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Amitesh Grover

2023-09-14T16:42:47Z

Bugbountystudio: Fresh addition.

{{Short description|Indian Theatre Director and Artist}}
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{{Infobox artist
| name = Amitesh Grover
| image = Amitesh Grover.jpg
| nationality = [[India]]n
| alma_mater = [[University of the Arts London]]
| awards = MASH FICA New Media Award
}}
'''Amitesh Grover''' is a theatre director and artist. He has won multiple awards and exhibited his projects across the globe. Grover's work spans performance, video, digital art, text projects, installation, and theatre.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Immersive Theatre Experience Of Amitesh Grover's 'Money Opera |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/the-immersive-theatre-experience-of-amitesh-grover-s-money-opera--magazine-268520 |publisher=Outlook India}}</ref> He is currently associate professor at [[National School of Drama]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Faculty Members |url=https://nsd.gov.in/delhi/index.php/faculty-members/|language=en-US|publisher= National School of Drama}}</ref> He also curates contemporary performance and is a published writer.

==Education==
He is an alumnus of The National School of Drama (India) and completed his post graduation from [[Wimbledon College of Arts|Wimbledon College of Art]], [[University of the Arts London]].

==Career==

Grover work has been shown at [[Southbank Centre|Southbank Centre (London)]], [[Arts Centre Melbourne|Arts Centre (Melbourne)]], MT Space (Canada), [[Haus der Kulturen der Welt|HKW Berlin (Germany)]], Segal Festival (U.S.),<ref>{{cite web |title=The Last Poet by Amitesh Grover |url=https://segalfilmfestival.org/the-last-poet-by-amitesh-grover/ |website=Segal Center Film Festival on Theatre and Performance (FTP) 2022 |language=en-CAC }}</ref> Belluard Bollwerk International (Switzerland),<ref>{{Cite web|title=The sleep of the grateful dead |url=https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/culture/artistic-analysis_the-sleep-of-the-grateful-dead-/42301670 |website=Swissinfo|language=en}}</ref> The Hartell Gallery (U.S.), Foundation of Indian Contemporary Art, Kiran Nadar Museum of Art,<ref>{{cite web |title=Bonsai Gone Wild |url=https://openthemagazine.com/art-culture/bonsai-gone-wild/ |website=Open The Magazine }}</ref> The Shrine Gallery, VAICA Video Art Festival, TATA Literature Festival,<ref>{{cite web |title=As cultural festivals go digital, organisers aim for global reach, hybrid online-offline presence in future-Art-and-culture News |url=https://www.firstpost.com/art-and-culture/as-cultural-festivals-go-digital-organisers-aim-for-global-reach-hybrid-online-offline-presence-in-future-9095221.html |website=Firstpost |language=en }}</ref> Bharat Rang Mahotsav, Prithvi Theatre Festival,<ref>{{cite web |title=Prithvi's all decked up for its annual theatre festival |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai/prithvi-s-all-decked-up-for-its-annual-theatre-festival/story-srcQM2olpk9nMOFhPA6qCL.html |website=Hindustan Times |language=en }}</ref> [[Serendipity Arts Festival]].<ref>{{cite web |title=In an abandoned building in Goa, Amitesh Grover creates a layered piece on capitalism, titled The Money Opera |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/amitesh-grover-the-money-opera-serendipity-arts-festival-8336597/ |website=The Indian Express |language=en }}</ref> He was an artist resident at PACT Zollverein (Germany), Tokyo Culture Creation Project (Japan),<ref>{{Cite web |title=International Visitors Program |url=https://www.artscouncil-tokyo.jp/archive/tokyoconference2013/en/program.php |website=www.artscouncil-tokyo.jp}}</ref> and [[Berliner Theatertreffen]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Theatertreffen 2013 - Broschüre by Berliner Festspiele - Issuu |url=https://issuu.com/berlinerfestspiele/docs/tt13_magazin_internet |access-date=2023-07-17 |website=issuu.com |language=en}}</ref> His work has been commissioned by the Chennai Photo Biennale<ref>{{cite web |title=Amitesh Grover's 'imageless photographs' occupy the crowded frame of text and memory |url=https://www.news9live.com/art-culture/amitesh-grovers-imageless-photographs-occupy-the-crowded-frame-of-text-and-memory-154607 |website=News9live }}</ref> and by Australia's Sydney-based [[4A Centre for Contemporary Asian Art]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=China Daily Lifestyle Premium |url=http://cdlifestylepremium.com/art2 |access-date=2023-07-17 |website=China Daily Lifestyle Premium |language=en-US}}</ref> He is the creator of India’s first cyber-theatre play THE LAST POET,<ref>{{cite web |title=A digital festival that responds to the times |url=https://lifestyle.livemint.com/how-to-lounge/art-culture/a-digital-festival-that-responds-to-the-times-111607046670560.html |website=Mint (newspaper) |language=en }}</ref> and India’s longest running billboard art VELOCITY PIECES.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Last Poet cyber theatre directed by Amitesh Grover |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/arts/review-the-last-poet-cyber-theatre-directed-by-amitesh-grover-written-by-sarah-mariam/cid/1803790 |website=The Telegraph |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=All the world a stage: Artist urges protest through KG Marg billboard in Delhi |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/all-the-world-a-stage-artist-urges-protest-through-kg-marg-billboard-in-delhi-6280349/ |access-date=2023-07-21 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=An artist nudges Delhi with verses on a billboard |url=https://lifestyle.livemint.com//news/big-story/an-artist-nudges-the-public-with-verses-on-a-billboard-111635953747868.html |access-date=2023-07-17 |website=Mintlounge |language=en}}</ref>

