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Bharatiya Janata Party – Jharkhand

2026-05-08T04:31:23Z

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{{short description|Jharkhand Pradesh affiliate of the Bharatiya Janata Party}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Infobox Indian political party
| colorcode = {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| founder={{ubl
| [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| [[L. K. Advani|Lal Krishna Advani]]<ref name=":3001">{{Cite news|date=23 May 2019|title=What you need to know about India's BJP|work=[[Al Jazeera]]|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/05/india-bjp-190523053850803.html|url-status=live|access-date=16 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513075856/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/05/india-bjp-190523053850803.html|archive-date=13 May 2020}}</ref>
}} {{cslist
| title = Other founders<ref name="founders" />
| [[Murli Manohar Joshi]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jain |first=Praveen |date=7 January 2024 |title=Murli Manohar Joshi turns 90: Well-wishers flock to Raisina Road to celebrate life of BJP stalwart |url=https://theprint.in/in-pictures/murli-manohar-joshi-turns-90-well-wishers-flock-to-raisina-road-to-celebrate-life-of-bjp-stalwart/1913267/ |access-date=18 January 2025 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>
| [[Nanaji Deshmukh]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bharat Ratna for Pranab, Nanaji Deshmukh and Bhupen Hazarika |url=http://www.bihartimes.in/newsbihar/2019/jan/newsbihar25jan12.html |access-date=18 January 2025 |website=Bihar Times}}</ref>
| [[K. R. Malkani]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sir |first=Sp |date=29 April 2021 |title=K R Malkani - The Sindhu World Sindhi Author: The Sindh Story: Sindhi Politician: Political Mysteries |url=https://thesindhuworld.com/k-r-malkani/ |access-date=18 January 2025 |website=The Sindhu World |language=en-US}}</ref>
| [[Sikandar Bakht]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 April 2024 |script-title=hi:कौन थे बीजेपी के इकलौते मुस्लिम फाउंडर सिकंदर बख्त? जानिए कैसे थामा पार्टी का साथ |url=https://www.abplive.com/news/india/bjp-foundation-day-who-was-bjp-muslim-founder-sikandar-bakht-political-career-profile-in-hindi-2658177 |access-date=18 January 2025 |website= |language=hi}}</ref>
| [[Vijay Kumar Malhotra]]
| [[Vijaya Raje Scindia]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jain |first=Devaki |work=The Citizen (India) |url=https://www.thecitizen.in/index.php/en/NewsDetail/index/7/20759/The-Maharani-who-Founded-the-BJP |title=The Maharani who founded the BJP |date=14 August 2021 }}</ref>
| [[Bhairon Singh Shekhawat]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 May 2023 |title=Rajput votes at stake in Rajasthan, Bhairon Singh Shekhawat legacy a new front in BJP, Cong battle |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/rajput-rajasthan-bhairon-singh-shekhawat-bjp-congress-8623357/ |access-date=18 January 2025 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>
| [[Shanta Kumar]]
| [[Ram Jethmalani]]
| [[Jagannathrao Joshi]]
}}| logo = [[File:Logo of the Bharatiya Janata Party.svg|150px]]
| abbreviation = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| president = [[Aditya Sahu]]
| general_secretary = Karmveer Singh
| headquarters = Dr. Syama Prasad Mookerji Bhawan M-7, Harmu Housing Colony, [[Ranchi]] - 834 002 [[Jharkhand]]
| symbol = [[Nelumbo nucifera|Lotus]] [[File:Lotus flower symbol.svg|130px]]
| foundation = {{start date and age|df=y|p=y|1980|4|6|br=y}}
| flag = BJP Flag.svg{{!}}border
| colours = {{colour box|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}} [[Saffron (color)|Saffron]]
| loksabha_seats = {{Composition bar|8|14|hex=#FF9900}}
| rajyasabha_seats = {{Composition bar|3|6|hex=#FF9900}}
| state_seats_name = [[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]
| state_seats = {{Composition bar|21|81|hex=#FF9933}}
| website = {{URL|http://bjpjharkhand.org/}}
| chairman = [[Babulal Marandi]] (Leader of the Opposition)
| eci = National Party
}}
'''Bharatiya Janata Party – Jharkhand''', or simply '''BJP Jharkhand''', is the affiliate of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] for the state of Jharkhand. Its head office is situated at the M-7, Harmu Housing Colony, [[Ranchi]]. [[Aditya Sahu]] was appointed as the State President of the Jharkhand unit on 14 January 2026.

== History ==
At the time of its formation in 1980, the Bharatiya Janata Party had limited success in what would become Jharkhand. In the [[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985 Bihar legislative assembly election]], the BJP won 16 seats of which 14 were in regions that would become part of Jharkhand. In 1989, the BJP won five seats in the region. The BJP had long supported the creation of a state out of the southern part of Bihar they called 'Vananchal', in keeping with their naming of the Adivasis as 'Vanvasis'.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/666573628 |title=The politics of belonging in India: becoming Adivasi |date=2011 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-60082-8 |editor-last=Rycroft |editor-first=Daniel J. |series=Routledge contemporary South Asia series |location=London; New York |chapter=Politics, development and identity: Jharkhand, 1991–2009 |oclc=666573628 |editor-last2=Dasgupta |editor-first2=Sangeeta}}</ref> The BJP's rhetoric at this time with regards to the Jharkhand movement largely claimed that the mainstream leaders, which they saw as westernized 'elites', were using the Jharkhand movement to enrich themselves. The BJP sought to persuade non-Christian tribals by claiming they were part of the 'Hindu nation', while demonizing Christian tribals as westernised. Much of this groundwork was prepared by sister organisations like the [[Vanavasi Kalyan Ashram]], which sought to prevent Christian conversions among Adivasis and Hinduize them.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hocking |first=Russell |date=1994 |title=The potential for BJP expansion: Ideology, politics, and regional appeal — the lessons of Jharkhand |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00856409408723222 |journal=South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies |language=en |volume=17 |issue=sup001 |pages=157–168 |doi=10.1080/00856409408723222 |issn=0085-6401|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

In 1989, due to their promise for Vananchal, they obtained 5 out of the 14 seats in the Lok Sabha, with a 30% vote share. In 1990, the BJP gained 20 seats with a vote share of at least 20% in the Jharkhand region, which stayed with the party throughout the 1990s.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |title=Electoral dynamics in the states of India |date=2022 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-003-15997-1 |editor-last=Shastri |editor-first=Sandeep |location=London New York |chapter=Jharkhand: The ascendance of the BJP as a dominant party |editor-last2=Kumar |editor-first2=Ashutosh |editor-last3=Sisodia |editor-first3=Yatindra Singh}}</ref> In 1991, the BJP officially added a promise to set up a commission to study the division of larger states, including Bihar, into smaller states and gained five seats.<ref name=":1" /> The electorate in Jharkhand were favouring national parties who could form a government at the Centre and grant them statehood, and the BJP was the most influential party advocating strongly for statehood. In 1996 and 1998, the BJP obtained 12 seats in the Jharkhand region, and 11 in 1999, squeezing out other regional parties like JMM and AJSU who were also advocating for statehood. The BJP combined its small states agenda with a patronization of tribal institutions and nomination of tribal candidates for the elections.<ref name=":2" /> In the [[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000 Bihar assembly elections]], the BJP gained the most seats in the Jharkhand region, with 39.5% of the vote, and when the BJP at the centre formed the three new states, the BJP formed the first government. [[Babulal Marandi]] was chosen as the first Chief Minister.<ref name=":2" />

The BJP was not alone in this government and had to share power with both the Janata Dal (United), Vananchal Congress and AJSU. There was constant infighting in this coalition up to and including blackmail of ministers.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Kumar |first=Sanjay |last2=Dayal |first2=Harishwar |date=2004 |title=Reversal of Past Trends |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4415945 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=39 |issue=51 |pages=5513–5516 |issn=0012-9976}}</ref> This all was compounded by the controversial domicile bill he attempted to pass to restrict eligibility for residency in Jharkhand to those whose ancestors appeared in a 1932 land survey, which caused major controversy among the significant population of more recent migrants to the state.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 April 2014 |title=Domicile debacle still haunts Babulal Marandi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/Domicile-debacle-still-haunts-Babulal-Marandi/articleshow/34071998.cms |access-date=7 September 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> At last a major political crisis erupted in March 2003 when seven ministers from the coalition resigned and a bill was defeated. Marandi was forced to resign, and [[Arjun Munda]] was selected to be the next Chief Minister of Jharkhand.<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 March 2003 |title=Jharkhand Chief Minister Babulal Marandi resigns |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Jharkhand-Chief-Minister-Babulal-Marandi-resigns/articleshow/40541577.cms |access-date=7 September 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":3" />

In the 2004 elections, the rival Congress-led UPA won 13 out of 14 seats in Jharkhand. The dissolution of the alliance with the JD(U) and AJSU led them to act as vote spoilers for the BJP in several constituencies, while widespread dissatisfaction over unemployment and unpopularity of certain candidates among locals and party workers alike led to lacklustre support. In addition the BJP lost support among Adivasis and other OBCs, remaining strong only in its core upper caste vote base.<ref name=":3" /> In 2005 however, the BJP was able to make a comeback by winning 30 out of 81 seats, while its coalition partners won 6 seats. After [[Shibu Soren]] tried and failed to form a government, Arjun Munda became Chief Minister again with a very unstable majority.

However the government was only supported by a set of independents, so in 2006 Arjun Munda was forced to resign and was replaced by Madhu Koda, who was supported by the UPA. In the 2009 Lok Sabha elections, the party performed well, winning 8 out of 14 seats. In the subsequent assembly elections, the party won 18 seats and formed a coalition government with Shibu Soren as Chief Minister. However when Soren lost a byelection to be eligible to be Chief Minister and due to his alienation of the BJP, the party withdrew support from his coalition in May 2010 and forced the imposition of President's Rule for several months. In September 2010, Arjun Munda was invited to be Chief Minister again as the head of a BJP-JMM coalition with Shibu Soren as deputy CM. After three years, the JMM withdrew support for his government in January 2013.<ref name=":4">{{Citation |last=Khan |first=Meena |title=Territories |date=30 January 2024 |work=The Territories and States of India 2024 |pages=348–354 |url=https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003476900-36 |access-date=7 September 2025 |place=London |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-003-47690-0}}</ref>

In 2014, Jharkhand was caught up in the 'Modi wave' like the rest of the country, and the BJP won 12 out of 14 Lok Sabha seats from Jharkhand. In the assembly elections also, the BJP performed very well and secured 37 seats. The BJP gave the seat to [[Raghubar Das]], an OBC non-tribal from Chhattisgarh who had his base in Jamshedpur. However his decisions to amend the domicile policy to grant residency status to anyone who had lived in the state for 30 years and his plans for changing land tenancy to allow non-agricultural use of tribal land alienated Adivasi voters. The BJP ended up losing six out of seven byelections held before the 2019 Lok Sabha polls. In 2019 however, the BJP again dominated the Lok Sabha elections winning 11 out of 14 seats. The BJP campaign focused on nationalism, putting emphasis on the Balakot strikes as a response to the Pulwama attack allowing them to capture votes of OBCs and tribals in addition to their upper caste votebank.<ref name=":3" /> However in the subsequent assembly elections, anti-incumbency against Raghubar Das' government led to a defeat of the BJP where they won only 25 seats with Das himself losing his seat. The BJP thus became the opposition party and attempted to bring the demise of Chief Minister [[Hemant Soren]]'s government by bringing votes of no confidence, most notably on 5 September 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tewary |first=Amarnath |date=5 September 2022 |title=Hemant Soren wins confidence motion in Jharkhand Assembly, BJP walks out |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/hemant-soren-jharkhand-assembly-confidence-motion-monday-september-5-2022/article65852752.ece |access-date=7 September 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The party's nomination of Draupadi Murmu as president was partially to appeal to the tribal votebank in states like Jharkhand.<ref name=":4" />

In 2024, the BJP won fewer Lok Sabha seats in Jharkhand (8 out of 14) and suffered votebank erosion especially in tribal-majority areas. The INDIA opposition especially talked about the arrest of Hemant Soren in a criminal case as an example of BJP 'prejudice' towards tribals and significantly eroded BJP support among tribals.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lok Sabha Elections 2024: BJP gets severe jolt in Jharkhand; loses all 5 tribal seats |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/elections/india/lok-sabha-elections-2024-bjp-gets-severe-jolt-in-jharkhand-loses-all-5-tribal-seats-3052823 |access-date=7 September 2025 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> After the release of Hemant Soren and his retaking of the CM chair, the former CM [[Champai Soren]] joined the BJP. In the leadup to the 2024 assembly elections, the BJP emphasized alleged "infiltration" of Muslims from [[Bangladesh]] to the state, especially in [[Santhal Pargana division|Santhal Parganas]], to win support from local voters concerned about 'outsiders' and to split the tribal-Muslim coalition which supported the INDIA alliance. However in the elections, the BJP won only 21 seats, and continues to be in opposition to the current INDIA government. The election cemented the alienation of the BJP from their former tribal votebank.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srivastava |first=Amitabh |date=24 November 2024 |title=Behind BJP’s Jharkhand loss, tribal trust that divisive tactics couldn’t regain |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/behind-bjps-jharkhand-loss-tribal-trust-that-divisive-tactics-couldnt-regain-2024-jharkhand-assembly-election-results-2639344-2024-11-24 |access-date=7 September 2025 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Electoral history ==

=== Lok Sabha election ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Year
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Seats won
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |+/-
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Outcome
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|{{Composition bar|1|14|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{Steady}}
|{{No|Opposition}}
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|{{Composition bar|9|14|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{Increase}}8
|{{No|Opposition}}
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|{{Composition bar|12|14|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{Increase}}3
|{{Yes|Government}}
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|{{Composition bar|11|14|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{decrease}}1
|{{Yes|Government}}
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|{{Composition bar|8|14|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{decrease}}3
|{{Yes|Government}}
|}

=== Legislative Assembly election ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Year
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Seats won
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |+/-
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Voteshare (%)
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |+/- (%)
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Outcome
|-
|[[2005 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|{{Composition bar|30|81|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{increase}}30
|23.57%
|{{increase}}23.57
|{{Partial|Government, later Opposition}}
|-
|[[2009 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
|{{Composition bar|18|81|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{decrease}}12
|20.18%
|{{decrease}}3.39%
|{{Partial|Government, later Opposition}}
|-
|[[2014 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|{{Composition bar|37|81|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{Increase}}19
|31.26%
|{{Increase}}11.08%
|{{Yes|Government}}
|-
|[[2019 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|{{Composition bar|25|81|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{decrease}}12
|33.37%
|{{Increase}}2.11%
|{{No|Opposition}}
|-
|[[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|{{Composition bar|21|81|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{decrease}}4
|33.18%
|{{Decrease}}0.19%
|{{No|Opposition}}
|}

== List of chief ministers ==
{| class="wikitable"
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |#
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Portrait
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Name
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |[[List of constituencies of the Jharkhand Legislative Assembly|Constituency]]
! colspan="3" style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Term
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Assembly
|- style="text-align:center;"
|1
| [[File:Babulal Marandi.jpg|113x113px]]
|[[Babulal Marandi]]
|[[Ramgarh, Jharkhand Assembly constituency|Ramgarh]]
|{{dts|15 November 2000}}
|{{dts|18 March 2003}}
|{{Age in years and days|2000|11|15|2003|3|18}}
| rowspan="2" |[[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1st]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| rowspan="3" |2
| rowspan="3" |[[File:Arjun Munda - Ranchi 2011-11-29 9195.JPG|113x113px]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Arjun Munda]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Kharsawan Assembly constituency|Kharsawan]]
|{{dts|18 March 2003}}
|{{dts|2 March 2005}}
|{{Age in years and days|2003|3|18|2005|3|2}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
|{{dts|12 March 2005}}
|{{dts|19 September 2006}}
|{{Age in years and days|2005|3|12|2006|9|19}}
|[[2005 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2nd]]
|-style="text-align:center;"
|{{dts|11 September 2010}}
|{{dts|18 January 2013}}
|{{Age in years and days|2010|9|11|2013|1|18}}
|[[2009 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|3rd]]
|-style="text-align:center;"
|3
|[[File:Raghubar Das with Jual Oram (cropped).jpg|101x101px]]
|[[Raghubar Das]]
|[[Jamshedpur East Assembly constituency|Jamshedpur East]]
|{{dts|28 December 2014}}
|{{dts|29 December 2019}}
|{{Age in years and days|2014|12|28|2019|12|29}}
|[[2014 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|4th]]
|}

== List of deputy chief ministers ==
{| class="wikitable"
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |#
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Portrait
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Name
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |[[List of constituencies of the Jharkhand Legislative Assembly|Constituency]]
! colspan="3" style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Term
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Assembly
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |[[Chief Minister of Jharkhand|Chief Minister]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
|1
|[[File:Raghubar Das with Jual Oram (cropped).jpg|101x101px]]
|[[Raghubar Das]]
|[[Jamshedpur East Assembly constituency|Jamshedpur East]]
|{{dts|30 December 2009}}
|{{dts|31 May 2010}}
|{{Age in years and days|2009|12|30|2010|5|31}}
|[[2009 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|3rd]]
|[[Shibu Soren]]
|}

== List of leaders of the opposition ==
{| class="wikitable"
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |#
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Portrait
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Name
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |[[List of constituencies of the Jharkhand Legislative Assembly|Constituency]]
! colspan="3" style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Term
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Assembly
|- style="text-align:center;"
| rowspan="2" |1
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Arjun Munda - Ranchi 2011-11-29 9195.JPG|113x113px]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Arjun Munda]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Kharsawan Assembly constituency|Kharsawan]]
|{{dts|4 December 2006}}
|{{dts|29 May 2009}}
|{{Ayd|4 December 2006|29 May 2009}}
|[[2005 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2nd]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
|{{dts|19 July 2013}}
|{{dts|23 December 2014}}
|{{Ayd|19 July 2013|23 December 2014}}
|[[2009 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|3rd]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 2
|
|[[Babulal Marandi]]
|[[Dhanwar Assembly constituency|Dhanwar]]
|{{dts|24 February 2020}}
|{{dts|16 October 2023}}
|{{Age in years and days|2020|02|24|2023|10|16}}
| rowspan="2" |[[2019 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|5th]]
|-style="text-align:center;"
| 3
| [[File:Amar Kumar Bauri meeting the Minister of State for Culture and Tourism (Independent Charge), Dr. Mahesh Sharma, in New Delhi (cropped)2.jpg|111x111px]]
|[[Amar Kumar Bauri]]
|[[Chandankiyari Assembly constituency|Chandankiyari]]
|{{dts|16 October 2023}}
|{{dts|23 November 2024}}
|{{Ayd|16 October 2023|23 November 2024}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
| (2)
|
|[[Babulal Marandi]]
|[[Dhanwar Assembly constituency|Dhanwar]]
|{{dts|6 March 2025}}
|''Incumbent''
|{{Age in years and days|2025|3|6}}
|[[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|6th]]
|}

== List of presidents ==
{| class="wikitable"
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |#
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Name
! colspan="3" style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Term in Office
|-
|1
|Prof. [[Dukha Bhagat]]
|{{dts|1998}}
|{{dts|Sep-2001}}
|3 years
|-
|2<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 August 2003 |title=Send-off for BJP chief |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/send-off-for-bjp-chief/cid/807191 |work=Telegraph India}}</ref>
|Abhay Kant Prasad
|{{dts|2 September 2001}}
|{{dts|18 July 2004}}
|{{Ayd|2 September 2001|18 July 2004}}
|-
|3<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 July 2004 |title=Boss salve on BJP fire |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/boss-salve-on-bjp-fire/cid/731093 |work=Telegraph India}}</ref>
|[[Raghubar Das]]
|{{dts|18 July 2004}}
|{{dts|13 May 2005}}
|{{Ayd|18 July 2004|13 May 2005}}
|-
|4<ref>{{Cite web |title=Reins shift in reign of chaos |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/reins-shift-in-reign-of-chaos/cid/878784 |access-date= |website=www.telegraphindia.com |language=}}</ref>
|[[Yadunath Pandey]]
|{{dts|13 May 2005}}
|{{dts|Oct-2007}}
|2 years
|-
|5
|[[Pashupati Nath Singh]]
|{{dts|Oct-2007}}
|{{dts|Jan-2009}}
|1 year
|-
|6
|[[Raghubar Das]]
|{{dts|Jan-2009}}
|{{dts|25 September 2010}}
|1 year
|-
|7<ref>{{Cite web |title=Goswami is state BJP chief |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/goswami-is-state-bjp-chief/cid/482926 |access-date= |website=www.telegraphindia.com |language=}}</ref>
|Dineshanand Goswami
|{{dts|25 September 2010}}
|{{dts|10 March 2013}}
|{{Ayd|25 September 2010|10 March 2013}}
|-
|8<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date= |title=Ravindra Rai, K V Singh Deo to head BJP in Jharkhand, Odisha |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/ravindra-rai-k-v-singh-deo-to-head-bjp-in-jharkhand-odisha-113031000229_1.html |access-date=}}</ref>
|[[Ravindra Kumar Ray]]
|{{dts|10 March 2013}}
|{{dts|17 May 2016}}
|{{Ayd|10 March 2013|17 May 2016}}
|-
|9<ref>{{Cite news|agency=Press Trust of India|date=17 May 2016|title=BJP appoints Tala Marandi its Jharkhand unit president|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/bjp-appoints-tala-marandi-its-jharkhand-unit-president-116051701549_1.html|access-date=23 January 2022}}</ref>
|[[Tala Marandi]]
|{{dts|17 May 2016}}
|{{dts|24 August 2016}}
|{{Ayd|17 May 2016|24 August 2016}}
|-
|10<ref>{{Cite web|date=27 August 2016|title=Jharkhand: New BJP chief Laxman Gilua takes over from Tala Marandi, promises to work on tribal issues|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/jharkhand-bjp-chief-laxman-gilua-tribal-tenancy-act-domicile-policy-2997662/|access-date=23 January 2022|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>
|[[Laxman Giluwa]]
|{{dts|24 August 2016}}
|{{dts|25 February 2020}}
|{{Ayd|24 August 2016|25 February 2020}}
|-
|11<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Deepak Prakash appointed BJP Jharkhand chief |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/feb/25/deepak-prakash-appointed-bjp-jharkhand-chief-2108244.html |access-date=23 January 2022 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
|[[Deepak Prakash (politician)|Deepak Prakash]]
|{{dts|25 February 2020}}
|{{dts|4 July 2023}}
|{{Ayd|25 February 2020|4 July 2023}}
|-
|12<ref name="BJP reshuffle: Kishan Reddy is new Telangana BJP chief, Babulal Marandi in Jharkhand">{{cite news |title=BJP reshuffle: Kishan Reddy is new Telangana BJP chief, Babulal Marandi in Jharkhand |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bjp-announces-new-state-presidents-g-kishan-reddy-d-purandeshwari-babulal-marandi-and-sunil-jakhar-take-charge-101688465032667.html |access-date=4 July 2023 |work=Hindustan Times |date=4 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230704102122/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bjp-announces-new-state-presidents-g-kishan-reddy-d-purandeshwari-babulal-marandi-and-sunil-jakhar-take-charge-101688465032667.html |archive-date=4 July 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|[[Babulal Marandi]]
|{{dts|4 July 2023}}
|{{dts|14 January 2026}}
|{{Ayd|4 July 2023|14 January 2026}}
|-
|13<ref>https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/jharkhand/aditya-sahu-elected-new-president-of-jharkhand-bjp-seeks-to-protect-tribal-rights/article70509831.ece</ref>
|'''[[Aditya Sahu]]'''
|'''{{dts|14 January 2026}}'''
|'''Incumbent'''
|{{Ayd|14 January 2026
|}}
|}

==List of MPs==
===Members of Parliament, Rajya Sabha===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! Style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" Rowspan=2 | S.No
! Style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" Rowspan=2 | Members of Parliament
! Style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" Colspan=2 | Term
|-
!Style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" | Term Start
!Style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" | Term End
|-
!1.
|[[Parmeshwar Kumar Agarwalla]]
|8 July 1998
|7 July 2004
|-
!Rowspan=2|2.
|Rowspan=2|[[S. S. Ahluwalia|Surendrajeet Singh Ahluwalia]]
|3 April 2000
|2 April 2006
|-
|3 April 2006
|2 April 2012
|-
!3.
|[[Ajay Maroo]]
|10 April 2002
|9 April 2008
|-
!4.
|Abhay Kant Prasad
|5 June 2002
|7 July 2004
|-
!5.
|[[Devdas Apte]]
|2 July 2002
|9 April 2008
|-
!6.
|[[Yashwant Sinha]]
|8 July 2004
|16 May 2009
|-
!7.
|[[Jai Prakash Narayan Singh]]
|10 April 2008
|9 April 2014
|-
!8.
|[[M. J. Akbar|Mobasher Jawed Akbar]]
|3 July 2015
|29 June 2016
|-
!9.
|[[Mahesh Poddar]]
|8 July 2016
|7 July 2022
|-
!10.
|[[Mukhtar Abbas Naqvi]]
|8 July 2016
|7 July 2022
|-
!11.
|[[Sameer Oraon]]
|4 May 2018
|3 May 2024
|-
!12.
|'''[[Deepak Prakash (politician)|Deepak Prakash]]'''
|'''22 June 2020'''
|'''21 June 2026'''
|-
!13.
|'''[[Aditya Sahu]]'''
|'''8 July 2022'''
|'''7 July 2028'''
|-
!14.
|'''[[Pradip Kumar Varma]]'''
|'''4 May 2024'''
|'''3 May 2030'''
|-
|}

