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Orijit Sen

2026-05-05T02:30:05Z

Budhu: starting a data basic info

{{Short description|Indian graphic artist (born 1963)}}
{{BLP sources|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox person
| name = 
| image = Orijit-Sen-Oct-2015.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Sen in 2015
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1963}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = Graphic artist, designer, professor
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works = ''[[River of Stories]]''
}}

'''Orijit Sen''' (born 1963) is an [[People of India|Indian]] [[graphic artist]] and [[designer]]. His graphic novel ''[[River of Stories]]'', published in 1994 by [[Kalpavriksh]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pages.citebite.com/o4p6x7p8m4wwi |title=Books Out Of Print Environment and Development |publisher=Kalpavriksh |access-date=12 October 2015}}</ref> is considered as the first graphic novel of India. He co-founded People Tree<ref>{{cite web |url=http://peopletreeonline.com/home.html |title=People Tree - a meeting ground – and of course, breeding ground too – of art, commerce and madness |access-date=12 October 2015}}</ref> in 1990 as a "collaborative studio and store for artists, designers, and craftspeople." He is one of the founders of "The Pao Collective"<ref>{{cite web |url=https://paocollective.wordpress.com/ |title=The Pao Collective |access-date=12 October 2015}}</ref> of comic book artists. He is Mario Miranda Chair visiting professor at Goa University.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unigoa.ac.in/vrpp/orjit |title=Visiting Research Professors Programme, Goa University |access-date=12 October 2015}}</ref> His diverse works, which include public art works, have been exhibited in India, England, Russia, France, Japan, Canada, and various other countries.

==Biography==
Orijit Sen studied at the [[National Institute of Design]] (NID), [[Ahmedabad]] in the 1980s. He recalled that "I read whatever [[underground comics]] I could get my hands on. These included [[Robert Crumb]] and [[Art Spiegelman]]. I was blown away by Spiegelman’s ''[[Maus]]''."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.platform-mag.com/design/orijit-sen.html |title=Interview with Orijit Sen |access-date=12 October 2015}}</ref> In his words, ''Maus'' validated his artistic convictions and inspired him to pursue drawing and making comics.

After leaving NID Ahmedabad, Sen got involved with the [[Narmada Bachao Andolan]] and worked closely with the activists and the displaced [[adivasis]]. With the help of a grant from the non-profit organisation [[Kalpavriksh]], Sen created India's first graphic novel, ''[[River of Stories]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://kindlemag.in/river-stories/ |title=River of Stories: A Backlisting column by Mondipa Mondal |publisher=KINDLE |access-date=12 October 2015}}</ref>

Sen faced a tough time trying to find readers for ''[[River of Stories]]''. Many "bookshops refused to stock it as it didn’t fit into any of the categories that they displayed"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://kyoorius.com/2014/01/story-boxes-orijit-sen/ |title=Story Boxes: Orjit Sen by Payal Khandelwal |publisher=Kyoorius |access-date=12 October 2015}}</ref> and Sen was compelled to stock it at his studio and shop People Tree. ''River of Stories'' was long out of print. However, in the last decade in India, a loyal and serious readership of graphic novels and comic books has been developing gradually, and in 2022 [[Blaft Publications]] released a new edition of ''River of Stories'', with a foreword by [[Arundhati Roy]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/opinion/from-the-holy-river-a-story-of-human-tragedy-and-state-callousness-101622195291922.html |last=Rego|first=Natasha|publisher=Hindustan Times|date=October 7, 2022 |access-date=October 12, 2022|title=Quick on the Draw}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/leisure/story/20230109-orijit-sens-river-of-stories-after-the-flood-2315452-2022-12-30 |last=Padmanabhan |first=Manjula |title= Orijit Sen's River of Stories {{!}} After the flood |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref>

Sen created ''Telling Tales'' for over two years for ''India Magazine''. He worked on the illustration for ''Trash!: On Ragpicker Children and Recycling'' (2004). He collaborated with Manipuri artists to create ''IMUNG: Manipur Home Care Handbook'', a guide for HIV and AIDS healthcare in Manipur. He put together a set of comics for the [[National Council of Educational Research and Training]] (NCERT), India.

Sen is creating the visual identity of the first ever India-Palestine theatre collaboration ''Freedom Jatha''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/indo-palestine-theatre-collaboration-to-come-alive-this-winter-115082000924_1.html |title=Indo-Palestine theatre collaboration to come alive this winter |newspaper=Business Standard |access-date=12 October 2015}}</ref> between [[Jana Natya Manch]] (Janam), Delhi, India and [[The Freedom Theatre]], Jenin, Palestine; he's designed five original Freedom Jatha artworks. Sen's collaboration with Janam dates back to 1992 when he first designed the set, poster, and brochure for the production of [[Govind Purushottam Deshpande]]'s ''Satyashodhak'' on the life and times of [[Jyotirao Phule]]. The Janam logo is also a 2007 creation by Sen.

==Projects==

'''The Pao Collective''' - Sen is one of the five founders of The Pao Collective. Founded in 2009, the collective aims to "support comics as a medium and a culture in India. Originally, they imagined establishing an outpost of sorts for comics culture in Delhi, from which they could reach out to and support creators in other cities and areas around the country."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://greatbearcomics.wordpress.com/2013/12/13/a-bit-more-research-a-history-of-the-pao-collective/ |title=A History of The Pao Collective |access-date=12 October 2015}}</ref> ''PAO: the Anthology of Comics Volume 1'', published by [[Penguin India]] in 2012, won the 2nd Comic Con India Awards 2012 in the Best Graphic Anthology category.

'''A Place In Punjab''' - 7 storey-high<ref>{{cite web |url=http://jugnistyle.com/culture/master-muralist-graphic-novelist-orijit-sen-interprets-komagata-maru/ |title=Master Muralist + Graphic Novelist Orijit Sen Interprets Komagata Maru |access-date=12 October 2015}}</ref> "walk-through mural experience" that takes the visitor through sights and insights of Punjabi life <ref>{{cite web |url=https://in.lifestyle.yahoo.com/photos/the-magic-realism-of-punjab-slideshow/ |title=The Magic Realism of Punjab |access-date=12 October 2015}}</ref> at the [[Virasat-e-Khalsa]] in [[Anandpur Sahib]], [[Punjab]]. Sen conceived this mural project and worked with 13 collaborators to execute it. It opened in November 2011. The multimedia museum [[Virasat-e-Khalsa]] in which Sen's mural creation<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.straight.com/life/676231/graphic-novelist-orijit-sen-tells-big-stories |title=Graphic novelist Orijit Sen tells big stories by John Lucas |access-date=12 October 2015}}</ref> is located was designed by renowned Boston-based architect [[Moshe Safdie]].

'''Mapping Mapusa Market'''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mapusamarket.net/ |title=Mapping Mapusa Market |access-date=12 October 2015 |archive-date=21 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221152521/http://www.mapusamarket.net/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> - As the Mario Miranda Chair visiting professor at Goa University, Sen initiated Mapping Mapusa Market. It brings together "artists, designers, writers, teachers, students and interested members of the public to explore and document the complex life of the Mapusa Market in Goa from a variety of perspectives- illustrations, photographs, videos and interviews. The project looked at how a historical market evolved and how it is coping with the challenges of globalisation, consumerism and supermarket and mall culture".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.britishcouncil.in/events/mapping-mapusa-market-illustrated-talk-orijit-sen |title=Mapping Mapusa Market-Illustrated talk by Orijit Sen |access-date=12 October 2015}}</ref>

== Awards ==
''PAO: The Anthology Of Comics 1'' by [[Penguin Books]] [[India]] won the 2nd Comic Con India Awards 2012<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiainfoline.com/article/news/2nd-annual-comic-con-india-awards-honors-the-comics-industry-of-india-5613267506_1.html |title=2nd Annual Comic Con India Awards honors the Comics Industry of India |publisher=IIFL |access-date=12 October 2015}}</ref> in the Best Graphic Anthology category.

==Exhibitions==
*2015 ''The Disappearing Tiger'',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vam.ac.uk/blog/fabric-of-india/the-disappearing-tiger |title=The Disappearing Tiger at The Fabric of India exhibition at the Victoria and Albert Museum, London |access-date=12 October 2015}}</ref> a T-shirt designed by Sen, featured in ''"The Fabric of India"''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/exhibitions/the-fabric-of-india/ |title=The Fabric of India exhibition at the Victoria and Albert Museum, London |access-date=12 October 2015}}</ref> exhibition at the [[Victoria and Albert Museum]], London.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/exhibitions/the-fabric-of-india/ |title=The Fabric of India exhibition at the Victoria and Albert Museum, London |access-date=12 October 2015}}</ref>
*2015 ''From Punjab, with Love'' at Surrey Art Gallery, North Surrey, Canada - a digital reproduction of Sen's famous 75-metre-long fibreglass and acrylic mural at the Moshe Safdie designed Virasat-e-Khalsa Museum in Anandpur Sahib, India<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.surrey.ca/culture-recreation/16447.aspx |title=Public Talk on Orijit Sen's mural, from Punjab, with Love and Publication Launch|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150414051122/https://www.surrey.ca/culture-recreation/16447.aspx|archive-date=14 Apr 2015|date=March 21, 2015|access-date=12 October 2015|website=City of Surrey}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Orijit Sen: From Punjab, with Love|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429043545/http://www.surrey.ca/culture-recreation/16174.aspx|url=http://www.surrey.ca/culture-recreation/16174.aspx|archive-date=29 Apr 2015|date=2015|website=City of Surrey}}</ref>
* 2014 ''Imposters'' — an exhibition of screen printed posters at Galleryske, [[Bengaluru, India]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/lounge/Pretend-posters/articleshow/35958533.cms |title=Pretend Posters |access-date=12 October 2015|date=June 2, 2014| first=Jayanthi |last=Madhukar|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]}}</ref>
*2012 ''A Place In Punjab''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://galleryske.com/FourProjects2012/ArtistStatements.html |title=A Place in Punjab |access-date=12 October 2015}}</ref> at Galleryske, [[Bengaluru, India]]

==Bibliography==
*''[[River of Stories]]'' (Kalpavriksh, 1994)
*''Telling Tales'', a column for ''India Magazine''
* Illustration work for ''Trash!: On Ragpicker Children and Recycling'' (2004)
*''IMUNG: Manipur Home Care Handbook'', a guide for HIV and AIDS healthcare in Manipur
*''Hair Burns Like Grass''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.openthemagazine.com/article/photographic/hair-burns-like-grass |title=Hair Burns Like Grass An excerpt from 'Pao: The Anthology of Comics' |publisher=OpenMagazine |access-date= 12 October 2015}}</ref> (in ''PAO: The Anthology Of Comics 1'' by Penguin Books, India, 2012)
*''Emerald Apsara'' (in ''The Obliterary Journal'' by Blaft Publications, 2012 {{ISBN|9789383260799}})
*''A Travancore Tale''<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-01-16|title=The Story of Nangeli » RAIOT|url=https://raiot.in/the-story-of-nangeli/|access-date=2021-03-13|website=RAIOT|language=en-US}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://paocollective.wordpress.com/ The Pao Collective]
*[https://kalpavriksh.org/ Kalpavriksh]
*[http://graphicshelf.com/interview-orijit-sen/ “I don’t think you can be an artist if life gets handed to you on a platter”] - in conversation with Orijit Sen on GraphicShelf

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sen, Orijit}}
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian graphic designers]]
[[Category:National Institute of Design alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian designers]]

Pakabetbari Assembly constituency

2026-05-04T08:17:14Z

Budhu: starting the details needs work.

{{short description|Assembly constituency of Assam}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian state legislative Assembly constituency
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 25
| map_image = Pakabetbari Assembly constituency map.svg
| name = Pakabetbari
| mla =
| party =
| latest_election_year =
| state = [[Assam]]
| division = [[Lower Assam division|Lower Assam]]
| district = [[Barpeta district|Barpeta]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Barpeta Lok Sabha constituency|Barpeta]]
| established = 2023
| reservation = None
}}

'''Pakabetbari Assembly constituency''' is one of the 126 assembly constituencies of the [[Assam Legislative Assembly]] in [[India]]. This constituency forms part of [[Barpeta Lok Sabha constituency]]. It was newly formed in 2023.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/Documents/Delimitation/DELIMITATIONASSAM_UPDATED.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies of State of Assam|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date = 2025-11-28}}</ref>

==Election Results==

=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Pakatbetbari}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Tara Prasad Das|party=Asom Gana Parishad|votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= Jakir Hussain Sikdar|party=Indian National Congress |votes= 2462 |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= MINAKSHI RAHMAN|party=All India United Democratic Front |votes= 158007 |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box turnout |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage= }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=|loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Assam}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Assam]]
[[Category:Politics of Assam]]
[[Category:Barpeta district]]
[[Category:2023 establishments in Assam]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2023]]

Chandannagar

2026-05-02T03:10:37Z

Budhu: improve details to improve readability per standard format

{{Use Indian English|date=October 2020}}
{{Redirect|Chandernagor|the French politician|André Chandernagor|the French writer|Françoise Chandernagor}}{{more citations needed|date=August 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Chandannagar
| official_name =
| other_name = Chandernagore
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage|position=center
| photo1a = Sacred Heart Church - Chandan Nagar - Hooghly - 2013-05-19 7893-7894.JPG
| photo2a = Dourgachorone Roquitte Souvenir - Strand Road - Chandan Nagar - Hooghly - 2013-05-19 - 2013-05-19 7887.JPG
| photo2b = Nandadulal Mandir - South-west View - Chandan Nagar - Hooghly - 2013-05-19 7916.JPG
| photo3a = FRENCH GOVERNOR'S PALACE.JPG
| photo3b = Reminiscences of a French colony, Chandannagar, West Bengal 02.jpg
| photo4a = Underground House - Strand Road - Chandan Nagar - Hooghly - 2013-05-19 7906.JPG
| spacing = 1
| color_border = white
| color = white
| size = 250
| foot_montage = '''Clockwise from the top:''' [[Sacred Heart Church, Chandannagar|Église du Sacré-Cœur]], Nandulal Temple, Tour de l'Horloge, Patal Bari, Institut de Chandernagor and Chandannagar Strand
}}
| etymology = see [[#Etymology|Etymology]]
| nickname = Farasdanga
| image_map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India##Location in India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.87|N|88.38|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Emblem of West Bengal (Banglarmukh) before 2018.png}} [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of West Bengal|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Burdwan division|Burdwan]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of West Bengal|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[Subdivision (India)|Subdivision]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Chandannagore subdivision|Chandannagar]]
| established_title = [[French India|French Indian colony]] of the [[French colonial empire]]
| established_date = 1696
| established_title1 = ''De facto'' transfer to India
| established_date1 = 2 February 1951
| established_title2 = ''De jure'' transfer to India
| established_date2 = 9 June 1952
| established_title3 = Incorporated in West Bengal
| established_date3 = 2 October 1954
| founder = [[Louis XIV's East India Company|French East India Company]]
| named_for = Bending of the Hooghly river
| government_type = [[Municipal Corporations in India|Municipal Corporation]]
| governing_body = [[Chandernagore Municipal Corporation]]
| leader_title = Mayor
| leader_name = Ram Chakraborty ([[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]])
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 16
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 9
| population_total = 166867
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym = Bengali: ''Chandannagari'' French: ''Chandernagorien(ne)'' English: ''Chandernagorean''
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = [[Official language|Official]]
| demographics1_info1 = {{hlist|[[Bengali language|Bengali]]|[[English language|English]]}}
| demographics1_title2 = Former official
| demographics1_info2 = [[French language|French]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 712136, 712137, 712138
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = +91 33
| registration_plate = WB 15/WB 16
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Hooghly (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hooghly]]
| blank2_name = MP
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Rachana Banerjee]] ([[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]])
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Chandannagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chandannagar]]
| blank4_name_sec1 = MLA
| blank4_info_sec1 = [[Indranil Sen]] ([[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]])
| website = {{url|heritagechandernagore.com}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Chandannagar'''{{Efn|{{Langx|bn|চন্দননগর}}, {{IPA|bn|t͡ʃɔn.d̪ɔn.nɔ.ɡoɾ|pron}}; {{Langx|fr|Chandernagor}}, {{IPA|fr|ʃɑ̃.dɛʁ.na.ɡɔʁ}}.}} ({{IPA|bn|t͡ʃɔn.d̪ɔn.nɔ.ɡoɾ}}), also known by its [[List of renamed places in India|former names]] '''Chandernagor''' ({{IPA|fr|ʃɑ̃.dɛʁ.na.ɡɔʁ}}) and '''Chandernagore''', is a city in the [[Hooghly district]] in the Indian [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]]. It is headquarter of the [[Chandannagore subdivision]] and is a part of the area covered by [[Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority]] (KMDA).<ref>{{cite web| url =http://www.cmdaonline.com/kma.html| title =Base Map of Kolkata Metropolitan area| access-date =2007-09-03| publisher =Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority| url-status =dead| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20070928000049/http://www.cmdaonline.com/kma.html| archive-date =2007-09-28}}</ref>

Located on the western bank of [[Hooghly River]], the city was one of the [[French India|five French Settlements in India]]. Indo-French architecture is seen in the colonial bungalows, most of which are in a dilapidated state.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kolkata/buildings-in-former-french-colony-await-restoration/article26207063.ece|title=Buildings in former French colony await restoration|last=Singh|first=Shiv Sahay|date=7 February 2019|work=The Hindu|access-date=6 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806154545/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kolkata/buildings-in-former-french-colony-await-restoration/article26207063.ece|archive-date=6 August 2019|url-status=live|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> [[File:Jolbhora Sondesh.jpg|thumb|[[Jolbhora Sandesh]]]]

==Demographics==
As per [[2011 Census of India]] Chandannagar had a total population of 166,867 of which 84,009 (50.3%) were males and 82,858 (49.7%) were females. The population below 6 years was 11,826. The total number of literates in Chandannagar was 139,005 (89.65% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census3-2011>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html | title = 2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables | work = West Bengal – District-wise | publisher = Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 15 June 2016 | archive-date = 21 December 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161221211050/http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html | url-status = live }}</ref>

{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Languages spoken in Chandannagar city (2011)<ref>[https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16T/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-2000.XLSX 2011 census data] censusindia.gov.in</ref>
|label1= [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|value1= 88.09
|color1 = red
|label2= [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
|value2 = 8.1
|color2 = orange
|label3 = [[Urdu language|Urdu]]
|value3 = 2.83
|color3 = green
|label4 = [[Odia language|Odia]]
|value4 = 0.31
|color4 = pink
|label5 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|value5 = 0.25
|color5 = cyan
|label6 = Others
|value6 = 0.28
|color6 = white
}}

== Etymology ==
The name Chandannagar is composed of two elements, of which the latter, ''nagar,'' means 'city' and the former may be:
* Bengali ''chand'' meaning 'moon', alluding to the shape of the bank of the river [[Hooghly river|Hooghly]].
* Bengali ''chandan'' meaning 'sandalwood'; local tradition holds that the city was once the major hub of the trade of [[sandalwood]].
* ''Chandi'', name of a goddess.

Earlier, the city was known as ''Farasdanga'', from Bengali ''Faras'' 'French' and ''danga'' 'land'.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=OpenLibrary.org |title=A tale of two cities under colonial rule by Sumanta Banerjee {{!}} Open Library |url=https://openlibrary.org/works/OL23220924W/A_tale_of_two_cities_under_colonial_rule?edition=key:/books/OL31056223M&mode=all |access-date=2025-12-19 |website=Open Library |language=en}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Capture de Chandernagor en 1757 par la Royal Navy.jpg|thumb|The capture of the position of Chandannagore in 1757 by the [[Royal Navy]].]]
[[File:Chandernaggar-Calcuta Map 1900.jpg|thumb|left|Chandannagar and Calcutta 1900.]]
Chandannagar came into being during colonial times, proved conclusively by the fact that no mention of the town is found in medieval Bengali texts like [[Chandimangal]] and [[Manasamangal Kāvya]]. Historians are of the opinion that the French created the town by amalgamating various smaller localities in the area. The three notable villages to be incorporated were Gondolpara to the South, Boro in the North and Khalisani to the West. The name "Chandernagor" can be first found in a letter dated 1696, intended for the officials of the French East India Company, dispatched by [[André-François Deslandes]] and Palle, French officials posted in Chandannagore.

The First Director of the [[Louis XIV's East India Company|French East India Company]], Boureau-Deslandes paid 40,000 coins to the Mughal subahdar in 1688 to gain control of the area and build a factory there. But the first Frenchman to possess any subsequent land holding in this area was Du Plessis who bought land of 13 Arpents at Boro Kishanganj, now located at North Chandannagar for Taka 401 in the year 1673–74.

Although various records of the town were destroyed in the [[Battle of Chandannagar|1757 battle]], according to the Journal of M. d'Albert, The Settlement consisted of a strip of land, about two leagues in length and one in dept on the right or western bank of the [[Hooghly River|Hooghly]]. <ref>C Hill, Samuel''.Three Frenchmen in Bengal,'' Longmans,Green and Co. p.14</ref> Fort d'Orleans lay in the middle of the river front. The factory was within the fort itself. To the west laid the company's tank (Now known as Lal Dighi) the hospitals, and the cemetery. Kooti Ghat was the old landing place of the Fort d'Orleans. M. d'Albert also states that at that time there were 500 Europeans, 400 [[Armenians in India|Armenians]], Moors and [[Topass|Topasses]] <ref>Topasses were people of [[Luso-Indian|mixed Portuguese and Indian ancestry]],they were employed primarily as gunners.</ref> and 18,000 to 20,000 Hindus who were divided into 52 different castes or occupations. <ref>C Hill, Samuel''.Three Frenchmen in Bengal,'' Longmans,Green and Co. p.15</ref>

The prosperity of Chandannagar as a French colony started soon after. At this time the Company establishment consisted of one director, and five members who formed a council, 15 merchants and shopkeepers, two notaries, two padres, two doctors and one [[Sutradhar]]. The army consisted of 130 foot-soldiers, 20 among them were native [[Indian people|Indians]]. The Fort d'Orleans was constructed in the year 1696–97 and was better defended than its French and British counterparts. After the initial success the French trade languished due to the lax policy of its Directors.

In 1730 [[Joseph François Dupleix]] was appointed governor of the city, during whose administration more than two thousand brick houses were erected in the town and a considerable maritime trade was carried on.<ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911|inline=y|wstitle=Chandernagore|volume=5|pages=837–838}}</ref> The population of the city reached to be around a [[lakh]] (100,000) at this time and the fledgling town of [[Calcutta]] was considered to be a poor cousin of Chandannagar. From Dupleix's time to 1756, Chandannagar was the main center for European commerce in Bengal. The city had thriving centres of trade involving opium, [[indigo]], silk, rice, rope, sugar, etc. The fine clothes of Chandannagar were exported to Europe.

One of the premier men of the town who made it big at this time was Indranarayan Chaudhari. He had arrived at the end of the seventeenth century from Jessore as an orphan sheltered at his maternal grandfather's house. He secured a job at the Company out of his own industriousness and then went on to gain a tremendous fortune being associated with the burgeoning trade of the company. When the [[East India Company]] seized his house after the siege of 1756, cash and jewellery worth 65 lakhs was secured from his house alone. Nandadulal Temple, a temple to Krishna established by him still houses the secret chamber in which he reportedly hid his immense fortune which was later recovered by British general [[Robert Clive]]. [[Krishnachandra Roy|Maharaj Krishna Chandra]] of [[Krishnanagar, Nadia|Krishnanagar]] would often come to him to lend money.

[[File:Fiebig Chandernagore Admiralty.jpg|thumb|Chandannagar waterfront c. 1850]]
In 1755, [[Pierre Renault]] was appointed as the governor of the city.Renault's official reports and letters to patrons and friends serve as important sources of information regarding the city.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hill |first=S. C. |title=Three Frenchmen in Bengal |publisher=Firma KLM |year=1978 |page=16}}</ref>In 1756 war broke out between France and Great Britain, and Colonel Robert Clive of the [[British East India Company]] and [[Charles Watson (Royal Navy officer)|Admiral Charles Watson]] of the British Navy bombarded and [[Battle of Chandannagar|captured Chandannagar]] on 23 March 1757.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hill |first=Samuel Charles |title=Three Frenchmen in Bengal |publisher=Longmans, Green and Co. |year=1903}}</ref> The town's fortifications and many houses were demolished thereafter, and Chandannagar's importance as a commercial center was eclipsed by that of [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] situated down river. Chandannagore was restored to the French in 1763 and Renault was reinstated, but retaken by the British in 1794 in the [[Napoleonic Wars]]. The city was returned to France in 1816, along with a {{convert|3|sqmi|km2|abbr=on}} enclave of surrounding territory. It was governed as part of [[French India]] until 1950, under the political control of the governor-general in [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]]. By 1900 the town's former commercial importance was gone, and it was little more than a quiet suburb of Calcutta, with a population of 25,000 (1901). But it was noted for its clean wide thoroughfares, with many elegant residences along the riverbank.<ref name="EB1911"/>

Like the other three French-administered colonies of India, Chandannagore was under the jurisdiction of [[History of Puducherry#European period|French-controlled]] [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]]. There was only one Governor for the entire French India. He resided in the principal city of Pondicherry, and from time to time, he would visit the other colonies. There was one Administrator under the Governor in each colony. Though there were courts and magistrates here, a separate judge used to come from Pondicherry for session trials. There was a High court in Pondicherry for filing an appeal. The Collectorates, the Education Department, the Housing Department, etc. were all under the said department of Pondicherry. One Inspector from France used to come here every year for inspecting all the affairs. The French Consul who lived in Calcutta had no connection with the administration of Chandannagore.

Formerly the government kept a troop of sepoys to help maintain peace in the town. It is known that Chandannagore had two divisions of infantry during 1743–45. Under the terms of the treaty it had no alternative but to keep not more than 15 soldiers.

The laws of this place were not specific, laws were the same in regard to all the French colonies and special decrees were drawn up by the Minister of the Interior of France. In the French parliamentary houses, among the Députés and Senators there was one representative elected by the citizens and representatives of French India in each house.

Though no Indian sat in the [[French Parliament]], the citizens of Chandannagore had the right to be elected to those seats.

A Municipality was created here on 1 August 1880. Charles Dumaine became the first Mayor.

There was a sworn-in post called ''[[Civil law notary|Notaire]]'' like the Registrar of British India. All the deeds such as testaments and wills, sales and purchases, conveyances, debts and dues or prenuptial contracts were registered by him.

The judicial system even passed a few death sentences in the town. The first time this was carried out was on 26 January 1883: two persons named Sk. Abdul Panjari and Hiru Bagdi were sentenced to death. The ''[[guillotine]]'' was used to carry out capital punishment and was used in the town for the last time on 22 July 1895.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kolkata/love-heritage-fund-restoration/article22537389.ece|title=Love heritage? Fund restoration|last=Singh|first=Shiv Sahay|date=27 January 2018|work=The Hindu|access-date=6 August 2019|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=27 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727193841/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kolkata/love-heritage-fund-restoration/article22537389.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/6WvWGHQwTCGTUCAddghV7J/Kolkata-to-Chandannagar-The-French-life.html|title=Kolkata to Chandannagar: The French life|last=Vancheeswaran|first=Ganesh|date=9 November 2017|website=Livemint|language=en|access-date=6 August 2019|archive-date=6 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806155043/https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/6WvWGHQwTCGTUCAddghV7J/Kolkata-to-Chandannagar-The-French-life.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Merger with India===
{{further|Yanaon#Dates of important events of merger of French India}}
[[File:Chandannagar referendum day 1948.jpg|thumb|Referendum day in June 1948]]
India became independent from Britain in 1947. On 29 June 1948, the French Government recognised the right to determination of the people of the French Settlements in India, and held a referendum on 19 June 1949, which found that 98% of Chandannagar's residents wished to become part of India.<ref>{{cite web |title=A vote for India, then and now |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/a-vote-for-india-then-and-now/cid/1289400 |website=The Telegraph |date=29 April 2014 }}</ref> on 2 May 1950, the French allowed the Indian government to assume ''de facto'' control over Chandannagar, officially ceding sovereignty of the city to India on 2 February 1951. ''De jure'' transfer took place on 9 June 1952.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chandernagore (Merger) |url=https://rsdebate.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/584663/2/ID_07_23091954_23_p3183_p3225_4.pdf |website=RSDebate |access-date=11 September 2021 }}</ref> The inhabitants were given the option to retain French nationality, like their counterparts in Pondicherry.<ref>{{cite web |title=Treaty to confirm the Cession of Chandernagore |url=https://mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/6750/Teaty+to+confirm+the+Cession+of+Chandernagore |website=Ministry of External Affairs |access-date=11 September 2021 |archive-date=11 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210911053428/https://mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/6750/Teaty+to+confirm+the+Cession+of+Chandernagore |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 2 October 1954, Chandannagar was integrated into the state of [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{cite web |title=THE CHANDERNAGORE (MERGER) ACT, 1954 |url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/repealedfileopen?rfilename=A1954-36.pdf |website=IndiaCode |access-date=11 September 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Bondyopadhyay|first1=Biswanath|title=Dictionary of Historical Places, Bengal, 1757 – 1947|date=5 April 2024 |publisher=Primus|isbn=978-93-80607-41-2|page=135}}</ref>
[[File:Map Of Chandernagore Municipal Corporation.jpg|thumb|right|Map Of Chandannagore Municipal Corporation]]

==Geography==
[[File:River Hooghly - Rani Ghat - Strand Road - Chandan Nagar - Hooghly - 2013-05-19 7873.JPG|thumb|A view of the [[Hooghly River]] from the Strand Road]]{{OSM Location map
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===Location===
Chandannagar is located at {{Coord|22.87|N|88.38|E|}}. It has an average elevation of {{convert|10|m|ft}}.

Chandannagar consisted of mainly three parts Khalisani (west), Gondalpara (south) and Boro (north). There are about 30 localities (para) and more than 100 sub-localities. Of them, some are Gondalpara, Nutan Telighat, Barasat, Tematha, Hatkhola, Daibokpara, Padripara, Lalbagan, Barabazar, Bagbazar, Fatokgora, Khalisani, Nabagram, Palpara, Urdibazar, Luxmigunj, Boro Panchanantala, Boro Champatala, Taldanga, Haridradanga etc. Bajra, Bandhagram etc. are some of the village-like areas near the borders of the city.

The city is bordered by [[Chinsurah]] in the north, [[Bhadreswar, Hooghly|Bhadreswar]] in the south, the [[Hooghly river]] in the east and [[Dhaniakhali]] in the west.

===Police station===
Chandannagar police station has jurisdiction over the [[Chandernagore Municipal Corporation|Chandannagore Municipal Corporation]] area. [[Chandannagar Police Commissionerate]] was established on 30 June 2017. The establishments marked under the same are Chinsurah PS; Chandannagore PS; Bhadreswar PS; Serampore PS; Dankuni PS; Rishra PS; Uttarpara PS; Chinsurah Women PS; Serampore Women PS. Mr Peeyush Pandey, an IPS of 1993 batch, became the first commissioner of the [[Chandannagar Police Commissionerate]]. A major urban part of the district along river Hooghly has been brought under the jurisdiction of the commissionerate to ensure better policing.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Hooghly |work = Tables 2.1, 2.2 |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 3 October 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.policewb.gov.in/wbp/district/Hooghly/hglyphone.php | title = Hooghly District Police | publisher = West Bengal Police | access-date = 20 June 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170705234600/http://policewb.gov.in/wbp/district/Hooghly/hglyphone.php | archive-date = 5 July 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Places of interest==
Most of the city's numerous public and private buildings have a distinct Indo-French style of architecture, similar to that of [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]] (now called Pudducherry) and other former French enclaves in India.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/French-and-Dutch-push-for-heritage-project/articleshow/26226838.cms|title=French and Dutch push for heritage project|website=The Times of India|date=23 November 2013 |language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806155536/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/French-and-Dutch-push-for-heritage-project/articleshow/26226838.cms|archive-date=6 August 2019|url-status=live|access-date=6 August 2019}}</ref> Most of these buildings are in a dilapidated state and in need of restoration.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/chandernagore-39-s-french-correction/cid/1452590|title=Chandernagore's French Correction|last=Chaudhury|first=Prasun|date=31 December 2017|website=The Telegraph|location=Kolkota|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806160206/https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/west-bengal/chandernagore-39-s-french-correction/cid/1452590|archive-date=6 August 2019|url-status=live|access-date=6 August 2019}}</ref> [[File:Dourgachorone Roquitte Souvenir - Strand Road - Chandan Nagar - Hooghly - 2013-05-19 - 2013-05-19 7887.JPG|thumb|The Chandannagar strand]]

===Chandannagore Strand===

[[File:Chandannagar Strand Night View.jpg|thumb|The night view of the strand in Chandannagar|alt=|left]]

The tree-shaded promenade along the river is about {{convert|700|m|mi|1|abbr=on}} in length and {{convert|7|m|ft}} in width, and there are many buildings of historical importance along the way for example, Fort D'Orleans with a clock tower.{{citation needed|date=June 2025}} Along the Strand is the [[Vivekananda]] Mandir (a [[meditation]] centre protruding into the river Ganges).

===Chandannagore Museum and Institute (''Institut de Chandernagor'')===
The Chandannagore Museum was established in 1961. It boasts a collection of French antiques (such as [[cannons]] used in [[Battle of Plassey|Anglo-French]] war, wooden furniture of the 18th century, etc.) which are difficult to find anywhere else in the world. The institute still teaches [[French language|French]] through regular classes. Jogendra Nath Sen, resident of Chandannagar who died in France fighting in the World War I. His personal items were sent to his brother in India who later donated them to the Institut de Chandernagor in Chandannagar.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ghorai|first1=Jayeeta|title=Leeds remembers its forgotten Indian war hero|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/nri/citizen-journalists/citizen-journalists-reports/jayeeta-ghorai/Leeds-remembers-its-forgotten-Indian-war-hero/articleshow/48114809.cms|access-date=23 August 2015|issue=Kolkata|work=The Times of India|date=17 July 2015|archive-date=6 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806195743/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/nri/citizen-journalists/citizen-journalists-reports/jayeeta-ghorai/Leeds-remembers-its-forgotten-Indian-war-hero/articleshow/48114809.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The Museum is closed on Thursday and Saturday.

===The Sacred Heart Church of Chandannagar (''l'Eglise du Sacré Cœur'')===
The [[Sacred Heart Church, Chandannagar]] is situated near the Strand. It was designed by French Architect Jacques Duchatz. The church was inaugurated by [[Paul Goethals]] on 27 January 1884.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bhattacharya|first1=Narendranath|title=Hooghly Jelar Purakirti|publisher=West Bengal State Archeology|page=65}}</ref> The church stands for over two centuries to mark the beauty of the architecture during the French period – a good place to visit for the historians and tourists alike. The remains of the ''Church of St. Louis'' is also an attractive tourist spot.

===French Cemetery===
The French Cemetery contains 150 tombs and is located on [[Grand Trunk Road]] opposite Lal Dighi (a large lake). Amongst the remarkable people buried there, one can find the tomb of Duplessis, the founding father of French Chandannagar and also the one of pioneering meteorologist [[Henry Piddington|Henry "Storm" Piddington]], who is mentioned in [[Amitav Ghosh]]'s novel [[The Hungry Tide]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Banerjee|first1=Sudeshna|title=Restoration at French Cemetery|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1131023/jsp/calcutta/story_17484054.jsp#.VdqiAKKX2_I|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131028021503/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1131023/jsp/calcutta/story_17484054.jsp#.VdqiAKKX2_I|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 October 2013|access-date=24 August 2015|issue=Kolkata|work=The Telegraph|date=23 October 2013}}</ref>
[[File:Underground House - Strand Road - Chandan Nagar - Hooghly - 2013-05-19 7906.JPG|thumb|The Patal Bari or the underground house]]

===Chandanangar Gate===
Constructed in 1937, to mark the Fall of Bastille, the gate has the slogan of the French Revolution "Liberté, égalité, fraternité (Liberty, equality fraternity)" etched on it.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Datta|first1=Rangan|title=Next Weekend you can be at Chandannagar|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120304/jsp/calcutta/story_15208078.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025235042/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120304/jsp/calcutta/story_15208078.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 October 2012|access-date=28 August 2015|issue=Kolkata|work=The Telegraph|date=4 March 2012}}</ref>

===The Underground House (Patal-Bari)===
The building is another example of the advancement in the knowledge of [[architecture]] and the aesthetic sense of the people of those earlier days. Its lower floor is submerged during monsoon when the level of the river rises. [[Rabindranath Tagore]] frequently visited the place and appreciated a lot about the building. He felt that the place influenced him to a large extent and broadened his intellectual capabilities. He mentioned Patal-bari in many of his novels. The social reformer [[Iswar Chandra Vidyasagar]] also stayed in the building. The house was owned by the zamindars of nearby Mankundu.

===Nandadulal Temple===
Nandadulal Temple built in 1740 by Indranarayan Roychoudhury presents an excellent example of ancient Indian sculptures. There are many fascinating temples devoted to [[Kali]], [[Shiva]], and other deities which show marks of brilliant craftsmanship and artistic taste. The temple's old idol of [[Krishna|Lord Krishna]] was thrown away into the pond behind the temple by a British general. Later the pieces of the idols were fished out from [[Ganges]] in [[Varanasi]].{{citation needed|date=January 2018}} It is built in the [[Chala Style|Do Chala Style]] of [[Bengal temple architecture]].

===Nritya Gopal Smriti Mandir===
Built by Harihar Sett, and donated to the people of Chandannagore. This building still serves as a theatre hall and a library. It was first of its kind in the entire locality. It has one of the largest collections of books in French, English and Bengali in the district.{{citation needed|date=February 2025}}

===Bishalakshmi temple===
The temple is situated near Brahmin para, Boubazar in the western part of railway station. The history of this ancient temple is not known properly. The deity is worshiped regularly by the local people.{{citation needed|date=February 2025}}

== Cultural calendar ==
In the month of [[Shraavana|Shravan]], [[Bhuvaneshvari|Bhuvaneshwari]] Puja is held at Hatkhola for a month.

During the month of November, 10 days after [[Diwali]], Jagaddhatri Puja is held citywide including the neighbouring towns of [[Bhadreswar, Hooghly|Bhadreswar]] and [[Mankundu]]. These idols are almost 3 times taller than the Durga Puja held in [[Kolkata]]. From Panchami until Dashami the whole region lights up, bedecked with lights of Chandannagore's local manufacturers. From Dashami night until the next dawn, all the major puja committees bring their idols with a theme to the world's largest procession after Rio's Samba festival. Some of the oldest pujas here range from over 300 (Adi Maa) to 150 years.

==Transport==
=== Road===
Chandannagore is {{convert|37|km|mi|abbr=on}} by road from [[Kolkata]] via [[State Highway 6 (West Bengal)|State Highway 6]]/ [[Grand Trunk Road]] (which runs through the middle of the city) or [[State Highway 13 (West Bengal)|Delhi Road]] (which runs through the western limit of the city). Private Bus number '''2''' ([[Chunchura]] Court - [[Dakshineswar]]) plies through Chandannagar along [[Grand Trunk Road]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.wbtrafficpolice.com/state-highways.php | title = List of State Highways in West Bengal | publisher = West Bengal Traffic Police | access-date = 15 October 2016 | archive-date = 19 December 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161219094346/http://wbtrafficpolice.com/state-highways.php | url-status = live }}</ref> A newly built overbridge above the railway tracks makes easy to connect East and West parts of Chandannagar City. Taxis and private cars are easily available between Kolkata and Chandannagar.

=== Rail===
[[Chandannagar railway station]] serves the locality. Local trains from [[Howrah railway station|Howrah station]] on [[Howrah-Bardhaman main line]] of [[Eastern Railway (India)|Eastern Railway]] run very frequently (peak frequency one train every 10 or 12 minutes). A few important express and passenger trains halt here. The distance from Howrah by rail is approximately {{convert|33|km|mi|abbr=on}} and it takes about 50–55 minutes in all-stop local trains. Many through trains (trains which will stop only at specific stations, primarily junctions) also tend to make stops here.

=== Bus ===
Chandannagore is well connected by bus. Every day, two buses of the West Bengal Transport Corporation leave from Esplanade Bus Stand for Chandannagar, one in the morning and the other in the evening. Apart from the WBTC buses, there are many other private buses that connect Kolkata and Chandannagar.

=== Air ===
The nearest airport is in Kolkata ([[Kolkata Airport|Dumdum/Kolkata Airport]]), which is linked with all major Indian and international cities. Chandannagore is only {{convert|40|km|mi|abbr=on}} by road from the airport.

=== Water ===
The government of West Bengal ([[West Bengal Surface Transport Corporation]]) operates river services to [[Jagaddal railway station|Jaggaddal]] across [[Hooghly River]] (the Ganges) and also between Chandannagar and Kolkata and [[Belur, West Bengal|Belur]].

==Heritage and culture==

=== Jagaddhatri Puja ===
[[Jagaddhatri]] [[Puja (Hinduism)|Puja]] is a major cultural event in this region, attracting massive crowds from all over the state of West Bengal.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2025-10-31 |title=Chandannagar's Jagaddhatri Puja Unites Hindus, Muslims And Christians In A Rare Show Of Harmony |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/offbeat/chandannagars-jagaddhatri-puja-unites-hindus-muslims-and-christians-in-a-rare-show-of-harmony-enn25103103375 |access-date=2025-12-19 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Chandannagar Lighting Jaggadhatri Puja.jpg|thumb|Lighting in Chandannagar during Jagaddhatri Puja]]
[[File:Madhyanchal, Chandannagar.jpg|thumb|The idol of Jagadhatri maa in Madhyanchal Sorbojonin Jagadhatri Puja Committee, Chandannagar]]

==== History ====
The history of Jagaddhatri Puja in Chandannagar is unknown. The beginning of Jagaddhatri Puja in Krishnanagore was 1762. Indranarayan Choudhury died in 1756. Indranarayan Choudhury by no means introduced the Jagaddhatri puja in Chandannagar. Indranarayan Choudhury performed the Jagaddhatri puja at his own house in Chandannagar, at the time Krishnachandra used to come to borrow money from Indranarayan Choudhury. The father of Krishnachandra had started the puja of Jagaddhatri at Krishna Nagar due to missing out once on the puja of Durga by being locked up in British prison.<ref name="Charleston2004">{{cite book|last=Charleston|first=June McDaniel Associate Professor in the Department of Philosophy and Religious Studies College of|title=Offering Flowers, Feeding Skulls : Popular Goddess Worship in West Bengal: Popular Goddess Worship in West Bengal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=caeJpIj9SdkC&pg=PA220|date=9 July 2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-534713-5|page=220}}</ref> Once Krishnachandra's ship could not reach Krishna Nagar in time for Jagaddhatri puja due to weak winds. So he performed on day of navami the puja at the Ghat of Nichupatty. Seeing in this the wish of the Goddess to be established as a puja in Chandannagar too, he left funds for its yearly worship on a permanent basis.
In 1780 ''Bengal Gazette'' of James August Hickey was the first newspaper of this country. The newspaper was silent about the Jagaddhatri Puja. But the 'Friends of India' published a report on the community Jagaddhatri Puja in 1820. The date of the community Jagaddhatri Puja in Chandannagore was 1790. In those days Robert Clive called Lakhsmiganj of Chandannagore the 'Granary of Bengal'. The Jagaddhatri Puja at Chaulpatty (Rice Market) in Lakshmiganj is probably the historic example of the ancient community Jagaddhatri Puja. The Jagaddhatri Puja of Chandannagore bridges the past and the present.

=== Festival Lighting ===
Pioneered by maestros such as Sridhar Das, the LED bulb light panels tell animated stories and move since before the use of computers and programming could achieve such feats. The light made by the local artisans, now working in the Bidyalanka area, lights up festivals all over Bengal, India and abroad.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Light Makers of Chandannagar and legendary Sridhar Das. How illumination art changed |url=https://www.getbengal.com/details/light-makers-of-chandannagar-and-legendary-sridhar-das-how-illumination-art-changed |access-date=2025-12-19 |website=Get Bengal |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Meet Sridhar Das, the Edison of Chandernagore who created magic with lights |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/durga-puja-special/meet-sridhar-das-the-edison-of-chandernagore-who-created-magic-with-lights/cid/1974366 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250807222911/https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/durga-puja-special/meet-sridhar-das-the-edison-of-chandernagore-who-created-magic-with-lights/cid/1974366 |archive-date=2025-08-07 |access-date=2025-12-19 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Cuisine ===
Chandannagar is known for its own popular [[Jolbhora Sandesh|Jolbhora Talsash Sondesh]], known more popularly as just Jolbhora. Invented in the city in 1818 by Surya Kumar Modak as a humorous treat for the new son-in-law of a [[Bhadreswar, Hooghly|Bhadreshwar]] zamindari household, these sweets are a type of dry [[Cottage cheese|chenna]] sondesh with a surprising liquid filling of rose-water or nolen gur (a type of date palm jaggery found in Bengal during the winter) justifying its name, which directly translates into "liquid-filled".<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Tale Of The Legendary Jolbhora Of Chandannagore |url=https://www.slurrp.com/article/the-legendary-jolbhora-of-chandannagore-product-of-humour-that-reigns-the-mishti-world-1642000296644 |access-date=2025-12-19 |website=Slurrp |language=en}}</ref> Surjya Kumar Modak is also credited with the invention of Motichur Sandesh , Aam Sandesh and Khirpully Sandesh at the same time. The original shop at Barasat, Chandannagar is still functional and remains a popular destination for gourmets.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Surjya Kumar Modak |url=https://www.jalbharasurjyamodak.com/about.html |access-date=2025-12-19 |website=www.jalbharasurjyamodak.com}}</ref>

=== Handloom ===
Now facing certain decline, the dhotis produced in Chandannagar, known by their black borders, were popular products of the handloom industry in the last century.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Days of boom over, lores of looms lie ahead: Dhoti hub's decline attributed to low pay, sartorial shift |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/days-of-boom-over-lores-of-looms-lie-ahead-of-chandernagore-dhoti-hubs-decline-attributed-to-low-pay-sartorial-shift/cid/2080916}}</ref> A popular rhyme in the 18th and 19th century Bengal ran like this: <blockquote>Jodi merja hotey chao, tabey Farashdangaye jao.

Kasta-pere dhuti chherey, kala-perey nao.

Lak juboti chharbey poti Jodi nangta-pere pao.

(If you want to be a grandee, go to Farashdanga. Give up your scarlet-bordered dhoti and take the black-bordered one. But if you choose a dhoti stripped of all such frills, lakhs of women will desert their husbands to fall for you…). </blockquote>There is in this couplet a subtle allusion to the sartorial style of those days which needs explanation for readers today. The dhoti, woven for men, used to be embroidered at its edging with elaborate floral designs in red (kasta) or black (kala). This thin strip sewn on to the border of the dhoti was rather sharp in its embroidery, the designs overlapping the edges. This hurt the tender skin of the Bengali aristocrats! So, they tore out those strips (called pars or borders) from the dhotis, thus giving birth to the new term nangta-perey, or stripped of the `par’.<ref name=":1" /> The fine dhotis produced in Chandannagar thus played a role in the social and cultural milieu of colonial Bengal.

==Education==
[[File:Chandernagre Govt. College.jpg|thumb|The Chandannagore Govt. College]]

===List of boys' schools===


* [[Kanailal Vidyamandir]]( Eng. Sec.) (WBBSE, WBCHSE)
* [[Sri Aurobindo Vidyamandir, Chandannagar]]

===List of girls' schools===

* [[St Joseph's Convent, Chandannagar]] (ICSE, ISC)

===List of colleges===


* [[Chandernagore Government College]] (University of Burdwan)
* [[Khalisani Mahavidyalaya]] (University of Burdwan)

==Notable residents==


* [[Rash Behari Bose]], Bengali revolutionary and founder of the [[Indian Independence League]]
* [[Kanailal Dutta]], Bengali revolutionary and martyr.
* [[Shrish Chandra Ghosh]], Bengali revolutionary
* [[Victor Liotard]], French pharmacist and Colonial Administrator, Governor of [[New Caledonia]].
* [[Neline Mondal]], Belgian-born artist and heritage conservationist<ref name="TelegraphHouse">{{cite news
|last=Chaudhuri
|first=Prasun
|title=The House Whisperer |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/the-house-whisperer/cid/1454948
|work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]
|publisher=[[ABP Group]]
|date=25 March 2018
|access-date=12 February 2026
}}</ref>
* [[Manindra Nath Nayak]], Bengali revolutionary
* [[Basabi Pal]], Professor of French<ref>{{cite web |url=https://heritagechandernagoreblog.wordpress.com/2016/02/08/confluence-of-french-and-bengali-culture/ |title=Confluence of French and Bengali culture. | Heritage & People of Chandernagore |website=Heritagechandernagoreblog.wordpress.com |date=8 February 2016 |access-date=20 August 2016 |archive-date=13 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013235532/https://heritagechandernagoreblog.wordpress.com/2016/02/08/confluence-of-french-and-bengali-culture/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Tapas Paul]], Bengali actor and Member of Parliament.
* [[Abhishek Porel]], Cricket player for India and Delhi Capitals (IPL)
* [[Ishan Porel]], Indian (2018 U19 World Cup winners) and Bengal (CAB) cricketer
* [[Pierre Renault]], French colonial administrator,Chief of the city during the [[Battle of Chandannagar]].
* [[Motilal Roy]], Bengali revolutionary, journalist, spiritual leader.
* [[Radhanath Sikdar]], Indian mathematician, best known for calculating the height of [[Mount Everest]].

==See also==
*[[Farashganj]]
*[[French India]]
*[[Municipal Administration in French India]]
*[[Battle of Chandannagar]]

== Footnotes ==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*9. Archival Papers on Merger with India [Chandannagar Heritage Archive]
*10. Old Photos of Chandannagar [Chandannagar Heritage Archive]
*11. Old Map [Chandannagar Heritage Archive]

==Further reading==
*{{cite book |last= Hill|first= Samuel Charles|title= Three Frenchmen in Bengal: The Commercial Ruin of the French Settlements in 1757|url= https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/10946|access-date= 25 April 2007|year= 1903|publisher= [[Project Gutenberg]] |id= e-text #10946}}
*{{cite book |last= Strang|first= Herbert|title= In Clive's Command: A Story of the Fight for India|url= https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/16382|access-date= 25 April 2007|publisher= [[Project Gutenberg]]|id= e-text #16382}}
*{{cite book|author=Sailendra Nath Sen|title=Chandernagore: From Boundage to Freedom, 1900-1955|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cjAweaCPLD0C|year=2012|publisher=Primus Books|isbn=978-93-80607-23-8}}
*{{cite book|author=Arghya Bose|title=Chandernagor: Recognizing Alternative Discourses on the Colonial|url=https://archive.org/details/ChandernagorRecognizingAlternativeDiscoursesOnTheColonial|year=2017|publisher=Avenel Press|isbn=978-93-80736-71-6}}
*Discover Chandannagar/author - Kalyan Chakrabortty[Published by Chandernagor Heritage]/
*CHANDERNAGOR-Edited by Lipika Ghosh and Kalyan Chakrabortty/Published by Chandernagor Heritage=
*CHANDANNAGORER KATHA/Author - Lipika Ghosh [Published by Chandernagor Heritage]/
*Sankhipta Chandannagar Parichay/Author - Harihar Sett [Published by Chandannagar Pustakagar]
*"Ami Tomaderi Rash Behari"/Author-Kalyan Chakrabortty

==External links==
{{commons category}}
{{Wikivoyage|Chandernagore|Chandannagar}}
*[https://archive.today/20121206003620/http://www.chandannagar.com/htmlfiles/chanhistory.htm 300 years of Chandannagar (1696-1996)]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20091027034228/http://geocities.com/TheTropics/Paradise/4243/ Geocities site about Chandannagar]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20181008115607/http://institutedechandernagor.gov.in/ Institut de Chandannagore - official website]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090410233438/http://meaindia.nic.in/treatiesagreement/1951/chap47.htm Indian Ministry for External Affairs - 1951 Treaty of Cession]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20061208084203/http://chandernagor.ifrance.com/ La présence française à Chandernagor (1688-1950)] {{in lang|fr}}
*[http://members.tripod.com/~AChatterji/Newpage/East_Meets_West.htm/ ''East Meets West'' by A. Chatterji]
* {{cite book |last=Roy |first=Pritimadhab |year=2012 |chapter=Chandannagar |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Chandannagar |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110606091401/http://education.yahoo.com/reference/encyclopedia/entry/Chandann%3B_ylt%3DAkNAYkcW_5sqZyDERZ_bvl4ZvskF Yahoo! Education page on Chandannagar]
*[http://www.trekearth.com/gallery/Asia/India/East/West_Bengal/Chandannagar/ Stereotype photo (poverty etc) Gallery of Chandannagar on ''Trek''Earth]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120826171751/http://www.hooghlydistrict.info/hooghly-district-chandannagar.html Chandannagar Information]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160129140441/http://www.aishee.org/monographs/chandannagar/index.php Temples of Chandannagar]
*[http://www.durgautsav.com/photo/jagadhatri-photos/ Jagadhatri Puja images]
*[http://www.heritagechandernagore.com Heritage Chandannagore]

{{Former French colonies}}
{{Hooghly District}}
{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}
{{Kolkata neighbourhoods}}
{{Hooghly topics}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Chandannagar| ]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Hooghly district]]
[[Category:French India]]
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Kolkata Metropolitan Area]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1673]]
[[Category:1673 establishments in the French colonial empire]]
[[Category:1757 disestablishments in the French colonial empire]]
[[Category:1757 establishments in the British Empire]]
[[Category:1763 disestablishments in the British Empire]]
[[Category:1763 establishments in the French colonial empire]]
[[Category:1794 disestablishments in the French colonial empire]]
[[Category:1794 establishments in the British Empire]]
[[Category:1816 disestablishments in the British Empire]]
[[Category:1816 establishments in India]]
[[Category:1816 establishments in the French colonial empire]]
[[Category:19th-century establishments in French India]]
[[Category:1951 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:1951 disestablishments in the French colonial empire]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Hooghly district]]
[[Category:Cities in West Bengal]]

South Maranthalai

2026-04-30T00:34:53Z

Budhu: starting new stub

{{Short description|Village in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Orphan|date=February 2026}}
{{More citations needed|date=May 2025}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}

'''South Maranthalai''' is a [[Village]] in [[Thoothukudi district]] in the state of Tamil Nadu, India.<ref>{{cite web |date=2011 |title=Primary Census Abstract Data Tables – India: Final Population Totals |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711042331/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=11 July 2022 |access-date=27 April 2025 |website=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India}}</ref> [[Alwarthirunagiri block|Alwarthirunagari block]] is the nearby [[panchayat town]].

It is located 20 km south of the district headquarters [[Thoothukudi]]. 16 km from [[Alwarthirunagiri|Alwarthirunagari]]. It is Located 17 km from [[Thiruchendur|Tiruchendur]] and 681 km from State capital [[Chennai]]

As per the administration register, the block number of [[Alwarthirunagari]] is 306. The block has 30 [[villages]] and This Village belongs to one of the block of the [[Alwarthirunagari]] Located in Southern region of [[Tamil Nadu]] This Village road connect [[Suganthalai Panchayat]] and [[kurumbur]] in 5 km

South Maranthalai - Village Overview
Gram Panchayat : [[Suganthalai]]
Block / Tehsil : [[Alwarthirunagari]]
District : [[Thoothukkudi]]
State : [[Tamil Nadu]]
Pincode : 628207
Area : 400 hectares
Population : 2010
[[Households]] : 325
[[Nearest Town]] : [[Arumuganeri]]

329.3 Hectare of Land irrigated through [[Canal]] for [[Agriculture]] which is highest percentage of hectare of Irrigated through [[canal cultivation]] in the entire [[Alwarthirunagiri block|Alwarthirunagari Taluk]]

[[Maru Canal]] also called as [[Suganthalai Kuttam]] is the [[Longest Canal]] which is situated adjacent to [[Suganthalai]] panchayat Road that Connect [[Kurumbur]]

[[Agriculture]] is the main stay of this Village. [[Rice]], [[Betel Leaf]], [[Black lentil|Black Lentil Dal]] Occupies Major percentage in the Cultivation. Productivity of horticultural ([[Banana]]) crops were increased by manifold few years. Commercial crop, [[chillies]], [[coriander]] cultivated in more areas as well.

There are regular [[Minibus|mini buses]] plying between [http://www.thoothukudi.tn.nic.in/Vanathirupathi_tour.html Vanathirupathi] and [[Athur, Thoothukudi|Authoor]] which serve travel need of this village. There are many Government and Private buses operate from [[Athur, Thoothukudi|Authoor]] to many parts of the Chennai.

[[Kurumbur|Kurumbur Railway station]] close to the Village distance about 5 km . [[Chendur Express]] is the only train connecting [[Arumuganeri]] and [[Kurumbur]] with [[Chennai]]. There are six passenger trains between [[Tiruchendur]] and [[Tirunelveli]], two between [[Tiruchendur]] and [[Thoothukudi]] & two between [[Tiruchendur]] and [[Palani]].

The nearest [[Domestic airport]] is [[Tuticorin Airport]] which is 22 km from the [[Village]] . The nearest [[International Airport]] is [[Madurai Airport]] which is 158 km from it.

The nearest [[port]] is [[Tuticorin Port]].

== References ==
{{reflist}}{{coord missing|Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Villages in Thoothukudi district]]

Ruby Dhal

2026-04-29T13:03:32Z

Budhu: starting some stub w/ sources.

{{Short description|British-Afghan poet}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Ruby Dhal
| image =
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| citizenship = United Kingdom
| education = {{bulleted list|B.A Philosophy from University College London (2015)|M.A Philosophy from King's College London (2017)}}
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Poet, entrepreneur and author
| years_active = 2016–present
| era =
| employer =
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| known_for = [[Instapoetry]]
| notable_works = {{unbulleted list|Between Us (2021)|Dear Self (2020)|My Hope for Tomorrow (2019)}}
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'''Ruby Dhal''' (born 19 October 1994) is a British-Afghan poet, entrepreneur and author based in London.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ruby Dhal is using her platform to improve the lives of others |url=https://ceomedium.com/ruby-dhal-is-using-her-platform-to-improve-the-lives-of-others/ |access-date=12 July 2022 |work=CEO Medium |date=20 March 2022}}</ref> Born in India, Dhal emigrated to the UK at a young age with her family. She started a writing page on Instagram in 2016, eventually becoming a popular "[[Instapoetry|instapoet]]". She has written 5 books, including 3 best-selling books.

== Early life ==
Dhal started to develop an interest in books, which were originally a form of [[escapism]], and started reading and writing at a young age.<ref>{{cite web |title=How Ruby Dhal created a world of healing and hope |url=https://thetempest.co/2019/12/15/entertainment/ruby-dhal-my-hope-for-tomorrow-poetry/ |website=thetempest.co |access-date=24 July 2022}}</ref><ref name="TSQ">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Turning pain into poetry & healing - the story of Ruby Dhal, Bestselling author |url=https://thetimesquarenews.com/ruby-dhal-the-healer |access-date=1 August 2022 |work=Time Square News & Current Affairs |date=30 July 2022}}</ref>

In 2015, she graduated with a bachelor of arts degree in Philosophy from [[University College London]]. She completed her master of arts in philosophy in [[King's College London]] and graduated in 2017. She lives in London, United Kingdom with her family.<ref>{{cite web |title=About |url=https://www.rubydhalblog.com/about |website=Ruby Dhal |access-date=2 August 2022}}</ref>

== Career ==
She sold 350 copies of her first poetry book, ''Memories Unwound'',<ref>{{cite web |title=Instagram Poets Who Took Our Hearts By Storm: Ruby Dhal |url=https://www.vervemagazine.in/people/instagram-poets-who-took-our-hearts-by-storm-ruby-dhal |website=Verve Magazine |access-date=19 July 2022 |date=5 August 2017}}</ref> in the first month. She then published ''A Handful of Stars'' in May 2019, ''My Hope For Tomorrow'' in December 2019, and ''Dear Self'' and ''Between us'' in 2020 and 2021, respectively.<ref name="Temp" /> As of 2022, she has sold over 50,000 books, and has more than 500,000 followers on Instagram.<ref name="TSQ" />

== Bibliography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Title
!Publication
![[ISBN]]
!Ref
|- style="text-align: center;"
|''Memories Unwound''
|2017
|{{ISBN|9781527205321}}
|
|- style="text-align: center;"
|''A Handful Of Stars''
|2019
|{{ISBN|9781527240988}}
|
|- style="text-align: center;"
|''My Hope For Tomorrow''
|2019
|{{ISBN|9781527246324}}
|
|- style="text-align: center;"
|''Dear Self''
|2020
|{{ISBN|9781916366619}}
|
|- style="text-align: center;"
|''Between Us''
|2021
|{{ISBN|9781916366657}}
|
|}

== Awards and achievements ==
Dhal has been featured on multiple platforms and magazines. She was featured in the [[Harper's Bazaar India]] ''Writer Hotlist 2017'', and Utwine.me's list of insta-poets, aspioneer's ''20 under 40''<ref>{{cite web |title=Ruby Dhal: Transforming lives one word at a time. |url=https://aspioneer.com/ruby-dhal-transforming-lives-one-word-at-a-time/ |website=Aspioneer |access-date=24 July 2022 |date=27 December 2021}}</ref> and The Love Post's ''Colours of a Changemaker'' series' interviews.<ref>{{cite web |title=Prose writer Ruby Dhal teaches us how to embrace the ebb and flow of life |url=https://www.thelovepost.global/decolonise-your-mind/articles/prose-writer-ruby-dhal-teaches-us-how-embrace-ebb-and-flow-life |website=The Lovepost |access-date=24 July 2022 |date=10 December 2021}}</ref> She also has been interviewed by BBC Radio One<ref>{{cite web |title=The Everyday Hustle with Sonya Barlow - Ruby Dhal - BBC Sounds |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/m0015c2f |publisher=BBC |access-date=24 July 2022}}</ref> and BBC Asian Network.<ref>{{cite web |title=BBC Asian Network - Mim Shaikh, Spread the Word with Ruby Dhal |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b09tvccd |publisher=BBC |access-date=24 July 2022}}</ref><ref name="Temp">{{cite web |last1=Nawaz |first1=Mishal |title=How Ruby Dhal created a world of healing and hope |url=https://thetempest.co/2019/12/15/entertainment/ruby-dhal-my-hope-for-tomorrow-poetry/ |website=thetempest.co |access-date=24 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Young People's South Asian Evening |url=https://www.newhamsouthasianheritage.org/events/young-peoples-south-asian-evening/ |website=Newham South Asian Heritage Month |access-date=24 July 2022 |date=8 July 2021}}</ref>

She was nominated for the Asian Women of Achievement Awards' ''Young Achiever'' award 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title=2021 |url=https://www.awaawards.com/our-alumni-category/2021/ |website=Asian Women of Achievement Awards |access-date=24 July 2022}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Rupi Kaur]]
* [[Nikita Gill]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[https://player.fm/series/ordinary-peoples-extraordinary-stories/british-afghan-sikh-ruby-dhal Ruby Dhal's interview at player FM]
*[https://www.listennotes.com/top-podcasts/ruby-dhal/ Ruby Dhal's podcasts]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dhal, Ruby}}
[[Category:1994 births]]
[[Category:British Sikhs]]
[[Category:Instagram poets]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Writers from London]]
[[Category:Poets from London]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to England]]
[[Category:English people of Afghan descent]]
[[Category:Alumni of King's College London]]
[[Category:Alumni of University College London]]
[[Category:British Asian writers]]
[[Category:21st-century English women poets]]
[[Category:21st-century English poets]]

Alka Saraogi

2026-04-29T04:40:06Z

Budhu: added initial bio needs work

{{Short description|Indian novelist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox writer 
| name = Alka Saraogi
| image = Alka Saraogi.jpg
| imagesize =
| alt =
| caption = Saraogi in 2016
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1960|11|17}}
| birth_place = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| resting_place =
| occupation = Writer
| language = [[Hindi]]
| nationality = [[Indian people|Indian]]
| period =
| movement =
| notableworks =
| spouse =
}}
'''Alka Saraogi''' ({{langx|hi|अलका सरावगी}}; born 17 November 1960) is an Indian novelist and short story writer in the [[Hindi]] language. She is a recipient of the 2001 [[List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Hindi|Sahitya Akademi Award for Hindi]] for her novel ''Kalikatha: Via Bypass''.