He was the artistic director for [[International Theatre Festival of Kerala]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Celebrating Otherness |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/celebrating-otherness-amitesh-grover-political-art-international-theatre-festival-of-kerala-itfok-theatre-play-6226806/|website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Ranga Shankara Festival (Bangalore),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ranga Shankara theatre festival opens on Oct 27 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/metrolife/metrolife-your-bond-with-bengaluru/ranga-shankara-theatre-festival-opens-on-oct-27-1042233.html |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> and Nove Writers’ Festival (Prague).

Currently, he is associate professor at the [[National School of Drama]] (India),<ref>{{cite web |last1=Nath |first1=Parshathy J. |title=I make the audience complicit in my art: Amitesh Grover |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/theatre/in-conversation-with-amitesh-grover-festival-director-of-the-international-theatre-festival-of-kerala/article30574810.ece |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN }}</ref> and visiting faculty at [[National Institute of Design, Ahmedabad|National Institute of Design]] (Ahmedabad), [[Shiv Nadar University]] (U.P.), and [[New York University Tisch School of the Arts|Tisch School of the Arts]] (NYU).<ref>{{cite web |title=All the web's a stage |url=https://www.theweek.in/theweek/leisure/2020/12/31/all-the-webs-a-stage.html |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref>

==Awards==
He is the recipient of MASH FICA New Media Award,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mash FICA New Media Grant |url=https://ficart.org/mash-fica-new-media-grant |access-date=2023-07-17 |website=The Foundation for Indian Contemporary Art |language=en-GB}}</ref> Prohelvetia South Asian Residency Award,<ref>{{Cite web |title=South Asian artists awarded residencies |url=https://prohelvetia.in/en/artists-in-residence/list-south-asian-artists-awarded-residencies/ |access-date=2023-07-17 |website=Pro Helvetia New Delhi |language=en-GB}}</ref> [[Ustad Bismillah Khan Yuva Puraskar|Bismillah Khan National Award]], Charles Wallace Award (U.K.)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amitesh's story |url=https://www.charleswallaceindiatrust.com/alumni-stories/amiteshs-story|website=Charles Wallace India Trust |language=en-US}}</ref> and was nominated for [[Arte Laguna Prize]] (Italy),<ref>{{Cite web |title=ARTE LAGUNA PRIZE 12th Edition by Arte Laguna Prize - Issuu |url=https://issuu.com/artelagunaprize/docs/artelagunaprize17.18 |access-date=2023-07-17 |website=issuu.com |language=en}}</ref> [[Prix Ars Electronica|Prix Ars Electronica (Austria)]] and Forecast Award (Germany).<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Project By Amitesh Grover – Forecast |url=https://forecast-platform.com/amitesh-grover-a-performapedia/ |access-date=2023-07-17 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Selected publications==
* Performance Making and the Archive, Ed. Ashutosh Potdar & Sharmistha Saha, ISBN 9780367195601, Routledge India, 2022
* Pandemic of Perspectives, Ed. Rimple Mehta, Sandali Thakur, Debaroti Chakraborty, ISBN 9781003320524, Routledge India
* Postdramatic Theatre and India, Ed. Ashis Sengupta, ISBN 9781350154094, Bloomsbury Publishing
* Why Curate Live Arts? TURBA, The Journal for Global Practices in Live Arts Curation, Ed. Dena Davida, ISSN: 2693–0129, Berghahn Journals, New York & Berlin
* ISSUE, Ed. Venka Purushothaman, ISSN: 2315–4802, LASALLE College of the Arts, Singapore
* Improvised Futures: Encountering the Body in Performance, Ed. Ranjana Dave, ISBN : 978-81-945348-2-2, Tullika Books
* Hakara, Ed. Ashutosh Potdar, ISSN 2581-9976
* Imaginable Worlds: Art, Crisis, and Global Futures, Ed. Orianna Cacchione, Nandita Jaishankar, and Arushi Vats, Smart Museum of Art, The University of Chicago
* A Voice, Under 35: The Murder of A Scene: The Indian Express

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Indian theatre directors]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the National School of Drama]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:National School of Drama alumni]]

Avtar Lit

2023-07-08T10:57:20Z

Bugbountystudio: Avtar Lit

{{Short description|British businessman (1950–2023)}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
'''Avtar Singh Lit''' (7 April 1950 – 27 June 2023) was a British businessman who was the owner and chairman of [[Sunrise Radio Group]]. He was listed by AIM magazine as one of the "20 most powerful [[British Asian|Asians in British media]]" in 2005, and was said to have amassed a big personal fortune.<ref name="asiansinmedia">{{cite web|url=http://www.asiansinmedia.org/top20/2005/14.php|publisher=asiansinmedia.org|title=asiansinmedia.org|accessdate=2017-02-24|archive-date=27 April 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050427181319/http://www.asiansinmedia.org/top20/2005/14.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> He was declared bankrupt by the High Court in 2014, having lost five companies which went into administration.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/notice/2113422|title = Avtar Lit | Bankruptcy Orders | the Gazette}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bizasialive.com/avtar-lit-declared-bankrupt-by-high-court/|title = Avtar Lit declared bankrupt by High Court|date = 9 April 2014}}</ref>