===Members of Parliament, Lok Sabha===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! Style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" | S.No
! Style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" | MPs
! Style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" | Constituency
! Style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" | Term
|-
!1.
|[[Babulal Marandi]]
|[[Kodarma Lok Sabha constituency|Kodarma]]
|2004-2006
|-
!2.
|[[Devidhan Besra]]
|[[Rajmahal Lok Sabha constituency|Rajmahal]] (ST)
|2009-2014
|-
!Rowspan=4|3.
|Rowspan=4|'''[[Nishikant Dubey]]'''
|Rowspan=4|'''[[Godda Lok Sabha constituency|Godda]]'''
|2009-2014
|-
|2014-2019
|-
|2019-2024
|-
|'''2024-2029'''
|-
!Rowspan=2|4.
|Rowspan=2|[[Ravindra Kumar Pandey]]
|Rowspan=2|[[Giridih Lok Sabha constituency|Giridih]]
|2009-2014
|-
|2014-2019
|-
!Rowspan=3|5.
|Rowspan=3|[[Pashupati Nath Singh]]
|Rowspan=3|[[Dhanbad Lok Sabha constituency|Dhanbad]]
|2009-2014
|-
|2014-2019
|-
|2019-2024
|-
!Rowspan=2|6.
|Rowspan=2|[[Arjun Munda]]
|[[Jamshedpur Lok Sabha constituency|Jamshedpur]]
|2009-2011
|-
|[[Khunti Lok Sabha constituency|Khunti]] (ST)
|2019-2024
|-
!Rowspan=2|7.
|Rowspan=2|[[Kariya Munda]]
|Rowspan=2|[[Khunti Lok Sabha constituency|Khunti]] (ST)
|2009-2014
|-
|2014-2019
|-
!Rowspan=3|8.
|Rowspan=3|[[Sudarshan Bhagat]]
|Rowspan=3|[[Lohardaga Lok Sabha constituency|Lohardaga]] (ST)
|2009-2014
|-
|2014-2019
|-
|2019-2024
|-
!9.
|[[Yashwant Sinha]]
|[[Hazaribagh Lok Sabha constituency|Hazaribagh]]
|2009-2014
|-
!Rowspan=2|10.
|Rowspan=2|[[Sunil Kumar Singh (Jharkhand politician)|Sunil Kumar Singh]]
|Rowspan=2|[[Chatra Lok Sabha constituency|Chatra]]
|2014-2019
|-
|2019-2024
|-
!11.
|[[Ravindra Kumar Ray]]
|[[Kodarma Lok Sabha constituency|Kodarma]]
|2014-2019
|-
!12.
|[[Ram Tahal Choudhary]]
|[[Ranchi Lok Sabha constituency|Ranchi]]
|2014-2019
|-
!Rowspan=3|13.
|Rowspan=3|'''[[Bidyut Baran Mahato]]'''
|Rowspan=3|'''[[Jamshedpur Lok Sabha constituency|Jamshedpur]]'''
|2014-2019
|-
|2019-2024
|-
|'''2024-2029'''
|-
!15.
|[[Laxman Giluwa]]
|[[Singhbhum Lok Sabha constituency|Singhbhum]] (ST)
|2014-2019
|-
!Rowspan=3|16.
|Rowspan=3|'''[[Vishnu Dayal Ram]]'''
|Rowspan=3|'''[[Palamu Lok Sabha constituency|Palamu]] (SC)'''
|2014-2019
|-
|2019-2024
|-
|'''2024-2029'''
|-
!Rowspan=2|17.
|Rowspan=2|[[Jayant Sinha]]
|Rowspan=2|[[Hazaribagh Lok Sabha constituency|Hazaribagh]]
|2014-2019
|-
|2019-2024
|-
!18.
|[[Sunil Soren]]
|[[Dumka Lok Sabha constituency|Dumka]]
|2019-2024
|-
!Rowspan=2|19.
|Rowspan=2|'''[[Annpurna Devi]]'''
|Rowspan=2|'''[[Kodarma Lok Sabha constituency|Kodarma]]'''
|2019-2024
|-
|'''2024-2029'''
|-
!Rowspan=2|20.
|Rowspan=2|'''[[Sanjay Seth (Jharkhand politician)|Sanjay Seth]]'''
|Rowspan=2|'''[[Ranchi Lok Sabha constituency|Ranchi]]'''
|2019-2024
|-
|'''2024-2029'''
|-
!21.
|'''[[Kalicharan Singh]]'''
|'''[[Chatra Lok Sabha constituency|Chatra]]'''
|'''2024-2029'''
|-
!22.
|'''[[Dulu Mahato]]'''
|'''[[Dhanbad Lok Sabha constituency|Dhanbad]]'''
|'''2024-2029'''
|-
!23.
|'''[[Manish Jaiswal]]'''
|'''[[Hazaribagh Lok Sabha constituency|Hazaribagh]]'''
|'''2024-2029'''
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[Bharatiya Janata Party – Gujarat]]
* [[Bharatiya Janata Party – Uttar Pradesh]]
* [[Bharatiya Janata Party – Madhya Pradesh]]
* [[State units of the Bharatiya Janata Party]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bharatiya Janata Party - Jharkhand}}
[[Category:Politics of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party by state or union territory|Jharkhand]]

Kandi Assembly constituency

2026-05-07T22:48:33Z

Brotherhoodbo: added a entry - done

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
'''Kandi Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Murshidabad district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kandi
| type= SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Kandi.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Kandi Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| mla = '''Gargi Das Ghosh'''
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| latest_election_year = [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| preceded_by = [[Apurba Sarkar]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[Murshidabad district|Murshidabad]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Baharampur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Baharampur]]
| constituency_no = 68
| established = 1951
| electors = 238,973
| reservation = None
| abolished =
}}

{{Pie chart
| value1 = 73.7
| value2 = 10.52
| value3 = 5.26
| value4 = 5.26
| value5 = 5.26
| label1 = [[Indian National Congress]] (14 times)
| label2 = [[Independent politician]] (2 times)
| label3 = [[Communist Party of India]] (1 time)
| label4 = [[All India Trinamool Congress]] (1 time)
| label5 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (1 time)
| color1 = {{party color|Indian National Congress}}
| color2 = {{party color|Independent politician}}
| color3 = {{party color|Communist Party of India}}
| color4 = {{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|color5 = {{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}
| caption = '''Most Successful Parties from Kandi Assembly'''
}}

==Overview==
As per orders of the [[Delimitation Commission of India|Delimitation Commission]], No. 68 Kandi Assembly constituency covers [[Kandi, Murshidabad|Kandi]] municipality, [[Kandi (community development block)|Kandi]] [[Community Development Block in India|community development block]] (CDB), and Satui Chaurigachha [[gram panchayat]] of [[Berhampore (community development block)|Berhampore]] CDB.<ref name =delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 | access-date = 13 July 2013 | work = West Bengal| publisher = Election Commission of India }}</ref>

Kandi Assembly constituency is part of No. 10 [[Baharampur (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name =delimitation/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1951 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1951]]
|Goalbadan Trivedi
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=5}}
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Sudhir Mondal
|-
|Bimal Chandra Sinha
|-
|[[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Kumar Jagadish Chandra Sinha
|-
|[[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|G. Trivedi
|-
|[[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|Kumar Jagadish Chandra Sinha
|{{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
|[[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|rowspan="4"|Atish Chandra Sinha
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
|[[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|-
|[[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|-
|[[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|Syed Wahid Reza
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
|[[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|rowspan="3"|Atish Chandra Sinha
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|-
|[[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|-
|[[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|rowspan="3"|[[Apurba Sarkar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
|[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|-
|2019^
|Safiul Alam Khan (Bonu Khan)
|-
|[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|[[Apurba Sarkar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|-
|[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|Gargi Das Ghosh
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}

* ^ {{ndash}} by-election

==Election results==
===2026===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Kandi}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Gargi Das Ghosh|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=73,355|percentage=36.78|change={{Increase}}6.04}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Apurba Sarkar]]|party=Trinamool Congress|votes=63,020|percentage=31.60|change={{Decrease}} 19.56}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Shamim Rana|party=Indian National Congress|votes=31,160|percentage=15.62|change={{Increase}}0.84}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Mesbahul khan (Saheb)|party=All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|votes=22,976|percentage=11.20|change={{New}}}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Syed Azizur Hossain (Nashim)|party=Independent|votes=1,623|percentage=0.81|change={{New}}}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Rejaul Karim|party=Communist Party of India|votes=1,530|percentage=0.77|change={{New}}}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]|party=None of the above (India)|votes=2,932|percentage=1.47|change={{Decrease}}0.21}}

{{Election box majority||votes=10,335|percentage=5.19|change={{Increase}} 15.23}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=199,460|percentage=|change=}}

{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = BJP
|loser = Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Kandi}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Apurba Sarkar]]
|party = Trinamool Congress
|votes = 95,399
|percentage = 51.16
|change = {{increase}}15.6
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Goutam Roy
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 57,319
|percentage = 30.74
|change = {{increase}}19.4
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Shafiul Islam Khan
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 27,555
|percentage = 14.78
|change = {{decrease}}33.6
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|party = None of the above (India)
|votes = 3,131
|percentage = 1.68
|change = {{increase}}0.59
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 38,080
|percentage = 20.42
|change = {{increase}}7.6
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,86,481
|percentage = 78.03
|change = {{increase}}4.99
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Trinamool Congress
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019 by-election===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2019 elections in India#West Bengal|2019 West Bengal Legislative Assembly by-election]]: Kandi}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Shafiul Alam Khan
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 79,698
|percentage = 48.38
|change = {{decrease}}2.84
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Goutam Roy
|party = Trinamool Congress
|votes = 58,578
|percentage = 35.56
|change = {{decrease}}2.64
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Sanat Mondal
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 18,693
|percentage = 11.34
|change = {{increase}}5.5
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Debojyoti Roy
|party = Communist Party of India
|votes = 5,291
|percentage = 3.21
|change = {{New}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|party = None of the above (India)
|votes = 1,799
|percentage = 1.09
|change = {{Decrease}}0.45
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 21,120
|percentage = 12.82
|change = {{decrease}}0.2
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,64,710
|percentage = 73.04
|change = {{decrease}}3.6
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Kandi}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Apurba Sarkar]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 81,723
|percentage = 51.22
|change = {{increase}}5.12
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Santanu Sen
|party = Trinamool Congress
|votes = 60,943
|percentage = 38.2
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Binay Bhushan Das
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 9,317
|percentage = 5.84
|change = {{increase}}2.82
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|party = None of the above (India)
|votes = 2,464
|percentage = 1.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 20,780
|percentage = 13.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,59,553
|percentage = 76.64
|change = {{decrease}}4.27
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
In the 2011 election, Apurba Sarkar of Congress defeated his nearest rival Ainal Haque of CPI.

{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2011]]: Kandi constituency<ref name=vidhansabha2011>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2011/stat_WB_May2011.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 2011, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=68| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120327190157/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=68| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 27 March 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Kandi| publisher =Empowering India |access-date = 20 April 2011}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Apurba Sarkar]]
|votes = 66,513
|percentage = 46.10
|change = {{increase}}13.59
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Ainal Haque
|votes = 58,703
|percentage = 40.68
|change = {{increase}}7.64
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sahitya Pradip Sinha
|votes = 9,836
|percentage = 6.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Dhananjoy Mandal
|votes = 4,351
|percentage = 3.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Amit Kumar Das
|votes = 1,429
|percentage =
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation
|candidate = Manirul Islam
|votes = 1,254
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sasti Konai
|votes = 850
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = Nazimul Islam
|votes = 736
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Muslim League Kerala State Committee|MLKSC]]
|candidate = Majibur Rahaman Sheikh
|votes = 615
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,44,287
|percentage = 80.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing = {{decrease}}21.51
}}
{{Election box end}}

Sahitya Pradip Sinha, contesting as an independent, was reportedly backed by Trinamool Congress.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thestatesman.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=365076:murshidabad-birbhum-independents-pose-problems-for-official-candidates&catid=73:kolkata-plus&from_page=search |title=Murshidabad, Birbhum Independents pose problems for official candidates |publisher=The Statesman 6 April 2011 |access-date=5 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120612082640/http://www.thestatesman.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=365076%3Amurshidabad-birbhum-independents-pose-problems-for-official-candidates&catid=73%3Akolkata-plus&from_page=search |archive-date=12 June 2012 }}</ref>

.# Swing calculated on Congress+Rebel Congress (Independent) vote percentages taken together in 2006. Calculated only on the vote percentages secured by Apurba Sarakar in 2006 and 2011 the swing is +3.59%.

===2006===
In the 2006 election, Apurba Sarkar of Congress MP of [[Baharampur]], [[Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury]] Supported Independent defeated his nearest rival Abdul Hamid of CPI.
{{Election box begin | title=[[2006 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2006]]: Kandi constituency<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=68| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120327190157/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=68| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 27 March 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Kandi| publisher =Empowering India |access-date = 20 April 2011}}</ref>}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = [[Apurba Sarkar]]
|votes = 50,157
|percentage = 34.87
|change = {{decrease}}13.87
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Abdul Hamid
|votes = 47,525
|percentage = 33.04
|change = {{increase}}7.64
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Atish Chandra Sinha]]
|votes = 36,103
|percentage = 25.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)|Independent
|candidate = Hari Prasad Chandra
|votes = 2,204
|percentage = 1.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Partha Mukherjee
|votes = 1,787
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation
|candidate = Syed Fazle Alam
|votes = 1,532
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Md. Safiuddin Sk.
|votes = 1184
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)|Independent
|candidate = Uday Das
|votes = 996
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Narendra Narayan Roy
|votes = 893
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Babu Bagdhi
|votes = 884
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Md. Shahzamal
|votes = 561
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 143,829
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing = -21.51#
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1977–2006===
In the [[2006 West Bengal state assembly election|2006 state assembly elections]]<ref name=vidhansabha2006>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_WB_2006.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2006, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref> Apurba Sarkar, Independent, won the 68 Kandi assembly seat defeating his nearest rival Abdul Hamid of [[Communist Party of India|CPI]]. Apurba Sarkar, contesting as an independent, was a rebel congress candidate put up by [[Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury|Adhir Choudhury]] as a protest against the official Congress candidate [[Atish Chandra Sinha|Atish Sinha]].<ref>{{cite news| url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060512/asp/bengal/story_6214010.asp| archive-url = https://archive.today/20120912213550/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060512/asp/bengal/story_6214010.asp| url-status = dead| archive-date = 12 September 2012|title = Adhir beats Cong at home | publisher = The Telegraph 12 May 2006|access-date = 13 May 2011| location=Calcutta, India| date=12 May 2006}}</ref> He was subsequently taken back into the Congress.<ref>{{cite news| url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110417/jsp/bengal/story_13864257.jsp | archive-url = https://archive.today/20120913234738/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110417/jsp/bengal/story_13864257.jsp | url-status = dead | archive-date = 13 September 2012 |title = Didi turns up heat on dissidents | publisher = The Telegraph 17 April 2011|access-date = 25 May 2011 | location=Calcutta, India | first=Alamgir | last=Hussain | date=17 April 2011}}</ref> Contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners are being mentioned. [[Atish Chandra Sinha]] of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] defeated Chandan Sen of CPI in 2001,<ref name=vidhansabha2001>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/StatRept_WB_2001.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2001, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref> Syed Wahid Reza of CPI in 1996<ref name=vidhansabha1996>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-WB96.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1996, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref> and 1991.<ref name=vidhansabha1991>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-West%20Bengal91.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1991, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref> Syed Wahid Reza of CPI defeated Bankim Trivedi of Congress in 1987.<ref name=vidhansabha1987>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReportWestBengal87.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1987, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref> Atish Chandra Sinha of Congress defeated Syed Abdur Razzaque of CPI in 1982<ref name=vidhansabha1982>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1982/StatisticalReportWestBengal82.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1982, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref> and Jagadish Sinha of [[Janata Party]] in 1977.<ref name=vidhansabha1977>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportWestBengal77.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1977, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp65.htm | title = 65 - Kandi Assembly Constituency | work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India| access-date = 26 September 2010}}</ref>

===1951–1972===
Atish Chandra Sinha won in 1972<ref name=vidhansabha1972>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_WB_72.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1972, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref> and 1971.<ref name=vidhansabha1971>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_WB_71.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1971, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref> Kumar Jagadish Chandra Sinha, Independent, won in 1969.<ref name=vidhansabha1969>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/StatReport_WB_69.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1969, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission |access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref> G. Trivedi of Congress won in 1967.<ref name=vidhansabha1967>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20report%20WB1967.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1967, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref> Kumar Jagadish Chandra Sinha of Congress won in [[1962 West Bengal state assembly election|1962]].<ref name=vidhansabha1962>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_WB_1962.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1962, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref> Kandi was a joint seat in [[1957 West Bengal state assembly election|1957]].<ref name=vidhansabha1957>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_WB_1957.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1957, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref> Sudhir Mondal and Bimal Chandra Sinha, both of Congress, won the seat jointly. In [[1952 West Bengal state assembly election|independent India's first election in 1951]] Goalbadan Trivedi of Congress won from the Kandi seat.<ref name=vidhansabha1952>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_WestBengal.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1951, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Murshidabad topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Murshidabad district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in West Bengal]]

Premada Kanike

2026-05-07T07:44:51Z

Brotherhoodbo:

{{short description|1976 film by V. Somashekhar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Premada Kanike.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[V. Somashekhar]]
| screenplay = [[Chi. Udaya Shankar]]
| story = [[Salim–Javed]]
| producer = Jayadevi
| starring = [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]] [[Aarathi]] [[Jayamala]]
| cinematography = D. V. Rajaram
| editing = P. Bhakthavathsalam
| music = [[Upendra Kumar]]
| studio = [[20th Century Fox]] Jayadevi Films
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1976|2|28}}
| runtime = 151 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
}}

'''''Premada Kanike''''' ({{audio|Kn-ಪ್ರೇಮದ ಕಾಣಿಕೆ.ogg|pronunciation}} {{translation|A Token of Love}}) is a 1976 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[crime thriller]] film directed by [[V. Somashekhar]] and written by the duo [[Salim–Javed]]. It was produced by Jayadevi under the banner of Jayadevi films. The film starred [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]], [[Aarathi]] and [[Jayamala]] in lead roles with [[Vajramuni]] and [[Raja Shankar|Rajashankar]] in supporting roles. The plot follows a teacher hired by rich man to home-school his daughter. En route, she witnesses a murder and discovers that the murderer is the father of her student.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 September 2020 |title=Best Kannada Thrillers From Different Eras Now Available On OTT |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/indepth-stories/streaming/best-kannada-movies-thriller-on-amazon-prime-video-youtube-zee5-mx-player-dr-rajkumar-lucia-accident-kavaludaari |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013092613/https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/indepth-stories/streaming/best-kannada-movies-thriller-on-amazon-prime-video-youtube-zee5-mx-player-dr-rajkumar-lucia-accident-kavaludaari |archive-date=13 October 2023 |website=[[Film Companion]] |access-date=17 December 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The story of the film was written by the acclaimed duo [[Salim–Javed]] who made their debut in [[Cinema of South India|South Indian cinema]] as original story writers <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?si=KfJ7miv3QHCyL5Pe&v=FkOpN7-4ZCc&feature=youtu.be |title=ಆ ಬೀದಿ ಸೂ...ನಾ ಹುಡುಕಿದ್ದೇಕೆ ಶಿವ? ಪ್ರೇಮದ ಕಾಣಿಕೆಗೆ ಚಿತ್ರದ ಕತೆಗೆ ಕೊಟ್ಟ ಹಣವೆಷ್ಠು? Shivakumar 4 |website=[[YouTube]] |date=26 October 2023 |access-date=29 October 2023 |archive-date=17 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217154723/https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&si=KfJ7miv3QHCyL5Pe&v=FkOpN7-4ZCc&feature=youtu.be |url-status=live }}</ref> for which they rehashed the story of the 1969 film ''[[Do Bhai (1969 film)|Do Bhai]]'', by retaining only the core plotline which was originally credited only to [[Salim Khan]] under the name of Prince Salim. This was Salim–Javed's first release after ''[[Sholay]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=17 January 2020|title=10 things you may not know about Javed Akhtar|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/javed-akhtar-interesting-facts-trivia-things-you-didnt-know-lyricist-awards-bollywood-news/15921198|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220131150/https://www.mid-day.com/articles/javed-akhtar-interesting-facts-trivia-things-you-didnt-know-lyricist-awards-bollywood-news/15921198|archive-date=20 February 2020|access-date=3 January 2021|website=[[Mid-Day]]}}</ref> The film also marked the onscreen debuts of Rajkumar's children — [[Puneeth Rajkumar|Lohith]] and Poornima Rajkumar.<ref>{{cite news|last=|first=|date=11 April 2010|title=Destiny's children|newspaper=[[DNA India]]|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-destinys-children-1370025|url-status=live|accessdate=23 October 2014|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924131846/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-destinys-children-1370025}}</ref> It was remade in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] in 1980 as ''[[Polladhavan (1980 film)|Polladhavan]]'' and in [[Hindi]] in 1981 as ''[[Raaz (1981 film)|Raaz]]''.<ref name="DeccanHerald">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=10 June 2020 |title=Did you know Puneeth Rajkumar was a part of Rajkumar's 'Premada Kanike'? |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/did-you-know-puneeth-rajkumar-was-a-part-of-rajkumars-premada-kanike-847847.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413171700/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/did-you-know-puneeth-rajkumar-was-a-part-of-rajkumars-premada-kanike-847847.html |archive-date=13 April 2021 |access-date=3 January 2021 |website=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref>

''Premada Kanike'' saw a theatrical run of 25 weeks<ref>{{cite web |title=Sandalwoodking.rocks - sandalwoodking Resources and Information |url=http://www.sandalwoodking.rocks/threads/all-time-blockbusters-posters-data.3742/page-9 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181111173619/http://www.sandalwoodking.rocks/threads/all-time-blockbusters-posters-data.3742/page-9 |archive-date=11 November 2018 |access-date=11 November 2018}}</ref> upon release and was declared a [[Blockbuster (entertainment)|blockbuster]] at the box-office. The film has since attained [[Cult film|cult status]] for redefining the thriller genre in Kannada cinema.<ref name="DeccanHerald" /> The songs composed by [[Upendra Kumar]] were received extremely well and considered evergreen hits. The film went on to win multiple awards and accolades including the [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Film]].

== Plot ==
Seetha, a young woman, is travelling by train with her nephew, Raju, to attend a job interview for the position of nanny to Manohar, an estate merchant's, daughter, Shobha. Her fellow passenger is shot dead by an unidentified man. Seetha witnesses the murder and clearly remembers the murderer's face. She reports the murder to police inspector Ashok. Seetha is appointed as Shobha's nanny, and the two grow fond of each other before Manohar returns from his trip. When she sees him, Seetha realises that he is the murderer she saw on the train. Manohar threatens Seetha not to tell anyone, and ensures that she cannot leave his estate in case she reports him to the police.

Seetha tries to escape many times, but she is always caught. She doesn't even tell the police when she meets them, because Manohar has threatened to kill Raju if she does. Later, Seetha sees beyond Manohar's rough and mean exterior and grows fond of him. However, she is confused as to why such a nice man would behave arrogantly. Flashbacks reveal that Manohar and Kumudha fell in love, got married and shortly afterwards their daughter Shobha was born. Kumudha's uncle, Chandru, who was eager to marry her, was sent to jail by Manohar for trying to kill him and Kumudha. He was released from jail when his sentence ended. While Manohar was away from home, Chandru killed Kumudha. She then committed suicide, and Manohar wanted to die with her. However, she made him promise to get revenge on Chandru for separating them, and to take care of Shobha. Manohar also reveals that the man he killed on the train was Chandru.