==Biography==
Alka Saraogi was born in a [[Marwari people|Marwari]] family of [[Rajasthan]]i origin in Kolkata.{{sfn|Singh|2006}} She studied at [[Calcutta University]], receiving a PhD for her thesis on the poetry of [[Raghuvir Sahay]].{{sfn|Parson|2012|p=116}}

Following her marriage and the birth of two children, Saraogi began to write short stories.{{sfn|Stobinsky|2006}} Her first published work was ''Āp kī haṁsī'' (''Your laughter''), a story taking its title from one of Raghuvir Sahay's poems. Saraogi's mentor, Ashok Seksaria, sent it to Vartaman Sahitya, a Hindi literary journal, where it received favourable notice. She then published ''Kahānī kī talāś meṁ'' in 1996, a collection of short stories.

Her first novel, ''Kalikatha: Via Bypass'', came out in 1998. It was awarded the Sahitya Akademi Award for Hindi literature in 2001. She followed this up with four further novels, the latest – ''Jānkidās Tejpāl mansion'' – published in 2015.{{sfn|Parson|2012|p=116}}

==Critical commentary==

===Language and culture===
Marwaris and Bengalis, despite coexisting in Kolkata for many generations, have led largely disjoint lives. In Bengali literature and art, the Marwari appears typically as a stereotype, a money-making reactionary. Saraogi's writing is in Hindi, albeit neither overly Sanskritised, nor informed by the popular Hindi film industry.{{sfn|Consolaro|2007|p=9}} Though she often uses Bengali expressions in her novels, especially in the speech of Bengali characters,{{sfn|Mukherjee|2008|p=218}} even in her oeuvre the breach between the Hindi- and Bengali-speaking communities remains unbridged.{{sfn|Mukherjee|2008|p=216}}

===''Kalikatha: Via Bypass''===
Saraogi's first novel, ''Kalikatha: Via Bypass'', is a work of historical fiction. It examines the Marwari community, long established in Kolkata as a merchants yet still exploring its position among the Bengali culture. It is written from the point of view of a male protagonist, Kishore Babu, who following an operation for a head injury, begins to wander around the city, observing its economic life and histories. He compares its majoritarian society against the patriarchal mores of his Marwari community, contrasts his own memories with popular memory, and experiences the ways in which Kolkata of the 1940s melds into that of the 1990s. As Kishore Babu wanders across the city and his own memories, pondering the loves and lives of his ancestors and descendants, his ruminations enliven the entire community, and the narrative structure of the novel too flips between the ages.{{sfn|Gokhale|2002}}{{sfn|Parson|2012|pp=119-121}} Saraogi's unflinching prose does not flatter the Marwaris, though the privations of a community on the margin are described evocatively. Kolkata Marwaris have often been accused of making money at the expense of the Bengalis, but this is not addressed in the novel. Rather, it sets in stark contrast the ostensible nobility of their spirit against the parochiality of their lives.{{sfn|Gupta|2003}}

===''Shesh Kadambari''===
The protagonist of this novel, Ruby Gupta, is a Marwari woman who faces the dichotomy of two social values: the wealth and enterprise of her Marwari father versus the austere and intellectual nature of her mother's family.{{sfn|Mukherjee|2008|p=216}} Saraogi addresses the nuances of cultural differences through Ruby's eyes. Once again, the narrative oscillates between periods of Ruby's childhood and her old age. Having been wealthy in a city of poverty is a stigma she finds hard to atone. Discovering the source of her father's wealth - the opium trade - adds further discomfort. Meanwhile, she recognises the innate hypocrisy of her mother's relatives who disparage her father and his business, yet continue to live off him.{{sfn|Mukherjee|2008|p=217}}

Following the male-dominated viewpoint of her first novel, Saraogi's switch to a female perspective offers further reinforcement of the weight of cultural expectation. Despite being a patriarch, Kishore Babu in ''Kalikatha: Via Bypass'' was unable to step outside his social mores to ameliorate his widowed sister-in-law's life. In ''Shesh Kadambari'', seeking an understanding of self for all her seventy years of life, Ruby Gupta comes to realise that her social work has not resulted in any social justice for herself.{{sfn|Pandey|2008|p=206}}

===''Jankidas Tejpal Mansion''===
The story of a US-educated engineer who returns to India and gets embroiled in the [[Naxalite]] movement, Saraogi's novel sweeps across the early optimism of India's freedom to the broken dreams of the present. Jaygovind's life follows the disappointments of the first post-Independence generation, mirrored in the social schisms of America, from the [[Vietnam War]] to Wikileaks.{{sfn|Kumar|2015}}

==Works==
* {{cite book|last=|first=|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GK0KiZgbDqs|title=Kahānī kī talāś meṁ|date=1996|publisher=Adhar|isbn=|location=Panchkorla|pages=}}
** https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eRsOmpPFrj4 - For Audio Story - Aapki Hansi
**https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GK0KiZgbDqs - For Audio Story
*{{cite book|title=Kalikatha: Via bypass|publisher=Adhar|date= 2002|isbn=978-81-7675-069-1}}
* {{cite book|title=Shesh Kadambari|location=New Delhi|publisher= Rajkamal |date=2002|isbn=978-81-267-0446-0}}
* {{cite book|title=Doosrī Kahānī |location=New Delhi|publisher= Rajkamal |date= 2003|isbn=978-81-267-0677-8}}
* {{cite book|title=Koi bāt nahīn|location=New Delhi|publisher= Rajkamal |date= 2004|isbn=978-81-267-0841-3}}
* {{cite book|title=Ek break ke bād| location=New Delhi|publisher= Rajkamal |date= 2008|isbn=978-81-267-1529-9}}
* {{cite book|title=Jānkidās Tejpāl mansion| location=New Delhi|publisher= Rajkamal|date= 2015|isbn= 978-81-267-2766-7}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Bibliography ==

===On Alka Saraogi's oeuvre===
* {{cite journal|url=https://www.arts.kuleuven.be/cetra/papers/files/consolaro.pdf|first=Alessandra |last=Consolaro|title=Translating contemporary Hindi literature in Italy: Academy, publishers, readers|date=2007|journal=Selected Papers of the CETRA Research Seminar in Translation Studies 2006}}
* {{cite book|title=The Bazaar and the Bari: Calcutta, Marwaris, and the World of Hindi Letters|first=Rahul |last=Parson|date=2012|url=http://escholarship.org/uc/item/7ng958qz|publisher=University of California|location=Berkeley}}
* {{cite journal|first=Catherine |last=Pesso‐Miquel|title=Addressing Oppression in Literature: Strategies of resistance in Indian and Indian English contemporary fiction|journal= Journal of Postcolonial Writing|volume= 43|pages=149–160|number=2|date=2007|doi=10.1080/17449850701430473|s2cid=142619649}}
* {{cite encyclopedia|first=Meenakshi |last=Mukherjee|authorlink=Meenakshi Mukherjee|title=Power and the Case of Horizontal Translation|encyclopedia=Translating Power: Stories, Essays, Criticism|editor=Saugata Bhaduri|date=2008|publisher=Katha|isbn=978-81-899-3424-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sIJ56ctZ0lUC}}
* {{cite book|title=Hindī ke prayogadharmī upanyāsa|publisher=Star|date=2008|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pr_JP9_FdyoC|first=Indu Prakash |last=Pandey|language=Hindi|isbn=9788185244976}}
* {{cite journal|journal=Indian Literature|jstor=23341001|first=Avadhesh Kumar |last=Singh|number=3|volume=50|pages=166–170|title=Alka Saraogi in Conversation with Avadhesh Kumar Singh|date=May 2006}}

===Reviews===
* {{cite news|newspaper=[[India Today]]|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/books/story/20021216-book-review-alka-saraogi-kalikatha-via-bypass-793882-2002-12-15|title=Memory's bylane|date=16 December 2002|first=Namita |last=Gokhale|authorlink=Namita Gokhale}}
* {{cite news|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/07/24/stories/2003072400440300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031104181717/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/07/24/stories/2003072400440300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 November 2003|title=No bypassing a tale well told|date=24 July 2003|first=Om |last=Gupta}}
* {{cite news|newspaper=Aaj Tak|url=http://aajtak.intoday.in/story/review-of-alka-saraogis-novel-jankidas-tejpal-mansion-by-suresh-kumar-1-821676.html|title=''Jankidas Tejpal Mansion'', which has collapsed|first=Suresh |last=Kumar|language=Hindi|date=8 July 2015}}
* {{cite news|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030202/spectrum/book9.htm|title=Bypassing life|first=Arunima |last=Sehgal|date=2 February 2003|newspaper=The Tribune}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.suedasien.info/rezensionen/1681|language=German|title=Alka Saraogi: Umweg nach Kalkutta|first=Martina |last=Stobinsky|date=16 November 2006|publisher=Suedasien.info}}

{{Sahitya Akademi Award For Hindi}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saraogi, Alka}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Writers from Kolkata]]
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Hindi]]
[[Category:Hindi-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:Women writers from West Bengal]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:Novelists from West Bengal]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women novelists]]

Maitreyi Pushpa

2026-04-29T04:39:59Z

Budhu: Adding New Page - done

{{short description|Hindi fiction writer}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Maitreyi Pushpa
| native_name = मैत्रेयी पुष्पा
| image = Maitreyi-Pushpa.jpg
| image_size = 200px
| caption = Maitreyee Pushpa at own library
| occupation = [[Novelist]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1944|11|30|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Aligarh district|Aligarh]], [[United Provinces (1937-50)|United Provinces]], [[British India]]
| genre = Fiction; Indian women's literature
| period = 20th century
| notableworks = ''Chaak''; ''Alma Kabutari''
|awards = [[SAARC Literary Award]]
}}
'''Maitreyi Pushpa''' ([[Hindi]]: मैत्रेयी पुष्पा; born 30 November 1944), is a Hindi fiction writer. An eminent writer in Hindi, Maitreyi Pushpa has ten novels and seven short story collections to her credit<ref name="Publications by Maitreyi Pushpa">{{Cite web|url= http://worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n88-161398|title= Publications by Maitreyi Pushpa|publisher= World Catalogue|access-date= 22 March 2013|archive-date= 31 August 2022|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220831032946/http://worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n88-161398/|url-status= dead}}</ref><ref name="Author Profile of Maitreyi Pushpa">{{Cite web|url= http://www.womenswriting.com/WomensWriting/AuthorProfileDetail.asp?AuthorID=8|title= Author Profile of Maitreyi Pushpa|publisher= Women’s writing|url-status= dead|archiveurl= https://archive.today/20130209085009/http://www.womenswriting.com/WomensWriting/AuthorProfileDetail.asp?AuthorID=8|archivedate= 9 February 2013}}</ref><ref name="The making of a rebel">{{Cite web|url= http://www.hindu.com/mp/2006/11/16/stories/2006111600770300.htm|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110810134223/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2006/11/16/stories/2006111600770300.htm|url-status= dead|archive-date= 2011-08-10|work= [[The Hindu]]|date= 2006-11-16|title= The making of a rebel }}</ref> She also writes prolifically for newspapers on current issues concerning women, and adopts a questioning, daring and challenging stance in her writings.<ref name="Maitreyi Pushpa">{{Cite web|url= http://www.in.com/maitreyi-pushpa/profile-181313.html|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150402154639/http://www.in.com/maitreyi-pushpa/profile-181313.html|url-status= dead|archive-date= 2015-04-02|title= Untold Story of a Rural Woman |publisher=In.Com}}</ref><ref name=" Women Writers celebrate International Women’s Day">{{Cite web|url= http://www.indiaedunews.net/Delhi/Women_writers_celebrate_International_Women%27s_Day_at_IGNOU_10910/|archive-url= https://archive.today/20130413182151/http://www.indiaedunews.net/Delhi/Women_writers_celebrate_International_Women's_Day_at_IGNOU_10910/|url-status= usurped|archive-date= 13 April 2013|title= Women Writers celebrate International Women's Day |publisher=Indiaedunews}}</ref> She is best known for her Chak, Alma Kabutari,<ref name=" Polls have no impact on the miseries of nomadic people">{{Cite web |url= http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=753849 |title= Polls have no impact on the miseries of nomadic people |publisher= Outlook India |access-date= 22 March 2013 |archive-url= https://archive.today/20130411145226/http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=753849 |archive-date= 11 April 2013 |url-status= dead}}</ref> Jhoola Nat and an [[autobiographical novel]] Kasturi Kundal Base.<ref name="From the eyes of Eves">{{Cite web|url= http://www.hindu.com/mp/2008/03/08/stories/2008030852360400.htm/|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081008081210/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2008/03/08/stories/2008030852360400.htm|url-status= dead|archive-date= 2008-10-08|work= [[The Hindu]]|date= 2008-03-08|title=FRom the eyes of eves }}</ref>

==Early life==
Maitreyi Pushpa was born in Sikurra village, [[Aligarh]] district.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}} She spent her childhood and early years in Khilli, another village in Bundelkhand near [[Jhansi]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}} She did her post graduation in Hindi at Bundelkhand College, Jhansi.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}

==Career==
Maitreyi Pushpa has authored seven collections of short stories and ten novels besides writing regular column in weekly Rashtriya Sahara.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}

The Delhi government proposed her name for the post of Delhi Commission for Women (DCW) chairperson on 29 January 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/aap-government-suggests-activist-maitreyi-pushpa-for-dcw-chiefs-post/448510-3-244.html |title=AAP government suggests activist Maitreyi Pushpa for DCW chief's post |website=ibnlive.in.com |access-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202194738/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/aap-government-suggests-activist-maitreyi-pushpa-for-dcw-chiefs-post/448510-3-244.html |archive-date=2 February 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Writing style===
One writer refers to her powerful idiomatic language and uninhibited treatment.<ref name="Blood and guts">{{Cite web|url= http://www.india-today.com/itoday/19991213/maitreyi.html|title= Blood and guts|publisher= India Today|access-date= 11 April 2008|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080719032227/http://www.india-today.com/itoday/19991213/maitreyi.html|archive-date= 19 July 2008|url-status= dead}}</ref>

==Selected works==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date= August 2022}}

===Story Collections===
*''Chinhaar''
*''Goma hansti hai''
*''Peyaari ka sapna''
*''Lalmaniyaan''
*''Fighter ki Diary''
*''Samagr kahaniyan ab tak''
*''10 Pratinidhi Kahaniyan''

===Novels===
*''Gunaah Begunaah''
*''Kahi Isuri Phaag''
*''Triya hath''
*''Betavaa behti rahi''
*''Idannammam''
*''Chaak''
*''Jhoola Nut''
*''Alma Kabootri''
*''Vision''
*''Aganpaakhi''
*''Farishtey nikle''

===Autobiographies===
*''Gudiya bheetar gudiya''
*''Kasturi Kundal base''
*''Ye safar tha ki mukaam tha ''

===Drama===
*''Mandakranta''

===Women discourses===
*''Khuli khidkiyaan''
*''Suno maalik suno''
*''Charcha hamara''
*''Awaaz''
*''Tabdeel Nigahen''

==Filmography==
===Telefilm===
*"Vasumati ki chitthi", based on the story "Faisla"

===Teleserial===
*"Manda har yug main"

==Awards and recognition==
[[File:Maitreyi-award.jpg|thumb|Maitreyi Pushpa receiving the Sudha Smriti Samman on 31 July 2009 by Namvar Singh as [[Arundhati Roy]] and Ashok Vajpayee look on]]
*[[SAARC]] Literary Award for outstanding writing (2001)<ref name=" SAARC Literary Awards">{{Cite web|url= http://foundationsaarcwriters.com/literature/saarc-literary-awards|title= SAARC Literary Awards|publisher= FoundationSAARCwriters|access-date= 22 March 2013|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130227212818/http://www.foundationsaarcwriters.com/literature/saarc-literary-awards|archive-date= 27 February 2013|url-status= dead}}</ref>
*Vanmaali Samman (2011)<ref name="Vanmali Samman for Maitreyi Pushpa">{{Cite web|url= http://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/India/20110208/1684878.html|title= Vanmali Samman for Maitreyi Pushpa|publisher= Webindia123|access-date= 22 May 2012|archive-date= 31 August 2022|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220831034448/https://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/India/20110208/1684878.html|url-status= dead}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of Indian writers]]
* [[Mandakranta Sen]]
* [[Tapan Kumar Pradhan]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*http://maitreyipushpa.com/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019234458/http://maitreyipushpa.com/ |date=19 October 2020 }}
*http://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/वनमाली-सम्मान-2011-के-लिए-मैत्रेयी-पुष्पा-चयनित-1298445345-2
*http://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/India/20110208/1684878.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220831034448/https://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/India/20110208/1684878.html |date=31 August 2022 }}
*[https://archive.today/20130415135426/http://www.nwmindia.org/articles/the-hunger-project-announces-the-fourth-sarojini-naidu-prize]
*https://web.archive.org/web/20080719032227/http://www.india-today.com/itoday/19991213/maitreyi.html
*https://web.archive.org/web/20080516094000/http://www.museindia.com/showcont.asp?id=245
*https://archive.today/20130209085009/http://www.womenswriting.com/WomensWriting/AuthorProfileDetail.asp?AuthorID=8
*https://web.archive.org/web/20071025041551/http://www.thp.org/snp/2003/essay1.htm
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110810134223/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2006/11/16/stories/2006111600770300.htm ]

{{SAARC Literary Award}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pushpa, Maitreyi}}
[[Category:1944 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Hindi-language writers]]
[[Category:People from Aligarh district]]
[[Category:People from Jhansi]]
[[Category:Indian women short story writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:Women writers from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Novelists from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women novelists]]

Edwin Montagu

2026-04-24T14:03:00Z

Budhu:

{{Short description|British politician (1879–1924)}}
{{distinguish|Edwin Montague}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[The Right Honourable]]
| name = Edwin Montagu
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Edwin Samuel Montagu.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| office = [[Secretary of State for India]]
| term_start = 17 July 1917
| term_end = 19 March 1922
| monarch = [[George V]]
| prime_minister = [[David Lloyd George]]
| predecessor = [[Austen Chamberlain]]
| successor = [[William Wellesley Peel, 1st Earl Peel|The Viscount Peel]]
| office1 = [[Minister of Munitions]]
| term_start1 = 9 July 1916
| term_end1 = 10 December 1916
| prime_minister1 = [[H. H. Asquith]]
| predecessor1 = [[David Lloyd George]]
| successor1 = [[Christopher Addison, 1st Viscount Addison|Christopher Addison]]
| office2 = [[Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster]]
| term_start2 = 11 January 1916
| term_end2 = 9 July 1916
| monarch2 = [[George V of the United Kingdom|George V]]
| prime_minister2 = [[H. H. Asquith]]
| predecessor2 = [[Herbert Samuel, 1st Viscount Samuel|Herbert Samuel]]
| successor2 = [[Thomas McKinnon Wood]]
| term_start3 = 3 February 1915
| term_end3 = 25 May 1915
| monarch3 = [[George V]]
| prime_minister3 = [[H. H. Asquith]]
| predecessor3 = [[Charles Masterman]]
| successor3 = [[Winston Churchill]]
| office4 = [[Financial Secretary to the Treasury]]
| term_start4 = 25 May 1915
| term_end4 = 11 January 1916
| prime_minister4 = [[H. H. Asquith]]
| predecessor4 = [[Francis Dyke Acland]]
| successor4 = [[Thomas McKinnon Wood]]
| term_start5 = 11 February 1914
| term_end5 = 3 February 1915
| prime_minister5 = [[H. H. Asquith]]
| predecessor5 = [[Charles Masterman]]
| successor5 = [[Francis Dyke Acland]]
| office6 = [[Under-Secretary of State for India]]
| term_start6 = 20 February 1910
| term_end6 = 17 February 1914
| prime_minister6 = [[H. H. Asquith]]
| predecessor6 = [[Alexander Murray, 1st Baron Murray of Elibank|Alexander Murray]]
| successor6 = [[Charles Roberts (British politician)|Charles Roberts]]
| office7 = [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Cambridgeshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Cambridgeshire]] {{small|[[Chesterton (UK Parliament constituency)|Chesterton]] (1906–1918)}}
| term_start7 = 8 February 1906
| term_end7 = 15 November 1922
| predecessor7 = [[Sir Raymond Greene, 2nd Baronet|Raymond Greene]]
| successor7 = [[Harold Gray (landowner)|Harold Gray]]
| birth_name = Edwin Samuel Montagu
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1879|02|6}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1924|11|15|1879|2|6}}
| death_place =
| party = [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal]] (Before 1916, 1923–1924)
| other_party = [[Coalition Liberal]] (1916–1922) [[National Liberal Party (UK, 1922)|National Liberal]] (1922–1923)
| spouse = [[Venetia Stanley (1887–1948)|Venetia Stanley]] (1887–1948)
| children = [[Judith Venetia Montagu]] (daughter)
| father = [[Samuel Montagu, 1st Baron Swaythling]]
| mother = Ellen Cohen
| relatives =
| education =
| alma_mater = [[University College London]] [[Trinity College, Cambridge]]
| occupation =
| profession =
}}
'''Edwin Samuel Montagu''' [[Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council|PC]] (6 February 1879 – 15 November 1924) was a [[Liberal Party (UK)|British Liberal]] politician who served as [[Secretary of State for India]] between 1917 and 1922. Montagu was a "radical" Liberal<ref>Levine, Naomi. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=jQQUCgAAQBAJ Politics, Religion, and Love: The Story of H.H. Asquith, Venetia Stanley, and Edwin Montagu]'', 1991, p. 83</ref> and the third practising [[Judaism|Jew]] (after [[Herbert Samuel, 1st Viscount Samuel|Sir Herbert Samuel]] and [[Rufus Isaacs, 1st Marquess of Reading|Sir Rufus Isaacs]]) to serve in the British cabinet.

He was primarily responsible for the [[Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms]] which led to the [[Government of India Act 1919]], committing the British to the eventual evolution of India towards [[British Dominions|dominion status]].

==Early life and career==
Montagu was the second son and sixth child of [[Samuel Montagu, 1st Baron Swaythling]], by his wife Ellen, daughter of Louis Cohen. He was educated at Doreck College,<ref>"[https://books.google.com/books?id=jQQUCgAAQBAJ Politics, Religion and Love: The Story of H.H. Asquith, Venetia Stanley and Edwin Montagu]" Levine,N.B. pp.29-31: New York; New York University Press; 1991</ref> [[Clifton College]],<ref>"Clifton College Register" Muirhead, J.A.O. pp168/9: Bristol; J.W Arrowsmith for Old Cliftonian Society; April, 1948</ref> the [[City of London School]], [[University College London]] and [[Trinity College, Cambridge]].<ref>{{acad|id=MNTG898ES|name=Montagu, Edwin Samuel}}</ref> At Cambridge, he was the first student president of the [[Cambridge University Liberal Club]] from 1902 to 1903.<ref>[http://keynessociety.wordpress.com/about-the-keynes-society About Us], Keynes Society.</ref> In 1902, he was also president of the [[Cambridge Union]].

==Political career==
[[File:Montagu left.jpg|thumb|left|Edwin Montagu (left), Under-Secretary of State for India, with [[Reginald McKenna]] in 1911.]]
Montagu was elected Member of Parliament for [[Chesterton (UK Parliament constituency)|Chesterton]] in 1906, a seat he held until 1918, and then represented [[Cambridgeshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Cambridgeshire]] until 1922. He served under [[H. H. Asquith]] as [[Under-Secretary of State for India]] from 1910 to 1914, as [[Financial Secretary to the Treasury]] from 1914 to 1915 and again from 1915 to 1916 and as [[Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster]] (with a seat in [[Cabinet (government)|the Cabinet]]) in 1915 and 1916. In 1915 he was sworn of the [[Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council|Privy Council]]. In 1916 he was promoted to [[Minister of Munitions]].

Montagu was a friend of Asquith, [[Gertrude Bell]], Lord Lloyd, [[Maurice Hankey]] and [[Duff Cooper]], with whom he dined frequently. When Hankey was promoted to the newly created post of Cabinet Secretary, he recommended Montagu as Minister for National Service, for which he was considered in December 1916 (the job was given in the end to [[Neville Chamberlain]]). Instead he was initially left out of [[David Lloyd George]]'s coalition government in December 1916, but in August 1917 he was appointed [[Secretary of State for India]].<ref>Note, memo, 13 Dec 1916, Milner Papers, box 123, folios 124-8, Roskill, I, p.344-45</ref> Montagu was not initially part of Lloyd George's inner circle, when he became Prime Minister, but he remained in office until his resignation in March 1922.

As Secretary of State, Montagu represented the interests of the [[British Empire]] and opposed the most strident Indian nationalists, calling [[S. Subramania Iyer]] the "Grand old man of South India."<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Wilsonian moment : self-determination and the international origins of anticolonial nationalism|last=Erez|first=Manela| publisher = Oxford University Press |isbn=9780195176155|location=Oxford|oclc=176633240|date = 23 July 2007}}</ref> Montagu led the Indian delegation at the [[Paris Peace Conference, 1919|Paris Peace Conference]] in 1919, where, out of concern about antagonising Indian Muslim opinion, he opposed plans for dividing Turkey (including the Greek occupation of [[İzmir|Smyrna]] and the projected removal of the Sultan from [[Constantinople]]). On this subject, at the [[The Big Four (World War I)|Council of Four]] on 17 May 1919, he introduced representatives of [[Islam in India|Muslim India]] (including the [[Aga Khan III|Aga Khan]]) and urged that Muslim peoples were beginning to see the Conference as "taking sides against Islam".<ref>''The Deliberations of the Council of Four: Notes of the Official Interpreter Paul Mantoux'' tr. A. S. Link (Princeton, 1992) vol. 2 p. 99.</ref>

He was primarily responsible for the [[Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms]] which led to the [[Government of India Act 1919]], committing the British to the eventual evolution of India towards [[British Dominions|dominion status]].

==Anti-Zionism==
{{multiple image
| image1 = The Anti-Semitism of the Present Government, Edwin Montagu, 23 August 1917.jpg
| image2 =
| caption1 = The August 1917 memorandum by Edwin Montagu, the only Jew then in a senior British government position,<ref>{{cite book| title = The Balfour Declaration: The Origins of the Arab-Israeli Conflict | last = Schneer | first = Jonathan | year = 2010 | publisher = [[Random House]] | url = https://archive.org/details/balfourdeclarati00schn_0 | via = [[Internet Archive]] | isbn = 978-1-400-06532-5}}</ref>{{rp|193}} stating his opposition to the pro-Zionist [[Balfour Declaration]], and that he viewed it as antisemitic<ref>{{Cite news| title = The myth of the new anti-Semitism: reflections on anti-Semitism, anti-Zionism and the importance of making distinctions | last = Klug | first = Brian | author-link = Brian Klug | magazine = [[The Nation]] | url = https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/myth-new-anti-semitism/ | date = 15 January 2004}}</ref>
| caption2 =
| width1 = 215
| width2 =
| footer =
}}

Despite his father's active support for the cause, Montagu was strongly [[anti-Zionism|opposed to Zionism]], which he called "a mischievous political creed", and opposed the [[Balfour Declaration]] of 1917, which he considered [[anti-Semitic]] and whose terms he managed to modify. In a memo to the Cabinet, he outlined his views on Zionism:<blockquote>...I assume that it means that Mahommedans [Muslims] and Christians are to make way for the Jews and that the Jews should be put in all positions of preference and should be peculiarly associated with Palestine in the same way that England is with the English or France with the French, that Turks and other Mahommedans in Palestine will be regarded as foreigners, just in the same way as Jews will hereafter be treated as foreigners in every country but Palestine. Perhaps also citizenship must be granted only as a result of [[Israeli nationality law#Law of Return|a religious test]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Montagu |first=Edwin |title=Memorandum of Edwin Montagu on the Anti-Semitism of the Present (British) Government |date=23 August 1917 |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/Montagumemo.html |access-date=7 November 2010}}</ref></blockquote> He was opposed by his cousin Herbert Samuel, a moderate Zionist, who became the first [[High Commissioner]] of the [[Mandatory Palestine|British Mandate of Palestine]]. Edwin Montagu cooperated with the anti-Zionist architect [[Ernest Richmond|Ernest Tatham Richmond]] and significantly supported Richmond's study on the [[Dome of the Rock]].<ref>Moya Tönnies. ''Colonial Diplomacy through Art. Jerusalem 1918–1926''. Leiden: Brill, 2024, 86n, 194, 196n, 275, 278–279, 280, 282–285 (Fig. 17.4).</ref>

==Personal life & death==
[[File:The Jews the world over love liberty poster.jpg|thumb|220px|World War I enlistment poster from Canada, with Jewish members of the British parliament, Montagu (extreme right).]]
In 1912, Montagu accompanied the prime minister on holiday in Sicily. [[H. H. Asquith]] brought along [[Violet Bonham Carter|his daughter Violet]], and she in turn brought her friend [[Venetia Stanley (1887–1948)|Venetia Stanley]], daughter of [[Edward Stanley, 4th Baron Stanley of Alderley]]. It appears that during this holiday, both men fell in love with Stanley.

During the next three years Asquith wrote more and more frequently to her, even during Cabinet meetings. At the same time, Montagu was attempting to court her, unsuccessfully proposing marriage in 1913. She liked him but did not reciprocate his love. Also, Montagu had to marry within his Jewish faith to keep his inheritance. Although Stanley was from a [[Freethought|freethinking]] family and was not a devout [[Anglicanism|Anglican]], [[conversion to Judaism]] seemed too great a barrier. However, Asquith's epistolary obsession with Venetia and his constant demands for advice apparently became overwhelming even for this intelligent and well-read woman, keenly interested in politics as she was. As a result, she finally accepted Montagu's proposal on 28 April 1915. She converted to Judaism, and the couple were wed on 26 July 1915.

In 1923 a child was born, [[Judith Venetia Montagu]]. She grew up to befriend [[Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon|Princess Margaret]] during [[World War II]] and marry the American photographer [[Milton Gendel]], with whom she created an artistic salon in Italy.<ref>"A Six-Decade Roman Holiday". ''Vanity Fair''. November 2011.</ref> They had one child, Anna Mathias (née Gendel), the god-daughter of Princess Margaret.<ref>"Montagu, Viscount". ''Debrett's Peerage'' (2010),</ref>

Despite his wife's affairs, Montagu's marriage lasted until his death in 1924. The cause of his physical deterioration and death at the age of 45 was unknown, but was thought to be either [[blood poisoning]] or [[encephalitis]].<ref name="Levine1991">{{cite book |author=Naomi Levine |title=Politics, Religion, and Love: The Story of H. H. Asquith, Venetia Stanley, and Edwin Montagu, Based on the Life and Letters of Edwin Samuel Montagu |url=https://archive.org/details/politicsreligion0000levi/page/682 |url-access=registration |date=1 September 1991 |publisher=NYU Press |isbn=978-0-8147-5057-5 |page=682}}</ref>

==In popular culture==
Montagu is a central character in [[Robert Harris (novelist)|Robert Harris]]'s 2024 novel ''Precipice'', which depicts his friendship with, and eventual marriage to, Venetia Stanley.<ref>{{cite book |last=Harris |first=Robert |title=Precipice |publisher=Hutchinson Heinemann |date=2024-08-29 |isbn=978-1-5291-52821}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Liberalism in the United Kingdom]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===
* {{cite book |last1=Buczacki |first1=Stefan |title=My Darling Mr Asquith |date=2016 |publisher=Cato & Clarke |author-link = Stefan Buczacki|isbn=978-0993418624}}
* {{cite journal|first=Sir Maurice|last=Hankey|title=Note on the Composition of the Secretariat of the War Cabinet|journal=Memorandum |date=13 December 1916|ref=Milner Papers, Box 123, folios 124-8}}
* {{cite book|editor-first=Venetia|editor-last=Montagu|title=Edwin S. Montagu, An Indian Diary|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.7982|location=London|publisher=Heinemann|year=1930}}
* {{cite book|first=Stephen P.|last=Roskill|title=Hankey: Man of Secrets|volume=2 vols, 1877-1918; 1018-1931|publisher=Collins|date=1970}}
* {{cite book|first=Sir Sigismund David|last=Waley|title=Edwin Montagu: A Memoir and an Account of His Visits to India|url=https://archive.org/details/edwinmontagu0000wale|url-access=registration|year=1964|publisher=New York, Asia Pub. House}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Edwin Montagu}}
* {{Hansard-contribs|mr-edwin-montagu|Edwin Montagu}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|uk}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Sir Walter Greene, 2nd Baronet|Walter Raymond Greene]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Chesterton (UK Parliament constituency)|Chesterton]]|years=[[1906 United Kingdom general election|1906]]–[[1918 United Kingdom general election|1918]]
}}
{{s-non|reason=Constituency abolished}}

{{s-new|constituency}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Cambridgeshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Cambridgeshire]]|years=[[1918 United Kingdom general election|1918]]–[[1922 United Kingdom general election|1922]]
}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Harold Stannus Gray]]}}
{{s-off}}
{{succession box|title=[[Under-Secretary of State for India]]|before=[[Alexander Murray, 1st Baron Murray of Elibank|The Master of Elibank]]|after=[[Charles Henry Roberts]]|years=1910–1914}}
{{succession box|title=[[Financial Secretary to the Treasury]]|years=1914–1915|before=[[Charles Masterman]]|after=[[Sir Francis Dyke Acland, 14th Baronet|Francis Dyke Acland]]}}
{{succession box|before=[[Charles Masterman]]|title=[[Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster]]|years=1915|after=[[Winston Churchill]]}}
{{succession box|title=[[Financial Secretary to the Treasury]]|years=1915–1916|before=[[Sir Francis Dyke Acland, 14th Baronet|Francis Dyke Acland]]|after=[[Thomas McKinnon Wood]]}}
{{succession box|before=[[Herbert Samuel, 1st Viscount Samuel|Herbert Samuel]]|title=[[Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster]]|years=1916|after=[[Thomas McKinnon Wood]]}}
{{succession box|before=[[David Lloyd George]]|title=[[Minister of Munitions]]|years=1916|after=[[Christopher Addison, 1st Viscount Addison|Christopher Addison]]}}
{{succession box|before=[[Austen Chamberlain]]|title=[[Secretary of State for India]] | years=1917-1922|after=[[William Peel, 1st Earl Peel|The Viscount Peel]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Minister of Munitions}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Montagu, Edwin Samuel}}
[[Category:1879 births]]
[[Category:1924 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century British Jews]]
[[Category:20th-century British Jews]]
[[Category:Secretaries of state for India]]
[[Category:Chancellors of the Duchy of Lancaster]]
[[Category:Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Liberal Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies]]
[[Category:Presidents of the Cambridge Union]]
[[Category:Samuel-Montagu family|Edwin]]
[[Category:People educated at the City of London School]]
[[Category:Younger sons of barons]]
[[Category:People educated at Clifton College]]
[[Category:Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:Alumni of University College London]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1906–1910]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1910]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1910–1918]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1918–1922]]
[[Category:Jewish British politicians]]
[[Category:National Liberal Party (UK, 1922) politicians]]
[[Category:Jewish British anti-Zionists]]

Arpinder Singh

2026-04-24T12:14:34Z

Budhu: added initial bio initial version

{{short description|Indian triple jumper (born 1992)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Arpinder Singh
| image = Arpinder Singh, Medal Winner of the Asian Games-2018, in New Delhi (cropped).JPG
| image_size = 200px
| caption = Singh in 2018
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1992|12|30|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Harsha Chhina]], [[Punjab, India]]<ref name="Hussain, 2014">{{cite news |last1=Hussain |first1=Sabi |title=Punjab athletes threaten to move to Haryana |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2014/20141106/sports.htm#9 |accessdate=29 August 2018 |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)]] |agency=Tribune News Service |date=5 November 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141108051504/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2014/20141106/sports.htm#9 |archivedate=8 November 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| height = 1.89 m
| sport = [[Track and field]]
| event = [[Triple jump]]
| pb = 17.17 m (2014)
| medaltemplates = {{MedalSport|Men's [[Sport of athletics|athletics]]}}[[File:Athletics pictogram.svg|30px]]
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{Medal|Competition|[[IAAF Continental Cup|Continental Cup]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2018 IAAF Continental Cup|2018 Ostrava]]|[[2018 IAAF Continental Cup#Men|Triple jump]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Commonwealth Games]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2014 Commonwealth Games|2014 Glasgow]]|[[Athletics at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's triple jump|Triple jump]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Games]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2018 Asian Games|2018 Jakarta]]|[[Athletics at the 2018 Asian Games – Men's triple jump|Triple jump]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Athletics Championships|Asian Championships]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2013 Asian Athletics Championships|2013 Pune]]|[[2013 Asian Athletics Championships – Men's triple jump|Triple jump]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Indoor and Martial Arts Games|Asian Indoor Games]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2017 Asian Indoor and Martial Arts Games|2017 Ashgabat]]|[[Indoor athletics at the 2017 Asian Indoor and Martial Arts Games#Men|Triple jump]]}}
}}

'''Arpinder Singh''' (born 30 December 1992) is an Indian [[triple jump]]er. He was a gold medallist at the [[2018 Asian Games]] and [[2017 Asian Indoor and Martial Arts Games|2017 Asian Indoor Games]]. He also claimed a bronze medal at the [[2014 Commonwealth Games]].

==Career==
In June 2014, Singh beat his previous best of 16.84 metres by jumping 17.17 metres at the 2014 National Inter-State Championships in [[Lucknow]]. In the process, he beat the national record previously held by [[Renjith Maheshwary]] and also secured a qualification for the [[2014 Commonwealth Games]] where he won the bronze medal.<ref>{{cite news |title= Arpinder Singh jumps to glory |url= http://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/arpinder-singh-jumps-to-glory/article6094931.ece |newspaper= The Hindu |date= 8 June 2014 |accessdate= 23 July 2014}}</ref> The record was again broken by Maheshwary in 2016.<ref>{{cite web|title=Renjith, Jinson and Dharambir qualify for Rio|url=http://www.sportstarlive.com/athletics/renjith-jinson-and-dharambir-qualify-for-rio-olympics/article8835796.ece|publisher=sportstarlive.com|accessdate=16 February 2017|date=12 July 2016}}{{Dead link|date=May 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

On August 29, 2018 which is celebrated as National Sports Day in India he won gold medal in triple jump event in 18th Asian games.

He covered the distance of 16.77 metres to bag the gold medal. He became the second Indian sportsperson to achieve this landmark. Before him Mohinder Singh Gill won gold medal in triple jump event in 1970 Bangkok Asian games event.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{World Athletics||Arpinder Singh}}

{{Asian Games Champions Athletics Triple Jump Men}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Arpinder}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1992 births]]
[[Category:Indian men triple jumpers]]
[[Category:Athletes from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2014 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2018 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games bronze medallists for India]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2014 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2018 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games athletes for India]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2018 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Arjuna Award]]
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists in athletics (track and field)]]
[[Category:Medallists at the 2014 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Asian Athletics Championships medalists]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games bronze medallists in athletics]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]

Irshad Ali (actor)

2026-04-19T19:09:33Z

Budhu: creating biography

{{short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Irshad Ali
| image =
| birth_date =
| birth_name = Irshad Ali
| birth_place = [[Thrissur]], [[Kerala]], India
| years_active = 1995-present
| children = 1
| parents =
| spouse = Ramseena
}}

'''Irshad''' '''Ali''', professionally credited as '''Irshad''', is an Indian actor who works in [[Malayalam]] films and television.

==Career==

He has acted in numerous award-winning [[Art film|art-house films]] including those directed by acclaimed filmmakers such as [[V. K. Pavithran|Pavithran]], [[T. V. Chandran]], [[P. T. Kunju Muhammed]], and [[K. R. Mohanan]]. He has also appeared in supporting roles in a few mainstream films. He debuted as an actor in [[Sibi Malayil]]'s campus story ''Pranayavarnangal'' (''Colours of Love'', 1998) then appeared in ''Garshom'' (1999).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies/interview/863/ |access-date=19 December 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219091055/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies/interview/863/ |archive-date=19 December 2013 |title=വിലാപങ്ങളിലേക്ക് വീണ്ടും, Interview |website=Mathrubhumi Movies }}</ref> His notable films include T. V. Chandran's ''[[Dany (film)|Dany]]'' (2002), ''[[Paadam Onnu: Oru Vilapam]]'' (''Lesson One: A Wail'', 2003), ''[[Vilapangalkkappuram]]'' (2008) and ''[[Bhoomi Malayalam]]'' (''The Mother Earth'', 2009), P. T. Kunju Muhammed's ''[[Paradesi (2007 film)|Paradesi]]'' (''Foreigner'', 2007), [[Madhu Kaithapram]]'s ''[[Madhya Venal]]'' (2009), [[Priyanandanan]]'s ''[[Pulijanmam]]'' (''Tiger Life'', 2006) and ''[[Bhakthajanangalude Sradhakku]]'' (2011), and Dr. Biju's ''[[Veettilekkulla Vazhi]]'' (''The Way Home'', 2010).<ref>Rasmi Binoy. (5 May 2011). [http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article1993529.ece "Career moves"]. ''The Hindu''. Retrieved 9 May 2011.</ref>

==Personal life==
He was born to Puthenpura Nalakathu Abdu and Nafeesa, as the fourth son among six children, in [[Kechery]], [[Thrissur]]. He has four brothers and a sister.<ref>[http://www.mangalam.com/mangalam-varika/254669?page=0,0 ആണും പെണ്ണും ചുംബിച്ചാല്‍ ലോകം ഇടിഞ്ഞുവീഴുമോ?]. mangalam.com.</ref> He is married to Ramseena, a bank employee. They have a son, Arshaq.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies/malayalam/400653/ |access-date=24 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024035513/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies/malayalam/400653/ |archive-date=24 October 2013 |title=ഇനി ഞാനൊരു പുള്ളി,പ്പുലി, Malayalam |website=Mathrubhumi Movies }}</ref>

==Filmography==

{{Pending films key}}

===Film===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
!scope="col"| Year
!scope="col"| Title
!scope="col"| Role
!scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
|rowspan=2|1995|| ''Puthukottayile Puthumanavalan'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Parvathy Parinayam]]'' || ||
|-
|1997||''[[Kudamattom]]''|| ||
|-
|rowspan=3|1998||''[[Pranayavarnangal]]''|| College Chairman ||
|-
||''[[Manjukalavum Kazhinju]]''|| ||
|-
|| ''British Market''||Johny ||
|-
|1999||''[[Garshom]]''|| ||
|-
|2000||''[[Narasimham (film)|Narasimham]]''||Gopalan ||
|-
|2000||''[[Ingane Oru Nilapakshi]]''|| ||
|-
|rowspan=2|2001||''[[Praja]]''|| Sundaram ||
|-
||''[[Ravanaprabhu]]''|| ||
|-
|rowspan=3|2002||''[[Neythukaran]]''|| ||
|-
||''[[Bhavam]]''|| ||
|-
||[[Dany (film)|''Dany'']] ||Murukan ||
|-
|rowspan=4|2003|| ''[[Pulival Kalyanam]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Ivar (2003 film)|Ivar]]'' || Nambi ||
|-
||''[[Mizhi Randilum]]'' || ||
|-
||''[[Padam Onnu Oru Vilapam]]'' ||Rasaq ||
|-
|rowspan=3|2004||''[[Kanninum Kannadikkum]]'' || Abhirami's husband ||
|-
||''[[Vajram (2004 film)|Vajram]]'' || George ||
|-
||''[[Kathavasheshan]]''|| Gopi's colleague ||
|-
|2005||''[[Kochirajavu]]''|| Prakashan ||
|-
|2006||''[[Pulijanmam]]'' || Ashraf ||
|-
|rowspan=3|2007|| ''Atheetham'' || C.E.O ||
|-
||''[[Paradesi (2007 film)|Paradesi]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Paranju Theeratha Visheshangal]]'' || Sajeevan ||
|-
|rowspan=4|2008|| ''[[Aandavan (2008 film)|Aandavan]]'' || Const.Rameshan ||
|-
||''[[Vilapangalkkappuram]]'' || ||
|-
||''Mayabazar''|| ||
|-
||''Anthiponvettam''|| ||
|-
|rowspan=4|2009||''[[Aayirathil Oruvan (2009 film)|Aayirathil Oruvan]] ''||Rameshan ||
|-
||''[[Bhoomi Malayalam]]''|| ||
|-
|| [[Sufi Paranja Katha (film)|''Sufi Paranja Kadha'']] || Beeran ||
|-
|| ''[[Madhya Venal]]''|| ||
|-
|rowspan=4|2010||''[[Annarakkannanum Thannalayathu]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Cocktail (2010 film)|Cocktail]] ''|| ||
|-
|| ''[[24 Hrs (film)|24 Hrs]] ''|| Hazari ||
|-
|| ''[[Drona 2010]]'' || Aadishankaran ||
|-
|rowspan=6|2011||''[[Indian Rupee (film)|Indian Rupee]]'' || Asharuf ||
|-
||''[[Veetilekkulla Vazhi]]'' ||Abdulla ||
|-
|| ''[[Priyappetta Nattukare]]'' || ||
|-
||''Yathra Thudarunnu'' || ||
|-
||''[[Bhakthajanangalude Sradhakku]]''||Viswanathan ||
|-
||''[[Swapna Sanchari]]'' || Raveendran Nair ||
|-
|rowspan=8|2012 || ''[[Masters (film)|Masters]]'' || Sam George ||
|-
|| ''[[Thappana|Thaappaana]]'' || Sudhakaran ||
|-
||''[[Namukku Parkkan]]'' || ||
|-
||''Streetlight'' ||Sakhavu ||
|-
||''[[Nidra (2012 film)|Nidra]]'' || ||
|-
||''[[Ardhanaari]]'' ||Jaganathan ||
|-
|| ''[[Banking Hours 10 to 4]]'' || ||
|-
||''[[Veendum Kannur]]''|| ||
|-
|rowspan=18|2013|| ''[[Cowboy (2013 film)|Cowboy]]'' || Mohan ||
|-
||''[[Radio (2013 film)|Radio]]'' || Pradeesh Nair ||
|-
||''[[Black Butterfly (2013 film)|Black Butterfly]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Natholi Oru Cheriya Meenalla]]'' || ||
|-
||[[Celluloid (film)|''Celluloid'']] || ||
|-
||[[Red Wine (2013 film)|''Red Wine'']] || Dinesh ||
|-
||[[Climax (2013 film)|''Climax'']] || Victor Lenus ||
|-
|| [[Left Right Left (film)|''Left Right Left'']] || Policeman ||
|-
|| ''[[Vallatha Pahayan]]'' || Faisal ||
|-
|| ''[[Pullipulikalum Aattinkuttiyum]]'' ||Chakka Maniyan ||
|-
||[[Memories (2013 film)|''Memories'']]||Issac ||
|-
|| ''3G Third Generation'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Ginger (2013 film)|Ginger]] '' || Mohan ||
|-
|| ''[[D Company (film)|D Company]] '' || Narendran ||
|-
|| ''[[Pottas Bomb]]'' || Baby||
|-
|| ''[[Punyalan Agarbattis]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Ezhu Sundara Rathrikal]]'' ||Sound for police officer ||
|-
|| ''[[Drishyam]]'' ||SI Suresh Babu ||
|-
|rowspan=9|2014|| ''[[Parayan Baaki Vechathu]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''Garbhasreeman''|| Ancient King||
|-
|| ''Naattarnagu'' || ||
|-
|| ''On The Way'' ||Ravindran ||
|-
|| ''[[Vikramadithyan]]'' || George Alexander ||
|-
|| ''[[Varsham (2014 film)|Varsham]]'' ||Mohanan ||
|-
|| ''[[To Noora with Love]]'' ||Photographer ||
|-
|| ''[[Mylanchi Monchulla Veedu]]''||Ramesh Kurup ||
|-
|| ''[[Sapthamashree Thaskaraha|Sapthamsree Thaskaraha]]'' ||Christo Mathew ||
|-
|rowspan=7|2015|| ''[[Alif (2015 film)|Alif]]'' ||Abu ||
|-
|| ''Mayapuri 3D''||Adithyan's father ||
|-
|| ''[[Loham]]'' ||Jayan ||
|-
|| ''[[Onnum Onnum Moonu]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''Namukkore Aakaasam'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Mariyam Mukku]]''|| Kaala George ||
|-
|| ''[[Su Su Sudhi Vathmeekam]]''||Kurup||
|-
|rowspan=4|2016|| ''[[Maalgudi Days]]''|| Sudarshan||
|-
|| ''[[Anuraga Karikkin Vellam]]'' ||Irfan Khan ||
|-
|| ''[[Kasaba (2016 film)|Kasaba]]'' || Antony ||
|-
|| ''[[Kaadu Pookkunna Neram]]'' || ||
|-
|rowspan=2|2017|| ''[[Rarandoi Veduka Chudham]]'' ||Prabhakar || Telugu film
|-
|| ''[[Jomonte Suvisheshangal]]''||CA Joshy ||
|-
|2018|| ''[[Joseph (2018 film)|Joseph]]''|| Siddique ||
|-
|Rowspan=4|2019
|''[[Janamaithri]]''||Ashok Kumar||
|-
|| ''[[Thanneer Mathan Dinangal]]''||Principal ||
|-
||''[[Vikruthi]]''|| Nazar ||
|-
||''[[My Santa (2019 film)|My Santa]]''|| Deepa's Brother ||
|-
|rowspan=3|2020||''Silencer''|| ||
|-
||''[[Big Brother (2020 film)|Big Brother]]''||||
|-
||''Aandaal''|| Irulappan ||
|-
|rowspan=3|2021||''[[Wolf (2021 thriller film)|Wolf]]''|| Joe ||
|-
|''[[Bharathapuzha (film)|Bharathapuzha]]''|| Galfukaran||
|-
|''[[Operation Java]]''|| [[Sub-inspector|SI]] Prathapan ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2022 || ''[[Randu (film)|Randu]]'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=It's a wrap for Vishnu Unnikrishnan's 'Randu' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2021/feb/17/its-a-wrapfor-vishnuunnikrishnans-randu-2264967.html |access-date=2023-04-04 |website=The New Indian Express|date=17 February 2021 }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Sayanna Varthakal]]'' || Rajeev ||
|-
| ''Two Men'' || Sanjay Menon ||
|-
| ''Nalla Samayam'' || Samy Ettan ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Case against Omar Lulu's Nalla Samayam dismissed, director confirms OTT release |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/mar/11/case-against-omar-lulus-nalla-samayam-dismissed-director-confirms-ott-release-40929.html |access-date=2023-04-08 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=11 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2023 || ''Padmini'' || ||
|-
| ''Bhagavan Dasante Ramarajyam'' || Ravi ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhagavan Dasante Ramarajyam review |date=22 July 2023 |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/bhagavan-dasante-ramarajyam-movie-review/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2022-09-22 |title=TG Ravi headlines Bhagavan Dasante Ramarajyam |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2022/Sep/22/tg-ravi-headlines-bhagavan-dasante-ramarajyam-34954.html |access-date=2024-09-02 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Corona Dhavan]]'' || Rocket Shibu ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Corona Dhavan (2023) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Chennai |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/chennai/movies/corona-dhavan/ET00365979 |access-date=2023-08-12 |website=in.bookmyshow.com}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Imbam]]'' || Premarajan ||<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-09-22 |title=Deepak Parambol - Lalu Alex starrer 'Imbam' to release on October |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/deepak-parambol-lalu-alex-starrer-imbam-to-release-on-october/articleshow/103863510.cms |access-date=2023-10-27 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2024 || ''[[Guruvayoor Ambalanadayil]]'' || Cheriyammavan ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Guruvayoor Ambala Nadayil first look out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/jan/16/guruvayoor-ambala-nadayil-first-look-out-51281.html |access-date=2024-01-16 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=16 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[DNA (2024 film)|DNA]]'' || CI Eldho Varkey ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-11 |title=Raai Laxmi's DNA gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/May/11/raai-laxmis-dna-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2024-05-11 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Oru Anweshanathinte Thudakkam]]'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-27 |title=Oru Anweshanathinte Thudakkam trailer promises a gripping investigative thriller |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Oct/27/oru-anweshanathinte-thudakkam-trailer-promises-a-gripping-investigative-thriller |access-date=2024-11-12 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2025 || ''Ariku'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Santhosh |first=Vivek |date=2025-02-12 |title=KSFDC production Ariku gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Feb/12/ksfdc-production-ariku-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Thudarum]]'' || Shaji ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2025-04-07 |title=Mohanlal-starrer Thudarum gets a new release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Apr/07/mohanlal-starrer-thudarum-gets-a-new-release-date |access-date=2025-04-07 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2026 || ''[[Pennu Case]]'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=Cinema Express |date=2025-12-17 |title=Nikhila Vimal's Pennu Case gets release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Dec/17/nikhila-vimals-pennu-case-gets-release-date |access-date=2025-12-17 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Valathu Vashathe Kallan]]'' || Head Constable Johnny Vincent ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2025-05-26 |title=Jeethu Joseph-Biju Menon-Joju George's Valathu Vashathe Kallan launched |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/May/26/jeethu-joseph-biju-menon-joju-georges-valathu-vashathe-kallan-launched |access-date=2025-05-26 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
!scope="col"| Year
!scope="col"| Title
!scope="col"| Channel



|-
|1999||'' Ninavukal Novukal''
| [[DD Malayalam]]
|-
|2000||'' Jwala''
| [[DD Malayalam]]

|-
|2003||'' Prayanam''
| [[DD Malayalam]]
|-
|2004||'' Mizhi Thurakkumbol''
| [[Surya TV]]
|-
|2004||'' Kayamkulam Kochunnni''
| [[Surya TV]]
|-
|2005||'' Anweshi''
| [[DD Malayalam]]
|-
|2006||'' Velutha Kathreena''
| [[Kairali TV]]
|-
|2006||''Unniyarcha''
| [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|-
|2006||'' [[Swami Ayyappan (TV series)|Swami Ayyappan]]''
| [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|-

|2007||'' Chandrodayam''
| [[DD Malayalam]]
|-
|2007||''Kanalpoovu''
| [[Kairali TV]]
|-
|2007||'' Minnal Kesari''
| [[Surya TV]]
|-
|2008||'' MT Kathakal''
| [[Amrita TV]]

|-
|2008||'' Kudumbayogam''
| [[Surya TV]]
|-
|2010||'' Kunjali Marakkar''
| [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|-
|2013||''Radhamadhavam''
| [[Surya TV]]
|-
|2015||'' Manasariyathe''
| [[Surya TV]]
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|1537406|name=AliIrshad}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Irshad}}
[[Category:Male actors from Thrissur]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1979 births]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam television]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]

Kanubari Assembly constituency

2026-04-18T23:41:41Z

Budhu: creating info

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Arunachal Pradesh State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kanubari
| state = [[Arunachal Pradesh]]
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 58
| district = [[Longding district|Longding]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Arunachal East (Lok Sabha constituency)|Arunachal East]]
| established = 1990
| reservation = ST
| map_image = Kanubari Assembly constituency map.svg
| mla = [[Gabriel Denwang Wangsu]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| electors = 12,480
}}
'''Kanubari''' is one of the 60 [[Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Arunachal Pradesh]] state in [[India]].<ref name=ceoarunachal-ACs>{{cite web |url=http://ceoarunachal.nic.in/gismaps.html |title=GIS Maps of State, Districts & ACs|website=ceoarunachal.nic.in |accessdate= 27 June 2020 |archive-date=2020-06-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627145610/http://ceoarunachal.nic.in/gismaps.html}}</ref> It is part of [[Longding district]] and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1990 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || rowspan=2 | Noksong Boham || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=6}}
|-
| [[1995 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|-
| [[1999 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || rowspan=4 | [[Newlai Tingkhatra]]
|-
| [[2004 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|-
| [[2009 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
|-
| [[2014 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|-
| [[2019 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]] || rowspan=2 | [[Gabriel Denwang Wangsu]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Kanubari<ref name="Kanubari (ST) Constituency Election Results 2024">{{cite news |title=Kanubari (ST) Constituency Election Results 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/arunachal-pradesh/constituency-show/kanubari |accessdate=29 May 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=2 June 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240531182335/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/arunachal-pradesh/constituency-show/kanubari |archivedate=31 May 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Arunachal Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024 - Kanubari">{{cite news |title=Arunachal Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024 - Kanubari |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGen2ndJune2024/candidateswise-S0258.htm |accessdate=29 May 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=2 June 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250529123519/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGen2ndJune2024/candidateswise-S0258.htm |archivedate=29 May 2025}}</ref><ref name="Kanubari Assembly Election Result 2024: BJP's Gabriel Denwang Wangsu wins">{{cite news |title=Kanubari Assembly Election Result 2024: BJP's Gabriel Denwang Wangsu wins |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/itanagar/kanubari-assembly-election-results-2024-kanubari-arunachal-pradesh-elections-poll-result-winner/articleshow/110639449.cms |accessdate=29 May 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=2 June 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603014721/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/itanagar/kanubari-assembly-election-results-2024-kanubari-arunachal-pradesh-elections-poll-result-winner/articleshow/110639449.cms |archivedate=3 June 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Gabriel Denwang Wangsu]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=5,584 |percentage=47.10% |change={{decrease}}18.82 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Panjam Wangsa |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=3,525 |percentage=29.73% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nokchai Boham |party=People's Party of Arunachal |votes=2,508 |percentage=21.16% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sompha Wangsa |party=Indian National Congress |votes=201 |percentage=1.70% |change={{decrease}}22.59 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=37 |percentage=0.31% |change={{decrease}}0.22 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,059 |percentage=17.37% |change= {{decrease}}24.27 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=11,855 |percentage=94.99% |change= {{increase}}3.79 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 12,480 |ref = |change= {{increase}}11.88 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}18.82 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Kanubari}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Gabriel Denwang Wangsu]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=6,707 |percentage=65.92% |change={{increase}}31.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nokchai Boham |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,471 |percentage=24.29% |change={{decrease}}11.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Manhang Loham |party=Independent politician |votes=942 |percentage=9.26% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=54 |percentage=0.53% |change={{decrease}}0.61 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,236 |percentage=41.64% |change= {{increase}}41.12 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,174 |percentage=91.21% |change= {{decrease}}0.82 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,155 |ref = |change= {{increase}}7.14 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}30.62 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Kanubari<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2014/Stat_Rep_Arunachal_Pradesh_2014.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813080618/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2014/Stat_Rep_Arunachal_Pradesh_2014.pdf|archive-date=13 August 2021|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Newlai Tingkhatra]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,383 |percentage=35.31% |change={{decrease}}18.40 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rongnaimaham |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=3,334 |percentage=34.79% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Gabriel Denwang Wangsu]] |party=Independent politician |votes=2,756 |percentage=28.76% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=109 |percentage=1.14% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=49 |percentage=0.51% |change= {{decrease}}6.89 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=9,582 |percentage=92.03% |change= {{increase}}0.87 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,412 |ref = |change= {{increase}}4.90 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}18.40 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Kanubari<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2009/stat_AR_Aug2009.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170404184244/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2009/stat_AR_Aug2009.pdf|archive-date=4 April 2017|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Newlai Tingkhatra]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,859 |percentage=53.70% |change={{increase}}22.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Gabriel Denwang Wangsu]] |party=People's Party of Arunachal |votes=4,189 |percentage=46.30% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=670 |percentage=7.40% |change= {{increase}}5.42 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=9,048 |percentage=91.15% |change= {{increase}}9.87 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,926 |ref = |change= {{increase}}15.24 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2004 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Kanubari<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_AR_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324145008/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_AR_2004.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Newlai Tingkhatra]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,194 |percentage=31.34% |change={{decrease}}8.17 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Laichoi Wangpan |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=2,055 |percentage=29.35% |change={{increase}}14.76 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hejam Ponglaham |party=Independent politician |votes=1,134 |percentage=16.20% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Noksong Boham |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,015 |percentage=14.50% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Alini Wangcha (Rajkumari) |party=Independent politician |votes=603 |percentage=8.61% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=139 |percentage=1.99% |change= {{decrease}}18.93 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,001 |percentage=80.49% |change= {{decrease}}1.71 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 8,613 |ref = |change= {{increase}}18.38 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}8.17 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1999 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Kanubari<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-AR99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-AR99.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Newlai Tingkhatra]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,386 |percentage=39.51% |change={{decrease}}1.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Laichoi Wangpan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,123 |percentage=18.60% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hejam Ponglaham |party=Independent politician |votes=930 |percentage=15.40% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jamaw Arangham |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=881 |percentage=14.59% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sompha Wangsa |party=Independent politician |votes=719 |percentage=11.91% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,263 |percentage=20.91% |change= {{increase}}12.39 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,039 |percentage=85.62% |change= {{decrease}}7.26 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 7,276 |ref = |change= {{increase}}13.53 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}1.13 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1995 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1995 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Kanubari<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-AR95.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144239/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-AR95.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Noksong Boham |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,351 |percentage=40.64% |change={{increase}}10.43 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hejam Ponglaham |party=Independent politician |votes=1,858 |percentage=32.12% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tony Rajkumar |party=Independent politician |votes=1,576 |percentage=27.24% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=493 |percentage=8.52% |change= {{increase}}6.29 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,785 |percentage=91.65% |change= {{increase}}6.90 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 6,409 |ref = |change= {{increase}}17.96 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1990 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1990 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Kanubari<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Statistical%20Report%20Arunachal%20Pradesh%201990.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Statistical%20Report%20Arunachal%20Pradesh%201990.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Noksong Boham |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,368 |percentage=30.21% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nokram Wangham |party=Janata Dal |votes=1,267 |percentage=27.98% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Newlai Tingkhatra]] |party=Independent politician |votes=1,004 |percentage=22.17% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rawang Wangham |party=Independent politician |votes=582 |percentage=12.85% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tony Raj Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=220 |percentage=4.86% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Laichat Arangham |party=Independent politician |votes=66 |percentage=1.46% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=101 |percentage=2.23% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=4,529 |percentage=85.42% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 5,433 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Longding district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Arunachal Pradesh}}