==Political ambitions==
Avtar Lit stood unsuccessfully as an Independent candidate for the [[Ealing Southall (UK Parliament constituency)|Ealing Southall]] [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|parliament]]ary constituency in the [[2001 United Kingdom general election|2001 General Election]], finishing third of nine candidates, with 12.3% of the vote.<ref>{{cite web |title=Parliamentary election results: Ealing Southall 2001 |url=https://www.ealing.gov.uk/info/201277/parliamentary_elections/590/parliamentary_election_results/19 |website=[[Ealing Council]] |access-date=9 January 2023}}</ref> Sunrise Radio carried extracts from an interview with him in advance of this, contrary to section 90(2)(b) of the [[Broadcasting Act]] 1990; the Radio Authority (now [[Ofcom]]) fined Sunrise Radio £10,000. Avtar Lit's son, Surinderpal Singh Lit, commonly known as [[Tony Lit]], stood, also unsuccessfully, as a candidate in the [[2007 Ealing Southall by-election]] as the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] candidate, also finishing third.<ref name="ofcom">{{cite web|url=http://www.ofcom.org.uk/static/archive/rau/newsroom/news-release/01/pr073.htm|publisher=ofcom.org.uk|title=Regulator archives - Ofcom – Radio Authority fines Sunrise Radio £10,000 (press release) |date=16 September 2016|accessdate=2017-02-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Parliamentary election results: Ealing Southall 2007 |url=https://www.ealing.gov.uk/info/201277/parliamentary_elections/590/parliamentary_election_results/14 |website=[[Ealing Council]] |access-date=9 January 2023}}</ref>

==Controversy==
In 2011, it was reported in ''The Guardian'' that £160,000 donated by Sunrise Radio listeners in support of victims of the [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami]] and [[2005 Kashmir earthquake]] was not spent on the victims as had been intended with the campaign, but "left dormant in a bank account for almost seven years", it being judged by the Charities Commission that although there was "no evidence to suggest that the funds were at risk of misapplication", the account's trustees "did not act appropriately", and had "failed to provide a sufficient satisfactory explanation or provide evidence to give reason for their delay". The money was subsequently given to two registered charities working in the affected areas. [[Virendra Sharma]], Labour MP for Ealing and Southall, demanded that an explanation be provided by the trustees. A spokesman for the [[Disasters Emergency Committee]], whilst supporting the trustees' "good intentions", observed that these were not enough and a "clear plan and procedures to ensure you will be able to spend the money you raise in a timely, effective and transparent fashion" were required in such circumstances.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/money/2011/oct/17/sunrise-radio-station-cash-disasters|title = Asian radio station left disaster relief cash in bank for seven years|website = [[TheGuardian.com]]|date = 17 October 2011}}</ref>

In 2007, Lit was embroiled in what [[Joan Ryan (politician)|Joan Ryan]], Labour MP and vice-chair, called "breathtaking and naked Tory opportunism" in the course of "[[David Cameron]]'s personal intervention to overrule local Tories and appoint a candidate"; ''The Guardian'' reported that Lit's son, Tony, Cameron's "star candidate" viewed as "a new type of Tory: young, successful, metropolitan" and who, it was hoped, would "deliver a blow to [[Gordon Brown]] by winning the contest", attended with his family a farewell dinner for [[Tony Blair]] at the cost of £4,800- spending an additional £4,000 in a bid for "a weekend trip to Atlanta, the highlight of which was two seats at a dinner with [[Hillary Clinton]]"- despite being announced as the Conservative candidate for the Ealing Southall by-election the next week. The Labour party released photographs of Lit and Blair, and made it known that the £4,000 bid had not been paid, questioning whether this was due to the fact that "the Lits wanted to avoid all this coming out in the run-up to the election".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2007/jul/15/uk.conservatives|title = The £4,800 cheque that tripped Cameron's man|website = [[TheGuardian.com]]|date = 14 July 2007}}</ref>

==Personal life and death==
Lit was born on 7 April 1950.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/officers/QQROHdQ7grZ4gt-8_tefFX2SQIY/appointments|title=Avtar Singh LIT personal appointments - Find and update company information - GOV.UK}}</ref> He lived in [[Osterley]], in a house estimated to be worth £2.5 million-<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/notice/2113422|title = Avtar Lit | Bankruptcy Orders | the Gazette}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.zoopla.co.uk/property/354-jersey-road/osterley/isleworth/tw7-5pl/24723497|title = Property details for 354 Jersey Road Isleworth TW7 5PL - Zoopla}}</ref> sold in 2022 for £3,650,000-<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.dbkestates.com/property-details/31896055/middlesex/osterley/jersey-road-2 | title=Jersey House, Jersey Road, Osterley, TW7, 7 bedroom, House - Detached }}</ref> and was a father of 5.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2007/jul/15/uk.conservatives|title = The £4,800 cheque that tripped Cameron's man|website = [[TheGuardian.com]]|date = 14 July 2007}}</ref>