Seetha now understands his actions and vows not to tell anyone. Moorthy's colleague is curious about Seetha. She said that she remembered the face and was eager to find the murderer. However, she has now told Moorthy that she has forgotten the face. Therefore, he suspects Seetha to be the murderer, a belief that Moorthy shares. On Shoba's birthday, Manohar plans to announce that he is handing over all his wealth to Seetha and surrendering to the police. However, before he can do so, the police arrive and try to arrest Seetha. Manohar saves her by confessing to the murder, going to trial, and explaining his actions. However, a crippled assassin arrives at the court and reveals the truth about Chandru's death, identifying himself as Kumudha's brother. He says goodbye to Shobha and Manohar, and Seetha, Manohar, Shobha and Raju all live together as a family.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Dr. Rajkumar]] as Manohar
* [[Aarathi]] as Seetha
* [[Jayamala]] as Kumudha
* [[Puneeth Rajkumar]] (credited as Master Lohith)<ref name="DeccanHerald" />
* Baby Poornima Rajkumar as Shobha
* [[Vajramuni]] as Chandru
* [[Rajashankar]] as Kumudha's brother
* [[Balakrishna (Kannada actor)|Balakrishna]] as Madhavayya
* [[Sampath (Kannada actor)|Sampath]]
* [[Thoogudeepa Srinivas]] as Inspector
* [[Rajanand]] as [[Superintendent of police (India)|superintendent of police]]
* [[Shani Mahadevappa]]
* [[Honnavalli Krishna]]
* [[B. Jaya (actress)|B. Jaya]] as Gajalakshmi
* B. Ramadevi as Madhavayya's wife
* Bhatti Mahadevappa
* Joker Shyam as Shyam
* Mallesh
* Shivaji Rao
* Venkataraju
* G. Shivanand
* Baby Rajeshwari
* Baby Jaishanthi
* Rathnamala
* Jayamma
* Pushpa ([[Pramila Joshai]])
* Rajani
}}

== Production ==
The movie was done by Rajkumar for free of cost as a compensation for producer B.Mallik for the losses suffered by him for the 1971 film ''[[Sakshatkara]]''. Salim - Javed were approached for the story. However, they were annoyed during story narration as they felt Chi. Udayashankar - the screenplay writer - seemed uninterested. However, Udayashankar surprised them by giving the gist in just four sentences which eventually lead to drastic change from the source material - while the coreplot was retained, the romantic story in the flashback portion was given equal prominence unlike in ''[[Do Bhai (1969 film)|Do Bhai]]'' and the entire story of lead actor's lawyer brother's character and his feelings towards the heroine were removed and instead a police officer friend character was introduced.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=7MboD3ODcSs&pp=0gcJCZoBo7VqN5tDiggCQAE%3D|title= ಅಣ್ಣಾವ್ರಿಗೂ ಸಹ 46 ನೇ ವಯಸ್ಸಿನಲ್ಲಿ ಪ್ರಾಣಾಪಾಯ ಎದುರಾಗಿತ್ತು..!! Naadu Kanda Rajkumar Ep 221|date=5 March 2026|language=kn}}</ref>

Large portions of the film were extensively shot in the [[Kashmir Valley]] and [[Shimla]]. This was rare for a Kannada film of 1970s due to the elevation of production costs which such a location could have caused then.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Khajane |first=Muralidhara |date=2019-09-18 |title=With Article 370 revoked, the Kannada film industry looks at shooting in Kashmir again |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kannada-film-industry-looks-at-shooting-in-kashmir-again/article29448621.ece |access-date=2023-12-17 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=17 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217155508/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kannada-film-industry-looks-at-shooting-in-kashmir-again/article29448621.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Premada Kanike
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Upendra Kumar]]
| cover =
| border = yes
| alt =
| caption = Soundtrack cover
| released = 1976
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = [[Saregama]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

[[Upendra Kumar]] composed the music for the soundtracks and lyrics were penned by [[Chi. Udaya Shankar]] and [[Vijaya Narasimha]]. The female singer H.P. Geetha who sang her only duet with Rajkumar in this movie through the song "Naguveya Henne Naanu", was the wife of music director Upendra Kumar.

{{tracklist
| headline = Tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| title1 = Putta Putta
| lyrics1 = [[Chi. Udaya Shankar]]
| extra1 = [[S. Janaki]]
| length1 =
| title2 = Baanigondu Elle Ellide
| lyrics2 = Chi. Udaya Shankar
| extra2 = [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]]
| length2 =
| title3 = Chinna Endu Naguthiru
| lyrics3 = Chi. Udaya Shankar
| extra3 = [[P. B. Sreenivas]]
| length3 =
| title4 = Idu Yaaru Bareda Katheyo
| lyrics4 = Chi. Udaya Shankar
| extra4 = Rajkumar
| length4 =
| title5 = Naguveya Henne Naanu
| lyrics5 = [[Vijaya Narasimha]]
| extra5 = Rajkumar, H. P. Geetha
| length5 =
| title6 = Na Bidalare Endu Ninna
| lyrics6 = Vijaya Narasimha
| extra6 = Rajkumar, [[Vani Jairam]]
| length6 =
}}

== Awards ==
;1975–76 [[Karnataka State Film Awards]]
* [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
* Best Dialogue writer — [[Chi. Udaya Shankar]]
* [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Editor|Best Editing]] — P. Bhaktavatsalam
* [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Child Actor (Female)|Best Child Actress]] — Poornima Rajkumar

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|1399073}}

{{V. Somashekhar}}
{{Salim-Javed}}

[[Category:1976 crime thriller films]]
[[Category:1976 Indian films]]
[[Category:1976 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:1976 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by V. Somashekhar]]
[[Category:Films scored by Upendra Kumar]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Salim–Javed]]
[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]
[[Category:Indian rape and revenge films]]
[[Category:Kannada films remade in other languages]]

Nabadwip Assembly constituency

2026-05-05T20:31:14Z

Brotherhoodbo:

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Nabadwip
| type = SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Nabadwip.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Nabadwip Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Srutisekhar Goswami]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| alliance =
| latest_election_year = [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[Nadia district|Nadia]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Ranaghat Lok Sabha constituency|Ranaghat]]
| constituency_no = 84
| established = 1951
| electors = 2,43,159
| reservation = None
| abolished =
}}

'''Nabadwip Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Nadia district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Election
! Member
! Party

|-
| [[1951 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1951]]
| [[Niranjan Modak]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}

|-
| [[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| [[Niranjan Modak]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}

|-
| [[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| [[Debi Prasad Basu]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}

|-
| [[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| [[Sachindra Mohan Nandy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}

|-
| [[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
| [[Sachindra Mohan Nandy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}

|-
| [[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
| [[Debi Prasad Basu]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}

|-
| [[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| [[Radha Raman Saha]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}

|-
| [[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| [[Debi Prasad Basu]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}

|-
| [[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
| [[Debi Prasad Basu]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}

|-
| [[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
| [[Biswanath Mitra]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}

|-
| [[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| [[Biswanath Mitra]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}

|-
| [[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| [[Biswanath Mitra]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}

|-
| [[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
| [[Pundarikaksha Saha]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress}}

|-
| [[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
| [[Pundarikaksha Saha]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress}}

|-
| [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| [[Pundarikaksha Saha]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress}}

|-
| [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
| [[Pundarikaksha Saha]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress}}

|-
| [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| [[Pundarikaksha Saha]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress}}

|-
| [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| [[Srutisekhar Goswami]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}

|}

==Overview==
As per orders of the [[Delimitation Commission of India|Delimitation Commission]], No. 84 Nabadwip Assembly constituency is composed of the following: [[Nabadwip]] municipality, [[Nabadwip (Community development block)|Nabadwip]] [[Community Development Block in India|community development block]], and Bhaluka and Joania [[gram panchayat]]s of [[Krishnanagar I (Community development block)|Krishnanagar I]] community development block.<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web|url=http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf |title=Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 |access-date=2010-08-21 |publisher=Government of West Bengal |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100918130255/http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf |archive-date=2010-09-18 }}</ref>

Nabadwip Assembly constituency is part of No. 13 [[Ranaghat (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name=delimitation/> It was earlier part of [[Nabadwip (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/LS_2004/Vol_III_LS_2004.pdf | title = Statistical Report on General Elections, 2004 to the 14th Lok Sabha | access-date = 1 October 2010 | work = Volume III Details For Assembly Segments Of Parliamentary Constituencies | publisher = Election Commission of India }}
</ref>
== Election Results ==

===2026===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Nabadwip<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=84 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120327190918/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=84 | url-status=usurped | archive-date=27 March 2012 |title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2021 |work =Nabadwip| publisher =Empowering India |access-date = 20 April 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate= [[Srutisekhar Goswami]]
|votes=1,08,631
|percentage=49.79
|change=10.09{{increase}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party= All India Trinamool Congress|candidate = [[Pundarikaksha Saha]]
|votes=87,187
|percentage =39.96
|change=8.56 {{decrease}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=Swarnendu Singha|votes=15612|percentage=7.16|change=1.67 {{decrease}}
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=|candidate=|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Nabadwip<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=84 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120327190918/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=84 | url-status=usurped | archive-date=27 March 2012 |title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2021 |work =Nabadwip| publisher =Empowering India |access-date = 20 April 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Pundarikakhsa Saha]]
|votes = 102170
|percentage = 48.52
|change = {{decrease}}4.58
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Siddartha Naskar|votes=83599|percentage=39.70|change={{increase}}30.60}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=Swarnendu Singha|votes=18540|percentage=8.80|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=|candidate=|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
In the 2011 election, Pundarkshya Saha of Trinamool Congress defeated his nearest rival Sumit Biswas of CPI(M).
{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2011]]: Nabadwip constituency<ref name=vidhansabha2011>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2011/stat_WB_May2011.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 2011, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 2 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=84| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120327190918/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=84| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 27 March 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work =Nabadwip| publisher =Empowering India |access-date = 20 April 2011}}</ref>}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=All India Trinamool Congress|candidate=[[Pundarikakhsa Saha]]|votes=94,117|percentage=53.45|change=-2.53#}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=Sumit Biswas|votes=71,282|percentage=40.49|change=-3.64}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Pinki Agarwal|votes=7,303|percentage=4.15|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation|candidate=Parikshit Paul|votes=336|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=176,069|percentage=88.06|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing = 1.11
}}
{{Election box end}}

.# Swing calculated on Congress+Trinamool Congress vote percentages taken together in 2006. On its own the Trinamool Congress vote percentage was +2.35% and the swing was 5.99%.
===1977-2006===
In the [[2006 West Bengal state assembly election|2006 state assembly elections]],<ref name=vidhansabha2006>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_WB_2006.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2006, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 2 August 2014}}</ref> Pundarikhsya Saha of [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]] won the Nabadwip assembly seat defeating his nearest rival Chhaya Sen Sharma of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI (M)]]. Contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners are being mentioned. In 2001,<ref name=vidhansabha2001>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/StatRept_WB_2001.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2001, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 2 August 2014}}</ref> Pundarikhsya Saha of Trinamool Congress defeated Jamuna Brahmachari of CPI (M). In 1996,<ref name=vidhansabha1996>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-WB96.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1996, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 2 August 2014}}</ref> Biswanath Mitra of CPI (M) defeated Kartick Chatterjee of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]]. In 1991<ref name=vidhansabha1991>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-West%20Bengal91.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1991, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 2 August 2014}}</ref> and 1987<ref name=vidhansabha1987>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReportWestBengal87.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1987, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 2 August 2014}}</ref> Biswanath Mitra of CPI(M) defeated Satish Debnath of Congress. In 1982<ref name=vidhansabha1982>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1982/StatisticalReportWestBengal82.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1982, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 2 August 2014}}</ref> and 1977 Debi Prosad Basu of CPI (M) defeated Sasthi Bhusan Pal of Congress.<ref name=vidhansabha1977>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportWestBengal77.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1977, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 2 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp77.htm |title = 77 - Nabadwip Assembly Constituency |work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 5 October 2010}}</ref>

===1951–1972===
Radha Raman Saha of Congress won in 1972.<ref name=vidhansabha1972>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_WB_72.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1972, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 2 August 2014}}</ref> Debi Prasad Basu of CPI(M) won in 1971.<ref name=vidhansabha1971>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_WB_71.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1971, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 2 August 2014}}</ref> Sachindra Mohan Nandy of Congress won in 1969<ref name=vidhansabha1969>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/StatReport_WB_69.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1969, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission |access-date = 2 August 2014}}</ref> and 1967.<ref name=vidhansabha1967>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20report%20WB1967.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1967, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 2 August 2014}}</ref> Debi Prasad Basu of [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] won in [[1962 West Bengal state assembly election|1962]].<ref name=vidhansabha1962>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_WB_1962.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1962, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 2 August 2014}}</ref> In [[1957 West Bengal state assembly election|1957]]<ref name=vidhansabha1957>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_WB_1957.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1957, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 2 August 2014}}</ref> and in [[1952 West Bengal state assembly election|independent India's first election in 1951]], Niranjan Modak of Congress won the Nabadwip seat.<ref name=vidhansabha1952>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_WestBengal.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1951, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 2 August 2014}}</ref>

==References==
===Notes===
{{notelist}}

===Citations===
{{reflist}}

{{Nadia topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Nadia district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in West Bengal]]

Thurbo Tea Estate

2026-04-29T10:25:59Z

Brotherhoodbo: added info

{{Short description|Tea garden in West Bengal, India}}
{{Infobox park
| name = Thurbo Tea Estate
| alt_name =
| photo =
| photo_width = 250
| photo_caption =
| type =
| location = [[Darjeeling district]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| nearest_city =
| map =
| coords = {{coord|26.896444|N|88.171611|E|display=inline,title}}
| area = {{convert|485.11|ha|abbr=on}}
| open = {{Start date|1872}}
| elevation = {{convert|980 to 2440|m}}
| owner = Goodricke Group
| operator =
| visitation_num =
| status =
| website =
}}
'''Thurbo Tea Estate''' is a [[Tea garden (cultivation)|tea garden]] in the [[Mirik (community development block)|Mirik]] [[Community development blocks in India|CD block]] in the [[Mirik subdivision]] of the [[Darjeeling district]] in the [[India]]n state of [[West Bengal]].

==Etymology==
The name “Thurbo” is a variation of the Nepali word “Tombu” meaning tent. The British set up tents in this area when fighting the Nepalese in 1870.<ref name="teasnob">{{cite web | url = http://teasnob.de/darjeeling-2016-visit-thurbo-tea-garden | title= Darjeeling 2016: Visit to Thurbo Tea Garden | work= Christian Hazelwood| publisher = Tea Snob |access-date = 7 March 2020}}</ref><ref name="goodricke">{{cite web | url = https://www.goodricke.com/tea-garden/darjeeling/thurbo| title= Our Gardens – Darjeeling: Thurbo | publisher = Goodricke|access-date = 7 March 2020}}</ref><ref name="thurboTB">{{cite web | url = https://www.thunderbolttea.com/teas/thurbo-moonlight-tea/| title= Top Thurbo Darjeeling Tea | publisher = TB|access-date = 18 April 2022}}</ref>

==History==
Thurbo, a [[Darjeeling tea]] garden, was planted in 1872.<ref name="teaboutique">{{cite web | url = https://www.darjeelingteaboutique.com/thurbo-tea-estate/| title= Thurbo Tea Estate – a Darjeeling Tea Garden of Goodricke | publisher = Darjeeling Tea Bouquet |access-date = 7 March 2020}}</ref> It is now owned by the [[Goodricke Group Limited|Goodricke Group]], which owns such gardens as [[Margaret's Hope Tea Estate|Margaret's Hope]], [[Castleton Tea Estate|Castleton]] and Thurbo, “some of the most famous tea gardens in the world”.<ref name="teasnob"/>

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=300| height=320| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|26|54|0|N|88|14|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Places and tea estates in the southern portion of Darjeeling Sadar subdivision (including Jorebunglow Sukhiapokhri CD block), and Mirik Subdivision in Darjeeling district''' CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, NP: national park/ wildlife sanctuary, TE: tea estate Abbreviations used in names – TG for Tea Garden (town/village), TE for Tea Estate Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly

|mark-coord1={{coord|26|57|10|N|88|14|17|E}}| label-pos1=right|label1= Rongmook Ceder TG| numbered1=CT| mark-title1= [[Rongmook Ceder Tea Garden]] (CT)|label-color1= #800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|26|56|20|N|88|10|40|E}}| label-pos2=left|label2=Mangarjung TG| numbered2=CT| mark-title2= [[Mangarjung Tea Garden (Nagri)]] (CT)
|mark-coord3={{coord|26|57|58|N|88|17|10|E}}| label-pos3=right|label3=Sonada| numbered3=CT| mark-title3= [[Sonada]] (CT)
|mark-coord4={{coord|27|0|30|N|88|10|1|E}}| label-pos4=left|label4=Sukhiapokhri| numbered4=CT| mark-title4= [[Sukhiapokhri]] (CT)
|mark-coord5={{coord|26|52|25|N|88|10|30|E}}| label-pos5=left |label5=Mirik| numbered5=M| mark-title5= [[Mirik]] (M)| shape-color5=#800000
|mark-coord6={{coord|26|57|50|N|88|9|20|E}}| label-pos6=left|label6=Chamong TG| numbered6=R| mark-title6= [[Chamong Tea Garden]] (R)| shape-color6=#C42222
|mark-coord7={{coord|26|55|35|N|88|11|40|E}}| label-pos7=right|label7=Dhajea TG| numbered7=R| mark-title7= [[Dhajea Tea Garden]] (R)| shape-color7=#C42222
|mark-coord8={{coord|27|1|10|N|88|15|30|E}}| label-pos8=right|label8=Jorebungalow| numbered8=R| mark-title8= [[Jorebungalow]] (R)| shape-color8=#C42222
|mark-coord9={{coord|26|58|10|N|88|10|0|E}}| label-pos9=right|label9=Pokhriabong| numbered9=R| mark-title9= [[Pokhriabong]] (R)| shape-color9=#C42222
|mark-coord10={{coord|27|0|20|N|88|11|39|E}}| label-pos10=right|label10=Poobong TG| numbered10=R| mark-title10= [[Poobong Tea Garden]] (R)| shape-color10=#C42222
|mark-coord11={{coord|26|57|6|N|88|10|34|E}}| label-pos11=left|label11=Sungma TG| numbered11=R| mark-title11= [[Sungma Tea Garden]] (R)| shape-color11=#C42222
|mark-coord12={{coord|27|2|20|N|88|10|31|E}}| label-pos12=left|label12=Tumsong TG| numbered12=R| mark-title12= [[Tumsong Tea Garden]] (R)| shape-color12=#C42222
|mark-coord13={{coord|26|54|40|N|88|12|10|E}}| label-pos13=right|label13=Nagri Farm TG| numbered13=R| mark-title13= [[Nagri Farm Tea Garden]] (R)| shape-color13=#C42222
|mark-coord14={{coord|26|47|0|N|88|14|25|E}}| label-pos14=right|label14=Panighatta| numbered14=R| mark-title14= [[Panighatta]] (R)| shape-color14=#C42222
|mark-coord15={{coord|26|50|20|N|88|12|50|E}}| label-pos15=right|label15=Singbulli TG| numbered15=R| mark-title15= [[Singbulli Tea Garden]] (R)|shape-color15=#C42222
|mark-coord16={{coord|26|52|0|N|88|12|40|E}}| label-pos16=right|label16=Soureni| numbered16=R| mark-title16= [[Soureni]] (R)| shape-color16=#C42222
|mark-coord17={{coord|26|56|25|N|88|12|38|E}}| label-pos17=right|label17=Avongrove TE| numbered17=TE| mark-title17= [[Avongrove Tea Estate]] (TE)| shape-color17=#87A96B
|mark-coord18={{coord|26|55|30|N|88|9|44|E}}| label-pos18=left|label18=Gopaldhara TE| numbered18=TE| mark-title18= [[Gopaldhara Tea Estate]] (TE)| shape-color18=#87A96B
|mark-coord19={{coord|26|54|35|N|88|9|20|E}}| label-pos19=left|label19=Okayti TE| numbered19=TE| mark-title19= [[Okayti Tea Estate]] (TE)| shape-color19=#87A96B
|mark-coord20={{coord|26|50|15|N|88|11|54|E}}| label-pos20=left|label20=Phuguri TE| numbered320=TE| mark-title20= [[Phuguri Tea Estate]] (TE)| shape-color20=#87A96B
|mark-coord21={{coord|26|59|14|N|88|13|22|E}}| label-pos21=right|label21=Pussimbing TE| numbered21=TE| mark-title21= [[Pussimbing Tea Estate]] (TE)| shape-color21=#87A96B
|mark-coord22={{coord|26|53|50|N|88|9|50|E}}| label-pos22=left|label22=Thurbo TE| numbered22=TE| mark-title22= Thurbo Tea Estate (TE)|shape-color22=black| label-size22=13|label-color22=black 
|mark-coord23={{coord|26|45|0|N|88|17|0|E}}|label23= Balason River| label-color23 = #77A1CB| label-angle23=35| label-pos23=top| label-size23=10| mark-size23=0| mark-title23 =none
|mark-coord24={{coord|26|46|30|N|88|11|0|E}}|label24= Mechi| label-color24 = #77A1CB| label-angle24=70| label-pos24=top| label-size24=10| mark-size24=0| mark-title24 =none
|mark-coord25={{coord|26|44|30|N|88|11|20|E}}|label25= River| label-color25= #77A1CB| label-angle25=95| label-pos25=top| label-size25=10| mark-size25=0| mark-title25 =none
|mark-coord26={{coord|27|2|45|N|88|11|37|E}}| label-pos26=right|label26=Mariabong TG| numbered26=R| mark-title26= [[Mariabong Tea Garden]] (R)|shape-color26=#C42222
|arc-coordA={{coord|26|48|0|N|88|6|0|E}}|arc-textA= NEPAL| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=40| arc-gapA=3.5| arc-radiusA=0.4}}

Thurbo is located at an altitude varying from {{convert|980 to 2440|m}}.<ref name="teaboutique"/> The [[Mechi River|Mechi]] flows on its northern side and the Rangbag on its south. Thubro enjoys typical hill climate, where temperatures reman low with less sunshine.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.teacupsfull.com/blogs/blog/thurbo-goodricke-darjeeling-tea-teacupsfull | title = Thurbo Tea Estate – Produces some of the best Darjeeling Tea| publisher = tea cups full |access-date = 7 March 2020}}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

==Economy==
Thurbo teas carry rare fragrance and command premium prices.<ref name="goodricke"/>

===The Goodricke Group===
The Goodricke Group owns five tea estates in Darjeeling: Thurbo, [[Badamtam Tea Estate|Badamtam]], Barnesbeg, [[Castleton Tea Estate|Castleton]] and [[Margaret's Hope Tea Estate|Margaret's Hope]].<ref>{{cite web | url = https://goodricke.com/tea-garden/darjeeling/margarets-hope | title = Our gardens| publisher = Goodricke|access-date = 27 March 2020}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Wikivoyage-inline|Mirik}}

{{Darjeeling District}}

[[Category:Tea estates in Darjeeling district]]

Eati Vijayalaxmi

2026-04-28T05:22:50Z

Brotherhoodbo: added basic data more to come

{{Short description|Indian politician (1951–2002)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}

'''Eati Vijayalaxmi''' (1951 – 6 August 2002) is an Indian politician from [[Andhra Pradesh]]. She was a former elected [[Member of the Legislative Assembly]] in 1989 from Visakhapatnam-I Assembly constituency, in [[Visakhapatnam district]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Visakhapatnam-i Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/visakhapatnam-i-andhra-pradesh-assembly-constituency |access-date=2026-04-27 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref>

Vijayalaxmi entered politics in 1987 and became an MLA winning the 1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election from [[Visakhapatnam-I Assembly constituency|Visakhapatnam-1 Assembly constituency]] representing the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes AC: Visakhapatnam-I 1989 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha-details/1989/andhra-pradesh/visakhapatnam-i/27/12871/www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha-details/1989/andhra-pradesh/visakhapatnam-i/27/12871/86 |access-date=2026-04-27 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref> She polled 39,387 votes and defeated her nearest rival, [[Bhattam Srirama Murthy]] of the [[Telugu Desam Party]], by a margin of 14,338 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes AC: Andhra Pradesh 1989 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha/1989/andhra-pradesh/86/www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha/1989/andhra-pradesh/86/27 |access-date=2026-04-27 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Andhra Pradesh Assembly Election Results in 1989 |url=https://www.elections.in/andhra-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/1989-election-results.html/ |access-date=2026-04-27 |website=Elections in India}}</ref> She contested from Parvada Assembly constituency and lost in 1994 and she did not get a ticket in 1999. She served as the vice president of Mahila Congress.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2002-08-06 |title=మాజీ ఎమ్మెల్యేవిజయలక్ష్మి మృతి |url=https://telugu.oneindia.com/news/2002/08/06/mla.html |access-date=2026-04-27 |website=One India Telugu |language=te}}</ref>

Vijayalaxmi died in [[Visakhapatnam]] at a private hospital on 6 August 2002. She is survived by her husband, a son and a daughter.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vijayalaxmi, Eati}}
[[Category:1951 births]]
[[Category:2002 deaths]]
[[Category:Women members of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:21st-century women politicians]]
[[Category:20th-century women politicians]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 1989–1994]]
[[Category:People from Visakhapatnam]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Andhra Pradesh]]

Pranaya Vilasam

2026-04-24T19:25:57Z

Brotherhoodbo: Added Post

{{Short description|2023 Malayalam film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Pranaya Vilasam
| image = Pranaya Vilasam.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Nikhil Muraly
| writer = Jyothish M Sunu AV
| producer = {{plainlist|
*Siby Chavara
*Renjith Nair
}}
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Arjun Ashokan]]
* [[Mamitha Baiju]]
* [[Anaswara Rajan]]
}}
| cinematography = Shinoz
| editing = Binu Nepolean
| music = Shaan Rahman
| studio = Green Room Productions
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2023|02|24}}
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}'''''Pranaya Vilasam''''' ({{literal translation|''Love address''}}) is a 2023 Indian [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam movie]] directed by Nikhil Muraly and produced by Siby Chavara and Renjith Nair<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pranaya Vilasam OTT release date out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/apr/04/pranaya-vilasam-ott-release-date-out-41935.html |access-date=2023-04-11 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=4 April 2023 |language=en |archive-date=2023-04-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411150929/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/apr/04/pranaya-vilasam-ott-release-date-out-41935.html |url-status=live }}</ref> under the banner Green Room Productions. It stars [[Arjun Ashokan]], [[Mamitha Baiju]] and [[Anaswara Rajan]] in the lead roles. The film was released on 24 February 2023. The film received good theater response and went onto become a super hit of 2023.

