) Journal of Civil Law Studies 51–91</ref>
|-
| {{flagicon|Seychelles}} [[Law of Seychelles|Seychelles]]
| The substantive civil law is based on the French Civil Code. Otherwise, the criminal law and court procedure are based on the English common law. See [http://sites.google.com/site/theseychelleslegalenvironment/legal-system Seychelles Legal Environment].
|-
| {{flagicon|South Africa}} [[Law of South Africa|South Africa]]
| An amalgam of [[Roman-Dutch law|Roman-Dutch civil law]] and English [[common law]], as well as [[Customary Law]].
|-
| {{flagicon|Sri Lanka}} [[Law of Sri Lanka|Sri Lanka]]
| An amalgam of English common law, [[Roman-Dutch law|Roman-Dutch civil law]] and [[Customary Law]]
|-
| {{flagicon|Thailand}} [[Law of Thailand|Thailand]]
| The Thai legal system became an amalgam of German, Swiss, French, English, Japanese, Italian, Indian and American laws and practices. Even today, Islamic laws and practices exist in four southern provinces. Over the years, Thai law has naturally taken on its own Thai identity.
|-
| {{flagicon|Vanuatu}} [[Law of Vanuatu|Vanuatu]]
| Consists of a mixed system combining the legacy of English common law, French civil law and indigenous customary law.
|-
| {{flagicon|Zimbabwe}} [[Law of Zimbabwe|Zimbabwe]]
| Based on [[Law of South Africa|South African law]]. An 1891 proclamation by the [[High Commissioner for Southern Africa]] applied the law of the [[British Cape Colony|Cape Colony]] (now part of South Africa) to [[Southern Rhodesia]] (now Zimbabwe).
|}

===Civil law and sharia law===
{| style="width:100%;" class="wikitable"
|-
! style="width:130px;"|Country
! Description
|-
| {{flagicon|Algeria}} [[Law of Algeria|Algeria]]
|
|-
| {{flagicon|Bahrain}} [[Law of Bahrain|Bahrain]]
|
|-
| {{flagicon|Comoros}} [[Law of Comoros|Comoros]]
|
|-
| {{flagicon|Djibouti}} [[Law of Djibouti|Djibouti]]
|
|-
| {{flagicon|Egypt}} [[Egyptian judicial system|Egypt]]
|Family Law (personal Statute) for Muslims based on Islamic Jurisprudence, Separate Personal Statute for non-Muslims, and all other branches of Law are based on French civil law system
|-
| {{flagicon|Eritrea}} [[Law of Eritrea|Eritrea]]
|Only applies to Muslims for personal matters
|-
| {{flagicon|Jordan}} [[Law of Jordan|Jordan]]
| Mainly based on [[French Civil Code]] and Ottoman [[Majalla]], Islamic law applicable to family law
|-
| {{flagicon|Mauritania}} [[Law of Mauritania|Mauritania]]
| Mix of Islamic law and [[French Civil Code]]s, Islamic law largely applicable to both criminal, family law, and other forms of personal laws such as disputes.
|-
|{{flagicon|Mauritius}} [[Legal system of Mauritius|Mauritius]]
| Civil law and sharia personal law for Muslims.
|-
| {{flagicon|Morocco}} [[Law of Morocco|Morocco]]
| Based on Islamic law and French and Spanish civil law system. Islamic law is mainly for personal matters and Jews use Halakha.
|-
| {{flagicon|Oman}} [[Law of Oman|Oman]]
|
|-
| {{flagicon|Qatar}} [[Law of Qatar|Qatar]]
| Based on Islamic law and the Egyptian civil law system (after the French civil law system)
|-
| {{flagicon|Syria}} [[Law of Syria|Syria]]
|Mainly based on [[French Civil Code]]. Islamic law is applicable to family law. Non-Muslims follow their own family laws.
|-
| {{flagicon|United Arab Emirates}} [[Law of United Arab Emirates|United Arab Emirates]]
| Based on Islamic law and the Egyptian civil law system (after the French civil law system)
|}