Lit died on 27 June 2023, at the age of 73.<ref>[https://radiotoday.co.uk/2023/06/sunrise-radio-founder-and-chairman-avtar-lit-dies-aged-73/ Sunrise Radio founder and Chairman Avtar Lit dies aged 73]</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Avtar Lit, founder of Sunrise Radio, the world’s largest South Asian radio network – obituary |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/obituaries/2023/07/08/avtar-lit-sunrise-radio-parliament-southall-obituary/ |access-date=8 July 2023 |publisher=The Telegraph |date=8 July 2023}}</ref>

==References==
<references/>

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lit, Avtar}}
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:2023 deaths]]
[[Category:English Sikhs]]
[[Category:British people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Independent British political candidates]]
[[Category:People from Isleworth]]
[[Category:British radio executives]]
[[Category:British businesspeople of Indian descent]]

{{UK-business-bio-stub}}

2009 Indian Rajya Sabha elections

2023-01-21T20:12:45Z

Bugbountystudio: Finished writing a new addition.

#REDIRECT [[2009 Rajya Sabha elections]]

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Lodi dynasty

2022-02-18T21:28:22Z

Bugbountystudio: New article layout.

{{Short description|Rulers of the Delhi Sultanate in India, 1451–1526}}
{{For|the earlier Lodi dynasty that ruled the Emirate of Multan|Lodi dynasty of Multan}}

{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Infobox Former Country
| native_name =
| conventional_long_name = Lodi dynasty (Delhi Sultanate)
 سلسله لودی
| common_name = Lodi dynasty
| year_start = 1451
| year_end = 1526
| date_start =
| date_end =
| event_start =
| event_end =
| p1 = Sayyid dynasty
| image_p1 =
| p2 = Jaunpur Sultanate
| flag_p2 =
| s2 = Sur Empire
| flag_s2 =
| s1 = Mughal Empire
| flag_s1 =
| image_flag =
| image_coat =
| coa_size =
| image_map = File:Map of the Lodis.png
| image_map_caption = Map showing the territory under the Lodi dynasty.<ref>For a map of their territory see: {{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |page=147, map XIV.4 (d) |isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=186 |access-date=25 March 2021 |archive-date=25 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225003445/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=186 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| religion = [[Sunni Islam]]
| capital = [[Delhi]]
| government_type = [[Monarchy]]
| legislature =
| title_leader = [[Sultan]]
| leader1 = [[Bahlol Lodi]] {{small|(first)}}
| year_leader2 = 1489–1517
| leader2 = [[Sikander Lodi]] {{small|(2nd)}}
| year_leader3 = 1517–1526
| leader3 = [[Ibrahim Lodi]] {{small|(last)}}
| year_leader1 = 1451–1489
| year_deputy1 =
| common_languages = [[Persian language|Persian]] {{small|(court, revenue records)}}{{sfn|Owen|Pollock|2018|p=174}}{{sfn|Dale|2020|page=67}} [[Old Hindi|Hindavi]]{{sfn|Owen|Pollock|2018|p=174}}
| currency =
}}
The '''Lodi dynasty''' ({{lang-fa|سلسله لودی}}) was a dynasty that ruled the [[Delhi Sultanate]] from 1451 to 1526.{{sfn|Bosworth|1996|p=304}} It was the fifth and final dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate, and was founded by [[Bahlul Khan Lodi]] when he replaced the [[Sayyid dynasty]].<ref name="sen2">{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra |title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |publisher=Primus Books |year=2013 |isbn=978-9-38060-734-4 |pages=122–125}}</ref>

==Bahlul Lodi==
{{Main|Bahlul Lodi}}
Following the reign of the Sayyids, the [[Pashtun people|Afghan]]{{sfn|Bosworth|1996|p=304}} or Turco-Afghan{{sfn|Grewal|1990|p=9}}{{efn|Herbert Hartel calls the Lodi sultans Turco-Afghan: ''"The Turco-Afghan sultans of the Lodi Dynasty..."''.{{sfn|Hartel|1997|p=261}}}} Lodi dynasty gained the sultanate. Bahlul Khan Lodi ({{reign|1451|1489}}) was the nephew and son-in-law of Malik Sultan Shah Lodi, the governor of [[Sirhind]] in ([[Punjab region|Punjab]]), India and succeeded him as the governor of Sirhind during the reign of Sayyid dynasty ruler [[Muhammad Shah (Sayyid dynasty)|Muhammad Shah]]. Muhammad Shah raised him to the status of a Tarun-Bin-Sultan. He was the most powerful of the Punjab chiefs and a vigorous leader, holding together a loose confederacy of Afghan and Turkish chiefs with his strong personality. He reduced the turbulent chiefs of the provinces to submission and infused some vigour into the government.