== Plot ==
Sooraj is an aspiring musician, who is in a serious relationship with his best friend Gopika. On the other hand, he is not on good terms with his family as his dad Rajeevan opposes his choice of being a musician and forces him to go into another career path. During the thick of this father-son rivalry, his mother, Rajeevan's wife Anusree is forgotten about by the duo. Rajeevan not seemingly satisfied in his relationship seeks out his once-serious ex-girlfriend Meera. They meet and talk about the old times.

One day, Anusree passes away due to heart attack. The father and son slowly begin to understand the importance and impact she had on their lives and the people around her as they grieve her death. Gopika supports Sooraj as much as she can during this time. At the same time, Rajeevan feels guilty about Meera. One day while cleaning out Anusree's things, Rajeevan comes across a diary of hers. The diary accounted for love notes and poems not detailing a timeline, that were clearly not meant for Rajeevan. An enraged Rajeevan feeling she was betraying him all this time storms out. Sooraj finds the book and realises it is for a lover that came before Rajeevan. Realising his mother wanted this ex of hers to honour her after her death, he eventually suggests locating this man to his father en route to the place to spread her ashes and honour his mother's last wish. His father initially against this idea slowly comes to and agrees.

Finding and telling this man about her death and discovering Anusree's essence which was once lost in the chaos of her family encapsulated the rest of the story.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Arjun Ashokan]] as Sooraj
* [[Mamitha Baiju]] as Gopika, Sooraj's girlfriend
* [[Sreedhanya]] as Anusree, Sooraj's mother and Rajeevan's wife
** [[Anaswara Rajan]] as Younger Anusree, Vinod's ex-girlfriend
* [[Miya (actress)|Miya George]] as Meera, Rajeevan's ex-girlfriend
* Manoj K U as Rajeevan, Sooraj's father and Anusree's husband
* [[Hakim Shahjahan]] as Vinod, Anusree's ex-boyfriend
* Sivadas Kannur as Gopika's father
* Sarath Sabha as Satheeshan, Rajeevan's office mate
* Unnimaya Naalppadam as Ramla, Sooraj's neighbour
* Arjun Unnikrishnan as Vinay, Sooraj's friend
* Sabeeta George as Sreedevi, Anusree's sister
* Irshadali Kamal
}}

== Production ==
The first look of the film was released on 31 December 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Anaswara Rajan - Arjun Ashokan starrer 'Pranaya Vilasam' first look out |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/anaswara-rajan-arjun-ashokan-starrer-pranaya-vilasam-first-look-out/articleshow/96644818.cms |access-date=2023-03-29 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2023-03-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329053251/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/anaswara-rajan-arjun-ashokan-starrer-pranaya-vilasam-first-look-out/articleshow/96644818.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The film marks the reunion of [[Arjun Ashokan]], [[Mamitha Baiju]] and [[Anaswara Rajan]], who played the lead characters in ''[[Super Sharanya]]''. The production company announced the release date for 17 February 2023 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Pranaya Vilasam starring Arjun Ashokan, Anaswara, and Mamitha gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/jan/30/pranaya-vilasam-starring-arjun-ashokan-anaswara-and-mamitha-gets-a-release-date-39430.html |access-date=2023-03-29 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=30 January 2023 |language=en |archive-date=2023-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328171643/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/jan/30/pranaya-vilasam-starring-arjun-ashokan-anaswara-and-mamitha-gets-a-release-date-39430.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and it was postponed and released on 24 February 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Pranaya Vilasam |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/previews/pranaya-vilasam/articleshow/98203250.cms |access-date=2023-03-29 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2023-03-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329054311/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/previews/pranaya-vilasam/articleshow/98203250.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The teaser, lyrics video and trailer were released later.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lyric video out for Pranaya Vilasam song Karayan Marannu Ninno |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/feb/15/lyric-video-out-for-pranaya-vilasam-song-karayan-marannu-ninno-40021.html |access-date=2023-03-29 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=15 February 2023 |language=en |archive-date=2023-03-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329053255/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/feb/15/lyric-video-out-for-pranaya-vilasam-song-karayan-marannu-ninno-40021.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Teaser of Arjun Ashokan's Pranaya Vilasam is out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/feb/11/teaser-of-arjun-ashokans-pranaya-vilasam-is-out-39890.html |access-date=2023-03-29 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=11 February 2023 |language=en |archive-date=2023-03-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329053250/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/feb/11/teaser-of-arjun-ashokans-pranaya-vilasam-is-out-39890.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Love, heartbreak and the celebration of youth; Pranaya Vilasam trailer is here |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/feb/24/love-and-break-up-in-the-air-pranaya-vilasam-trailer-is-here-40322.html |access-date=2023-03-29 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=23 February 2023 |language=en |archive-date=2023-03-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319074629/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/feb/24/love-and-break-up-in-the-air-pranaya-vilasam-trailer-is-here-40322.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Box office ==
The movie successfully ran in theaters for four weeks with good positive response and later was released on [[ZEE5|Zee5]] and Zee channel.

== Reception ==
Anjana George critic of ''[[Times of India]]'' gave 3.5 stars out of and wrote that it was "a fresh take on romance".<ref>{{Cite news |title=Pranaya Vilasam Movie Review : A fresh take on romance |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/pranaya-vilasam/movie-review/98203897.cms |access-date=2023-03-29 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2023-03-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329070505/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/pranaya-vilasam/movie-review/98203897.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> S. R. Praveen, a critic of ''[[The Hindu]],'' gave a mixed review.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Praveen |first=S. R. |date=2023-02-25 |title='Pranaya Vilasam' movie review: juggling time frames to shape up a pleasant take on lost love and understanding in relationships |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/pranaya-vilasam-movie-review-juggling-time-frames-to-shape-up-a-pleasant-take-on-lost-love-and-understanding-in-relationships/article66552768.ece |access-date=2023-03-29 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=2023-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328171634/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/pranaya-vilasam-movie-review-juggling-time-frames-to-shape-up-a-pleasant-take-on-lost-love-and-understanding-in-relationships/article66552768.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> Sajin Shrijith of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' stated that "Pranaya Vilasam is one of those. It struck an emotional chord. It attains closure. Mission accomplished." and gave 3.5 out of 5.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Pranaya Vilasam' review: Emotionally stirring tale about finding closure |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2023/feb/25/pranaya-vilasam-review-emotionally-stirring-tale-about-finding-closure-2550624.html |access-date=2023-03-29 |website=The New Indian Express |date=25 February 2023 |archive-date=2023-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328171637/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2023/feb/25/pranaya-vilasam-review-emotionally-stirring-tale-about-finding-closure-2550624.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Sanjith Sidhardhan of ''[[OTTplay]]'' wrote that "Apart from a few moments that would tug at heartstrings, Pranaya Vilasam is a meandering affair that doesn't quite hit home."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pranaya Vilasam review: Few poignant moments keep this film afloat |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/pranaya-vilasam-review-a-few-poignant-moments-keep-this-arjun-ashokan-anaswara-rajan-starrer-afloat/fdb498892f718 |access-date=2023-03-29 |website=OTTPlay |language=en |archive-date=2023-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328171640/https://www.ottplay.com/review/pranaya-vilasam-review-a-few-poignant-moments-keep-this-arjun-ashokan-anaswara-rajan-starrer-afloat/fdb498892f718 |url-status=live }}</ref>

However, a critic from ''[[Samayam]]'' gave 3.5 stars out of 5.<ref>{{Cite web |title=പ്രണയ വിലാസം |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/movie-review/arjun-ashokan-anaswara-rajan-miya-george-hakkim-shah-mamitha-baiju-starrer-movie-pranaya-vilasam-review-rating-in-malayalam/moviereview/98209021.cms |access-date=2023-03-29 |website=Samayam Malayalam |language=ml |archive-date=2023-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328171637/https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/movie-review/arjun-ashokan-anaswara-rajan-miya-george-hakkim-shah-mamitha-baiju-starrer-movie-pranaya-vilasam-review-rating-in-malayalam/moviereview/98209021.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[The Indian Express]]'' critic gave a mixed review and gave 3 out 5 rating<ref>{{Cite web |title=കാതൽ മരങ്ങൾ പൂക്കുമ്പോൾ, മനസ്സുതൊട്ട് 'പ്രണയവിലാസം'; റിവ്യൂ |url=https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/entertainment/review/pranaya-vilasam-movie-review-rating-arjun-ashokan-anaswara-rajan-757218/ |access-date=2023-03-29 |website=Indian Express Malayalam |language=ml |archive-date=2023-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328173141/https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/entertainment/review/pranaya-vilasam-movie-review-rating-arjun-ashokan-anaswara-rajan-757218/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Anna MM Vetticad Critic of ''[[Firstpost]] stated that "''Pranaya Vilasam wants to break new ground but is either too afraid or unable to go the whole hog. Neither here nor there is nowhere, and consequently, it ends up being lukewarm.''"'' and have 2.25 rating out of 5.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-06 |title=Pranaya Vilasam movie review: Honouring Mom, but with kind consideration to Dad's hypocrisy |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/pranaya-vilasam-movie-review-honouring-mom-but-with-kind-consideration-to-dads-hypocrisy-12246992.html |access-date=2023-03-29 |website=Firstpost |language=en |archive-date=2023-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328171632/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/pranaya-vilasam-movie-review-honouring-mom-but-with-kind-consideration-to-dads-hypocrisy-12246992.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[Manorama Online]]'' critic gave a mixed review.<ref>{{Cite web |title=മനസ്സിൽ തൊടുന്ന പ്രണയം; മതിമറന്നാസ്വദിക്കാം ഈ 'പ്രണയവിലാസം'; റിവ്യൂ |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-reviews/2023/02/24/pranaya-vilasam-movie-review.html |access-date=2023-03-29 |website=ManoramaOnline |language=ml |archive-date=2023-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328173745/https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-reviews/2023/02/24/pranaya-vilasam-movie-review.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=tt25377618}}

[[Category:2023 films]]
[[Category:2023 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:2023 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2023 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Shaan Rahman]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kerala]]

Dudhram

2026-04-24T12:17:19Z

Brotherhoodbo: added first stub with sources

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1960)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Dudhram
| office = Member of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 2007
| term_end1 = 2012
| term_start2 = March 2022
| term_end2 = incumbent
| constituency = [[Mahadewa Assembly constituency]]
| birth_date = 1960
| birth_place =
| party = [[Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party]]
| occupation = Politician
| alma_mater =
}}
'''Dudhram''' (born 1 January 1960),<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Members of Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly |url=https://uplegisassembly.gov.in/Members/main_members_en.aspx |access-date=2024-12-22 |website=uplegisassembly.gov.in}}</ref> also spelled as Doodh Ram, is an Indian politician from [[Uttar Pradesh]]. He is a member of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from Mahadewa Assembly constituency, which is reserved for Scheduled Caste community, in [[Basti district]]. He won the [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Election Commission of India |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2022/ConstituencywiseS24311.htm?ac=311 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003084340/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2022/ConstituencywiseS24311.htm?ac=311 |archive-date=2022-10-03 |access-date=2024-12-22 |website=results.eci.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-09 |title=Mahadewa (sc) (Uttar Pradesh) Assembly Election Results 2022 Live: Winner, Runner-up |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/mahadewa-sc-uttar-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2022-live-winner-runner-up-candidates-7810804/ |access-date=2024-12-22 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Live |first=A. B. P. |date=2022-03-10 |title=Mahadewa Uttar Pradesh Election 2022 Final Results LIVE: SBSP Candidate DUDHRAM wins from Mahadewa , Details Inside |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/mahadewa-election-2022-results-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-winner-loser-tally-who-will-win-uttar-pradesh-assembly-election-2022-latest-news-1518451 |access-date=2024-12-22 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Dudhram was born in Marwatia village, Basti district, Uttar Pradesh. He is the son of Badri Prasad.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dudhram(Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party):Constituency- MAHADEWA (SC)(BASTI) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/uttarpradesh2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=4220 |access-date=2024-12-22 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> He married Latha Devi in 1985.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Dudhram won from [[Mahadewa Assembly constituency]] representing the Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party in the 2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election. He polled 83,350 votes and defeated his nearest rival, [[Ravi Kumar Sonkar]] of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], by a margin of 5,495 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-10 |title=Mahadewa S.C, Uttar Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2022 LIVE Updates: SBSP's Dudhram with 83350 defeats BJP's Ravi |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/mahadewa-s-c-uttar-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2022-live-updates-1923340-2022-03-09 |access-date=2024-12-22 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mahadewa Election Result 2022 LIVE Updates: Dudhram of SBSPA Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/mahadewa-election-result-2022-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-4851572.html |access-date=2024-12-22 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> He first became an MLA winning from Nagar East Assembly constituency representing [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] in the [[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] defeating Ram Karan Arya by a margin of 11,006 votes.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Mahadewa Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/mahadewa-uttar-pradesh-assembly-constituency |access-date=2024-12-22 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref> He lost Mahadewa seat in the [[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] on the Bahujan Samaj Party ticket to Ram Karan Arya of the [[Samajwadi Party]] by a margin of 19,259 votes. Later in the 2017 Assembly election, he lost to [[Ravi Kumar Sonkar]] of the BJP, by a margin of 25,884 votes.<ref name=":1" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dudhram}}
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Suheldev Bhartiya Samaj Party politicians]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2007–2012]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:People from Basti district]]

Ganapatrao Maharaj Kannur

2026-04-18T07:27:01Z

Brotherhoodbo: added a biography w/ infobox!

{{Short description|Indian guru}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{notability|Bio|date=January 2019}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2019}}
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox Hindu leader
|name= Sadguru Ganapatrao Maharaj Kannur
|image= S S Maharaj.jpg
|caption= Kannur in 1989
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
|birth_date= {{birth date|1909|9|18|df=y}}
|birth_place=Kannur
|birth_name= Ganapatrao Shivrampant Kannur
|death_date= {{death date and age|2004|9|20|1909|9|18|df=y}}
|death_place= [[Kannur House, Bijapur]]
|guru= [[Siddharameshwar Maharaj|Sri Siddharameshwar Maharaj]]
|philosophy=
|honors=
|footnotes=
}}
{{quote box|width=22em|title=Quotation|quote=Love everyone & Live in Happiness.}}
'''Shri Samartha Sadaguru Ganapatrao Maharaj Kannur''' (1909–2004) was an Indian [[guru]] in the [[Inchegeri Sampradaya]].

==Biography==
===Early years===
Kannur was born on 18 September 1909 on the day of [[Ganesh Chaturthi]] (Bhadrapad Shukla Chaturthi), in a [[Deshastha Brahmin]] family{{sfn|Dabade|1998|p=99}} of Smt Saraswatibai & Shrimant Shivrampant Kannur, in the small village Kannur,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.shantikuteer.org/page.php?pi=3 |title=Biography |access-date=14 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090712145353/http://www.shantikuteer.org/page.php?pi=3 |archive-date=12 July 2009 |url-status=usurped |df=dmy-all }}</ref> located in the [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur district]] of Karnataka, India.

He had his primary and high-school education in [[Bijapur, Karnataka|Bijapur]]. He graduated in 1932, earning a B.Sc. (mathematics and physics) degree from Fergusson College, Pune.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sri Ganapatrao Maharaj |url=https://www.nodualidad.info/maestros/ganapatrao-maharaj.html |access-date=25 February 2026 |website=Nodualidad.info |language=es}}</ref>

===Sri Siddharameshwar Maharaj===
Since his early childhood days, Kannur had a great inclination towards spirituality. At the age of 13 he was blessed and initiated by [[Siddharameshwar Maharaj|Sri S.S. Siddharameshwar Maharaj]], who also accepted him as his disciple and guided him to the path of self attainment.

Maharaj had given stringent directives to few of his selfless disciples: to wear ochre robes, to be devoted towards ''[[sadhana]]'' and make it the sole objective of life, not to touch money, and live with only bare minimum necessities. The disciples chose the bank of river Krishna at Audumbar<ref name=Shree>[http://www.shreeswami.org/about-sri-nrisimha-narasimha-saraswati.htm Audumbar Sri Narasimha Saraswati], Shreeswami.org</ref> and carried out ''[[tapas]]'' (penance) for a year, strictly as instructed.

===Further study===
Even being a graduate he decided not to take any service or job and wowed for the bow of celibacy throughout his life as not to get entangled in materialistic life. Maharaj died in 1936. After his death, Shri Ganapatrao Maharaj became firmly rooted in his doctrines, and studied the ''Shrimad Dasbodh'', [[Bhagavata]], [[Bhagavad-Gita]] ''[[Upanishads]]'' and other holy texts to attain the highest goal of his life - self liberation and self attainment.

===Teaching others===
He carried on the mantle passed to him by his [[Sadguru]], and strived for the uplifting of common people for 60 years. To carry forward his spiritual work he founded the Shanti Kuteer Ashram.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.shantikuteer.org/page.php?pi=3 |title=Biography of Shri S S Ganapatrao Maharaj Kannur |access-date=14 February 2009 |archive-date=12 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090712145353/http://www.shantikuteer.org/page.php?pi=3 |url-status=usurped }}</ref> At the age of 95, on Monday 20 September 2004, he died in Kannur House, Bijapur.

==Shanti Kuteer Ashram==
[[File:Shanti Kuteer Mahadvar.JPG|thumb|right|Shanti Kuteer Ashram]]
Shanti Kuteer is a hermitage founded by Maharaj.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.shantikuteer.org/page.php?pi=3 |title=Biography of Shri S.S. Ganapatrao Maharaj Kannur |access-date=14 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090712145353/http://www.shantikuteer.org/page.php?pi=3 |archive-date=12 July 2009 |url-status=usurped |df=dmy-all }}</ref> It is located near the village of Kannur, 25 km from Bijapur. This ashram was set up in 1951 and has gradually grown to consist of over 100 rooms for accommodation of the disciples. A temple of Lord Shree Dattatreya is located on the premises.<ref name=Shree/>

==Events and saptah==
Various ''saptahs'' (spiritual fests) are held at Shanti Kuteer Kannur in a calendar year.
* Chaitra Saptah (from Chaitra Shuddha Pratipada - Gudi padwa to Ramnavami) was started in 1974 and is for nine days.
* Shravan - Ganesh Chaturthi Saptah (celebrated from Shravan Vadya Trayodashi to Ganesh Chaturthi) is celebrated at Shanti Kuteer for the past 34 years{{when|date=January 2019}}.
* Datta Jayanti (from Margashirshya Shuddha Trayodashi till Datta Jayanti) was started after the Shri Dattatraya temple was constructed at Shanti Kuteer in 1984 and is for three days.

==Sampradaja==
{{Navnath Sampradaya – Inchegiri Sampradaya}}
[[File:Sri Bhausaheb Maharaj.JPG|thumb|right|150px|Shri Samartha Sadaguru Bhausaheb Maharaj]]
[[File:Siddharamphoto.JPG|thumb|right|150px|Shri Samartha Sadaguru Siddharameshwar Maharaj]]
[[File:S S Maharaj.jpg|thumb|150px|right|Sri Samartha Sadaguru Ganapatrao Maharaj Kannur]]
{{See also|Guru-shishya tradition}}

===Navnath===
{{Main|Navnath}}
Maharaj traces his ''sampradaya'' to the [[Navnath|Navanath Sampraday]].<ref>Cathy Boucher, [http://nisargadatta.net/lineage.html "The Navnath Sampradaya and Sri Nisargadatta Maharaj"] {{unreliable source?|date=January 2019}} - R D Ranade, ''Mysticism In Maharashtra Indian Mysticism'', PBISBN 8121510945, 2003</ref> It was started by [[Dattatreya|Adiguru Shri Dattatreya]], and was further carried by the [[Navnath|Navanaths]], the Holy Nine Gurus.<ref>[http://www.realization.org/page/topics/nisargadatta.htm Siddharameshwar Maharaj photograph at realization.org]</ref>

One of those Navnaths was Adiguru Sri Revanatah, who initiated Kaadasiddheshwar Swami Maharaj. Kaadasiddheshwar founded the Kaneri Ashram in the 13th century, which became a Dnyan Peeth. Many solace seekers were initiated for centuries.

===Nimbargi sampraday===
In the mid-19th century, the then Shri Kaadasiddheshwar Swami Maharaj initiated Shri Gurulingajangam Maharaj, also known as "Nimbarji Maharaj". He founded the ''Nimbargi sampraday'' and initiated Shri Raghunathpriya Sadhu Maharaj.

Shri Raghunathpriya Sadhu Maharaj initiated Shri Samartha Sadaguru Bhausaheb Maharaj Deshpande, who was an ardent follower and a devoted disciple of Shri Gurulingajangam Maharaj.<ref>R.D. Ranade (1982), ''Mysticism In Maharashtra''</ref>

===Inchegeri sampraday===
Shri Bhausaheb Maharaj established the [[Inchegeri Sampradaya]]. He preached the principle of [[Advaita|non-dualness]], ''advait tatva'', and used to give discourses on Srimad Dasbodh.

Sri Bhausaheb Maharaj had many followers, many of which further rose to the state of Gurupad, and practised and preached the Principles of Vedant and Advait throughout India.

[[Siddharameshwar Maharaj|Sri Siddharameshwar Maharaj]] was his disciple and ardent follower. Siddharameshwar professed the knowledge and basics of self-realization to the masses and became one of the most followed Guru of Inchegeri sampraday. Shri Maharaj was blessed and initiated by Siddharameshwar at the age of thirteen.