{{coord|27.03|95.2|display=title}}

[[Category:Longding district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1990]]
[[Category:1990 establishments in Arunachal Pradesh]]

Chelakkara Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:34:40Z

Budhu: done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Kerala legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Chelakkara
| type = SLA
| loksabha_cons = [[Alathur Lok Sabha constituency|Alathur]]
| constituency_no = 61
| state = [[Kerala]]
| district = [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]]
| map_image = The lonely tree on the hill top.jpg
| map_caption = A hill at [[Thiruvilwamala]] in '''Chelakkara Assembly constituency'''
| established = 1965
| reservation = SC
| mla = [[U. R. Pradeep]]
| party = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
| alliance = {{legend2|#ED1C24|'''[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]'''|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| latest_election_year =
| electors = 1,98,086 (2021)
}}
'''Chelakkara''' is one of the 140 [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies in [[Kerala]]. It is also one of the seven [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies included in [[Alathur Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="tsr">{{cite web
|url = http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/thrissur.html
|website = www.ceo.kerala.gov.in
|title = State Assembly constituencies in Thrissur district, Kerala.
}}</ref> As of the [[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021 assembly election]], the MLA is [[K. Radhakrishnan (politician)|K. Radhakrishnan]] of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]; however, Radhakrishnan resigned after winning [[Alathur Lok Sabha constituency]] in the [[2024 Indian general election|2024 general election]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chelakkara Election Results |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/topics/elections/chelakkara-election-results.html |access-date=2024-11-22 |website=Chelakkara Election Results |language=ml}}</ref>

==Local self-governed segments==
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Chelakkara Assembly constituency is composed of the following local self-governed segments:<ref name="tsr"/>

{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
! width="100px" | Name
! width="130px" | Status ([[Gram panchayat|Grama panchayat]]/[[Municipality]])
! width="100px" | [[Tehsil|Taluk]]
|-
| [[Chelakkara]]
| Grama panchayat
| [[Thalapilly]]
|-
| [[Desamangalam]]
| Grama panchayat
| [[Thalapilly]]
|-
| [[Kondazhy]]
| Grama panchayat
| [[Thalapilly]]
|-
| [[Mullurkara]]
| Grama panchayat
| [[Thalapilly]]
|-
| [[Panjal]]
| Grama panchayat
| [[Thalapilly]]
|-
| [[Pazhayannur]]
| Grama panchayat
| [[Thalapilly]]
|-
| [[Thiruvilwamala]]
| Grama panchayat
| [[Thalapilly]]
|-
| [[Cheruthuruthi|Vallathol Nagar]]
| Grama panchayat
| [[Thalapilly]]
|-
| [[Varavoor]]
| Grama panchayat
| [[Thalapilly]]
|}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
The following list contains all members of [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] who have represented the constituency:<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chelakkara (SC) Assembly Election Results in 2016, Winning MLA List, Constituency Map|url=https://www.mapsofindia.com/assemblypolls/kerala/chelakkara-sc-assembly-constituency-map.html|access-date=2020-06-04|website=www.mapsofindia.com}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Niyama
Sabha
!Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1967 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|3rd
|P. Kunhan
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1970 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1970]]
|4th
| rowspan="3" |[[K. K. Balakrishnan]]
|-
|[[1977 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|5th
|-
|[[1980 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|6th
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
|[[1982 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|7th
|C. K. Chakrapani
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
|[[1987 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|8th
|M. A. Kuttappan
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1991 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|9th
|M. P. Thami
|-
|[[1996 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|10th
| rowspan="4" |[[K. Radhakrishnan (politician)|K. Radhakrishnan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=7}}
|-
|[[2001 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|11th
|-
|[[2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|12th
|-
|[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|13th
|-
|[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|14th
|[[U. R. Pradeep]]
|-
|[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|rowspan="2" |15th
|K. Radhakrishnan
|-
|[[2024 elections in India#Kerala|2024]] ^
|U. R. Pradeep
|}
^by-election
{{notelist}}

== Election results ==

===2026===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Chelakkara}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[U. R. Pradeep]]
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party =United Democratic Front (Kerala)
|candidate =Sivan Veettikkunnu
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = BJP
|candidate = K. Balakrishnan
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = K.V Subramaniyan
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2024 by-election ===
<section begin="Assembly Election 2022"/>
There were 2,13,103 eligible voters in the 2024 Chelakkara Assembly constituency by-election.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/chelakkara-records-7254-turnout-in-bypoll/article68864431.ece|website=thehindu.com|title=Kerala Niyamasabha By Election Palakkad 2024|access-date=19 November 2024}}</ref>

{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2024 elections in India#Kerala|2024 Kerala Legislative Assembly by-election]]: Chelakkara<ref name="Kerala bypolls: CPI(M) says Chelakkara win and ‘improved showing’ in Palakkad belie Congress-BJP claims of public bitterness against LDF">{{cite news |last1=The Hindu |first1= |title=Kerala bypolls: CPI(M) says Chelakkara win and ‘improved showing’ in Palakkad belie Congress-BJP claims of public bitterness against LDF |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-bypolls-cpim-says-chelakkara-win-and-improved-showing-in-palakkad-belie-congress-bjp-claims-of-public-bitterness-against-ldf/article68901761.ece |access-date=23 November 2024 |work= |date=23 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241123153556/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-bypolls-cpim-says-chelakkara-win-and-improved-showing-in-palakkad-belie-congress-bjp-claims-of-public-bitterness-against-ldf/article68901761.ece |archive-date=23 November 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="Chelakkara bypoll in Kerala: LDF retains seat as U.R. Pradeep wins by over 12,000 votes">{{cite news |last1=The Hindu |first1= |title=Chelakkara bypoll in Kerala: LDF retains seat as U.R. Pradeep wins by over 12,000 votes |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/chelakkara-bypoll-in-kerala-ldf-retains-seat-as-ur-pradeep-wins-by-over-12000-votes/article68901492.ece |access-date=23 November 2024 |date=23 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241123154154/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/chelakkara-bypoll-in-kerala-ldf-retains-seat-as-ur-pradeep-wins-by-over-12000-votes/article68901492.ece |archive-date=23 November 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="Chelakkara Assembly constituency 2024 By Poll Result">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=Chelakkara Assembly constituency 2024 By Poll Result |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcByeNov2024/candidateswise-S1161.htm |access-date=23 November 2024 |date=23 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241123154258/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcByeNov2024/candidateswise-S1161.htm |archive-date=23 November 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[U. R. Pradeep]]
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|votes = 64,827
|percentage = 41.44
|change = {{decrease}}9.97
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Ramya Haridas]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 52,626
|percentage = 33.64
|change = {{increase}}4.93
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = K. Balakrishnan
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 33,609
|percentage = 21.49
|change = {{increase}}5.81
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = N. K. Sudheer
|party = Independent
|votes = 3,920
|percentage = 2.50
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above (India)
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 1,034
|percentage = 0.66
|change = {{increase}}0.19
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 12,201
|percentage = 7.79
|change = {{decrease}}17.91
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,56,426
|percentage = 73.40
|change = {{decrease}}4.00
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing = {{decrease}}9.97
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2021 ===
There were 1,98,086 registered voters in the constituency for the 2021 election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2021, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3767-kerala-general-legislative-election-2021|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>

{{Election box begin|title=[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Chelakkara]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[K. Radhakrishnan (politician)|K. Radhakrishnan]]|votes=83,415|percentage=54.41|change={{increase}}9.60}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=C. C. Sreekumar|votes=44,015|percentage=28.71|change={{decrease}}9.36}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Shajumon Vattekkad|votes=24,045|percentage=15.68|change={{decrease}}0.09}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Social Democratic Party of India|candidate=Chandran Thiyyath|votes=1,120|percentage=0.73|change={{Decrease}}0.01}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=720|percentage=0.47|change=-}}

{{Election box margin of victory||votes=39,400|percentage=25.70|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,53,315|percentage=77.40|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link||winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|loser=Indian National Congress|swing={{increase}}9.60}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2016 ===
There were 1,90,919 registered voters in the constituency for the 2016 election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2016, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3767-kerala-general-legislative-election-2016|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>

{{Election box begin|title=[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Chelakkara]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[U. R. Pradeep]]|votes=67,771|percentage=44.81|change={{decrease}}10.61}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Thulasi|votes=57,571|percentage=38.07|change={{increase}}1.21}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Shajumon P. P.|votes=23,845|percentage=15.77|change={{increase}}10.46}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Social Democratic Party of India|candidate=A. Subramanian|votes=1,116|percentage=0.74|change={{Decrease}}0.93}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=922|percentage=0.61|change=-}}

{{Election box margin of victory||votes=10,200|percentage=6.74|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,51,225|percentage=79.21|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link||winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|loser=Indian National Congress|swing={{decrease}}10.61}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2011 ===
There were 1,73,746 registered voters in the constituency for the 2011 election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2011, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3763-kerala-2011|access-date=11 March 2020|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>

{{Election box begin|title=[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Chelakkara]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[K. Radhakrishnan (politician)|K. Radhakrishnan]]|votes=73,683|percentage=55.42|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=K. B. Sasikumar|votes=49,007|percentage=36.86|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=V. A. Krishnakmaran|votes=7,056|percentage=5.31|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Social Democratic Party of India|candidate=A. Subramanian|votes=2,224|percentage=1.67|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Suresh Babu|votes=972|percentage=0.73|change=}}

{{Election box margin of victory||votes=24,676|percentage=18.56|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,32,942|percentage=76.52|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link||winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|loser=Indian National Congress|swing=}}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[Chelakkara]]
* [[Thrissur district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Kerala Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Kerala Assembly Constituencies}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Kerala]]
[[Category:State assembly constituencies in Thrissur district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1965]]
[[Category:1965 establishments in Kerala]]

Honsla Rakh

2026-04-15T09:50:16Z

Budhu: creating new entry

{{short description|2021 Indian romantic-comedy film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Honsla Rakh
| image = Honsla Rakh film.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Amarjit Singh Saron
| producer = {{Plainlist|
*Daljit Thind
*Diljit Dosanjh
}}
| writer = Rakesh Dhawan
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Diljit Dosanjh]]
* [[Sonam Bajwa]]
* [[Shehnaaz Gill]]
* Shinda Grewal
* Anayah Miglani (baby honsla)
}}
| music = Sandeep Saxena
| cinematography = [[Baljit Singh Deo]]
| editing = Manish More
| studio = Thind Motion Films Storytime Productions
| distributor = White Hill Productions Ltd (overseas)
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2021|10|15|}}
| runtime = 145 minutes<ref name="runtime:bbc" />
| country = India
| language = Punjabi
| budget =
| gross = {{estimation}} {{INR|54}} [[crore]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/shehnaaz-gill-debut-film-honsla-rakh-worldwide-box-office-7655430/ |title=Shehnaaz Gill's debut film Honsla Rakh mints Rs 54 crore on worldwide box office: 'We made it happen' |date=4 December 2021}}</ref>
}}

'''''Honsla Rakh''''' ({{translation|Be Patient}}) is a 2021 Indian [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film directed by Amarjit Singh Saron starring [[Diljit Dosanjh]], [[Sonam Bajwa]], [[Shehnaaz Gill]],<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/pics-of-shehnaaz-gill-from-honsla-rakh-wrap-up-party-are-winning-the-internet/articleshow/81868862.cms |title=Pics of Shehnaaz Gill from 'Honsla Rakh' wrap up party are winning the internet |access-date=2 April 2021 |date=2 April 2021 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> it marks the debut of Diljit Dosanjh as producer. It was released worldwide theatrically on 15 October 2021.<ref name="rel:ie" />

The film is set in [[Vancouver]], [[British Columbia]], [[Canada]], and depicts the story of a divorced father who is raising his son on his own.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/diljit-dosanjh-and-shehnaaz-gill-wrap-up-honsla-rakh-shoot-in-canada-1786453-2021-04-02 |title=Diljit Dosanjh and Shehnaaz Gill wrap up Honsla Rakh shoot in Canada |author=Rishita Roy Chowdhury |work=India Today |access-date=2 April 2021 |date=2 April 2021 |language=en}}</ref> When he starts dating, romance and comedy ensue.

The film received positive reviews and is currently among the [[List of highest-grossing Punjabi films#Global gross figures|highest-grossing Punjabi films]] with a worldwide gross of {{INR Convert|54|c}}.

==Plot==
Yenkey Singh is a divorced [[single parent]], who lives with his son, Honsla Singh. He runs a successful Indian restaurant in Canada. He is desperate to find a woman for marriage, and always introduces his son as his younger brother whenever he meets a pretty girl. One day, while waiting at the airport for a delayed flight, he runs into his ex-wife, Sweety.

In a flashback, a young Yenkey and Sweety are on a date where Sweety places a condition that after marriage, they won't have any kids and would focus on their careers. But, after a few months of their marriage, Sweety gets pregnant and experiences mood swings. She demands a divorce and wants Yenkey to get child custody. After the child is born, Sweety leaves Yenkey and her newborn child with him, whom he names Honsla. Then, the film depicts the struggle Yenkey faced as a single parent, and how he couldn't marry a single girl as he is always rejected for having a child.

After the flashback, Sweety is revealed to be a successful fashion designer, who then finally meets her son, Honsla. Just as she meets Honsla, her new husband calls her, thus disappointing Yenkey. As the delayed flight is cancelled, Yenkey meets Jasmine, and falls in love with her instantly. They become friends and start dating. Yenkey proposes to Jasmine, but she rejects him as soon as she finds out he has a son. But Honsla lies, stating that his father's first wife is dead, leading to Jasmine to marry Yenkey.

Initially, both of them introduce Honsla as Yenkey's younger brother to their family, and Jasmine's parents agree to their marriage. The situation deteriorates when Sweety and her husband appear at his wedding. Yenkey and Honsla both decide to tell everyone the truth, as he doesn't want to hurt Jasmine and her parents anymore.

During their engagement, Yenkey tells everyone the truth. He confesses that Sweety was his first wife and Honsla is his and Sweety's son. Seeing his father sad, Honsla decides to stay with Sweety for his father's sake, but Yenkey, who loves Honsla, leaves the engagement on the spot. Then, it is revealed that both were doing a small drama to convince Jasmine and her family members. All of them finally forgive Yenkey and accept Honsla. Just as Sweety and her husband leave, Honsla calls Sweety "Mummy", thus enlightening her. Yenkey says that Sweety can meet Honsla whenever she wants and the film ends on a happy note with a group photo.

==Cast==
* [[Diljit Dosanjh]] as Yenkey Singh, Restaurant owner, Jasmine's husband, Sweety's ex-husband, Honsla's father<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/diljit-dosanjh-shehnaaz-gill-wrap-shoot-of-honsla-rakh-photos-7255939/ |title=Diljit Dosanjh, Shehnaaz Gill wrap shoot of Honsla Rakh, party together. See photos |website=The Indian Express |access-date=2 April 2021 |date=2 April 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Sonam Bajwa]] as Jasmine, yoga teacher, Yenkey's wife, Honsla's stepmother
* [[Shehnaaz Gill]] as Sweety, a fashion designer, Yenkey's ex-wife, Honsla's mother<ref name="gill:itvn2"/>
* Shinda Grewal as Honsla Singh, Yenkey and Sweety's son, Jasmine's stepson<ref name="shinda:toi" />
* Anayah Miglani<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/news/diljit-dosanjh-shehnaaz-gill-honsla-rakh-star-cast-trailer-release-date-box-office-where-to-watch-hd-download-online-740144 |title=Honsla Rakh: Star Cast, Trailer, Release Date, Box Office, Where to Watch, HD download online |website=India TV News |access-date=16 October 2021 |date=14 October 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Balinder Johal]] as Jasmine’s grandmother
* [[Kamaljit Neeru]] as Jasmine’s mother

==Production==
The film was announced by [[Diljit Dosanjh]] on 18 February 2021 with the lead cast Diljit Dosanjh, [[Sonam Bajwa]], [[Shehnaaz Gill]] and Shinda Grewal, the son of actor [[Gippy Grewal]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/diljit-dosanjh-shehnaaz-gill-sonam-bajwa-honsla-rakh-first-poster-7193703/ |title=Honsla Rakh: Diljit Dosanjh collaborates with Shehnaaz Gill, Sonam Bajwa in comedy caper |website=The Indian Express |access-date=2 April 2021 |date=19 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref> The film marks Dosanjh's debut as a film producer.{{Cn|date=November 2021}}

Filming began in March 2021 in Vancouver, Canada<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://m.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/shehnaaz-gill-cradles-baby-bump-as-diljit-dosanjh-stares-into-her-eyes-see-honsla-rakh-new-poster-224637 |title=Shehnaaz Gill cradles baby bump as Diljit Dosanjh stares into her eyes; see 'Honsla Rakh' new poster |work=The Tribune |date=13 March 2021 |access-date=3 April 2021 |language=ko}}</ref> and [[principal photography]] was wrapped on 1 April 2021 in Canada.<ref name="gill:itvn2">{{Cite web |date=2 April 2021 |title=Shehnaaz Gill, Diljit Dosanjh wrap up Punjabi film Honsla Rakh - Videos and Pics go viral |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/regional-cinema/shehnaaz-gill-diljit-dosanjh-wrap-up-punjabi-film-honsla-rakh-videos-latest-pictures-viral-695079 |access-date=2 April 2021 |website=Indian TV News |language=en}}</ref><ref name="shinda:toi">{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/gippy-grewals-son-gurfateh-finishes-the-shoot-of-honsla-rakh/articleshow/81833179.cms |title=Gippy Grewal's son Gurfateh finishes the shoot of 'Honsla Rakh' |date=1 April 2021 |website=The Times of India |language=en |access-date=2 April 2021}}</ref> A promotional song of the film which was scheduled to be shot on 15 September in London was postponed, as Shehnaaz Gill was mourning the death of her friend, actor [[Sidharth Shukla]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 September 2021 |title=Shehnaaz Gill to resume shoot for 'Honsla Rakh' opposite Diljit Dosanjh? Makers share update |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/celebrities/shehnaaz-gill-to-resume-shoot-for-honsla-rakh-opposite-diljit-dosanjh-makers-share-update-735633 |access-date=23 September 2021 |website=Indian TV News |language=en}}</ref> It was reported that Shehnaaz Gill will shoot the promotional song on 7 October.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-shehnaaz-gill-to-resume-work-on-october-7-will-shoot-a-song-for-her-film-honsla-rakh/articleshow/86750345.cms |title=Exclusive: Shehnaaz Gill to resume work on October 7, will shoot a song for her film Honsla Rakh |author=Neha Maheshwri |access-date=4 October 2021 |date=4 October 2021 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

==Release==
===Theatrical===
''Honsla Rakh'' certified with running time of 145 minutes,<ref name="runtime:bbc">{{cite web |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/honsla-rakh-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc01mzqxnze |title=Honsla Rakh (2021) |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |access-date=12 October 2021}}</ref> was released worldwide on 15 October 2021 coinciding with [[Vijayadashami|Dussehra]] holidays in India.<ref name="rel:ie">{{Cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/shehnaaz-gill-smiles-at-diljit-dosanjh-in-latest-honsla-rakh-poster-trailer-out-soon-7534355/ |title=Shehnaaz Gill smiles at Diljit Dosanjh in latest Honsla Rakh poster, trailer out soon |work=The Indian Express |access-date=25 September 2021 |date=25 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://abcfry.com/honsla-rakh-release-date-reveal-trailer-out-tomorrow/ |title="Honsla Rakh" Release Date Reveal, Trailer Out Tomorrow |website=abcFRY.com}}</ref>
===Home media===
''Honsla Rakh'' was released for [[Streaming media|digital streaming]] on 24 November 2021 on [[Amazon Prime Video]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=23 November 2021 |title=Diljit Dosanjh, Shehnaaz Gill's Honsla Rakh to premiere on Amazon Prime Video on Nov 24 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/diljit-dosanjh-shehnaaz-gill-s-honsla-rakh-to-premiere-on-amazon-prime-video-on-nov-24-1879986-2021-11-23 |access-date=26 November 2021 |magazine=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Honsla Rakh
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Avvy Sra, [[MixSingh|Mix Singh]], JSL, Intense, Yeah Proof
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|2021|}}
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| language = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| length = 16:27
| label = Tips Punjabi
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc =
}}
The soundtrack of the film is composed by Intense and lyrics written by Raj Ranjodh. The first track "Chanel No 5" is released on Tips Punjabi on 30 September.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/music/chanel-no-5-the-first-song-from-honsla-rakh-will-get-you-grooving-in-no-time/articleshow/86648561.cms |title=Chanel No 5: The first song from 'Honsla Rakh' will get you grooving in no time |access-date=1 October 2021 |date=30 September 2021 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> Second track "Guitar" composed by JSL and sung by Raj Ranjodh is released on 4 October.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/honsla-rakh-song-guitar-diljit-dosanjh-sonam-bajwa-love-ballad-shehnaaz-gill-punjabi-watch-video-7551372/ |title=Honsla Rakh song Guitar: Diljit Dosanjh and Sonam Bajwa are love-struck |website=The Indian Express |access-date=4 October 2021 |date=4 October 2021 |language=en}}</ref> 3rd track "Sher" composed by
Yeah Proof is released on 8 October.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/music/diljit-dosanjh-dances-like-a-true-punjabi-sher-in-the-new-song-of-honsla-rakh/articleshow/86872191.cms |title=Diljit Dosanjh dances like a true Punjabi 'Sher' in the new song of 'Honsla Rakh' |access-date=9 October 2021 |date=8 October 2021 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> Four days later, 4th track "Lalkaara" composed by Avvy Sra was released on 12 October.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/honsla-rakh-song-lalkaare-diljit-dosanjh-shehnaaz-gill-and-sonam-bajwa-groove-to-an-upbeat-track-watch-video-7568401/ |title=Honsla Rakh song Lalkaare: Diljit Dosanjh, Shehnaaz Gill and Sonam Bajwa groove to an upbeat track, watch video |website=The Indian Express |access-date=12 October 2021 |date=12 October 2021 |language=en}}</ref> On 14 October 5th track "Saroor" composed by Avvy Sra was released.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/music/saroor-diljit-dosanjhs-bhangra-and-shehnaaz-gills-nakhra-is-a-treat-to-watch-in-the-new-song-of-honsla-rakh/articleshow/87016730.cms |title=Saroor: Diljit Dosanjh's bhangra and Shehnaaz Gill's nakhra is a treat to watch in the new song of 'Honsla Rakh' |access-date=14 October 2021 |date=14 October 2021 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> Title track was released on 20 October.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/punjabi/honsla-rakh-title-track/videoshow/87154340.cms |title=Honsla Rakh - Title Track |access-date=21 October 2021 |date=20 October 2021 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

===Track list===
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Artist(s)
| total_length = 17:47
| title1 = Chanel No 5
| music1 = Intense
| lyrics1 = Raj Ranjodh
| extra1 = [[Diljit Dosanjh]]
| length1 = 3:05
| title2 = Guitar
| music2 = JSL
| lyrics2 = Raj Ranjodh
| extra2 = Raj Ranjodh
| length2 = 3:18
| title3 = Sher
| music3 = Yeah Proof
| lyrics3 = Laddi Chahal
| extra3 = Diljit Dosanjh
| length3 = 2:38
| title4 = Lalkaara
| music4 = Avvy Sra
| lyrics4 = [[Happy Raikoti]]
| extra4 = Diljit Dosanjh
| length4 = 2:24
| title5 = Saroor
| music5 = Avvy Sra
| lyrics5 = Happy Raikoti
| extra5 = Diljit Dosanjh
| length5 = 3:10
| title6 = Honsla Rakh (Title Track)
| music6 = [[MixSingh]]
| lyrics6 = Happy Raikoti
| extra6 = Diljit Dosanjh
| title7 = Come ON Bruh
| length7 = 1:45
| lyrics7 = JSL
| music7 = JSL
| extra7 = Diljit Dosanjh
| length6 = 1:52
}}

==Reception==
Jaspreet Nijher reviewing for ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film with 4 stars out of 5, praised storyline writing, "[... the film] is a sublime exhibit of emotions through various equations, that of a father and his son, between a man and a woman and eventually between a woman and her son." Nijher praised the performances of [[Diljit Dosanjh]] and Shinda Grewal. Nijher wrote, "Shinda is [[Winning Hearts|winning hearts]] with his effortless acting, without losing the innocence of a child of seven." Nijher said while concluding the review: "The comedy is just enough to keep the focus on romance and the emotions, and entertaining with its straightforward references."<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/honsla-rakh/movie-review/87041052.cms |title=Honsla Rakh Movie Review: A fine balance of sublime emotions and comedy that takes Punjabi cinema to a new dimension |author=Jaspreet Nijher |access-date=16 October 2021 |date=15 October 2021 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> Kritika Vaid of India.com rated the film with 3 stars out of 5 and wrote, "''Honsla Rakh'' gives you two hours and 25 minutes of laughter. An easy-breezy family entertainer with nothing much to write about!"<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/honsla-rakh-review-shehnaaz-gill-diljit-dosanjhs-film-has-an-unplanned-child-but-planned-laughter-and-a-lot-of-entertainment-5055461/ |title=Honsla Rakh Review: Shehnaaz Gill-Diljit Dosanjh's Film Has an Unplanned Child, But Planned Laughter And a Lot of Entertainment! |author=Kritika Vaid |access-date=17 October 2021 |date=15 October 2021 |website=India.com}}</ref> Kiddaan.com gave the film 4 stars out of 5 and praised the performance of Diljit Dosanjh, Sonam Bajwa, Shehnaaz Gill and Shinda Grewal, stating that "they all have done commendable jobs". Criticising the music, they wrote, "we also believe that if its music was a little better, it could have uplifted the overall feel of the movie." Kiddaan stated that "''Honsla Rakh'' is the kind of entertainer we all needed for a long time, hence without any second thoughts, it is a must-watch."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://kiddaan.com/honsla-rakh-movie-review/ |title=Honsla Rakh Review: With All Laughters, And Melodrama, The Movie Wins Our Hearts |website=Kiddaan.com |publisher=Kiddan |date=15 October 2021 |access-date=17 October 2021}}</ref>

=== Box office ===

''Honsla Rakh'' opened with net collection of {{INRConvert|55|m}} on first day of release worldwide, which is the highest ever for a Punjabi film.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=6362 |title=Honsla Rakh Is Highest Punjabi Opening Of All Time |date=16 October 2021 |access-date=16 October 2021 |publisher=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref> The film had worldwide gross collection of {{INRConvert|175|m}} in opening weekend,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=6369 |title=Honsla Rakh Has Highest Opening Weekend Worldwide |date=18 October 2021 |access-date=18 October 2021 |publisher=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref> and {{INRConvert|282.5|m}} in opening week.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://twitter.com/diljitdosanjh/status/1451526425689743361 |title=28.25 cr worldwide box office gross on 7th day |date=22 October 2021 |access-date=22 October 2021 |author=Diljit Dosanjh (official) |via=Twitter}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=July 2025}}

The film {{As of|2021|12|3|lc=y}}, has grossed {{INRConvert|540|m}} worldwide.<ref name="bo1:boi">{{Cite web |url=https://twitter.com/diljitdosanjh/status/1466821886591963139 |title=54 cr worldwide box office gross on 50th day |date=3 December 2021 |access-date=4 December 2021 |author=Diljit Dosanjh (official) |via=Twitter}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=July 2025}}

== PTC Punjabi Film Awards 2022 ==

Honsla Rakh received five awards at the [[PTC Punjabi Film Awards]] 2022:

* Best Film
* Best Director - Amarjit Singh Saron
* Best Actor - Diljit Dosanjh
* Most Popular Song of The Year - Guitar by Raj Ranjodh
* Best Cinematography - Baljit Singh Deo

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt14598754}}

[[Category:Punjabi-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2021 Punjabi-language films]]
[[Category:2021 films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Vancouver]]
[[Category:2021 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:2021 comedy-drama films]]

Surendra Singh Rathore

2026-04-12T13:56:03Z

Budhu: starting a biography - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Surendra Singh Rathore<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amarujala.com/election/vidhan-sabha-elections/rajasthan/candidates/surendra-singh-rathore-bjp-2018-kumbhalgarh-174|title=Surendra Singh Rathore's election Profile|publisher=[[Amar Ujala]]|access-date=2023-12-04}}</ref>
| office = Member of [[16th Rajasthan Assembly|Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| native_name = सुरेंद्र सिंह राठौर
| native_name_lang = Hi
| constituency = [[Kumbhalgarh Assembly constituency|Kumbhalgarh]]
| country = {{flag|India}}
| assembly = [[16th Rajasthan Assembly|Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| predecessor = Yogendra Singh Parmar
| successor =
| term_start = 2023
| term_end =
| source =
| party = [[BJP|Bhartiya Janta Party]]
| birth_name = {{birth date and age|1963|06|1|df=y}}
| occupation = Politician
| profession =
}}

'''Surendra Singh Rathore''' (born 1 June 1963) is an Indian [[politician]] currently serving as a member of the [[16th Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/kumbhalgarh-assembly-election-results-2023-live-2470789-2023-12-03|title=Kumbhalgarh Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: BJP's Surendra Singh Rathore with 78133 defeats INC's Yogendra Singh Parmar|date=3 December 2023 |publisher=indiatoday. in|access-date=2023-12-04}}</ref> He represents the [[Kumbhalgarh Assembly constituency]] as a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/elections/rajasthan/surendra-singh-rathore-assembly-candidate-s20aed2008a174e2023c003/|title=Rajasthan Churu Election Result 2023:Surendra Singh Rathore|publisher=news18.com|access-date=2023-12-04}}</ref>

== Political career ==
Following the [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]], he was elected as an MLA from [[Kumbhalgarh]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenDecNew2023/partywisewinresult-369S20.htm|title=General Elections to Assembly Constituencies:Trends & Results Dec-2023|publisher=results.eci.gov.in|access-date = 2023-12-04}}</ref> defeating Yogendra Singh Parmar, the candidate from the [[Indian National Congress|Indian National Congress (INC)]], by a margin of 22,060.<ref>{{cite web|title= Surendra Singh Rathore:Rajasthan Churu Election Result 2023|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/rajasthan/constituency-show/kumbhalgarh|newspaper=[[Times of India]]|access-date=2023-12-04}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rathore, Surendra Singh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Rajasthan]]

{{Rajasthan-BJP-politician-stub}}

Diocese of Bettiah

2026-04-11T02:55:08Z

Budhu: stub...

{{Short description|Roman Catholic diocese in Bihar, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox diocese
|jurisdiction = Diocese
|name = Bettiah
|latin = Dioecesis Bettiahensis
|local = बेतिया के सूबा
|image = Bettiah Catholic Church.jpg
|caption = Bettiah cathedral church
|country = {{flag|India}}
|metropolitan = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Patna|Patna]]
|province = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Patna|Patna]]
|rite = [[Latin Church|Latin Rite]]
|cathedral = Cathedral of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary in [[Bettiah]]
|cocathedral =
|area_km2 = 16,089
|population = 15,891,000
|population_as_of = 2012
|catholics = 5,810
|catholics_percent= 0.0
|parishes = 12
|patron =
|pope = {{Incumbent pope}}
|bishop = Fr. Peter Sebastian Goveas
|metro_archbishop = William D'Souza
|coadjutor =
|auxiliary_bishops=
}}

The '''Roman Catholic Diocese of Bettiah''' ({{langx|la| Bettiahen(sis)}}) is a [[diocese]] located in the city of [[Bettiah]] in the [[ecclesiastical province]] of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Patna|Patna]] in India.

Some of the communicants within this diocese are [[Bettiah Christians]], one of the oldest ethnoreligious Christian communities in the northern Indian subcontinent.<ref name="John2000">{{cite book |last1=John |first1=Jose Kalapura |title=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, Vol. 61 |date=2000 |publisher=Indian History Congress |pages=1011, 1016 |language=English}}</ref> [[Newar people|Newaris]] of the Catholic Christian faith who settled in Chuhari in the 1700s after being expelled from Nepal, are part of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Bettiah as well; they are known as Newar Christians.<ref name="John2000"/> Other Catholic Christian communities who are served by the Roman Catholic Diocese of Bettiah include those of scheduled castes and tribal people.<ref name="John2000"/>

==History==
* 1892: Established as the [[Apostolic Prefecture]] of Bettiah from the [[Diocese of Allahabad]]
* 1917: Suppressed to the Apostolic Vicariate of Patna
* June 27, 1998: Restored as Diocese of Bettiah from the [[Diocese of Muzaffarpur]]

==Leadership==
* [[Bishop]]s of Bettiah ([[Latin Church|Latin Rite]])
** Fr. Peter Sebastian Goveas, Vicar General of Bhagalpur Diocese,<ref name=ipppafa /> is elected new Bishop of the Catholic Diocese of Bettiah on 22 July 2017<ref name="ipppafa">{{Cite web |title=Pope Francis appoints new bishop in India’s Bettiah Diocese |url=http://www.archivioradiovaticana.va/storico/2017/07/22/pope_francis_appoints_new_bishop_in_india%C3%A2%C2%80%C2%99s_bettiah_diocese/en-1326501 |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=www.archivioradiovaticana.va}}</ref>
** Bishop Victor Henry Thakur (June 27, 1998 – July 3, 2013); elevated to [[Archbishop]] of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Raipur]], in [[Raipur, India]], by [[Pope Francis]]
* Prefects Apostolic of Bettiah ([[Latin Church|Latin Rite]])
** Fr. [[Eugenio Remigio Schwarz]], [[O.F.M. Cap.]] (1892 – 1918)

== See also ==
{{Portal|Catholicism|Christianity}}
*[[Christianity in Bihar]]

==References==

{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Wikisource1913CatholicEnc|Bettiah}}
* [http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/bett0.htm GCatholic.org] [[Wikipedia:SPS|{{sup|[''self-published'']}}]]
* [http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dbett.html Catholic Hierarchy] [[Wikipedia:SPS|{{sup|[''self-published'']}}]]

{{coord|26.8033|N|84.5031|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bettiah}}
[[Category:Roman Catholic dioceses in India]]
[[Category:Christian organizations established in 1892]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic dioceses and prelatures established in the 19th century]]
[[Category:1892 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Christianity in Bihar]]
[[Category:West Champaran district]]

{{India-RC-diocese-stub}}

Divya Gautam

2026-04-09T18:54:17Z

Budhu: done

{{Short description|Indian academic and politician (born 1991)}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Divya Gautam
| image = Divya Gautam.jpg
| state = [[Bihar]]
| education = [[Patna University]]; M.A. in Women Studies from [[Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Hyderabad]] (2014-16); M.A. in Mass Communication [[Nalanda Open University]] (2016-2018)
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1991|01|17}}
| party = [[File:CPIML LIBERATION FLAG.jpg|20px]] [[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation]]
| parents = Lalita Singh (mother) Bhupendra Kumar (father)
| relations = Bhupendra Kumar Singh (maternal uncle) [[Sushant Singh Rajput]] (maternal cousin)
| birth_place = [[Saharsa]], [[Bihar]], India
}}
'''Divya Gautam''' is an Indian academic, theatre artist and politician from [[Bihar]].<ref name="Ref1">{{cite news |title=Who is Divya Gautam, Sushant Singh Rajput's cousin, to contest Bihar election as left candidate (CPI-ML) |url=https://www.livemint.com/elections/assembly-elections/who-is-divya-gautam-sushant-singh-rajputs-cousin-to-contest-bihar-election-as-left-candidate-cpiml-11760457066082.html |work=LiveMint |date=14 October 2025}}</ref> She has been announced as the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation|Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation (CPI(ML) Liberation]]) candidate from the [[Digha Assembly constituency]] in Patna district for the Bihar Legislative Assembly Election 2025.<ref name="Ref2">{{cite news |title=India bloc fields Divya Gautam from Digha seat |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/india-bloc-fields-divya-gautam-from-digha-seat/articleshow/124533132.cms |work=The Times of India |date=14 October 2025}}</ref><ref name="Ref3">{{cite news |title=Bihar polls: CPI-ML fields Divya Gautam from Digha seat |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Oct/13/bihar-polls-cpi-ml-fields-divya-gautam-from-digha-seat |work=The New Indian Express |date=13 October 2025}}</ref><ref name="Ref4">{{cite news |title=Sushant Singh Rajput's cousin sister, a UGC NET-qualified PhD candidate, enters Bihar's election. Check Divya Gautam's qualifications and career of INDIA bloc candidate |url=https://m.economictimes.com/magazines/panache/sushant-singh-rajputs-cousin-sister-a-ugc-net-qualified-phd-candidate-enters-bihars-election-check-divya-gautams-qualifications-and-career-of-india-bloc-candidate/articleshow/124545397.cms |work=The Economic Times |date=14 October 2025}}</ref>
Divya Gautam is the cousin of late actor [[Sushant Singh Rajput]].<ref name="Ref5">{{cite news |title=Stick to your passion, Sushant told cousin |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/stick-to-your-passion-sushant-told-cousin-1719538-2020-09-07 |work=India Today |date=7 September 2020}}</ref>

== Education ==
Divya Gautam holds a Bachelor's degree in Journalism and Mass Communication from [[Patna College]], affiliated with [[Patna University]]. She later pursued a Master of Arts (M.A.) in Women's Studies from the [[Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Hyderabad|Tata Institute of Social Sciences]] (TISS)''',''' Hyderabad (2014-2016), followed by a second M.A. in Mass Communication from [[Nalanda Open University]] (2016-2018).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-15 |title=Who is Divya Gautam? Sushant Singh Rajput's cousin in fray for Bihar polls as Left candidate from Digha |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/who-is-divya-gautam-sushant-singh-rajputs-cousin-in-fray-for-bihar-polls-as-cpi-ml-candidate-from-digha-101760544060651.html |access-date=2025-10-20 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> Divya is currently pursuing her PhD in Performance and Cultural Studies at [[BITS Pilani]], under the supervision of Dr Prateek, focusing on the performativity of Bhojpuri cinema.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ms. Divya Gautam – Patna Women's College {{!}} Best College in Patna {{!}} Best MCA College in Patna for Women's |url=https://patnawomenscollege.in/divya-gautam/ |access-date=2025-10-20 |language=en-US}}<nowiki><ref></nowiki>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-15 |title=Who is Divya Gautam? Sushant Singh Rajput's cousin in fray for Bihar polls as Left candidate from Digha |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/who-is-divya-gautam-sushant-singh-rajputs-cousin-in-fray-for-bihar-polls-as-cpi-ml-candidate-from-digha-101760544060651.html |access-date=2025-10-20 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Research Group |url=https://www.bits-pilani.ac.in/pilani/research-group/ |access-date=2025-11-16 |website=BITS Pilani |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Career ==
During her student days, Divya was actively involved in student politics and contested the 2012 Patna University Students' Union election as a candidate of the [[All India Students' Association|All India Students Association]] (AISA). She narrowly lost to Ashish Sinha of the [[Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad]] (ABVP). In 2021, Divya cracked the [[Bihar Public Service Commission]] Civil Service examination but chose not to join the government service as a supply inspector. Instead, she focused on her passion for education and activism. She also served as an assistant professor at [[Patna Women's College]].

== References ==
<references/>

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gautam, Divya}}
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation politicians]]
[[Category:People from Patna district]]
[[Category:Politicians from Bihar]]
[[Category:Indian women in politics]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1991 births]]

Deodar Assembly constituency

2026-03-30T17:07:30Z

Budhu:

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Gujarat State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Deodar
| mla = [[Keshaji Chauhan]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = Gujarat
| district = [[Vav-Tharad district|Vav-Tharad]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Banaskantha Lok Sabha constituency|Banaskantha]]
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:253414}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14750-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 18 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|2}}
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 14
}}

'''Deodar''' is one of the 182 [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Gujarat]] state in [[India]].<ref name=gjceo>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125011107/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2014 |title=Parliament / Assembly constituency wise PS & Electors Detail - Draft Roll - 2014 |access-date= 1 June 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly Constituency and Their Extent |date=12 December 2006 |website=Election Commission of India |publisher=Delimitation Commission of India |pages=2–31 |format=PDF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 February 2017 }}</ref> It is part of [[Vav-Tharad district|Vav-Tharad]] district. It is numbered as 14-Deodar.

==List of segments==

This assembly seat represents the following segments,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly Constituency and Their Extent|date=12 December 2006|website=Election Commission of India|publisher=Delimitation Commission of India|pages=2–31|format=PDF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|archive-date=5 March 2016|url-status=dead|access-date=12 February 2017}}</ref>

# Deodar Taluka
# Deesa Taluka (Part) Villages – Jadiyali, Bhadra, Nandla, Ghana, Bhakadiyal, Kotda, Dhunsol, Dhroba, Kherola, Pechhdal, Sarat, Kamodi, Deka, Vasna (Kuda), Jasara, Kuda, Chekra, Kamoda, Devsari, Zenal, Nani, Jhakol, Matu, Dodana, Moral, Lakhani, Vasna (Vatam), Manaki, Agthala, Chitroda, Katarva, Gamdi, Varnoda, Godha, Mota Kapra, Nana Kapra, Vakvada, Dharanva, Shergadh, Peplu, Taleganj, Balodhar, Gharnal Nani, Gharnal Moti, Nesda Juna, Nesda Nava, Ramvas, Paldi, Ratanpura, Soyla, Nava Bhildi, Bhildi.

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!Picture
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[2007 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|[[Anil Mali]] ||
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|[[Keshaji Chauhan]] ||
|-
|[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| [[Bhuriya Shivabhai Amrabhai]]<ref name=election2017/> ||
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|[[Keshaji Chauhan]] ||
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==Election results==
=== 2022 ===
<section begin="Assembly Election 2022"/>
{{Election box begin |title=[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]]: Deodar }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Keshaji Chauhan]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 109,123
|percentage = 56.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Shivabhai Amrabhai Bhuriya|party=Indian National Congress|votes=70,709|percentage=36.71|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Bhemabhai Ragnathbhai Chaudhary<ref>{{cite news |title=AAP releases list of 10 candidates for 2022 Gujarat assembly elections |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/aap-releases-list-of-10-candidates-for-2022-gujarat-assembly-elections-101659436095504.html |access-date=2 August 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=2 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref>|party=Aam Aadmi Party|votes=5,065|percentage=2.63|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above]]|party=None of the above|votes=3,071|percentage=1.59|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=38,414|percentage=19.95|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:253162}}
|ref=<ref name="Gujarat Elections ECI">{{cite web |title=Gujarat Legislative Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2022" />

===2017===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]]: Deodar<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3841-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2017 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 11 July 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Shivabhai Bhuriya
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 80,432
|percentage = 48.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Keshaji Chauhan]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 79,460
|percentage = 47.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = None of the Above
|party = None of the Above
|votes = 2,988
|percentage = 1.79
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =
|percentage = 0.58
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,66,626
|percentage = 77.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:215498}}
|ref=<ref name=election2017/>
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Keshaji Chauhan]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=76,265|percentage=48.95|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Govabhai Hamirabhai Rabari]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=55,456|percentage=35.60|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Hirabhai Vaghela|party=Independent politician|votes=12,882|percentage=8.27|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=20,809|percentage=13.35|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=155,810|percentage=82.17|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum: }}
|ref=
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|loser = Indian National Congress
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2007===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2007 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Anil Mali]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=48,936|percentage=37.49|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Manshihji Vaghela|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=28,544|percentage=21.87|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Geni Thakor]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=24,951|percentage=19.12|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Keshaji Chauhan|party=Independent politician|votes=21,252|percentage=16.28|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=|percentage=12.62|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=130,522|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|loser = Indian National Congress
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Banaskantha district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Gujarat Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Gujarat}}
{{coord|24.12|71.78|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Politics of Banaskantha district]]

Civic nationalism

2026-03-29T01:26:06Z

Budhu: fixed issues

{{Short description|Form of nationalism}}
{{distinguish|Constitutional patriotism|National liberalism}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{nationalism sidebar|types}}

'''Civic nationalism''', otherwise known as '''democratic nationalism''', is a form of [[nationalism]] that adheres to traditional liberal values of [[Freedom (political)|freedom]], [[Toleration|tolerance]], [[Egalitarianism|equality]], and [[individual rights]], and is not based on [[ethnocentrism]].<ref name=Auer>{{cite book|last1=Auer|first1=Stefan|title=Liberal Nationalism in Central Europe|date=2004|publisher=Routledge|isbn=1134378602|page=5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BhNsM_ttOb4C&pg=PA5|access-date=13 May 2017}}</ref><ref>Tamir, Yael. 1993. ''Liberal Nationalism.'' Princeton University Press. {{ISBN|0-691-07893-9}}{{Page needed |date=June 2016}}; [[Will Kymlicka]]. 1995. ''Multicultural Citizenship.'' Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-827949-3}}{{Page needed |date=June 2016}}; David Miller. 1995. [http://www.oup.co.uk/isbn/0-19-829356-9 ''On Nationality.''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000601183631/http://www.oup.co.uk/isbn/0-19-829356-9 |date=1 June 2000 }} Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-828047-5}}.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Beiner |first=Ronald |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iQL8MWJ8PhYC&pg=PA202 |title=Liberalism, Nationalism, Citizenship: Essays on the Problem of Political Community |publisher=UBC Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-7748-0987-0 |language=en |quote=As soon as there emerges a form of civic life, norms and practices of citizenship, a shared political history, and a politically defined way of life, there is a basis for individuals relating to each other as citizens (as opposed to as co-religionists, members of the same ethnic group, of the same gender or sexual orientation, and so on): the distinctively civic relation. This whole conception is sometimes called civic nationalism (or what Jürgen Habermas calls constitutional patriotism).}}</ref> Civic nationalists often defend the value of [[national identity]] by saying that individuals need it as a partial shared aspect of their identity (an upper identity) in order to lead meaningful, autonomous lives,<ref>Kymlicka, Will. 1995. ''Multicultural Citizenship''. Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-827949-3}}. For criticism, see: Patten, Alan. 1999. [https://www.doi.org/10.1111/j.1354-5078.1999.00001.x "The Autonomy Argument for Liberal Nationalism."] ''[[Nations and Nationalism (journal)|Nations and Nationalism]].'' 5(1): 1-17.</ref> and that [[Democracy|democratic]] [[Polity|polities]] need a [[national identity]] to function properly.<ref>Miller, David. 1995. On Nationality. Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-828047-5}}. For criticism, see: [[Arash Abizadeh|Abizadeh, Arash]]. 2002. [http://abizadeh.wix.com/arash#!Article-Does-Liberal-Democracy-Presuppose-a-Cultural-Nation/c22zv/558da7580cf298ff2bcbdc82 "Does Liberal Democracy Presuppose a Cultural Nation? Four Arguments."] ''American Political Science Review'' 96 (3): 495-509; Abizadeh, Arash. 2004. "[http://abizadeh.wix.com/arash#!Article-Liberal-Nationalist-vs-Postnational-Social-Integration/c22zv/558eaf0b0cf20d45521f9542 Liberal Nationalist versus Postnational Social Integration]." ''[[Nations and Nationalism (journal)|Nations and Nationalism]]'' 10(3): 231-250.</ref> '''Liberal nationalism''' is used in the same sense as "civic nationalism", but [[liberal ethnonationalism]] also exists,<ref name=Taiwan>{{cite book |author1=Glenn Drover |author2=Graham Johnson |author3=Julia Lai Po-Wah Tao |title=Regionalism and Subregionalism in East Asia: The Dynamics of China |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OO9OAAAAMAAJ&q=%22liberal+ethno-nationalism%22 |date=2001 |publisher=Nova Science |pages=101|isbn=978-1-56072-872-6 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Mark Hewitson |author2=Timothy Baycroft |title=What Is a Nation?; Europe 1789-1914 |date=2001 |publisher=OUP Oxford |pages=180}}</ref> and "[[state nationalism]]" is a branch of civic nationalism, but it can also be illiberal.

Civic nationhood is a political identity built around shared [[citizenship]] within the state. Thus, a "[[Civic nationalities|civic nation]]" defines itself not by culture but by political institutions and liberal principles, which its citizens pledge to uphold. Membership in the civic nation is open to every person by citizenship, regardless of culture or ethnicity. Those who share these values are considered members of the nation<ref name= definition>{{cite journal|journal=Philosophy & Public Affairs|author=ANNA STILZ|title=Civic Nationalism and Language Policy|page=257|volume=37|issue=3}}</ref> and, in theory, a civic nation or state does not aim to promote one culture over another.<ref name="definition" /> German philosopher [[Jürgen Habermas]] has argued that immigrants to a [[Liberal democracy|liberal-democratic]] state need not assimilate into the host culture but only accept the principles of the country's constitution ([[constitutional patriotism]]).<ref name="definition" />

Civic nationalism is frequently contrasted with [[ethnic nationalism]]. According to [[Donald Ipperciel]], civic nationalism historically was a determining factor in the development of modern [[Constitution|constitutional]] and [[Democracy|democratic]] forms of government, whereas ethnic nationalism has been more associated with [[Authoritarianism|authoritarian rule]] and even [[dictatorship]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Ipperciel |first=Donald |date=2007 |title=Constitutional democracy and civic nationalism |journal=[[Nations and Nationalism (journal)|Nations and Nationalism]] |publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell]] on behalf of the [[Association for the Study of Ethnicity and Nationalism]] |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=395–416 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-8129.2007.00293.x |issn=1469-8129}}</ref> Indeed, the 20th-century revival of civic nationalism played a key role in the ideological effort against [[racism]].<ref>{{cite book|author1=[[Nancy Foner]]|author2=Patric Simon|title=Fear, Anxiety, and National Identity Immigration and Belonging in North America and Western Europe|publisher=[[Russell Sage Foundation]]|year=2015|page=38|isbn=9781610448536|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NRooCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT38}}</ref> However, as [[Umut Özkırımlı]] states, "civic" nations can be as intolerant and cruel as the so-called "ethnic" nations, citing [[Jacobins|French Jacobin]] techniques of persecution that were utilized by [[History of fascism|20th-century fascists]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Özkırımlı |first=Umut |author-link=Umut Özkırımlı |year=2005 |title=Contemporary Debates on Nationalism: A Critical Introduction |location=London |publisher=[[Red Globe Press]] |edition=1st |pages=27–28 |isbn=9780333947739}}</ref> Some argue civic nationalism inevitably involves an underlying ethnic concept of national belonging because abstract values cannot be related to a specific place.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Etherington |first1=John |title=Nationalism, Exclusion and Violence: A Territorial Approach |journal=[[Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism]] |date=2007 |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=24–44 |doi=10.1111/j.1754-9469.2007.tb00160.x |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/j.1754-9469.2007.tb00160.x |access-date=20 February 2024|url-access=subscription }} p.31</ref>

==History==
{{or-section|date=January 2017}}
Civic nationalism lies within the traditions of [[rationalism]] and [[liberalism]], but as a form of nationalism it is contrasted with [[ethnic nationalism]]. [[Ernest Renan]] is often thought to be an early civic nationalist.<ref>Ernest Renan. "[[What is a Nation?]]", 1882; cf. Chaim Gans, ''The Limits of Nationalism'', Cambridge University Press, 2003, p. 11.</ref> Philosopher [[Hans Kohn]] was one of the first to differentiate civic nationalism from [[ethnic nationalism]] in his 1944 publication ''[[The Idea of Nationalism: A Study in Its Origins and Background]]''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tamir|first=Yael (Yuli)|date=2019-05-11|title=Not So Civic: Is There a Difference Between Ethnic and Civic Nationalism?|journal=Annual Review of Political Science|language=en|volume=22|issue=1|pages=419–434|doi=10.1146/annurev-polisci-022018-024059|issn=1094-2939|doi-access=free}}</ref> Membership of the civic [[nation]] is considered voluntary, as in Renan's classical definition in "[[Qu'est-ce qu'une nation?]]" of the nation as a "daily referendum" characterized by the "will to live together".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Renan |first=Ernest |date=March 11, 1882 |title=What Is A Nation |url=http://ucparis.fr/files/9313/6549/9943/What_is_a_Nation.pdf |access-date=November 29, 2022 |website=UCParis}}</ref> Some authors criticize that definition used by Renan, based on a "daily referendum", because of the ambiguity of the concept and its idealization. They argue that the arguments used by Renan at the conference "What is a Nation?" are not consistent with his thinking.<ref>[[Joxe Azurmendi|Azurmendi, Joxe]] (2014): ''Historia, arraza, nazioa ''. Donostia, Elkar. {{ISBN|978-84-9027-297-8}}</ref> Civic-national ideals influenced the development of [[representative democracy]] in countries such as the [[United States]] and [[France]] (see the [[United States Declaration of Independence]] of 1776, and the ''[[Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen]]'' of 1789).<ref>{{cite book|author=[[Michael Keating (political scientist)|Michael Keating]]|title=Nations Against the State The New Politics of Nationalism in Quebec, Catalonia and Scotland|publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]]|year=1996|page=6|isbn=9780230374348|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l2TNDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT178}}</ref>

The [[Corsican nationalism|Corsican nationalist]] movement organized around the [[FLNC]] is giving a civic definition of the Corsican nation ("destiny community") in the continuity of [[Pasquale Paoli]] and the ideas of the [[Lumières]]. The [[Scottish National Party]],<ref name="O'Neill2004">{{cite book|author=Michael O'Neill|title=Devolution and British Politics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tuzpsTYEZ28C&pg=PA92|year=2004|publisher=Pearson/Longman|isbn=978-0-582-47274-7|pages=92–}}</ref><ref name="SalmonImber2008">{{cite book|author1=Trevor C. Salmon|author2=Mark F. Imber|title=Issues In International Relations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ayz0kWKhKacC&pg=PA50|date=6 June 2008|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-203-92659-8|pages=50–}}</ref><ref name="ethnicitywithoutgroups" /> as well as [[Plaid Cymru]],<ref name="ethnicitywithoutgroups">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZrV9fnIkgjcC&q=plaid+cymru+%22civic+nationalism%22&pg=PA134 |title=Ethnicity Without Groups |first=Rogers |last=Brubaker |publisher=Harvard University Press |date=2004 |isbn=0674015398 |page=134}}</ref> which advocate independence of their respective nations from the United Kingdom, proclaim themselves to be civic nationalist parties, in which they advocate the independence and popular sovereignty of the people living in their nation's society, not individual ethnic groups. The [[Republican Left of Catalonia]] supports a civic [[Catalan independentism]] and defends a [[Catalan Republic]] based on [[republicanism]] and civic values within a diverse society.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Els valors republicans com a pilar de la nostra societat|url=https://www.esquerra.cat/ca/els-valors-republicans-com-a-pilar-de-la-nostra-societat|language=ca}}</ref>

The [[Union of Cypriots]] define its ideology as [[Cypriot nationalism]],<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Aldrich |first=Alan |date=17 August 2018 |title=Cypriotism in the Twenty-First Century |url=https://bellacaledonia.org.uk/2018/08/17/cypriotism-in-the-twenty-first-century/ |magazine=[[Bella Caledonia]] |location=Scotland |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180821064324/https://bellacaledonia.org.uk/2018/08/17/cypriotism-in-the-twenty-first-century/ |archive-date=21 August 2018 |access-date=21 August 2018 }}</ref> a civic nationalism that focuses on the shared identity of [[Greek Cypriots]] and [[Turkish Cypriots]]. It highlights both communities' common culture, heritage and traditions as well as economic, political, and social rights. It also supports the reunification of Cyprus and the end of foreign interference by [[Greece]], [[Turkey]], and the [[United Kingdom]].<ref name="HayMenon2007">{{cite book|author1=Colin Hay|author2=Anand Menon|title=European Politics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XUecAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA125|date=18 January 2007|publisher=OUP Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-928428-3|pages=125}}</ref> [[Moldova]]n diplomat [[Mihai Gribincea]] described the [[Party of Action and Solidarity]] (PAS) as promoting a "civic Moldovan nation".<ref>{{Citation | url=https://www.podul.ro/articol/26199/natiunea-civica-moldoveneasca-intre-vis-european-si-amnezie-identitara| title="Națiunea civică moldovenească" – între vis european și amnezie identitară| newspaper=Podul.ro| date= 2025-06-06| accessdate=2025-10-03}}</ref> Outside Europe, it has also been used to describe the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]] in the United States during the Civil War Era.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YJ3CrOiJ6wYC&q=conservative+%22civic+nationalism%22&pg=PA140|title=Fenians, Freedmen, and Southern Whites: Race and Nationality in the Era of Reconstruction|author=Snay, Mitchell|publisher=Louisiana State University Press|year=2007|isbn=9780807132739}}</ref> Civic nationalism shares elements of the [[Switzerland|Swiss]] concept of ''{{Interlanguage link|Willensnation|de}}'', which is German for "nation by will", coined by [[Carl Hilty]], understood as shared experience and dedication by citizens.{{Citation needed|date=August 2023}}

==Criticism==
Former Israeli minister [[Yael Tamir]] has argued that the differences between ethnic and civic nationalism are blurred. She posits: "By waving the civic flag, Western democracies pretend to be more peaceful and inclusive than they really are, fostering a self-image that allows them to exonerate themselves, leaving them unprepared to deal with internal conflicts".<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tamir|first=Yael (Yuli)|date=2019|title=Not So Civic: Is There a Difference Between Ethnic and Civic Nationalism?|journal=Annual Review of Political Science|language=en|volume=22|issue=1|pages=419–434|doi=10.1146/annurev-polisci-022018-024059|issn=1094-2939|doi-access=free}}</ref> The distinction between ethnic and civic nationalism has also been criticized by scholars like [[Bernard Yack]]<ref name="Yack">{{cite journal | url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/08913819608443417?journalCode=rcri20 | doi=10.1080/08913819608443417 | title=The myth of the civic nation | date=1996 | last1=Yack | first1=Bernard | journal=Critical Review | volume=10 | issue=2 | pages=193–211 | url-access=subscription }}</ref> and [[Umut Özkirimli|Umut Özkırımlı]].<ref>Özkırımlı, Umut. (2005). Contemporary Debates on Nationalism: A Critical Introduction. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.</ref> Yack rejects Renan's notion of "voluntary" civic nationality as an illusion, arguing this "misrepresents political reality as surely as the ethnonationalist myths it is designed to combat", going on to state how cultural memories form an inseparable part of every national political identity.<ref name="Yack">{{cite journal | url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/08913819608443417?journalCode=rcri20 | doi=10.1080/08913819608443417 | title=The myth of the civic nation | date=1996 | last1=Yack | first1=Bernard | journal=Critical Review | volume=10 | issue=2 | pages=193–211 | url-access=subscription }}</ref> Quoting [[Rogers Brubaker]], Özkırımlı argues:{{Blockquote|text=Since all nations lay claim to a unique place in history and to certain boundaries, all national identities are exclusionary. In that sense, all nations are ethnic nations [...] Brubaker elaborates on this, claiming that there are two different ways of mapping culture onto the ethnic-civic distinction. Ethnic nationalism may be interpreted narrowly, as involving an emphasis on descent. In this case, Brubaker argues, there is very little ethnic nationalism around, since on this view an emphasis on common culture has to be coded as a species of civic nationalism. If, however, ethnic nationalism is interpreted broadly, as ethnocultural, while civic nationalism is interpreted narrowly, as involving a cultural conception of citizenship, the problem is the opposite: 'civic nationalism gets defined out of existence, and virtually all nationalisms would be coded as ethnic or cultural'. Even the paradigmatic cases of civic nationalism, France and America, would cease to count as civic nationalism, since they have a crucial cultural component.|author=Umut Özkırımlı|source=Contemporary Debates on Nationalism: A Critical Engagement, pp.24-5}}

Following Brubaker, John Etherington demonstrates how civic nationalism inevitably involves an underlying ethnic concept of national belonging. Because supposed civic values are abstract, universal and thus open to all, "they cannot be related to a specific place – the national [[homeland]]. Thus, any civic conception of the nation is dependent on a prior ethnic conception because of the need to establish who belongs to the nation and its homeland and who does not".<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Etherington |first1=John |title=Nationalism, Exclusion and Violence: A Territorial Approach |journal=Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism |date=2007 |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=24–44 |doi=10.1111/j.1754-9469.2007.tb00160.x |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/j.1754-9469.2007.tb00160.x |access-date=20 February 2024|url-access=subscription }} p.31</ref>

==See also==
* [[Americanism (ideology)]]
* [[Civic virtue]]
* [[Composite nationalism]]
* [[Constitutional patriotism]]
* [[Cultural nationalism]]
* [[Imagined community]]
* [[Liberal Nationalism (Tamir)|''Liberal Nationalism'' (book)]]
* [[Nation-building]]
* [[National liberalism]]
* [[Plurinationalism]]
* [[Postcolonial anarchism]]
* [[State nationalism]], a form of civic nationalism, but can support politically authoritarianism.
* [[Bourgeois nationalism]]

== Citations ==
{{reflist}}

== Sources ==
* {{cite journal|last=Tournier-Sol|first=Karine|year=2015|title=Reworking the Eurosceptic and Conservative Traditions into a Populist Narrative: UKIP's Winning Formula?|journal=Journal of Common Market Studies|volume=53|number=1|pages=140–56|doi=10.1111/jcms.12208|s2cid=142738345}}

== External links ==
* {{wiktionary-inline|when in Rome, do as the Romans do}}

{{Nationalism}}
{{Liberalism}}

[[Category:Anti-racism]]
[[Category:Communitarianism]]
[[Category:Cosmopolitanism]]
[[Category:Cultural politics]]
[[Category:Immigration activism]]
[[Category:Liberalism and nationalism]]
[[Category:Pluralism (philosophy)]]
[[Category:Political philosophy]]
[[Category:Political science terminology]]
[[Category:Rationalism]]
[[Category:Social ideologies]]
[[Category:State nationalism]]

[[de:Willensnation]]

Mayanginen Thayanginen

2026-03-28T04:14:14Z

Budhu:

{{Short description|2012 Indian film by T. S. Vendan}}
{{No plot|date=January 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| director = S. T. Vendan
| writer = V. Prabhakar (dialogue)
| screenplay = S. T. Vendan
| story = S. T. Vendan
| producer = T. Rajeswari
| starring = [[Nithin Sathya]] [[Disha Pandey]]
| cinematography = D. I. Raameshwaran
| editing = V. M. Uthayasankar
| music = [[Kannan (composer)|Kannan]]
| studio = Thaaiman Thiraiyagam
| released = {{Film date|2012|06|01|df=yes}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Mayanginen Thayanginen''''' ({{translation|I was enchanted, I hesitated}}) is a 2012 Indian [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]]-language [[romantic thriller]] film written and directed by T. S. Vendan, who earlier directed ''[[Inba (film)|Inba]]''. It stars [[Nithin Sathya]] and [[Disha Pandey]] in the lead roles with [[Pawan (actor)|Pawan]], [[Tarun Shatriya]] and [[Tejashree]] in supporting roles.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 May 2012 |title=மயங்கினேன் தயங்கினேன் |trans-title=I was stunned and hesitant |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/movie-review/722/Mayanginen-Thayanginen/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250122025143/https://cinema.dinamalar.com/movie-review/722/Mayanginen-Thayanginen/ |archive-date=22 January 2025 |access-date=20 September 2020 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |language=Tamil}}</ref> The film which was shot between 2010 and 2011 was released on 1 June 2012.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 June 2012 |title=Friday Fury – June 1 |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-june-1-news-tamil-mgbj9eeegcf.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120602145918/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-june-1-news-tamil-mgbj9eeegcf.html |archive-date=2 June 2012 |access-date=16 January 2026 |work=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The film's title is inspired by the song "Mayanginen Solla Thayanginen" from ''[[Naane Raja Naane Mandhiri]]'' (1985).