After the last Sayyid ruler of [[Delhi]], [[Alam Shah|Alauddin Alam Shah]] voluntarily abdicated in favour of him, Bahlul Khan Lodi ascended the throne of the Delhi sultanate on 19 April 1451.<ref>Mahajan, V.D. (1991, reprint 2007). ''History of Medieval India'', Part I, New Delhi: S. Chand, {{ISBN|81-219-0364-5}}, p. 244</ref> The most important event of his reign was the conquest of the [[Jaunpur Sultanate]]. Bahlul spent most of his time in fighting against the [[Sharqi dynasty]] of the Jaunpur Sultanate and ultimately annexed it. He placed his eldest surviving son Barbak on the throne of [[Jaunpur Sultanate|Jaunpur]] in 1486. The Sharqis remained in control of Bihar, from which they re-occupied Jaunpur, but were again repulsed to Bihar.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=jNSNDwAAQBAJ&dq=sharqi+reoccupied+jaunpur&pg=PT173 |title= The Sultanate of Delhi (1206–1526) |author= Aniruddha Ray |isbn= 9781000007299 |access-date= 10 February 2023 |archive-date= 19 March 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230319093909/https://www.google.ca/books/edition/The_Sultanate_of_Delhi_1206_1526/jNSNDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=sharqi+reoccupied+jaunpur&pg=PT173&printsec=frontcover |url-status= live }}</ref>

==Sikandar Khan Lodi==
{{Main|Sikandar Lodi}}
{{Annotated image
| image=Map_of_the_Lodis.png
| width=250 
| image-width = 250 | image-left=0 | image-top=0| float = left
| annotations =
{{Annotation|116|54|[[File:Rectangle (plain).svg|70px]]}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|134|103|[[Jaunpur Sultanate|'''JAUNPUR SULTANATE''']]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=6|color=#000000}}
|caption=[[Sikandar Lodi]] finished the conquest of the [[Jaunpur Sultanate]] (Sharqis dynasty) in 1479.
}}
[[File:Sikandar_Lodi's_tomb_sunset.JPG|thumb|upright=1.5|The [[Tomb of Sikandar Lodi]].]]
Sikandar Khan Lodi ({{reign|1489|1517}}) (born Nizam Khan), the second son of Bahlul, succeeded him after his death on 17 July 1489 and took up the title ''Sikandar Shah''.
His father nominated him as his successor and he was crowned sultan on 15 July 1489. He founded [[Agra]] in 1504 and built mosques. He shifted the capital from Delhi to Agra.<ref>Mahajan, V.D. (1991, reprint 2007). ''History of Medieval India'', Part I, New Delhi: S. Chand, {{ISBN|81-219-0364-5}}, p.256</ref> He patronized trade and commerce. He was a reputed poet, composing under Guru's pen name.{{what|Guru's pen name?}} He was also a patron of learning and ordered translations of [[Sanskrit]] works in medicine into Persian.<ref>Prof K.Ali (1950, reprint 2006)"A new history of Indo-Pakistan" Part 1, p.311</ref> He curbed the individualistic tendencies of his Pashtun nobles and compelled them to submit their accounts to a state audit. He was thus able to infuse vigour and discipline in the administration. His greatest achievement was the conquest and annexation of [[Bihar]] from the Sharqis.<ref>Srivastava, A.L (1966). The Sultanate of Delhi (711 - 1526 A.D), Agra: Shiva Lal Agarwala and Company, p. 245</ref>

During conflict and peace, Sikandar felt the urge to destroy temples.{{sfn|Grewal|1990|p=10}} He also forbade the yearly procession of the famed Muslim martyr Masud Salar's spear,{{sfn|Grewal|1990|p=10}} while forbidding Muslim women from venerating mausoleums of Muslim saints.{{sfn|Grewal|1990|p=10}} Sikander allowed the execution of a [[Brahman]], who had held the equal accuracy of his faith compared to Islam.{{sfn|Grewal|1990|p=10}}

==Ibrahim Lodi==
[[File:Malwa Sultanate coinage of Mahmud Shah II (1510-1531 CE) in the name of Ibrahim Shah Lodi Sultan of Dehli, dated AH 927 (1520-1 CE).jpg|thumb|Coinage of Mahmud Shah II (1510-1531 CE) of the [[Malwa Sultanate]], in the name of Ibrahim Lodi, Sultan of Dehli, dated 1520-1 CE.]]
{{Main|Ibrahim Lodi}}
Ibrahim Khan Lodi ({{reign|1517|1526}}), the eldest son of Sikandar, was the last Lodi Sultan of Delhi.<ref name="sardesai146">{{cite book |first=D. R. |last=SarDesai |title=India The Definitive History |publisher=Westview Press |year=2008 |page=146 |isbn=978-0-81334-352-5}}</ref> He had the qualities of an excellent warrior, but he was rash and impolitic in his decisions and actions. His attempt at royal absolutism was premature and his policy of sheer repression unaccompanied by measures to strengthen the administration and increase the military resources was sure to prove a failure.{{citation needed}}

Ibrahim faced numerous rebellions and kept out the opposition for almost a decade. He was engaged in warfare with the Afghans and the [[Timurid Empire]] for most of his reign and died trying to keep the Lodi dynasty from annihilation. Ibrahim was defeated in 1526 at the [[Battle of Panipat (1526)|Battle of Panipat]].<ref name="sardesai146"/> This marked the end of the Lodi dynasty and the rise of the Mughal Empire in India led by [[Babur]] ({{reign|1526|1530}}).<ref name="sardesai162">{{cite book |first=D. R. |last=SarDesai |title=India The Definitive History |publisher=Westview Press |year=2008 |page=162 |isbn=978-0-81334-352-5}}</ref>