==Publications==
Maharaji's words came from the depth of his own experience. The acceptance of one being supreme and being one with the universe was the core of his discourses. Maharaj was ever vigilant about the welfare of his disciples, specifically about their spiritual progress. Hence he wrote a number of texts on the different aspects of spirituality. He also founded the publication ''Adhyatma Bhandar'' and all the books are published by it.
Amongst them are:
* ''Atmadnyanachi Gurukilli''
* ''Srimad Dasbodh'' – Kannada translation
* ''Atmadnyanand Rasaduta'' / ''Atmadnyananachi Panchapakwanne''
* ''Adhyatmada Anagayinelli'' / ''Adhyatmacha Deepstambha''
* ''Anubhava Jnana''
* ''Yashashvi Jeevan Darshan''
* ''Sulabh Atmajnana'' (Easy steps to self-realisation).
* ''Shantikuteer Sandesh''

''Shantikuteer Sandesh'' is a quarterly periodical published by Shantikuteer Trust. The periodical is available in the Kannada and Marathi languages.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Citation | last =Dabade | first =K.B. | year =1998 | title =Sociology of Religion: A Case Study of Nimbargi Sampradaya|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XoDXAAAAMAAJ | publisher =Mangala Publications}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Ganapatrao Maharaj Kannur}}
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20090711191346/http://www.shantikuteer.org/ The Shanti Kuteer Sampraday]}}
* [http://www.dasbodh.org Shrimad Dasbodh] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725220436/http://www.dasbodh.org/ |date=25 July 2011 }}

{{Indian Philosophy}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kannur, Ganapatrao Maharaj}}
[[Category:1909 births]]
[[Category:2004 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian philosophers]]
[[Category:Advait Mat]]
[[Category:Advaitin philosophers]]
[[Category:20th-century Hindu philosophers and theologians]]
[[Category:Indian religious writers]]
[[Category:Vedanta]]
[[Category:Inchagiri Sampradaya]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Writers from Karnataka]]
[[Category:People from Dakshina Kannada district]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Rajyotsava Award 2014]]
[[Category:Marathi Hindu saints]]

[[hi:दासबोध]]
[[mr:दासबोध]]

Jawahar Singh Bedham

2026-04-10T01:06:20Z

Brotherhoodbo: added a bio

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Jawahar Singh Bedham
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Jawahar Singh Bedham.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| office = [[Bhajan Lal Sharma ministry|Minister of State]], [[Government of Rajasthan]]
| governor = [[Haribhau Bagade]]
| term_start = 30 December 2023
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Rajender Singh Yadav]]
| successor =
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[Bhajan Lal Sharma]]
| 2blankname = [[Bhajan Lal Sharma ministry|Ministry and Departments]]
| 2namedata = {{Collapsible list| * Home
* Cow Husbandry
* Animal Husbandry and Dairy
* Fisheries}}
| office1 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the]] [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 3 December 2023
| term_end1 =
| successor1 =
| predecessor1 = [[Wajib Ali]]
| constituency1 = [[Nagar Assembly constituency|Nagar]]
| office2 =
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| successor2 =
| constituency2 =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1968|09|01}}
| birth_place = [[Deeg district|Bedham, Deeg]], [[Rajasthan]]
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| birth_name =
| parents = Samandar Singh (father) Resham Devi (mother)
| party = [[Bhartiya Janta Party]]
| spouse = Vinita Devi
| partner =
| relations =
| children = 2 Son's
| alma_mater = [[University of Rajasthan]]
| occupation = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
| education = [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]] & [[Bachelor of Laws|L.L.B]]
| other_party =
| profession = [[Self-employment]]
}}

'''Jawahar Singh Bedham''' (born 1 September 1968)<ref name=":1" /> is an Indian politician from [[Rajasthan]]. He is a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the]] [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] from [[Nagar Assembly constituency]]. He won the [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Bhartiya Janta Party|Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nagar Election Results 2023, Nagar Assembly Seat Leading Candidates with names |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/elections/rajasthan-assembly-elections/bharatpur/constituencies-nagar |access-date=2025-03-07 |website=India TV News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nagar Election Results 2023 {{!}} Rajasthan Election Results {{!}} Elections 2023 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/rajasthan-assembly-election-results-2023/nagar |access-date=2025-03-07 |website=ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nagar Lok Sabha Election 2024 Live: Get Nagar Lok Sabha Election Results and Candidate List |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/rajasthan-assembly-election/nagar-constituency/ |access-date=2025-03-07 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He currently serves as a Minister of State in the [[Bhajan Lal Sharma ministry|Bhajan Lal Sharma Ministry]] as Home and Cow Husbandry department.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-01-26 |title=गृह राज्य मंत्री जवाहर सिंह बेढम पहुंचे: बोले-जल्द देश का अग्रणी राज्य बनेगा राजस्थान |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/bharatpur/bayana/news/minister-of-state-for-home-jawahar-singh-reached-bedham-132501474.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240127150646/https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/bharatpur/bayana/news/minister-of-state-for-home-jawahar-singh-reached-bedham-132501474.html |archive-date=27 January 2024 |access-date=2025-05-06 |work=Dainik Bhaskar |language=hi |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":1" />

== Early life and education ==
Bedham is from Nagar, [[Bharatpur district]], Rajasthan. He is the son of Samandar Singh. He completed his BA and LLB at [[University of Rajasthan]], Jaipur. He is an advocate.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Jawaharsingh Bedham(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- NAGAR(BHARATPUR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/Rajasthan2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=318 |access-date=2025-03-07 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Bedham won from Nagar Assembly constituency representing the Bharatiya Janata Party in the 2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=Rajasthan Assembly Election Results 2023: Full list of winners constituency wise - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/politics/rajasthan-assembly-election-results-2023-full-list-of-winners-candidates-constituency-wise-list-18473411.htm |access-date=2025-03-07 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref> He polled 75,579 votes and defeated his nearest rival, [[Wajib Ali]] of the [[Indian National Congress]], by a margin of 1,531 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=Nagar Election Result 2023 Live: Bjp Candidate Jawaharsingh Bedham Wins From Nagar |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/nagar-election-result-2023-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-winner-loser-bjp-congress-bsp-aap-rajasthan-assembly-election-results-news-1647085 |access-date=2025-03-07 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nagar Constituency Election Results 2023: Nagar Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/rajasthan/constituency-show/nagar |access-date=2025-03-07 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nagar Election Result 2023 LIVE Updates and Highlights: Jawaharsingh Bedham of BJP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/nagar-election-result-2023-live-updates-and-highlights-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8687739.html |access-date=2025-03-07 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> In the [[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]], he contested on the BJP ticket from [[Kaman Assembly constituency]] and lost to [[Zahida Khan (Indian politician)|Zahida Khan]] of the [[Indian National Congress]], by a margin of 39,621 votes.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=भरतपुर |first=सतपाल सिंह |date=2023-12-31 |title=राजस्थान: कौन हैं जवाहर सिंह बेढ़म? बीजेपी ने पहली बार बने विधायक को बनाया मंत्री |url=https://www.abplive.com/states/rajasthan/deeg-bjp-mla-jawar-singh-bedam-appoint-state-minister-in-bhajan-lal-sharm-government-ann-2573562 |access-date=2025-05-06 |website=www.abplive.com |language=hi}}</ref>

Bedham started his political career in the panchayat samiti and was a member from 1995 to 2000. Later, he served as a member of Zila Parishad from 2000 to 2005. The district BJP made his as Vice President from 2011 to 2016. He also served as a member of the State Working Committee of BJP from 2012 to 2017. During [[Second Raje ministry|Vasundhara government]], he was made as the Chairman of Dang Development Board.<ref name=":1" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bedham, Jawahar Singh}}
[[Category:Politicians from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:1968 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:People from Bharatpur district]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:University of Rajasthan alumni]]

Praniti

2026-03-30T18:52:28Z

Brotherhoodbo: Added A Info

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Praniti
| image =
| native_name_lang = Tamil
| birth_name = Praniti Praveen
| alias =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Chennai]]
| origin = [[India]]
| years_active = 2013-present
}}

'''Praniti Praveen Kumar''' is an Indian [[playback singer]] from the state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. She has recorded songs for music albums and films in [[Tamil language]] and appeared in several movies.

== Career ==
Praniti's singing career began after winning the title of Sun network's "Sun Singer Season-4" singing reality show in 2015. In 2017, Praniti was introduced as play back singer by music director [[D. Imman]] in the movie ''[[Saravanan Irukka Bayamaen]]''. In 2018, Praniti was part of Prabhu Deva's ''[[Lakshmi (2018 film)|Lakshmi]]'' movie with a trending folk track "Pappara Pappa” in Tamil and Telugu. She has been participating in musical concerts and performed with top notch talented playback singers overseas. Praniti as a lead performer was awarded “Dazzling Tamizhachi” in a grand Malaysian music concert. Several of her cover songs including "[[Shape of You]]" and "[[Despacito]]" have gone viral.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/music/2017/06/22/remix-ed-sheeran-shape-of-you-praniti.html |title=This little girl's remix of Ed Sheeran's 'Shape of You' will make your day |date=29 June 2017 |website=[[Malayala Manorama]] |accessdate=16 September 2018|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170622114425/https://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/music/2017/06/22/remix-ed-sheeran-shape-of-you-praniti.html|archive-date=22 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/trending/viral-videos-trending/watch-this-english-tamil-mash-up-of-shape-of-you-and-aathangara-orathil-by-this-girl-is-brilliant-4709888/ |title=WATCH: This English-Tamil mash-up of Shape of You and Aathangara Orathil by this girl is brilliant |date=18 June 2017 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=27 August 2018 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.edexlive.com/live-story/2017/aug/21/meet-the-small-wonder-praniti-whose-despacito-mash-up-is-going-viral-on-social-media-1007.html |title=Meet the Small Wonder Praniti whose Despacito mash up is going viral on social media |author=Seema Rajpal |date=21 August 2017 |newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]] |access-date=16 September 2018}}</ref>
Praniti's YouTube channel has over a million subscribers.

== Discography ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+As Playback Singer
!Year
!Song
!Film
!Language
|-
| rowspan="2" |2017
|"Langu Langu"
|''[[Saravanan Irukka Bayamaen]]''
|Tamil
|-
|"Kukkoti Kunaatti"
|''[[Aruvi]]''
|Tamil
|-
|rowspan="2"|2018
|rowspan="2"|"Pappara Pappa"
|''[[Lakshmi (2018 film)|Lakshmi]]''
|Tamil
|-
|''Lakshmi'' '''(D)'''
|Telugu
|-
|2019
|"Andhanga Lena"
|''Yedu Chepala Katha''
|Telugu
|-
|2021
| "Muttaikulla"
|''[[C/O Kaadhal]]''
|Tamil
|-
|2024
|"Amma Amma" || ''[[Ranam Aram Thavarel]]'' || Tamil
|}

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Film
!Role
|-
|2017 ||''[[Aruvi]]'' || Young Aruvi
|-
|2023 ||''[[Shot Boot Three]]''|| Pallavi
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2024 || ''[[Ranam Aram Thavarel]]'' || Aadini
|-
| ''[[Mazhai Pidikkatha Manithan]]'' || Sowmya's sister
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Facebook|id=PranitiOfficial}}
* {{YouTube channel|PranitiOfficial}} on Youtube
* {{IMDb name|id=9820740|name=Praniti Praveen Kumar}}

[[Category:Indian women playback singers]]
[[Category:Singers from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Musicians from Chennai]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian child actresses]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Kalaburagi Ring Road

2026-03-30T03:30:27Z

Brotherhoodbo: added post

{{Short description|Ring road in Kalaburagi, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox road
| name = Kalaburagi Ring Road
| country = IND
| states = Karnataka
| cities = Kalaburagi
| maint = Karnataka Road Development Corporation Limited, Kalaburagi Municipal Corporation, [[Karnataka Public Works Department]]<ref name="badstate">{{cite news|title=Gulbarga ORR in bad state|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/article2628643.ece|date=15 November 2011|work=[[The Hindu]]|location=Gulbarga|accessdate=2012-09-01}}</ref>
| length_km = 22.5
}}

The '''Kalaburagi Ring Road''' is a {{convert|22.5|km|mi|adj=on|sp=us}} long, four-laned [[ring road]] in the city of [[Kalaburagi]].<ref name="krdcl">{{Cite web|title=PROJECT NAME : GULBARGA RING ROAD|url=http://www.krdcl.in/html/District_Details/Gulbarga/Gulbarga_details.html|accessdate=2012-09-01|work=Karnataka Road Development Corporation Limited|archive-date=19 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120919050229/http://www.krdcl.in/html/District_Details/Gulbarga/Gulbarga_details.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

All trucks, buses, and heavy vehicles in the town are diverted via the Ring Road.<ref name="buildrob">{{cite news|title=Plan to build rail overbridge on State highway under study|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/article2839039.ece|date=28 January 2012|work=[[The Hindu]]|location=Gulbarga|accessdate=2012-09-01}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Mysore Ring Road]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Ring roads in India]]
[[Category:Kalaburagi]]
[[Category:Roads in Kalaburagi district]]

{{Kalaburagi-geo-stub}}
{{india-road-stub}}

Lakshmi Ammani Devi

2026-03-24T07:51:25Z

Brotherhoodbo:

{{onesource|date=June 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Lakshmi Ammanni Devi
| image = Queens of Mysore, Thomas Hickey, 1805.jpg
| caption = Portrait (centre) by [[Thomas Hickey (painter)|Thomas Hickey]], 1805
| title = Maharani of Mysore
| reign-type = Queen regent
| birth_date = 1742
| death_date = 1810
| spouse = [[Krishnaraja Wodeyar II]]
| full name = Maharani Lakshmammanni Lakshmi Vilasa Sannidhana Avaru
}}

'''Lakshmi Ammani Devi''' (1742-1810) was the Maharani of the [[Kingdom of Mysore]] and later regent of Mysore between 1799 and 1810 during the minority of [[Krishnaraja Wadiyar III]].<ref>Rao Bahadur, Rajakaryaprasakta (1936). Mysore State Gazetteer. Mysore State.</ref>

==Life and regency==
She was born to Sardar Kathi Gopalraj Urs, of the Bettadakotte family. She became the third wife of [[Krishnaraja Wadiyar II|Maharaja Krishnaraja Wadiyar II]].

She was regent of Mysore during the minority of her adopted grandson, [[Krishnaraja Wadiyar III|Maharaja Krishnaraja Wadiyar III]], from 25 June 1799 to February 1810. The period is referred to as ''Laksmi Vilas Sannidhana''.

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1742 births]]
[[Category:1810 deaths]]
[[Category:18th-century women regents]]
[[Category:18th-century regents]]
[[Category:19th-century women regents]]
[[Category:19th-century regents]]
[[Category:People from the Kingdom of Mysore]]

Jackass: The Movie

2026-03-23T13:21:44Z

Brotherhoodbo: basic cleanup details to improve readability per sources

{{Short description|2002 American reality comedy film}}
{{Use American English|date=January 2025}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Jackass: The Movie
| image = Jackass poster.jpg
| alt = Six gleeful men ride in a massive shopping cart, while three other men hang off the sides. The title is written below, with the tagline "With stuff you'd never see on TV" stamped above.
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Jeff Tremaine]]
| writer =
| based_on = {{Based on|''[[Jackass (TV series)|Jackass]]''|[[Johnny Knoxville]] [[Spike Jonze]] Jeff Tremaine}}
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* Jeff Tremaine
* Spike Jonze
* Johnny Knoxville
}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* Johnny Knoxville
* [[Bam Margera]]
* [[Chris Pontius]]
* [[Steve-O]]
* [[Dave England]]
* [[Ryan Dunn]]
* [[Jason Acuña|Jason "Wee Man" Acuña]]
* [[Preston Lacy]]
* [[Ehren McGhehey]]
}}
| cinematography = Dimitry Elyashkevich
| editing = {{Plainlist|
* Liz Ewart
* Mark Hansen
* Kristine Young
}}
| music = [[Sam Spiegel (musician)|Sam Spiegel]]
| production_companies = {{Plainlist|
* [[Dickhouse Productions]]<ref name=afi>{{cite web|url=https://catalog.afi.com/Catalog/MovieDetails/62435|title=Jackass the Movie (2002)|work=[[AFI Catalog of Feature Films]]|access-date=May 19, 2018}}</ref>
* Lynch Siderow Productions<ref name=afi />
}}
| distributor = {{plainlist|
* [[Paramount Pictures]]<ref name=afi />
* [[MTV Films]]<ref name=afi />
}}
| released = {{film date|2002|10|25|United States}}
| runtime = 85 minutes<ref name=afi />
| country = United States<ref name=afi />
| language = English
| budget = $5 million<ref name=mojoweek>{{cite web|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=weekend&id=jackass.htm |title=Jackass: The Movie (2002) – Weekend Box Office |access-date=September 11, 2007 |publisher=[[Box Office Mojo]]}}</ref>
| gross = $79.5 million<ref name=mojoweek />
}}
'''''Jackass: The Movie''''' is a 2002 American [[reality film|reality]] [[slapstick]] [[comedy film]] directed by [[Jeff Tremaine]]. It is a continuation of the [[MTV]] television series ''[[Jackass (franchise)|Jackass]]'', which had completed its run. It was produced by Lynch Siderow Productions and [[Dickhouse Productions]]. The film features most of the original ''Jackass'' cast, including leader [[Johnny Knoxville]], [[Bam Margera]], [[Chris Pontius]], [[Steve-O]], [[Dave England]], [[Ryan Dunn]], [[Jason Acuña|Wee Man]], [[Preston Lacy]] and [[Ehren McGhehey|Danger Ehren]]. [[MTV Films]] and [[Paramount Pictures]] released the film to theaters on October 25, 2002. It grossed over $79 million worldwide and received mixed reviews from critics. It was followed by a sequel, ''[[Jackass Number Two]]'' (2006).

== Synopsis ==
''Jackass: The Movie'' is a compilation of stunts, skits, and pranks, intercut with on-set talking heads with its cast. The movie begins with an over-the-top, Hollywood parody featuring the entire main cast riding a giant [[shopping cart]] downhill amidst huge explosions, as each cast member is individually introduced to the audience. Towards the end of the scene, [[Johnny Knoxville]] delivers his iconic intro line, "Hi, I'm Johnny Knoxville! Welcome to ''Jackass''!" Immediately after, the guys crash into a [[fruit stand]], launching them into the fruit.

Many stunts take place throughout the duration of the film. However, the most notable stunts and pranks include: Johnny Knoxville getting flipped over, and subsequently being knocked out, in a [[golf cart]]; [[Steve-O]] snorting [[wasabi]] mixed with [[soy sauce]]; [[Bam Margera]] pranking his mother [[April Margera|April]] by planting a live [[alligator]] in her kitchen; [[Chris Pontius]] dancing in public as his character "Party Boy" while wearing nothing but a thong; [[Ryan Dunn]] fighting against female Japanese kickboxing champion [[Naoko Kumagai]]; [[Ehren McGhehey]] eating a snow cone made from his own urine; [[Jason Acuña|Wee Man]] wreaking havoc around [[Japan]] in a giant traffic cone; [[Preston Lacy]] sitting on a bench which is rigged to collapse, thus ripping his pants and exposing his buttocks to unsuspecting bystanders; and [[Dave England]] defecating in a display toilet at a hardware store after [[fecal incontinence|uncontrollably defecating in his pants]] in a van.

The final stunt involves a toy car being inserted into Ryan Dunn’s anus in order to have it shown in an x-ray. Steve-O was originally set to do the stunt, but was told beforehand by his father that he would be disowned had he gone through with it. The end result is successful, as the toy car appears once the x-ray has been taken. The car is later seen being defecated out in the end credits. This is followed by a scene of Johnny Knoxville being launched into a lake via catapult (The end result of a failed [[Rube Goldberg machine|Rube Goldberg]] test), where comedian [[Rip Taylor]] closes the film.

== Cast ==
The main cast from the TV show that returned for the movie.
{{cast listing|
* [[Johnny Knoxville]]
* [[Bam Margera]]
* [[Ryan Dunn]]
* [[Steve-O]]
* [[Jason Acuña|Jason "Wee Man" Acuña]]
* [[Chris Pontius]]
* [[Preston Lacy]]
* [[Dave England]]
* [[Ehren McGhehey|"Danger Ehren" McGhehey]]
}}

=== Guest appearances ===
{{cast listing|
* Loomis Fall
* [[Brandon DiCamillo]]
* [[Chris Raab|Raab Himself]]
* [[Rake Yohn]]
* [[April Margera]], [[Phil Margera]] and [[Jess Margera]]
* Stephanie Hodge
* Mike Kassak
* [[Manny Puig]]
* [[Rip Taylor]]
* [[Tony Hawk]]
* [[Clyde Singleton]]
* [[Eric Koston]]
* [[Mat Hoffman]]
* [[Naoko Kumagai]]
* [[Eric Esch|Butterbean]]
* [[Henry Rollins]]
}}

=== Crew ===
Crew members who appear in this movie:
* Director and producer [[Jeff Tremaine]]
* Producer [[Spike Jonze]]
* Executive producer Trip Taylor
* Co-executive producer Michelle Klepper
* Co-producer and [[cinematographer]] Dimitry Elyashkevich
* Co-producer and photographer Sean Cliver
* Cameramen [[Lance Bangs]], [[Rick Kosick]], Greg "Guch" Iguchi, and Mark Rackley
* Photographer Ben "Benzo" Kaller

== Production ==
After the success and popularity of the ''Jackass'' TV series, [[Johnny Knoxville]] was approached by the producers to make the show into a feature film. Initially, he rejected the idea as he did not understand the concept, thinking the production company would get Hollywood actors to portray the cast. He later agreed when both [[Jeff Tremaine]] and [[Spike Jonze]] explained it will be a "naughtier version" of the TV series.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Vanity Fair |title=Johnny Knoxville Breaks Down Every Injury of His Career |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZsKXq8AQTZE |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/ZsKXq8AQTZE |archive-date=December 22, 2021 |url-status=live|website=YouTube |date=June 5, 2018 |access-date=October 6, 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

Bits that were filmed, but were ultimately cut from the theatrical and home media releases include [[Gene LeBell]] choking the cast out one by one; [[Ryan Dunn]] getting sprayed by [[bear mace]] in the face by [[Bam Margera]]; [[Jason Acuña|Wee Man]] skating while being dressed as a penis; [[Preston Lacy]] getting "fat fuck" trimmed in his hair by [[cinematographer]] Dimitry Elyashkevich with hair clippers; [[Dave England]] posing as a caricature sketch artist to draw inappropriate drawings; [[Steve-O]] pouring beer in his anus with a garden hose (which was later retooled and redone in ''[[Jackass Number Two]]'' as the "Butt Chug"); [[Chris Pontius]] and Dave England putting a bicycle lock around a crew member's neck; and [[Ehren McGhehey]], Ryan Dunn, Chris Pontius, and [[Mat Hoffman]] [[wakeboarding]] with BMXs attached to the wakeboards. Some of these deleted bits are briefly shown in the credits or the making of ''Jackass: The Movie''. Dave England uploaded the caricature sketch artist bit on his [[YouTube]] channel, but it was removed for violating the community guidelines. He then re-posted it on his personal website.

The original plan for the "Butt X-Ray" stunt was for someone to insert a cellphone up their anus and then receive a call, but it was later changed to a toy car. A scene that was planned but never got filmed due to financial reasons was a stunt in which Chris Pontius would dress up as the devil and go to a [[Pentecostalism|Pentecostal]] church where they [[Snake handling in Christianity|handle live snakes]].

=== "Failed ending" ===
The original ending for the film was supposed to be a Rube Goldberg-type contraption, with each of the cast members performing a stunt that either has something to do with what they did on the show (for example, the first stunt would have Preston Lacy as "The Human Wrecking Ball", knocking him into a [[Port-a-john|Port-A-Potty]]), or simply for a sight gag (such as Ehren McGhehey being knocked over in the Port-A-Potty and landing on a bed of toilet paper rolls), ending with Johnny Knoxville being launched off the catapult next to [[Rip Taylor]].

However, as the entire contraption didn't work together the way the cast and crew intended, the producers of the film instead decided on filming an alternate ending, which is how the "Son of Jackass" skit came to be. "Son of Jackass" (Which, according to the skit, is set in the year 2063) starts after the end credits, as Knoxville and Taylor return to the edge of the lake, and Taylor whispers the suggestion into Knoxville's ear. The skit involves all of the performers in "old man" costumes running around in exploding buildings and sheds, as well as other hazards, only Steve-O surviving to proclaim "Yeah, dude!". In the cast commentary, it is said that this is ironic as Steve-O is the least likely to even reach old age. Some bits of the failed ending were incorporated into the end credits montage, like Dave England dressed in a penis costume and Wee Man going down the giant [[Plinko]] contraption.

== Home media ==
The film was released on [[DVD]] on March 25, 2003.<ref name="MTV">{{cite web|first=Jessica|last=Wolf|url=http://www.hive4media.com/news/html/breaking_article.cfm?sec_id=2&article_ID=4393|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030215160838/http://www.hive4media.com/news/html/breaking_article.cfm?sec_id=2&article_ID=4393|title=Video Cautions Viewers Not to Be a Jackass|website=[[hive4media.com]]|archive-date=February 15, 2003|date=January 31, 2003|access-date=September 27, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The DVD includes 27 minutes of additional footage, outtakes and MTV's "Making of Jackass: The Movie.<ref name="MTV" /> An unrated version of the film was released in 2006, with a runtime of 87 minutes.