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Nithin Sathya]] as Muthukumar
* [[Disha Pandey]] as Shruthi
* [[Ajay Rathnam]] as Kalivaradhan
* [[Ganja Karuppu]] as Muthukumar's friend
* [[Pawan (actor)|Pawan]] as Muthukumar's friend
* [[Tarun Shatriya]] as Muthukumar's friend
* [[Tejashree]] as Kalivaradhan's wife
* [[T. P. Gajendran]]
* [[A. C. Murali Mohan]]
* T. R. Bala
* Rekha Suresh
* Rishi Vandana
* [[Sanjana Singh]] as item number
}}

== Production ==
Production began in 2010,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bharathan |first=Bijoy |date=16 November 2010 |title=Ready for more 'Tamizh Padams' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Ready-for-more-Tamizh-Padams/articleshow/6929958.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130419050018/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-11-16/news-interviews/28214679_1_bollywood-film-mayanginen-thayanginen-tamil |archive-date=19 April 2013 |access-date=3 July 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> and was completed in 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 November 2011 |title=Determined to make an impact! |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2011/Nov/15/determined-to-make-an-impact-310513.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260117002024/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2011/Nov/15/determined-to-make-an-impact-310513.html |archive-date=17 January 2026 |access-date=16 January 2026 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> The producer's son, Bala, made his actig debut as a mechanic.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=S. R. Ashok |date=14 April 2012 |title=Audio Beat: Mayanginaen Thayanginaen |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/audio-beat-mayanginaen-thayanginaen/article3314733.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123080619/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/audio-beat-mayanginaen-thayanginaen/article3314733.ece |archive-date=23 November 2021 |access-date=5 March 2024 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> During the making of the film, the producers filed a complaint and sought compensation from Disha Pandey for losses incurred due to her absence from the shoot.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 March 2012 |title=Deesha Pande to pay compensation? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/deesha-pande-to-pay-compensation/articleshow/12415044.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716150644/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/deesha-pande-to-pay-compensation/articleshow/12415044.cms |archive-date=16 July 2023 |access-date=5 March 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
The songs are composed by [[Kannan (composer)|Kannan]].<ref name=":0" /> The audio launch was held in April 2012.<ref>{{Cite news |date=Apr 11, 2012 |title=Venkat & Namitha launches audio |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/venkat-namitha-launches-audio-news-tamil-meljfwgaica.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120413191827/http://www.sify.com/movies/venkat-namitha-launches-audio-news-tamil-meljfwgaica.html |archive-date=2012-04-13 |access-date=2026-03-28 |work=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref>
* "Aadi Varum Theru" – Mukesh, [[Chinnaponnu]]
* "Kanavinil Neeyum" – [[Vijay Prakash]]
* "Mayanginen Thayanginen" – Sathyaprakash
* "Kadavulin Koil" – [[Shweta Mohan]]
* "Unnai Vittu Ponaal" – [[Haricharan]]
* "Mayanginen Thayanginen" – Thilaka

== Release and reception ==
The film received a [[U certificate (India)|U certificate]] from the [[Central Board of Film Certification|censor board]] after the makers agreed to 100 cuts.<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 May 2012 |title=Mayanginen Thayanginen gets U with 100 cuts! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/mayanginen-thayanginen-gets-u-with-100-cuts-news-tamil-mf2nozdecah.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120530084424/http://www.sify.com/movies/mayanginen-thayanginen-gets-u-with-100-cuts-news-tamil-mf2nozdecah.html |archive-date=30 May 2012 |access-date=16 January 2026 |work=[[Sify]]}}</ref> ''[[Maalai Malar]]'' gave a negative review for the film.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 June 2012 |title=மயங்கினேன் தயங்கினேன் |trans-title=I was stunned and hesitant |url=https://cinema.maalaimalar.com/cinema/review/2012/06/05211833/Mayanginen-Thayanginen-movie-r.vpf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170506043136/https://cinema.maalaimalar.com/cinema/review/2012/06/05211833/Mayanginen-Thayanginen-movie-r.vpf |archive-date=6 May 2017 |access-date=20 September 2020 |work=[[Maalai Malar]] |language=Tamil}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2010s romantic thriller films]]
[[Category:2012 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2012 films]]
[[Category:2012 Indian films]]
[[Category:2012 romance films]]
[[Category:2012 thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic thriller films]]

Ibn Abbas

2026-03-27T19:11:32Z

Budhu: reworked article to improve readability and corrected details

{{Short description|Youngest cousin of the Islamic prophet Muhammad}}
{{distinguish|Abbas ibn Ali}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| name = ʿAbd Allāh ibn ʿAbbās
| native_name = {{lang|ar|عَبْد ٱللَّٰه ٱبْن عَبَّاس}}
| native_name_lang = ar
| title = Hibr Al-Ummah (Scholar of the Ummah)
| religion = [[Islam]]
| birth_name = ʿAbd Allāh ibn ʿAbbās
| birth_date = {{circa}} 619 CE
| nocat_wdimage = yes
| birth_place = [[Mecca]], [[Hejaz]]<ref name="usc">[http://www.msawest.com/islam/history/biographies/sahaabah/bio.ABDULLAH_IBN_ABBAS.html biography] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20090528032416/http://www.msawest.com/islam/history/biographies/sahaabah/bio.ABDULLAH_IBN_ABBAS.html |date=2009-05-28 }} on the MSA West Compendium of Muslim Texts</ref>
| occupation = Expert in ''Tafsir'', with interests in the [[Quran|Qur'an]], [[Sunnah]], [[Hadith]] and [[Tafsir]]<ref name="usc"/> during the [[Early Islamic philosophy|Early Islamic era]] and [[Rashidun Caliphate|Rashidun]]–[[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad]] periods
| death_date = {{circa}} {{death year and age|687|619}}
| death_place = [[Taif|Ta'if]], [[Mecca Province|Mecca]], [[Umayyad Caliphate]] {{small|(now [[KSA]])}}
| resting_place = [[Abdullah Ibn Abbas Mosque, Ta'if|Masjid Abdullah ibn Abbas]], Ta'if
| other_names = {{plainlist|
* Al-Hibr ("The Ink")
* Al-Bahr ("The Sea")
}}
| module = {{Infobox person|child=yes
| father = [[Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib]]
| mother = [[Lubaba bint al-Harith]]
| spouse = {{blist| Zahra bint Mishrah | Umm Asma {{small|([[concubine]])}}
}}
| children = {{plainlist| '''Sons''':
* Al-Abbas
* [[Ali ibn Abd Allah ibn al-Abbas|Ali]]
* Muhammad
* Ubayd Allah
* Al-Fadl
* Sa'd '''Daughters''':
* Lubabah
* Asma (the latter's mother was the concubine)}}}}
| known_for = Interpretation of the [[Quran|Qur'an]]
| notable_works =
| alma_mater =
| Sufi_order =
| disciple_of = [[Muhammad]]
| module2 = {{hidden begin|title=Influences}} [[Muhammad in Islam|Muhammad]] [[Ali]]
{{hidden end}}
{{hidden begin|title=Influenced}}
{{plainlist|
* [[Umar]]<ref name="usc"/>
* [[Ata ibn Abi Rabah]]<ref name=Motzki>{{cite web|url=http://people.uncw.edu/bergh/par246/L21RHadithCriticism.htm |title=PAR246 Hadith Criticism |access-date=2006-09-28 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311144448/http://people.uncw.edu/bergh/par246/L21RHadithCriticism.htm |archive-date=2007-03-11 }}</ref>
* [[Wahb ibn Munabbih]]<ref name=Jewish >[[Jewish Encyclopedia]] [http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=8&letter=W]</ref>
* [[Tawus ibn Kaysan]]<ref name=Monitors>Media Monitors Network, ''A Few Comments on Tafsir of the Quran'', Habib Siddiqui October 2004</ref>
* [[Al-Rabi ibn Khuthaym]]<ref name=Mashahir>Mashahir, 99-Too; Ghaya, 1. 283; Abu Nuʿaym, II. 105-19; Kashif, I. 235; Ibn Marthad 41-3</ref>
* [[Qasim ibn Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr]]<ref name=usulgloss2>[http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/Abewley/usulgloss2.html usulgloss2] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061115074115/http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/Abewley/usulgloss2.html |date=November 15, 2006}}</ref>
* [[Al-Shafi'i|Muhammad ibn Idris Ash-Shafi'i]]
}}
{{hidden end}}
| relatives = {{Collapsible list|[[Muhammad ibn Abdullah|Muhammad]] (cousin)|[[Ali ibn Abi Talib|Ali]] (cousin)|[[Ja'far ibn Abi Talib|Ja'far]] (cousin)|[[Aqil ibn Abi Talib|Aqil]] (cousin)|[[Zubayr ibn al-Awwam|Al-Zubayr]] (cousin)|[[Utaybah ibn Abi Lahab|Utaybah]] (cousin)|[[Zaynab bint Jahsh|Zaynab]] (cousin)|[[Umama bint Hamza|Umama]] (cousin)|[[Hammanah bint Jahsh|Hammanah]] (cousin)|[[Habiba bint Jahsh|Habiba]] (cousin)|[[Fakhitah bint Abi Talib|Fakhitah]] (cousin)}}
| image_size = 225px
| image =
}}

'''ʿAbd Allāh ibn ʿAbbās''' ({{langx|ar|عَبْد ٱللَّٰه ٱبْن عَبَّاس}}; c. 619 – 687 CE), also known as '''Ibn ʿAbbās''', was one of the cousins of the [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|prophet]] [[Muhammad]]. He is considered to be the greatest [[Tafsir#Conditions|''mufassir'']] (exegete) of the [[Quran|Qur'an]].<ref name="EB">{{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|title='Abd Allah ibn al-'Abbas|edition=15th|year=2010|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.|volume=I: A-Ak - Bayes|location=Chicago, Illinois|isbn=978-1-59339-837-8|pages=[https://archive.org/details/newencyclopaedia2009ency/page/16 16]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/newencyclopaedia2009ency/page/16}}</ref><ref>[[Ludwig W. Adamec]] (2009), ''Historical Dictionary of Islam'', p.134. Scarecrow Press. {{ISBN|0810861615}}.</ref>

He was the son of [[Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib]], an uncle of Muhammad, and a [[nephew]] of [[Maymunah bint al-Harith]], who later became [[Muhammad's wives|Muhammad's wife]]. During the early struggles for the [[caliphate]], he supported [[Ali]], and was made governor of [[Basra]]. He withdrew to [[Mecca]] shortly afterwards. During the reign of [[Mu'awiya I]] he lived in [[Hejaz]] and often travelled to [[Damascus]]. After Mu'awiya I died in 680 CE he migrated to [[Taif|At-Ta'if]], where he is resting from around 687 CE.<ref name=EB/><ref>There is uncertainty as to the actual year of his death. Some sources state either 687 or 688.</ref>

'Abd Allah ibn Abbas was highly regarded for his knowledge of traditions and his critical interpretation of the Qur'an. From early on, he gathered information from other [[Companions of Muhammad (Sahabah)|companions of Muhammad]] and gave classes and wrote commentaries.<ref name=EB/>

== Early life ==
[[File:مسجد عبدالله بن عباس.jpg|thumb|[[Abdullah Ibn Abbas Mosque, Ta'if|Masjid Abdullah bin Abbas]] ({{coord|21|16|13.31|N|40|24|30.48|E}}) in the [[Hejaz]]i city of [[Taif|At-Ta'if]]]]
ʿAbd Allāh ibn ʿAbbās was born in 3 BH (619–620 [[Common Era|C.E.]]). He was the third son of a wealthy merchant, [[Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib|Al-ʿAbbās ibn ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib]], a paternal uncle of the Islamic prophet [[Muhammad]] His mother, [[Umm al-Fadl Lubaba]], was a close friend of [[Khadijah bint Khuwaylid]] and is traditionally regarded as the second woman to convert to Islam.

As a member of the [[Banu Hashim]], Ibn ʿAbbās shared a direct lineage with Muhammad through their grandfather, [[Abd al-Muttalib|ʿAbd al-Muttalib]]. Shortly after his birth, his mother brought him to Muhammad, who reportedly placed some of his saliva on the infant's tongue before he began to suckle, marking the beginning of their close relationship.<ref name="usc"/>

== Muhammad's era ==
As he grew up, he was by Muhammad's side doing different services like fetching water for [[Ritual purification|ablution]] ({{langx|ar|[[wudu]]}}). He would pray ({{langx|ar|[[salat]]}}) with Muhammad and follow him on his assemblies, journeys and expeditions. It is said that Muhammad would often draw him close, pat him on the shoulder and pray, "O God! Teach him (the knowledge of) the Book (Qur'an) ".<ref>{{Hadith-usc|Bukhari|usc=yes|9|92|375}}</ref> Muhammad had also supplicated for him to attain discernment in religion.<ref>Sahih Muslim (#6523)</ref> Ibn Abbas kept following Muhammad, memorizing and learning [[Qur'an and Sunnah|his teaching]].<ref name="usc"/>

In {{AH|10|631|+}}, Muhammad fell into his last illness. During this period, the Hadith of the pen and paper was reported, with Ibn Abbas as the first-level narrator, at that time about twelve years old.<ref name=understanding>[http://www.understanding-islam.org/related/text.asp?type=question&qid=369 Regarding Omar's Refusal to Give the Prophet a Pen to Write his Will!!!]{{dead link|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Days after that, Abbas and [[Ali]] supported Muhammad's weight on their shoulder, as Muhammad was too weak to walk unaided.<ref>{{Hadith-usc|Bukhari|usc=yes|1|4|197}}, {{Hadith-usc|Bukhari|usc=yes-usc|1|11|634}}, {{Hadith-usc|Bukhari|usc=yes-usc|3|47|761}},{{Hadith-usc|Bukhari|usc=yes-usc|5|59|727}}</ref>

== Rashidun Caliphate ==
===During the caliphates of Abu Bakr, Umar and Uthman===
After the death of Muhammad, Ibn Abbas dedicated himself to collecting and verifying Muhammad's teachings from the senior [[Sahaba]]. He was known for his rigorous methodology, often consulting as many as thirty companions to verify a single matter.<ref name="usc"/> In one instance, he recounted waiting outside the door of a companion during the afternoon heat, allowing the dust to blow over him rather than disturbing the scholar's rest, famously telling the companion that "knowledge is sought, it does not just come."<ref name="usc"/>

This dedication earned him a prominent place in the consultative councils of the early Caliphate. [[Umar]] frequently invited him to sit with the veterans of the [[Battle of Badr]], which drew objections from some elders who questioned why a youth was included when they had sons of similar age. Umar justified his decision by citing Ibn Abbas's religious status and knowledge. To demonstrate this to the council, Umar once asked them to interpret the statement of Allah in [[An-Nasr|Surah an-Nasr]]: "When comes the Help of Allah and the conquest." While some companions interpreted the verse literally as a command to praise God upon victory and others remained silent, Ibn Abbas stated that the verse was actually a sign of Muhammad's approaching death. Umar publicly endorsed this view, stating that he knew nothing of the verse other than what Ibn Abbas had said.<ref>{{cite web|title = Sahih al-Bukhari, Hadith no. 4970|url = https://sunnah.com/bukhari:4970|website = Sunnah.com|publisher = Darussalam (translation)|access-date = 2026-02-13}}</ref> [[Sa`d ibn Abi Waqqas]] corroborated this standing, noting that he had never seen anyone quicker in understanding or wiser in council than Ibn Abbas, even in the presence of the veterans of Badr.<ref name="usc"/>

As his reputation grew, Ibn Abbas’s home in Medina became a center of higher learning, often compared to a university. He organized his teaching by subject, dedicating specific days to [[Tafsir]], [[Fiqh]], [[Halal]] and [[Haraam]], [[Ghazw|military expeditions]], poetry, and [[Islamic Inheritance jurisprudence|inheritance laws]].<ref name="usc"/> His classes were so well-attended that crowds would block the roads leading to his house. To manage the volume of students, he would admit them in shifts based on their field of study, personally elucidating the pronunciation of the Qur'an for one group before clearing the house to discuss interpretation (tafsir) for the next, consistently providing more information than was requested.<ref name="usc"/>

During the caliphate of [[Uthman]], Ibn Abbas took on a more active military and administrative role. In 647 CE, he joined the expedition to North Africa under the command of [[Abd Allah ibn Sa'd]], which culminated in the [[Battle of Sufetula (647)]]. He served in this campaign alongside other prominent members of the [[Banu Hashim]] and the wider Qurayshite youth.<ref>{{Cite book |last=al-Zawi |first=Tahir |url=https://archive.org/details/tarikh-fath-arabi-fi-libya/page/68/mode/2up |title=History of the Arab conquest in Libya |publisher=Dar al-Madar al-Islami |year=2004 |edition=4 |pages=69}}</ref>

=== During the caliphates of Ali and Hasan ===

During the [[First Fitna]], Ibn Abbas remained a staunch supporter of his cousin, the Caliph [[Ali]]. Following the [[Battle of the Camel]], Ali appointed him as the governor of [[Basra]]. He later fought prominently at the [[Battle of Siffin]]. After the fighting at Siffin ceased, Ali initially sought to appoint Ibn Abbas as his representative for the [[arbitration]]. However, this choice was rejected by [[al-Ash'ath ibn Qays|Al-Ash'ath]] and the Iraqi [[Qāriʾ|qurra]]. They demanded a negotiator who was not a member of the [[Banu Hashim]] and who remained equally distant from both Ali and [[Muawiyah I|Muawiyah]]. Following the [[assassination of Ali]] in 661 CE, Ibn Abbas pledged allegiance to his eldest son, [[Hasan ibn Ali]], and remained a loyal supporter throughout Hasan's short caliphate, maintaining his allegiance until Hasan’s abdication in favor of Muawiyah later that year.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Madelung |first=W. |author-link=Wilferd Madelung |date=1997 |title=The Succession to Muḥammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate |publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-64696-3|url=https://archive.org/details/successiontomuam0000made/mode/2up|url-access=registration|pages=182, 242, 314}}</ref>

==== Debate with the Kharijites ====
A large group of Ali's army were discontented with the outcome of Ali's war with Muawiyah, and broke off into a separate group that became known as the [[Kharijites]]. Ibn Abbas played a key role in convincing a large number of them to return to Ali; 20,000 of 24,000 according to some sources. He did so using his knowledge of Muhammad's biography.<ref name="usc"/> According to the [[Siyar A'lam al-Nubala]] by [[al-Dhahabi]], '''Kitāb al-Ṭabaqāt al-Kabīr'' by [[Ibn Sa'd]], [[Al-Mustadrak ala al-Sahihayn]], [[Musannaf Abd al-Razzaq]] and many other medieval sources, there are three issues which pointed out by the Kharijites for the reason they rebelled:<ref>{{cite book |title=Islam in Africa South of the Sahara: Essays in Gender Relations and Political Reform |editor1-last=Sackey |editor1-first=Brigid M. |editor2-last=Badru |editor2-first=Pade |url=https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/Islam_in_Africa_South_of_the_Sahara/BQx9lqZheggC?hl=en |publisher=Scarecrow Press |year=2013 |isbn=9780810884700 |page=323 |language=English |access-date=2025-11-12}} </ref><ref>[[:ar:حسن قزاز|Hassan Abdul al-Hayy al-Qazaz]], {{cite web |title=فوائد من مناظرة ابن عباس للخوارج |trans-title=Benefits from the Debate of Ibn Abbas with the Kharijites |url=https://www.alukah.net/sharia/0/57723/%D9%81%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%AF-%D9%85%D9%86-%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B8%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86-%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AC/ |website=Alukah |date=2013-07-20 |language=ar |access-date=2025-11-12}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web |author=Ridha Jamal Abdul al Majid
|title=حبر الأمة ابن عباس |trans-title=Ibn Abbas, the Ink of the Ummah |url=https://www.alukah.net/culture/0/135547/%D8%AD%D8%A8%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86-%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3/ |publisher=Alukah |date=2019-07-31 |language=ar |access-date=2025-11-12}} Citations: Ibn Sa’d’s Tabaqat 2/365, Nasab Quraysh, 26, Khalifa’s Tabaqat: 821, 1485, 2605, Al-Zuhd: 188, Al-Muhabbar: 16, 24, 92, 289, 292, 378, Al-Tarikh al-Kabir 5/3, Al-Tarikh al-Saghir 1/126, 127, 137, among others...</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kisah Debat Ibnu Abbas Dengan Khawarij |url=https://almanhaj.or.id/67742-kisah-debat-ibnu-abbas-dengan-khawarij.html
|archive-date=2025-11-11
|archive-url=https://archive.today/20251111144018/https://almanhaj.or.id/67742-kisah-debat-ibnu-abbas-dengan-khawarij.html |author= Abu Ismail Muslim Al-Atsari |publisher=Almanhaj |date=2022-12-08 |language=id |access-date=2025-11-12
|trans-title=Story of Ibn Abbas' debate with the Kharijites}} citations:
* [[Al-Hakim al-Nishapuri]] in [[Al-Mustadrak ala al-Sahihayn]], no. 2656,
* [[Al-Nasa'i]] in [[As-Sunan al-Kubra]] no. 8522
* Al-Nasa'i in Khoshoish Ali, no. 190
* Al-Fasawi 1/522-524
* [[al-Bayhaqi]] in [[Sunan al-Kubra (al-Bayhaqi)]], no. 16740
* [[Musannaf Abd al-Razzaq]], no. 18678
* [[Al-Tabarani]] in [[Al-Mu'jam al-Kabir (Al-Tabarani)]], no. 10598
* [[Diya' al-Din al-Maqdisi]] in Al-Āhādith al-Jiyād al-Mukhtārah min mā laysa fī Ṣaḥīḥain no. 436
* [[Abu Nu'aym al-Isfahani]] in [[Hilyat al-Awliya']], 3/318</ref>

# Ali's policy for appointing Abu Musa Al-Ashari as arbitrator in the dispute with Mu'awiyah. The Kharijites consider it as religious transgression, citing chapters [[Al-An'am]] {{Cite Quran|6|57|end=7|style=nosup|t=p}} and [[Yusuf (surah)|Yusuf]] {{Cite Quran|12|40|end=7|style=nosup|t=p}}: "The decision rests with [[Allah]] only.". Ibn Abbas responded by pointing out chapter [[Al-Ma'idah]] {{Cite Quran|5|95|end=7|style=nosup|t=p|quote=the judge to be two men among you known for justice}}, arguing it is permitted to appoint arbitrator for dispute.
# Ali's decision to not include his caliphal title during the arbitration with Mu'awiyah's faction. Argued by Ibn Abbas, citing the [[Treaty of al-Hudaybiya]] when Muhammad does not include his honorific as [[Prophets and messengers in Islam]] when negotiating with [[Suhayl ibn Amr]].
# Spoils of war and captives, which was not taken by Ali after the [[Battle of the Camel]], Ibn Abbas responded that since among the defeated was Aisha, the widow of Muhammad, it was impermissible for a Muslim to take another Muslim woman as a captive or to confiscate her property.

== Umayyad Caliphate ==
In 680 CE (60 AH), following the death of [[Muawiyah I|Muawiyah]], Ibn Abbas attempted to dissuade [[Husayn ibn Ali]] from his planned expedition to [[Kufa]]. He reminded Husayn that the Kufans had previously abandoned both his father [[Ali]] and his brother [[Hasan ibn Ali]], suggesting that he should instead seek refuge in [[Yemen]] or, at the very least, refrain from taking his family with him to [[Iraq]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Najm |first=Heydar |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/al-husayn-b-ali-b-abi-talib-COM_30572 |title=al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib |publisher=Ehsan Yarshater, Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE |date=2004 |access-date=10 October 2023 |archive-date=13 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230213103718/https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/al-husayn-b-ali-b-abi-talib-COM_30572 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Wives and children==
By a Yemenite princess named Zahra bint Mishrah, Ibn Abbas had seven children:
# Al-Abbas, the first born, who was childless.
# [[Ali ibn Abdallah ibn al-Abbas|Ali ibn Abdullah]] (died 736), who was the grandfather of the first two [[Abbasid caliphs]], who replaced the [[Umayyad]]s as rulers of Caliphate in 750.
# Muhammad, who was childless.
# Ubaydullah
# Al-Fadl, who was childless. (Riverine Sudanese trace their ancestry to al-Fadl through a son named Saeed, whose mother is said to be from the Ansar).
# Saad had two children
# Lubaba, who married Ali ibn Abdullah ibn Jaafar and had descendants.

He had another daughter, Asma, by a concubine; she married her cousin Abdullah ibn Ubaydullah ibn Abbas and had two sons.<ref>Tabari, vol. 39, pp. 54-55.</ref>

== Hadith transmitted ==
Ibn Abbas narrated that Muhammad said, "Two favours are treated unjustly by most people: health and free time." (from ''[[Sahih Bukhari]]'', [[Sunan al-Tirmidhi|at-Tirmidhi]], [[Sunan ibn Majah|ibn Majah]] and [[Al-Sunan al-Sughra|al-Nasa'i]])<ref>{{cite web|title = Sahih al-Bukhari, Hadith no. 6412|url = https://sunnah.com/bukhari:6412|website = Sunnah.com|publisher = Darussalam (translation)|access-date = 2026-01-14}}</ref>

Ibn Abbas reported: Muhammad said, "He who does not memorize any part from the Qur'an, he is like the ruined house." (from Tirmidhi)<ref>{{cite web|title=Jami` at-Tirmidhi, Hadith no. 2913|url = https://sunnah.com/riyadussalihin:1000|website = Sunnah.com|publisher = Darussalam (translation)|access-date = 2026-02-13}}</ref>

On the authority of Ibn Abbas, who said, "One day I was behind (i.e. riding behind him on the same mount) the Prophet and he said to me: 'Young man, I shall teach you some words (of advice). Be mindful of Allah, and Allah will protect you. Be mindful of Allah, and you will find Him in front of you. If you ask, ask of Allah; if you seek help, seek help of Allah. Know that if the nations were to gather together to benefit you with anything, they would benefit you only with something that Allah had already prescribed for you, and if they gather together to harm you with anything, they would harm you only with something Allah had already prescribed for you. The pens have been lifted and the pages have dried." (from Tirmidhi)

Al Hakim records on the authority of ibn Abbas that Muhammad advanced, carrying upon his back [[Hassan ibn Ali]], and a man met him and said, 'an excellent steed thou ridest, lad!'. Muhammad replied, 'and he is an excellent rider.'{{Citation needed|date= February 2018}}

Ali ibn Husam Adin (commonly known as al-Mutaki al-Hindi) records that ibn Abbas narrated that Muhammad said the following about his deceased aunt Fatima, the mother of Ali: "I (Muhammad) put on her my shirt that she may wear the clothes of heaven, and I lay in her grave that I may lessen the pressure of the grave. She was the best of Allah’s creatures to me after Abu Talib".{{Citation needed|date= February 2018}}

== Legacy ==
[[Masruq ibn al-Ajda'|Masruq ibn al Ajda]] said of him:
{{blockquote|text=Whenever I saw Ibn Abbas, I would say: He is the most handsome of men. When he spoke, I would say: He is the most eloquent of men. And when he held a conversation, I would say: He is the most knowledgeable of men."<ref name="usc"/>}} The [[1924 Cairo edition Quran]] adopted the chronological order of chapters promulgated by [[Ibn Abbās]], which subsequently became widely accepted.<ref>[[Jane Dammen McAuliffe]] "Preface" [[Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an]], Vol. 1</ref><ref>[[Gerhard Böwering]], "Chronology and the Quran", [[Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an]], Vol. 1, [[Brill Publishers|Brill]]</ref>

==Descendants ==
{{Quraysh tree}}
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" border="1" style="width:100%; text-align:center;"
!The genealogy of the [[Abbasid dynasty|Abbasids]] including their rival [[Imamate in Zaydi doctrine|Zaydi imams]] 
|-
|
{{Chart top|width=100%|collapsed=no|'''[[Abbasids]]'''}}
{|- style="vertical-align:top"
| colspan=100% style="text-align:left" |
{{Color sample|border=black; background-color:LightGray; border-width:3px}} [[Caliph]]s of the [[Abbasid Caliphate]] 
{{Color sample|border=yellow; background-color:YellowGreen; border-width:3px}} [[Caliph]]s of [[Mamluk Sultanate|Cairo]] 
{{Color sample|border=Cyan; background-color:LightCyan; border-width:2px}} [[Zaydi]] [[Imamate in Zaydi doctrine|imams]]
|}
{{Tree chart/start|align=center|style=font-size:100%
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{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01
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|A04=[[Abdullah Shah Ghazi|'''ʿAbd Allāh Shāh Ghāzī''' ''(ʿAbd Allāh ibn Muḥammad)'']] {{Sup|[[Imamate in Zaydi doctrine|(10th Imām of]] [[Zaydi|Zaydiyyā)]]}}
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|A05=[[Al-Husayn ibn Ali al-Abid|'''Al-Ḥusayn ibn ʿAlī al-ʿĀbid ibn al-Ḥasan al-Mu'thallath''']] [[Hasan ibn Hasan|{{Sup|ibn Ḥasan al-Mu'thannā}}]] {{Sup|[[Imamate in Zaydi doctrine|(12th Imām of]] [[Zaydi|Zaydiyyā)]]}}
|boxstyle_A05=color: Aquamarine; background-color:LightCyan; border-width:2px
|A03=[[Ibrahim ibn Abdallah|'''Ibrāhīm ibn ʿAbd Allāh al-Kāmīl ibn al-Ḥasan al-Mu'thannā''']] {{Sup|[[Hasan ibn Ali|ibn Ḥasan al-Mujtabā]]}} {{Sup|[[Imamate in Zaydi doctrine|(9th Imām of]] [[Zaydi|Zaydiyyā)]]}}
|boxstyle_A03=color: Turquoise; background-color:LightCyan; border-width:2px
|A01='''[[al-Hadi|ʿMūsā al-Hādī]]''' {{Sup|(4)}} {{Small|r. 785–786}}
|boxstyle_A01=color:Black; background-color:LightGray; border-width:3px
|A02='''[[Harun al-Rashid|Hārūn ar-Rāshīd]]''' {{Sup|(5)}} {{Small|r. 786–809}}
|boxstyle_A02=color:Black; background-color:LightGray; border-width:3px
|A06={{Sup|[[Governor|(The Governors)]]}} {{plainlist|
*[[Musa ibn Isa ibn Musa al-Hashimi|Mūsā]] {{Sup|([[Kufa]], [[List of rulers of Islamic Egypt|Egypt]] & [[List of caliphal governors of Medina|Medina]])}}
*[[Isma'il ibn Isa ibn Musa al-Hashimi|Ismā'īl]] {{Sup|([[List of rulers of Islamic Egypt|Egypt]])}}
*[[Dawud ibn Isa ibn Musa al-Hashimi|Dā'wūd]]}} {{Sup|([[List of caliphal governors of Medina|Medina]])}}
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}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| |,|-|+|-|.| |`|~|.| | | |)|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.|
}}
{{Tree chart|border=1|A05|!|A04| |A06| |A03| |A02| |A01
|A06='''Ibrāhīm Ṭabāṭabā''' {{Sup|ibn Ismāʿīl al-Dībādj ibn Ibrāhīm al-Ghamr ibn [[Hasan ibn Hasan|al-Ḥasan al-Mu'thannā]]}}
|boxstyle_A06=color:DarkOliveGreen; background-color:LightCyan; border-width:1px
|A01='''[[al-Amin|Muḥammad al-Amin]]''' {{Sup|(6)}} {{Small|r. 809–813}}
|boxstyle_A02=color:Black; background-color:LightGray; border-width:3px
|A02='''[[al-Ma'mun|Abd Allāh al-Ma'mun]]''' {{Sup|(7)}} {{Small|r. 813–833}}
|boxstyle_A01=color:Black; background-color:LightGray; border-width:3px
|A03='''[[al-Mu'tasim|Muḥammad al-Mu'tasim]]''' {{Sup|(8)}} {{Small|r. 833–842}}
|boxstyle_A03=color:Black; background-color:LightGray; border-width:3px
|A04='''[[Yahya ibn Abdallah|Yaḥyā]]''' {{Sup|[[Abd Allah al-Mahd|ibn ʿAbd Allāh al-Kāmīl]] [[Hasan ibn Hasan|ibn al-Ḥasan al-Mu'thannā]]}} {{Sup|[[Imamate in Zaydi doctrine|(14th Imām of]] [[Zaydi|Zaydiyyā)]]}}
|boxstyle_A04=color: Turquoise; background-color:LightCyan; border-width:2px
|A05=[[Sulayman I of Tlemcen|'''Sulaymān''']] {{Sup|[[Abd Allah al-Mahd|ibn ʿAbd Allāh al-Kāmīl]] ibn [[Hasan ibn Hasan|al-Ḥasan II]]}} {{Sup|([[Emir]] [[Tlemcen|of Tlemcen]])}} {{Sup|([[Sulaymanid dynasty]] [[Algeria|of Western Algeria]])}}
|boxstyle_A05=color: CornFlowerBlue; background-color:LightCyan; border-width:3px
}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | | |)|-|.| |,|-|(| | | |)|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.|
}}
{{Tree chart|border=1|A04|G|A05|!|A06| |A02| |A03| |A01
|A01='''[[al-Wathiq|Hārūn al-Wathiq]]''' {{Sup|(9)}} {{Small|r. 842–847}}
|boxstyle_A01=color:Black; background-color:LightGray; border-width:3px
|A02='''[[al-Mutawakkil|Jāʿfar al-Mutawakkil]]''' {{Sup|(10)}} {{Small|r. 847–861}}
|boxstyle_A02=color:Black; background-color:LightGray; border-width:3px
|A03=[[Muhammad ibn al-Mu'tasim|'''Muḥammad''' ibn Muḥammad al-Mu'tasim]]
|boxstyle_A03=color:Black; background-color:WhiteSmoke; border-width:1px
|A05=[[Idris I of Morocco|'''Idrīs the Elder ibn ʿAbd Allāh''']] {{Sup|([[Idrisid]] [[Idris I of Morocco#Genealogy|dynasty of]] [[List of rulers of Morocco|Morocco)]]}} {{Sup|[[Imamate in Zaydi doctrine|(15th Imām of]] [[Zaydi|Zaydiyyā)]]}}
|boxstyle_A05=color:RoyalBlue; background-color:LightCyan; border-width:3px
|A06='''[[Ibn Tabataba|Muḥammad ibn IbrāhīmṬabāṭabā]]''' {{Sup|[[Imamate in Zaydi doctrine|(16th Imām of]] [[Zaydi|Zaydiyyā)]]}}
|boxstyle_A06=color:DarkOliveGreen; background-color:LightCyan; border-width:2px
|A04='''[[Sulaymanids|Sūlaymān]]''' {{Sup|ibn ʿAbd Allāh as-Sālih ibn Mūsā al-Jawn ibn [[Abd Allah al-Mahd|ʿAbd Allāh al-Kāmīl]] ibn [[Hasan ibn Hasan|al-Ḥasan al-Mu'thannā]]}}
|boxstyle_A04=color: MediumBlue; background-color:LightCyan; border-width:2px
}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | | |:| |!| |!| |,|-|v|-|+|-|.| |!| | | |!|
}}
{{Tree chart|border=1|A02|G|A01|!|A03|!|A04|!|A05| |A06|
|A01=[[Idris II of Morocco|'''Idrīs ibn Idrīs''']] {{Sup|[[Zaydi|(2nd Zaydī]] [[Imamate in Zaydi doctrine|Imām of]] [[Idrisid dynasty#The dynasty|Idrisids]] [[Morocco|in Morocco)]]}}
|boxstyle_A01=color: RoyalBlue; background-color:LightCyan; border-width:3px
|A05='''[[al-Musta'in|Aḥmad al-Musta'in]]''' {{Sup|(12)}} {{Small|r. 862–866}}
|boxstyle_A05=color:Black; background-color:LightGray; border-width:3px
|A04=[[Al-Muwaffaq|'''Ṭalḥa''' al-Muwaffaq]] {{Sup|([[Regent]])}} {{Small|870–891}}
|boxstyle_A04=color:Black; background-color:WhiteSmoke; border-width:2px
|A03='''[[al-Muntasir|Muḥammad al-Muntasir]]''' {{Sup|(11)}} {{Small|r. 861–862}}
|boxstyle_A03=color:Black; background-color:LightGray; border-width:3px
|A02='''[[Sharif of Mecca#List of Sharifs of Mecca (967–1925)|Mūsā II]]''' {{Sup|ibn ʿAbd Allāh as-Sâlih ibn Mūsā al-Jawn ibn [[Abd Allah al-Mahd|ʿAbd Allāh al-Kāmīl]]}}
|boxstyle_A02=color: DarkBlue; background-color:LightCyan; border-width:2px
|A06='''[[al-Muhtadi|Muḥammad al-Muhtadi]]''' {{Sup|(14)}} {{Small|r. 869–870}}
|boxstyle_A06=color:Black; background-color:LightGray; border-width:3px
}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| |,|-|(| |,|-|'| |,|-|'| |!| |`|-|v|-|-|-|.|
}}
{{Tree chart|border=1|A04|!|A06| |A03| |A01| |A02| |A05|
|A01='''[[al-Mu'tadid|Aḥmad al-Mu'tadid]]''' {{Sup|(16)}} {{Small|r. 892–902}}
|boxstyle_A01=color:Black; background-color:LightGray; border-width:3px
|A02='''[[al-Mu'tazz|Muḥammad al-Mu'tazz]]''' {{Sup|(13)}} {{Small|r. 866–869}}
|boxstyle_A02=color:Black; background-color:LightGray; border-width:3px
|A03=[[Al-Mu'ayyad|Ibrahim al-Mu'ayyad]] {{Sup|([[Wali al-Ahd]] & [[List of rulers of Damascus|Governor]] of [[Bilad al-Sham|Syria]])}} {{Small|850–861}}
|boxstyle_A03=color:Black; background-color:WhiteSmoke; border-width:1px
|A04='''[[Isma'il ibn Yusuf|Ismāʿīl ibn Yūsūf]] [[Banu Ukhaidhir|Al-Ukhayḍhir]]''' {{Sup|ibn Ibrāhīm ibn Mūsā al-Jawn ibn [[Abd Allah al-Mahd|ʿAbd Allāh al-Kāmīl]] ibn [[Hasan ibn Hasan|Ḥasan al-Mu'thannā]]}}
|boxstyle_A04=color:Navy; background-color:LightCyan; border-width:3px
|A05='''[[al-Mu'tamid|Aḥmad al-Mu'tamid]]''' {{Sup|(15)}} {{Small|r. 870–892}}
|boxstyle_A05=color:Black; background-color:LightGray; border-width:3px
|A06='''[[Al-Qasim al-Rassi|Al-Qāsīm ar-Rassī ibn IbrāhīmṬabāṭabā]]''' {{Sup|[[Imamate in Zaydi doctrine|(19th Imām of]] [[Zaydi|Zaydiyyā)]]}}
|boxstyle_A06=color:DarkOliveGreen; background-color:LightCyan; border-width:2px
}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| |,|-|'| |:| | | |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.| | | |!|
}}
{{Tree chart|border=1|A05| |A06|,|A01| |A02| |A03| |A04
|A01='''[[al-Muktafi|ʿAlī al-Muktafī]]''' {{Sup|(17)}} {{Small|r. 902–908}}
|boxstyle_A01=color:Black; background-color:LightGray; border-width:3px
|A02='''[[al-Muqtadir|Jāʿfar al-Muqtadir]]''' {{Sup|(18)}} {{Small|r. 908–929, 929–932}}
|boxstyle_A02=color:Black; background-color:LightGray; border-width:3px
|A03='''[[al-Qahir|Muḥammad al-Qāhir]]''' {{Sup|(19)}} {{Small|r. 929, 932–934}}
|boxstyle_A03=color:Black; background-color:LightGray; border-width:3px
|A04=[[Al-Mufawwid|Jāʿfar al-Mufawwid]] {{Sup|([[Wali al-Ahd]])}} {{Small|875–892}}
|boxstyle_A04=color:Black; background-color:WhiteSmoke; border-width:1px
|A05='''Muḥammad ibn Yūsūf [[Banu Ukhaidhir|Al-Ukhayḍhir]]''' {{Sup|[[Zaydi|(1st Zaydī]] [[Imamate in Zaydi doctrine|Imām of]] [[Ukhaydhirites]] in [[Najd]] and [[Al-Yamama]])}}
|boxstyle_A05=color:Navy; background-color:LightCyan; border-width:3px
|A06={{Sup|Abūʾl-Ḥusayn Al-Hādī ilāʾl-Ḥaqq}} '''[[Al-Hadi ila'l-Haqq Yahya|Yaḥyā ibn al-Ḥusayn]]''' {{Sup|[[Zaydi|(1st Zaydī]] [[Imamate in Zaydi doctrine|Imām of]] [[Rassid dynasty|Rassids]] [[Imams of Yemen#List of imams|in Yemen)]]}}
|boxstyle_A06=color:DarkOliveGreen; background-color:LightCyan; border-width:3px
}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | |,|-|'| |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| | |
}}
{{Tree chart|border=1|A06| |A01| |A04| |A05| |A03| |A02
|A01='''[[al-Mustakfi|ʿAbd Allāh al-Mustakfī]]''' {{Sup|(22)}} {{Small|r. 944–946}}
|boxstyle_A01=color:Black; background-color:LightGray; border-width:3px
|A02='''[[al-Muttaqi|Ībrāhīm al-Muttaqī]]''' {{Sup|(21)}} {{Small|r. 940–944}}
|boxstyle_A02=color:Black; background-color:LightGray; border-width:3px
|A03='''[[al-Radi|Muḥammad al-Rādī]]''' {{Sup|(20)}} {{Small|r. 934–940}}
|boxstyle_A03=color:Black; background-color:LightGray; border-width:3px
|A04='''[[al-Muti'|Al-Faḍl al-Mutīʿ]]''' {{Sup|(23)}} {{Small|r. 946–974}}
|boxstyle_A04=color:Black; background-color:LightGray; border-width:3px
|A05=[[Ishaq ibn al-Muqtadir|'''Ishāq''' ibn Jāʿfar al-Muqtadir]]
|boxstyle_A05=color:Black; background-color:WhiteSmoke; border-width:1px
|A06='''Zayd''' ibn [[Hasan al-mujtaba|al-Ḥasan al-Mujtabā]] ibn [[Ali|ʿAlī]] ibn [[Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib|Abī Ṭālib]]
|boxstyle_A06=color: DeepSkyBlue; background-color:LightCyan; border-width:1px
}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| |!| | | | | | | |!| | | |!| | | | | | | | |
}}
{{Tree chart|border=1|A06| |A03| |A04| |A02| | | | | |
|A04='''[[al-Ta'i'|ʿAbd al-Karīm al-Ṭāʾiʿ]]''' {{Sup|(24)}} {{Small|r. 974–991}}
|boxstyle_A04=color:Black; background-color:LightGray; border-width:3px
|A02='''[[al-Qadir|Aḥmad al-Qāʿdīr]]''' {{Sup|(25)}} {{Small|r. 991–1031}}
|boxstyle_A02=color:Black; background-color:LightGray; border-width:3px
|A03='''ʿUmar al-Ashraf''' ibn [[Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin|ʿAlī Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn]] ibn [[Husayn ibn Ali|al-Ḥusayn]]
|boxstyle_A03=color: DodgerBlue; background-color:LightCyan; border-width:1px
|A06=[[Hasan ibn Zayd ibn Hasan|'''Ḥasan''']] ibn Zayd ibn [[Hasan al-mujtaba|al-Ḥasan al-Mujtabā]] ibn [[Ali|ʿAlīyyū'l-Murtaḍžā]]
|boxstyle_A06=color: DeepSkyBlue; background-color:LightCyan; border-width:1px
}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| |!| | | |!| | | | | | | |!|
}}
{{Tree chart|border=1|A06| |A03| |A02| |A01|A01='''[[Al-Qa'im (Abbasid caliph at Baghdad)|ʿAbd Allāh al-Qāʿīm]]''' {{Sup|(26)}} {{Small|r. 1031–1075}}
|boxstyle_A01=color:Black; background-color:LightGray; border-width:3px
|A02='''Al-Ḥusayn Dhu'l-Dam'a''' ibn [[Zayd ibn Ali|Zayd]] ibn [[Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin|ʿAlī Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn]]
|boxstyle_A02=color: SteelBlue; background-color:LightCyan; border-width:1px
|A03='''ʿAlī''' ibn ʿUmar al-Ashraf ibn [[Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin|ʿAlī Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn]]
|boxstyle_A03=color:DodgerBlue; background-color:LightCyan; border-width:1px
|A06='''Ismāʿīl''' ibn [[Hasan ibn Zayd ibn Hasan|Ḥasan]] ibn Zayd ibn [[Hasan al-mujtaba|al-Ḥasan al-Mujtabā]]
|boxstyle_A06=color: DeepSkyBlue; background-color:LightCyan; border-width:1px
}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| |!| | | |!| | | |!| | | |!|
}}
{{Tree chart|border=1|A06| |A03| |A02| |A01
|A01=[[Muhammad ibn al-Qa'im|'''Muḥammad''' Dhakīrat ad-Dīn]] {{Sup|([[Wali al-Ahd]])}} {{Small|1039–1056}}
|boxstyle_A01=color:Black; background-color:WhiteSmoke; border-width:1px
|A02='''Yaḥyā''' ibn al-Ḥusayn Dhu'l-Dam'a ibn [[Zayd ibn Ali|Zayd]]
|boxstyle_A02=color: SteelBlue; background-color:LightCyan; border-width:1px
|A03='''Al-Ḥasan''' ibn ʿAlī ibn ʿUmar al-Ashraf
|boxstyle_A03=color:DodgerBlue; background-color:LightCyan; border-width:1px
|A06='''Muḥammad''' ibn Ismāʿīl ibn [[Hasan ibn Zayd ibn Hasan|Ḥasan]] ibn Zayd
|boxstyle_A06=color: DeepSkyBlue; background-color:LightCyan; border-width:1px
}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| |!| | | |!| | | |!| | | |!|
}}
{{Tree chart|border=1|A06|.|A03|.|A02| |A01
|A01='''[[al-Muqtadi|ʿAbd Allāh al-Mūqtādī]]''' {{Sup|(27)}} {{Small|r. 1075–1094}}
|boxstyle_A01=color:Black; background-color:LightGray; border-width:3px
|A02='''ʿUmar''' ibn Yaḥyā ibn al-Ḥusayn Dhu'l-Dam'a
|boxstyle_A02=color: SteelBlue; background-color:LightCyan; border-width:1px
|A03='''ʿAlī''' ibn al-Ḥasan ibn ʿAlī ibn ʿUmar al-Ashraf
|boxstyle_A03=color:DodgerBlue; background-color:LightCyan; border-width:1px
|A06='''Zayd''' ibn Muḥammad ibn Ismāʿīl ibn [[Hasan ibn Zayd ibn Hasan|Ḥasan]]
|boxstyle_A06=color: DeepSkyBlue; background-color:LightCyan; border-width:1px
}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| |,|-|^|-|.| |!| |!| | | |!|
}}
{{Tree chart|border=1|A04|F|A02|!|A03|,|A01
|A01='''[[al-Mustazhir|Aḥmad al-Mūstāzhīr]]''' {{Sup|(28)}} {{Small|r. 1094–1118}}
|boxstyle_A01=color:Black; background-color:LightGray; border-width:3px
|A02={{Sup|Al-Dāʿī al-Ṣaghīr}} '''[[Muhammad ibn Zayd]]''' {{Sup|[[Zaydi|(2nd Zaydī]] [[Imamate in Zaydi doctrine|Imām of]] [[Zaydids|Zaydīds]] [[Tabaristan|in Tabaristan)]]}}
|boxstyle_A02=color: DeepSkyBlue; background-color:LightCyan; border-width:3px
|A04={{Sup|Al-Dāʿī al-Kabīr}} '''[[Hasan ibn Zayd]]''' {{Sup|[[Zaydi|(1st Zaydī]] [[Imamate in Zaydi doctrine|Imām of]] [[Zaydids|Zaydīds]] [[Tabaristan|in Tabaristan)]]}}
|boxstyle_A04=color: DeepSkyBlue; background-color:LightCyan; border-width:3px
|A03='''[[Yahya ibn Umar|Yaḥyā ibn ʿUmar]]''' {{Sup|[[Imamate in Zaydi doctrine|(20th Imām of]] [[Zaydism#Imams of Zaidis|Zaydiyyā]] [[Samarra|in Samarra)]]}}
|boxstyle_A03=color: SteelBlue; background-color:LightCyan; border-width:2px
}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| |L|~|J| | | |!| |,|-|'| |!| | |
}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | |A02|!|,|-|A01
|A01='''[[al-Mustarshid|Al-Faḍl al-Mūstārshīd]]''' {{Sup|(29)}} {{Small|r. 1118–1135}}
|boxstyle_A01=color:Black; background-color:LightGray; border-width:3px
|A02={{Sup|Al-Nāṣir liʾl-Ḥāqq}} '''[[Hasan al-Utrush]]''' {{Sup|[[Zaydi|(3rd Zaydī]] [[Imamate in Zaydi doctrine|Imām of]] [[Zaydids|Zaydīds]] [[Tabaristan|in Tabaristan)]]}}
|boxstyle_A02=color: DodgerBlue; background-color:LightCyan; border-width:3px
}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | |,|-|'|!| | |!| | |
}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | |!| |A01| |!|
|A01='''[[Al-Rashid Billah|Al-Mānṣūr al-Rāshīd]]''' {{Sup|(30)}} {{Small|r. 1135–1136}}
|boxstyle_A01=color:Black; background-color:LightGray; border-width:3px
}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | |!| | | | | |!|
}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | |A03| | | |A02
|A02=Alī ibn al-Faḍl al-Qabī
|boxstyle_A02=color:Black; background-color:Snow; border-width:1px
|A03='''[[al-Muqtafi|Muḥammad al-Mūqtāfī]]''' {{Sup|(31)}} {{Small|r. 1136–1160}}
|boxstyle_A03=color:Black; background-color:LightGray; border-width:3px
}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | |!| | | | | |!|
}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | |A02| | | |A01
|A01=al-Hāsān ibn Alī
|boxstyle_A01=color:Black; background-color:Snow; border-width:1px
|A02='''[[al-Mustanjid|Yūsuf al-Mūstānjīd]]''' {{Sup|(32)}} {{Small|r. 1160–1170}}
|boxstyle_A02=color:Black; background-color:LightGray; border-width:3px
}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | |!| | | | | |!|
}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | |A02| | | |A01
|A01=Abū Bakr ibn al-Hāsān
|boxstyle_A01=color:Black; background-color:Snow; border-width:1px
|A02='''[[Al-Mustadi|Al-Hāssān al-Mūstādī']]''' {{Sup|(33)}} {{Small|r. 1170–1180}}
|boxstyle_A02=color:Black; background-color:LightGray; border-width:3px
}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | |!| | | | | |!|
}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | |A02| | | |A01
|A01= Abi 'Alī al-Hāsān ibn Abū Bakr
|boxstyle_A01=color:Black; background-color:Snow; border-width:1px
|A02='''[[al-Nasir|Aḥmad al-Nāsīr]]''' {{Sup|(34)}} {{Small|r. 1180–1225}}
|boxstyle_A02=color:Black; background-color:LightGray; border-width:3px
}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | |!| | | | | |!|
}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | |A02| |A03|!|
|A02='''[[al-Zahir bi-Amr Allah|Muḥammad az-Zāhīr]]''' {{Sup|(35)}} {{Small|r. 1225–1226}}
|boxstyle_A02=color:Black; background-color:LightGray; border-width:3px
|A03='''[[Baybars|Malīka'zZāhīr Rūkn ad-Dīn Baybars]]''' {{Sup|([[Mamluk Sultanate]] [[List of Mamluk sultans|Sultan]] [[Sultan of Egypt|of Egypt]])}} {{Small|r. 1260–1277}}
|boxstyle_A03=color:DarkGoldenRod; background-color:Khaki; border-width:3px
}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | |,|-|^|-|.|:| |:|!|
}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | |A02| |A03| |A01
|A01='''Abū'l-ʿAbbās Aḥmad [[al-Hakim I]]''' {{Sup|(2)}} {{Small|r. 1262–1302}}
|boxstyle_A01=color:yellow; background-color:YellowGreen; border-width:3px
|A02='''[[Al-Mustansir I|Al-Mānsūr al-Mūstānsīr]]''' {{Sup|(36)}} {{Small|r. 1226–1242}}
|boxstyle_A02=color:Black; background-color:LightGray; border-width:3px
|A03='''Abū'l-Qāsim Aḥmad [[Al-Mustansir II|al-Mūstānsīr]]''' {{Sup|(1)}} {{Small|r. 1261}}
|boxstyle_A03=color:yellow; background-color:YellowGreen; border-width:3px
}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | |!| | | | | | | |)|-|-|-|-|-|.|
}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | |A03| | | | | |A02| | | |A01
|A02='''Abū'r-Rabīʿ Sulaymān [[Al-Mustakfi I (Cairo)|al-Mustakfī I]]''' {{Sup|(3)}} {{Small|r. 1302–1340}}| boxstyle_A02=color:yellow; background-color:YellowGreen; border-width:3px
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==Views==
Ibn Abbas viewed that Tafsir can be divided in four categories:<ref>[http://www.islamic-awareness.org/Quran/Tafseer/Ulum/Denffor6.html#Isra'iliyat Interpreting The Text]</ref>
* The category the Arabs knew because of its language
* Those of ignorance, of which no one will be excused
* Those the scholars know
* Those no one knows except [[Allah]] ({{Langx|ar|الله }} ''{{Transliteration|ar|DIN|Allāh}}'')

Sunni view him as the most knowledgeable of the [[Sahaba|Companions]] in tafsir. A book entitled [[Tanwir al-Miqbas|Tanwir al-Miqbas min Tafsir Ibn Abbas]] is tafsir, all explanations of which may go back to Ibn Abbas.<ref name="usc"/> Of all narrations transmitted by Ibn Abbas, 1660 were considered authentic ({{langx|ar|[[Sahih]]}}) by the authors of the [[two Sahihs]].<ref name="usc"/><ref>[[Reliance of the Traveller]] by Ahmad al-Misr, (A Classic Manual of Islamic Sacred Law), translated by Nuh Ha Mim Keller, published by Amana publications, Beltsville, Maryland, USA 1991</ref>{{page needed|date=November 2015}}

Regarding Ibn Abbas giving verdicts ({{langx|ar|[[fatwa]]}}) in favor of [[Nikah Mut'ah]], most Sunnis view that Ali corrected him on the matter, while other view that ''"Ibn Abbas position on the permissibility of Mut'ah until his last day is proven"'' per the [[Hadith of Ibn al-Zubayr and Mut'ah]].<ref>[[Fatih al-Qadir]] by [[Muhammad ash-Shawkani]], Sharh Hidaya Volume 3 p. 51</ref>

Sunnis describe thus:
{{blockquote|text=... the courageous Abdullah showed that he preferred peace above war, and logic against force and violence. However, he was not only known for his courage, his perceptive thought and his vast knowledge. He was also known for his great generosity and hospitality. Some of his contemporaries said of his household: "We have not seen a house with more food or drink or fruit or knowledge than the house of Ibn Abbas."

He had a genuine and abiding concern for people. He was thoughtful and caring. He once said: "When I realize the importance of a verse of God's Book, I would wish that all people should know what I know.

"When I hear of a Muslim ruler who deals equitably and rules justly, I am happy on his account and I pray for him...

"When I hear of rains that fall on the land of Muslims, that fills me with happiness..."

Abdullah ibn Abbas was constant in his devotions. He kept voluntary fasts regularly and often stayed up at night in Prayer. He would weep while praying and reading the Quran. And when reciting verses dealing with death, resurrection and the life hereafter his voice would be heavy from deep sobbing.<ref name="usc"/>}}

=== Summary ===
'''ʿAbd Allāh ibn ʿAbbās (c. 619–687 CE)''' known as '''Ibn ʿAbbās''' was a cousin of the Prophet '''Muhammad''' and one of the most renowned '''Islamic scholars and Qur’anic commentators (mufassirīn)'''.

He was the son of '''al-ʿAbbās ibn ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib''', Muhammad’s uncle, and '''Umm al-Faḍl Lubāba''', among the earliest converts to Islam. His close relationship with the Prophet began in childhood; Muhammad prayed for him to gain deep understanding of the Qur’an and religion.

After Muhammad’s death, Ibn ʿAbbās became known for his '''vast knowledge''', '''scholarship''', and '''teaching''', consulting senior companions and verifying narrations carefully. His house in Mecca became a '''center of learning''', teaching tafsīr (Qur’anic interpretation), law, poetry, and history.

He was '''respected by the early caliphs''':

* '''ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb''' often sought his counsel, admiring his wisdom despite his youth.
* During '''ʿAlī’s caliphate''', Ibn ʿAbbās served as '''governor of Basra''' and helped reconcile dissenting factions, including convincing many '''Kharijites''' to rejoin ʿAlī.
* Under '''Muʿāwiya''' and later rulers, he remained politically neutral, prioritizing unity among Muslims.

In his later years, he settled in '''Ṭāʾif''', where he died around '''687 CE'''. His descendants included '''ʿAlī ibn ʿAbd Allāh''', the grandfather of the first '''ʿAbbāsid caliphs'''.

Ibn ʿAbbās transmitted numerous '''ḥadīth''' and is credited with profound insights into Qur’anic meanings. Companions and successors praised him as '''eloquent, wise, and the most knowledgeable among men'''.

==See also==
* [[List of Islamic scholars]]
* [[Sunni view of the Sahaba]]
* [[List of Sahabah]]
* [[Ikrima ibn Abd Allah al-Barbari|Ikrima ibn Abd Allah]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://ahadith.co.uk/hadithbynarrator.php?n=Abdullah+bin+Abbas&bid=1&let=A Hadith by Abdullah Ibn Abbas Collected By Bukhari]

{{Ali's companions}}
{{Muhammad footer}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Abbas, Ibn}}
[[Category:Sahabah hadith narrators]]
[[Category:Family of Muhammad]]
[[Category:Quranic exegesis scholars]]
[[Category:7th-century Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:619 births]]
[[Category:687 deaths]]
[[Category:Banu Abbas]]
[[Category:Rashidun governors of Basra]]
[[Category:Companions of the Prophet]]
[[Category:7th-century Arab people]]

Kovilan

2026-03-27T12:08:08Z

Budhu: creating data

{{short description|Indian writer (1923–2010)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox writer 
| name = V. V. Ayyapan
| image = Kovilan.jpeg
| image_size = 240px
| alt =
| caption =
| pseudonym = Kovilan
| birth_name = Kandanissery Vattamparambil Velappan Ayyappan
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1923|07|09}}
| birth_place = Kandanassery, [[Guruvayur]], [[Thrissur]], [[Kingdom of Cochin]], British India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2010|06|02|1923|07|09}}
| death_place = [[Kunnamkulam]], Thrissur, [[Kerala]], India
| resting_place =
| occupation = Writer, soldier, [[Indian freedom struggle|freedom fighter]]
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| nationality = Indian
| ethnicity =
| citizenship = Indian
| education =
| alma_mater = Kandanisseri Excelsior School
Nenmini Higher Elementary School
Sahitya Deepika Sanskrit College at Pavaratty
| period =
| genre = Novel, short story, essay
| subject =
| movement =
| notableworks = ''Ezhamedangal'', ''Thottangal'', ''Thattakam''
| spouse =
| partner =
| children =

| relatives =
| influences =
| influenced =
| awards = {{awards|[[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]]|1972|Thottangal}}
{{awards|[[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]]|1977|Sakunam}}
{{awards|[[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]] Fellowship|1997}}
{{awards|[[Sahitya Akademi Award]]|1998|Thattakam}}
{{awards|[[List of Sahitya Akademi fellows|Sahitya Akademi Fellowship]]|2005}}
{{awards|[[Ezhuthachan Puraskaram]]|2005}}
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| website = 
| portaldisp =
}}

'''Kandanisseri Vattamparambil Velappan Ayyappan''' (9 July 1923 – 2 June 2010) or '''V. V. Ayyappan''', better known by his [[pen name]] '''Kovilan''', was an Indian [[Malayalam language]] novelist and freedom fighter from [[Kerala]]. He is considered one of the most prolific writers of contemporary Indian literature.<ref name="hindu_feb05">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/02/17/stories/2005021704391300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050217075451/http://www.hindu.com/2005/02/17/stories/2005021704391300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 February 2005|title=Nirmal Verma, Kovilan elected Sahitya Academy Fellows |date=17 February 2005|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=15 November 2009}}</ref> In all, he had authored 11 novels, 10 collections of short stories, three essays and a play.