==Fall of the empire==
{{South Asia in 1525 CE||Location of the Delhi Sultante and neighbouring polities, circa 1525 CE, on the eve of the establishment of the [[Mughal Empire]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |page=39, 147 |isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=076 |access-date=21 April 2022 |archive-date=6 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220206065341/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=076 |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
By the time Ibrahim ascended the throne, the political structure in the Lodi dynasty had dissolved due to abandoned trade routes and the depleted treasury. The [[Deccan]] was a coastal trade route, but in the late fifteenth century the supply lines had collapsed. The decline and eventual failure of this specific trade route resulted in cutting off supplies from the coast to the interior, where the Lodi empire resided. The Lodi dynasty was not able to protect itself if warfare were to break out on the trade route roads; therefore, they didn't use those trade routes, thus their trade declined and so did their treasury leaving them vulnerable to internal political problems.<ref name="richards">{{cite journal |last=Richards |first=John F. |author-link=John F. Richards |title=The Economic History of the Lodi Period: 1451-1526 |journal=Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=47–67 |jstor=3596342 |doi=10.1163/156852065X00020 }}</ref>

In order to take revenge of the insults done by Ibrahim, the governor of Lahore, [[Daulat Khan Lodi]] asked the [[Timurid Empire|Timurid]] ruler of [[Kabul]], [[Babur]] to invade his kingdom.{{sfn|Hartel|1997|p=261}} Ibrahim Lodi was thereafter killed in a battle with Babur, at the [[Battle of Panipat (1526)]]. With the death of Ibrahim Lodi, the Lodi dynasty also came to an end, leading to the establishment of the [[Mughal Empire]] in the subcontinent.{{sfn|Hartel|1997|p=261}}

==Afghan factionalism==

Another problem Ibrahim faced when he ascended the throne in 1517 were the [[Pashtun people|Pashtun]] nobles, some of whom supported Ibrahim's older brother, [[Jalaluddin Lodi|Jalaluddin]], in taking up arms against his brother in the area in the east at [[Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh|Jaunpur]]. Ibrahim gathered military support and defeated his brother by the end of the year. After this incident, he arrested those Pashtun nobles who opposed him and appointed his own men as the new administrators. Other Pashtun nobles supported the governor of [[Bihar]], [[Dariya Khan]], against Ibrahim.<ref name="richards"/>

Another factor that caused uprisings against Ibrahim was his lack of an apparent successor. His own uncle, Alam Khan, betrayed Ibrahim by supporting the Mughal invader Babur.<ref name="sardesai146"/>

==Rajput invasions and internal rebellions==
[[Rana Sanga]], the [[Rajput]] leader of [[Mewar]] ({{reign|1509|1526}}), extended his kingdom, defeated the Lodi king of Delhi and was acknowledged by all the Rajput clans as the leading prince of Rajputana. [[Daulat Khan]], the governor of Punjab region asked Babur to invade the Lodi kingdom, with the thought of taking revenge from Ibrahim Lodi. Rana Sanga also offered his support to Babur to defeat Ibrahim Lodi.<ref name="richards"/>

==Battle of Panipat, 1526==
{{Main|Battle of Panipat (1526)}}
[[File:The battle of Panipat and the death of Sultan Ibrāhīm, the last of the Lōdī Sultans of Delhi.jpg|thumb|The [[First Battle of Panipat|Battle of Panipat]] and the death of Sultan [[Ibrahim Lodhi|Ibrāhīm]].]]
After being assured of the cooperation of Alam Khan and [[Daulat Khan]], Governor of the Punjab, Babur gathered his army. Upon entering the Punjab plains, Babur's chief allies, namely Langar Khan Niazi advised Babur to engage the powerful Janjua Rajputs to join his conquest. The tribe's rebellious stance to the throne of Delhi was well known. Upon meeting their chiefs, Malik Hast (Asad) and Raja Sanghar Khan, Babur made mention of the Janjua's popularity as traditional rulers of their kingdom and their ancestral support for his patriarch Emir Timur during his conquest of Hind. Babur aided them in defeating their enemies, the Gakhars in 1521, thus cementing their alliance. Babur employed them as Generals in his campaign for Delhi, the conquest of Rana Sanga and the conquest of India.{{citation needed}}

The new usage of guns allowed small armies to make large gains on enemy territory. Small parties of skirmishers who had been dispatched simply to test enemy positions and tactics, were making inroads into India. Babur, however, had survived two revolts, one in [[Kandahar]] and another in [[Kabul]], and was careful to pacify the local population after victories, following local traditions and aiding widows and orphans.{{citation needed}}

Despite both being [[Sunni Muslim]]s, Babur wanted Ibrahim's power and territory.<ref name="sardesai162"/> Babur and his army of 24,000 men marched to the battlefield at Panipat armed with muskets and artillery. Ibrahim prepared for battle by gathering 100,000 man (well-armed but with no guns) and 1,000 elephants. Ibrahim was at a disadvantage because of his outmoded infantry and internecine rivalries. Even though he had more men, he had never fought in a war against gunpowder weapons and he did not know what to do strategically. Babur pressed his advantage from the start and Ibrahim perished on the battlefield in April 1526, along with 20,000 of his men.<ref name="sardesai146"/>