== Reception ==
=== Box office ===
The film had a budget of $5 million<ref name=mojoweek /> and was the number one film at the United States box office when it opened, grossing $22.8 million, revenue from 2,509 theaters, for an average of $9,073 per venue. The film fell to fourth place in its second weekend and dropped 44 percent to $12.7 million, expanding to 2,530 theaters and averaging $5,032 per theater. The ten day gross was $42.1 million.<ref name=mojoweek /> The film went on to gross $64.3 million in the United States alone, of which the opening weekend made up 35.43 percent of its final gross. It made $15.2 million in other countries, bringing the worldwide gross to $79.5 million.<ref name=mojo>{{cite web|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=jackass.htm |title=Jackass: The Movie (2002) |access-date=September 11, 2007 |publisher=[[Box Office Mojo]]}}</ref>

=== Critical response ===
{{Overly detailed|date=December 2013|section=yes}}
On [[Rotten Tomatoes]], 49% of critics gave the film positive reviews based on 96 reviews, with an average rating of 5/10. The website's critics consensus reads, "There's a good chance you'll be laughing hysterically at one stunt, but getting grossed out by the next one in this big screen version of the controversial MTV show."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/jackass_the_movie/ |title=Jackass: The Movie |website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |access-date=June 28, 2019 }}</ref> On [[Metacritic]], the film has an average score of 42 out of 100 based on 14 critics, indicating "mixed or average" reviews.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.metacritic.com/video/titles/jackass |title=Jackass: The Movie (2002): Reviews |access-date=September 11, 2007 |website=[[Metacritic]] |archive-date=May 14, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090514015357/http://www.metacritic.com/video/titles/jackass |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Talking on ''[[At the Movies with Ebert & Roeper|Ebert & Roeper]]'', [[Richard Roeper]] called it the "feel-sick movie of the year" and said the film is "a disgusting, repulsive, grotesque spectacle, but it's also hilarious and provocative. God help me, thumbs up." [[Roger Ebert]] gave the film a low rating, but only barely, explaining his rating comes "somewhere between a thumbs down and a sort of 'waving over' recommendation".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bventertainment.go.com/tv/buenavista/ebertandroeper/index2.html?sec=6&subsec=jackass |archive-url=https://archive.today/20090430074118/http://bventertainment.go.com/tv/buenavista/ebertandroeper/index2.html?sec=6&subsec=jackass |url-status=dead |archive-date=April 30, 2009 |title=Ebert and Roeper |access-date=September 11, 2007 |author=Richard Roeper |date=October 25, 2002 |publisher=[[At the Movies with Ebert & Roeper|Ebert & Roeper]]}}</ref> ''[[The Austin Chronicle]]''{{'}}s Kimberly Jones gave the film 3 stars and said it is the "feature-length rendering of jackass the MTV show, meaning no plot, no script, just wall-to-wall idiocy." Jones said "It's silly, often stomach-churning, but also awfully addictive, inspiring the same kind of vicarious adrenaline rush as ''[[Fight Club]]'', with its 'I bleed, therefore I am'; he-man mentality." Jones also remarked, "Consisting of a steady clip of barely minutes-long gags...this piece of outré [[performance art]] defies typical movie conventions..."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.austinchronicle.com/gyrobase/Calendar/Film?Film=oid:141821 |title=jackass the movie |access-date=September 11, 2007 |author=Kimberly Jones |date=November 1, 2002 |publisher=[[The Austin Chronicle]]}}</ref> ''[[Chicago Tribune]]'' film reporter Mark Caro gave the film 1 star out of 4 and called it "willful idiocy for idiocy's sake." Caro also said "there's one stunt that I bet none of these moronic daredevils would tackle: trying to say something intelligent about ''Jackass: The Movie.''"<ref>{{cite news|url=http://metromix.chicagotribune.com/movies/mmx-18976_lgcy,0,4428520.story |title=Movie review, 'Jackass: the Movie'|access-date=September 11, 2007 |author=Mark Caro |publisher=[[Chicago Tribune]]}} {{dead link|date=September 2010|bot=RjwilmsiBot}}</ref>

''[[Deseret Morning News]]''{{'}}s Jeff Vice gave the film 1½ stars and said the 80-minute run time was too much. Vice described the film as "possibly the most irresponsible picture ever released by a major film studio."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://deseretnews.com/movies/view/1,1257,300000119,00.html |title=jackass: the movie |access-date=September 11, 2007 |author=Jeff Vice |date=October 25, 2002 |publisher=[[Deseret Morning News]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070811133055/http://deseretnews.com/movies/view/1,1257,300000119,00.html |archive-date=August 11, 2007 }}</ref> Writing for ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'', [[Owen Gleiberman]] gave the film a "B" and said the film "provokes a suspense halfway between comedy and horror. I'm not sure if I enjoyed myself, exactly, but I could hardly wait to see what I'd be appalled by next." Gleiberman also said "In the movie version of the show that might just as well have been called ''America's Funniest Frat-House Hazing Rituals'', the boys engage in infantile ''Candid Camera'' grossouts..."<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,384712~1~0~jackassmovie,00.html |title=Jackass the Movie – Movie Review |access-date=September 11, 2007 |author=Owen Gleiberman |date=October 25, 2002 |magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]] |archive-date=October 18, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071018135514/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,384712~1~0~jackassmovie,00.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ''[[Film Journal International]]''{{'}}s Ethan Alter, who admitted to having never seen an episode of the TV show, said "it would be easy for me to hold ''Jackass: The Movie'' up as a leading example of the decline of Western civilization." Alter said he was disturbed by "the film's, and by extension the audience's, cavalier attitude towards pain."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmjournal.com/filmjournal/reviews/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1000696014 |title=JACKASS: THE MOVIE |access-date=September 11, 2007 |author=Ethan Alter |publisher=[[Film Journal International]]}}</ref>

''[[LA Weekly]]'' critic Paul Malcolm listed ''Jackass: The Movie'' as one of the 10 best films of 2002 and also called it the most underrated film of the year.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.laweekly.com/index3.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=3285&Itemid=9&pop=1&page=0 |title=THE YEAR IN FILM |access-date=September 11, 2007 |date=December 25, 2002 |publisher=[[LA Weekly]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071018162616/http://laweekly.com/index3.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=3285&Itemid=9&pop=1&page=0 |archive-date=October 18, 2007 }}</ref> ''[[Film Threat]]''{{'}}s Pete Vonder Haar said the results of "essentially transplanting the show to the big screen" are "incredibly funny and often too disgusting for words."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmthreat.com/index.php?section=reviews&Id=3728 |title=JACKASS: THE MOVIE |access-date=September 11, 2007 |author=Pete Vonder Haar |date=October 30, 2002 |publisher=[[Film Threat]]}}</ref>

''[[The Miami Herald]]''{{'}}s Rene Rodriguez gave the film 2½ stars out of 4 and said "Johnny Knoxville and his merry band of anarchists ran around performing the sort of suicidal stunts parental warnings were invented for" and "the gang also likes to train their sights on the unsuspecting public, ''[[Candid Camera]]'' style."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ae.miami.com/entertainment/ui/miami/movie.html?id=77401&reviewId=10142 |title='Jackass: The Movie' lives up to its name -- and then some |access-date=September 11, 2007 |author=Rene Rodriguez |date=October 28, 2002 |publisher=[[The Miami Herald]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030702053544/http://ae.miami.com/entertainment/ui/miami/movie.html?id=77401&reviewId=10142 |archive-date=July 2, 2003 }}</ref> Reviewing the film for ''[[The New York Times]]'', [[A.O. Scott]] said it "is essentially an extended episode of the popular ''[[Jackass (TV series)|Jackass]]'' MTV series" and that "some of the undertakings, amateurishly recorded on video, are like demented science experiments." Scott said "''Jackass the Movie'' is like a documentary version of ''[[Fight Club]]'', shorn of social insight, intellectual pretension and cinematic interest".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/review?_r=1&res=9C0CEFD6113CF935A15753C1A9649C8B63&oref=slogin |title=It Has a Misleading Title, But Not for the First Word |access-date=September 11, 2007 |author=A.O. Scott |date=October 26, 2002 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref>

''[[The Village Voice]]''{{'}}s [[Ed Halter]] said "their feature debut plays like a longer episode of the show" and said "it's funny, as the old saying goes, because it's true." Halter wrote "the structure is ruthlessly efficient: no plot, no characters, no sets, and no downtime—just one sight-gag right after another."<ref name=halter>{{cite web |url=http://www.villagevoice.com/film/0244,halter,39503,20.html |title=Hard Knoxville |access-date=September 11, 2007 |author=Ed Halter |date=October 28, 2002 |publisher=[[The Village Voice]] |archive-date=December 10, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071210115734/http://www.villagevoice.com/film/0244,halter,39503,20.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Scott Foundas of ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' referred to ''Jackass: The Movie'' as the first [[reality film]] when reviewing ''[[The Real Cancun]]'' in April 2003.<ref name=foundas>{{cite news|url=https://www.variety.com/review/VE1117920552.html?categoryid=31&cs=1&p=0 |title=The Real Cancun Review – Variety.com |access-date=September 11, 2007 |author=Scott Foundas |date=April 20, 2003 |publisher=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref>

In a film critic roundup of 2002 films in ''[[The Village Voice]]'', film critic [[Armond White]] said "Best Documentary: Jackass, far and away."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.villagevoice.com/home/0301,comments,40958,23.html |title=Take 4: Everything Is Illuminated – The Critics Speak |access-date=September 11, 2007 |date=December 31, 2002 |work=[[Village Voice]] |archive-date=October 28, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071028021727/http://www.villagevoice.com/home/0301,comments,40958,23.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Ed Halter]] of ''[[The Village Voice]]'' wrote, "MTV would surely love to claim ''Jackass'' as a mutant by-product of its ''[[The Real World (TV series)|Real World]]'' franchise, but its roots lie elsewhere", saying "their self-destructive brand of docu-comedy emerged as a bizarrely elaborate version of a skateboard-video mainstay: slam sections..."<ref name=halter /> Jennie Punter of ''[[The Globe and Mail]]'' said the film "belongs in the too-hot-for-TV direct-to-video/DVD category".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/author-4386/?cats=1%2C+2%2C+3%2C+4%2C+5%2C+7%2C+8%2C+12%2C+13%2C+14%2C+16%2C+17%2C+18%2C+19%2C+20%2C+21%2C+22%2C+24%2C+23%2C+26%2C+27&genreid=&letter=&switches=&sortby=&limit=50&page=2 |title=Jennie Punter – Rotten Tomatoes |access-date=September 11, 2007 |publisher=Quotes by Jennie Punter, via [[Rotten Tomatoes]]}}</ref>

=== Accolades ===

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
! scope="col" | Award / Film Festival
! scope="col" | Date of ceremony
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Recipient(s)
! scope="col" | Result
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | {{Ref heading}}
|-
! rowspan=5 scope="row"| [[Golden Raspberry Awards]]
| rowspan=5 | [[23rd Golden Raspberry Awards|March 22, 2003]]
| Most Flatulent Teen-Targeted Movie
| ''Jackass: The Movie''
| {{won}}
| {{citation needed|date=October 2024}}
|-
|}

== Soundtrack ==
{{Main|Jackass: The Movie Soundtrack}}
The soundtrack was released on October 25, 2002, by [[American Recordings (record label)|American Recordings]]. The soundtrack features songs that were featured in the movie, and various audio clips from the movie.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amazon.com/Jackass-Movie-Official-Soundtrack-Minutemen/dp/B00006LWRB |title=Amazon.com |website=Amazon |access-date=March 2, 2012}}</ref>

== Sequels ==
''Jackass: The Movie'' was filmed with a modest budget of approximately $5 million, but earned more than $22 million during its opening weekend, effectively managing to secure the top spot at the box office for its debut and immediately making back its budget at least 4 times over. It eventually grossed more than $64 million in [[North America]] alone.

Initially meant as the "grand finale" for the series as several cast members, most notably [[Bam Margera]] and [[Steve-O]], focused on new shows outside the ''Jackass'' brand, the crew ultimately decided to reunite for another film as Steve-O in particular realized part of the reason he did ''Jackass''-style stunts on his programs was because of how much he enjoyed working with the crew.

On September 22, 2006, [[Paramount Pictures]] released ''[[Jackass Number Two]]''. A feature titled ''[[Jackass Number Two#Jackass 2.5|Jackass 2.5]]'' was compiled from outtakes shot during the making of the second film and released direct-to-DVD on December 26, 2007.

In December 2009, Paramount Pictures and [[MTV Films]] issued a press release that a second sequel titled ''[[Jackass 3D]]'' would be made. It was released on October 15, 2010.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://insidemovies.moviefone.com/2009/12/21/jackass-3d-release-date-news/ |title='Jackass' Crew Bringing the Pain Again (in 3D!) Next Fall |publisher=[[moviefone]] |date=December 21, 2009 |access-date=December 25, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091224130559/http://insidemovies.moviefone.com/2009/12/21/jackass-3d-release-date-news |archive-date=December 24, 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The movie was filmed in [[3-D film|3D]] starting in January 2010.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.mtv.com.au/news/90ae8bbb-jackass-in-3d/ |title=Bone-Crunching Stunts In Your Face, People... |publisher=[[MTV]] |date=December 22, 2009 |access-date=December 25, 2009 |archive-date=November 9, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181109154826/http://www.mtv.com.au/news/90ae8bbb-jackass-in-3d |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="BabyRocko">{{cite news|url=http://www.monstersandcritics.com/smallscreen/news/article_1521184.php/Jackass-star-Johnny-Knoxville-has-a-new-recruit-Baby-boy-Rocko |title='Jackass' star Johnny Knoxville has a new recruit: Baby boy Rocko |publisher=Monsters and Critics.com |date=December 23, 2009 |access-date=December 25, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091226183835/http://www.monstersandcritics.com/smallscreen/news/article_1521184.php/Jackass-star-Johnny-Knoxville-has-a-new-recruit-Baby-boy-Rocko |archive-date=December 26, 2009 }}</ref> ''[[Jackass 3D#Jackass 3.5|Jackass 3.5]]'' was compiled from outtakes shot during the making of the third film. The film was released in weekly installments on [[Joost]] from April 1 through June 13, 2011.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dickhouse.tv/dickhouse/2011/04/a-field-guide-to-jackass-35.html |title=a fan's field guide to jackass 3.5 |date=April 2, 2011 |work=[[MTV]]/Dickhouse |access-date=April 13, 2011 |archive-date=December 28, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228212517/http://www.dickhouse.tv/dickhouse/2011/04/a-field-guide-to-jackass-35.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The entire film was then released direct-to-DVD on June 14, 2011.

In July 2013, a spin-off movie titled ''[[Jackass Presents: Bad Grandpa]]'' was announced.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://collider.com/jackass-bad-grandpa-paranormal-activity-5/|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130717195728/http://collider.com/jackass-bad-grandpa-paranormal-activity-5/|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 17, 2013|title=JACKASS PRESENTS: BAD GRANDPA Set for October 25th; PARANORMAL ACTIVITY 5 Pushed to January 3, 2014 [Update]|website=[[Collider (website)|Collider]]|date=July 17, 2013}}</ref> It was released on October 25, 2013, exactly 11 years after ''Jackass: The Movie'' came out. Unlike the other ''Jackass'' movies, this one has a story and features just [[Johnny Knoxville]] dressed as his grandpa character, Irving Zisman. A separate movie titled ''Jackass Presents: Bad Grandpa.5'' was made out of unused footage, outtakes, and interviews with the cast and crew members during the making of ''Bad Grandpa''. This film premiered on [[MTV]] on June 15, 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1845450/bad-grandpa-the-secret-of-johnny-knoxvilles-accent/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140910134120/http://www.mtv.com/news/1845450/bad-grandpa-the-secret-of-johnny-knoxvilles-accent/|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 10, 2014|title='Bad Grandpa:' The Secret Of Johnny Knoxville's Accent|last=Zalben|first=Alex|date=June 13, 2014|website=MTV|access-date=November 28, 2021}}</ref>

In December 2019, a third sequel, ''[[Jackass Forever]]'', was announced and scheduled to be released on March 5, 2021, but was eventually delayed for July 2, 2021, and again to September 3, 2021. In April 2021 the movie was delayed again to October 22, 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rubin|first=Rebecca|date=July 24, 2020|title='A Quiet Place 2,' 'Top Gun: Maverick' Delayed Until 2021|url=https://variety.com/2020/film/box-office/a-quiet-place-2-top-gun-maverick-release-date-delay-1234709716/|access-date=July 24, 2020|website=Variety|language=en}}</ref> In September 2021, the movie was delayed once more to February 4, 2022.<ref>{{cite web |last=Tartaglione |first=Nancy |title='Top Gun: Maverick' Flies From Thanksgiving To Memorial Day Weekend; 'Mission: Impossible 7' Ignites In Fall 2022 |url=https://deadline.com/2021/09/top-gun-maverick-flies-from-thanksgiving-to-memorial-day-weekend-mission-impossible-7-ignites-in-fall-2022-1234825624/ |website=Deadline |access-date=September 1, 2021 |date=September 1, 2021}}</ref> ''[[Jackass 4.5]]'' is compiled of outtakes shot during the filming of the fourth movie and was released on [[Netflix]] on May 20, 2022.<ref>{{cite tweet|author=Netflix|title=Get ready for more stunts and stupidity with Jackass 4.5, an all-new feature film featuring the whole crew! Here's a small taste of what you can expect when it premieres May 20 on Netflix|user=netflix|number=1516476731388952578|access-date=April 23, 2022 |date=April 19, 2022}}</ref>

In January 2026, Knoxville announced that [[Jackass 5|a fifth film]] would be released in theaters on June 26 of that year.<ref>https://people.com/johnny-knoxville-reveals-hes-returning-new-jackass-movie-11881420</ref>

== Legacy ==
Japanese game developer [[Goichi Suda]] (aka '''SUDA 51''') is a fan of ''Jackass: The Movie''. The main character of the 2007 ''[[No More Heroes (video game)|No More Heroes]]'' video game, [[Travis Touchdown]], was inspired by [[Johnny Knoxville]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=GameSpot |title=Suda51 Breaks Down His Iconic Career |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JgggpKr931U |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/JgggpKr931U |archive-date=December 22, 2021 |url-status=live|website=YouTube |date=May 19, 2019 |access-date=October 6, 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Wikiquote}}
* {{IMDb title|0322802}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes|jackass_the_movie}}
* {{Metacritic film}}
* {{mojo title|jackass}}

{{Jackass}}
{{MTV Films}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2002 films]]
[[Category:2002 comedy films]]
[[Category:American comedy films]]
[[Category:2002 English-language films]]
[[Category:Films based on television series]]
[[Category:Films shot in England]]
[[Category:Films set in England]]
[[Category:Films shot in California]]
[[Category:Films set in California]]
[[Category:Films shot in Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Films set in Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Films shot in Tokyo]]
[[Category:Films set in Tokyo]]
[[Category:Films shot in Portland, Oregon]]
[[Category:Films set in Portland, Oregon]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Johnny Knoxville]]
[[Category:Golden Raspberry Award–winning films]]
[[Category:Paramount Pictures films]]
[[Category:MTV Films films]]
[[Category:Jackass (film series)]]
[[Category:Jackass (franchise)]]
[[Category:Films directed by Jeff Tremaine|Jackass 1]]
[[Category:Dickhouse Productions films]]
[[Category:Japan in non-Japanese culture]]
[[Category:2002 American films]]
[[Category:English-language comedy films]]

Laxmi Agarwal

2026-03-23T12:02:22Z

Brotherhoodbo: minor cleanup

{{short description|Indian acid attack survivor (born 1990)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Laxmi Agarwal
| image = Laxmi Agarwal 2014 (cropped).jpg
| caption = Agarwal in Washington receiving an award, 2014
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1990|6|1|df=y}}
| birth_place =
| organization =
| known_for = Acid attack survivor
| spouse =
| children = 1
}}
'''Laxmi Agarwal ''' (born 1 June 1990) is an Indian [[acid attack]] survivor, a campaigner for rights of acid attack victims, and a TV host. In 2019, she received with the International Women Empowerment Award from the [[Ministry of Women and Child Development]], the [[Government of India]], and [[UNICEF]] for her campaign of ''Stop Acid Sale''. In 2014, she received the [[International Women of Courage Award]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Michelle Obama honours acid attack victim Laxmi |url=http://www.firstpost.com/world/michelle-obama-honours-acid-attack-victim-laxmi-1420069.html |work=Firstpost |date=5 March 2014}}</ref>

== The attack ==
In 2005, when Agarwal was 15, a 32-year-old family friend proposed marriage to her.<ref name="NewslaundryChhapaak">{{cite news |url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2020/01/09/news18-hindi-chhapaak-fake-news-deepika-padukone |archive-date=22 January 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200122172200/https://www.newslaundry.com/2020/01/09/news18-hindi-chhapaak-fake-news-deepika-padukone |date=9 January 2025 |access-date=25 September 2025 |title=News18 Hindi claims Chhapaak was 'redubbed' to change acid attacker's name from Hindu to Muslim. They're wrong |publisher=[[Newslaundry]] |language=en-IN }}</ref><ref name="AltNewsChhapaak">{{cite news |last=Chaudhuri |first=Pooja |date=9 January 2020 |access-date=25 September 2025 |url=https://www.altnews.in/does-chhapaak-portray-acid-attack-convict-as-a-hindu-named-rajesh-no-false-claim/?utm_source=website&utm_medium=social-media&utm_campaign=newpost |url-status=live |title=Does 'Chhapaak' portray acid attack convict as a Hindu named 'Rajesh'? No, false claim |publisher=[[Alt News]] |quote=‘Chhapaak’ is Padukone’s upcoming film inspired by the life of acid attack survivor Laxmi Aggarwal who was attacked by 32-year-old Naeem Khan in 2005. |archive-date=23 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200223184322/https://www.altnews.in/does-chhapaak-portray-acid-attack-convict-as-a-hindu-named-rajesh-no-false-claim/?utm_source=website&utm_medium=social-media&utm_campaign=newpost }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite news |date=19 February 2020 |title=Deepika Padukone dedicates first award for Chhapaak to Laxmi Agarwal for showing 'what beauty truly means' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/deepika-padukone-dedicates-first-award-for-chhapaak-to-laxmi-agarwal-for-showing-what-beauty-truly-means/story-SFTucCxYQcwuiGp4oumnJM.html |access-date=14 September 2021 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> Ten months later, Agrawal was attacked with acid by him and his associate.<ref name="AltNewsChhapaak" />

== Public interest litigation ==
In 2006, Agarwal filed a [[Public interest litigation in India|public interest litigation]] (PIL) in the [[Supreme Court of India]] seeking compensation and a total ban on the sale of acid across the country.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Agarwal |first=Laxmi |date=2020-01-10 |title=Acid attack survivor Laxmi Agarwal: "My attacker thought he would leave me trapped in my house" |url=https://www.vogue.in/wellness/content/acid-attack-survivor-laxmi-agarwal-story-interview-deepika-padukone-chhapaak |access-date=2025-10-01 |website=Vogue India |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=National Commission for Women |title=Rights, Laws, and Hope for Acid Attack Survivors |url=https://cdn.ncw.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/NCW-Acid-attack_Super_Final_Print_compressed.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251110164718/https://cdn.ncw.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/NCW-Acid-attack_Super_Final_Print_compressed.pdf |archive-date=2025-11-10}}</ref>

In July 2013, the Supreme Court responded to pleas, including the dismissal of Agarwal, by issuing guidelines to restrict the sale of acid.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Soibam Rocky |date=2023-08-13 |title=Survivors in dismay as Delhi High Court refused to ban acid sale |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/survivors-disappointed-as-hc-dismisses-plea-seeking-blanket-ban-on-acid-sale/article67191194.ece |access-date=2025-10-01 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

The court passed an order stating that acid could not be sold openly or without an ID proof. The court also declared a Rs 3 [[lakh]] compensation for future and past victims.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-07-18 |title=India Supreme Court orders curb on sales of acid |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-23358264 |access-date=2025-10-01 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Mohit |date=2013-07-18 |title=Laxmi vs. Union of India – (2014) 4 SCC 427 – (Acid attack compensation order) - One Law Street |url=https://onelawstreet.com/laxmi-vs-union-of-india-2014-4-scc-427-acid-attack-compensation-order/ |access-date=2025-10-01 |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== Personal life==
Laxmi Agarwal was in a live-in relationship with social activist Alok Dixit, and the couple has separated in 2015. They have a daughter.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}

== In popular culture==
She starred in the 2014 short documentary ''Newborns'' directed by [[Megha Ramaswamy]] as herself.<ref>{{cite web |title=Newborns: A Gaze Within |url=https://indiaindependentfilms.com/2017/03/14/interview-newborns-megha-ramaswamy-gaze-within/ |website=India Independent Films |access-date=14 September 2021 |date=14 March 2017 |archive-date=14 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210914110914/https://indiaindependentfilms.com/2017/03/14/interview-newborns-megha-ramaswamy-gaze-within/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

''[[Chhapaak]]'' (2020), a Hindi-language drama film inspired by Agarwal's life story. The central character, Malti, is modeled on Agarwal, though the narrative is a dramatised account rather than a direct biopic. Prior to the film's release, Agarwal's lawyer Aparna Bhat filed a case claiming that her contributions in Agarwal's legal battle and activism were not acknowledged. In January 2020, the Delhi High Court directed the filmmakers to give her due credit, after which her name was added to the film's credits.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-01-27 |title=Gave credit to lawyer in Indian release of 'Chhapaak' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/gave-credit-to-lawyer-in-indian-release-of-chhapaak-fox-star-to-hc/articleshow/73666796.cms |access-date=2025-10-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=IANS |date=2020-01-09 |title='Chhapaak' storm: Laxmi Agarwal's lawyer plans to sue makers of Deepika Padukone film |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/chhapaak-storm-laxmi-agarwals-lawyer-plans-to-sue-makers-of-deepika-padukone-film/article30521018.ece |access-date=2025-10-01 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{International Women of Courage Awards}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Agarwal, Laxmi}}
[[Category:1990 births]]
[[Category:Acid attack victims]]
[[Category:Indian victims of crime]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from New Delhi]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:Poets from Delhi]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women journalists]]
[[Category:Women writers from Delhi]]
[[Category:Indian women television journalists]]
[[Category:Indian television journalists]]
[[Category:Journalists from Delhi]]
[[Category:Activists from Delhi]]
[[Category:Indian women's rights activists]]
[[Category:Indian women human rights activists]]
[[Category:Recipients of the International Women of Courage Award]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women poets]]