===Common law and sharia law===
{| style="width:100%;" class="wikitable"
|-
! style="width:130px;"|Country
! Description
|-
| {{flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Law of Bangladesh|Bangladesh]]
|Common law, personal law based on sharia law applies to Muslims
|-
| {{flagicon|Brunei}} [[Brunei]]
|
|-
| {{flagicon|The Gambia}} [[The Gambia]]
|
|-
| {{flagicon|India}} [[Law of India|India]]
| Based on English common law, [[Muslim personal law in India|Muslim personal law]] based on [[sharia]] law applies to Muslims. Exceptions for Muslims in [[Goa]] state, where the [[Goa civil code|Goa Civil Code]] applies to all persons irrespective of religion, and for Muslims who marry under the secular common law [[Special Marriage Act, 1954]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Religious conversion: HC query raises more question marks|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jodhpur/religious-conversion-hc-query-raises-more-question-marks/articleshow/61473880.cms|work=The Times of India|access-date=1 December 2017}}</ref>
|-
| {{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Law of Malaysia|Malaysia]]
| Based on English common law, personal law based on [[sharia]] law applies to Muslims
|-
| {{flagicon|Nigeria}} [[Law of Nigeria|Nigeria]]
| Sharia is applied in some northern states
|-
| {{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Law of Pakistan|Pakistan]]
| Based on English Common Law, some Islamic law applications in [[inheritance]]. [[Tribal Law]] in [[Federally Administered Tribal Areas, Pakistan|FATA]]
|-
| {{flagicon|United Arab Emirates}} [[Legal system of the United Arab Emirates|United Arab Emirates]]<ref>Anticipatory injustice among adolescents, 2008 JL Woolard, 2008</ref>
|
|}

==By geography==
Despite the usefulness of different classifications, every legal system has its own individual identity. Below are groups of legal systems, categorised by their [[geography|geographic location]]. {{Africa in topic|Law of}}
{{North America in topic|Law of}}
{{South America in topic|Law of}}
{{Asia in topic|Law of|IL=Israeli law}}
{{Law of Europe}}
{{Oceania in topic|Law of}}

==See also==

{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
*[[Anarchist law]]
*[[Comparative law]]
*[[English common law]]
*[[International customary law]]
*[[Sharia]]
*[[Qanun (law)]]
*[[Legal pluralism]]
**''[[Journal of Legal Pluralism]]''
*[[Rule of law]]
*[[Rule According to Higher Law]]
*[[Socialist law]]
*[[Soviet law]]
*[[Tribal sovereignty]]
*[[Western law]]
*[[Comparative law wiki]]
*[[Legal education]]
{{div col end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Sources ==
{{Refbegin}}
; Books
* Moustaira Elina N., ''Comparative Law: University Courses (in Greek)'', Ant. N. Sakkoulas Publishers, Athens, 2004, {{ISBN|960-15-1267-5}}.
* Moustaira Elina N., ''Milestones in the Course of Comparative Law: Thesis and Antithesis (in Greek)'', Ant. N. Sakkoulas Publishers, Athens, 2003, {{ISBN|960-15-1097-4}}.
* Palmer, Vernon Valentine, Mohamed Y. Mattar, & Anna Kopper, eds. ''Mixed Legal Systems, East and West''. Farnham–Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2014.
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061106165657/http://www.droitcivil.uottawa.ca/world-legal-systems/eng-monde.php World Legal Systems], Website of the Faculty of Law of the University of Ottawa
* [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/legal-system/ Factbook list of legal systems]

{{Clear}}
{{Law}}
{{Jurisprudence}}
{{Law country lists}}
{{Social sciences}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Comparative law]]
[[Category:Law by country|List]]
[[Category:Legal systems|*]]
[[Category:Customary legal systems| ]]

World leaders

2022-11-22T03:29:54Z

Businessmint: Shared a valuable publication.

#REDIRECT[[List of current heads of state and government]]
{{R mentioned in hatnote}}