==Accession of Babur and the Mughals==

After Ibrahim's death, Babur named himself emperor over Ibrahim's territory, instead of placing Alam Khan (Ibrahim's uncle) on the throne. Ibrahim's death marked the end of the Lodi dynasty and led to the establishment of the Mughal Empire in India. The remaining Lodi territories were absorbed into the new Mughal Empire. Babur continued to engage in military campaigns.<ref>{{cite book |first=D. R. |last=SarDesai |title=India The Definitive History |publisher=Westview Press |year=2008 |page=163 |isbn=978-0-81334-352-5}}</ref>

==Mahmud Lodi==
Ibrahim Lodi's brother, Mahmud Lodi, declared himself Sultan and continued to resist Mughal forces. He provided around 4,000 Afghan soldiers to [[Rana Sanga]] in the [[Battle of Khanwa]] in 1527.{{sfn|Sharma|1954|pp=34}} After that defeat, Mahmud Lodi fled eastwards and again posed a challenge to Babur two years later at the [[Battle of Ghaghra]] in 1529.

== Religion and architecture==
[[File:Bara_Gumbad_and_Bara_Gumbad_Masjid.JPG|thumb|350px|The [[Bara Gumbad]] in [[Lodhi Gardens]] in [[Delhi]], India. Built in 1490 CE, probably by [[Sikandar Lodhi]], it is believed to have the earliest constructed full dome of any building in Delhi.]]
Like their predecessors, the Lodhi sultans stylized themselves as the deputies of the [[Abbasid Caliphate|Abbasid Caliphs]], and thus acknowledged the authority of a united Caliphate over the [[Muslim world]]. They provided cash stipends and granted revenue-free lands (including entire villages) to the Muslim [[ulama]], the [[Sufism|Sufi]] ''shaikhs'', the claimed descendants of [[Muhammad]], and to the members of his [[Quraysh]] tribe.<ref name="JSGrewal_Sikhs">{{cite book |author=J. S. Grewal |title=The Sikhs of the Punjab |edition=Revised |series=The New Cambridge History of India |url=https://archive.org/details/sikhsofpunjab0000grew |url-access=registration |year=1998 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-63764-0 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/sikhsofpunjab0000grew/page/9 9]-11 }}</ref>

The Muslim subjects of the Lodis were required to pay the [[zakat]] tax for religious merit, and the non-Muslims were required to pay the [[jizya]] tax for receiving state protection. In some parts of the Sultanate, the Hindus were required to pay an additional pilgrimage tax. Nevertheless, several Hindu officers formed a part of the Sultanate's revenue administration.<ref name="JSGrewal_Sikhs"/>

[[Sikandar Lodi]], whose mother was a Hindu, resorted to strong [[Sunni]] orthodoxy to prove his Islamic credentials as a political expediency. He destroyed Hindu temples, and under the pressure from the [[ulama]], allowed the execution of a [[Brahmin|Brahman]] who declared Hinduism to be as veracious as Islam. He also banned women from visiting the [[mazar (mausoleum)|mazars]] (mausoleums) of Muslim saints, and banned the annual procession of the spear of the legendary Muslim martyr [[Ghazi Saiyyad Salar Masud|Salar Masud]]. He also established [[sharia]] courts in several towns with significant Muslim population, enabling the [[qazi]]s to administer the Islamic law to Muslim as well as non-Muslim subjects.<ref name="JSGrewal_Sikhs"/>

<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px" perrow="4">
File:Shish_Gumbad,_Lodhi_Gardens,_Delhi.JPG|The [[Shish Gumbad]], a [[tomb]] from the [[Lodhi dynasty]] built between 1489 and 1517 [[Common Era|CE]].<ref name="Unknown Tomb">{{cite news|title=Unknown Tomb|publisher=competentauthoritydelhi.co.in|access-date=15 October 2015|url=http://competentauthoritydelhi.co.in/MonumentViewer.aspx?ID=16|archive-date=25 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325154320/http://www.competentauthoritydelhi.co.in/MonumentViewer.aspx?ID=16|url-status=live}}</ref>
File:Rajon_ki_Baoli's_baoli.jpg|right|The [[Rajon ki Baoli]] stepwell was built by [[Sikandar Lodi]] in 1516.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sahai |first1=Surendra |title=Indian Architecture: Islamic Period, 1192-1857 |publisher=Prakash Books, India |isbn=978-81-7234-057-5 |page=37 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pUnqAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA37 |language=en |quote="Rajon ki baoli ( 1516 ) is one of the major public welfare projects of Sikandar Lodi ." |access-date=14 May 2022 |archive-date=19 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319093909/https://books.google.com/books?id=pUnqAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA37 |url-status=live }}</ref>
File:Lodhi Gardens Tombs 111.jpg|[[Lodhi Gardens]] tombs
File:Another view of tomb.jpg|[[Tomb of Ibrahim Lodi]], last ruler of the Lodi dynasty.
</gallery>