1972 Assam Legislative Assembly election

2026-03-15T15:31:37Z

Brotherhoodbo: made initial bio w/ refs

{{Short description|Legislative Assembly election in Assam, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2022}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 1972 Assam Legislative Assembly election
| country = India
| type = legislative
| vote_type = Popular 
| ongoing = no
| previous_election = 1967 Assam Legislative Assembly election
| previous_year = 1967
| election_date = 7 March 1972
| next_election = 1978 Assam Legislative Assembly election
| next_year = 1978
| seats_for_election = 114 seats in the [[Assam Legislative Assembly]]
| majority_seats = 58
| registered = {{formatnum:6328537}}
| turnout = 60.85%
| image_size = 100px
| party1 = Indian National Congress (R)
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Sarat Chandra Singha (cropped).jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=80|cHeight=100|oLeft=10|oTop=03}}
| leader1 = [[Sarat Chandra Singha]]
| leaders_seat1 =
| leader_since1 =
| seats1 = 95
| seats_before1 = 77
| popular_vote1 = 53.20%
| seat_change1 = {{increase}}22

| party2 = Socialist Party (India, 1971)
| image2 = {{eppt|Socialist Party|height=100|width=80}}
| leader2 =
| leaders_seat2 =
| leader_since2 =
| seats2 = 4
| seats_before2 = 4
| popular_vote2 = 5.77
| seat_change2 = –


| title = [[Chief Minister of Assam|CM]]
| before_party = Indian National Congress
| before_election = [[Mahendra Mohan Choudhry]]
| after_party = Indian National Congress
| after_election = [[Sarat Chandra Singha]]
}}

Elections to the '''[[Assam Legislative Assembly]]''' were held in March 1972 to elect members of 114 constituencies in [[Assam]], India. The [[Indian National Congress]] won the popular vote and a majority of seats and [[Sarat Chandra Singha]] was re-appointed as the [[Chief Minister of Assam]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=344241 |title=Sarat Chandra Sinha dead |date=25 December 2005 |agency=PTI |magazine=[[Outlook India]] |access-date= 14 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614062052/http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=344241}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://assamassembly.gov.in/cm-list.html |title=Assam Legislative Assembly - Chief Ministers since 1937 |publisher=Assam Legislative Assembly |access-date= 13 May 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060513013923/http://assamassembly.gov.in/cm-list.html |archive-date=13 May 2006}}</ref> The number of constituencies was set as 126 by the recommendation of the [[Delimitation Commission of India]].<ref name="delimitation1976">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3939-dpaco-1976/ |title=DPACO (1976) - Archive Delimitation Orders |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= December 9, 2020}}</ref>

==Result==
{{Election results
|image=[[File:India Assam Legislative Assembly 1972.svg]]
|party1=[[Indian National Congress]]|votes1=1976209|seats1=95|sc1={{increase}}22
|party2=[[Socialist Party (India, 1971)|Socialist Party]]|votes2=214342|seats2=4|sc2=0
|party3=[[Communist Party of India]]|votes3=209550|seats3=3|sc3={{decrease}}4
|party4=[[Plain Tribals Council of Assam]]|votes4=62108|seats4=1|sc4=New
|party5=[[Swatantra Party]]|votes5=21663|seats5=1|sc5={{decrease}}2
|party20=Others|votes20=125928|seats20=0|sc20=0
|party21=Independents|votes21=1104977|seats21=10|sc21={{decrease}}16
|total_sc={{increase}}9
|invalid=136122
|electorate=6328537
|source=ECI<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/3995-assam-1972/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Assam |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=8 February 2022}}</ref>
}}

==Elected members==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Constituency
!Reserved for ([[Scheduled Castes|SC]]/[[Scheduled Tribes|ST]]/None)
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[Ratabari Assembly constituency|Ratabari]]|| None || Suranjan Nandy || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Patharkandi Assembly constituency|Patharakandi]]|| None || Biswanath Upadhyay || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Karimganj North Assembly constituency|Karimganj North]]|| None || Abdul Muqtadir Choudury || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Karimganj South Assembly constituency|Karimganj South]]|| SC || Sudarsan Das || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bardapur || None || M. A. Jalil Choudhury || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Mailakandi || None || Abdur Rahman Choudhury || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Katlicherra Assembly constituency|Katlicherra]]|| None || [[Santosh Kumar Roy (Assam politician)|Santosh Kumar Roy]]|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Silchar Assembly constituency|Silchar]]|| None || Mohitosh Purkayastha || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Sonai Assembly constituency|Sonai]]|| None || Nurul Haque Choudhury || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Dholai Assembly constituency|Dholat]]|| SC || D. C. Purkayastha || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Lakhimpur, Assam Assembly constituency|Lakhimpur]]|| None || Shubhankar Singha || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Udharbond Assembly constituency|Udharbond]]|| None || Jagannath Sinha || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Barkhola Assembly constituency|Borkhola]]|| None || Dr. Lutfur Rahman || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Katigorah Assembly constituency|Katigora]]|| None || Abdul Hamid Majumder || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Haflong Assembly constituency|Haflong]]|| ST || J. B. Hagjer || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Bokajan Assembly constituency|Bokajan]]|| ST || Saisai Terang || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Howraghat Assembly constituency|Howraghat]]|| ST || Chatrasing Teron || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Baithalangso Assembly constituency|Baithalangso]]|| ST || Dhani Ram Rongpi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Mankachar Assembly constituency|Manakachar]]|| None || Jurul Islan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| South Salmara || None || Bazlul Basit || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Dhubri Assembly constituency|Dhubri]]|| None || Mohammad Umaruddin || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Gauripur Assembly constituency|Gauripur]]|| None || Syed Ahmed Ali || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Golakganj Assembly constituency|Golakganj]]|| None || K. C. Ray Pradhani || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[Bilasipara East Assembly constituency|Bilasipara]]|| None || Giasuddin Ahmed || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[Gossaigaon Assembly constituency|Gossaigaon]]|| None || [[Mithius Tudu]]|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Kokrajhar West]]|| ST || Charan Narzary || {{Full party name with color|Plain Tribals Council of Assam}}
|-
| [[Kokrajhar East]]|| None || Sarat Chandra Sinha || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Sidli Assembly constituency|Sidli]]|| ST || Uttam Brahma || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Bijni Assembly constituency|Bijni]]|| None || Golak Chandra Patgiri || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Adhayapuri || SC || Ayohdhya Ram Das || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Bongaigaon Assembly constituency|Bongaigon]]|| None || Dhruba Barua || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Goalpara West Assembly constituency|Goalpara West]]|| None || Sahadat Ali Jotedar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Goalpara East Assembly constituency|Goalpara East]]|| None || Balabhadra Das || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Dudhnai Assembly constituency|Dudnai]]|| ST || Anandi Bala Rava || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Sorbhog Assembly constituency|Sorbhog]]|| None || Pranita Talukdar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bhabanipur || None || Ghana Kanta Baro || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[Patacharkuchi Assembly constituency|Patacharkuchi]]|| None || Krishna Kanta Lahkar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Barpeta Assembly constituency|Barpeta]]|| None || Surendra Nath Das || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Jania Assembly constituency|Jania]]|| None || Ataur Rahman || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Baghbar Assembly constituency|Baghbar]]|| None || Jalal Uddin || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Sarukhetri Assembly constituency|Sarukhetri]]|| SC || Kandarpa Kumar Das || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Chenga || None || Abdul Hannan Choudhury || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Boko Assembly constituency|Boko]]|| None || [[Prabin Kumar Chaudhuri|Prabin Kumar Choudhury]]|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Chaygaon Assembly constituency|Chayagaon]]|| None || Satyavati Gossami || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Palasbari Assembly constituency|Palasbari]]|| None || Harendra Nath Talukdar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Gauhati East Assembly constituency|Gauhati East]]|| None || Atul Chandrasaikia || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Gauhati West Assembly constituency|Gauhati West]]|| None || Biren Ram Phookun || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Jalukbari Assembly constituency|Jalukbari]]|| None || [[Rebati Das]]|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Majo || None || Ranuka Debi Barkataki || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[Nalbari Assembly constituency|Nalbari]] West || None || Bhumidhar Barman || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Nalbari East || None || Badan Ch. Talukdar || {{Full party name with color|Socialist Party (India, 1971)}}
|-
| Borbhag || None || Gauri S. Bhattacharyya || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Darama || ST || Surendra Nath Das || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Tamulpur Assembly constituency|Tamulpur]]|| ST || Ambarish Ch Lahari || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Rangiya Assembly constituency|Rangiya]]|| None || Manabendra Nath Sarmah || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Kamalpur, Assam Assembly constituency|Kahalpur]]|| None || Girindara C. Choudhury || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Panery Assembly constituency|Panery]]|| None || Ramesh Chandra Saharia || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Kalaigaon Assembly constituency|Kalaigaon]]|| None || Lakshmi Kanta Saikia || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Rangamati || SC || Upendra Das || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Mangadli || None || [[Anwara Taimur|Syed Anwara Taimur]]|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Dalgaon Assembly constituency|Dalgaon]]|| None || Hashimuduin Ahmed || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Udalguri Assembly constituency|Udalaguri]]|| ST || Bahadur Basumatari || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Dhekiajuli Assembly constituency|Dhekiajuli]]|| None || Hiranya Bora || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Missamari || None || Bijoy Chandra Sarmah || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Tezpur Assembly constituency|Tezpur]]|| None || Robindra Kumar Goswami || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Balipara || None || Golok Rajbanshi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Sootea Assembly constituency|Sootea]]|| None || Swarna Probha Mahanta || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Biswanath Assembly constituency|Biswanath]]|| None || Kisheswar Bora || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[Gohpur Assembly constituency|Gohpur]]|| None || Ram Chandra Sarmah || {{Full party name with color|Socialist Party (India, 1971)}}
|-
| [[Marigaon Assembly constituency|Marigaon]]|| ST || Pitsing Konwar || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Bokani || SC || Jagadish Das || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Laharighat Assembly constituency|Laharighat]]|| None || Abul Kasem || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Raha Assembly constituency|Raha]]|| None || Gunendra Nath Pandit || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Dhing Assembly constituency|Dhing]]|| None || Abul Hussain Mir || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Rupohihat Assembly constituency|Rupohihat]]|| None || Mahammad Idris || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Nowgong Assembly constituency|Nowgong]]|| None || Lila Kanta Bora || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Barhampur Assembly constituency|Barhampur]]|| None || Kehoram Hazarika || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| [[Kaliabor Assembly constituency|Kaliabor]]|| None || Golap Chandra Barua || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Samaguri Assembly constituency|Samaguri]]|| None || Bishnu Prasad || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Jamunamukh Assembly constituency|Jamunamukh]]|| None || Debendra Nath Bora || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Hojai Assembly constituency|Hojai]]|| None || Idris Ali Fakir || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Lumding Assembly constituency|Lumding]]|| None || Santi Ranajan Dasgupta || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Bokakhat Assembly constituency|Bokakhar]]|| SC || Tulsi Das || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Sarupathar Assembly constituency|Sarupathar]]|| None || Chatra Gopal Karmakar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Golaghat Assembly constituency|Golaghat]]|| None || Soneswar Bora || {{Full party name with color|Socialist Party (India, 1971)}}
|-
| [[Dergaon Assembly constituency|Dergaon]]|| None || Imalendra Baruah || {{Full party name with color|Socialist Party (India, 1971)}}
|-
| [[Majuli Assembly constituency|Majuli]]|| ST || Mal Chandna Pegu || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Jorhat Assembly constituency|Jorhat]]|| None || Bijoy Krishna Handiqui || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Charaibahi || None || Dulal Chandra Baruah || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[Titabar Assembly constituency|Titabar]]|| None || Joy Chandra Bora || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Mariani Assembly constituency|Mariani]]|| None || Gajen Tanti || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Teok Assembly constituency|Teok]]|| None || Dulal Chandra Khound || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| [[Amguri Assembly constituency|Amguri]]|| None || Puspadhar Chaliha || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Sibsagar Assembly constituency|Sibsagar]]|| None || Promode Chandra Gogoi || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| [[Thowra Assembly constituency|Thowra]]|| None || Narau Kamar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Nazira Assembly constituency|Nazira]]|| None || [[Hiteswar Saikia]]|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Mahmara Assembly constituency|Mahmara]]|| None || Khogen Gogoi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Sonari Assembly constituency|Sonari]]|| None || Janakinath Hansiqui || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[Bihpuria Assembly constituency|Bimpuria]]|| None || Premadhq Bora || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Naobotha || SC || Lila Kanta Das || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| North Lakhimpur || None || Govind Chandra Bora || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Dhakuakhana Assembly constituency|Dhakukhana]]|| ST || Lakshya Nath Doley || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Dhemaji Assembly constituency|Dhemaji]]|| ST || Romesh Mohon Kuli || {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| [[Moran Assembly constituency|Moran]]|| None || Tarun Chandra Chutiya || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Dibrugarh Assembly constituency|Dibrugarh]]|| None || Ramesh Chandra Barooah || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Lahowal Assembly constituency|Lahowal]]|| None || Dipak Moormoo || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Tengakhat || None || Indreswar Khaund || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Tingkhong Assembly constituency|Tingkhong]]|| None || Rajendra Nath Phukon || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Joypur || None || Kshirode Chandra Saikia || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bogdung || None || Upendra Nath Sanatan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Tinsukia Assembly constituency|Tinsukia]]|| None || Paramananda Gogoi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Digboi Assembly constituency|Digboi]]|| None || Chandra Bahadur Chetri || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Doom Dooma Assembly constituency|Doom Dooma]]|| None || Malia Tanti || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Saikhowa || None || Tarulata Bora || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}

==See also==
*[[List of constituencies of the Assam Legislative Assembly]]
*[[1972 elections in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assam elections}}

[[Category:1972 State Assembly elections in India|Assam]]
[[Category:State Assembly elections in Assam]]
[[Category:1970s in Assam]]

Riya Vishwanathan

2026-03-14T19:44:49Z

Brotherhoodbo: Added Post...

{{short description|Indian television actress}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Riya Vishwanathan
| image =
| caption =
| alt =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress|dancer}}
| years_active = 2022{{ndash}}present
}}
'''Riya Vishwanathan''' is an Indian television actress. She has made her acting debut with 2020 soap opera ''[[Raja Rani (Tamil TV series)|Raja Rani]]'' where she replaced [[Alya Manasa]] and played the lead role Sandhya from January 2022. But she suddenly quit the series in February 2023 citing personal and mental health issues.<ref>{{cite news |title=Raja Rani 2 Fame Riya Vishwanathan Posts Her Workout Video, Fans Awestruck |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/raja-rani-2-fame-riya-vishwanathan-posts-her-workout-video-fans-awestruck-5062855.html |website=news18.com |accessdate=16 May 2023 |date=27 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Riya Vishwanathan Replaces Alya Manasa as Sandhya in Raja Rani 2; Her Photo Goes Viral |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/riya-vishwanathan-replaces-alya-manasa-as-sandhya-in-raja-rani-2-her-photo-goes-viral-4925186.html |website=news18.com |accessdate=16 May 2023 |date=30 March 2022}}</ref> After a break, now she is seen on the series ''[[Sandakozhi (TV series)|Sandakozhi]]'' which airs on [[Zee Tamil]].<ref>{{cite web |title=புதிய தொடரில் நடிக்கும் ரியா விஸ்வநாதன் |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-tv-serials/111669/Chinna-thirai-Television-News/riya-vishwanath-commit-in-New-serial.htm |website=[[Dinamalar]] |date=7 March 2023 |access-date=7 March 2023 |language=ta}}</ref>

==Television==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
! Ref.
|-
|2022–2023
|[[Raja Rani (Tamil TV series)|''Raja Rani'']]
|rowspan="2"|Sandhya
| TV debut; Replacement of Alya Manasa and Replaced by Asha V. Gowda
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Riya Vishwanathan quits Tamil daily soap 'Raja Rani 2' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/riya-vishwanathan-quits-tamil-daily-soap-raja-rani2/articleshow/97980748.cms?from=mdr |website=[[The Times of India]] |accessdate=16 May 2023 |date=16 February 2023}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|''[[Bharathi Kannamma (2019 TV series)|Bharathi Kannamma]]''
|Special appearance
|-
|2023–2024
|''[[Sandakozhi (TV series)|Sandakozhi]]''
| Mahalakshmi
|
|<ref>{{cite news |title=New TV show 'Sandakozhi' to launch on May 8; here's what actress Riya Vishwanathan has to say |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/new-tv-show-sandakozhi-to-launch-on-may-8-heres-what-actress-riya-vishwanathan-has-to-say/articleshow/100068343.cms?from=mdr |website=[[The Times of India]] |accessdate=16 May 2023 |date=16 February 2023}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|''[[Nala Damayanthi (TV series)|Nala Damayanthi]]''
|Riya
|Guest appearance
|-
|2024–2025
|''[[Idhayam (2023 TV series)|Idhayam]]''
|Andal
|Supporting lead
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vishwanathan, Riya}}
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil television]]
[[Category:Actresses from Chennai]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{India-tv-actor-stub}}

P. V. Gopalan

2026-03-13T08:46:19Z

Brotherhoodbo: Added A Post

{{short description|Indian civil servant (1911–1998)}}
{{Indian name|Gopalan|Venkataraman}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = PV Gopalan and Kamala Harris.jpg
| caption = P. V. Gopalan with his granddaughter, [[Kamala Harris]], {{circa}} 1960s.
| birth_name = Painganadu Venkataraman Gopalan
| birth_date = {{birth date text|1911}}
| birth_place = [[Thulasendrapuram]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]] (now in [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]])
| death_date = {{death year and age|1998|1911|2}}
| death_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| spouse = Rajam Gopalan
| children = 4, including [[Shyamala Gopalan|Shyamala]]
| known_for = Maternal grandfather of [[Kamala Harris]]
| relatives = [[Kamala Harris]] (granddaughter) [[Maya Harris]] (granddaughter) [[Meena Harris]] (great-granddaughter)
}}
'''Painganadu Venkataraman Gopalan''' (1911 – February 1998)<ref name=LATimes1/> was an Indian [[Civil Services of India|career civil servant]]<ref name="IND Village">{{cite web |title=The tiny Indian village claiming Kamala Harris as its own|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c9037j47pyzo|work=[[BBC]] |date=24 July 2024 |access-date=27 July 2024}}</ref> who served with the [[Government of Zambia|Zambian]] and the [[Government of India|Indian]] governments.

As director of relief measures and refugees in [[Zambia]], he oversaw the exodus of refugees from [[Southern Rhodesia]] (now [[Zimbabwe]]) during the [[Rhodesian Bush War]].<ref name="Harris Family fighter">{{cite web|title=How Kamala Harris's 'Family of Fighters' Influenced Her Campaign Message|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/how-kamala-harriss-family-of-fighters-influenced-her-campaign-message-11572429601|access-date=26 April 2020|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|date=30 October 2019 |last1=Parti |first1=Tarini }}</ref><ref name="Harris mother">{{cite news|title=Kamala Harris says inspired by her super hero Indian-American mother|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/nri/nris-in-news/kamala-harris-says-inspired-by-her-super-hero-indian-american-mother/articleshow/67482957.cms|access-date=15 August 2020|date=11 January 2019|agency=PTI|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref> He later served as advisor to the first [[President of Zambia]] [[Kenneth Kaunda]]<ref name="Kamala rights">{{cite news |title=Kamala takes a strong stand on rights, but not dogmatic: uncle|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/she-has-her-head-on-her-shoulders-says-uncle-on-kamala-harris/article32332093.ece|work=[[The Hindu]] |date=12 August 2020 |access-date=17 August 2020 |last1=Haidar |first1=Suhasini }}</ref> and also as [[Joint secretary to the Government of India|joint secretary to the government of India]] in 1960s.

Gopalan was a member of the [[Imperial Secretariat Service]] and later a [[Central Secretariat Service]] officer.<ref name="Gazette 34 1956"/><ref name="Indian American Harris">{{cite web |title='Losing out': Indian Americans say Kamala Harris needs to do more to win them over|url=https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/losing-out-indian-americans-say-kamala-harris-needs-to-do-more-to-win-them-over|work=[[Washington Examiner]] |date=29 July 2019 |access-date=26 April 2020}}</ref><ref name="Interview Harris">{{cite web |title=The New Face of Politics…An Interview with Kamala Harris|url=http://www.desiclub.com/community/culture/culture_article.cfm?id=467|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101211152014/http://www.desiclub.com/community/culture/culture_article.cfm?id=467|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 December 2010|access-date=26 April 2020}}</ref> He was the maternal grandfather of the 49th [[Vice President of the United States|vice president of the United States]], [[Kamala Harris]].<ref name=LATimes1/><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Ganapathy|first=Nirmala|date=2020-08-16|title=Kamala Harris' Indian roots remain in focus back home|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/south-asia/kamala-harris-indian-roots-remain-in-focus-back-home|access-date=2020-11-18|website=The Straits Times|language=en}}</ref>

==Early life==
Gopalan was born in 1911 into a conservative [[Iyengar]] family, at Painganadu Agraharam, [[Thulasendrapuram]] in the [[Madras Presidency]], [[British India]].<ref name=LATimes1/>

== Career ==
Gopalan joined{{when|date=August 2021}} the [[Imperial Secretariat Service]] during British rule in India which later merged into the [[Central Secretariat Service]].<ref name="Gazette 34 1956_2">{{cite web |title=Gazette of India, 1956, No. 34 (Archived)|page=56|url=https://archive.org/details/in.gazette.1956.34/page/n7/mode/2up|work=[[Government of India]] |date=4 February 1956 |access-date=27 July 2024|quote=No, A-5(16)/55.—The services of Shri P. V. Gopalan, permanent Grade I officer of the Central Secretariat Service and employed as Under Secretary in the Ministry of Transport (Roads Wing), were placed at the disposal of the Ministry of Rehabilitation with effect from the 31st December, 1955 (A.N.)}}</ref><ref name="Gazette 34 1956">{{cite web |title=Gazette of India, 1956, No. 34 (Archived)|url=https://archive.org/stream/in.gazette.1956.34/O-2163-1956-0005-98587_djvu.txt|work=[[Government of India]] |date=4 February 1956 |access-date=26 April 2020}}</ref> He served as under secretary to the government of India in the [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways|Ministry of Transport]] (Roads Wing).<ref name="Gazette 34 1956" /> In the 1950s, he was posted as a senior commercial officer in [[Mumbai]].<ref name=LATimes1/> He worked on the rehabilitation of refugees from [[East Pakistan]] in India.<ref name="Kamala rights" /> Rising through the ranks, Gopalan was later empanelled and served as joint secretary to the government of India in the [[Ministry of Labour and Employment (India)|Ministry of Labour, Employment and Rehabilitation]].<ref name="Gazette 423 1956">{{cite web |title=Gazette of India, 1966, No. 423 (Archived)|url=https://archive.org/stream/in.gazette.1966.423/O-1662-1966-0007-75766_djvu.txt|work=[[Government of India]] |date=12 February 1966 |access-date=26 April 2020}}</ref>

With effect from 28 January 1966, he was deputed to the government of Zambia and lived in [[Lusaka]] as Director of Relief Measures and Refugees in 1966 during the [[Rhodesian Bush War|Zimbabwean War of Independence]],<ref name="Gazette 423 1956"/> to help Zambia manage an influx of refugees from Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe). While in Lusaka in the 1960s, as recorded in a public lands document dated March 9, 1967, Gopalan and his family resided at 16 Independence Avenue.<ref name="Kamala Zambia">{{cite web |title=US Vice President Kamala Harris Visits Indian Grandfather's House In Zambia|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/us-vice-president-kamala-harris-visits-indian-grandfather-s-house-in-zambia-news-275182|work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)]] |date=April 2023 |access-date=28 February 2024}}</ref> He was appointed to the selection grade of the Central Secretariat Service from 1 May 1966,<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 2 |page=1451 |date=21 December 1968|url=https://egazette.gov.in/WriteReadData/1968/O-1538-1968-0051-68958.pdf |publisher=[[The Gazette of India]]|access-date=8 September 2024}}</ref> and ended his posting in Zambia with effect from 24 July 1969, reverting to his former role in the Department of Rehabilitation.<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 2 |page=975 |date=23 August 1969|url=https://egazette.gov.in/WriteReadData/1969/O-1471-1969-0034-66185.pdf |publisher=[[The Gazette of India]]|access-date=8 September 2024}}</ref> He retired from government service with effect from 2 October 1969.<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 2 |page=1248 |date=1 November 1969|url=https://egazette.gov.in/WriteReadData/1969/O-1468-1969-0044-66009.pd |publisher=[[The Gazette of India]]|access-date=8 September 2024}}</ref>

==Personal life==
{{See also|Family of Kamala Harris}}
P. V. Gopalan was married to Gopala Rajammal, who was betrothed to him at age twelve and began living with him at sixteen.<ref name="Biography1">{{Cite book|last=Anand, D.|title=Kamala D. Harris : Biography of Inspirational Personality|date=18 March 2021|publisher=Diamond Pocket Books Pvt Ltd|isbn=9789390960422|pages=150|oclc=}}</ref> Rajam never attended high school.<ref name="Biography1"/>