He won the [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]] in 1972 and 1977 and the [[Sahitya Akademi Award|Kendra Sahitya Akademi Award]] in 1998. He was also a recipient of the [[Kerala]] state government's highest literary honour [[Ezhuthachan Puraskaram]] in recognition of his outstanding contribution to [[Malayalam literature]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/01/29/stories/2007012908920500.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091022114249/http://www.hindu.com/2007/01/29/stories/2007012908920500.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 October 2009|title=Ezhuthachan Puraskaram presented to writer Kovilan|date=29 January 2007|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=15 November 2009}}</ref> He had been a Fellow of the [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]] since 1997 and [[Sahitya Akademi]] since 2005.<ref name="hindu_feb05"/><ref name="hindu_may05">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/05/03/stories/2005050307200400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050506052720/http://www.hindu.com/2005/05/03/stories/2005050307200400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 May 2005|title=A moment of honour for writer-patriarch Kovilan |date=3 May 2005|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=15 November 2009}}</ref>

==Life==

===Early years===
Kovilan was born in Kandanassery in [[Guruvayur]], [[Thrissur]] to Vattomparambil Shanku Velappan and Kotakkattil Kunjandi Kali.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}} He did his early education at the Kandanisseri Excelsior School and Nenmini Higher Elementary School. He then joined the Sahitya Deepika Sanskrit College at Pavaratty at the age of 13. He attended classes of [[K. P. Narayana Pisharody]], P. C. Vasudevan Elayathu, [[M. P. Sankunni Nair]], [[Cherukadu]] and Srikrishna Sharma. Even as a student, he had shown interest in writing poems and stories.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

A follower of [[Mahatma Gandhi]], Kovilan left the Sanskrit College to participate in the [[Quit India Movement]]. That marked the end of his formal academic education. By the time he quit, he had written at least three novels.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

===Military life===
He joined the [[Royal Indian Navy]] in 1943 and was trained in Anti-submarine Detecting Operations.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}} He served in Bengal sea, [[Burma]] and Singapore. He quit following the [[Royal Indian Navy mutiny]] of 1946 and returned home. While back in Kerala, Kovilan maintained a close friendship with [[Vaikom Muhammed Basheer]], [[Joseph Mundassery]] and C. J. Thomas. He also took part in the trade union movements. In 1948 he passed [[SSLC]] and worked for a while as a [[stenographer]] for Joseph Mundassery. In 1948, he joined the [[Indian Army Corps of Signals]] as Radio Mechanic.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/02/17/stories/2005021704391300.htm
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050217075451/http://www.hindu.com/2005/02/17/stories/2005021704391300.htm
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=17 February 2005
|work=[[The Hindu]]
|title=Nirmal Verma, Kovilan elected Sahitya Akademi Fellows
|date=2005-02-17
|access-date=30 October 2011}}</ref> He also specialised in electronics. For five years he lived in the [[Himalayas]]. While in army, he came in contact with soldier-turned-writers [[Parappurath]] and [[Nandanar]]. He also worked as [[National Cadet Corps (India)|National Cadet Corps]] training officer at the [[Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur]]. He retired from the [[Indian Army]] in 1968 as [[Havildar]] Major and settled down at Pullanikunnu at Kandanassery.

===Death===

Kovilan died on 2 June 2010 in [[Kunnamkulam]], aged 86.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/english/news.php?id=92577|title=Noted novelist Kovilan passes away|date=2 June 2010|publisher=[[Mathrubhumi]]|access-date=2 June 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100606105022/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/english/news.php?id=92577|archive-date=6 June 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Writings==
{{unreferenced section|date= September 2022}}
Kovilan has written 4 novels—''A Minus B'' (1958), ''Ezhamedangal'' (Army Wives, 1965), ''Thazhvarakal'' (The Valleys, 1969) and ''Himalayam''—with military experiences as their background.

''Thottangal'' (Incantations, 1970), the first post-service novel of the writer, narrates the delirious memories of an old woman in the night of her death whose life was shipwrecked turning the dreams of her childhood into nightmares.

His most popular novel was ''Thattakam'' (The Terrain, 1995).

Kovilan's first collection of short stories was ''Oru Palam Manayola'' (A Measure of Red Arsenic). This book was published in the year 1957. The story ''Tharavadu'' (Ancestral Home) is included in this collection. Kovilan's other collections of short stories include ''Ee Jeevitham Ananthamanu'' (1957), ''Orikkal Manushyanayirunnu'' (1960), ''Oru Kashanam Asthi'' (1961), ''Vendam Kadi'' (1969), ''Thervazhchakal'' (1971), ''Pitham'' (1971), ''Shakunam'' (1974), ''Adyathe Kathakal'' (1978), ''Sujatha'' (1979), ''Theranjedutha Kathakal'' (1980) and ''Kovilante Kathakal'' (1985). A tele-serial based on his novel ''Thottangal'' was beamed on [[Doordarshan]]. Some of his short stories also have been adapted for tele-screen.

==Style and recurring themes==

According to one source, Kovilan's works contributed to transforming a community bogged down by conservatism to one that was progressive and socialist in outlook.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/article427903.ece|title=A staunch votary of labour class|date=3 June 2010|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=3 July 2013|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304083014/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/article427903.ece|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Poet and critic [[K. Satchidanandan]] notes: {{cquote|He wrote pure prose, not poetic prose. In an era when prose writers revelled in poetic expressions, Kovilan wrote a prose that was plain and lean. Its beauty was raw and unadorned. Though Kovilan's works were initially categorised as ''Pattala Sahityam'' or soldier's writings, it was clear after the publication of ''Thattakam'' and ''Thottangal'' that they were more than that. Writers seek legends. Kovilan realised that there is a legend behind every man. He sought to document this. He explored the legends of his village. His stories bridged local and regional history.<ref>{{cite news | title= Kovilan a master of pure prose |work=The Hindu | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/kovilan-a-master-of-pure-prose/article3622884.ece| date=10 July 2012| access-date=3 July 2013}}</ref>}}

==Awards==
{{unreferenced section|date= September 2022}}
* 1971: [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]] (Novel) for ''Thottangal''
* 1977: [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]] (Story) for ''Sakunam''
* 1995: [[Muttathu Varkey Award]]
* 1997: [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]] Fellowship
* 1997: A. P. Kulakkad Award for ''Thattakam''
* 1998: [[Sahitya Academy Award|Kendra Sahitya Academy Award]] for ''Thattakam''
* 1998: Kerala Sahitya Parishath Award for ''Thattakam''
* 1999: [[Vayalar Award]] for ''Thattakam''
* 1999: N. V. Prize for ''Thattakam''
* 2004: [[List of Sahitya Akademi fellows|Sahitya Akademi Fellowship]]
* 2006: [[Ezhuthachan Puraskaram|Ezhuthachan Award]]
* 2008: [[Mathrubhumi Literary Award]]

==Bibliography==
{{unreferenced section|date= September 2022}}

===Novels===
{| class="wikitable"
! Title
! Title in English
! Year
! Publisher
|-
|''Thakarnna Hridayangal'' ||''Broken Hearts'' || 1946 || Arunodayam Press, [[Vadakkencherry]]
|-
|''A Minus B'' || || 1958 || Current Books, [[Thrissur]]
|-
|''Ezhamedangal'' || ''Army Wives'' || 1965 || Current Books, Thrissur
|-
|''Thazhvarakal'' || ''The Valleys'' || 1969 || Current Books, Thrissur
|-
|''Thottanngal'' || ''Incantations'' || 1970 || Current Books, Thrissur
|-
|''Himalayam'' || ''The Himalayas'' || 1972 || Current Books, Thrissur
|-
|''Bharathan'' || || 1976 || Poorna Publications, [[Calicut]]
|-
|''Janmantharanngal'' || ''Through Many Births'' || 1982 || Sahithya Pravarthaka Co-operative Society, [[Kottayam]]
|-
|''Thattakam'' || ''The Terrain'' || 1995 || Current Books, Thrissur
|}

===Novelettes===
{| class="wikitable"
! Title
! Title in English
! Year
! Publisher
|-
|''Board Out'' || || 1936 || Current Books, [[Thrissur]]
|-
|''Tharavadu'' || ''The Ancestral Home'' || 1963 || Current Books, Thrissur
|}

===Short stories===
{| class="wikitable"
! Title
! Title in English
! Year
! Publisher
|-
|''Oru Palam Manayola'' || ''A Measure of Red Arsenic'' || 1957 || Current Books, [[Thrissur]]
|-
|''Ee Jeevitham Anadhamanu'' || ''This Life is Orphaned'' || 1957 || Current Books, Thrissur
|-
|''Orikkal Manushyanayirunnu'' || ''Once a Man I was...'' || 1960 || Current Books, Thrissur
|-
|''Oru Kashanam Asthi'' || ''A Piece of Bone'' || 1961 || Current Books, Thrissur
|-
|''Vendamkadi'' || ''The Unwanted'' || 1969 || Current Books, Thrissur
|-
|''Thervazchakal'' || ''Apparitions'' || 1971 || Current Books, Thrissur
|-
|''Pitham'' || ''The Bilious Child'' || 1971 || Current Books, Thrissur
|-
|''Sujatha'' || || 1971 || Poorna Publications, [[Calicut]]
|-
|''Sakunam'' || ''The Omen'' || 1974 || Sahithya Pravarthaka Co-operative Society, [[Kottayam]]
|-
|''Adyathe Kathakal'' || ''Stories of Early Days'' || 1978 || Sahithya Pravarthaka Co-operative Society, Kottayam
|-
|''Theranjedutha Kathakal'' || ''Selected Stories'' || 1980 || Sahithya Pravarthaka Co-operative Society, Kottayam
|-
|''Kovilante Kathakal'' || ''Stories of Kovilan'' || 1985 || Current Books, Thrissur
|-
|''Suvarna Kathakal'' || ''Golden Stories'' || 2002 || Green Books, Thrissur
|-
|''Ente Priyappetta Kathakal'' || ''My Favourite Stories'' || 2003 || [[DC Books]], Kottayam
|}

===Play===
{| class="wikitable"
! Title
! Title in English
! Year
! Publisher
|-
|''Ninte Viswasam Ninne Poruppikkum'' || ''Your Faith Ensures What Happens to You'' || 1957 || Current Books, [[Thrissur]]
|}

===Miscellaneous writings===
{| class="wikitable"
! Title
! Title in English
! Year
! Publisher
|-
|''Kovilante Lekhanangal'' || ''Essays of Kovilan'' || 1984 || Sikha Publications, [[Calicut]]
|-
|''Kathayum Kathakalum'' || ''Stories Behind the Stories'' || 1957 || [[Poorna Publications]], Calicut
|-
|''Athmabhavangal'' || ''Self Reflections'' || 1995 || Jwala, Ariyannur, [[Thrissur]]
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Dr. Ajayapuram Jyothishkumar, Kovilan Ezhuthu Desam Prathinidhanam, State Institute of Languages. A study on the writings of Kovilan

==External links==
* http://www.dvaipayana.net/kovilan/ Kovilan Page at dvaipayana.net
*[http://kovilanstudygroup.org The International Kovilan Study Group]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20111128051230/http://kovilan.com/ Kovilan Trust]
*[http://www.dvaipayana.net/kovilan/intron.html A brief introduction to the novels of Kovilan]
*[http://www.dvaipayana.net/kovilan/rad.html Ballads of Rage: An introduction to the short stories by P. Radhakrishnan Nair] (in English translation)
*[http://www.dvaipayana.net/kovilan/bharathan.html Translation of Bharathan: A novel written by Kovilan] (in seven chapters)
*[http://www.dvaipayana.net/kovilan/conch.html Translation of Conch: A story written by Kovilan]
*[http://www.dvaipayana.net/kovilan/mof.html Translation of M/F: A story written by Kovilan]
*[http://www.dvaipayana.net/kovilan/tales.html Tales behind Thottangal] (in English translation)
*[http://www.dvaipayana.net/kovilan/totvi.pdf An appreciation of Thottangal by A. Purushothaman] (in Malayalam)
*[http://www.dvaipayana.net/kovilan/kovstory.html When Kovilan constructs story: An appreciation of the story Conch by K. P. Appan] (in English translation)
*[http://www.dvaipayana.net/kovilan/tarakan.html A study of Thottangal by Dr. K. M. Tharakan] (in English translation)
*[http://www.dvaipayana.net/kovilan/thottv.html Thottangal: A commentary in Malayalam by A. Purushothaman] (in 15 chapters)
*[http://www.frontline.in/navigation/?type=static&page=flonnet&rdurl=fl2713/stories/20100702271311800.htm A craft of his own] (''[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]'' article)
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304034753/http://static.manoramaonline.com/advt/mmtv/prgms/annorikkal/index3.htm Annorikkal: Kovilan] (Documentary by [[Manorama News]])

{{Sahitya Akademi Award For Malayalam}}
{{SahityaAkademiFellowship}}
{{Ezhuthachan Puraskaram}}
{{Kerala Sahitya Akademi Fellowship}}
{{Malayalam Literature |state=collapsed}}
{{Vayalar Awards}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1923 births]]
[[Category:2010 deaths]]
[[Category:Respiratory disease deaths in India]]
[[Category:Writers from Thrissur]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language novelists]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Ezhuthachan Award]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Malayalam]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:Novelists from Kerala]]
[[Category:People from Guruvayur]]
[[Category:Writers from Thrissur district]]

Navrachana University

2026-03-25T01:24:00Z

Budhu:

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Navrachana University
| native_name = નવરચના યુનિવર્સિટી
| native_name_lang = GJ
| image = Navrachana University logo.png
| motto = Education beyond books, for the world beyond what it looks
| established = July 2009
| chairperson = Tejal Amin
| chancellor = Rahul Amin
| vice_chancellor = Prof. Pratyush Shankar
| provost = Prof. Pratyush Shankar
| city = [[Vadodara]]
| state = [[Gujarat]]
| country = [[India]]
| campus_type = [[Urban area|Urban]]
| campus_size = {{Convert|5.318|acre}}
| students =
| type = [[Private university|Private]]
| address = Vasna Bhayli Road
| postcode = 391410
| accreditation = [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]]
| website = {{URL|www.nuv.ac.in}}
}}

'''Navrachana University''' is a private university in [[Vadodara, Gujarat]]. It was created by the state of Gujarat under the Private University Act, 2009.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ugc.ac.in/privateuniversitylist.aspx?id=7&Unitype=3 | title=Private University Gujarat | publisher=[[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]] | access-date=20 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/Vadodara-to-host-seminar-on-N-technology/articleshow/40565960.cms | title=Vadodara to host seminar on N-technology | newspaper=The Times of India | date=21 August 2014 | access-date=7 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.123university.net/edu/3451/Navrachana-University | title=Navrachna University | publisher=www.123university.net | access-date=20 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/navrachana-university-felicitates-schools-under-swachhagrah-project/articleshow/58133168.cms | title=Navrachana University felicitates schools under 'Swachhagrah' project| work=The Times of India | date=12 April 2017 | access-date=9 August 2017}}</ref>

== Schools ==
'''School of Liberal Studies and Education''' offers: [https://nuv.ac.in/e-brochure/ba-journalism-and-communication/ BA-Journalism & Mass Communication], BA-Humanities and Social Sciences, BEd and PhD.

'''School of Science''' offers: BSc(Chemistry, Botany & Plant Biotechnology, Zoology & Animal Biotechnology, Microbiology), BSc-MSc Integrated(Biomedical), MSc(Chemistry), MSc(Microbiology), MSc(Zoology & Biotechnology), MSc(Botany & Biotechnology) and MSc(Clinical Embryology).

'''School of Environmental Design and Architecture''' offers: Bachelor of Architecture, Bachelor of Design (Interior), Bachelor of Design (Product Design and Visual Communication) and Master of Planning(Urban & Regional Planning).

'''School of Engineering and Technology''' offers: BCA, BSc(Data Science), Bachelor of Technology (Mechanical, Electrical & Electronics, Civil and Computer Science and Engineering) and MTech (Structural Engineering, Robotics & Automation, CSE).

'''School of Business and Law''' offers: [[Bachelor of Business Administration|BBA]], BBA-LLB, LLM, MBA and Executive MBA.

All educational programs follow modular, semester-wise curricula and allow taking courses that cut across program boundaries. The unitary character allows the university to innovate new educational and pedagogic models grounded in interdisciplinary thinking and capitalize on the shared infrastructural and educational resources to achieve a rich academic and life experience.

== Activities ==

* The university has introduced a choice-based curriculum to promote interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary learning among students.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Choice-Based Curriculum Encourages Inter/Multi-Disciplinary Learning |url=https://www.highereducationdigest.com/choice-based-curriculum-encourages-inter-multi-disciplinary-learning/ |access-date=2023-09-02 |publisher=Higher Education Digest}}</ref>
* A Startup affiliated with Navrachana University was granted a funding of Rs 15 lakh by the central government.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Navrachana University Innovators' Startup Receives Rs 15 Lakh from Central Government |url=https://indiaeducationdiary.in/navrachana-university-innovators-startup-gets-rs-15-lakh-funding-from-centre/ |access-date=2023-09-02 |publisher=India Education Diary}}</ref>
* Provost Prof. Pratyush Shankar of Navrachana University led the Humboldt Residency Program in Germany for the year 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Navrachana University Provost Prof. Pratyush Shankar Leads the Humboldt Residency Program 2023 in Germany |url=https://indiaeducationdiary.in/navrachana-university-provost-prof-pratyush-shankar-leads-the-humboldt-residency-program-2023-in-germany/ |access-date=2023-09-02 |publisher=India Education Diary}}</ref>
* Navrachana University received an '''A grade''' with a CGPA of 3.31 in its first cycle of accreditation by the [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council]] (NAAC).
* In 2024 Professor '''Sandeep Vasant''', registrar at Navrachana University, was awarded the [[Fulbright-Nehru International Fellowship]]. He is among ten scholars from India chosen for this prestigious recognition, focusing on advancing student-centric approaches and international collaboration in higher education.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 June 2024 |title=NU registrar gets Fulbright fellowship |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/nu-registrar-gets-fulbright-fellowship/articleshow/110952089.cms |access-date=2024-06-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* Navrachana University's research highlighted alarming levels of silent toxins in Gujarat's lifelines. Navrachana University's (NUV) School of Science detected worrying levels of contaminants in river water, sediment, and fish tissues.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-08-11 |title=Two independent studies indicate alarming levels of silent toxins in Gujarat's lifelines |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/two-independent-studies-indicate-alarming-levels-of-silent-toxins-in-gujarats-lifelines/articleshow/123222854.cms |access-date=2025-12-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* International conference on law, ethics, and policymaking in healthcare, which brought together academicians, jurists, and healthcare professionals to discuss issues such as bioethics, patient rights, mental health, medical negligence, and data privacy.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-11-12 |title=NU hosts international conference on medical law, ethics |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/nu-hosts-international-conference-on-medical-law-ethics/articleshow/125258365.cms |access-date=2026-03-19 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* International Conference on Resilience (ICR 2026) brought together researchers and practitioners to discuss urban sustainability and community resilience, including studies on ecological degradation in Vadodara's lakes and Rivers etc.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-01-10 |title=Urban, environmental concerns take centre stage at ICR 2026 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/urban-environmental-concerns-take-centre-stage-at-icr-2026/articleshow/126442101.cms |access-date=2026-03-19 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* AlgAI is a research initiative under the Centre for Interdisciplinary and Computational Sciences (CICS) that emphasizes industry collaboration and applied interdisciplinary research in artificial intelligence and biological systems to address environmental challenges.<ref>{{Cite web |title=AlgAI is a research initiative under the Centre for Interdisciplinary and Computational Sciences (CICS) |url=https://www.theindustryoutlook.com/services-and-consulting/news/education-beyond-degrees-why-skillbased-learning-is-the-future-nwid-16282.html#google_vignette |website=Industry Outlook}}</ref>
* History of Urban Form of India, a book by Professor Pratyush Shankar, Provost of Navrachana University, has been presented through lectures and academic discussions at institutions including the University of Cambridge, Sciences Po (Paris), RWTH Aachen University, and the University of Bonn. The book was published by [[Oxford University Press]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=The Hans India |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/life-style/why-indian-cities-look-the-way-they-do-1033468 |url-status=live |archive-url= |website=Why Indian Cities Look the Way They Do}}</ref>
* Indian cartography blended mathematical astronomy, artistic expression, and practical navigation. Dr. Samira Sheikh (Vanderbilt University; Obaid Siddique Chair, NCBS Bengaluru) explored this at the inaugural Parekh Lecture Series honouring Lord [[Bhikhu Parekh]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mapping the World from Gujarat: Navrachana University and Heritage Trust Launch Parekh Lecture Series |url=https://www.mid-day.com/buzz/article/mapping-the-world-from-gujarat-navrachana-university-and-heritage-trust-launch-parekh-lecture-series-9189 |website=Mid-day}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.nuv.ac.in/ Official website]
*[https://www.instagram.com/navrachanauniversity/?hl=en Instagram handle]

{{Universities in Gujarat}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Private universities in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Vadodara]]
[[Category:2009 establishments in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2009]]

Bute Shah

2026-03-23T05:34:48Z

Budhu: stub

{{Short description|19th century Punjabi historian (died 1850)}}

{{pp-extended|small=yes}}

'''Ghulam Muhy-ud-Din Ludhianvi''', better known as '''Bute Shah''' (died {{Circa|1850}}) was a 19th-century historian from [[Punjab]]. He authored the [[Persian language|Persian]]-language work ''Twarikh-i-Panjab'' ("The History of Punjab") in 1848.<ref name="eos">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Twarikh-i-Panjab |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia Of Sikhism |publisher=Punjabi University Patiala |url=https://archive.org/details/TheEncyclopediaOfSikhism-VolumeIvS-z/page/374/mode/1up |last=Singh |first=Bhagat |date=2004 |editor1-last=Singh |editor1-first=Harbans |edition=Second |volume=IV S–Z |pages=374–375 |language=English |isbn=81-7380-530-X |editor1-link=Harbans Singh}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Yasmeen|first=Robina|date=December 2025|title=Unlocking the Daftar: Unexplored Archives of the Sikh Empire in Lahore (1801–1849)|url=https://www.academia.edu/145773998/Unlocking_the_Daftar_Unexplored_Archives_of_the_Sikh_Empire_in_Lahore_1801_1849|journal=Pakistan Vision|volume=26|issue=2|pages=1–14|via=academia.edu}}</ref>

Bute Shah belonged to an [[Awan (tribe)|Awan]] family from [[Ludhiana]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Smith |first=Richard Saumarez |url= |title=Rule by Records: Land Registration and Village Custom in Early British Panjab |date=1996 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-563673-4 |pages=92 |language=en}}</ref> and was employed by the British [[Political Resident]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Singh |first=Bhagat |date=April 1992 |title=Ghulam Muhayy-ud-Din Alias Bute Shah |url=https://archive.org/details/ThePunjabPastAndPresent-Volume26Part1/mode/1up |journal=The Panjab Past and Present |language=en |publisher=Department of Punjab Historical Studies, Punjabi University |volume=XXVI |issue=1 |pages=134-149 |issn=0031-0786}}</ref> He was in the British emissary which was sent to the court of [[Ranjit Singh]] in 1837, where he along with the delegation met the ''[[maharaja]]'' in the company of [[Fakir Azizuddin]] and was granted a [[robe of honour]] and 100 rupees, according to [[Sohan Lal Suri]].<ref name=":0" />

Bute Shah wrote his ''Twarikh-i-Panjab'' on the request of [[George Russell Clerk]] who had succeeded [[Claude Martin Wade]] as the Political Resident in 1840.<ref name="eos" /> He completed this work in 1848. He divided it into a ''muqadama'' (introduction), five ''daftars'' or sections and a ''khatima'' (epilogue).<ref name="eos" /> His history starts from the earliest times to the [[Second Anglo-Sikh War|annexation of Punjab]] by the British. Bute Shah used a variety of sources: the religious texts of [[Hindus]] including ''[[Bhagavad Gita]]'' and ''[[Mahabharata]]'' for reconstructing the early history of Punjab; [[Tarikh Yamini|''Tarikh-i-Yamini'']], ''[[Habib al-siyar]]'', ''[[Tarikh-i Alfi|Tarikh-i-Alfi]]'' and other chronicles for the Muslim period; and especially the ''[[Umdat-ut-Tawarikh]]'' of Sohan Lal Suri for the events during the reign of Ranjit Singh, in writing his book.<ref name="eos" /><ref name=":0" /> The introduction, which dealt with the geography and the main places of Punjab, was translated by Munshi Bahlol into [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] and published after the death of Bute Shah by the [[Ludhiana Mission Press|American Presbyterian Mission at Ludhiana]] in 1850.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shah |first=Bute |url=https://www.google.com.pk/books/edition/Geographical_Description_of_the_Panjab_i/OEZQ0AEACAAJ?hl=en |title=Geographical Description of the Panjab, in Panjabi: Translated From the Persian of Bute Shah, By Munshi Bahlol |date=1850 |publisher=The American Presbyterian Mission Press |location=Lodiana |pages=iii-iv |language=Punjabi |translator-last=Bahlol |translator-first=Munshi |chapter=Preface |oclc=1243901951}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Mufti Ali-ud-Din]]
* [[Nizam al-Din 'Ishrat Sialkoti]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:1850s deaths]]
[[Category:People from Punjab, Pakistan]]
[[Category:19th-century historians]]

Virateshwar temple

2026-03-18T07:03:06Z

Budhu: starting a location - done

{{Short description|Hindu temple}}
[[File:Virath Temple N-MP-255 Shahdol MP Kamlashanker Vishvakarma.jpg|thumb|Virateshwar Temple. ASI number N-MP-255]]
[[File:Erotic sculpture at virat temple shahdol.jpg|thumb|Erotic sculpture at Virateshwar temple]]
'''Virateshwar''' temple or Virat temple of [[Lord Shiva]] is located in [[Sohagpur (Shahdol)]], [[Shahdol district]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]].<ref name="Virat Mandir">{{cite web |title=Virat Mandir {{!}} District Shahdol {{!}} India |url=https://shahdol.nic.in/en/tourist-place/virat-mandir/ |access-date=21 September 2021}}</ref> The [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI) Monument number for this temple is N-MP-255. ASI database mentions it as "Virath Temple and remains".<ref>{{cite web |title=Alphabetical List of Monuments – Madhya Pradesh « Archaeological Survey of India |url=https://asi.nic.in/alphabetical-list-of-monuments-madhya-pradesh/ |website=asi.nic.in |access-date=21 September 2021}}</ref><ref name="ASI Bhopal">{{cite web |title=Virath temple and remains |url=https://asibhopal.nic.in/monument/shahdol_Sohagpur_virathtempleandremains.html |website=Archaeological Survey of India, Bhopal Circle |publisher=Govt of India, Ministry of Culture |access-date=21 September 2021}}</ref>

This temple was built by the [[Kalachuris of Tripuri|Kalchuri]] ruler, Maharaja [[Yuvarajadeva II]] between 950 CE and 1050 CE. This was built as a present for the Acharya (saint) of Golkaki Math. This 70 feet tall temple is one of the most famous architectures of the [[Kalachuris of Tripuri|Kalchuri]] Age.{{citation needed|date=March 2019}} The temple is under the preservation of the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI).

Banganga Mela or Banganga fair was started in 1895 by the then king, [[Gulab Singh | Rewa Maharaja Gulab Singh]]. The fair takes place in the courtyard of the Virat Temple and lasts for five days.<ref name="Banganga Mela">{{cite web |title=Banganga Mela {{!}} District Shahdol {{!}} India |url=https://shahdol.nic.in/en/gallery/banganga-mela/ |website=District Shahdol |publisher=Shahdol District Administration |access-date=21 September 2021}}</ref>

==Location==
The nearest railway station is the [[Shahdol Railway station]] which is around 3-4 km away. The nearest airport is [[Jabalpur]] about 180 km away from [[Shahdol]] town.

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{commons|Virath Temple and remains}}

{{coord|23.299|81.356|display=title}}

[[Category:Shahdol district]]
[[Category:Shiva temples in Madhya Pradesh]]

XXXIII Corps (India)

2026-03-17T05:33:20Z

Budhu: Article enhanced with better details

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{short description|Military field formation of the Indian Army}}
{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name = XXXIII Corps
| image = File:Trishakti Corps, Indian Army.svg
| image_size = 200px
| caption = Formation Sign of XXXIII Corps
| dates = 1942-1945 1960 – present
| country = {{flag|India}}
| allegiance =
| branch = {{army|India}}
| role = Mountain (Holding) [[Corps]]
| size = [[Corps]]
| command_structure = [[File:Eastern Command, Indian Army.png|22px]] [[Eastern Command (India)|Eastern Command]]
| garrison = [[Siliguri]]
| equipment = 
| current_commander = [[Lieutenant general (India)|Lt Gen]] Manraj Singh Mann {{small|[[Sena Medal|SM]][[Medal bar|**]]}} {{postnominals|country=IND}}
| ceremonial_chief =
| colonel_of_the_regiment =
| notable_commanders = [[General (India)|General]] [[Deepak Kapoor]] [[General (India)|General]] [[Krishnaswamy Sundarji]] [[General (India)|General]] [[Jagjit Singh Aurora]] [[General (India)|General]] [[Gopal Gurunath Bewoor]] [[Harbaksh Singh|Lt Gen Harbaksh Singh]]
| identification_symbol =
| identification_symbol_2 = 
| nickname = ''Trishakti Corps''
| patron =
| motto =
| colors =
| mascot =
| battles =
| anniversaries =
| decorations =
| battle_honours =
}}
{{Military unit sidebar|title=Indian Army Corps (1915 - Present)|previous=[[XXI Corps (India)|XXI Corps]]|next='''None'''}}
The '''XXXIII Corps,''' or the '''Trishakti Corps,''' is a [[corps]] of the [[Indian Army]]. It draws some of its heritage from the British Indian [[XXXIII Corps (British India)|XXXIII Corps]], which was formed in 1942 but disbanded in 1945. It was re-raised in 1960 at [[Shillong]].<ref name="Serving the nation for 46 years">{{cite web |title=Serving the nation for 46 years |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/serving-the-nation-for-46-years/cid/1077360 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

The corps is headquartered in Sukna in [[Siliguri]], North Bengal and is commanded by a [[Three-star rank|Three Star]] officer of the rank of [[Lieutenant General]] titled [[General Officer Commanding]] (GOC). His [[Chief of staff (military)|chief of staff]] is a [[Two-star rank|Two Star]] officer of the rank of [[Major General (India)|Major General]]. The total troop strength of the XXXIII corps is estimated to be between 45,000 and 60,000 soldiers.

==History==
The XXXIII Corps Operating Signal Regiment was a part of [[Fourteenth Army (United Kingdom)|XIV Army]] during [[World War II]]. The regiment moved to its present location along with the Corps HQ in 1962. It participated in the [[Indo-China war of 1962]] and captured some Chinese communication equipment. This equipment is kept in the [[Indian Army Corps of Signals|Corps of Signals]] Museum at [[Jabalpur]] to enable future generations of soldiers to know about the bravery and dedication shown by their predecessors.

==Re-Raising==
The corps was re-raised by [[Lieutenant General (India)|Lieutenant General]] Umrao Singh on 1 November 1960, to reduce [[IV Corps (India)|IV Corps]]' area of responsibility.<ref name="Serving the nation for 46 years"/> The Corps is headquartered in [[Sukna]] in [[North Bengal]], near the city of [[Siliguri]]. Its area of responsibility includes North Bengal, [[Sikkim]], and if needed, [[Bhutan]]. It comprises three mountain [[Division (military)|division]]s, 17th ([[Gangtok]]), 20th ([[Binnaguri]]), and 27th ([[Kalimpong]]).<ref>Kenneth Conboy, Elite Forces of India and Pakistan, Osprey</ref>

The coat of arms consists of a white horizontal band between two red bands (the standard formation sign background for corps in the [[Indian Army]]) with a black trident and a black spear with black wings in the foreground. The Corps HQ has an [[Indian Air Force]] air control unit attached to it, 3 TAC, commanded by a [[Group Captain]]. The corps also has an organic Army Aviation Helicopter Squadron based at [[Sevoke]] flying the [[HAL Chetak]]. It is commanded by a [[Colonel (India)|Colonel]]. The Indian Air Force bases at [[Bagdogra]] ([[Siliguri]]) and [[Hashimara]] are the air units co-tasked to the XXXIII Corps [[Area of Responsibility]].

==ORBAT==
It currently consists of:

*[[17th Infantry Division (India)|17th Mountain Division]] (Blackcat Division<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/17-div.htm|title=17 Mountain Division / Black Cat Division|last=Pike|first=John|website=www.globalsecurity.org|access-date=2017-05-14}}</ref>) headquartered at [[Gangtok]].
**It was raised in 1959 and converted to a mountain division in 1963.
**It is assigned to the [[Sikkim]] sector.<ref name=Conboy8>Conboy et al, p.8</ref>
*[[20th Infantry Division (India)|20th Mountain Division]] (Kirpan Division<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/20-div.htm|title=20 Infantry Division / Kirpan Division|last=Pike|first=John|website=www.globalsecurity.org|access-date=2017-05-14}}</ref>) headquartered at [[Binnaguri]].
**It was raised in 1963 and assigned to the [[Sikkim]] sector.<ref name=Conboy8 />
**Composed of the 66th, 165th, and 202nd Mountain Brigades in 1971.
*[[27th Infantry Division (India)|27th Mountain Division]] (Striking Lion Division<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/27-div.htm|title=27 Mountain Division / Striking Lion Division|last=Pike|first=John|website=www.globalsecurity.org|access-date=2017-05-14}}</ref>) headquartered at [[Kalimpong]].
**It was converted to a mountain division in 1963.<ref name=Conboy8 />
*Division [[Artillery Brigade]]
*[[MR-SAM]] ([[Abhra]]) Regiment (raised in February 2023)<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-01-16 |title=Defence ministry inks Rs 2,960 crore deal for additional MR-SAM missiles for warships |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/defence-ministry-inks-rs-2960-crore-deal-for-additional-mr-sam-missiles-for-warships/articleshow/117301778.cms |access-date=2025-01-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Indo-Pakistani War of 1971==
The corps handled the sensitive Indo-Tibetan border and was responsible for the defence of the [[McMahon Line]]. The corps under [[Lieutenant General]] Mohan L. Thapan controlled the 6th and 20th Mountain Divisions and the 71st Mountain [[Brigade]]. While fighting the war in the south, however, the corps also had to look north and retained command of the 17th and 27th Mountain Divisions on the Tibetan frontier. Furthermore, Thapan could not commit the 6th Mountain Division without permission from [[New Delhi]], as it was to be held ready to move to the Bhutanese border in case [[China]] intervened in the war.

As elsewhere along the border, Indian forces in support of the [[Mukti Bahini]] made significant inroads into [[East Pakistan]] before 3 December. Most notable was [[Brigadier]] Pran Nath Kathpalia’s 71st Mountain Brigade, which had pushed to the outskirts of [[Thakurgaon, Bangladesh|Thakurgaon]] by the eve of war. Efforts to capture the heavily fortified border village of [[Battle of Hilli|Hilli]], however, failed repeatedly in a struggle that raged off and on from 24 November to 11 December. Resolutely defended by Pakistani [[Frontier Force Regiment|4 Frontier Force]], [[Battle of Hilli|Hilli]] blocked the proposed advance of the 20th Division across the narrow "waist" of this sector.

After heavy losses in front of [[Battle of Hilli|Hilli]], the 20th Division solved this problem by swinging around to the north and unleashing the 340th Brigade under [[Brigadier (India)|Brigadier]] [[Joginder Singh Bakshi]]. Bakshi moved swiftly to control the main north-south road, unhinging the defence of [[Battle of Hilli|Hilli]], splitting the Pakistani 16th Division, and opening the way to [[Bogra]], which town he effectively controlled by war’s end. The Pakistani division, despite continued resistance by isolated units, had ceased to exist as a coherent combat formation. Indicative of the chaotic situation, [[General]] Shah and the commander of the 205th Brigade, [[Brigadier]] Tajammul Hussain Malik, were almost captured when Indian forces ambushed their convoy on 7 December. On the other hand, a last-minute Indian move north by the 66th and 202nd Brigades to capture [[Rangpur, Bangladesh|Rangpur]] proved unsuccessful.

In secondary actions, the 9th Mountain Brigade secured most of the area north of the [[Tista River]] and an ad hoc command of [[India|Indian]] [[Border Security Force|BSF]] and [[Mukti Bahini]] under [[Brigadier]] [[Prem Singh (general)|Prem Singh]] pushed out of [[Malda, West Bengal|Malda]] to capture [[Chapai Nawabganj|Nawabganj]] in the extreme southeastern corner of the sector. Despite Bakshi’s performance and the generally successful advance of 71st Brigade, much of XXXIII Corps’ offensive power was allowed to lie idle far too long and Pakistani troops still held the major towns of the sector ([[Rangpur, Bangladesh|Rangpur]], [[Saidpur, Bangladesh|Saidpur]], [[Dinajpur]], Nator, [[Rajshahi]]) when the [[cease-fire]] was announced. Likewise, the [[cease-fire]] intervened before the Indians could implement a hastily conceived plan to transfer the 340th Brigade, a tank squadron, and an artillery battery across the [[Jamuna River (Bangladesh)|Jamuna]] via the Phulchari ferry to take part in the advance on [[Dacca]]. Except for this squadron, all the armour was preparing to transfer to the west by the end of the war.

==General Officers Commanding==
{{Expand list|date=June 2021}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Rank
!Name
!Appointment Date
!Left office
!Unit of Commission
!References
|-
|rowspan=37|[[Lieutenant General]]
|Umrao Singh
|1 November 1960
|28 October 1962
|[[Rajputana Rifles]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/dhola-post-that-triggered-war-was-on-china-s-side-of-mcmahon-line-114032200030_1.html|title=Dhola Post that triggered war was on China's side of McMahon Line|date=2014-03-22|access-date=2021-07-01}}</ref>
|-
|[[Harbaksh Singh]]
|29 October 1962
|29 October 1964
|[[Sikh Regiment]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/1999/nov/16josy.htm|title=Lt General Harbaksh Singh: An officer and a gentleman|date=1999-11-06|access-date=2021-06-29}}</ref>
|-
|[[Gopal Gurunath Bewoor]]
|30 October 1964
|26 April 1967
|[[10th Baluch Regiment]]
|
|-
|[[Jagjit Singh Aurora]]
|27 April 1967
|March 1969
|[[Punjab Regiment (India)|Punjab Regiment]]
|
|-
|Mohan L Thapan
|1969
|May 1972
|[[Jat Regiment]]
|
|-
|H C Rai
|June 1972
|July 1974
|[[Rajputana Rifles]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1974-JAN-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1974-07-20_175.pdf|title=Lt Gen Rai takes over Northern Command|date=1974-07-23|access-date=2021-06-29}}</ref>
|-
|[[WAG Pinto]]
|1976
|1978
|[[13th Frontier Force Rifles]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1982-JAN-JUNE-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1982-06-30_270.pdf|title=PIB release|date=1920-06-30|access-date=2021-06-30}}</ref>
|-
|[[Krishnaswamy Sundarji]]
|February 1979
|January 1980
|[[Mahar Regiment]]
|
|-
|Krishnaswami Balaram
|January 1980
|26 December 1981
|[[Indian Army Corps of Signals|Corps of Signals]]
|
|-
|S S Brar
|27 December 1981
|11 December 1983
|[[Indian Army Armoured Corps|Armoured Corps]]
|
|-
|J K Puri
|12 December 1983
|
|[[Regiment of Artillery (India)|Regiment of Artillery]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1987-JULY-DEC-DEFENCE-/PDF/DEF-1987-08-31_075.pdf|title=Lt Gen JK Puri Vice Chief Of The Army Staff Retires|date=1987-08-31|access-date=2021-06-30}}</ref>
|-
|M R Sharma
|
|
|[[Dogra Regiment]]
|
|-
|Arun Kumar Gautama
|July 1993
|April 1994
|[[16th Light Cavalry]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/lt-gen-gautama-passes-away-8293539/|title=Ex-Western Army Commander Lt Gen Gautama passes away|date=2022-11-28|access-date=2022-12-22}}</ref>
|-
|A B Masih
|
|
|[[Kumaon Regiment]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2000/apr/11army.htm|title=General quits under cloud|date=2000-04-11|access-date=2021-06-29}}</ref>
|-
|H R S Mann
|4 October 1999
|19 November 2000
|[[Brigade of the Guards]]
|<ref name="twitter.com">{{cite web |last1=shabana |first1=syeda |title=LIEUTENANT GENERAL CP MOHANTY TAKES OVER AS GENERAL OFFICER COMMANDING TRISHAKTI CORPSpic.twitter.com/YykDEduFh0 |url=https://twitter.com/shabana3637/status/1035175852923707397/photo/1 |website=@shabana3637 |language=en |date=30 August 2018}}</ref>
|-
|Ashok Chaki
|20 November 2000
|19 August 2002
|[[4th Gorkha Rifles]]
|<ref name="twitter.com"/>
|-
|Avtar Singh
|20 August 2002
|20 February 2004
|[[Jat Regiment]]
|<ref name="twitter.com"/>
|-
|[[Deepak Kapoor]]
|21 February 2004
|14 April 2005
|[[Regiment of Artillery]]
|<ref name="twitter.com"/>
|-
|Thomas Mathew
|15 April 2005
|25 August 2006
|[[Rajput Regiment]]
|<ref name="twitter.com"/>
|-
| CKS Sabu
|26 August 2006
|25 September 2007
|[[Regiment of Artillery]]
|<ref name="twitter.com"/>
|-
|Deepak Raj
|26 September 2007
|31 August 2008
|[[Mechanised Infantry Regiment]]
|<ref name="West Bengal: Delegation of 8 senior">{{cite web |title=West Bengal: Delegation of 8 senior military officials of Chinese People's Liberation Army, led by Lt Gen Liu Xiaowu Dy Commander of Western Theatre Command arrived at Sukna y'day on a 2-day visit to Trishakti Corps. The visit is aimed at enhancing bilateral defence cooperation.pic.twitter.com/yRIoWAaKDT |url=https://twitter.com/ANI/status/1014460140689469440/photo/1 |website=@ANI |language=en |date=4 July 2018}}</ref>
|-
|Prashant Kumar Rath
|1 September 2008
|25 November 2009
|[[Regiment of Artillery]]
|<ref name="West Bengal: Delegation of 8 senior"/>
|-
|D S Sidhu
|26 November 2009
|2 November 2010
|[[Poona Horse|17th Horse (Poona Horse)]]
|<ref name="West Bengal: Delegation of 8 senior"/>
|-
|Vinod Bhatia
|3 November 2010
|24 November 2011
|[[Parachute Regiment (India)|Parachute Regiment]]
|<ref name="West Bengal: Delegation of 8 senior"/>
|-
|Kotheneth Surendranath
|25 November 2011
|31 January 2013
|[[71st Armoured Regiment (India)|71 Armoured Regiment]]
|<ref name="West Bengal: Delegation of 8 senior"/>
|-
|[[Kamal Jit Singh]]
|1 February 2013
|11 May 2014
|[[63rd Cavalry (India)|63rd Cavalry]]
|<ref name="West Bengal: Delegation of 8 senior"/>
|-
|G S Chandel
|12 May 2014
|25 July 2015
|[[Bihar Regiment]]
|<ref name="West Bengal: Delegation of 8 senior"/>
|-
|[[Surinder Singh (general)|Surinder Singh]]
|26 July 2015
|26 August 2016
||[[Brigade of the Guards]]
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Lt Gen Surinder Singh to be army’s Western Command chief |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/lt-gen-surinder-singh-to-be-army-s-western-command-chief/story-MxZ6wYzQEwT3hmy3uRhw2O.html |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |date=9 August 2016}}</ref>
|-
|Sanjay Kumar Jha
|27 August 2016
|27 August 2017
|[[Sikh Regiment|The Sikh Regiment]]
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Army issues posting orders for four corps commanders |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/army-issues-posting-orders-for-four-corps-commanders-4749549/ |website=The Indian Express |language=en |date=14 July 2017}}</ref>
|-
|Pradeep M Bali
|28 August 2017
|29 August 2018
|[[Punjab Regiment (India)|Punjab Regiment]]
|<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gurung |first1=Shaurya Karanbir |title=Chinese Army delegation arrives in India to improve coordination along border |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/chinese-army-delegation-arrives-in-india-to-improve-coordination-along-border/articleshow/64845285.cms?from=mdr |website=The Economic Times}}</ref>
|-
|[[Chandi Prasad Mohanty]]
|30 August 2018
|13 September 2019
|[[Rajput Regiment]]
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.uniindia.com/lt-gen-cp-mohanty-takes-charge-of-sukna-based-trishakti-corps-of-indian-army/states/news/1335384.html|title=Army to debut its Mountain Strike Corps next month, at HimVijay exercise in Arunachal|date=2018-08-30|access-date=2020-12-20|website=www.uniindia.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Nav Kumar Khanduri]]
|13 September 2019
|13 September 2020
|[[Corps of Army Air Defence]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/lt-gen-nav-k-khanduri-assumes-charge-as-commander-of-trishakti-corps20190913201530/|title=Lt. Gen Nav K Khanduri assumes charge as commander of Trishakti Corps|website=www.aninews.in|language=en|access-date=2019-09-21|archive-date=21 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190921062422/https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/lt-gen-nav-k-khanduri-assumes-charge-as-commander-of-trishakti-corps20190913201530/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|[[Ajai Kumar Singh]]
|14 September 2020
|21 October 2021
|[[11th Gorkha Rifles]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uniindia.com/lieutenant-general-ajay-kumar-singh-calls-on-sikkim-chief-minister-ps-tamang/east/news/2259872.html|title=Lt Gen AK Singh calls on Sikkim CM|date=2020-12-10|access-date=2021-07-01}}</ref>
|-
|[[Tarun Kumar Aich]]
|22 October 2021
|31 October 2022
|[[Madras Regiment]]
|<ref>{{cite web |last1=aich |first1=tarun kumar |title=Tarun Kumar Aich takes over 33 corps |url=https://twitter.com/adgpi/status/1451344412353699843}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=regiment |first1=madras |title=16 Madras Regiment |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/features/lt-gen-tarun-kumar-aich-takes-dg-ncc-1502944474.html}}</ref>
|-
|VPS Kaushik
|1 November 2022
|9 June 2024
|[[Kumaon Regiment]]
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://twitter.com/adgpi/status/1587367780675895296|title=Lt Gen VPS Kaushik took over as General Officer Commanding of Trishakti Corps from Lt Gen TK Aich|date=2022-11-01|access-date=2022-11-01}}</ref>
|-
|Zubin A Minwalla
|10 June 2024
|30 September 2025
|[[9th Gorkha Rifles]]
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://x.com/adgpi/status/1800150365213687980|title=Lt Gen Zubin Minwalla took over as General Officer Commanding of Trishakti Corps from Lt Gen VPS Kaushik|date=2024-06-10|access-date=2024-06-11}}</ref>
|-
|Man Raj Singh Mann
|1 October 2025
|''Incumbent''
|[[1 Gorkha Rifles]]
|<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mann |first1=Man Raj Singh |title=Lt gen Man Raj Singh Mann |url=https://shop.ssbcrack.com/blogs/blog/lieutenant-general-man-raj-singh-mann-takes-charge-of-trishakti-corps-leadership#:~:text=Lt%20Gen%20Man%20Raj%20Singh,both%20peacetime%20and%20conflict%20scenarios. |access-date=1 October 2025}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
*Jane's World Armies, Issue 19, 2006
*Globalsecurity.org

{{Indian Army}}
{{Active_corps_of_the_Indian_Army}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Xxxiii Corps (India)}}
[[Category:Corps of India|033]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1962]]

XXXIII Corps (India)

2026-03-17T05:33:20Z

Budhu: Article enhanced with better details

Ghatam

2026-03-15T19:47:23Z

Budhu:

{{Italic title}}
{{Short description|Indian percussion instrument}}
{{more citations needed|date=October 2011}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox instrument
| name = ''Ghatam''
| names =
| image = Ghatam.jpg
| image_capt =
| background = percussion
| hornbostel_sachs = 111.24
| hornbostel_sachs_desc = Percussion vessels
| inventors =
| developed = ancient
| range =
| related = [[Botija (instrument)|Botija]], [[gharha]]
}}
{{carnatic}}

The '''''ghaṭam''''' (Sanskrit: घट ''ghaṭ''; Kannada: ಘಟ ''ghaṭa''; Tamil: கடம் ''ghatam''; Telugu: ఘటం ''ghataṃ''; Malayalam: ഘടം ''ghataṃ'') is a [[percussion instrument]] used in various repertoires across the [[Indian subcontinent]], especially in [[South India|Southern India]] . Its variant is played in [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]] and known as ''[[gharha]]'' as it is a part of Punjabi folk traditions. Its analogue in Rajasthan is known as the ''madga'' and ''pani mataqa'' ("water jug").

The ghatam is one of the most ancient percussion instruments in Pakistan and India. It is a clay pot with a narrow mouth. From the mouth, it slants outwards to form a ridge. Made mainly of clay baked with brass or copper filings with a small amount of iron filings, the pitch of the ghatam varies according to its size. The pitch can be slightly altered by the application of plasticine clay or water.<ref>Reck, David B. (1999). "[http://glnd.alexanderstreet.com/View/329423 Musical Instruments: Southern Area]". Routledge. In: Arnold, Alison; ed. (2000). ''Garland Encyclopedia of World Music''. ''South Asia: The Indian Subcontinent''. Vol. 5. Garland, New York/London.</ref>{{page needed|date=December 2018}}

Although the ghatam is the same shape as an ordinary Indian domestic clay pot, it is made specifically to be played as an instrument. The tone of the pot must be good and the walls should be of even thickness to produce an even tone and nice sound.

Ghatams are mostly manufactured in [[Manamadurai]], a place near Madurai in Tamil Nadu. Though this instrument is manufactured in other places like Chennai and Bangalore, too, Manamadurai ghatams have special tonal quality. It is believed that the mud is of special quality. The Manamadurai ghaṭam is a heavy, thick pot with tiny shards of brass mixed into the clay. This type of ghaṭam is harder to play but produces a sharp metallic ringing sound which is favored by some players.

==Playing==
{{Quote|It is played with the heel of the palms and the fingers, while held in the lap, the mouth facing the stomach of the musician. By changing the distance between the pot and the stomach, the musician can vary the tone of the instrument.<ref>[[Kavichandran Alexander|Alexander, Kavichandran]] (1996). "Liner notes", ''[[Tabula Rasā]]'', p.17. Water Lily Acoustics: WLA-CS-44-CD.</ref>}}

The pot is usually placed on the lap of the performer, with the mouth of the instrument facing the belly of the performer. The performer uses their fingers, thumbs, palms, and heels of the hands to strike its outer surface to produce different sounds. Different tones can be produced by hitting areas of the pot with different parts of the hands. Sometimes the ghatam is turned around so that the mouth faces towards the audience and the performer plays on the neck of the instrument. The ghatam can be moved to multiple different positions while being played. Occasionally, the performer will, to the amusement of the audience, toss the instrument up in the air and catch it. The ghatam is ideal for playing rhythmic patterns in very fast tempo.<ref>Bonnie C. Wade. ''Music in India: the classical traditions.'' 2008. Pp 134-135.</ref>

{{Quote|The artist sits cross-legged on the floor and holds the Ghatam close to his [or her] body with the opening near the abdomen. The Bass effect is got by pressing and releasing the Ghatam to the abdomen and striking the body of the Ghatam by the lower parts of the wrists. For Treble sounds, fingers are used to strike the Ghatam at different parts to get different sounds. The ''[[bol (music)|bols]]'' are the same as for [[Mridangam]]. The Ghatam is used together with the Mridangam in concerts.<ref>Naimpalli, Sadanand (2005). ''Tabla'', p.16. Popular Prakashan. {{ISBN|9788179911495}}.</ref>}}

==Etymology==
The name ''ghaṭam'' is etymologically derived from the '''Sanskrit''' term ''ghaṭa'' (pot) and the related term, ''kuṇḍa'' (pitcher). The cognate term for pot in Tamil is ''kuḍam'' (water pot). It is noteworthy that in Tamil the term ''ghaṭam'' specifically carries the meaning of a percussive musical instrument, although in Sanskrit it is a generic word for a pot of any kind.

==Similar instruments==
The ''madga'' is a north Indian version of the south Indian ''ghaṭam'' and is made from a very special clay. The maker sometimes adds some kind of metal or graphite dust to the clay which is responsible for the blue-gray appearance and for the special sound.

The ''madga'' can be played similarly to the ''ghaṭam''. Loud bass tones can be produced if one hits with the flat hand the opening at the top of the instrument. The madga can be played with mallets (sticks) and there are many sounds which can be produced with this instrument. It is thinner than a ghaṭam but very stable and not as fragile as one might think.

In Gujarat and Rajasthan,

{{Quote|This clay pot is known as ''matka'' and features an almost perfectly round shape (tuned to C{{music|#}}) and is made in many villages in and around Jaipur (Rajasthan) and Gujarat. The matka is used to store water and sometimes yogurt (curd) and can be used as a cooking vessel. When used as a musical instrument in folk music, it is known as ''ghaṛa'' and is played in a similar manner as the [[South Indian]] ghaṭam but the technique and rhythmic style is not as refined as that of [[Carnatic music|Carnatic]] ghaṭam. Another difference is that the ghara is often traditionally played with metal rings on the thumbs, index, middle, and ring fingers of both hands (but players vary on how many rings and fingers are used). There are a few versions of this instrument. Some are made from a black clay that typically comes from a single area in Rajasthan while many others in Rajasthan and Gujarat are made from a reddish clay. A third version of the ghaṛa is made from reddish clay but features a much flatter, squat shape. Both of the red clay types can also be found highly decorated with colorfully painted designs while the black ones are usually plain and unfinished. The black ghaṛas are extremely light but very dense and have a huge sound. The shell tones ring in a bell-like fashion with much more of a sustain than the various South Indian ghaṭams (although the Mysore ghaṭam comes close). The bass tones of this instrument are very prominent. Since these instruments are fired at a much higher temperature for a longer time than South Indian ghaṭams, there is more consistency between instruments in terms of Western pitch. In other words, there is much less variation in the tuning when compared with ghaṭams from South India, which can range from a low B up to a high A chromatically. Ghaṛas/Matkas are usually found with a range from approximately C or C{{music|#}} to D (or slightly higher) although there does not seem to be any indication that these instruments are constructed with tuning considerations. Other spellings for matka include ''mutkay'' and ''madga''.<ref>Robinson, N. Scott (2006). "[http://www.nscottrobinson.com:80/gallery/ghatam.php Ghatam]", ''NScottRobinson.com''. Accessed: October 10, 2009.</ref>}}

== See also ==
{{Portal|India|Music}}
*[[Udu]]
*[[Hang (instrument)|Hang]]
*[[Cegléd water jug]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Indian musical instruments}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Carnatic music instruments]]
[[Category:Indian musical instruments]]
[[Category:Asian percussion instruments]]
[[Category:Pitched percussion instruments]]
[[Category:Plosive aerophones]]

Nanda Empire

2026-03-15T15:32:35Z

Budhu: Updated article with clearer structure

{{Short description|Ruling dynasty of Magadha (c. 345–322 BCE)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Nanda dynasty
| common_name = Nanda dynasty
| era = Iron Age India
| year_start = {{Circa|345 BCE}}{{efn|variously dated from 5th century BCE or mid-4th century BCE}}
| image_coat = File:MauryanCoin.JPG
| coa_size = 280px
| symbol_type = [[Punch-marked coins|Punch-marked coinage]] of the Nanda Empire
| status = [[Empire]]
| year_end = {{Circa|322 BCE}}{{sfn|Irfan Habib|Vivekanand Jha|2004|p=13}}
| title_leader = [[List of monarchs of Magadha#House of Nanda|King]]
| leader1 = [[Mahapadma Nanda|Mahapadma]] (first)
| year_leader1 = {{Circa|345|340 BCE}}
| leader2 = [[Dhana Nanda|Dhana]] (last)
| year_leader2 = {{Circa|329|322 BCE}}
| p1 = Shaishunaga dynasty
| p2 = Mithila (region){{!}}Mithila
| p3 = Panchala
| p4 = Surasena
| p5 = Vatsa
| p6 = Kuru Kingdom{{!}}Kuru
| p7 = Mahishmati{{!}}Haihaya
| p8 = Vanga kingdom{{!}}Vanga
| p9 = Asmaka
| s1 = Maurya Empire
| image_map = Nanda Empire, c.325 BCE.png
| map_width = 300
| image_map_caption = Possible extent of the Nanda Empire under its last ruler [[Dhana Nanda]] ({{Circa|325 BCE}}).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |location=Chicago |page=145, map XIV.1 (a) |isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=182 |archive-date=24 February 2021 |access-date=25 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224162023/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=182 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| capital = [[Pataliputra]]
| government_type = Monarchy
| today = [[Bangladesh]] [[India]] [[Nepal]]
| religion = [[Jainism]]{{sfn|Bronkhorst|2011|p=12}} [[Ajivika|Ajivikism]]{{sfn|Bronkhorst|2011|p=12}} [[Buddhism]]{{sfn|Sujato|Brahmali|2014|p=22-23}} [[Brahmanism]]{{sfn|Bronkhorst|2011|p=30-31}}
| demonym =
| area_km2 =
| area_rank =
| GDP_PPP =
| GDP_PPP_year =
| HDI =
| HDI_year =
}}
{{History of Bihar}}
{{History of India}}
{{HistoryOfSouthAsia}}
The '''Nanda Empire''' was a vast empire that governed in [[Magadha]] and [[Gangetic plains]] with an enormous geographical reach in 4th-century BCE northeastern India, with some accounts suggesting existence as far back as the 5th century BCE. The Nandas built on the successes of their [[Haryanka dynasty|Haryanka]] and [[Shaishunaga]] predecessors and instituted a more centralised administration. Ancient sources credit them with amassing great wealth, which was probably a result of the introduction of a new currency and taxation system.

Ancient texts also suggest that the Nandas were unpopular among their subjects because of their low-status birth, excessive taxation, and general misconduct. The last Nanda king [[Dhana Nanda]] was overthrown by [[Chandragupta Maurya]], founder of the [[Maurya Empire]].

Modern historians generally identify the ruler of the [[Gangaridai]] and the Prasii mentioned in ancient Greco-Roman accounts as a Nanda king. While describing [[Alexander the Great]]'s [[Indian campaign of Alexander the Great|invasion]] of [[Punjab]] (327–325 BCE), Greco-Roman writers depict this kingdom as a great military power. The prospect of a war against this kingdom, which according to Greek sources had an army five times the size of the Macedonian army, coupled with the exhaustion resulting from almost a decade of campaigning, led to a mutiny among Alexander's homesick soldiers, putting an end to his Indian campaign.