==See also==
{{Delhi Sultanate|Lodi}}
* [[Lodi (Pashtun tribe)]]
* [[Lodi Gardens]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
*{{cite book |title=The New Islamic Dynasties |first=Clifford Edmund |last=Bosworth |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=1996 }}
*{{cite book |last1=Dale |first1=Stephen Frederic |author1-link=Stephen Dale |editor1-last=Peacock |editor1-first=A.C.S. |editor2-last=McClary |editor2-first=Richard Piran |editor1-link=A. C. S. Peacock |title=Turkish History and Culture in India: Identity, Art and Transregional Connections |publisher=Brill |page=74-75 |chapter=Turks, Turks and türk Turks: Anatolia, Iran and India in Comparative Perspective|quote=Persian became, ipso facto, the language of his [Babur's] administration, if for no other reason than that the Lodi Afghans had used it – and definitely not Pushtu – for their revenue records.}}
*{{cite journal |last=Desoulieres |first=Alain |title=Mughal Diplomacy in Gujarat (1533–1534) in Correia's 'Lendas da India' |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=22 |issue=3 |page=454 |jstor=312590 |doi=10.1017/s0026749x00009616|year=1988 |s2cid=145789251 }}
*{{cite book |title=The New Cambridge History of India |volume=II. 3: The Sikhs of the Punjab |first=J. S. |last=Grewal |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1990 }}
*{{cite journal |last=Haider |first=Najaf |title=Precious Metal Flows and Currency Circulation in the Mughal Empire |journal=Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient |volume=39 |issue=3 |year=1996 |pages=298–364 |jstor=3632649 |doi=10.1163/1568520962601180}}
*{{cite book |chapter=India under the Moghol Empire |first=Herbert |last=Hartel |title=The Last Great Muslim Empires |editor-first1=H. J. |editor-last1=Kissling |editor-first2=N. |editor-last2=Barbour |editor-first3=Bertold |editor-last3=Spuler |editor-first4=J. S. |editor-last4=Trimingham |editor-first5=F. R. C. |editor-last5=Bagley |year=1997|publisher=Brill |isbn=90-04-02104-3|pages=262–263|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-AznJs58wtkC&pg=PA262|access-date=20 July 2011}}
* {{Cite book|first=Gopinath |last=Sharma|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jIs9AAAAMAAJ|title=Mewar & the Mughal Emperors (1526-1707 A.D.)|publisher=S.L. Agarwala|language=en}}
*{{cite journal |last=Subrahmanyam |first=Sanjay |title=A Note on the Rise of Surat in the Sixteenth Century |journal=Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient |volume=43 |issue=1 |year=2000 |pages=23–33 |jstor=3632771 |doi=10.1163/156852000511222}}
*{{cite journal |last=Ud-Din |first=Hameed |title=Historians of Afghan Rule in India |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume=82 |issue=1 |pages=44–51 |jstor=595978 |doi=10.2307/595978 }}
*{{cite book |chapter=Sorting out Babel: Literature and Its Changing Language |first1=Stephen |last1=Owen |first2=Sheldon |last2=Pollock |title=What China and India Once Were: The Pasts That May Shape the Global Future |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=2018 |editor-first1=Benjamin |editor-last1=Elman |editor-first2=Sheldon |editor-last2=Pollock |quote=In the case of the Lodi dynasty that preceded the Mughals, the semi-official language was called Hindavi, an early form of today’s Hindi. Persian too was in many ways an elite idiom in its Indian embodiment. Despite pervading much of everyday language in north India at the level of vocabulary (by a process still unclear to scholars; the penetration of the bureaucracy has been suggested), its use was essentially literary, as a code of courtiers and religious professionals; Persian was hardly more of an everyday language than Sanskrit. }}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20141027035001/http://persian.packhum.org/persian/search?q=Lodhi A History of Sind, Volume II, Translated from Persian Books by Mirza Kalichbeg Fredunbeg, chpt. 68]
*[http://www.zeno.ru/showgallery.php?cat=6709 Coin Gallery - Lodhi dynasty]

{{Pashtun}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lodi dynasty}}
[[Category:Lodi dynasty| ]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1451]]
[[Category:15th century in India]]
[[Category:Delhi Sultanate]]

Chief Secretary (India)

2022-02-03T09:23:44Z

Bugbountystudio: Shared a valuable publication.

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Nationalisation

2022-01-03T10:54:52Z

Bugbountystudio: Created an influential manuscript.

#REDIRECT [[Nationalization]]

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Draft:The Drunken Idiots Film

2021-05-29T08:57:02Z

Bugbountystudio: Created page with " '''The Drunken Idiots'''<ref>https://mubi.com/films/the-drunken-idiots</ref> is an 2021 animated short film written and directed by '''Abilash.V.L''' and '''Abhishek.R.S'''...."

'''The Drunken Idiots'''<ref>https://mubi.com/films/the-drunken-idiots</ref> is an 2021 animated short film written and directed by '''Abilash.V.L''' and '''Abhishek.R.S'''.The film was released on Vimeo and Youtube on 5 April 2021<ref>https://flipboard.com/article/https%3A%2F%2Fwww.issuewire.com%2Fthe-drunken-idiots-short-animation-movie-directed-by-abilashvl-1699258473043012</ref>.

== Plot ==
The story begins in a desert like area where a person,intoxicated by alcohol is sitting their because of dizziness.At that time;a stranger,who was walking past that drunken person immediately saw the bottle of alcohol and got excited.Their begins the main funny part of the story<ref>https://www.imdb.com/title/tt14391384/</ref>.

== References ==