==Origins==
===Homeland===
The Nanda Empire became a significant ruling authority in [[Magadha]],{{sfn|Roy|2012|p=58}} prior to the creation of the [[Maurya Empire]] who established a large empire in the [[Ganga]] valley. In the [[Buddhist]] accounts, the Nandas ascended the throne by open conquest in the field and not through secret intrigues or assassinations.{{sfn|Mackenzie|2016|p=1–4}}

[[Greece|Greek]] authors refer to a great kingdom to the east of the kingdom of King [[Porus]], beyond the [[Jhelum River]]. The kingdom is referred to as belonging to the [[Gangaridae]] and Prasioi, and the capital at ''Palibothra'', which is generally accepted as referring to [[Pataliputra]]. Prasioi is derived from the [[Sanskrit]] term Prachya, meaning "eastern," and Gangaridae is traced to the [[Gangetic Plain]]. These references suggest that the kingdom of [[Magadha]] extended dominion over the country to the east of the Jhelum, and its capital was at Pataliputra.{{sfn|Mackenzie|2016|p=1–4}}

===Ancestry===
Both Indian and Greco-Roman traditions characterise the dynasty's founder as of low birth.{{sfn|Irfan Habib|Vivekanand Jha|2004|p=12}} According to Greek historian [[Diodorus Siculus|Diodorus]] (1st century BCE), Porus told Alexander that the contemporary Nanda king was thought to be the son of a barber.{{sfn|R. K. Mookerji|1966|p=5}} Roman historian [[Quintus Curtius Rufus|Curtius]] (1st century CE) adds that according to Porus, this barber became the former queen's paramour thanks to his attractive looks, treacherously assassinated the then king, usurped the supreme authority by pretending to act as a guardian for the then princes, and later killed the princes.{{sfn|R. K. Mookerji|1966|p=5}}{{sfn|H. C. Raychaudhuri|1988|p=14}}

The Jain tradition, as recorded in the ''Avashyaka Sutra'' and the 12th-century text ''[[Parishishtaparvan|Parishishta-parvan]]'', corroborates the Greco-Roman accounts, stating that the first Nanda king was the son of a barber. {{sfn|R. K. Mookerji|1966|p=14}}{{sfn|Irfan Habib|Vivekanand Jha|2004|p=13}}{{sfn|Dilip Kumar Ganguly|1984|p=20}} According to the 12th century text ''Parishishta-parvan'', the mother of the first Nanda king was a courtesan. However, the text also states that the daughter of the last Nanda king married Chandragupta, because it was customary for [[Kshatriya]] girls to choose their husbands; thus, it implies that the Nanda king claimed to be a Kshatriya, that is, a member of the warrior class.{{sfn|R. K. Mookerji|1966|p=14}}

The [[Puranas]] name the dynasty's founder as [[Mahapadma Nanda|Mahapadma]], and claim that he was the son of the [[Shaishunaga dynasty|Shaishunaga]] king [[Mahanandin]]. However, even these texts hint at the low birth of the Nandas, when they state that Mahapadma's mother belonged to the [[Shudra]] class, the lowest of the [[varna in Hinduism|varnas]].{{sfn|Dilip Kumar Ganguly|1984|p=20}}{{sfn|Singh|2008|p=273}}

Since the claim of the barber ancestry of the dynasty's founder is attested by two different traditions—Greco-Roman and Jain, it appears to be more reliable than the Puranic claim of Shaishunaga ancestry.{{sfn|Dilip Kumar Ganguly|1984|p=23}}

The Buddhist tradition calls the Nandas "of unknown lineage" (''annata-kula''). According to ''[[Mahavamsa]]'', the dynasty's founder was Ugrasena, who was originally "a man of the frontier": he fell into the hands of a gang of robbers, and later became their leader.{{sfn|Singh|2008|p=272}} He later ousted the sons of the Shaishunaga king [[Kalashoka]] (or Kakavarna).{{sfn|H. C. Raychaudhuri|1988|p=14}}

[[K. N. Panikkar]] suggested that the Nandas were the sole Kshatriyas in India "at the time of the Mauryas" and [[M. N. Srinivas]] suggested that the "other Kshatriya castes have come into existence through a process of caste mobility from among the lower castes".<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Sociological Bulletin |volume=51 |number=2 |date=September 2002 |pages=175–194 |publisher=[[Indian Sociological Society]] |editor-first=N. |editor-last=Jayaram |title=Religion, Caste, and Communalism in Punjab |first=Paramjit S. |last=Judge |doi=10.1177/0038022920020202 |jstor=23619969|s2cid=147989946}}</ref>{{rp|177}}

==Regnal period==
There is little unanimity among the ancient sources regarding the total duration of the Nanda reign or their regnal period.{{sfn|H. C. Raychaudhuri|1988|p=23}} For example, the ''[[Matsya Purana]]'' assigns 88 years to the rule of the first Nanda king alone,{{sfn|Dilip Kumar Ganguly|1984|p=23}} while some manuscripts of the ''[[Vayu Purana]]'' state the total duration of the Nanda rule as 40 years. The 16th century Buddhist scholar [[Taranatha]] assigns 29 years to the Nandas.{{sfn|H. C. Raychaudhuri|1988|pp=22–23}}

It is difficult to assign precise date for the Nanda and other early dynasties of Magadha.{{sfn|Singh|2008|p=273}} Historians [[Irfan Habib]] and Vivekanand Jha date the Nanda rule from {{Circa|344}}–322 BCE, relying on the Sri Lankan Buddhist tradition which states that the Nandas ruled for 22 years.{{sfn|Irfan Habib|Vivekanand Jha|2004|p=13}} Historian [[Upinder Singh]] dates the Nanda rule from 364/345 BCE to 324 BCE, based on the assumption that [[Gautama Buddha]] died in {{Circa|486 BCE}}.{{sfn|Singh|2008|p=273}}

According to another theory, based on astronomical calculations, the first Nanda king ascended the throne in 424 BCE. Proponents of this theory also interpret the [[Hathigumpha inscription]] to mean that "Nandaraja" (the Nanda king) flourished in year 103 of the [[Vira Nirvana Samvat|Mahavira Era]], that is, in 424 BCE.{{sfn|Jyoti Prasad Jain|2005|p=25}}

The 14th century Jain writer [[Merutunga]], in his ''Vichara-shreni'', states that king Chandra [[Pradyota dynasty|Pradyota]] of [[Avanti (Ancient India)|Avanti]] died on the same night as the Jain leader [[Mahavira]]. He was succeeded by his son Palaka, who ruled for 60 years. After that, the Nandas rose to power at [[Pataliputra]] and captured the Avanti capital [[Ujjayini]]. The Nanda rule, spanning the reigns of nine kings, lasted for 155 years, after which the Mauryas came to power. According to the [[Śvetāmbara]] Jain tradition, Mahavira died in 527 BCE, which would mean that the Nanda rule—according to Merutunga's writings—lasted from 467 BCE to 312 BCE. According to historian [[R. C. Majumdar]], while all the chronological details provided by Merutunga cannot be accepted without corroborative evidence, they cannot be dismissed as entirely unreliable unless contradicted by more reliable sources.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1976|pp=59–60}}

==Nanda kings==
The Buddhist, Jain, and Puranic traditions all state that there were 9 Nanda kings,{{sfn|Singh|2008|p=272}} but the sources differ considerably on the names of these kings.{{sfn|Irfan Habib|Vivekanand Jha|2004|p=13}}

According to the Greco-Roman accounts, the Nanda rule spanned two generations.{{sfn|Irfan Habib|Vivekanand Jha|2004|p=12}} For example, the Roman historian [[Quintus Curtius Rufus|Curtius]] (1st century CE) suggests that the dynasty's founder was a barber-turned-king, and that his son was the dynasty's last king, who was overthrown by Chandragupta.{{sfn|R. K. Mookerji|1966|p=5}} The Greek accounts name only one Nanda king—Agrammes or Xandrames—who was a contemporary of Alexander. "Agrammes" may be a Greek transcription of the Sanskrit word "Augrasainya" (literally "son or descendant of Ugrasena", Ugrasena being the name of the dynasty's founder according to the Buddhist tradition).{{sfn|Irfan Habib|Vivekanand Jha|2004|p=13}}{{sfn|H. C. Raychaudhuri|1988|p=14}}

The [[Puranas]], compiled in India in {{Circa|4th century CE}} (but based on earlier sources), also state that the Nandas ruled for two generations.{{sfn|Irfan Habib|Vivekanand Jha|2004|p=12}} According to the Puranic tradition, the dynasty's founder was Mahapadma: the ''[[Matsya Purana]]'' assigns him an incredibly long reign of 88 years, while the ''[[Vayu Purana]]'' mentions the length of his reign as only 28 years.{{sfn|Dilip Kumar Ganguly|1984|p=23}} The Puranas further state that Mahapadma's 8 sons ruled in succession after him for a total of 12 years, but name only one of these sons: Sukalpa.{{sfn|Dilip Kumar Ganguly|1984|p=20}} A ''Vayu Purana'' script names him as "Sahalya", which apparently corresponds to the "Sahalin" mentioned in the Buddhist text ''[[Divyavadana]]''.{{sfn|H. C. Raychaudhuri|1988|p=23}} [[Dhundhiraja of Svamimalai|Dhundhi-raja]], an 18th-century [[Puranas|Puranic]] commentator, names one of the Nanda kings as Sarvatha-siddhi, and states that his son was Maurya, whose son was Chandragupta Maurya.{{sfn|Singh|2008|p=273}} However, the Puranas themselves do not talk of any relation between the Nanda and the Maurya dynasties.{{sfn|H. C. Raychaudhuri|1988|p=140}}

According to the Sri Lankan Buddhist text ''Mahavamsa'', written in [[Pali language]], there were 9 Nanda kings – they were brothers who ruled in succession, for a total of 22 years.{{sfn|Irfan Habib|Vivekanand Jha|2004|p=13}} These nine kings were:{{sfn|Singh|2008|p=273}}{{sfn|Irfan Habib|Vivekanand Jha|2004|p=13}}

{{columns-list|colwidth=20em|
# [[Mahapadma Nanda|Ugra-sena]] (Uggasena in Pali)
# Panduka
# Pandugati
# Bhuta-pala
# Rashtra-pala
# Govishanaka
# Dasha-siddhaka
# Kaivarta
# [[Dhana Nanda|Dhana]]
}}

==Imperial extent==
[[File:Magadha Expansion 1.gif|thumb|400px|An estimate of the territorial evolution of the [[Magadha]] empires, including during the rule of predecessors and successors of the Nandas<ref> Mookerji, Radhakumud. Chandragupta Maurya and his times. Motilal Banarsidass Publ., 1966. p165-166 </ref>]]

The Nanda capital was located at [[Pataliputra]] (near present-day [[Patna]]) in the [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]] region of eastern India. This is confirmed by the Buddhist and Jain traditions, as well as the Sanskrit play ''[[Mudrarakshasa]]''. The Puranas also connect the Nandas to the [[Shaishunaga dynasty]], which ruled in the Magadha region. The Greek accounts state that Agrammes (identified as a Nanda king) was the ruler of the [[Gangaridai]] (the [[Ganges River|Ganges]] valley) and the Prasii (probably a transcription of the Sanskrit word ''prachya''s, literally "easterners"). According to the later writer [[Megasthenes]] ({{Circa|300 BCE}}), Pataliputra (Greek: Palibothra) was located in the country of the Prasii, which further confirms that Pataliputra was the Nanda capital.{{sfn|Irfan Habib|Vivekanand Jha|2004|p=13}}

The Nanda empire appears to have stretched from present-day [[Punjab]] in the west to [[Odisha]] in the east.{{sfn|Bronkhorst|2011|p=12}} An analysis of various historical sources – including the ancient Greek accounts, the [[Puranas]], and the [[Hathigumpha inscription]] – suggests that the Nandas controlled eastern India, the [[Ganges River|Ganges]] valley, and at least a part of [[Kalinga (historical region)|Kalinga]].{{sfn|H. C. Raychaudhuri|1988|pp=17–20}} It is also highly probable that they controlled the [[Avanti (India)|Avanti]] region in Central India, which made it possible for their successor [[Chandragupta Maurya]] to conquer present-day [[Gujarat]] western India.{{sfn|H. C. Raychaudhuri|1988|pp=19–20}} According to the Jain tradition, the Nanda minister subjugated the entire country up to the coastal areas.{{sfn|H. C. Raychaudhuri|1988|p=17}}

The Puranas state that the Nanda king Mahapadma destroyed the [[Kshatriya]]s, and attained undisputed sovereignty.{{sfn|Dilip Kumar Ganguly|1984|pp=19–20}} The [[Kshatriya]]s said to have been exterminated by him include [[Mithila (region)|Maithalas]], [[Kingdom of Kashi|Kasheyas]], [[Pasenadi|Ikshvakus]], [[Panchala]]s, [[Shurasena]]s, [[Kuru Kingdom|Kurus]], [[Heheya Kingdom|Haihayas]], [[Vitihotras]], [[Kalinga (historical kingdom)|Kalinga]]s, and [[Ashmaka]]s.{{sfn|H. C. Raychaudhuri|1988|p=17}}

* The Maithala (literally, "of [[Mithilā (ancient city)|Mithilā]]") territory was located to the north of Magadha, on the border of present-day Nepal and northern [[Bihar]]. This region had come under the control of Magadha during the reign of the 5th century BCE king [[Ajatashatru]]. The Nandas probably subjugated the local chieftains, who may have retained some degree of independence from Magadha.{{sfn|H. C. Raychaudhuri|1988|p=19}}
* The Kasheyas were the residents of the area around Kashi, that is, present-day [[Varanasi]]. According to the Puranas, a Shaishunaga prince was appointed to govern Kashi, which suggests that this region was under Shaishunaga control. The Nandas may have captured it from a successor of the Shaishunaga prince.{{sfn|H. C. Raychaudhuri|1988|p=17}}
* The Ikshvakus ruled the historical Kosala region of present-day [[Uttar Pradesh]], and had come into conflict with the Magadha kingdom during the reign of Ajatashatru. Their history after the reign of [[Virudhaka]] is obscure. A passage of the 11th century story-collection ''[[Kathasaritsagara]]'' refers to the Nanda camp (''kataka'') in the [[Ayodhya]] town of the Kosala region. This suggests that the Nanda king went on a military campaign to Kosala.{{sfn|H. C. Raychaudhuri|1988|p=17}}
* The Panchalas occupied the Ganges valley to the north-west of the Kosala region, and there are no records of their conflict with the Magadha monarchs before the Nanda period. Therefore, it appears that the Nandas subjugated them.{{sfn|H. C. Raychaudhuri|1988|p=17}} According to the Greek accounts, Alexander expected to face king Agrammes (identified as a Nanda king) if he advanced eastwards from the [[Punjab region]]. This suggests that the Nanda territory extended up to the Ganges river in the present-day western [[Uttar Pradesh]].{{sfn|Irfan Habib|Vivekanand Jha|2004|p=13}}
* The Shurasenas ruled the area around [[Mathura]]. The Greek accounts suggest that they were subordinates to the king of the Prasii, that is, the Nanda king.{{sfn|H. C. Raychaudhuri|1988|p=19}}
* The Kuru territory, which included the sacred site of [[Kurukshetra]], was located to the west of the Panchala territory.{{sfn|H. C. Raychaudhuri|1988|pp=18–19}} The Greek records suggest that the king of Gangaridai and Prasii controlled this region, which may be taken as corrorobrative evidence for the Nanda conquest of the Kuru territory.{{sfn|H. C. Raychaudhuri|1988|p=19}}
* The Haihayas ruled the [[Narmada River|Narmada]] valley in central India, with their capital at [[Mahishmati]].{{sfn|H. C. Raychaudhuri|1988|pp=17–18}} The Nanda control over this territory does not seem improbable, given that their predecessors – the Shaishunagas – are said to have subjugated the rulers of Avanti in central India (according to the Puranas), and their successors – the Mauryas – are known to have ruled over Central India.{{sfn|H. C. Raychaudhuri|1988|p=18}}
* The Vitihotras, according to the Puranas, were closely associated with the Haihayas. Their sovereignty is said to have ended before the rise of the [[Pradyota dynasty]] in Avanti, far earlier than the Nandas and the Shaishunagas came to power. However, a passage in the ''Bhavishyanukirtana'' of the Puranas suggests that the Vitihotras were contemporaries of the [[Shaishunaga dynasty|Shaishunagas]]. It is possible that the Shaishunagas restored a Pradyota prince as a subordinate ruler, after defeating the Pradyotas. The Nandas may have defeated this Vitihotra ruler.{{sfn|H. C. Raychaudhuri|1988|p=19}} The [[Jainism|Jain]] writers describe the Nandas as the successors of Palaka, the son of king [[Pradyota]].{{sfn|H. C. Raychaudhuri|1988|p=20}}
* The Kalingas occupied the coastal territory in present-day [[Odisha]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]].{{sfn|H. C. Raychaudhuri|1988|p=18}} The Nanda control of this region is corroborated by the [[Hathigumpha inscription]] of the later king [[Kharavela]] ({{Circa|1st or 2nd century BCE}}).{{sfn|Irfan Habib|Vivekanand Jha|2004|p=13}} The inscription states that "Nanda-raja" (the Nanda king) had excavated a canal in Kalinga, and had taken a Jain idol from Kalinga.{{sfn|Singh|2008|p=273}} According to the inscription, this canal had been dug "''ti-vasa-sata''" years ago: the term is variously interpreted as "three hundred" or "one hundred and three".{{sfn|H. C. Raychaudhuri|1988|p=13}}
* The Ashmakas occupied the [[Godavari River|Godavari]] valley in the [[Deccan]] region.{{sfn|H. C. Raychaudhuri|1988|p=18}} According to one theory, [[Nanded]] in this region was originally called "Nau Nand Dehra" (abode of the nine Nandas), which may be considered as evidence of the Nanda control of this area. However, there is no concrete evidence that the Nanda rule extended to the south of the [[Vindhya range]].{{sfn|Singh|2008|p=273}}{{sfn|H. C. Raychaudhuri|1988|p=18}}

The [[Amaravati|Amaravathi]] hoard of [[Punch-marked coins|Punch marked coins]] have revealed imperial standard coins dating back to the Nandas besides other dynasties of Magadha, including the Mauryas; but it is not certain when this region was annexed by the Magadhan rulers.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Bernholz|first1=Peter|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KFglBAAAQBAJ&q=andhra+punched+mark+pre+mauryan+coin&pg=PA61|title=Explaining Monetary and Financial Innovation: A Historical Analysis|last2=Vaubel|first2=Roland|date=26 June 2014|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-319-06109-2|language=en|pages=61–62}}</ref>

Some [[Kuntala country]] (North Mysore) inscriptions suggest that the Nandas also ruled it, which included a part of present-day [[Karnataka]] in southern India. However, these inscriptions are relatively late ({{Circa|1200 CE}}), and therefore, cannot be considered as reliable in this context. The Magadha empire included parts of southern India during the reign of the Mauryas – the successors of the Nandas – but there is no satisfactory account of how they came to control this area.{{sfn|H. C. Raychaudhuri|1988|p=20}} For example, an inscription discovered at Bandanikke states:

{{cquote|the [[Kuntala country]] (which included the north-western parts of Mysore and the southern parts of the Bombay Presidency) was ruled by the nava-Nanda, [[Gupta Empire|Gupta-kula]], [[Maurya Empire|Mauryya kings]]; then the [[Rashtrakuta dynasty|Rattas]] ruled it : after whom were the [[Chalukya dynasty|Chalukyas]]; then the [[Kalachuris of Kalyani|Kalachuryya family]]; and after them the ([[Hoysala Empire|Hoysala]]) Ballalas.|Bandanikke inscription<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.107941/page/n17/mode/1up/search/nava-nanda|title=Annual Report Of Mysore 1886 To 1903|page=1}}</ref>}}

==Military strength==
[[Alexander the Great]] [[Indian campaign of Alexander the Great|invaded north-western India]] at the time of Agrammes or Xandrames,{{sfn|Irfan Habib|Vivekanand Jha|2004|p=13}} whom modern historians generally identify as the last Nanda king – [[Dhana Nanda]].{{sfn|Dilip Kumar Ganguly|1984|p=36}} In the summer of 326 BCE, Alexander's army reached the [[Beas River]] (Greek: Hyphasis), beyond which the Nanda territory was located.{{sfn|Ian Worthington|2014|p=252}}

The Greek sources suggest that the Nanda army was five times the size of the Macedonian army.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bongard-Levin |first=G. |title=A History of India |publisher=Progress Publishers |year=1979 |location=Moscow |pages=264}}</ref> According to Curtius, Alexander learned that Agrammes had 200,000 infantry; 20,000 cavalry; 3,000 [[war elephant|elephants]]; and 2,000 four-horse chariots.{{sfn|Irfan Habib|Vivekanand Jha|2004|p=13}}{{sfn|Singh|2008|p=273}} Diodorus gives the number of elephants as 4,000.{{sfn|H. C. Raychaudhuri|1988|p=15}} [[Plutarch]] inflates these numbers significantly, except the [[infantry]]:{{sfn|Irfan Habib|Vivekanand Jha|2004|p=14}} according to him, the Nanda force included 200,000 infantry; 80,000 cavalry; 6,000 elephants; and 8,000 chariots.{{sfn|H. C. Raychaudhuri|1988|p=16}} It is possible that the numbers reported to Alexander had been exaggerated by the local Indian population, who had the incentive to mislead the invaders.{{sfn|Ian Worthington|2014|p=252}}

The Nanda army did not have the opportunity to face Alexander, whose soldiers mutinied at the Beas River, refusing to go any further in the east. Alexander's soldiers had first started to agitate to return to their homeland at [[Hecatompylos]] in 330 BCE, and the stiff resistance that they had met in north-western India in the subsequent years had demoralised them. They mutinied, when faced with the prospect of facing the Nanda army, forcing Alexander to withdraw from India.{{sfn|Ian Worthington|2014|pp=251–253}}

[[Greece|Greek]] authors also refer to the [[Gangaridae]] and Prasioi as having a fine military tradition, suggesting the fact that during [[Alexander]] the Great's invasion of India in the late 4th century BCE, the country was under the rule of two factions. The two factions may have been a confederacy, or one may have overshadowed the other. The king referred to by [[Diodorus]] as [[Xandrames]] or [[Agrammes]] is thought to have been a Nanda king, and this would suggest that the Nandas were in control of this vast country to the east, including the land of the Gangaridae.{{sfn|Mackenzie|2016|p=1–4}}

==Administration==
Little information survives on the Nanda administration today.{{sfn|H. C. Raychaudhuri|1988|p=21}} The Puranas describe the Nanda king as ''ekarat'' ("single ruler"), which suggests that the Nanda empire was an integrated monarchy rather than a group of virtually independent feudal states.{{sfn|H. C. Raychaudhuri|1988|p=11}} However, the Greek accounts suggest the presence of a more federated system of governance. For example, [[Arrian]] mentions that the land beyond the Beas River was governed by "the aristocracy, who exercised their authority with justice and moderation." The Greek accounts mention the [[Gangaridai]] and the Prasii separately, although suggesting that these two were ruled by a common sovereign. Historian [[H. C. Raychaudhuri]] theorises that the Nandas held centralised control over their core territories in present-day Bihar and Uttar Pradesh, but allowed considerable autonomy in the frontier parts of their empire.{{sfn|H. C. Raychaudhuri|1988|p=21}} This is suggested by Buddhist legends, which state Chandragupta was unable to defeat the Nandas when he attacked their capital but was successful against them when he gradually conquered the frontier regions of their empire.{{sfn|H. C. Raychaudhuri|1988|pp=21–22}}

The Nanda kings appear to have strengthened the Magadha kingdom ruled by their Haryanka and Shaishunaga predecessors, creating the first great empire of northern India in the process. Historians have put forward various theories to explain the political success of these dynasties of Magadha. Pataliputra, the capital of Magadha, was naturally protected because of its location at the junction of the Ganges and the Son rivers. The Ganges and its tributaries connected the kingdom with important trade routes. It had fertile soil and access to [[lumber]] and elephants of the adjacent areas. Some historians have suggested that Magadha was relatively free from the [[Brahmanism|Brahmanical]] orthodoxy, which may have played a role in its political success; however, it is difficult to assess the veracity of this claim. [[Damodar Dharmananda Kosambi|D. D. Kosambi]] theorised that Magadha's monopoly over iron ore mines played a major role in its imperial expansion, but historian [[Upinder Singh]] has disputed this theory, pointing out that Magadha did not have a monopoly over these mines, and the iron mining in the historical Magadha region started much later. Singh, however, notes that the adjoining [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]] was rich in many minerals and other raw materials, and access to these would have been an asset for Magadha.{{sfn|Singh|2008|p=273}}

===Ministers and scholars===
According to the Jain tradition, Kalpaka was the minister of the first Nanda king. He became a minister reluctantly, but after assuming the office, he encouraged the king to adopt an aggressive expansionist policy. The Jain texts suggest that the ministerial offices of the Nanda Empire were hereditary. For example, after the death of Shakatala, a minister of the last Nanda king, his position was offered to his son Sthulabhadra; when Sthulabhadra refused the offer, Shakatala's second son Shriyaka was appointed as the minister.{{sfn|Singh|2008|p=273}}

The ''[[Brihatkatha]]'' tradition claims that under the Nanda rule, the city of Pataliputra not only became the abode of the goddess of material prosperity ([[Lakshmi]]), but also of the goddess of learning ([[Sarasvati]]). According to this tradition, notable grammarians such as Varsha, Upavarsha, [[Pāṇini|Panini]], [[Katyayana]], [[Vararuchi]], and Vyadi lived during the Nanda period.{{sfn|H. C. Raychaudhuri|1988|p=25}} While much of this account is unreliable folklore, it is probable that some of the grammarians who preceded [[Patanjali]] lived during the Nanda period.{{sfn|H. C. Raychaudhuri|1988|pp=25–26}}

===Wealth===
[[File:I12 1karshapana Maghada 1ar (8482307176).jpg|thumb|A silver coin of 1 [[karshapana]] of the Magadha Empire (ca 600–32 BCE), King Mahapadma Nanda or his sons (ca 346–321 BCE) '''Obv:''' different symbols '''Rev:''' different symbols including an elephant. '''Dimensions:''' 17 mm '''Weight:''' 2.5 g.]]

Several historical sources refer to the great wealth of the Nandas. According to the ''[[Mahavamsa]]'', the last Nanda king was a treasure-[[compulsive hoarding|hoarder]], and amassed wealth worth 80 ''[[crore|kotis]]'' (800 million). He buried these treasures in the bed of the Ganges river. He acquired further wealth by levying taxes on all sorts of objects, including skins, gums, trees, and stones.{{sfn|H. C. Raychaudhuri|1988|p=24}}

A verse by the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] poet [[Mamulanar]] refers to "the untold wealth of the Nandas", which was "swept away and submerged later on by the floods of the Ganges".{{sfn|R. K. Mookerji|1966|p=42}} Another interpretation of this verse states this wealth was hidden in the waters of the Ganges. The 7th-century Chinese traveller [[Xuanzang]] mentions the "five treasures of king Nanda's seven precious substances".{{sfn|H. C. Raychaudhuri|1988|p=24}}

Greek writer [[Xenophon]], in his ''[[Cyropaedia]]'' (4th century BCE), mentions that the king of India was very wealthy, and aspired to arbitrate in the disputes between the kingdoms of West Asia. Although Xenophon's book describes the events of the 6th century BCE (the period of [[Cyrus the Great]]), historian [[H. C. Raychaudhuri]] speculates that the writer's image of the Indian king may be based on the contemporary Nanda king.{{sfn|H. C. Raychaudhuri|1988|p=12}}

The ''Kashika'', a commentary on Panini's grammar, mentions ''Nandopakramani manani'' – a measuring standard introduced by the Nandas. This may be a reference to their introduction of a new currency system and [[punch-marked coins]], which may have been responsible for much of their wealth. A hoard of coins found at the site of ancient [[Pataliputra]] probably belongs to the Nanda period.{{sfn|R. K. Mookerji|1966|p=215}}

==Religion==
{{See also|Greater Magadha}}
{{single source|date=January 2025}}
According to Bronkhorst, the Nandas and the Mauryas appear to have patronised the religions originating in the [[Greater Magadha]] region, namely Jainism and [[Ajivika|Ajivikism]].{{sfn|Bronkhorst|2011|p=12}} However, the rulers of the empire never engaged in conversion of their subjects to other religions{{sfn|Bronkhorst|2011|p=12}} and there is no evidence that these rulers discriminated against any contemporary religion.{{sfn|Bronkhorst|2011|p=17}} [[Greater Magadha]], east of the confluence of the Ganges and the Yamuna, was the area where the second urbanisation took place, and where Jainism and Buddhism originated.{{sfn|Bronkhorst|2007|p=3-4}} According to Bronkhorst, it was outside [[Aryavarta]], the heartland of [[Brahmanism|Vedic Brahmanism]] west of the this confuence,{{sfn|Bronkhorst|2007|p=3}} primarily associated with a single state, the [[Kuru kingdom]].{{sfn|Bronkhorst|2011|p=31}} According to Bronkhorst, the Nanda emperors, and later the Mauryan emperors, had little interest in Brahmanism,{{sfn|Bronkhorst|2011|p=5}} and the conquest of the Vedic heartland by the Nanda and Maurya rule deprived the Brahmins of their patrons, threatening the survival of the Vedic ritual tradition,{{sfn|Bronkhorst|2011|pp=32-33}} and creating opportunities for Buddhists and Jains to spread their religion outside the confines of Magadha.{{sfn|Bronkhorst|2011|p=23}} The much later Jain legends suggests that several Nanda ministers were inclined towards Jainism. When Shakatala, a minister of the last Nanda king, died, his son Sthulabhadra refused to inherit his father's office, and instead became a [[Jain monk]]. Sthulabhadra's brother Shriyaka accepted the post.{{sfn|Singh|2008|p=273}}

However, several other Indologists and scholars have questioned Johannes Bronkhorst's claim of a sharp cultural divide between east and west, the supposed lesser influence of Brahmanisation in early Magadha, and his proposed revision of textual chronology, while also criticizing him for overlooking the role of socioeconomic and political developments in shaping new ideological trends.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Norelius |first=Per-Johan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tOr7EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA459 |title=Soul and Self in Vedic India |date=2023-06-19 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-54600-4 |pages=459 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Wynne on Bronkhorst, 'Greater Magadha: Studies in the Culture of Early India' {{!}} H-Net |url=https://networks.h-net.org/node/6060/reviews/16094/wynne-bronkhorst-greater-magadha-studies-culture-early-india |access-date=2024-07-03 |website=networks.h-net.org}}</ref>

According to [[Patrick Olivelle]], those who see Sramana seers of Magadha as non-Brahmanical, anti-Brahmanical, or even non-Aryan precursors of later sectarian ascetics are drawing conclusions that far outstrip the available evidence.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Olivelle |first=Patrick |year=1993 |title=The Aśrama System: The History and Hermeneutics of a Religious Institution |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-534478-3 |url=https://archive.org/details/asramasystemhist00oliv |url-access=limited |via=Archive.org }}</ref>

==Architecture==
{{Multiple image
| align =
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| image1 =
| alt1 =
| caption1 = Nanda-period voussoir with Mauryan polish
| image2 =
| caption2 = Mason's marks of archaic [[Brahmi script|Brahmi]]
}}
'''Pataliputra Voussoir Arch'''

A granite stone fragment of an arch discovered by [[K. P. Jayaswal]] from [[Kumhrar]], Pataliputra has been analysed as a pre Maurya-Nanda period keystone fragment of a trefoil arch of gateway with mason's marks of three archaic Brahmi letters inscribed on it which probably decorated a [[Torana]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.20579|title=Proceedinds And Transactions Of The Second Oriental Conference (1923)|last=The Calcutta University|date=1923}}{{pn|date=October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35494|title=Annual Report Of The Archaeological Survey Of India 1921–22|last=Spooner|first=Brainerd|date=1924}}{{pn|date=October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.41145|title=Memoirs of the archaeological survey of India no.30|last=Chandra|first=Ramaprasad|date=1927}}{{pn|date=October 2023}}</ref> The wedge-shaped stone with indentation has [[Mauryan polish]] on two sides and was suspended vertically.

==Nanda era==
According to [[K. P. Jayaswal|K. P Jayaswal]], Nanda era is mentioned in three sources. Kharavela's [[Hathigumpha inscription]] mentions Nandaraja constructing canal 103rd year of the Nanda period.<ref name=ei20p71>{{cite book |author1=K P Jayaswal |author2=R D Banerji |title=Epigraphia Indica Volume XX |year=1920 |url=https://archive.org/details/epigrahiaindicav014769mbp |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |pages=71–72}}, {{PD-notice}}</ref> According to [[Al-Biruni]], the Sri-Harsha era was being used in areas of [[Kannauj]] and [[Mathura]] and there was a difference of 400 years between Sri-Harsha era and Vikrama era which would make it fall in 458 BCE, the attributes of which matched with the Nanda kings. According to 12th century Yedarava inscription of Chalukya king [[Vikramaditya VI]], Nanda era along with [[Vikram Samvat|Vikram era]] and [[Shaka era]] were extant which were abolished in favour of a new Chalukyan era, but other scholars have opined that evidences are too meager to make anything conclusive.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.103481|title=Old Brahmi Inscriptions In The Udayagiri And Khandagiri Caves|last=Barua|first=Benimadhab|date=1929}}{{pn|date=October 2023}}</ref>

==Unpopularity and overthrow==
All historical accounts agree that the last Nanda king was unpopular among his subjects. According to Diodorus, [[Porus the Elder|Porus]] told Alexander that the contemporary Nanda king was a man of "worthless character", and was not respected by his subjects as he was thought to be of low origin. Curtius also states that according to Porus, the Nanda king was despised by his subjects.{{sfn|R. K. Mookerji|1966|p=5}} According to [[Plutarch]], who claims that Androkottos (identified as Chandragupta) met Alexander, Androkottos later declared that Alexander could have easily conquered the Nanda territory (Gangaridai and Prasii) because the Nanda king was hated and despised by his subjects, as he was wicked and of low origin.{{sfn|R. K. Mookerji|1966|pp=5–6}} The Sri Lankan Buddhist tradition blames the Nandas for being greedy and for imposing oppressive taxation.{{sfn|Irfan Habib|Vivekanand Jha|2004|p=14}} The Puranas of India label the Nandas as ''adharmika'', indicating that they did not follow the norms of ''[[dharma]]'' or righteous conduct.{{sfn|Singh|2008|p=272}}

The Nanda dynasty was [[Conquest of the Nanda Empire|overthrown]] by [[Chandragupta Maurya]], who was supported by his mentor (and later minister) [[Chanakya]]. Some accounts mention Chandragupta as a member of the Nanda family. For example, the 11th century writers [[Kshemendra]] and [[Somadeva]] describe Chandragupta as a "son of the genuine Nanda" (''purva-Nanda-suta''). Dhundiraja, in his commentary on the ''[[Vishnu Purana]]'', names Chandragupta's father as Maurya; he describes Maurya as a son of the Nanda king Sarvatha-siddhi and a hunter's daughter named Mura.{{sfn|Singh|2008|p=273}}

The Buddhist text ''[[Milinda Panha]]'' mentions a war between the Nanda general Bhaddasala (Sanskrit:Bhadrashala) and Chandragupta. According to the text, this war led to the slaughter of 10,000 elephants; 100,000 horses; 5,000 charioteers; and a billion foot soldiers. While this is obviously an exaggeration, it suggests that the overthrow of the Nanda dynasty was a violent affair.{{sfn|H. C. Raychaudhuri|1988|p=25}}

{{see also|Nanda–Mauryan War}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin}}

* {{cite book | last =Bronkhorst | first =Johannes | year =2007 | title =Greater Magadha | publisher =Brill}}
* {{cite book | last =Bronkhorst | first =Johannes | year =2011 | author-link =Johannes Bronkhorst | title =Buddhism in the Shadow of Brahmanism | publisher =BRILL | isbn =978-90-04-20140-8 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=BaX58-E5-3MC&pg=PA17}}

* {{cite book |author=Dilip Kumar Ganguly |title=History and Historians in Ancient India |url=https://archive.org/details/historyhistorian00gang |url-access=registration |page=[https://archive.org/details/historyhistorian00gang/page/23 23] |year=1984 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-0-391-03250-7 }}

* {{cite book |author1=Irfan Habib |author2=Vivekanand Jha |title=Mauryan India |series=A People's History of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nUvGQgAACAAJ |year=2004 |publisher=Aligarh Historians Society / [[Tulika Books]] |isbn=978-81-85229-92-8 }}
* {{Citation |last =Hiltebeitel |first =Alf |year =2007 |title =Hinduism. In: Joseph Kitagawa, "The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture". Digital printing 2007 |publisher =Routledge |url =https://books.google.com/books?id=9fyzAAAAQBAJ |isbn =978-1-136-87590-8 |access-date =13 February 2016 |archive-date =3 July 2023 |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20230703151449/https://books.google.com/books?id=9fyzAAAAQBAJ |url-status =live }}

* {{cite book |author=Jyoti Prasad Jain |title=Jaina Sources of the History of Ancient India: 100 BC - AD 900 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UTUwAQAAIAAJ |year=2005 |orig-year=1964 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal |isbn=9788121511407 }}

* {{cite book |author=R. C. Majumdar |title=Readings in political history of India: Ancient, Mediaeval, and Modern |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YvggAAAAMAAJ |year=1976 |publisher=B.R. / Indian Society for Prehistoric and Quaternary Studies |isbn=9788176467841 }}
* {{Cite book |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9781118455074 |title=The Encyclopedia of Empire |date=2016-01-12 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-1-118-44064-3 |editor-last=Mackenzie |editor-first=John |edition=1 |language=en |chapter=Nanda Empire |doi=10.1002/9781118455074}}

* {{Citation |last =Nath | first =Vijay |year =2001 |title =From 'Brahmanism' to 'Hinduism': Negotiating the Myth of the Great Tradition |journal =Social Scientist |volume =29 |issue =3/4 |pages=19–50 |ref={{SfnRef |Vijay Nath |2001}}| doi =10.2307/3518337 |jstor =3518337}}
* {{cite book |author=R. K. Mookerji |author-link=Radha Kumud Mukherjee |title=Chandragupta Maurya and His Times |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i-y6ZUheQH8C&pg=PA3 |year=1966 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0405-0 }}

* {{cite book |author=H. C. Raychaudhuri |author-link=Hem Chandra Raychaudhuri |chapter=India in the Age of the Nandas |editor=K. A. Nilakanta Sastri |editor-link=K. A. Nilakanta Sastri |title=Age of the Nandas and Mauryas |edition=Second |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YoAwor58utYC&pg=PA11 |year=1988 |orig-year=1967 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |location=Delhi |isbn=978-81-208-0466-1 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Roy |first=Kaushik |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vRE3n1VwDTIC |title=Hinduism and the Ethics of Warfare in South Asia: From Antiquity to the Present |date=2012-10-15 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-01736-8 |language=en}}

* {{cite book |last =Singh | first =Upinder | year =2008 | title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century|publisher=Pearson Education India |isbn=978-81-317-1677-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq2iCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA272 }}
* {{cite book | last1 =Sujato | first1 =Bhikkhu | last2 =Brahmali | first2 =Bhikkhu | year =2014 | title =The Authenticity of the Early Buddhist Texts | publisher =Buddhist Publication Society}}

* {{cite book |author=Ian Worthington |title=By the Spear: Philip II, Alexander the Great, and the Rise and Fall of the Macedonian Empire |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vnGVAwAAQBAJ |year=2014 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-992986-3 }}
*{{cite book |last1=Ramesh |first1=Sangaralingam |title=The Political Economy of India's Economic Development: 5000BC to 2022AD, Volume I |chapter=The Nanda Empire: 400 BC to 322 BC|date=2023 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=9783031420726 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ae_cEAAAQBAJ&q=The+Political+Economy+of+India’s+Economic+Development:+5000BC+to+2022AD,+Volume+I}}
{{refend}}

{{Middle kingdoms of India}}
{{Empires}}
{{Bihar}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Nanda Empire| ]]
[[Category:Magadha]]
[[Category:Kingdoms of Bihar]]
[[Category:Dynasties of Bengal]]
[[Category:4th-century BC establishments in India]]
[[Category:4th-century BC disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:History of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Former empires]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in the 4th century BC]]

Induprabha

2026-03-14T14:20:08Z

Budhu:

{{Short description|Meitei queen of Cachar Kingdom}}
{{AI-generated|date=March 2026|Very promotional}}
{{Contains special characters|Meitei}}
{{Infobox royalty
| embed =
| name = Induprabha
| title = Sicha Mayang Reima{{efn|name=title|also spelled as "Sicha Mayang Leima"}}, [[Maharani]]
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| spouse = Govinda Chandra and Krishna Chandra
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| era dates = 1802–1856
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| house = [[Ningthouja dynasty]]
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| father = [[Madhuchandra|Modhuchandra Singh]]
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| religion = [[Meitei Vaishnavism]]
| occupation = Queen of [[Kachari Kingdom]] ([[Dimasa kingdom]]) & Princess of [[Manipur Kingdom]] ([[Meitei kingdom]])
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'''Induprabha''' ({{Script|Mtei|ꯏꯟꯗꯨꯄ꯭ꯔꯚꯥ}}), also spelled as '''Induprava''' ({{Script|Mtei|ꯏꯟꯗꯨꯄ꯭ꯔꯋꯥ}}),<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=The Role Of Manipuri Women In Administration Part 1|url=https://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.History_of_Manipur.The_Role_Of_Manipuri_Women_In_Administration_Part_1|access-date=2025-05-17|website=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> was a [[Meitei people in Assam|Meitei]] queen of [[Kachari kingdom]] and a princess of [[Manipur kingdom]]. She was the consort of Dimasa king Krishnachandra of [[Cachar]] (in modern day [[Assam]] state).<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-CzSQKVmveUC&dq=induprabha+queen&pg=PA21|title=Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization|last=Sanajaoba|first=Naorem|date=1988|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-853-2|pages=21|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3">History of the Dimasas: From the Earliest Times to 1896 A.D.. India: Autonomous Council, N.C. Hills District (Assam), 1997. p. 75, 185</ref> She was the daughter of Meitei king [[Madhuchandra|Modhuchandra Singh]] of [[Manipur]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Maharani Induprabha a historical novel A Book Review|url=https://www.e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=reviews.books.Maharani_Induprabha_a_historical_novel_A_Book_Review|access-date=2025-05-17|website=www.e-pao.net}}</ref><ref name=":2">Joykumar Singh, N.. Colonialism to Democracy: A History of Manipur, 1819-1972. India: Spectrum Publications, 2002. p. 6</ref><ref name=":4" />

In [[Cheitharol Kumbaba|Meitei royal chronicle]], she was nicknamed as ''"Sicha Mayang Reima"''.{{efn|name=title}} ''Mayang Reima'' is a title for any Meitei queen of Cachar.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eybpM1KZjVoC&dq=Induprava&pg=PA212|title=The Chronology of Meetei Monarchs: From 1666 CE to 1850 CE|last=Sana|first=Raj Kumar Somorjit|date=2010|publisher=Waikhom Ananda Meetei|isbn=978-81-8465-210-9|pages=212|language=en}}</ref>

== Marriage ==
{{See|Meitei marriage}}

Princess Induprabha, daughter of King [[Madhuchandra|Modhuchandra Singh]] of Manipur, was married to King Krishnachandra of Cachar around 1802 CE. Following the death of King Krishnachandra, his brother Govindchandra ascended the throne and married Induprabha without her consent.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" /> This action caused discontent among both the Manipuri royal family ([[Ningthouja dynasty]]) and the people of Cachar.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Pragyanxetu|date=2024-09-28|title=Kachari queen Rani Induprabha|url=https://pragyanxetu.com/kachari-queen-rani-induprabha/|access-date=2025-05-17|website=প্ৰজ্ঞানসেতু since 2013: নিৰ্ধাৰিত সপোন. নিৰ্ভীক ভৱিষ্যত.|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":5" />

Details of her wedding ceremony was recorded in the Meitei royal chronicle.<ref name=":6" /> The [[Cheitharol Kumbaba|Cheitharon Kumpapa]] records the events as follows:

{{Quote|"The year of Thanga Khunchao 1723 Kum Sak... Friday, the 22nd Lamta (26th March 1802 CE), 275 people including the Bor Mantri (minister) of Cachar, Bor Sahip, and Hitakphu Phanpa Hitang brought fish for the Meetei princess to be married to the king of Mayang... The year of Laisram Achou Singh 1724 Kum Sak... Tuesday, the 17th Sachiphu (20th April 1802 CE), Sicha Mayang Reima (Induprava) left for Mayang (Cachar). She scattered Sen (coins) in the royal market place... Monday, the 4th Thawan (2nd August 1802 CE), Prince Phairapa, son of Meetingu Loiren Khompa, and Haopam the Nongthonpa, who went to escort the Mayang Reima, arrived."|[[Cheitharol Kumbaba]]<ref name=":6" />}}

According to the [[Cheitharol Kumbaba]] (4th ed., p.181), the Chief Minister of Cachar arrived with 275 men to deliver fish for the then future Queen of Cachar.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kbu_AwAAQBAJ&dq=Induprava&pg=PA130|title=The Endless Kabaw Valley: British Created Visious Cycle of Manipur, Burma and India|last=Singh|first=Dr Th Suresh|date=2014-06-02|publisher=Quills Ink Publishing|isbn=978-93-84318-00-0|pages=130|language=en}}</ref>

== Contribution to cultural heritage ==
{{See also|Meitei intangible cultural heritage}}
Queen Induprabha ({{Script|Mtei|ꯏꯟꯗꯨꯄ꯭ꯔꯚꯥ}}) played a notable role in the cultural and religious transformation of Cachar. She introduced [[Meitei Vaishnavism]] to the region and opposed the prevailing practice of [[animal sacrifice]]. She facilitated the performance of [[Manipuri dance|Ras Lila]] by bringing artists and instructors from Manipur, thereby promoting [[Meitei cultural heritage]] traditions in Cachar.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />
Under the influence of her paternal family, King Krishnachandra of Cachar accepted the Vaishnavite form of [[Meitei Hindu]]ism. In 1790, both Krishnachandra and his brother Govindchandra formally converted to Hinduism. Their people followed their example, and most of the Kacharis in the area also became Hindus.<ref name=":5" />

== Contribution to international relations ==
Induprabha contributed to the maintenance of diplomatic relations between Cachar and Manipur. She was also involved in the formation of the [[Manipur Levy]] force, organized by her relatives, [[Gambhir Singh]] and [[Nara Singh]], aimed at liberating Manipur from Burmese occupation, better known as the [[Chahi Taret Khuntakpa]] (or [[Seven Years' Devastation]]).<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

Induprabha's three relatives, [[Gambhir Singh]], [[Marjit Singh]], and Sarjit Singh, played important roles in the relationship between the two kingdoms.<ref name=":5">Indigenous People of Barak Valley. N.P., 2020.</ref>

Govindchandra, the king of Cachar, was weak. He had no real power or strong army, and people did not support him. He was known for running away during difficult times. The people of Cachar believed that their lives and property would be safer and the kingdom would improve if the stronger Manipuri princes took charge.<ref name=":5" />

With support from local leaders like Gulu Mia and Barjuram, Gambhir Singh attacked the capital of Cachar in 1818. Govindchandra ran away to North Cachar without a fight, and the Manipuri rulers took control of the Cachar plains.<ref name=":5" />

== Relation with the Britishers ==
After the death of King Krishnachandra, the British administration recognized Induprabha as the Queen of Cachar and granted her a monthly pension of Rs. 196 in 1856.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

== Legacy ==
=== In Meitei literature ===
{{See|Meitei literature}}
'''''Maharani Induprabha''''' is a historical novel authored by Kambrambam Nilakanta Singh, noted for its literary and historical significance.<ref name=":0" />

In the novel '''''Ladies in The Palace Trilogy - Ningthemnubee Trilogy''''', written by BM Maisnamba,<ref name=":7">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zZ7eEAAAQBAJ&dq=Induprava&pg=PA195|title=Ladies in The Palace Trilogy: Ningthemnubee Trilogy|last=Maisnamba|first=B. M.|date=2023-10-24|publisher=BM Maisnamba|pages=195|language=en}}</ref> Lady Induprava ({{Script|Mtei|ꯏꯟꯗꯨꯄ꯭ꯔꯚꯥ}}) is described as follows:
{{Quote|... Woman is a weapon of the war! Woman begets war. Woman can stop the war. ... What a capacity, the woman is. We can entrust the administrative policy on the woman. We can ramify the clan on the woman. We can extend and ramify the boundary of the country. The elder in-law of my husband, Maharaj Budhachandra's daughter Induprava was betrothed to the sons of Cachar King. My daughter Induprava has become the beloved wife of the two brothers - Krisnachandra and Gobinchandra- of the Cachar King. This is politics! ... |Ponglembee|Ladies in The Palace Trilogy - Ningthemnubee Trilogy<ref name=":7" />}}
=== In an educational institution ===
Women’s College, [[Silchar]], was renamed in honor of Kachari queen Rani Induprabha. The renaming recognizes her historical significance, particularly her contributions to the cultural and religious transformation of the Kachari kingdom and her role in maintaining diplomatic ties between [[Cachar]] and [[Manipur]].<ref name=":1" />

== See also ==
{{Portal bar|Asia|Civilization|History|India|Hinduism|Marriage|Politics|Royalty|Women}}

* [[Ahom–Meitei relations]]
** [[Kuranganayani]]
* [[Meitei people in Assam]]
** [[Meitei language in Assam]]
* [[Meitei people in Tripura]]
** [[Meitei queens of Tripura]]
* [[Burmese–Meitei relations]]
** [[Meitei–Shan relations]]
** [[Seven Years' Devastation]]
** [[Manipur Levy]]

== References ==
{{Notelist}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:History of Assam]]
[[Category:Hinduism in Assam]]
[[Category:Culture of Assam]]
[[Category:Politics of Assam]]
[[Category:Indian queens]]
[[Category:Indian princesses]]
[[Category:Dimasa people]]
[[Category:Ningthouja dynasty]]
[[Category:Marriage in India]]
[[Category:Polyandry]]
[[Category:1802]]
[[Category:Marriage in Hinduism]]

Sandeep Baswana

2026-03-08T14:04:59Z

Budhu: minor cleanup

{{short description|Indian television actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox person
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| caption =
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| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Hisar (city) | Hisar]], [[Haryana]], [[India]]
| yearsactive = 2002–present
| occupation = Actor 
| known for = {{ubl|''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]]''|''[[Tujh Sang Preet Lagai Sajna (2008 TV series)|Tujh Sang Preet Lagai Sajna]]''|''[[Parvarrish – Season 2]]''|''[[Dil Diyaan Gallaan]]''}}
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Ashlesha Sawant]]|2025}}
}}

'''Sandeep Baswana''' is an Indian actor who primarily works in [[Hindi]] television. Baswana is best known for his portrayal of Sahil Virani in ''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]]'' and Rajveer Sherawat in ''[[Tujh Sang Preet Lagai Sajna (2008 TV series) | Tujh Sang Preet Lagai Sajna]]''.

==Personal life==
Baswana met actress [[Ashlesha Sawant]] in 2002, on the sets of ''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]]'' and they eventually began dating.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Payal Rohatgi-Sangram Singh to Hina Khan-Rocky Jaiswal; TV couples who have been in relationship for years but did not marry|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/payal-rohatgi-sangram-singh-to-hina-khan-rocky-jaiswal-tv-couples-who-have-been-in-relationship-for-years-but-did-not-marry/etphotostory/91150410.cms |access-date=4 June 2022 |website=The Times of India |date=28 April 2022 |language=en}}</ref> After being together for 23 years, Baswana and Sawant finally married on 16 November 2025 in [[Vrindavan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi actors Sandeep Baswana and Ashlesha Savant tie the knot in a beautiful Vrindavan ceremony after 23 years of relationship |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/kyunki-saas-bhi-kabhi-bahu-thi-actors-sandeep-baswana-ashlesha-savant-tie-knot-beautiful-vrindavan-ceremony-23-years-relationship/ |access-date=24 November 2025 |website=Bollywood Hungama |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Exclusive! After being in a relationship for 23 years...Baswana & Ashlesha Sawant tie the knot |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-after-being-in-a-relationship-for-23-years-sandeep-baswana-ashlesha-sawant-tie-the-knot/articleshow/125521628.cms |access-date=24 November 2025 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

==Career==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date=August 2012}}
Baswana made his television debut with the show ''[[Kuchh Jhuki Palkain]]'' and followed up with ''[[Kkoi Dil Mein Hai]]''. As both shows were successful daytime serials, Baswana became noticed. However, it was his portrayal of the character Sahil Virani in the successful show ''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]]'' that established his career and made him a household name. Since then Baswana has done several cameos in other shows playing supporting roles. He then played the role of Munna in [[Zee TV]]'s ''[[Hitler Didi]]''. In 2014, he appeared in television serial ''[[Udaan (2014 TV series)|Udaan]]'', where he portrayed the role of Ishwar Rawat. He played the role of Dr. Mandeep "Maan" Singh Brar in ''[[Dil Diyaan Gallaan]]''. Since December 2024, he played Girdhar Shukla in [[Colors TV]]'s ''[[Apollena – Sapno Ki Unchi Udann]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Trivedi|first=Tanvi|date=30 November 2024|title=The Idea Is To Play Roles With Substance, It Does Not Matter If I Am Playing Father Roles: Sandeep Baswana, Who Will Be Seen In Apollena|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/the-intention-is-to-play-roles-with-substance-it-does-not-matter-if-i-am-playing-father-roles-sandeep-baswana-who-will-be-seen-in-apollena/articleshow/115844176.cms|access-date=3 December 2024|work=[[The Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref>

== Television ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Serial
! Role
! Channel
! Co–Star
|-
| rowspan= "2" | 2002
| ''[[Kkusum]]''
| Kamal
| rowspan = "2" | [[Sony Entertainment Television]]
|
|-
| ''[[Kuchh Jhuki Palkain]]''
|
|
|-
| 2002–2003
| ''[[Kammal]]''
| Manav Jajoo
| [[Zee TV]]
| {{ubl|[[Keerti Gaekwad Kelkar]]|[[Ashlesha Sawant]]}}
|-
| 2002–2004; 2006–2008
| ''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]]''
| Sahil Virani
| [[Star Plus]]
| {{ubl|[[Shilpa Saklani]]|[[Suvarna Jha]]}}
|-
| 2003
| ''[[Kya Hadsaa Kya Haqeeqat]]'' – ''Kabzaa''
| Preet
| rowspan = "3" | [[Sony Entertainment Television]]
| {{ubl|[[Narayani Shastri]]|[[Shweta Tiwari]]}}
|-
| 2003–2004
| ''[[Kkoi Dil Mein Hai]]''
| Samay Punj
| {{ubl|[[Poorva Gokhale]]|[[Karishma Tanna]]}}
|-
| 2005
| ''[[Rihaee (TV series) | Rihaee]]''
| Ranjeet
|
|-
| 2005–2006
| ''[[Kkavyanjali]]''
| Shlok Nanda
| [[Star Plus]]
|
|-
| 2006–2007
| ''[[Kyaa Hoga Nimmo Kaa]]''
| Palash
| [[Star One (TV channel) | Star One]]
|
|-
| 2007
| ''[[Kasautii Zindagii Kay (2001 TV series) | Kasautii Zindagii Kay]]''
| Dr. Jatin
| rowspan = "3" | [[Star Plus]]
|
|-
| 2008–2009
| ''[[Karam Apnaa Apnaa]]''
| Dr. Prateek
|
|-
| 2008–2010
| ''[[Tujh Sang Preet Lagai Sajna (2008 TV series) | Tujh Sang Preet Lagai Sajna]]''
| Rajveer Sherawat
| [[Puja Banerjee]]
|-
| 2010–2011
| ''[[Sanjog Se Bani Sangini]]''
| Ratanesh Singh Rawat
| rowspan = "2" | [[Zee TV]]
| ''Trishna Vivek''
|-
| 2011–2013
| ''[[Hitler Didi]]''
| Munna Sharma
| {{ubl|[[Smita Singh]]|[[Jasveer Kaur]]}}
|-
| 2014–2015
| ''[[Udaan (2014 TV series) | Udaan]]''
| Collector Ishwar Rawat
| [[Colors TV]]
| ''Dolphin Dwivedi''
|-
| 2015–2016
| ''[[Parvarrish - Season 2]]''
| Kulwinder Khurana
| [[Sony Entertainment Television]]
| [[Sangita Ghosh|Sangeeta Ghosh]]
|-
| 2018–2019
| ''[[Vish Ya Amrit: Sitara]]''
| Kuldeep Shekhawat
| [[Colors TV]]
| [[Shilpa Saklani]]
|-
| 2020
| ''[[Dil Jaise Dhadke... Dhadakne Do]]''
| Pankaj Rai
| [[Star Plus]]
| ''Piyali Munshi''
|-
| 2022–2023
| ''[[Dil Diyaan Gallaan]]''
| Dr. Mandeep "Maan" Singh Brar
| [[Sony SAB]]
| {{ubl|[[Reema Worah | Reema Vohra]]|''Dolphin Dwivedi''}}
|-
| 2024–2025
| ''[[Apollena – Sapno Ki Unchi Udann]]''
| Giridhar Shukla
| [[Colors TV]]
| [[Eva Shirali]]
|-
| 2025
| ''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi 2]]''
| Sahil Virani
| [[Star Plus]]
|
|-
|}

=== Reality Shows ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Show
! Role
! Channel
|-
|
| ''[[Khullja Sim Sim]]''
| Guest
| [[Star Plus]]
|-
|
| ''Kisme Kitna Hai Dum''
| Contestant
|
|-
|}

== Director ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Film
! References
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Haryana (film) | Haryana]]''
| <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/sandeep-baswana-there-is-no-other-consideration-in-tv-other-than-money-101657802511580.html | title=Sandeep Baswana: There is no other consideration in TV other than money | work=Hindustan Times | date=14 July 2022 }}</ref>
|-
|}

== Writer ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Film
! References
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Haryana (film) | Haryana]]''
| <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/sandeep-baswana-there-is-no-other-consideration-in-tv-other-than-money-101657802511580.html | title=Sandeep Baswana: There is no other consideration in TV other than money | work=Hindustan Times | date=14 July 2022 }}</ref>
|-
|}
==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|1873405}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Baswana, Sandeep}}
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi television]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors from Haryana]]
[[Category:People from Hisar district]]
[[Category:Male actors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:1973 births]]

{{India-tv-actor-stub}}

Dalchini (TV series)

2026-03-07T10:23:10Z

Budhu: new...

{{Short description|Indian drama television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image =Dalchini (TV series).jpg
| caption =
| alt_name =
| genre = [[Drama]]
| creator = [[Sargun Mehta]]
| based_on = 
| developer =
| screenplay = {{ubl|Lakshmi Jaykumar|Divya Nayyar}}
| story = {{ubl|Farhan Salaruddin|Divyana Khanna}} '''Dialogues''' Zahir Sheikh
| director = Amit Gupta
| creative_director = Yakshi Bhudathoki
| starring = {{ubl|[[Rohit Choudhary]]|Maira Dharti Mehra|[[Manini Mishra]]}}
| theme_music_composer = Ripul Sharma
| open_theme = ''Kudiye Jaise Dalchini''
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Hindi Punjabi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 138
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer = [[Sargun Mehta]] [[Ravi Dubey]]
| cinematography = {{ubl|Raj Gauli|Basanth Takur}}
| editor = {{ubl|Dharmesh Patel|Rajesh Indra Jhangda}}
| camera = Multi-Camera 
| runtime = 22-24 minutes
| company = Dreamiyata Entertainment Private Limited
| network = [[Dangal (TV channel)|Dangal]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=y|2023|11|06}}
| last_aired = {{End date|df=y|2024|04|13}}
| related =
}}
'''''Dalchini''''' ({{translation|[[Cinnamon]]}}) is an Indian [[Hindi-language]] television family drama series that premiered from 6 November 2023 to 13 April 2024 on [[Dangal TV|Dangal.]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-23 |title=Ravi Dubey and Sargun Mehta's show 'Dalchini' is coming soon on Dangal TV {{!}} Hot News |url=https://news.abplive.com/videos/entertainment/television-ravi-dubey-and-sargun-mehta-s-show-dalchini-is-coming-soon-on-dangal-tv-hot-news-1637870 |access-date=2023-12-08 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en |archive-date=3 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103204329/https://news.abplive.com/videos/entertainment/television-ravi-dubey-and-sargun-mehta-s-show-dalchini-is-coming-soon-on-dangal-tv-hot-news-1637870 |url-status=live }}</ref> It is produced by [[Sargun Mehta]] and [[Ravi Dubey]] under Dreamiyata Entertainment Private Limited.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rohit Choudhary To Play Lead In Ravi Dubey, Sargun Mehta's Show Daalcheeni |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tv/rohit-choudhary-to-play-lead-in-ravi-dubey-sargun-mehtas-show-daalcheeni-article-104086931 |access-date=2023-12-08 |website=TimesNow |date=October 2023 |language=en |archive-date=8 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208151658/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tv/rohit-choudhary-to-play-lead-in-ravi-dubey-sargun-mehtas-show-daalcheeni-article-104086931 |url-status=live }}</ref> The series stars Maira Dharti Mehra and [[Rohit Choudhary]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Maira Dharti Mehra leaves everyone spellbound with a new avatar for her upcoming show Dalchini |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/maira-dharti-mehra-leaves-everyone-spellbound-with-a-new-avatar-for-her-upcoming-show-dalchini/articleshow/104949593.cms |access-date=2023-12-08 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=4 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231104112053/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/maira-dharti-mehra-leaves-everyone-spellbound-with-a-new-avatar-for-her-upcoming-show-dalchini/articleshow/104949593.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Exclusive - Rohit Choudhary on being part of Dalchini: I love to carry this character home |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-rohit-choudhary-on-being-part-of-dalchini-i-love-to-carry-this-character-home/articleshow/105789190.cms?amp_gsa=1&amp_js_v=a9&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM=#amp_tf=From%20%251$s&aoh=17020485081570&referrer=https://www.google.com&ampshare=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-rohit-choudhary-on-being-part-of-dalchini-i-love-to-carry-this-character-home/articleshow/105789190.cms |access-date=2023-12-08 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-07 |title=Daalcheeni: The pair of Ravi Dubey and Sargun Mehta will be seen in the upcoming serial! {{!}} Hot News |url=https://news.abplive.com/videos/entertainment/television-daalcheeni-the-pair-of-ravi-dubey-and-sargun-mehta-will-be-seen-in-the-upcoming-serial-hot-news-1634305 |access-date=2023-12-08 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Plot==
Dalchini follows the story of Falak (Dalchini), a young woman from a rural village who discovers her passion and talent for cooking, despite her lack of formal education. However, her journey is not without challenges, as she must navigate a complicated relationship with her mother-in-law, Rajrani, who is an accomplished chef in her own right. As the two women with vastly different personalities and culinary skills come together as [[Saas Bahu|saas bahu]], tensions rise and conflicts arise.

Dalchini, a cheerful happy go lucky girl runs her household by cooking for people. She gets an order from the Dhillon Masala factory whose owner is Rajarani Dhillon (Manini Mishra), she calls Dalchini in order to help her cook prasad for a satsang organized by her family. But the prasad was cooked by Dalchini(due to Vimmy's conspiracy to destroy the prasad cooked by Rajrani)and Rajrani fakes that she cooked it (in order to save her family's Pride). Guruji learns about this and asks Dalchini but she fakes that the prasad was cooked by Rajrani. Rajrani hates Dalchini because the prasad cooked by Dalchini was liked by everyone in the satsang even her family members. But everyone who thinks that the Prasad was cooked by Rajrani were appreciating her. Tej an NRI handsome guy returns Monga and meets Dalchini and falls for her but after learning that due to her his mother was insulted in the satsang he started to hate her. Due to some circumstances Tej marries Dalchini while Rajrani decides to make her life hell.

Rajrani uses Dalchini's sister Kala who is obsessed with Tej against Dalchini

==Cast==
=== Main ===
*Maira Dharti Mehra<ref>{{Cite web |title=EXCLUSIVE: Pandya Store's Maira Dharti Mehra roped in opposite Rohit Choudhary for Ravie-Sargun's Daalcheeni |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/exclusive-pandya-stores-maira-dharti-mehra-roped-in-opposite-rohit-choudhary-for-ravie-sarguns-daalcheeni-1248184 |access-date=2023-12-08 |website=PINKVILLA |date=4 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Dalchini actress Maira Dharti Mehra quashes rumours about getting married, says 'I got married in the show, not in real life' |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/dalchini-actress-maira-dharti-mehra-quashes-rumours-about-getting-married-says-i-got-married-in-the-show-not-in-real-life/articleshow/105566835.cms |access-date=2023-12-08 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=13 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231213202436/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/dalchini-actress-maira-dharti-mehra-quashes-rumours-about-getting-married-says-i-got-married-in-the-show-not-in-real-life/articleshow/105566835.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> as Falak “Dalchini” Dhillon: Kala’s sister; Tej's wife (2023-2024)
*[[Rohit Choudhary]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=EXCLUSIVE: Swaran Ghar's Rohit Choudhary bags lead role in Ravie Dubey and Sargun Mehta's next |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/exclusive-swaran-ghars-rohit-choudhary-bags-lead-role-in-ravie-dubey-and-sargun-mehtas-next-1247645 |access-date=2023-12-08 |website=PINKVILLA |date=October 2023 |language=en |archive-date=8 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208151805/https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/exclusive-swaran-ghars-rohit-choudhary-bags-lead-role-in-ravie-dubey-and-sargun-mehtas-next-1247645 |url-status=live }}</ref> as Tej Dhillon: Rajrani and Param's son; Karan's half brother; Falak's husband (2023-2024)

=== Recurring ===
*[[Maninee De]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Actress Maninee De talks about her role Rajrani in Ravie & Sargun Mehta's new show Dalchini |url=https://firstindia.co.in/news/bollywood/actress-maninee-de-talks-about-her-role-rajrani-in-ravie-sargun-mehtas-new-show-dalchini |access-date=2023-12-08 |website=firstindia.co.in |language=en |archive-date=8 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208154056/https://firstindia.co.in/news/bollywood/actress-maninee-de-talks-about-her-role-rajrani-in-ravie-sargun-mehtas-new-show-dalchini |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=EXCLUSIVE: Manini Dey to star in Ravi Dubey and Sargun Mehta's new show |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/exclusive-manini-de-to-star-in-ravi-dubey-and-sargun-mehtas-new-show-1246839 |access-date=2023-12-08 |website=PINKVILLA |date=28 September 2023 |language=en |archive-date=8 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208153719/https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/exclusive-manini-de-to-star-in-ravi-dubey-and-sargun-mehtas-new-show-1246839 |url-status=live }}</ref> as Rajrani Dhillon: Param's wife; Tej's mother (2023-2024)
*Raman Dhagga as Param Dhillon: Rajrani and Rupa's husband; Tej and Karan's father (2023-2024)
*Mamta Rana as Divya Dhillon (2023-2024)
*Ranjit Riaz Sharma as Mr Dhillon: Manjyot's husband; Param's father (2023-2024)
*Unknown / Neelam Hundal Randhawa as Manjyot Dhillon: Param's mother (2023-2024) / (2024)
*Pranjali Singh Parihar<ref>{{Cite news |title=Pranjali Singh Parihar on 'Dalchini': 'I react to situations the way Kala would at times' |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/pranjali-singh-parihar-on-dalchini-i-react-to-situations-the-way-kala-would-at-times/articleshow/105559902.cms |access-date=2023-12-08 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=8 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208225646/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/pranjali-singh-parihar-on-dalchini-i-react-to-situations-the-way-kala-would-at-times/articleshow/105559902.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> as Kala: Falak’s younger sister; Tej’s one-sided ex-lover; Deepak 's wife (2023-2024)
*Aasim Khan as Deepak Dhillon: Vimmi's son; Kala 's husband (2023-2024)
*Amandeep Kaur as Vimmi Dhillon: Deepak's mother (2023-2024)
*Vishal Saini as Chachaji (2023-2024)
*Inderpreet Sahni as Lily (2023-2024)
*Siddhi Rothore as Ruhi Dhillon (2023-2024)
*Anchit Naruta as Samarth Dhillon (2023-2024)
*Muni Jha as Guru Maharaj (2023)
*Aman Sutdhar as Falak’s teacher (2024)
*[[Gautam Vig]] as Karan Dhillon; Param and Rupa's son; Tej's half-brother (2024)

==Production==
===Development===
In October 2023 The series was announced by Dreamiyata Entertainment for [[Dangal TV]].<ref>{{Citation |title=Dalchini {{!}} स्वाद का नया अंदाज़ चकाने आ रही है {{!}} दालचीनी {{!}} New Show {{!}} Promo {{!}} Dangal TV | date=22 October 2023 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2jBZkpxJ-5E |access-date=2023-12-09 |language=en |archive-date=9 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209055633/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2jBZkpxJ-5E |url-status=live }}</ref> The show was released on 6 November 2023.The show replaced ''[[Ishq Ki Dastaan - Naagmani]]''.<ref>{{Citation |title=Dalchini {{!}} स्वाद का नया अंदाज़ चकाने आ रही है {{!}} 6 नवंबर से {{!}} New Show {{!}} Promo {{!}} दालचीनी {{!}} Dangal TV | date=28 October 2023 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NFFk-WOb0oY |access-date=2023-12-09 |language=en |archive-date=9 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209065201/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NFFk-WOb0oY |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Filming===
In October 2023, [[principal photography]] commenced in [[Chandigarh]], the series is set in [[Punjab]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Dalchini's Maira Dharti Mehra says,"For the first time, I'll be celebrating Diwali in Chandigarh" |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/dalchinis-maira-dharti-mehra-saysfor-the-first-time-ill-be-celebrating-diwali-in-chandigarh/articleshow/105186260.cms |access-date=2023-12-08 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> It went off air on 13 April 2024<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-04-12 |title=Actress Maira Dharti Mehra pens down a heartwarming goodbye note as Dalchini to go off-air soon |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/actress-maira-dharti-mehra-pens-down-a-heartwarming-goodbye-note-as-dalchini-to-go-off-air-soon/articleshow/109252989.cms |access-date=2024-04-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=15 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240415180629/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/actress-maira-dharti-mehra-pens-down-a-heartwarming-goodbye-note-as-dalchini-to-go-off-air-soon/articleshow/109252989.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|30335425}}
*[https://www.dangalplay.com/shows/dalcheeni ''Dalchini''] on ''Dangal Play''
{{Portal bar|India|Television}}

[[Category:2023 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Dangal TV original programming]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:2024 Indian television series endings]]

Rupaye Dus Karod

2026-03-03T23:42:40Z

Budhu: starting new stub v1

{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Rupaye Dus Karod
| image = Rupaye Dus Karod.png
| alt =
| caption = Promotional Poster
| director = Sikander Bharti
| producer = Waman K. Dehsmukh
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| narrator =
| starring = [[Rajesh Khanna]] [[Chunky Pandey]] [[Amrita Singh]] [[Sonu Walia]]
| music = [[Bappi Lahiri]]
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1991|11|29|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Hindi]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Rupaye Dus Karod''''' is a 1991 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[thriller film]] directed by Sikander Bharti, produced by Waman K. Deshmukh and written by Shabdh Kumar. The film was made in the style of formula-based potboilers and was a hit. It stars [[Rajesh Khanna]] in the lead role and the supporting cast includes [[Chunky Pandey]], [[Amrita Singh]], [[Sonu Walia]], [[Avinash Wadhavan]], [[Deepika Chikhalia]], [[Kiran Kumar]], [[Sadashiv Amrapurkar]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.apunkachoice.com/titles/rup/rupaye-dus-karod/mid_13434/ | title=Movie Review | publisher=Apunkachoice | accessdate=13 February 2013 | url-status=dead | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610213408/http://www.apunkachoice.com/titles/rup/rupaye-dus-karod/mid_13434/ | archivedate=10 June 2015 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> It was the 11th highest-grossing film of the year 1991.

Rupaye Dus Karod (ten crores of rupees) is the story of a detective novelist (writing in Hindi) - Ravi Varma (Rajesh Khanna), whose father had to flee from India in his childhood because of a conspiracy masterminded by his wicked business partners and later Ravi finds himself in mystery murder and another plot that tried to earn 10 crores by fraudulent means.

==Plot==
Chamanlal and Aatmaram were partners with Jamuna Das and Babubhai, but when Atmaram discovers that the core business is selling women abroad for prostitution, he breaks away from this partnership and tells the wife of Chamanlal. Chamanlal's wife confronts him, but Chamanlal is steadfast and decides not to leave the business. In an extreme reaction, his wife leaves the house along with her son and clothes to start a living on her own. Chamanlal keeps thinking about this matter and decides to meet his other two partners to convey that he feels this business is unethical, that he cares for his family's sentiments more and asks for his final share before parting ways. But because of a conspiracy masterminded by his wicked business partners, Chamanlal presumes he killed Babubhai and the prime witness to this supposed murder - Vakil Jamuna Das, asks Chamanlal to flee, but at the same time informs the police to search for him. Chamanlal searches for his wife and son, but cannot locate them and so he informs Atmaram that now he has reformed and that he needs to search for his son and wife who have left him. He also tells Atmaram that he is innocent and wants to escape. Meanwhile, after reading in newspapers about police searching for Chamanlal and that Chamanalal has died in an accident, his wife considers herself a widower and brings up her only child by tailoring.

20 years later, Vakil Jamuna Das learns that Chamanlal is alive, has made it big in Singapore, has made investments abroad and plans to transfer them to his wife and son, after searching for them extensively in India. Chamanlal decides to transfer 10 crores to RBI in such an arrangement that only his own family members will get an access to the fund. Brought up by his mother, Ravi obtains a law degree and becomes a very successful famous criminal lawyer. But after few years, he stops and instead writes Hindi novels of the crime detective genre. His novels achieve popularity within a few years.

Aarthi Saxena has huge crush on Ravi Varma all because of his suspense novels. Aarthi is naive and keeps thinking that all crime cases can be solved in the manner in which Ravi Verma's novels move forward. Ravi Verma's face was never disclosed to the public in the last few years since his novels hit the stores. A media conference is arranged in which his face would be disclosed and a function is arranged where the chief guest is DIG Sharma. In fact, at this function she meets Ravi for the very first time with a toy gun in her hands and shocks the people gathered around Ravi Verma, saying she would kill him if she does not do what she wants. Then she later discloses that she did this only to get an autograph from him. Media and public are shocked to know that famous Lawyer Ravi Verma is the one who writes suspense novels as well. Later, Aarthi becomes friends with Ravi, takes him to their home and introduces him to her father Aatmaram and her brother Vicky. There, Ravi learns that Vicky and his father do not get along well as they keep fighting over Vicky's money spending habits.

Chamanlal's ex-business partners are interested in usurping this huge sum of 10 crores. They are well aware of the talent of Ravi Varma and therefore, they hire his services to draw a scheme so that this money could be usurped by them. For compelling him to do this job for them, they kidnap his mother and threaten to kill her, not knowing that both Ravi and his mother are related to Chamanlal. Ravi agrees to work for them, but at the same time devises a scheme such that he saves his mother and ensures that the money does not get into the hands of the unscrupulous people. First, he decides to appoint a trusted friend, who is looking for a job, as his secretary (Deepika Chikhalia).

Ravi's first target is following the life of the son of Babubhai – Suraj (Chunky Pandey) - who keeps on chasing skirts and fooling girls, saying he loves them. Suraj keeps a bet with his friends (Paintal and others) that he will make Poonam (Sonu Walia), a club dancer, fall in love with them. He makes Poonam trust her and acts as if he is in love with her. Ravi asks Babubhai, as a part of his plan, to not give pocket expenses to his son Suraj. Later, Ravi ensures Suraj becomes aware of a plan where Suraj can earn 10 crores if Suraj works for a client of Ravi, the Queen of Hastinapur (Deepika Chikalia). Suraj jumps on this offer and agrees to go as per the plan made by Ravi. Meanwhile, Ravi asks his secretary (Deepika Chikalia) to also fall in love with Vicky. Later, Aatmaram finds that Vicky has fallen in love with a prostitute's daughter and this leads to a fight between Vicky and Aatmaram, leading to Vicky leaving the house and Atmaram changing his will and transferring the whole of the properties presently in his name to his daughter Aarthi alone. Vicky is angry at his father, but is not interested in a share of the property. Meanwhile, Ravi asks Suraj to act as if he loves Aarthi and to marry her later so that now that Vicky has been debarred by Aatmaram, the whole of the property of Aatmram would be in the name of Aarthi alone and by this way, by becoming Aarthi's trusted husband, Suraj can later become the proud owner of Atmaram's property. Meanwhile, while trying to woo Aarthi, Suraj starts ignoring Poonam, but Poonam, who is not aware of 2 facts that Suraj never ever fell in love with him and that presently he is also trying to make Aarthi trust him blindly, invites Suraj to her room in the hotel where she dances to celebrate her birthday. But the same night she gets murdered. Aarthi, who is very keen and enthusiastic to become a detective herself is put on an operation by Ravi to provide evidence that Suraj is involved in the murder of Poonam and to start collecting evidence, but convinces Aarthi to not inform DIG Sharma or any police inspector about this.

The 4 youngsters Suraj, Aarthi, Vicky and the secretary to Ravi trust the Lawyer-cum-Novelist Mr. Ravi, so much that they blindly follow his dictates. But this leads to Suraj being accused in the murder of Poonam, and Vicky being suspected of kidnapping or being responsible for Atmaram missing. The rest of the story is about whether Ravi is a mastermind involved in all these events, or is innocent. The story is about unfolding the mystery as to how the things he made the 4 youngsters do, will help in ensuring that Chamanlal's 10 Crores does not go to Vakil Jamuna Das and Babubhai, but to the right person and in ensuring that his own mother does not get into trouble. Who are the real culprits?

==Cast==
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
* [[Rajesh Khanna]] as Ravi Verma
* [[Chunky Pandey]] as Suraj Mehta
* [[Amrita Singh]] as Aarti Saxena
* [[Sonu Walia]] as Poonam
* [[Deepika Chikhalia]] as Rashmi
* [[Sadashiv Amrapurkar]] as Advocate Jamnadas
* [[Avinash Wadhavan]] as Vikram "Vicky" Saxena
* [[Kiran Kumar]] as Babubhai Mehta
* [[Om Shivpuri]] as Atmaram
* [[Sudhir Dalvi]] as Chamanlal Verma
* [[Satyen Kappu]] as IGP Sharma
* [[Amita Nangia]] as Dancer in song "Ram Kare Toot Jaaye Rail Gaadi"
{{div col end}}

==Music==
Lyrics: Sikandar Bharti

#"Bandh [[Khidki]] Hai" - [[Chunky Pandey]], [[Sapna Mukherjee]]
#"Namak Tere [[Chehre]] Ka" - [[Alka Yagnik]], [[Shabbir Kumar]]
#"Jhatka O Haay Jhatka" - [[Asha Bhosle]], [[Sudesh Bhosle]]
#"Namasteji Kahiye Kya Hal Chal Ha" - [[Anuradha Paudwal]], [[Amit Kumar (singer)|Amit Kumar]]
#"Ram Kare Toot Jaaye Rail [[Gaadi]]" - Asha Bhosle

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|id=0363967}}

[[Category:1991 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1991 Indian films]]
[[Category:1991 films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of police departments in India]]
[[Category:Films scored by Bappi Lahiri]]

Red Alert: The War Within

2026-03-03T11:52:17Z

Budhu: basic expand information for accuracy and corrected details

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Red Alert: The War Within
| image = redalert.jpg
| director = [[Ananth Narayan Mahadevan]]
| producer = {{ubl|Rahul Aggarwal|T. P. Aggarwal}}
| writer = [[Aruna Raje]]
| starring = [[Vinod Khanna]] [[Sunil Shetty]] [[Bhagyashree]] [[Sameera Reddy]] [[Ayesha Dharker]] [[Seema Biswas]] [[Naseeruddin Shah]]
| music = [[Lalit Pandit]]
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio = Star Entertainment Pvt Ltd
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2009|07|19|Stuttgart Bollywood and Beyond|2010|07|09|[[India]]|ref2=<ref name=mojo>[https://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=redalert.htm ''Red Alert: The War Within''] at [[Box Office Mojo]]</ref>}}
| runtime = 120 minutes<ref>[http://www.philly.com/philly/entertainment/movies/theaters/97401849.html "Movie Synopsis: ''Red Alert: The War Within'' (Hindi)"], Philly.com (''[[Philadelphia Inquirer]]''/''[[Philadelphia Daily News]]'')</ref><ref>[http://www.miamiherald.com/movie/movie/53619.html "Movies: ''Red Alert: The War Within'' (English)"], ''[[The Miami Herald]]''</ref>
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = 
}}
'''''Red Alert: The War Within''''', shortly called '''''Red Alert''''', is an Indian [[crime drama]] film directed by [[Ananth Narayan Mahadevan]]. It was released theatrically in India on 9 July 2010.<ref name=mojo /> The drama is based on the true story of Narsimha, who gets caught up in a clash between police and [[Naxalites]] and is then forced to work with the latter.

''Red Alert'' premiered at the 6th [[Stuttgart]] Film Festival in 2009.

== Plot ==
Narasimha is directed to deliver food to an unknown location in the forest, only to be ambushed and caught in a cross fire between Andhra naxalites and police, which he survives but is forced to work as a naxalite with the group. Narasimha soon blends in but thereafter begins to get second thoughts about his deeds

==Cast==
Source for first 12 cast-members:<ref name=castcrew>[http://www.redalertthemovie.com/cast_crew.html ''Red Alert: The War Within'' official site: "Cast & Crew"]</ref><ref name="fji">[[Frank Lovece|Lovece, Frank]]. [http://www.filmjournal.com/filmjournal/content_display/esearch/e3i665ac00464803dd2d7650c616a6f6ac6 "Film Review: ''Red Alert: The War Within''"], ''[[Film Journal International]]'', 8 July 2010</ref> Characters per additional sources.
*[[Vinod Khanna]] as Krishnaraj
*[[Sunil Shetty]] as Narsimha
*[[Bhagyashree]] as Uma
*[[Sameera Reddy]] as Laxmi
*[[Ayesha Dharker]] as Radhika
*[[Seema Biswas]] as Sarala
*[[Ashish Vidyarthi]] as Velu
*[[Gulshan Grover]] as DIG Rathod
*[[Naseeruddin Shah]] as Naga (Cameo)
*[[Makrand Deshpande]] as Raghavan
*Ehsan Khan as Krishna
*[[Ashraful Haque (actor)|Ashraful Haque]] as Naxalite
*[[Vikas Shrivastav]] as Naxalite


==Song==
The film contains only one song, sung by [[KK (singer)|KK]].

* "Poochhta Hai Dil Yeh Tera" – [[KK (singer)|KK]]

== Release==
The Hindi-language film was dubbed into [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Chhattisgarhi]] and English versions, with all four versions scheduled to be released the same day.<ref name=taran>Adarsh, Taran. [https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/award/filmfare-award/2010-2/ "Red Alert to release in four languages"], BollywoodHungama.com, 6 July 2010</ref> Rahul Aggarwal, one of the producers, said all the actors dubbed their English lines themselves.<ref name=taran />

The film was originally scheduled to be completed and released in 2008.<ref>[http://www.realbollywood.com/news/2008/05/suniel-shetty-red-alert.html "Suniel Shetty to work in film on Maoists in 'Red Alert'"], RealBollywood.com, 14 May 2008</ref>

==Response==
The film was not reviewed by a sufficient number of contributing critics to be rated at the [[review aggregator|review aggregating]] site [[Rotten Tomatoes]].<ref>[https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/red_alert_the_war_within/ ''Red Alert: The War Within''] at [[Rotten Tomatoes]]</ref> Rachel Saltz of ''[[The New York Times]]'' said the film "seems torn between two storytelling modes: episodic with a documentary flavor and action-driven pulp. It makes a hash of both." She added, "For some reason [it] has been dubbed into heavily accented English for American release, adding an unnecessary 'What did he say?' level of difficulty."<ref>Saltz, Rachel. [https://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/09/movies/09red.html "Maoists Rebelling in India"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', 9 July 2010</ref> [[Frank Lovece]] of ''[[Film Journal International]]'' echoed that, saying, the film "plays like one of those stiff historical drams that educational-film companies make for schools. Or in this case, an outsourced educational-film company."<ref name=fji /> Adam Keleman  of ''[[Slant (magazine)|Slant]]'' believed, "The unforgivable flaw of the film is its lack of subtlety, the way character detail and plot development is laid for us on a silver platter, never requiring the audience to ... fully engage with the intricacies of the lead character's internal and moral quandary."<ref>Keleman, Adam. [https://www.slantmagazine.com/film/review/red-alert-the-war-within/4889 "''Red Alert: The War Within''"], ''[[Slant (magazine)|Slant]]'', 8 July 2010</ref>

==Accolades==
* Winner, Director's Vision Award at the 2009 Stuttgart Film Festival<ref name="award">{{cite news |url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Suniel-wins-award-for-Red-Alert/iplarticleshow/5211789.cms|title=Suniel wins award for Red Alert|access-date=2011-07-05|work=The Times Of India|first1=Meena|last1=Iyer|date=10 November 2009}}</ref>
* Winner, South Asian International Film Festival Award for Best Actor - Sunil Shetty <ref name="award"/>
* Winner, Stardust Search Light Award for Best Actor - Sunil Shetty

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.redalertthemovie.com ''Red Alert: The War Within''] (official site)
*{{IMDb title|1245732}}
*Tuteja, Joginder. [https://web.archive.org/web/20100710201126/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2010/07/07/6412/index.html "'Red Alert could have been set in Cuba or Ireland' - Anant Mahadevan"], BollywoodHungama.com, 7 July 2010
*Kashifrazaseed. [http://www.allvoices.com/contributed-news/6200874-red-alert-eye-opener-on-naxalism-lesson-for-all-upcoming-flick-red-alert "Red Alert, eye opener on Naxalism, lesson for all"], AllVoices.com, 30 June 2010

[[Category:2009 films]]
[[Category:2009 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Films about Naxalism]]
[[Category:Films directed by Anant Mahadevan]]

{{2000s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Pulivaal

2026-03-03T03:32:11Z

Budhu: starting initial details needs work.

{{Short description|2014 Indian film by G. Marimuthu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Pulivaal
| image = Pulivaal Poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[G. Marimuthu]]
| story = [[Sameer Thahir]]
| producer = [[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]] [[Listin Stephen]]
| starring = [[Vimal (actor)|Vimal]] [[Prasanna (actor)|Prasanna]] [[Oviya]] [[Ananya (actress)|Ananya]] [[Ineya]]
| cinematography = Bhojan K. Dinesh
| editing = [[Kishore Te.]]
| music = [[N. R. Raghunanthan]]
| studio = Magic Frames
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2014|02|07}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Pulivaal''''' ({{translation|Tail of the Tiger}}) is a 2014 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[comedy thriller]] film directed by [[G. Marimuthu]],<ref name="toi">{{Cite news |last=Zachariah |first=Ammu |date=19 April 2013 |title='Chappa Kurishu' turns 'Pulival' in Kollywood |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/malayalam/news-and-interviews/Chappa-Kurishu-turns-Pulival-in-Kollywood/articleshow/19614231.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130419011227/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/malayalam/news-and-interviews/Chappa-Kurishu-turns-Pulival-in-Kollywood/articleshow/19614231.cms |archive-date=19 April 2013 |access-date=18 April 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> and produced by [[R. Sarathkumar|Sarath Kumar]] and [[Listin Stephen]]. It stars [[Vimal (actor)|Vimal]], [[Prasanna (actor)|Prasanna]], [[Oviya]], [[Ananya (actress)|Ananya]], and [[Ineya]].<ref name="toi" /> The film is a remake of the 2011 Malayalam film ''[[Chaappa Kurishu]]'' which itself was an adaptation of the 2009 South Korean film ''[[Handphone (film)|Handphone]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 July 2012 |title=Row over Kerala State Films Award |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Row-over-Kerala-State-Films-Award/articleshow/15137396.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180708114800/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Row-over-Kerala-State-Films-Award/articleshow/15137396.cms |archive-date=8 July 2018 |access-date=26 October 2022 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> It started production in March 2013<ref>{{Cite news |last=Raghavan |first=Nikhil |date=16 March 2013 |title=Etcetera: Exciting line-up |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/etcetera-exciting-lineup/article4515837.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130325004037/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/etcetera-exciting-lineup/article4515837.ece |archive-date=25 March 2013 |access-date=18 April 2013 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> and released on 7 February 2014. ''Pulivaal'' is Marimuthu's final directorial before his death in 2023.

== Plot ==
The film revolves around two men who are poles apart in their lifestyles.

Initially, we see Kasi, a [[Madurai]] based youth who lives at [[Besant Nagar]] in [[Chennai]] with his colleague. He works in a supermarket and earns only 3500 per month. He is in love with Selvi, a young girl who also works in the same supermarket, and they always hang out together. He has a close friend Chokkalingam. Valliappan, their manager always ill-treats Kasi even though he is very good-natured.

Then, we get introduced to Karthik, a rich businessman who is in a relationship with his colleague Monica. Unknown to Monica, his fiancee, Pavithra, is in love with him. Karthik's phone contains a few sex videos with Monica, and it reaches Kasi during an argument between Karthik and Monica at a nearby highway coffee shop when she finds out that he is engaged to Pavithra.

Kasi hides Karthik’s phone and uses Karthik to solve his problems with Valliappan. When Selvi finds out that Karthik's phone is with Kasi, she tells him to give it back otherwise, she will not talk with him forever. Kasi repents and tells Karthik that he will return the phone very soon. When Kasi tells his location to Karthik, the phone's battery is dead. Kasi gives the phone to his friend, CD Chandran, a mobile shop owner to charge it. He finds the sex videos and uploads them on YouTube and exposes them without Kasi's knowledge. When Karthik sees it, he thinks that Kasi has uploaded it, and Karthik decides to seek revenge, by killing him. Monica tries to commit suicide thinking that Karthik exposed their affair to the world, and she gets hospitalised. Kasi learns from his other friend that the videos have been uploaded on YouTube when he gave the phone to charge and that Karthik believes he uploaded it, hence Karthik will kill him. Karthik follows Valliappan and finds Kasi in the supermarket, and a chase occurs between them. Karthik beats Kasi very badly, and Kasi retaliates in frustration. Both get heavily injured, and Kasi reveals that he didn't post the videos on YouTube. He goes to Chandran's shop with Karthik and they both thrash him to death.

Karthik goes to the hospital to meet Monica, and they both reconcile. She gets discharged from the hospital, and Karthik takes care of her. Kasi comes to meet him with Selvi with some fruits and medicines. Karthik gives his phone to Kasi and tells him to keep it, as a heart-touching sign of treating a poor person with respect and affection.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Vimal (actor)|Vimal]] as Kasi
* [[Prasanna (actor)|Prasanna]] as Karthik
* [[Oviya]] as Monica
* [[Ananya (actress)|Ananya]] as Selvi
* [[Ineya]] as Pavithra
* [[Soori (actor)|Soori]] as Chokku
* [[Swarnamalya]] as Bindu
* [[Thambi Ramiah]] as Valliappan
* [[Prem (actor)|Prem]] as Gowtham
* Rekha Suresh as Pavithra's mother
* Niranjini Aggarwal
* [[Singamuthu]]
* [[Nakshathra Nagesh]] as Monica's friend
* [[Mimicry Sethu]] as CD Chandran
* [[Badava Gopi]] as iPhone service person
}}

== Soundtrack ==
Music is composed by [[N. R. Raghunanthan]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=S. R. Ashok |date=11 January 2014 |title=Audio Beat: Pulivaal – Power-packed album |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/audio-beat-pulivaal-powerpacked-album/article5566350.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223151758/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/audio-beat-pulivaal-powerpacked-album/article5566350.ece |archive-date=23 December 2023 |access-date=13 January 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
* "Neelangaraiyil" – [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], [[Saindhavi]] (Lyrics: [[Vairamuthu]])
* "Kichu Kichu" – [[Haricharan]], [[Anitha Karthikeyan]]
* "Naadu Naadu" – [[Madhu Balakrishnan]]
* "Netrum Party" – [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]], [[Ranina Reddy]]
* "Vaazhkai Unnai" – Hariharasudhan

== Release and reception ==
The satellite rights of the film were sold to [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 August 2014 |title=Pulivaal premieres on Sun TV |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/Pulivaal-premieres-on-Sun-TV/articleshow/40858520.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180422002549/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/Pulivaal-premieres-on-Sun-TV/articleshow/40858520.cms |archive-date=22 April 2018 |access-date=21 April 2018 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

[[Sify]] wrote, "somehow the wafer thin story of ''Puli Vaal'' and its making leaves you cold and detached. Everything looks too manipulative, and the look and feel do not have a local nativity. The ending is also a tame affair".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Puli Vaal |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/puli-vaal-review-tamil-15048747.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140208100833/http://www.sify.com/movies/puli-vaal-review-tamil-15048747.html |archive-date=8 February 2014 |access-date=9 February 2014 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Behindwoods gave it 2 stars out of 5 and wrote, "director Marimuthu allows the plot play out like a game with lifeless thrills, and whenever he does manage to build suspense he breaks it down with narratives that are tangential to the story".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pulivaal Movie review |url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/pulivaal/pulivaal-review.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140210033240/http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/pulivaal/pulivaal-review.html |archive-date=10 February 2014 |access-date=9 February 2014 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> Indiaglitz gave it 3 stars out of 5 and wrote, "But for a few minor glitches...''Pulivaal'' is "a highly entertaining movie".<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 February 2014 |title=Pulivaal – Trapped |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/review/18332.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140206042130/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/review/18332.html |archive-date=6 February 2014 |access-date=9 February 2014 |website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref> ''Cinemalead''<nowiki/>'s Siddarth Srinivas loathed the film, rating it 1.5 stars on 5.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivas |first=Siddarth |title=Pulivaal Movie Review |url=http://www.cinemalead.com/moviereview-id-pulivaal-movie-review-pulivaal-tamil-movie-review-pulivaal-review-review246.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140310124958/http://www.cinemalead.com/moviereview-id-pulivaal-movie-review-pulivaal-tamil-movie-review-pulivaal-review-review246.htm |archive-date=10 March 2014 |access-date=18 March 2014 |website=Cinemalead}}</ref> [[Baradwaj Rangan]] from ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote "At the heart of Pulivaal, adapted from the Malayalam film Chaappa Kurishu, is the grim truth that we cannot control life, and that the things we do can sometimes spiral into disastrous consequences for innocents."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=8 February 2014 |title=Pulivaal: Tiger by the tail |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/pulivaal-tiger-by-the-tail/article5668108.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222040856/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/pulivaal-tiger-by-the-tail/article5668108.ece |archive-date=22 February 2014 |access-date=9 February 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|3524336}}

[[Category:2010s comedy thriller films]]
[[Category:2014 Indian films]]
[[Category:2014 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by N. R. Raghunanthan]]
[[Category:Films shot in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian comedy thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Malayalam films]]
[[Category:Indian chase films]]
[[Category:2011 masala films]]
[[Category:Indian remakes of South Korean films]]
[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic thriller films]]
[[Category:Unofficial film adaptations]]
[[Category:Indian psychological thriller films]]
[[Category:Films about mobile phones]]
[[Category:Films set in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films based on adaptations]]

Hindu Satkar Samiti

2026-02-25T02:14:53Z

Budhu: creating article

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{moresources|date=August 2018}}
'''Hindu Satkar Samiti''' ({{langx|bn|হিন্দু সৎকার সমিতি}}) is a [[Hindu]] [[charitable organization]] based in [[Kolkata]] that performs the cremation of unclaimed [[Hindu]] corpses. The Hindu Satkar Samiti is the only body authorized to carry the dead bodies of [[Hindu]]s in the hearses and cremate them.<ref name="tt1">{{cite news |title=Cremation service through decades |author=Rith Basu |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070808/asp/calcutta/story_8135298.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090109154328/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070808/asp/calcutta/story_8135298.asp |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 January 2009 |newspaper=The Telegraph |date=8 August 2007 |access-date=16 April 2011}}</ref> It was founded in 1932.

== Facilities ==
In 2005, the Samiti bought a six-bed mortuary cooler that can preserve a corpse for two days, in order to cater the NRI people.<ref name="tt1"/> However, the Samiti could not set up the mortuary in its Burrabazar premises, because of objections from the local people. Subsequently, the Samiti had requested the Kolkata Municipal Corporation to allot plot of land for setting up the mortuary.<ref name="tt2">{{cite news |title=Dead have no haven |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080514/jsp/calcutta/story_9265059.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080519054417/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080514/jsp/calcutta/story_9265059.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 May 2008 |newspaper=The Telegraph |date=14 May 2008 |access-date=16 April 2011}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Crematoria in India]]
[[Category:Hindu organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Religious organizations established in 1932]]
[[Category:1932 establishments in India]]

{{Nonprofit-org-stub}}
{{Reli-org-stub}}
{{India-org-stub}}

Garh Raipur High School (Higher Secondary)

2026-02-22T12:07:26Z

Budhu: new...

{{Infobox school
| name = Garh Raipur High School (H.S.)
| image =
| caption = Entrance of GRHS
| alt = Garh Rapur High School
| address = [[Raipur, Bankura|Raipur]]
| city =
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| postal_code = 722134
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|22.7973|N|86.9511|E|region:IN_type:edu|display=inline,title}}
| schooltype =
| fundingtype =
| established = {{start date and age|1937}}
| founder =
| school_board = [[West Bengal Board of Secondary Education]] [[West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education]] [[West Bengal State Council of Technical and Vocational Education and Skill Development]]
| school_code = UDISE Code : 19131609702 
Council Code : 114030<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wbchse.wb.gov.in/institute/garh-raipur-high-school-2/|publisher=WBCHSE|title=Course List of GARH RAIPUR HIGH SCHOOL|accessdate=12 June 2024|archive-date=12 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240612013901/https://wbchse.wb.gov.in/institute/garh-raipur-high-school-2/}}</ref> 
Board Code : U1-032 
VTC Code : 5043<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sctvesd.wb.gov.in/district/institute_locator/dist/13|publisher=WBSCTVESD|title=Vocational Training Centres in BANKURA|accessdate=12 June 2024|archive-date=12 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240612011805/https://sctvesd.wb.gov.in/district/institute_locator/dist/13}}</ref>
| president = Debasish Mandal
| head_label = Headmaster
| head = Madhusudan Mandal
| head_name2 =
| teaching_staff = 58
| grades = V - XII (+2)
| gender = M (V - X) 
Both (XI - XII)
| age_range =
| lower_age =
| upper_age =
| enrollment =
| classes =
| avg_class_size =
| ratio =
| classes_offered =
| language = Bangla & English
| hours_in_day = 10.00 AM - 4.00 PM
| classrooms =
| campus =
| campus_size =
| campus_type =
| houses =
| colors = White & Blue {{color box| #FFFFFF}}{{color box|#00008b}}
| slogan = sā vidyā yā vimuktaye
| sports = [[Association football|Football]], [[Cricket]]
| mascot =
| nickname = GRHS
| accreditation =
| national_ranking =
| test_name =
| test_average =
| publication =
| newspaper =
| yearbook =
| website =
| footnotes =
| picture =
}}

'''Garh Raipur High School (Higher Secondary)''' is a high school located in [[Raipur, Bankura]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Garh Raipur High School (H.S) গড় রাইপুর উচ্চ বিদ্যালয় (উচ্চ মাধ্যমিক) |url=https://www.indiacom.com/bankura/garh-raipur-high-school_bankura_bnk_1327.html |access-date=2022-01-23 |website=www.indiacom.com |archive-date=2022-01-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123144046/https://www.indiacom.com/bankura/garh-raipur-high-school_bankura_bnk_1327.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s38e82ab7243b7c66d768f1b8ce1c967eb/uploads/2020/07/2020070935.pdf|publisher=bankura.gov.in|title=Higher Secondary Schools |format=PDF|accessdate=12 June 2024|archive-date=30 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930174238/https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s38e82ab7243b7c66d768f1b8ce1c967eb/uploads/2020/07/2020070935.pdf}}</ref> on the bank of the [[Kangsabati River]].

The school was established in 1937 but didn't start offering higher secondary education until 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Garh Raipur High School-Duare Sarkar Bankura Camp Schedule |url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s38e82ab7243b7c66d768f1b8ce1c967eb/uploads/2021/08/2021081219.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwjQ2rOTicj1AhWOT2wGHRRGByIQFnoECAQQAQ&usg=AOvVaw1OhWDlbJO53AiejFX0gyd8 |access-date=2022-01-23 |website=s3waas.gov.in}}{{Dead link|bot=InternetArchiveBot|date=June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=গড় রাইপুর উচ্চ বিদ্যালয় (উচ্চ মাধ্যমিক)-দুয়ারে সরকার |url=https://wb.gov.in/duare_sarkar/Camp_Schedule.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwjY77eIisj1AhXwyzgGHYLzAOMQFnoECAYQAQ&usg=AOvVaw396wounGW8kPLjrbvy60j8 |access-date=2022-01-23 |website=wb.gov.in}}</ref>

== Platinum Jubilee ==
In 2013, Amrita Jayanti program was held to mark the 75th anniversary of the school.

== Classes, divisions and branches ==
Presently this school teaches from 5th to 12th standard.

* 5th class;
* 6th class;
* 7th class;
* 8th class;
* 9th class;
* 9th class;
* 11th - 12th class; Branches: [Humanities; Science; Vocational<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sctvesd.wb.gov.in/academic/polytechnic/get_course/1/2376|publisher=WBSCTVESD|title=Course List of GARH RAIPUR HIGH SCHOOL|accessdate=12 June 2024|archive-date=12 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240612011452/https://sctvesd.wb.gov.in/academic/polytechnic/get_course/1/2376}}</ref>]

== Sports and co-curricular activities ==
There is a field for student sports, located just in front of the main building. The ground is used for organizing the school's annual sports competitions, inter-class sports competitions.

== Laboratory ==
Students can do research and experiment in computer science, physics, chemistry, biology, and other subjects in the school's labs. These labs contain a wealth of expensive equipment. Students use these resources to acquire real-world knowledge.

== Various cultural activities ==
Various cultural activities are held in the school throughout the year. Martyr's Day, Independence Day, is celebrated jointly by students and teachers with due dignity. Also various educational tours are organized every year.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1937]]
[[Category:Schools in Bankura district]]
[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Boys' schools in India]]

Bhagyashree Jadhav

2026-02-20T01:20:46Z

Budhu: added basic article more to come

{{Short description|Indian para athlete}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| nationality =
| sport = [[Paralympic athletics]]
|disability =
|disability_class =
| event =
| club =
| coach =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1985|5|24|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Maharashtra]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| retired=
| height =
| weight =
| pb =
| medaltemplates =
{{Medal|Country|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalSport|Women's [[para-athletics]]}}[[File:Athletics pictogram (Paralympics).svg|25px]]
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Para Games]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2022 Asian Para Games|2022 Hangzhou]]|[[Athletics at the 2022 Asian Para Games|Shot put F34]]}}
}}

'''Bhagyashree Jadhav''' (born 24 May 1985) is a para athlete from [[Maharashtra]]. She was part of the Indian para team for the [[2022 Asian Para Games]] at [[Hangzhou]], [[China]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tokyo 2020 - athletics - women-s-shot-put-f34 |url=https://www.paralympic.org/tokyo-2020/results/athletics/women-s-shot-put-f34 |access-date=2024-01-14 |website=International Paralympic Committee |language=en}}</ref> She won a silver medal in shot put F34 category. She threw a distance of 7.54 metres.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jetnavare |first=Rohit Bibhishan |title=Asian Para Games 2023 : नांदेडच्या भाग्यश्री जाधवची ऐतिहासिक कामगिरी, गोळाफेकीत रौप्य पदकाची कमाई |url=https://marathi.hindustantimes.com/sports/asian-para-games-2023-bhagyashree-madhavrao-jadhav-won-the-silver-medal-in-womens-shot-put-f34-bhagyashree-jadhav-nanded-141698322374441.html |access-date=2024-01-07 |website=Hindustan Times Marathi |language=mr |archive-date=7 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107055128/https://marathi.hindustantimes.com/sports/asian-para-games-2023-bhagyashree-madhavrao-jadhav-won-the-silver-medal-in-womens-shot-put-f34-bhagyashree-jadhav-nanded-141698322374441.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> She qualified to represent [[India at the 2024 Summer Paralympics]] at [[Paris]], her second Paralympics.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-07-19 |title=Indian para athletes earn 17 quota places for Paris Games, record best ever finish at World Championship |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/indian-para-athletes-earn-17-quota-places-for-paris-games-record-best-ever-finish-at-world-championship/articleshow/101960937.cms |access-date=2024-08-14 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> She is named as the flagbearer for India at the Paris Paralympics opening ceremony along with Sumit Antil.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-16 |title=India name Bhagyashree Jadhav and Sumit Antil as flag bearers for Paralympics |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/other-sports/story/paris-paralympics-india-bhagyashree-jadhav-sumit-antil-flag-bearer-2583153-2024-08-16 |access-date=2024-08-17 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Bhagyashree hails from Honvadaj in [[Mukhed taluka|Mukhed taluk]], [[Nanded district]], Maharashtra. After an accident in 2006, she began using a wheelchair and experienced depression. With the help of a Marathi journalist Prakash Kamble, she took up wheelchair sports.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=अनंत अमुचि ध्येयासक्ती |url=https://marathi.indiatimes.com/editorial/ravivar-mata/bhagyashree-jadhav-of-nanded-ready-to-lead-india-in-shot-put-at-tokyo-paralympics/articleshow/85366199.cms |access-date=2024-01-07 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref>

== Career ==
Bhagyashree won the silver medal at the 2022 Asian Para Games. Earlier, she was part of the Indian team at the [[2020 Summer Paralympics]] where she entered the final and was ranked 7th.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhagyashri Mahavrao Jadhav - Athletics {{!}} Paralympic Athlete Profile |url=https://www.paralympic.org/bhagyashri-mahavrao-jadhav |access-date=2024-01-07 |website=International Paralympic Committee |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-08-31 |title=Tokyo Paralympics: Bhagyashri Jadhav finishes 7th in women's shot put F34 final |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tokyo-paralympics/tokyo-paralympics-bhagyashri-jadhav-finishes-7th-in-womens-shot-put-f34-final/articleshow/85789268.cms |access-date=2024-01-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> In 2021, she won a bronze medal at the Feja World Cup.<ref name=":0" /> In 2019, she took part in the World Para Athletics Games in [[China]] and won two bronze medals. She took up sports in 2017 and won two gold and a bronze in the Mayor's Cup at [[Pune]].<ref name=":0" />

== Award ==
In 2021, she won the 'Dr. Pradnya Nitin Joshi Smriti Kritagyata Sanman' award by Galaxy Hospital, Nanded.<ref>{{Cite web |last=UNI |date=2021-09-01 |title=Bhagyashree Jadhav conferred award |url=http://www.uniindia.net/bhagyashree-jadhav-conferred-award/west/news/2464587.html |access-date=2024-01-07 |website=www.UNIindia.net |archive-date=7 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107055128/http://www.uniindia.net/bhagyashree-jadhav-conferred-award/west/news/2464587.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jadhav, Bhagyashree}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1985 births]]
[[Category:Athletes from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Paralympic athletes for India]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2022 Asian Para Games]]
[[Category:Asian Para Games silver medalists for India]]
[[Category:Asian Para Games medalists in athletics (track and field)]]
[[Category:Indian women shot putters]]
[[Category:Medalists at the World Para Athletics Championships]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2020 Summer Paralympics]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2024 Summer Paralympics]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2022 Asian Para Games]]

T. G. Thyagarajan

2026-02-12T03:09:58Z

Budhu: starting a info - done

{{Short description|Indian film producer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = T. G. Thyagarajan
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| occupation = film producer
| known_for =
| spouse =
| children =
| father = Venus Govindarajan
| relatives = [[R. M. Veerappan]]
| website =
}}

'''T. G. Thyagarajan''' (Thyagarajan Govindarajan) is an Indian film producer.<ref>{{Cite web|title=T. G. Thyagarajan – Movies, Biography, News, Age & Photos|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/person/t-g-thyagarajan/1085532|website=BookMyShow|access-date=4 May 2020}}</ref> He made his debut as film producer with critically acclaimed film ''[[Moondram Pirai]]''. He is the founder of the production and distribution company [[Sathya Jyothi Films]]. He has produced over 30 films and few television series with the production studio. His father Venus Govindarajan was also a reputed film producer.<ref>{{cite web|title=Venus Govindarajan passes away|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/Venus-Govindarajan-passes-away/article14720594.ece|date=15 February 2007|website=Thehindu.com|accessdate=4 May 2020}}</ref>

== Career ==
Thyagarajan initially produced films with Satya Movies owned by his father-in-law [[R. M. Veerappan]] before founding [[Sathya Jyothi Films]] in 1970's.<ref>{{cite web|title=A saga of success|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/a-saga-of-success/article3230655.ece|date=15 September 2006|work=The Hindu|accessdate=4 May 2020}}</ref> His first independent production venture, the [[Kamal Haasan]] starrer ''[[Moondram Pirai]]'' (1982) was a commercial success and was critically acclaimed.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Rangan|first=Baradwaj|date=14 February 2014|title=Naturalism was his signature|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/naturalism-was-his-signature/article5687343.ece|access-date=4 May 2020|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The film also won the Tamil Nadu State Award for Best Film. His next venture ''[[Pagal Nilavu]]'' (1985) which was a maiden collaboration with [[Mani Ratnam]] was unsuccessful venture at the box office.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Pillai|first=Sreedhar|date=2019-02-22|title='Viswasam' is my biggest hit, says producer Thyagarajan|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sathya-jyothi-thyagarajan-interview/article26337613.ece|access-date=2020-05-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2 June 2018|title=Happy birthday Ilaiyaraaja and Mani Ratnam!|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/specials/happy-birthday-ilaiyaraaja-and-mani-ratnam-672992.html|url-status=live|access-date=31 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510104524/https://www.deccanherald.com/specials/happy-birthday-ilaiyaraaja-and-mani-ratnam-672992.html|archive-date=10 May 2019}}</ref>

Thyagarajan also produced super hit film ''[[Parthiban Kanavu (2003 film)|Parthiban Kanavu]]'' (2003) which eventually bagged the Tamil Nadu State Award for Best Film. He produced back to back 3 films with stars like [[Dhanush]], [[Vikram Prabhu]] and [[Ajith Kumar]] in 2016 and 2017 titled ''[[Thodari]]'' (2016), ''[[Sathriyan (2017 film)|Sathriyan]]'' (2017) and ''[[Vivegam]]'' (2017) respectively. In 2019, his production venture ''[[Viswasam]]'' became a box office success grossing around 200 crores which was also one of the biggest hit of his career.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Pillai|first=Sreedhar|date=2019-02-22|title='Viswasam' is my biggest hit, says producer Thyagarajan|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sathya-jyothi-thyagarajan-interview/article26337613.ece|access-date=2020-05-08|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> After Viswasam, Thyagarajan collaborated with [[Dhanush]] again with ''[[Pattas]]'' (2020) which portrayed the Tamil martial arts [[Adimurai]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Kumar|first=Pradeep|date=13 January 2020|title=Good content will net good collection: Sathya Jyothi's TG Thyagarajan on Dhanush's 'Pattas'|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/a-chat-with-producer-thyagarajan/article30557793.ece|access-date=4 May 2020|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Viswasam producer Thyagarajan signs Dhanush for two back-to-back films|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/viswasam-producer-thyagarajan-signs-dhanush-for-two-back-to-back-films-1421670-2019-01-02|last=|date=2 January 2019|first2=|website=India Today|language=en|access-date=4 May 2020|last3=}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
===Films===
* ''[[Moondram Pirai]]'' (1982)
* ''[[Pagal Nilavu]]'' (1985)
* ''[[Manithanin Marupakkam]]'' (1986)
* ''[[Jeeva (1988 film)|Jeeva]]'' (1988)
* ''[[Kizhakku Vaasal]]'' (1990)
* ''[[Idhayam (film)|Idhayam]]'' (1991)
* ''[[Endrum Anbudan]]'' (1992)
* ''[[Vedan]]'' (1993)
* ''[[Honest Raj]]'' (1994)
* ''[[Harichandra (1998 film)|Harichandra]]'' (1998)
* ''[[Parthiban Kanavu (2003 film)|Parthiban Kanavu]]'' (2003)
* ''[[Em Magan]]'' (2006)
* ''[[Jayamkondaan]]'' (2008)
* ''[[Baana Kaathadi]]'' (2010)
* ''[[Thodari]]'' (2016)
* ''[[Sathriyan (2017 film)|Sathriyan]]'' (2017)
* ''[[Vivegam]]'' (2017)
* ''[[Viswasam]]'' (2019)
* ''[[Pattas]]'' (2020)
* ''[[Sivakumarin Sabadham]]'' (2021)
* ''[[Anbarivu]]'' (2022)
* ''[[Maaran (2022 film)|Maaran]]'' (2022)
*''[[Veeran (film)|Veeran]]'' (2023)
*''[[Captain Miller (film)|Captain Miller]]'' (2024
*[[Thalaivan Thalaivii|Thalaiavan Thalaivii]] (2025)
*[[Mark (2025 film)|Mark]] (2025)

=== Television ===
* ''Jeipathu Nijam '' (1999)
* ''Gopuram'' (2002)
* ''Varam'' (2003)
* ''[[Anandham (TV series)|Anandham]]'' (2003–2009)
* ''[[Kalyanam (2009 TV series)|Kalyanam]]'' (2009)
* ''[[Idhayam (2009 TV series)|Idhayam]]'' (2009–2012)
* ''[[Aan Paavam (TV series)|Aan Paavam]]'' (2012)
* ''[[Puguntha Veedu]]'' (2012–2014)
* ''[[Maya (2012 TV series)|Maya]]'' (2012–2013)
* ''[[Annakodiyum Aindhu Pengalum]]'' (2015)
* ''[[Sumangali (TV series)|Sumangali]]'' (2017–2019)
* ''Thirumagal'' (2020–2023)
* ''[[Meena (2023 TV series)|Meena]]'' (2023–Present)

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|id=nm3846980}}

{{Sathya Jyothi Films}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thyagarajan, T. G.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film producers]]
[[Category:Tamil film producers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Tamil television producers]]

Shaalin Zoya

2026-02-11T07:15:35Z

Budhu: improved article

{{short description|Indian actress and director}}
{{BLP sources|date=March 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shaalin S
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Malappuram]], [[Kerala]], India
| spouse =
| othername = Shalu
| occupation = Actress
| yearsactive = 2004–present
| known for = ''[[Autograph (TV series)|Autograph]]''
}}

'''Shaalin Zoya'''<ref name=TOI>{{cite news |author1=Shiba Kurian |title=Shaalin Zoya on a sabbatical mode |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Shaalin-Zoya-on-a-sabbatical-mode/articleshow/20971896.cms |access-date=13 January 2015 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=9 July 2013}}</ref> is an Indian actress, dancer and director who works in [[Malayalam]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] films and television.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/web-stories/shaalin-zoyas-stunning-looks/photostory/87719427.cms |work=The Times of India |title=Shaalin Zoya's stunning looks}}</ref> She is best known for playing the negative role of Deepa Rani in [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet TV]]'s soap opera ''[[Autograph (TV series)|Autograph]]'' (2009–2012)<ref name=Onmanorama>{{cite web |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2019/05/02/shaalin-zoya-new-pics-amazing-transformation.html |work=On Manorama |title=Actress Shaalin Zoya's transformation will leave you surprised|date=30 January 2018 }}</ref> and a supporting role of Jessy in ''[[Elsamma Enna Aankutty]]'' (2010).<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/shaalin-zoya-drops-a-couple-of-sizzling-pictures-heres-what-fans-had-to-say/articleshow/88050967.cms |title=Shaalin Zoya drops a coupleof sizzling pictures; Here's what fans had to say |work=The Times of India|date=2 December 2021 }}</ref>

== Early life ==

'''Shaalin Zoya''' hails from [[Tirur]], [[Malappuram]], [[Kerala]]. Her father is a businessman. Her mother, a dance teacher, encouraged her to pick up a career in acting.

== Personal life ==
Zoya dated YouTuber TTF Vasan for a while.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-08 |title=YouTuber TTF Vasan Confirms His Relationship With Malayalam Actress Shaalin Zoya |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/youtuber-ttf-vasan-confirms-his-relationship-with-malayalam-actress-shaalin-zoya-8882380.html |access-date=2024-08-10 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-30 |title='Stay strong my dearest', Shaalin shows support for arrested YouTuber |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/shaalin-zoya-shows-support-for-youtuber-boyfriend-after-arrest-1.9598502 |access-date=2024-08-10 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>

== Filmography ==

===As actor===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Language !! Notes !! {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| 2004 || ''Quotation'' ||- ||[[Malayalam]] || ||
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Out of Syllabus]]''|| Jr. Gayathri || Malayalam|| ||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/photo-gallery/cinema/actress-shaalin-zoya-looks-hot-in-her-latest-photos/photoshow/75030164.cms |work=Malayalam.Samayam |title=പുത്തന്‍ ചിത്രങ്ങളുമായി ഷാലിന്‍ സോയ; സോ ഹോട്ടെന്ന് ആരാധകര്‍}}</ref>
|-
| 2006|| ''[[Oruvan (2006 film)|Oruvan]]'' ||Remyamol || Malayalam|| ||
|-
| 2006 || ''The Don'' || Kulsu||Malayalam || ||
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Vaasthavam]]'' || Jr. Sumithra ||Malayalam || ||
|-
| 2007|| ''[[Soorya Kireedam]]'' || Jr. Urmila||Malayalam || ||
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Oridathoru Puzhayundu]]'' ||- ||Malayalam || ||
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Elsamma Enna Aankutty]]'' || Jessy ||Malayalam || || <ref name=Onmanorama/>
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Swapna Sanchari]]'' || Sreekutty Raveendran||Malayalam || ||
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Manikyakkallu]]'' ||Mubeena ||Malayalam || ||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/tv/celebrity-gossips/serial-actress-shaalin-zoya-as-guest-in-annies-kitchen/articleshow/73468581.cms |title=അനുജത്തി വേഷങ്ങൾ മടുത്തു; ഷാലിന്‍ ഇന്ന് പഴയ ഷാലിനല്ല! ഗ്ലാമര്‍ വേഷത്തില്‍ മിന്നിത്തിളങ്ങി താരം! |work=Malayalam.Samayam}}</ref>
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Mallu Singh]]'' || Nithya ||Malayalam || ||<ref name=Onmanorama/>
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Karmayodha]]'' ||Devika (Devootty) ||Malayalam|| ||
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Arikil Oraal]]'' ||Gayathri||Malayalam|| ||<ref name=TOI/>
|-
| 2013|| ''[[Rebecca Uthup Kizhakkemala]]'' ||Chinnamma||Malayalam|| ||
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Vishudhan]]'' || Annie Mol ||Malayalam|| ||
|-
| 2013 || ''Good Idea'' ||- ||Malayalam|| ||
|-
| 2015 || ''Jaadayum Mudiyum'' || Aparna Nair||Malayalam|| Short film ||<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/jaadayum-mudiyum-short-film.html |title=ശാലിൻ സോയയുടെ ജാഡയും മുടിയും |website=ManoramaOnline |accessdate=2 July 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Rockstar (2015 film)|Rock Star]]'' || Singer ||Malayalam|| ||
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Raja Manthiri]]''||Subha || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] || ||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/want-to-explore-tamil-cinema-to-the-fullest-shaalin-zoya/ |title=Want to explore Tamil cinemato the fullest - Shaalin Zoya |work=The Indian Express|date=16 March 2016 }}</ref>
|-
| 2016 || ''Koppayile Kodumkattu'' || Arya ||Malayalam|| ||
|-
| 2016 || ''Zita'' || Herself ||Malayalam||Short film ||
|-
| 2018|| ''[[Drama (2018 film)|Drama]]''||Jessy ||Malayalam|| ||<ref name=Onmanorama/>
|-
| 2019|| ''The Phantom Reef''||Lady||English||Short film ||
|-
| 2020|| ''Ruhaani''||Lady||English||Short film ||
|-
|2020 || ''[[Dhamaka (2020 film)|Dhamaka]]''|| Pinky||Malayalam|| ||{{Citation needed|date=December 2022}}
|-
| 2023
| ''[[Kannagi (2023 film)|Kannagi]]''|| Nadhi || Tamil||
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trailer of Keerthi Pandian's Kannagi to arrive on this date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/dec/01/trailer-of-keerthi-pandians-kannagi-to-arrive-on-this-date-50049.html |access-date=2023-12-03 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=December 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Thala (film)|Thala]]'' || Manikutty ||Malayalam || ||
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Nagendran's Honeymoons]]'' || Rosey
||Malayalam|| Web series||
|-
|}

==Television career==
*''All TV shows and serials are in Malayalam language unless otherwise noted''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Language !! Notes
|-
|2004||''Mizhi Thurakkumbol''|| ||Surya TV||Serial
|-
|2005||''Mandrake''|| ||Asianet||Serial
|-
|2007||''Just for Kids''||Host||[[Kiran TV]]||
|-
|2008||''Hello Mayavi''|| ||[[Surya TV]]||Serial
|-
|2009||''Kudumbayogam''||Alona||Surya TV||Serial
|-
|2009||''Madakkayathra''|| ||Amrita TV||Telefilm
|-
|2009||''Gajarajan Guruvayoorappan''|| Nanikutty||Surya TV||Serial
|-
|2010||''Mattoruval''||Yamuna||Surya TV||Serial
|-
|2009–2012|| ''[[Autograph (TV series)|Autograph]]''||Deeparani|| [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]||Serial
|-
|2010||''Adhiparasakthi''|| ||Surya TV||Serial
|-
|2011||''Suryakanthi''|| ||[[Jaihind TV]]||Serial <ref>{{Cite web |title=song sooryakanthi title.mov |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x-UXRnStB2E |access-date=30 September 2020 |website=[[YouTube]]| date=26 August 2011 }}</ref>
|-
|2012||''Palpayasavumayi Paramparasundarimar''|| Host||[[Mazhavil Manorama]]||
|-
|Rowspan=2|2016||''Action Khilladi''||Host||[[Kairali TV]]||
|-
|''Super Star Junior''||Host||[[Amrita TV]]||Reality show
|-
|2017||''[[Kuttikalodano Kali]]'' ||Participant||[[Mazhavil Manorama]]||
|-
|2019||''Page 3''|| Model||[[Kappa TV]]||
|-
|2022||''Red Carpet''|| Mentor Dancer||[[Amrita TV]]||
|-
|2024||''[[Cooku with Comali season 5]]''|| Contestant||[[Star Vijay]]||[[Tamil language|Tamil]] show Finalist
|-
|2025—present||''[[Samayal Express|Samayal Express season 2]]''|| Host||[[Zee Tamil]]||[[Tamil language|Tamil]] show <ref>{{cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/tamil/social/samayal-express-season-2-will-start-on-zee-tamil-from-july-13-597527|title=Zee தமிழில் 'சமையல் எக்ஸ்பிரஸ் சீசன் 2' ஜூலை 13 முதல்! |date=10 July 2025 |work=zeenews.india.com|access-date=|language=en}}</ref>
|}

==Awards==
*2011 - [[Asianet Television Awards|Asianet Ayucare Television Award]] - ''Best New Face'' of the year (for TV soap opera ''[[Autograph (TV series)|Autograph]]'')<ref name="TheHindu">{{cite news |author1=Sherin Scaria |title='Negative' honour |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/negative-honour/article2767118.ece |access-date=13 January 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=2 January 2012}}</ref>
*2011 - Kazhcha Television Award - ''Best Performer - Female'' (for TV serial ''Autograph'')<ref name="TheHindu" />
* [[Vayalar Award]] for ''Best Child Artist'' (for film ''[[Elsamma Enna Aankutty]]'')<ref name="TheHindu" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|nm8256853}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Zoya, Shaalin}}
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses from Kozhikode]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Child actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Cooku with Comali contestants]]

Sangrur railway station

2026-02-09T04:32:40Z

Budhu: starting a article - done

{{short description|Train station in Punjab, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}

{{Infobox station
| name = Sangrur railway station
| style = Indian Railways
| type = [[Indian Railways|Indian Railway]]
| image =
| image_caption =
| address = Station Rd, [[Sangrur]], [[Sangrur district]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|30.24235|N|75.83028|E|type:railwaystation_region:IN|format=dms|display=inline, title}}
| elevation = {{convert|239|m|ft}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]]
| line = [[Ludhiana–Jakhal line]]
| platform = 2
| tracks = {{RailGauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]]
| structure = Standard on ground
| parking = Yes
| bicycle =
| accessible =
| status = Functioning
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = SAG
| division = {{rwd|Ambala}}
}}
| opened = 1905
| electrified = 2020
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_system =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| map_type = India Punjab#India
| map_caption = Location in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]##Location in India
| map_dot_label = Sangrur
}}
'''Sangrur railway station''' (station code: '''SAG''') is a railway station located in [[Sangrur district]] in the Indian state of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] and serves [[Sangrur]] city. Sangrur station falls under [[Ambala railway division]] of [[Northern Railway zone]] of [[Indian Railways]].

== The railway station ==
Sangrur railway station is at an elevation of {{convert|239|m|ft}} and was assigned the station code – SAG.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sangrur railway station|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/gallery/videos-pictures-sangrur-sag/832|accessdate=28 August 2020|publisher=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref> This station is located on the single track, {{RailGauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]], [[Ludhiana–Jakhal line]]. It is well connected to a number of major cities.<ref>{{cite web|title=How to reach Sangrur|url=https://sangrur.nic.in/how-to-reach/|accessdate=28 August 2020|publisher=Sangrur district official website}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Sangrur Train Station|url=https://www.goibibo.com/trains/sangrur-railway-station-sag//|access-date=28 August 2020|website=[[Ibibo|goibibo]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Trains passing Sangrur (SAG) Station|url=https://www.ndtv.com/indian-railway/sangrur-sag-station|access-date=28 August 2020|website=[[NDTV]]}}</ref>

== Electrification ==
Sangrur railway station tracks electrification was completed in year 2020. The electrification of 62 km long stretch of Dhuri–Jakhal on Ludhiana–Jakhal line was completed and trial runs were successfully carried out in July 2020. The station is located between Dhuri and Jakhal stations.<ref>{{Cite news|date=16 July 2020|title=Northern Railway completes electrification work on 130 km line in Punjab, Haryana|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/jul/16/northern-railway-completes-electrification-work-on-130-km-line-in-punjab-haryana-2170697.html|access-date=28 August 2020}}</ref>

== Amenities ==
Sangrur railway station has computerized reservation counters, and all basic amenities like drinking water, public toilets, retiring room, sheltered area with adequate seating and an ATM. There is one foot overbridge connecting platforms.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|title=Passenger amenities details of Sangrur railway station|url=https://www.raildrishti.in/raildrishti/IRDBStationPDF.jsp?stncode=SAG|accessdate=28 August 2020|publisher=Rail Drishti}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://www.raildrishti.in/raildrishti/raildrishtiv3/initiativeGallery.jsp?initid=48&locid=SAG&locname=SANGRUR Pictures of Sangrur station]

{{Railway stations in the Punjab, India}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1905]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Sangrur district]]
[[Category:Ambala railway division]]

Tabadala

2026-02-05T04:51:09Z

Budhu: adjust article per sources

{{Short description|2017 Indian Bhojpuri film}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Tabadala
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| director = Vinod Tiwari
| producer = Vinod Tiwari
| writer = Rakesh Tripati
| screenplay =
| story = Rakesh Tripati
| based_on = 
| starring = {{ubl|[[Pawan Singh]]|[[Akshara Singh]]|[[Mohan Joshi]]|Sushil Singh}}
| narrator =
| music = Chhote Baba
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio = {{ubl|Madhya Pradesh film|TV Institutes present}}
| distributor = Enter 10 Music
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2017|6|02|[[India]]}}
| runtime = 150 minutes
| country = India
| language = [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]
| budget =
| gross = 
}}

'''''Tabadala''''' is a 2017 Indian [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] action-romance-drama film written by Rakesh Tripati and directed by Vinod Tiwari.<ref>{{ cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/patna-city-romance-of-pawan-singh-and-akshara-singh-in-tabadala-movie-16035744.html|title=Rommace of Pawan Singh and Akshra Singh in Tabadala Movie|newspaper=Dainik Jagran|access-date= 18 August 2018}}</ref> Produced by Vinod Tiwari and distributed by Enter 10 Music, Productions Company by Madhya Pradesh film, TV Institutes Present. The film features [[Pawan Singh]] and Akshara Singh in lead roles while [[Mohan Joshi]], Sushil Singh portray pivotal roles. The soundtrack and film score were composed by Chhote Baba.<ref>{{ cite news|url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/patna-city-romance-of-pawan-singh-and-akshara-singh-in-tabadala-movie-16035744.html|title=इस पुलिस आफिसर के रोमांस के चर्चे, माफिया का भी करता है सफाया|newspaper=Dainik Jagran|access-date= 18 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{ cite web|url=https://hindi.filmibeat.com/bhojpuri-movies/pavan-singh-movie-tabadla-shooting-completed-movie-will-release-soon-062250.html|title=भोजपुरी सुपरस्टार की फिल्म 'तबादला' का फैन्स कर रहे इंतजार|work= FilmiBeat|access-date= 18 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{ cite web|url=https://www.khaskhabar.com/entertainment/bollywood/bollywood-news-pawan-singh-movie-tabadla-shooting-completed-movie-will-release-soon-news-hindi-1-213054-KKN.html|title=भोजपुरी अभिनेता पवन सिंह की नई फिल्म 'तबादला', आशान्वित B.O.|work=Khas Khabar|access-date= 18 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{ cite web|url=https://bollywood.bhaskar.com/news/ENT-REGC-bhojpuri-actor-paid-up-more-than-3-lakh-to-producer-5584051-PHO.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170426170339/https://bollywood.bhaskar.com/news/ENT-REGC-bhojpuri-actor-paid-up-more-than-3-lakh-to-producer-5584051-PHO.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 April 2017|title=शूटिंग के लिए टाइम पर नहीं पहुंच पाया यह एक्टर तो प्रोड्यूसर को दिए 3 लाख रु.|work=Bollywood Bhaskar|access-date= 18 August 2018}}</ref>

==Cast==
*[[Pawan Singh]] - Suryakant
*[[Akshara Singh]]
*[[Mohan Joshi]]
*Sushil Singh

==Soundtrack==

The soundtrack for ''Tabadala'' was composed by Chhote Baba with lyrics penned by Manoj Matalbi. The soundtrack included an unusually large number of songs at 7. It was produced under the Enter 10 Music. The soundtrack was very successful upon release, becoming one of the top viewed [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] music videos on [[YouTube]] with over 3 million views.


{{Track listing
| headline = Tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 21:01
| title1 = Akhiya Nirkhe ke Kajra More
| extra1 = [[Pawan Singh]], Hunny-b
| length1 = 3:45

| title2 = Duniya Mai Sabse pyara
| extra2 = [[Pawan Singh]], Akshara Singh
| length2 = 3:29

| title3 = Deyeke Chumma ke Jahar
| extra3 = Alka jhaa, Chhote baba
| length3 = 3:34

| title4 = Ae dhani dhan loot jaye da
| extra4 = [[Pawan Singh]] Alka jha
| length4 = 4:00

| title5 = Sattarah ke hamri umariya
| extra5 = [[Indu Sonali]]
| length5 = 3:17

| title6 = Dekhi jhula ke bottam khula
| extra6 = [[Pawan Singh]], Alka jha
| length6 = 3:36
}}

==References==
<references />

[[Category:2010s Bhojpuri-language films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic action films]]
[[Category:2010s romantic action films]]
[[Category:2017 Indian films]]

Isak Vanlalruatfela

2026-01-30T15:37:24Z

Budhu:

{{short description|Indian footballer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Isak Vanlalruatfela
| image =
| caption =
| fullname = Isak Vanlalruatfela
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2001|5|19|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Mizoram]], India
| height = 1.72 m
| position = [[Winger (association football)|Winger]]
| currentclub = Mohunbagan Supergiant
| clubnumber = 19
| youthyears1 =
| youthclubs1 = Redstar Football Academy
| youthyears2 = 2017–2018
| youthclubs2 = [[Bengaluru FC Reserves and Academy|Bengaluru]]
| years1 = 2018–2020
| clubs1 = [[Aizawl FC|Aizawl]]
| caps1 = 19
| goals1 = 3
| years2 = 2020–
| clubs2 = [[Odisha FC|Odisha]]
| caps2 = 57
| goals2 = 10
| nationalyears1 =
| nationalteam1 =
| nationalcaps1 =
| nationalgoals1 =
| club-update = 17:30, 10 February 2025 (UTC)
| ntupdate =
}}
'''Isak Vanlalruatfela''' (born 19 May 2001) is an Indian professional [[Association football|footballer]] who plays as a [[Winger (association football)|winger]] for [[Indian Super League]] club [[Odisha FC|Odisha]].

==Club career==
Isak played in the NECS Cup for Bawngkawn LC, and was later moved up to [[Bengaluru FC Reserves and Academy|Bengaluru FC]], in 2018/19 season he was signed by [[Aizawl F.C.]] from Electric Veng FC.<ref>{{cite web|title=Aizawl FC sign Isak Vanlalruatfela from Bengaluru FC U-18s!|url=http://www.arunfoot.com/aizawl-fc-sign-isak-vanlalruatfela-from-bengaluru-fc-u-18s/|work=Arunava Chaudhari|date=2 June 2018 }}</ref> He made his professional debut for the Aizawl against [[Chennai City F.C.]] on 16 November 2018, He was brought in as substitute in the 69th minute as Aizawl lost 1–2.<ref>{{cite web|title=Aizawl 1-2 Chennai City|url=https://us.soccerway.com/matches/2018/11/16/india/i-league/aizawl-fc/chennai-city/2928149/|work=Soccerway}}</ref>

On 24 June 2020, Isak joined [[Indian Super League]] club [[Odisha FC]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=24 June 2020|title=Odisha FC rope in young Indian duo of Isak Vanlalruatfela and Paul Ramfangzauva|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/odisha-fc-rope-in-young-indian-duo-of-isak-vanlalruatfela-and-paul-ramfangzauva/articleshow/76568364.cms|access-date=2020-06-24|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> He scored his first league goal on 30 November 2021 in a thrilling 6–4 win over [[SC East Bengal]].<ref>{{cite web|author=|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/football/isl-odisha-fc-come-from-behind-to-beat-sc-east-bengal-in-10-goal-thriller-101638298134592.html|title=ISL: Odisha FC come from behind to beat SC East Bengal in 10-goal thriller|website=Hindustan Times|date=1 December 2021|access-date=1 December 2021|archive-date=1 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201095121/https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/football/isl-odisha-fc-come-from-behind-to-beat-sc-east-bengal-in-10-goal-thriller-101638298134592.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==International career==
On 7 March 2024, Vanlalruatfela received first call-up to the national squad of [[India national football team|India]] as one of the 35 probables by head coach [[Igor Štimac]], for the both home and away games against [[Afghanistan national football team|Afghanistan]] in [[2026 FIFA World Cup qualification – AFC second round|round 2]] of the [[2026 FIFA World Cup]] qualifiers.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/india-35-probables-squad-stimac-coach-fifa-world-cup-qualifiers-vs-afghanistan-schedule-dates-fixtures/article67923802.ece|title=Igor Stimac names 35 probables for India's FIFA World Cup Qualifier against Afghanistan|date=7 March 2024|access-date=7 March 2024|website=sportstar.thehindu.com|publisher=[[Sportstar]]|archive-date=7 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240307162729/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/india-35-probables-squad-stimac-coach-fifa-world-cup-qualifiers-vs-afghanistan-schedule-dates-fixtures/article67923802.ece}}</ref>

== Career statistics ==
=== Club ===
{{updated|12 December 2024}}<ref name=SW>{{Soccerway|578947}}</ref><ref name=BeS>{{BeSoccer|816139}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
|-
!rowspan="2"|Club
!rowspan="2"|Season
!colspan="3"|League
!colspan="2"|National Cup{{efn|Includes [[Super Cup (India)|Super Cup]]}}
!colspan="2"|[[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]]
!colspan="2"|Other
!colspan="2"|Total
|-
!Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Aizawl FC|Aizawl]]
|{{Nowrap|[[2018–19 I-League|2018–19]]}}
|[[I-League]]
|12||2||0||0||colspan="2" |—||colspan="2" |— ||12||2
|-
|[[2019–20 I-League|2019–20]]
|I-League
|7||1||0||0||colspan="2" |—||colspan="2" |—||7||1
|-
! colspan="2" |Total
!19!!3!!0!!0!!0!!0!!0!!0!!19!!3
|-
| rowspan="6" |[[Odisha FC|Odisha]]
|[[2020–21 Odisha FC season|2020–21]]
| [[Indian Super League]]
|2||0||0||0||colspan="2" |—|| colspan="2" |—||2||0
|-
|[[2021–22 Odisha FC season|2021–22]]
|Indian Super League
|5||1||0||0||colspan="2" |—||colspan="2" |—||5||1
|-
|[[2022–23 Odisha FC season|2022–23]]
|Indian Super League
|10||2||4||0||colspan="2" |—||5{{efn|name=DurandCup|Appearance(s) in [[Durand Cup]]}}||1||19||3
|-
|[[2023–24 Indian Super League|2023–24]]
|Indian Super League
|24||4||5||1||7{{efn|name=statsAFCCL|Appearance(s) in [[AFC Cup]]}}||2|| colspan="2" |—||36||7
|-
|[[2024–25 Indian Super League|2024–25]]
|Indian Super League
|12||1||0||0||colspan="2" |—|| colspan="2" |—||12||1
|-
! colspan="2" |Total
!53!!8!!9!!1!!7!!2!!5!!1!!74!!12
|-
! colspan="3" |Career total
!72!!11!!9!!1!!7!!2!!5!!1!!93!!15
|}
{{notelist}}

==Honours==
'''Odisha'''
*[[Super Cup (India)|Super Cup]]: [[2023 Indian Super Cup|2023]];<ref name="SuperCup23">{{cite web |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/odisha-fc-bask-in-kozhikode-rain-beat-bengaluru-fc-to-claim-hero-super-cup-crown |title=Odisha FC bask in Kozhikode rain; beat Bengaluru FC to claim Hero Super Cup crown |first=Akhil |last=Rawat |author2=AIFF Media Team |date=25 April 2023 |website=the-aiff.com |publisher=[[All India Football Federation]] |location=[[Kozhikode]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425180906/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/odisha-fc-bask-in-kozhikode-rain-beat-bengaluru-fc-to-claim-hero-super-cup-crown |archive-date=25 April 2023}}</ref> runner-up: [[2024 Indian Super Cup|2024]]<ref name="SuperCup24">{{cite web |first=Akhil |last=Rawat |department=AIFF Media Team |location=Bhubaneswar |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/12-years-of-pall-of-gloom-lifted-east-bengal-win-a-spine-chiller-to-take-home-kalinga-super-cup |title=12 years of pall of gloom lifted: East Bengal win a spine-chiller to take home Kalinga Super Cup |date=28 January 2024 |publisher=[[All India Football Federation|AIFF]] |archive-date=28 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128201257/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/12-years-of-pall-of-gloom-lifted-east-bengal-win-a-spine-chiller-to-take-home-kalinga-super-cup |url-status=live}}</ref>

'''Individual'''
*Super Cup Player of the Tournament: [[2024 Indian Super Cup#Awards|2024]]<ref name="SuperCup24"/>
*[[Indian Super League]] Emerging Player of the Month: February 2023,<ref name=Feb23>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/odisha-fcs-isak-ralte-wins-the-emerging-player-of-the-month-award-for-february-2023 |title=Odisha FC's Isak Ralte wins the Emerging Player of the Month award for February 2023 |date=23 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316032352/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/odisha-fcs-isak-ralte-wins-the-emerging-player-of-the-month-award-for-february-2023 |archive-date=16 March 2023 |url-status=live |publisher=Indian Super League}}</ref> December 2023<ref name=Dec23>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/odisha-fcs-isak-ralte-named-emerging-player-of-the-month-for-december-2023 |title=Odisha FC's Isak Ralte wins the Emerging Player of the Month award for December 2023 |date=2 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202161103/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/odisha-fcs-isak-ralte-named-emerging-player-of-the-month-for-december-2023 |archive-date=2 February 2024 |url-status=live |publisher=Indian Super League}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Odisha FC squad}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vanlalruatfela, Isak}}
[[Category:2001 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Footballers from Mizoram]]
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]
[[Category:Aizawl FC players]]
[[Category:I-League players]]
[[Category:Men's association football midfielders]]
[[Category:Indian Super League players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Odisha FC players]]

{{India-footy-midfielder-stub}}

Kali (DK)

2026-01-29T11:43:22Z

Budhu: typo fix

{{short description|Village in Maharashtra}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kali (Daulat Khan)
| other_name = Mahurmarg
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India
| coordinates = {{coord|19|56|37|N|77|43|54|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder = Daulat Khan
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_title = Sarpanch
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 25,000
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = Urdu, Hindi, Marathi
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 445204
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 07236
| registration_plate = MH 29
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Kali''' (Daulat Khan) is a village in the [[Yavatmal district]] of [[Maharashtra]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Details of Post Office|url=https://pincode.net.in/MAHARASHTRA/YAVATMAL/K/KALI_DAULAT_KHAN|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=18 September 2020|website=Pincode.net}}</ref> It is named after Daulat Khan Patel. Kali (DK) is 20 km away from [[Pusad]], which is to the east of [[Mahagaon, Yavatmal|Mahagaon]]. The population of Kali (DK) is around 25,000.

Daulat Khan founded Kali (DK) in the middle of the 19th century. Kali was famous for education at that time. Children from the near-around villages would come to Kali for education. Today, there are 2 [[Urdu]] schools, 4 [[Marathi language|Marathi]] schools, 2 [[Ashram#Schools in Maharashtra|Ashram Shala]], and One Jr. College in Kali.

== Notable features ==
Four kilometres from Kali there is a waterfall, known locally as "Bhad bhadi". There is also a mountain known as Shadaval Pahad in between nearest village Hiwari. "Bhad bhadi" means waterfall looking beautiful nature in that place School trip always visit

== Language and culture ==
People of different religions and communities live in Kali, including [[Hindus]], [[Muslims]], [[Buddhism|Buddhist]], [[Banjari (scheduled tribe)|Banjari]] and others. The principal languages of Kali (DK) are [[Hindi]] Urdu and [[Marathi language|Marathi]], but various other languages are spoken there, including [[Urdu language|Urdu]], [[Gormati]], [[Banjari language|Banjari]].

== Agriculture ==
Kali is considered a [[Tribal]] village, and has many farmers. Major crops include [[cotton]] ({{transliteration|hi|kapoos|italic=no}}), [[Pigeon pea|tur]] (yellow beans), and [[Sorghum bicolor|jawar]]. Kali's agriculture suffers because of unavailability of water in most of the village. Kali has a problem with drinking water. Some years ago Laghu Pat Bandhare kalawa stand for this major problem and it was solved with the help of nearby villages [[Gram panchayat|grampanchayat]]. Agriculture is often impacted by droughts, floods, or heavy rains.

== Schools ==
*Z.P. Marathi School
*S.N. Urdu High school
*V.N. High School and Junior College
*Ashram Shala
*Alhaj Athar Mirza Ashram Shala
*Z.P. Urdu school
* Nalanda English Medium School for Nursery, KG-1, KG-2
*Navjeevan English medium school 1st to 10th

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Maharashtra}}
{{Yavatmal district topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kali (DK)}}
[[Category:Villages in Yavatmal district]]

Kollengode, Palakkad

2026-01-19T14:32:59Z

Budhu: revise

{{Other uses|Kollengode (disambiguation){{!}}Kollengode}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kollengode
| other_name = Vengunad, Ayaskarapuri (Ancient Name)
| nickname = Rice Bowl of Palakkad / Palace City
| settlement_type = Town
| image_alt =
| image_skyline = ക്ഷേത്രം ശ്രീകോവിൽ.jpg
| image_caption = Kachamkurissi Temple,Kollengode
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|10|36|50|N|76|41|27|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Palakkad]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = Kollengode Panchayat
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 49.33
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 29587
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], English
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 678506
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#KL.E2.80.94Kerala|KL 70]]
| website =
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}
'''Kollengode''' is a town in [[Palakkad district]], Kerala, India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=പാലക്കാട്‌ ജില്ലയിലെ ഗ്രാമ പഞ്ചായത്തുകളുടെ അടിസ്ഥാന വിവരങ്ങള്‍ {{!}} പഞ്ചായത്ത് വകുപ്പ് |url=https://dop.lsgkerala.gov.in/ml/article/1031 |access-date=2022-10-14 |website=dop.lsgkerala.gov.in}}</ref> Kollengode Town is the headquarters of Kollengode Grama Panchayat and Kollengode Block Panchayat.<ref name=":0" />

{{As of|2011}} India [[census]], Kollengode-I had a population of 18,258 with 8,911 males and 9,347 females.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kollengode-I Village Population - Chittur - Palakkad, Kerala |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/627679-kollengode-i-kerala.html |access-date=2025-12-22 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/Population_data/Population_5000_and_Above.aspx |title=Census of India : Villages with population 5000 & above |publisher=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=2008-12-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208044522/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/Population_data/Population_5000_and_Above.aspx |archive-date=8 December 2008 }}</ref> {{As of|2011}} India [[census]], Kollengode-II had a population of 11,329 with 5,463 males and 5,866 females.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kollengode-II Village Population - Chittur - Palakkad, Kerala |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/627678-kollengode-ii-kerala.html |access-date=2025-12-22 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>

[[Kollengode railway station]] is located at [[Oottara]]. State highway SH-58 passes through Kollengode. The nearest airport is Coimbatore around 70 km from Kollengode.

== River ==
The [[Gayathripuzha River]], a tributary of [[Bharathappuzha]], flows near the town.

== Kollengode Block Panchayat ==
Grama panchayats under Kollengode block panchayat are

* Kollengode
* [[Koduvayur (gram panchayat)|Koduvayur]]
* [[Puthunagaram]]
* [[Vadavannur]]
* [[Muthalamada (gram panchayat)|Muthalamada]]
Nenmeni, Palakkad

* Nenmeni
Nenmeni is a small rural village located near Kollengode in the Palakkad district of Kerala, India. It falls under the PIN code 678506 and is part of the Chittur Taluk. Nenmeni lies close to the Tamil Nadu border and forms part of the scenic Kollengode–Nenmni–Koduvayur region, known for its agrarian landscape and traditional Kerala village life.

Geography

Nenmeni is surrounded by fertile plains, coconut groves, and paddy fields typical of the Palakkad region. The area is known for its greenery and proximity to the foothills of the Western Ghats. The nearby town of Kollengode serves as the local commercial and transport hub.

Economy

The local economy of Nenmeni is primarily based on agriculture and village-scale businesses. Major crops include paddy, coconut, arecanut, and various plantation crops. Small shops, roadside eateries, and traditional toddy shops contribute to the local economy and social life.

Religion and Culture

Nenmeni and the surrounding Kollengode area have a rich tradition of folk and temple worship. Important local religious sites include:

Karuppaswamy Temple and Chinganchira Nature Temple, the latter being known for its ancient banyan tree and serene atmosphere.

Several smaller shrines dedicated to Muniyappan, Karuppaswamy, and other local deities form part of the region’s cultural landscape.

Festivals and temple events are central to community life, often involving traditional music, dance, and village fairs.

Transport

Nenmeni is connected to nearby towns by road, with regular bus services to Kollengode and Palakkad.

The nearest railway station is at Palakkad Junction, approximately 25–30 km away.

The nearest airport is Coimbatore International Airport, about 60 km from Nenmeni, providing domestic and international connectivity.

Tourism and Nearby Attractions

The Kollengode–Nenmeni area attracts visitors for its natural beauty and cultural heritage. Nearby points of interest include:

Kollengode Palace, a heritage structure built in traditional Kerala architecture.

Seetharkundu Viewpoint, offering panoramic views of the Western Ghats and the plains below.

Chinganchira Temple and several local homestays that provide visitors with a glimpse of traditional village life.

--

==Gallery==
<gallery>
Kollengode, Palakkad.jpg|A paddy field in Kollengode
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Kollengode, Palakkad}}

{{Palakkad district}}

[[Category:Gram panchayats in Palakkad district]]
[[Category:Villages in Palakkad district]]

{{Palakkad-geo-stub}}

Dwarka metro station

2026-01-18T22:10:58Z

Budhu: added page for clarity and corrected details

{{Short description|Metro station in Delhi, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox station
| name = [[File:Delhi Metro logo.svg|50px]] Dwarka द्वारका
| style = Delhi Metro
| type = {{Delhi Metro Infobox station line|line=Blue|line2=Grey}}
| image = File:Dwarka Metro.JPG
| address = [[Dwarka, Delhi]], 110078
| coordinates = {{Coord|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| owned = [[Delhi Metro]]
| line = {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Blue|croute}}
{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Grey|croute}}
| platform = 5
| tracks = 5
| other =
| structure = Elevated
| depth =
| levels =
| parking = {{parking symbol}} Available
| bicycle = 100
| accessible = Yes {{access icon}}
| code = {{#property:P296}}
| zone = 2
| opened = {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Blue|croute}} {{Start date and age|2005|December|31|df=y}} {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Grey|croute}} {{Start date and age|2019|October|4|df=y}}
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = {{25 kV 50 Hz}} through [[overhead catenary]]
| former =
| mpassengers = 800000
| passengers = 600000
| pass_system =
| pass_year = 2005
| pass_percent =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Delhi Metro|line1=Blue|left1=Dwarka Sector 14|right1=Dwarka Mor
|line2=Grey|left2=Nangli}}
| baggage_check =
| smartcardname =
| smartcardstatus =
| line(s) =
| route_map = {{Delhi Metro Blue Line Route}}{{Delhi Metro Grey Line Route}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color =
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}
The '''Dwarka''' metro station is located on the [[Blue Line (Delhi Metro)|Blue Line]] and [[Grey Line (Delhi Metro)|Grey Line]] of the [[Delhi Metro]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.delhimetrorail.com/commuters/station_information.html |title=Station Information |access-date=2010-06-26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619035828/http://delhimetrorail.com/commuters/station_information.html |archive-date=19 June 2010 |df=dmy }}</ref> The Station is an interchange station between the lines. Some of the Metro Services terminate here of the blue line.

==Station layout==

'''Station Layout''' {{Rail color box|Delhi Metro|Grey|croute}}
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=50 rowspan=4 valign=top|'''P'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100|'''Platform 4''' '''Eastbound'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500|Towards → {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Grey|L}} '''Next Station:''' {{stl|Delhi Metro|Nangli}}
|-
|'''Platform 5''' '''Westbound'''
|Towards ← Train Terminates Here
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|valign=top|'''L1'''
|valign=top|Concourse
|valign=top|Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;border-top:solid 1px grey;" width=50 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100 valign=top|Street Level
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500 valign=top|Exit/Entrance
|}

'''Station Layout''' {{Rail color box|Delhi Metro|Blue|croute}}
{|border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=50 rowspan=4 valign=top|'''P'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100|'''Platform 1''' '''Eastbound'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500|Towards → {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Blue|R}} '''Next Station:''' {{stl|Delhi Metro|Dwarka Mor}}
|-
|'''Platform 2''' '''Westbound'''
|Towards ← {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Blue|L}} '''Next Station:''' {{stl|Delhi Metro|Dwarka Sector 14}}
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" colspan=2 align=center|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|valign=top|'''C'''
|valign=top|Concourse
|valign=top|Fare control, station agent, metro card vending machines, crossover
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;border-top:solid 1px grey;" width=50 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100 valign=top|Street Level
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500 valign=top|Gates
|}

==Facilities==
List of available [[Cash machine|ATM]] at Dwarka metro station are Oriental Bank of Commerce, State Bank of India.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.delhimetrorail.com/ATM_details.aspx| title=ATM Details| website=Delhi Metro Rail}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Delhi & NCR Metro stations|grey line=yes|blue line=yes}}

[[Category:Delhi Metro stations]]
[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2005]]
[[Category:Railway stations in South West Delhi district]]
[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2019]]
{{Delhi-metro-stub}}
{{Delhi-railstation-stub}}

Suniti Kumar Chatterji

2026-01-18T16:55:20Z

Budhu: adjusted article for consistency also and updated info

{{Short description|Indian linguist (1890–1977)}}
{{More citations needed|date=September 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| image = Sunitikumar Chatterjee.jpg
| caption = Chatterji, {{Circa|1950}}
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1890|11|26|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Howrah district|Howrah]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1977|5|29|1890|10|26|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Calcutta]], West Bengal, India
| occupation = Linguist, Educationist and Litterateur
| awards = [[Padma Vibhushan]] {{small|(1955)}}
| signature = Suniti Kumar Chatterjii Bengali Sign.svg
}}

'''Suniti Kumar Chatterji''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|FRS}} (26 November 1890 – 29 May 1977) was an Indian linguist, educationist and litterateur. He was a recipient of the second highest civilian award in India, [[Padma Vibhushan]].<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf|title=Padma Awards|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|date=2015|access-date=21 July 2015}}</ref>

==Life==
===Childhood===
Chatterji was born on 26 November 1890, at [[Shibpur]] in [[Howrah]]. He was the son of Haridas Chattopadhyay, an affluent [[Bengalis|Bengali]] [[Kulin Brahmin]]. According to the family history, their ancestors were originally residents of a village named chatuti in the [[Rarh region]] of present-day [[West Bengal]]. During the Turkic invasion of Bengal in the thirteenth century, the Chatterji family left their ancestral village in [[West Bengal]] and took shelter in [[East Bengal]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Roy|first=Sushil|date=1958|title=Manishi Jibankatha|language=Bengali|location=Kolkata|publisher=Orient Book Company|page=295}}</ref> Later Professor Chatterji's great-grandfather Sri Bhairab Chatterji, migrated to a village in the district of [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]] from his ancestral village home in the district of [[Faridpur district|Faridpur]] in [[East Bengal]], now in [[Bangladesh]]. Bhairab Chatterji, like many other [[Kulin Brahmin]]s of the day, subsisted mainly on polygamy. Bhairab had a few wives, but he lived with the one who had belonged to the village in Hooghly. Bhairab's son Isvarchandra, the grandfather of Chatterji, had served the [[East India Company]] in North India during the [[Sepoy Mutiny|Mutiny]]. After retirement, he built a modest one storied house for himself in [[Calcutta]] and shifted there the residence of the family from the Hooghly village. Isvar's son Haridas Chatterji was the father of Suniti Kumar Chatterji.<ref name=Banglapedia>{{cite book|last=Badiuzzaman|year=2012|chapter=Chatterji, Suniti Kumar|chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Chatterji,_Suniti_Kumar|editor1-last=Islam|editor1-first=Sirajul|editor1-link=Sirajul Islam|editor2-last=Jamal|editor2-first=Ahmed A.|title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh|edition=Second|publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref>

===Education===
Chatterji was a meritorious student, and passed the Entrance (school leaving) examination from the [[Motilal Seal|Mutty Lal Seal]]'s Free School (1907), ranking sixth, and the FA (pre-university examination) from the renowned [[Scottish Church College]], standing third.{{Citation needed|date=May 2018}} He did his Major (Honours) in English literature from Presidency College, Kolkata, standing first in the first class in 1911.{{Citation needed|date=May 2018}} His childhood friend was the famous industrialist Nagendra Nath Das founder of Power Tools And Appliance Co. Ltd. In 1913, he completed his M.A. in English literature, again standing first.{{Citation needed|date=May 2018}} The same year, he was appointed lecturer in English at Vidyasagar College, Kolkata where his colleague was the thespian, [[Sisir Kumar Bhaduri]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2018}}

===Profession===
In 1914, Chatterji became assistant professor of English in the Post-Graduate Department of the University of Calcutta, which he held till 1919. He went abroad to study at the [[University of London]] where he studied [[Phonology]], Indo-European [[Linguistics]], [[Prakrit]], [[Persian language|Persian]], Old Irish, [[Gothic language|Gothic]] and other languages. He then went to Paris and did research at the [[University of Paris|Sorbonne]] in Indo-Aryan, [[Slavic languages|Slavic]] and Indo-European Linguistics, Greek and Latin. His teacher was the internationally acclaimed linguist, [[Jules Bloch]]. After returning to India in 1922, he joined the [[University of Calcutta]] as the Khaira Professor of Indian Linguistics and Phonetics. After retirement in 1952, he was made professor emeritus and later in 1965, the National Research Professor of India for Humanities.{{Citation needed|date=May 2018}}

===Foreign travel with Tagore===
Suniti Kumar accompanied [[Rabindranath Tagore]] to [[British Malaya|Malaya]], [[Siam]], [[Sumatra]], [[Java]], and [[Bali]], where he delivered lectures on Indian art and culture. He was Chairman of the [[West Bengal]] Legislative Council (1952–58) and President (1969) of the [[Sahitya Akademi]].

== Views ==
His opinion on the [[historicity]] of the [[Ramayana]] is quoted by Anil Kumar Kanjilal in his introduction to Chatterji's work, ''The Ramayana: Its Character, Genesis, History, Expansion and Exodus'' (1978). Chatterji says: 'There is evidently no historical core below the surface-no scholar of Indian history now thinks that [[Rama]], the hero of the ''Ramayana'', was a historical person, who can be relegated to a particular period of time.'<ref name=":42">{{Cite book|last=Noorani|first=A.G.|title=The Babri Masjid Question, 1528-2003: 'A Matter of National Honour' V1|date=2014|publisher=[[Tulika Books]]|isbn=9789382381457|pages=23}}</ref>

On the question of author of the Ramayana, Chatterji says, 'The mythological saint [[Chyavana]], described in the [[Satapatha Brahmana]] and the [[Mahabharata|Mahabharatha]], initiated the composition of this epic (''Ramayana''). [[Valmiki]] ... later imparted poetic lustre to the composition of his predecessor'.<ref name=":42" />

==Bibliography==
* {{cite journal|title=Bengali Phonetics|year=1921|journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London|location=London|publisher=Cambridge University Press|volume=2|issue=1|pages=1–25|author=Suniti Kumar Chatterji|doi=10.1017/S0041977X0010179X|jstor=607733|author-mask=1|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/607733.pdf}}
* {{cite journal|title=The Study of Kol|date=September 1923|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.48022/page/n258/mode/1up|journal=The Calcutta Review|pages=451–473|author=Suniti Kumar Chatterji|author-mask=1}}
* {{cite book|title=The Origin and Development of the Bengali Language|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.42610|publisher=Calcutta University Press|location=Calcutta|year=1926|author=Suniti Kumar Chatterji|author-mask=1}}
* {{cite book|title=Bengali Self-Taught|series=Marlborough's Self-Taught Series|year=1927|author=Suniti Kumar Chatterji|author-mask=1}}
* {{cite book|title=A Bengali Phonetic Reader|publisher=University of London Press|year=1928|author=Suniti Kumar Chatterji|author-mask=1}}
* {{cite journal|title=Calcutta Hindustani: A study of a Jargon Dialect|journal=Indian Linguistics|volume=1|issue=2–4|year=1931|pages=177–233|author=Suniti Kumar Chatterji|author-mask=1}}
* {{cite journal|title=A Roman Alphabet for India|journal=Calcutta University Phonetic Studies|issue=4|publisher=Calcutta University Press|year=1935|author=Suniti Kumar Chatterji|author-mask=1|url=http://cslrepository.nvli.in/handle/123456789/7138}}
* {{cite journal|title=Purāṇa Legends and the Prakrit Tradition in New Indo-Aryan|year=1936|journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London|location=London|publisher=Cambridge University Press|volume=8|issue=2/3|pages=457–466|author=Suniti Kumar Chatterji|doi=10.1017/S0041977X00141096|jstor=608054|author-mask=1|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/608054.pdf}}
* {{cite journal|title=Non-Aryan Elements in Indo-aryan|year=1936|journal=Journal of the Greater India Society|author=Suniti Kumar Chatterji|author-mask=1}}
* {{cite book|script-title=bn:দ্বীপময় ভারত|trans-title=Island India|publisher=Book Co.|location=Calcutta|year=1940|language=bn|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.336055|author=Suniti Kumar Chatterji|title=Dwipmay Bharat|author-mask=1}}
* {{cite book|title=Kirāta-jana-kṛti: the Indo-Mongoloids; their contribution to the history and culture of India|year=1951|publisher=Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal|author=Suniti Kumar Chatterji|author-mask=1}}
* {{cite book|title=Indo-Aryan and Hindi|publisher=University of Calcutta|url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.2478|year=1942|author=Suniti Kumar Chatterji|author-mask=1}}
* {{cite book|title=Language and Linguistic Problems|series=Oxford Pamphlets on Indian Affairs|volume=11|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1943|author=Suniti Kumar Chatterji|author-mask=1}}
* {{cite journal|title=The Languages of the Adivasis|journal=March of India|volume=6|issue=2|year=1953|author=Suniti Kumar Chatterji|author-mask=1}}
* {{cite book|script-title=bn:ভারত সংস্কৃতি|trans-title=Culture of India|year=1957|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.357782|publisher=Gupta-prakashika|language=bn|author=Suniti Kumar Chatterji|title=Bharat - Sanskriti|author-mask=1}}
* {{cite book|title=A Middle Indo-Aryan Reader|year=1960|publisher=Calcutta University|location=Calcutta|author=Suniti Kumar Chatterji|author-mask=1|author2=Sukumar Sen}}
* {{cite journal|title=Mutual Borrowing in Indo-Aryan|year=1960|publisher=Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute|location=Pune|journal=Bulletin of the Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute|volume=20|issue=1|pages=50–62|author=Suniti Kumar Chatterji|jstor=42929737|author-mask=1|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/42929737.pdf}}
* {{cite book|title=Language and Literature of Modern India|year=1963|publisher=Bengal Publishers|author=Suniti Kumar Chatterji|author-mask=1}}
* {{cite book|chapter=Race Movements and Prehistoric Culture|title=The Vedic Age|year=1965|location=Bombay|publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhawan|editor=R. C. Majumdar|author=Suniti Kumar Chatterji|author-mask=1}}
* {{cite book|title=The People, Language, and Culture of Orissa|year=1966|publisher=Orissa Sahitya Akademi|author=Suniti Kumar Chatterji|author-mask=1}}
* {{cite book|title=Balts and Aryans in Their Indo-European Background|year=1968|publisher=Simla: Indian Institute of Advanced Study|author=Suniti Kumar Chatterji|author-mask=1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9hEHAQAAIAAJ}}
* {{cite book|title=India and Ethiopia: From the Seventh Century B.C.|year=1968|publisher=Asiatic Society|author=Suniti Kumar Chatterji|author-mask=1}}
* {{cite book|title=Ramayana: its Character, Genesis, History and Exodus: A Resume|location=Calcutta|publisher=Prajña|year=1978|author=Suniti Kumar Chatterji|author-mask=1}}
* {{cite book|title=The place of Assam in the history and civilisation of India|year=1970|publisher=Dept. of Publication, University of Gauhati|author=Suniti Kumar Chatterji|author-mask=1}}
* {{cite book|title=World Literature and Tagore|publisher=Visva-Bharati|year=1971|author=Suniti Kumar Chatterji|author-mask=1}}
* {{cite book|title=On the development of Middle Indo-Aryan|publisher=Sanskrit College|year=1983|author=Suniti Kumar Chatterji|author-mask=1}}
* {{cite journal|title=Spoken Word in the Speech-lore of India: the Background|journal=Papers in Phonetics and Phonology: Proceedings of an Institute|editor=B.B. Rajapurohit|publisher=Central Institute of Indian Languages|year=1984|author=Suniti Kumar Chatterji|author-mask=1}}
* {{cite journal|title=The Name 'Assam-Ahom'|journal=Journal of the Asiatic Society|volume=28|issue=3|year=1986|author=Suniti Kumar Chatterji|author-mask=1}}
* {{cite journal|title=The Word About Igor's Folk (Slavo O Pulku Igoreve) As a Specimen of Old Slav and Indo-European Heroic Poetry|journal=Journal of the Asiatic Society|volume=28|issue=3|year=1986|author=Suniti Kumar Chatterji|author-mask=1}}
* {{cite journal|title=Two New Indo-Aryan Etymologies|journal=Indian Linguistics|year=1989|author=Suniti Kumar Chatterji|author-mask=1}}

Bibliographies of Suniti Kumar Chatterji's work have also been published:
* {{cite book|url=http://dspace.wbpublibnet.gov.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/10689/13206/6/Chapter%203_a_31-88p.pdf|title=Suniti Kumar Chatterji: A Select Bibliography of his Writings|last=Kanjilal|first=Anil Kumar}}

==Notable students==
*[[Sukumar Sen (linguist)|Sukumar Sen]]
*[[Korada Mahadeva Sastri]]

==Death==
Suniti Kumar died on 29 May 1977 in [[Calcutta]] (present-day Kolkata). A large part of his house 'Sudharma' সুধর্মা, an architectural marvel, in South [[Calcutta]] has been converted into a [[Fabindia]] store.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links| wikt=no | commons=no | b=no | n=no | q=Suniti Kumar Chatterji | s=no | v=no | voy=no | species=no | d=q2385894}}
*{{Commons category-inline|Suniti Kumar Chatterji}}
*{{Internet Archive author |sname=Suniti Kumar Chatterji}}

{{Bengal Renaissance}}
{{Padma Vibhushan Awards}}
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1954–59}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chatterjee, Suniti Kumar}}
[[Category:Balticists]]
[[Category:1890 births]]
[[Category:1977 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educators]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of London]]
[[Category:20th-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:Linguists from Bengal]]
[[Category:People from Howrah]]
[[Category:Presidents of The Asiatic Society]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan in literature & education]]
[[Category:Scholars from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Scottish Church College alumni]]
[[Category:University of Paris alumni]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Calcutta]]
[[Category:Linguists of Bengali]]
[[Category:Linguists of Indo-Aryan languages]]
[[Category:Indian expatriates in France]]
[[Category:Scholars from Kolkata]]

Government Mental Health Centre, Kozhikode

2026-01-14T16:46:52Z

Budhu:

{{Orphan|date=April 2025}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox hospital
| name = Government Mental Health Centre, Kozhikode
| org_group = [[Government of Kerala]]
| image = GMHC_Kozhikode.jpg
| logo = GMHC_Calicut_logo.png
| location = [[Calicut]], Kerala
| country = India
| healthcare = Public
| type = Speciality
| specialty = Mental Health
| emergency = Yes
| affiliation = [[Department of Health and Family Welfare (Kerala)|Department of Health and Family Welfare]], [[Government of Kerala]]
| beds = 474
| founded = 1872
| closed = 
| website = {{URL| http://gmhckkd.com/}}
| other_links = 
}}

'''Government Mental Health Centre, Kozhikode''' is a [[Public hospital|public]] [[Psychiatric hospital|mental health]] institution and hospital run by [[Government of Kerala]], located at Puthiyara Pottamal Road, [[Kozhikode]], Kerala.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ksmha.info/about.html|title=Kerala State Mental Health Authority – Government Mental Health Centres Details|website= ksmha.info|access-date=2021-06-16}}</ref> The hospital serves northern Kerala and neighbouring states.

==Notable people==

*Dr S. Santhakumar, who was appointed as the superintendent of the hospital in 1962. He was the first qualified psychiatrist in the history of the hospital.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/psychiatrist-s-santhakumar-dead/article23841936.ece|title= Psychiatrist S. Santhakumar dead |website= The Hindu|date= 10 May 2018 |access-date=2021-06-16}}</ref>
*Dr. R.L. Saritha, former superintendent of the hospital and now serves as the director of health services, [[Government of Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aJi0oGTYeaA|title= Dr. R.L. Saritha, Director of Health Services Kerala explaining about disaster control room|date= 8 September 2018|via= YouTube/ Kerala Health Online Training|access-date=2021-06-16}}</ref>
*Dr. N. Rajendran, former superintendent of the hospital.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/language-experts-to-find-whereabouts-of-inmates-of-mental-health-centre/articleshow/59723309.cms|title= Language Experts to find whereabouts of inmates of Mental Health Centre: Dr. N. Rajendran|website= The Times of India|date= 23 July 2017|access-date=2021-06-16}}</ref>
*Dr K.C. Remasan, superintendent (2018 to present).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/koz-mental-health-centre-to-start-dnb-course/articleshow/68785845.cms|title= Kozhikode Mental Health Centre to start DNB Course: Dr K.C. Remasan|website= The Times of India|date= 9 April 2019|access-date=2021-06-16}}</ref>

==References==
<references />

{{coord missing|Kerala}}

[[Category:Mental health in India]]
[[Category:Hospitals in Kozhikode]]

Braithwaite, Burn & Jessop Construction Company

2026-01-14T00:02:13Z

Budhu: done...

{{Short description|PSU of the Government of India}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox company
| name = The Braithwaite Burn & Jessop Construction Company
| logo = Braithwaite, Burn & Jessop Construction Company Logo.svg
| type = [[Public Sector Undertaking]]
| slogan =
| foundation = {{start date and age|26 January 1935}}
| founder =
| location_city = [[Kolkata]]
| location_country = India
| area_served = India
| key_people = Charles Alfred O'Grady Engineer
| industry = construction, civil engineering
| products = Construction & repairing of Rail Bridges, Rail-cum-Road bridges, Industrial Structural works, Large building foundation, Civil Engineering works, Refinery piping works, Railway gauge conversion.
| num_employees =
| owner = Department of Heavy Industries, Government of India
| subsid =
| homepage = {{URL|http://www.bbjconst.com}}
| intl =
}}

The '''Braithwaite Burn & Jessop Construction Company Limited''' (BBJ Construction Company) is a [[Public Sector Undertaking]] (PSU) of the [[Government of India]] under the Department of Heavy Industries. Established on 26 January 1935, BBJ Construction Company has been involved in the construction & repair of Rail Bridges & Rail-cum-Road Bridges, Industrial structural works, Large building foundations, Civil engineering works, Refinery piping works, Railway gauge conversion, etc. The company is registered and headquartered in [[Kolkata]].

==History==
The early story of BBJ started around the mid-thirties. The ever-increasing traffic movement between the twin cities of Calcutta & Howrah demanded a wider and stronger bridge in replacement of the then-existing pontoon bridge. The authorities accordingly decided to build a cantilever bridge across the river Hooghly. The job undoubtedly called for greater expertise. So the three engineering companies – Braithwaite, Burn & Jessop – came together and floated a new company. Thus, on 26 January 1935 was born BBJ, The Braithwaite Burn & Jessop Construction Company Limited.

The onward march began in 1941 with the [[Howrah Bridge]], later named [[Howrah Bridge|Rabindra Setu]]. Later in 1991 achievement is the [[Vidyasagar Setu|second Hooghly Bridge]] or [[Vidyasagar Setu]]. In between BBJ constructed a number of engineering structures spread across the country and abroad.

The first Ganga Bridge of independent India [[Rajendra Setu]] at Mokameh-Barauni in Bihar, the Yamuna Bridge at Delhi, the Godavari Bridge at Rajamundry, the Krishna Bridge at [[Vijayawada]], Brahmaputra Bridge at Pandu are some of the known achievements of the company.

===Bharat Bhari Udyog Nigam===
Bharat Bhari Udyog Nigam (BBUNL) was a [[Public Sector Undertaking]] (PSU) of the [[Government of India]], established in 1986 as a Public Sector Holding Company under the administrative control of the Department of Heavy Industry and Public Enterprises, Government of India. In 1987, BBJ was nationalised, becoming a subsidiary of BBUNL. BBUNL became the [[holding company]] for four eastern Indian engineering companies:
*[[Burn Standard Company]] (Under Liquidation): With over two centuries of engineering expertise, Burn Standard & Co Ltd was a diversified company manufacturing Railway wagons & Track Equipment, Refractories, Castings & Forgings, Offshore Oil Platforms, Bridges & Steel Structures, Steel Plant Equipment, etc.
*[[Braithwaite & Co. Ltd.]]: starting with the fabrication of heavy steel structures, it also manufactures a large variety of railway freight wagons, including special-purpose wagons, tank wagons, bogies, cranes for ports & dockyards, and jute machinery.
*[[Bharat Wagon and Engineering]] (Under Liquidation): manufactured a wide range of Freight Wagons, Steel Structures for Road & Rail Bridges, Tanks for Refineries and Fuel Stations, Rollers for Sugar Mills, Transmission Towers, etc.
*Braithwaite, Burn & Jessop Construction Company: best known for bridge building. Starting from Calcutta's famous [[Howrah Bridge]] to the present – [[Vidyasagar Setu]] – one of Asia's largest Cable Stayed Bridge, BBJ & Construction Co Ltd has been involved in the design and construction of many varieties of Bridges in India. Also, the expertise available is utilised for Repairs & Restoration of Bridges destroyed by nature's fury.<ref name="bbunl">[http://www.bbunl.com/downloads/bbunlfinance0506.pdf Financial Statements] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003002539/http://www.bbunl.com/downloads/bbunlfinance0506.pdf |date=3 October 2011 }}. Bharat Bhari Udyog Nigam</ref>

The group engaged in the design, manufacture, supply, erection and commissioning of a wide range of Capital Goods and Turnkey Projects required by the Core Sector Industries, such as Coal Mines, [[Energy industry|Power]], Petroleum and Oil, [[Port]]s, [[Railways]], together with the Construction of Highways & Flyovers. It had an annual turnover of around US Dollar 100 million and had a total fabrication capacity of 24,000 MT per annum, employing about 3,372 skilled personnel. BBUNL group companies have been involved in most of the projects of national importance. Stepping up exports, the BBUNL group today has a diverse export profile, spread across forty countries worldwide.

The administrative control of M/s Bharat Wagon & Engg Co Ltd (BWEL), [[Patna]], a central PSE and subsidiary of Bharat Bhari Udyog Nigam Ltd (BBUNL) was transferred from the Department of Heavy Industry, [[Ministry of Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises (India)|Ministry of Heavy Industries]] and Public Enterprises to the [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Ministry of Railways]] w.e.f 13 August 2008 (AN).

BBUNL reported aggregated revenues of {{INRConvert|36856000}} during fiscal 2006

BBJ is also involved in the installation of major steel plants, thermal power stations, oil refineries, and fertilizer projects. BBJ has also undertaken restoration of damaged bridges, industrial structures, and civil construction of major commercial and administrative buildings.

With effect from 10 July 2015, BBJ merged into BBUNL; then, on 18 November 2015 BBUNL changed its name to "The Braithwaite Burn and Jessop Construction Company Limited".<ref>{{cite web |publisher=The Braithwaite Burn and Jessop Construction Company Limited |title=Company Profile / About Us |url=http://www.bbjconst.com/profile.html |access-date=28 July 2018 |archive-date=29 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729050026/http://www.bbjconst.com/profile.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Howrah Bridge]]
* [[Vidyasagar Setu]]

==References==

=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Sources ===
*[http://bbjconst.com/downloads/fy31032014-bbj.pdf Financial Statement 2013 – 2014]
*[http://bbjconst.com/downloads/fy31032013-bbj.pdf Financial Statement 2012 – 2013]
*[http://bbjconst.com/downloads/fy31032012-balancesheet.pdf Financial Statement 2011 – 2012]

==External links==
* [http://www.bbjconst.com/index.html Company website]
* [http://www.bbunl.com/ BBUNL website]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20141210083546/http://www.dhi.nic.in/introdhi.htm DHI, Govt. of India website]

{{Railway lines in Eastern India}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Braithwaite, Burn and Jessop Construction Company}}
[[Category:Government-owned companies of India]]
[[Category:Construction and civil engineering companies of India]]
[[Category:Companies based in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Companies nationalised by the Government of India]]
[[Category:Engineering companies of India]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1935]]
[[Category:Construction and civil engineering companies established in 1935]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1987]]

Smog in Delhi

2025-12-31T16:13:14Z

Budhu: redirect created

#REDIRECT [[Air pollution in Delhi]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from related topic}}
}}

Indian Panthers

2025-12-31T12:31:03Z

Budhu: creating data

{{Short description|Indian basketball team in Auckland, New Zealand}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox Basketball club
| name = Indian Panthers
| color1 = white
| color2 = black
| color3 = orange
| logo = Indian Panthers logo.jpg
| league = [[National Basketball League (New Zealand)|NZNBL]]
| founded = October 2024
| folded = May 2025
| history = '''Indian Panthers''' 2025
| arena =
| location = [[Auckland]], New Zealand
| colours = Black, white, orange {{color box|#000000}} {{color box|#FFFFFF}} {{color box|#F58233}}
| sponsor =
| ceo =
| ownership =
| manager =
| coach =
| championships =
| website =
| h_body = 000000
| h_pattern_b = _orangesides
| h_shorts = 000000
| h_pattern_s = _orangesides
| a_body = #000000
| a_pattern_b = _orangesides
| a_shorts = #000000
| a_pattern_s = _orangesides
}}

The '''Indian Panthers''' were a [[basketball]] team that competed in the New Zealand [[National Basketball League (New Zealand)|National Basketball League]] (NZNBL) during the [[2025 New Zealand NBL season|2025 season]]. Based in [[Auckland]], the Panthers initially played their home games at Pulman Arena in [[Takanini]] before switching mid-season to the [[Franklin Pool and Leisure Centre]] in [[Pukekohe]].

Established in October 2024 by the [[Indian National Basketball League]] (INBL), the franchise aimed to foster international basketball connections and provide [[Basketball in India|Indian players]] with professional opportunities abroad. Despite initial aspirations, the team's debut season was marred by significant challenges, including the failure to bring the majority of their Indian-based players to New Zealand. Only three of the ten Indian players initially named in the squad travelled to New Zealand, leading to operational difficulties and a lack of competitive depth. These issues culminated in the team's suspension from the league in early May 2025 due to serious allegations, and they officially withdrew from the competition later that month, acknowledging their inability to meet the conditions required to complete the season.

==Team history==
In July 2024, it was revealed that the New Zealand NBL was looking at an expansion team from the [[Indian National Basketball League]] (INBL).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nznbl.basketball/breaking-new-ground-indian-nbl-seeks-entry-into-nbl-and-tauihi-leagues/|title=BREAKING NEW GROUND: INDIAN NBL SEEKS ENTRY INTO NBL AND TAUIHI LEAGUES|work=nznbl.basketball|date=19 July 2024|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240719023953/https://nznbl.basketball/breaking-new-ground-indian-nbl-seeks-entry-into-nbl-and-tauihi-leagues/|archive-date=19 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Egan|first=Brendon|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/350347432/nbl-tauihi-basketball-leagues-set-feature-indian-backed-teams-2025|title=NBL, Tauihi basketball leagues set to feature Indian backed teams from 2025|work=Stuff.co.nz|date=19 July 2024|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240719031322/https://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/350347432/nbl-tauihi-basketball-leagues-set-feature-indian-backed-teams-2025|archive-date=19 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.1news.co.nz/2024/07/19/indian-backed-teams-to-join-nz-basketball-leagues-in-2025/|title=Indian-backed teams to join NZ basketball leagues in 2025|work=1news.co.nz|date=19 July 2024|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240719031615/https://www.1news.co.nz/2024/07/19/indian-backed-teams-to-join-nz-basketball-leagues-in-2025/|archive-date=19 July 2024}}</ref> On 30 October 2024, it was announced that the Indian Panthers would join the [[2025 New Zealand NBL season]],<ref name=panthers-join-nbl>{{cite web|url=https://nznbl.basketball/indian-panthers-join-nbl-tauihi-kiwi-basketball-set-to-soar-in-india/|title=Indian Panthers Join NBL & Tauihi – Kiwi Basketball Set To Soar In India|work=nznbl.basketball|date=30 October 2024|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241116062046/https://nznbl.basketball/indian-panthers-join-nbl-tauihi-kiwi-basketball-set-to-soar-in-india/|archive-date=16 November 2024}}</ref> with a roster primarily consisting of Indian national players.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Indian Panthers are taking shape ahead of their entry into the New Zealand men's basketball league |url=https://home.nzcity.co.nz/news/article.aspx?id=417915&cat=977&fm=newsmain%2Cnarts |access-date=7 March 2025 |work=NZCity |date=5 March 2025}}</ref> They based themselves in [[Auckland]], with the city being home to the largest percentage of migrants from [[India]] as of the [[2023 New Zealand census|2023 census]].<ref name=stuff-panthers>{{cite news |title=It's official – Indian Panthers confirmed to join New Zealand basketball leagues in 2025 |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/360468306/its-official-indian-panthers-confirmed-join-new-zealand-basketball-leagues-2025 |access-date=30 October 2024 |work=Stuff.co.nz |date=30 October 2024}}</ref> While initially believed to be backed by the INBL, it was later reported by ''[[The Post (New Zealand newspaper)|The Post]]'' that club backing had been via Australia-based property entrepreneurs who were not present in Auckland.<ref name="hangs-thread" />

Ten Indian players were initially named in the Panthers' squad,<ref name=ended-in-failure>{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Gaurav |title=Why the Indian Panthers’ debut season ended in failure |url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/indonz/561937/why-the-indian-panthers-debut-season-ended-in-failure |access-date=23 May 2025 |work=RNZ |date=23 May 2025 |language=en-nz}}</ref> including [[Princepal Singh]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Roster |url=https://indianpanthers.co.nz/roster/ |website=indianpanthers.co.nz |access-date=23 May 2025 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250519051706/https://indianpanthers.co.nz/roster/ |archive-date=19 May 2025}}</ref> However, due to a delayed start and end of the INBL season,<ref name=thespinoff>{{cite news |last1=Borrowdale |first1=James |title=Unpaid wages and walkouts: the downfall of the NBL's Indian Panthers |url=https://thespinoff.co.nz/business/23-07-2025/unpaid-wages-and-walkouts-the-downfall-of-the-nbls-indian-panthers |access-date=27 July 2025 |work=The Spinoff |date=23 July 2025 |language=en}}</ref> as well as delayed [[Travel visa|visa]] applications and an [[India men's national basketball team|Indian national team]] camp, the Panthers were unable to participate in the NBL's pre-season tournament<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nznbl.basketball/panthers-visa-setback/|title=Indian Panthers to Join Sal's NBL on March 12 After Visa Setback|work=nznbl.basketball|date=28 February 2025|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250228055202/https://nznbl.basketball/panthers-visa-setback/|archive-date=28 February 2025}}</ref> and two days prior to their season opener, it was announced that the team would start the season with a mostly New Zealand player roster,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nznbl.basketball/panthersrosterupdate/|title=Panthers Expand Kiwi Connection Due To Indian National Team Camp|work=nznbl.basketball|date=10 March 2025|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250310120235/https://nznbl.basketball/panthersrosterupdate/|archive-date=10 March 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=New Indian National Basketball League team to debut with ... Kiwi players |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/360609974/new-indian-national-basketball-league-team-debut-kiwi-players |access-date=11 March 2025 |work=Stuff.co.nz |date=11 March 2025 |archive-date=10 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250310235254/https://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/360609974/new-indian-national-basketball-league-team-debut-kiwi-players |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Panthers a mystery ahead of NBL debut |url=https://www.nzsportswire.com/post/indian-panthers-unknown-ahead-of-nbl-debut |access-date=11 March 2025 |work=NZ Sports Wire |date=11 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Straight Shot: Indian Panthers Season Preview |url=https://nznbl.basketball/straightshotpanthers2025/ |access-date=12 March 2025 |work=nznbl.basketball |date=12 March 2025 |language=en-AU}}</ref> which included [[Leon Henry]].<ref name=nzsportswire>{{cite news |title=Import guard departs reeling Indian Panthers |url=https://www.nzsportswire.com/post/import-guard-departs-reeling-indian-panthers |access-date=22 May 2025 |work=NZ Sports Wire |date=10 April 2025 |language=en}}</ref> Henry reportedly took responsibility to scramble together a roster of social players after management initially threatened to forfeit the first four games of the season.<ref name="thespinoff" />

In their inaugural game on 12 March 2025, the Panthers lost 112–78 to the [[Hawke's Bay Hawks]] in [[Napier, New Zealand|Napier]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Teen stars as Hawks tip-off NBL with win |url=https://www.nzsportswire.com/post/hawks-vs-panthers |access-date=13 March 2025 |work=NZ Sports Wire |date=12 March 2025 |language=en |archive-date=13 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250313150652/https://www.nzsportswire.com/post/hawks-vs-panthers |url-status=live }}</ref> Head coach Miles Pearce chose to step down after just one game, announcing his departure two days before the Panthers' debut home game of the season. He was replaced by interim coach Jonathan Goodman.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tom |first1=Blessen |title=Home losses, coach's departure sour start to Indian Panthers' debut season |url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/indonz/545852/home-losses-coach-s-departure-sour-start-to-indian-panthers-debut-season |access-date=27 March 2025 |work=RNZ |date=25 March 2025 |language=en-nz}}</ref> The team was later without Goodman, their CEO and their general manager for a fortnight, with the trio all based in [[Melbourne]].<ref name=nzherald>{{cite news |last1=Fa'afiu |first1=Elijah |title=Indian Panthers: Team CEO responds to concerns about pay delays |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/sport/basketball/indian-panthers-nbl-teams-ceo-responds-to-concerns-about-pay-delays/UW7LI2FY65BE5DS3KXEOI3H2V4/ |access-date=1 May 2025 |work=NZ Herald |date=30 April 2025 |language=en-NZ}}</ref> American import [[Alex Robinson (basketball)|Alex Robinson]] parted ways with the team after six games<ref name="nzsportswire" /> due to non-payment.<ref name=disrespectful>{{cite news |title=Former Indian Panthers player slams 'disrespectful' treatment from team |url=https://www.1news.co.nz/2025/04/30/former-indian-panthers-player-slams-disrespectful-treatment-from-team/ |access-date=1 May 2025 |work=1News |date=30 April 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

The team reportedly did not have a practice facility in Auckland, with impromptu training sessions having to be organised by players.<ref name=hangs-thread>{{cite news |last1=Hinton |first1=Marc |title=Indian Panthers' spot in NBL hangs by thread as players allege 'delayed payments' |url=https://www.thepost.co.nz/sport/360671992/indian-panthers-spot-nbl-hangs-thread-after-missed-player-payment-accusations |access-date=23 May 2025 |work=The Post |date=1 May 2025}}</ref> In lieu of training, the team would merely assemble at the venue a couple of hours before a game to do what they could as they awaited tip-off.<ref name="thespinoff" /> A mid-season home venue switch saw the Panthers move from [[Takanini]] to [[Pukekohe]] because the club was unable to afford the operational costs at Pulman Arena.<ref name="nzherald" /> With outstanding bills owed to Pulman Arena, the club began relying on the generosity of the [[Franklin Bulls]] to stage home games at the [[Franklin Pool and Leisure Centre]].<ref name=thepost>{{cite news |last1=Anderson |first1=Ian |title=Indian Panthers suspended from NZ National Basketball League |url=https://www.thepost.co.nz/sport/360673616/indian-panthers-suspended-nz-national-basketball-league |access-date=1 May 2025 |work=The Post |date=1 May 2025}}</ref>

By late April, just three of the team's ten Indian players had travelled to New Zealand.<ref name="ended-in-failure" /> Internal questions over the delayed arrival of the team's Indian players would go unanswered by management.<ref name="nzherald" /> The team's Chinese import, Shenghze Li, and three Indian players—Tushal Singh, Aaron Blessing and Sejin Mathew—reportedly lacked funds to pay for food, relying on food banks and rival clubs giving them food vouchers.<ref name="hangs-thread" /> Reports emerged that the challenges faced by Indian players already with the Panthers in New Zealand were discouraging their compatriots back in India from joining the team.<ref name="nzherald" />

On 25 April 2025, the New Zealand NBL was notified about delayed payments to Panthers players and staff. A meeting with the team's ownership occurred on 28 April. By the next day, some players had been paid and the game against the [[Canterbury Rams]] was expected to go ahead, but the Panthers players chose not to play, leading the league to postpone the match.<ref name="disrespectful" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Indian Panthers Update |url=https://nznbl.basketball/panthersupdate/ |access-date=1 May 2025 |work=nznbl.basketball |date=30 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Troubled Indian Panthers basketball team accused of failing to pay players |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/360670805/troubled-indian-panthers-basketball-team-accused-failing-pay-players |access-date=1 October 2025 |work=Stuff.co.nz |date=30 April 2025}}</ref> On 1 May, the Panthers were suspended indefinitely from the league with immediate effect.<ref name="thepost" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Indian Panthers Suspended |url=https://nznbl.basketball/pantherssuspended/ |access-date=1 May 2025 |work=nznbl.basketball |date=1 May 2025}}</ref> On 9 May, the league postponed two further games involving the Panthers and provided the team a 10-day notice to fully adhere to all conditions; if not satisfied, the participation agreement would be terminated.<ref>{{cite news |title=Indian Panthers Update |url=https://nznbl.basketball/panthersupdate9525/ |access-date=9 May 2025 |work=nznbl.basketball |date=9 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Hinton |first1=Marc |title=New Zealand NBL issues notice of termination to troubled Indian Panthers franchise |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/360684252/new-zealand-nbl-issues-notice-termination-troubled-indian-panthers-franchise |access-date=9 May 2025 |work=Stuff.co.nz |date=9 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Indian Panthers face ejection from basketball league |url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/indonz/560507/indian-panthers-face-ejection-from-basketball-league |access-date=9 May 2025 |work=RNZ |date=9 May 2025 |language=en-nz}}</ref> On 19 May, it was reported that the team's three Indian players had returned to India.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tom |first1=Blessen |title=Indian Panthers players reportedly return to India as termination deadline nears |url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/indonz/561465/indian-panthers-players-reportedly-return-to-india-as-termination-deadline-nears |access-date=19 May 2025 |work=RNZ |date=19 May 2025 |language=en-nz}}</ref> That same day, the Panthers' 20 May game against the [[Tauranga Whai]] was postponed.<ref>{{cite news |title=Indian Panthers Game Postponed |url=https://nznbl.basketball/panthers19525/ |access-date=19 May 2025 |work=nznbl.basketball |date=19 May 2025}}</ref>

On 22 May 2025, the Panthers officially withdrew from the NBL, citing an inability to meet the league's requirements to complete the season due to a range of factors. As a result of the Panthers withdrawal, the NBL advised that the 2025 season would be completed with 11 teams and that all results from the nine games played by the Panthers would be removed entirely.<ref>{{cite news |title=Indian Panthers Withdraw From National Basketball League |url=https://nznbl.basketball/pantherswithdraw/ |access-date=22 May 2025 |work=nznbl.basketball |date=22 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Indian Panthers withdraw from National Basketball League |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/sport/basketball/indian-panthers-withdraw-from-national-basketball-league/QXXOSICZEVD7FAVGX6ONP6PK5Y/ |access-date=22 May 2025 |work=NZ Herald |date=22 May 2025}}</ref> The Panthers had a 0–9 record at the time of their withdrawal.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hinton |first1=Marc |title=Indian Panthers withdraw from New Zealand NBL, unable to meet conditions to continue |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/360698580/indian-panthers-withdraw-new-zealand-nbl-unable-meet-conditions-continue |access-date=22 May 2025 |work=Stuff.co.nz |date=22 May 2025}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20250519051047/https://indianpanthers.co.nz/ Official website (archived)]
*{{youtube|iDOnwCPcdY0|Indian Panthers to bring 'flavour of India to New Zealand basketball' {{!}} RNZ}}
*[https://www.nzherald.co.nz/sport/basketball/indian-panthers-suspension-companies-out-of-pocket-allege-owed-thousands-of-dollars/2CHVTJGCVVGBPPOD55JRGNC25Q/ "Indian Panthers suspension: Companies out of pocket, CEO Parveen Batish alleged to owe thousands of dollars"] at nzherald.co.nz

{{National Basketball League (New Zealand)}}

[[Category:Basketball teams in New Zealand]]
[[Category:Basketball teams in Auckland]]
[[Category:National Basketball League (New Zealand) teams]]
[[Category:Basketball teams established in 2024]]
[[Category:2024 establishments in New Zealand]]
[[Category:Basketball teams disestablished in 2025]]
[[Category:2025 disestablishments in New Zealand]]