They lived in [[Karol Bagh]]<ref name="Kamala Calcutta">{{cite web |title=How Kamala Harris's mother Shyamala Gopalan arrived in Berkeley in America all the way from Calcutta|url=https://scroll.in/article/1008707/how-kamala-harriss-mother-shyamala-gopalan-arrived-in-berkeley-in-america-all-the-way-from-calcutta|work=[[Scroll.in]] |date=28 October 2021 |access-date=28 February 2024}}</ref> at [[Central Delhi district]] and also at other areas in [[New Delhi]].<ref name="Kamala Calcutta"/> The couple had four children: the oldest, a daughter, [[Shyamala Gopalan|Shyamala]], who earned a PhD in [[endocrinology]] at the [[University of California, Berkeley]], and went on to have an academic and research career in the US and Canada; a son, Balachandran, who received a PhD in economics and computer science from the [[University of Wisconsin–Madison]] and returned to an academic career in India; a daughter, Sarala, an obstetrician who practised in Chennai; and the youngest, another daughter, Mahalakshmi, an information scientist, who worked for the [[Government of Ontario]], Canada.<ref name=LATimes1>{{cite web | last1 = Bengali |first1 =Shashank |last2=Mason |first2=Melanie|url=https://www.latimes.com/politics/story/2019-10-25/how-kamala-harris-indian-family-shaped-her-political-career | title=The progressive Indian grandfather who inspired Kamala Harris | work=Los Angeles Times | date=25 October 2019 | access-date=24 April 2020}}</ref> Gopalan was the grandfather of lawyer [[Maya Harris]], former Vice President [[Kamala Harris]], and academic [[Sharada Balachandran Orihuela]].<ref name=LATimes1/><ref name=":1"/> Shyamala and her daughters used to visit Gopalan once every two to three years to visit her family and went for walks on [[Edward Elliot's Beach]] in Besant Nagar.<ref name="Chennai Beach India">{{cite web |title=Kamala Harris: The girl who strolled on Chennai's Elliot's beach may soon be US VP|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2020/Aug/12/kamala-harris-the-girl-who-strolled-on-chennais-elliots-beach-may-soon-be-us-vp-2182543.html|work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=12 August 2020 |access-date=27 July 2024}}</ref><ref name="Har">{{cite web |title=Kamala Harris' Parents: All About Her Mom Shyamala Gopalan and Dad Donald J. Harris|url=https://people.com/all-about-kamala-harris-parents-donald-harris-shyamala-gopalan-7974352|work=[[People (magazine)|People]] |access-date=27 July 2024}}</ref>

Kamala Harris has said that she was strongly influenced by his progressive political views on democracy and women's rights, especially their right to education.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/16/world/asia/kamala-harris-india.html?campaign_id=49&emc=edit_ca_20200818&instance_id=21377&nl=california-today&regi_id=16153474&segment_id=36400&te=1&user_id=e9848bda5d7546386411f6e2fbdaf95e|title=How Kamala Harris's Family in India Helped Shape Her Values|last1=Gettleman|first1=Jeffrey|last2=Raj|first2=Suhasini|date=August 16, 2020|work=The New York Times|access-date=18 August 2020}}</ref> He later bought an apartment in [[Besant Nagar]] and lived in Chennai until his death.<ref name="Veep">{{cite web |title=Raising a Veep Candidate: Meet the Progressive Grandfather From TN Village Who Shaped Kamala Harris' Journey|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/raising-a-veep-candidate-meet-the-progressive-grandfather-from-tn-village-who-helped-shape-kamala-harris-journey-2787515.html|work=[[News18]] |date=14 August 2020 |access-date=17 August 2020}}</ref>

==Further reading==
* {{Cite book |last=Harris |first=Kamala |title=The truths we hold: an American journey |date=2019 |publisher=The Bodley Head |isbn=978-1-4735-6786-3 |location=London}}
* {{Cite book |last=Rajghatta |first=Chidanand |title=Kamala Harris: phenomenal woman |date=2021 |publisher=HarperCollins Publishers India |isbn=978-93-5422-765-3 |location=Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{portal|Biography|India}}
* [https://www.latimes.com/politics/story/2019-10-25/how-kamala-harris-indian-family-shaped-her-political-career "The progressive Indian grandfather who inspired Kamala Harris"]. ''Los Angeles Times''
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20200609185503/https://www.mercurynews.com/2019/06/28/kamala-harris-busing-integration-berkeley-joe-biden-debate/ "How Berkeley's busing program changed Kamala Harris’ life – and the presidential race"] (Archived). ''The Mercury News''
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20190813225822/http://www.newsindiatimes.com/indias-independence-movement-source-of-inspiration-for-indian-american-politicians-and-activists/ "India's Independence Movement source of inspiration for Indian-American politicians and activists"] (Archived). ''News India Times''
* [https://apnews.com/article/kamala-harris-zambia-gopalan-grandfather-e85758241ad9318fe8d013a935032d71 "Harris visits site of grandfather's old home in Zambia"]. ''Associated Press''

{{s-start}}
{{s-prec|india}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-vac|unknown}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Indian order of precedence|Order of Precedence of India]] ''as Joint Secretary to Government of India''|years=1960's}}
{{s-vac|unknown}}
{{s-end}}

{{Kamala Harris}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gopalan, P.V.}}
[[Category:1911 births]]
[[Category:1998 deaths]]
[[Category:Central Secretariat Service officers]]
[[Category:Experts on refugees]]
[[Category:Harris family]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian civil servants]]
[[Category:Indian expatriates in Zambia]]
[[Category:Indian government officials]]
[[Category:Indian Tamil people]]
[[Category:People from Tiruvarur district]]
[[Category:People from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil Brahmins]]

Madhav Gudi

2026-03-10T02:58:35Z

Brotherhoodbo: small adjust formatting for clarity further and updated info

{{Short description|Indian classical singer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox musical artist
|name = Madhav Gudi
|image = MadhavaGudiPic.jpg
|caption =
|image_size =
|background = solo_singer
|birth_date = {{Birth date |df=yes|1941|12|23|}}
|birth_place = [[Dharwad]], [[Karnataka]]
|death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2011|4|22|1941|12|23}}
|death_place = [[Dharwad]], [[Karnataka]]<ref name="hindu_death_news">{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/Hindustani-vocalist-Madhav-Gudi-dead/article14693712.ece |title=Hindustani vocalist Madhav Gudi dead |date=23 April 2011 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |accessdate=2011-05-03}}</ref>
|genre = [[Hindustani Music|Hindustani Classical Music]] - [[Khayal]] & light forms
|occupation = [[Hindustani Music|Hindustani]] Classical Vocalist
|years_active =
|label =
|website =
}}
Pandit '''Madhav Gudi''' (23 December 1941 – 22 April 2011) was a [[Hindustani Music|Hindustani classical]] [[vocalist]], who specialised in [[Khayal]] and renditions of devotional music, particularly of [[Dasa sahitya|Dasavani]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/his-maestros-voice/article28197875.ece |title=His maestro's voice |date=2 February 2004 |newspaper=The Hindu |access-date=2019-07-02}}</ref>

==Early life and background==
Gudi was born in 1941 at [[Dharwad|Jalihal, Dharwad]], [[Karnataka]]<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/Music-festival-from-today/article14850056.ece |title=Music festival from today |date=2007-10-04 |newspaper=The Hindu |access-date=2019-07-02 |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> to Subhadra and Gururajachar Gudi, a family of Keertankars and Harikatha (devotional) musicians. His grandfather, Seshachar, was a Carnatic music vocalist and his father was a well-known Keertankar in Dharwad. Gudi was introduced to music at a very early age. Young Madhav would often accompany his father to his Keertana programs which had a great influence on him and paved the way towards his musical career.

==Musical training==
His rich and sonorous voice encouraged his father to introduce him to musical training under the tutelage of Pandit Nageshrao Deshpande, the great maestro from whom Gudi received his formal initiation into Hindustani classical music.

Gudi was about 12 years old when he first heard [[Bhimsen Joshi]] at the first edition of the Sawai Gandharva Music Festival. Later when Bhimsen Joshi had come to visit Jalihal Srinivasachar, a renowned senior spiritual teacher, young Madhav was introduced to Bhimsen Joshi by Srinivasachar and advised Joshi to listen to Gudi's music. Madhav Gudi demonstrated his musical talent by singing Bhimsen Joshi's songs from Kannada plays like Bhagya Nidhi and Parivartana. At the advice of Pandit Jalihal Srinivasachar and Pandit Keshavacharya Jalihal, Joshi agreed to take Madhav Gudi under his guidance and bestowed upon him the glorious tradition of his music. Thus began a new chapter in Pandit Gudi's life. In a true Guru-Shishya milieu which lasted well over twenty-five years, Pandit Madhav Gudi, the musician and performer was sculpted. Gudi mostly lived in Pune as part of Joshi's family for 26 years. That made him Joshi's most trusted disciple, and the richest source of knowledge about the life & times of one of the greatest musicians of this century. For a year and a half, Joshi didn't teach Gudi much. Once Joshi was convinced that Gudi was a deserving student, he started imparting his training to Gudi. For five years Joshi taught him only three ragas. Todi in the morning, Multani in the afternoon, and Puriya at night.

==Personal life==
Gudi was married to Ramabai at the age of 30 years. They had four children - Anupama, Prasanna, Bhargavi and Gayathri.

==Career==
Gudi's voice was suited for Hindustani classical as well as light classical (Dasavani and Abhang) music. A top-grade [[All India Radio]] artiste, he toured all over [[India]] and performed with Pandit Bhimsen Joshi at several programs in India and overseas. Known for his melodious yet powerful voice, Madhav Gudi possessed a collection of many different styles of compositions in many different languages. He specialized in Khataka, Murki, variety of Taans, Aakaara (Alaap), Ukaara & Makaara.

Gudi has also trained many musicians in Hindustani Classical and devotional music. His students include his daughters - Anupama Mangalvede, Gayatri & Bhargavi, son Prasanna Gudi, brothers - Raghavendra Gudi & Sheshagiri Gudi, Bhimsen Mannur, Dr. Nagaraj Rao Havaldar, Omkarnath Havaldar, Uday Nayak, Sanjiv Chimmalgi, Sanjiv Jahagirdar, [[Upendra Bhat]], Shrinivas Sawai, Shrivallabh Mulgund, Sham Alur, Ramesh Kulkarni, Anuradha Bhadri, [[Dilip Joshi]], Sangeeta Katti, grandson Shriniketan, Uday Nayak, Nilam Sharma, Radha Bhat, Radha Mehta, Nandan Jodi, Nachiket Sharma, among others.

Gudi was also the composer of the devotional songs 'Sriniketana' and 'Bhagyada Lakshmi Baramma' which were popularised by Bhimsen Joshi.

==Awards==
Among several accolades that he received were the Sangeeta Nritya Academy award from the [[Government of Karnataka]], ''Surashri'', ''Gaana Bhaskar'', Smt Vatsala Tai Joshi Award by the hands of Legendary Dr. Prabha Atre, ''Gaana Kala Tilaka'' and the Yashavant Rao Chauhan Samata Gaurav Puraskar.<ref name="hindu_death_news"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gudi, Madhava}}
[[Category:1941 births]]
[[Category:2011 deaths]]
[[Category:Hindustani singers]]
[[Category:People from Dharwad]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male classical singers]]
[[Category:Singers from Karnataka]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male classical singers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Rajyotsava Award 2005]]
[[Category:20th-century Khyal singers]]
[[Category:Indian male classical singers]]
[[Category:Indian classical singers]]
[[Category:Indian male singers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian singers]]

Zakhm

2026-03-09T19:23:26Z

Brotherhoodbo: added new details

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}

{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Zakhm
| image = Zakhm poster.jpg
| caption = Movie poster for ''Zakhm''
| writer =
| story = Mahesh Bhatt
| screenplay = [[Tanuja Chandra]] Mahesh Bhatt {{infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1 = Dialogues by | data1 = Girish Dhamija}}
| producer = Mukesh Bhatt [[Pooja Bhatt]]
| director = [[Mahesh Bhatt]]
| starring = [[Ajay Devgn]] [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]] [[Pooja Bhatt]] [[Sonali Bendre]] [[Kunal Khemu]] Akshay Anand
| music = [[M. M. Kreem]]
| cinematography = [[Nirmal Jani]]
| editing = Sanjay Sankla
| studio = Pooja Bhatt Productions
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1998|12|25}}
| runtime = 124 minutes<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/zakhm-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0zmtc4mzu|title=Zakhm|website=[[British Board of Film Classification]]|access-date=10 October 2023|archive-date=28 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028235745/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/zakhm-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0zmtc4mzu|url-status=live}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Zakhm''''' ({{Translation|Wound}}) is a 1998 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] written and directed by [[Mahesh Bhatt]] and produced by Mahesh and [[Pooja Bhatt]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Khanna |first=Anish |date=25 December 1998 |title=Film Review – Zakhm |url=http://www.planetbollywood.com/Film/zakhm.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081105175423/http://www.planetbollywood.com/Film/zakhm.html |archive-date=5 November 2008 |access-date=6 September 2016 |website=Planet Bollywood}}</ref> The film stars [[Ajay Devgn]], [[Kunal Khemu]], Pooja Bhatt, [[Sonali Bendre]] and [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]]. Zakhm was based on the life of [[Mahesh Bhatt]]'s mother Shirin Mohammad Ali, while his daughter Pooja essayed her character in this film.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/pooja-bhatt-recalls-wearing-her-grandmothers-saree-and-mangalsutra-in-zakhm-as-the-film-was-based-on-mahesh-bhatts-mothers-life-exclusive/articleshow/98659899.cms?from=mdr|title=Pooja Bhatt recalls wearing her grandmother's saree and mangalsutra in 'Zakhm' as the film was based on Mahesh Bhatt's mother's life - Exclusive!|newspaper=The Times of India |date=15 March 2023 |access-date=28 October 2023|archive-date=28 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028173212/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/pooja-bhatt-recalls-wearing-her-grandmothers-saree-and-mangalsutra-in-zakhm-as-the-film-was-based-on-mahesh-bhatts-mothers-life-exclusive/articleshow/98659899.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/pooja-bhatt-recalls-being-terrified-of-playing-her-grandmom-in-zakhm-wearing-her-saree-and-mangalsutra-101678887305872.html|title=Pooja Bhatt recalls being terrified of playing her grandmom in Zakhm, wearing her saree and mangalsutra|access-date=28 October 2023|archive-date=28 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028173211/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/pooja-bhatt-recalls-being-terrified-of-playing-her-grandmom-in-zakhm-wearing-her-saree-and-mangalsutra-101678887305872.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/mahesh-bhatt-father-sindoor-on-his-mother-remains-broke-him-down-8490672/|title=When Mahesh Bhatt's father put sindoor on his mother's remains: 'It was too little too late, that broke me down'|date=11 March 2023 |access-date=28 October 2023|archive-date=28 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028173656/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/mahesh-bhatt-father-sindoor-on-his-mother-remains-broke-him-down-8490672/|url-status=live}}</ref>

''Zakhm'' was awarded with the [[Nargis Dutt Award for Best Feature Film on National Integration]]. Devgn's performance won him his first [[National Film Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role#Recipients#List of award recipients, showing the year, role(s), film(s) and language(s)|National Film Award for Best Actor]].

== Plot ==
Music director Ajay argues with his wife, Sonia. Sonia wants to give birth to their child in England whereas Ajay wants his child to be born in India and does not want to go to England (because of the insecurity caused by the [[Mumbai riots]]).

Ajay soon learns that his mother has been burned by a group of [[Muslim]] rioters while leaving a temple and is in a critical condition. In a flashback, the struggles that his mother had to undergo to raise her children are shown. She was in love with a [[Hindu]] film producer turned director Raman Desai but was not allowed to marry him on account of her Muslim faith. He marries her but does not document or acknowledge their marriage as it was done without any traditional rituals. As she had children with a Hindu man, she lives her married life as a Hindu, even in front of her son.

After his father's sudden death caused by an accident on the day Ajay's younger brother is born, Ajay realises his mother is a Muslim. She makes him promise to bury her according to her faith when she dies, for it is only through a proper burial that she will be able to find herself reunited with her beloved in heaven. She also takes a promise from Ajay that he will never tell his brother about her real identity. Ajay's mother succumbs to the burns. Sonia learns about her mother-in-law's past and decides not to leave Ajay. She stands by him and supports his decision to bury his mother. However, Ajay's task is impeded by a fundamentalist leader Subodh bhai, who wanted to make this a political issue and encouraged the Hindu youth to kill Muslims.

Anand happens to be a youth leader and Ajay's younger brother. When Anand learns of Subodhbhai's intentions, he stands by his brother's decision to bury their mother according to Islamic customs. Her body is buried as she had desired, and she reunites with Raman in heaven. At last, Ajay is seen releasing his mother's Mangalsutra in the sea, indicating the end of her life of struggle and signalling union with her husband.

== Cast ==
* [[Ajay Devgn]] as Ajay Desai
** [[Kunal Khemu]] as young Ajay
* [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]] as Raman Desai, Ajay and Anand's father
* [[Sonali Bendre]] as Sonia Maheshwari Desai, Ajay's wife
* [[Pooja Bhatt]] as Noor Hussain Khan, Ajay and Anand's mother
* [[Ashutosh Rana]] as Subodh Malgaonkar
* [[Sharat Saxena]] as Inspector Pawar
* [[Akshay Anand]] as Anand Kumar Desai, Ajay's brother
* [[Avtar Gill]] as Isa
* [[Zafar Karachiwala]]
* [[Saurabh Shukla]] as Gurdayal Singh
* [[Madan Jain]] as Journalist Anwar Hashmi
* [[Vishwajeet Pradhan]] as Senior Inspector Vishwajeet Yadav

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Zakhm
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[M. M. Keeravani]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = September 1998
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length = 34:40
| label = [[Saregama|His Master's Voice]]
| producer =
| prev_title = [[Pandaga]]
| prev_year = 1998
| next_title = [[Pelli Kanuka (1998 film)|Pelli Kanuka]]
| next_year = 1998
}}
The music was composed by [[M. M. Keeravani]] with lyrics by [[Anand Bakshi]]. The soundtrack was released by the His Master's Voice label. The composer selected [[K.S.Chithra|Chitra]] for " Gali Main Aaj Chand Nikala " but for unknown reasons the song was later sung by [[Alka Yagnik]].
{{Track listing
| collapsed =
| headline =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 34:40
| all_writing =
| all_lyrics =
| all_music =
| writing_credits =
| lyrics_credits =
| music_credits =
| title1 = Gali Mein Aaj Chaand Nikla
| extra1 = [[Alka Yagnik]]
| length1 = 5:07
| title2 = Hum Yahan Tum Yahan (Male)
| extra2 = [[Kumar Sanu]]
| length2 = 4:52
| title3 = Maa Ne Kaha (Male)
| extra3 = [[M. M. Keeravani]]
| length3 = 2:48
| title4 = Padh Likh Ke
| extra4 = Alka Yagnik
| length4 = 4:35
| title5 = Hum Yahan Tum Yahan (Female)
| extra5 = Alka Yagnik
| length5 = 4:52
| title6 = Maa Ne Kaha (Female)
| extra6 = [[K. S. Chithra|Chitra]]
| length6 = 2:47
| title7 = Raat Sari Bekaraari Mein
| extra7 = Alka Yagnik
| length7 = 5:04
| title8 = Maa Ne Kaha (Sad)
| extra8 = M. M. Kreem
| length8 = 1:29
| title9 = Gali Mein Aaj Chaand Nikla (Sad)
| extra9 = Alka Yagnik
| length9 = 3:06
}}

== Reception ==
Mukhtar Anjoom of ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' wrote that "Mahesh Bhatt foolishly swerves and rams the brakes while cruising along a solid theme. By making it personalized, he fails to tackle the wider ramifications of divisive politics and fritters away the opportunity to make a masterpiece of his swansong".<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.cscsarchive.org/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/565643645742E3436525694000570F65?OpenDocument | title=Cinema Reviews - Deccan Herald }}</ref>

== Awards ==
;[[National Film Awards]]
*Won: 1998 [[National Film Award for Best Actor]] – [[Ajay Devgn]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.mensxp.com/entertainment/bollywood/4931-10-national-award-winning-actors-of-bollywood.html | title=10 National Award Winning Actors of Bollywood | publisher=Mens XP | date=21 May 2011 | access-date=1 December 2015 | last=Namrata | first=Nongpiur | archive-date=8 December 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208122458/http://www.mensxp.com/entertainment/bollywood/4931-10-national-award-winning-actors-of-bollywood.html | url-status=live }}</ref>

;[[Screen Awards]]
* Won: 1999 [[Screen Award for Best Actor]] – [[Ajay Devgn]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chatterjee |first1=Saibal |title=That's No Shooting Star |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/thats-no-shooting-star/207073 |access-date=7 April 2020 |work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] |date=1 March 1999 |archive-date=7 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407130039/https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/thats-no-shooting-star/207073 |url-status=live }}</ref>

;[[Filmfare Awards]]
* Won: 1999 Outstanding Film of the Year – [[Mahesh Bhatt]]

== TV series ==
The story has been adapted into a TV series, named ''[[Naamkarann]]'', which aired on [[STAR Plus]] from September 2016 to June 2018.<ref>{{Cite web | title = Mahesh Bhatts TV show based on Zakhm to star Viraf Patel and Barkha Bisht? | last = Singh | first = Anvita | work = [[India Today]] | date = 28 July 2016 | access-date = 2016-09-06 | url = https://www.indiatoday.in/television/what-s-hot/story/mahesh-bhatt-movie-zakhm-diya-aur-baati-hum-lifetv-331844-2016-07-28 | archive-date = 21 August 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160821214737/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/mahesh-bhatt-movie-zakhm-diya-aur-baati-hum-lifetv/1/725981.html | url-status = live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0211126|Zakhm}}

{{Mahesh Bhatt}}
{{Nargis Dutt Award for Best Feature Film on National Integration}}

[[Category:1998 films]]
[[Category:1998 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1998 drama films]]
[[Category:Films featuring a Best Actor National Award–winning performance]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. M. Keeravani]]
[[Category:Films directed by Mahesh Bhatt]]
[[Category:Best Film on National Integration National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language drama films]]

Maa Daivam

2026-03-03T21:45:47Z

Brotherhoodbo: update references also and added references

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Maa Daivam
| image = Maa Daivam.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| writer = [[D. V. Narasa Raju]] {{small|(dialogues)}}
| story = [[G. D. Madgulkar]]
| screenplay = S. S. Balan
| producer = Maniyan Vidyas Lakshman
| director = S. S. Balan
| starring = [[N. T. Rama Rao]] [[Jayachitra]]
| music = [[K. V. Mahadevan]]
| cinematography = M. C. Shekar
| editing = M. Umanath
| based_on = ''[[Do Aankhen Barah Haath]]'' (1957)
| studio = Udayam Productions
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1976|9|17}}
| runtime = 144 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
}}

'''''Maa Daivam''''' ({{translation|Our God}}) is a 1976 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[drama (film and television)|drama film]], produced by Maniyan and Vidyas Lakshman under the Udayam Productions banner and directed by S. S. Balan. The film stars [[N. T. Rama Rao]] and [[Jayachitra]], with music composed by [[K. V. Mahadevan]]. It is a remake of the [[Hindi]] film ''[[Do Aankhen Barah Haath]]'' (1957).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ranga Rao |first=VAK |author-link=V. A. K. Ranga Rao |date=23 March 2014 |title=V {{sic|nolink=1|Shantsrsm}}: silver screen's shining focus |work=[[The Hans India]] |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Sunday-Hans/2014-03-23/V-Shantsrsm-silver-screens-shining-focus/89926 |url-status=live |access-date=16 September 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200916171732/https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Sunday-Hans/2014-03-23/V-Shantsrsm-silver-screens-shining-focus/89926?infinitescroll=1 |archive-date=16 September 2020}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Raju is a jail warden who decides to rehabilitate six notorious prisoners by releasing them on parole. The government approves it on an ultimatum that Raju will be arrested if even one of the prisoners escapes. He takes them to a dilapidated country farm and makes them work hard with kindly guidance as they eventually produce a great harvest. They all come across Saroja, an itinerant seller after they save her from a corrupt businessman Govinda Swamy. As Saroja is homeless, the six prisoners plead with Raju to let the girl stay with them and he agrees.

Naganna, one of the prisoners, coincidentally runs into his long-lost family, he tearfully reunites with them. But they appear homeless, and so Raju allows them also to stay with them, which angers the other prisoners who feel that Raju did not give them freedom, compelling them to try killing him in order to escape. They plan to kill Raju through one of the prisoners, Simhadri, a barber using a trick to cut his neck while shaving, but Simhadri sees Raju's magical eyes and gets hypnotised, thus compelling him to abort the idea of murder. The prisoners who are attempting to escape see a statue of [[Venkateswara]] in a temple and because they see Raju's spirit in it, they get hypnotised and eventually return.

The prisoners gradually turn into good people and become attached to Raju, who dreams of marrying Saroja, in his mother's presence. One day, Raju sends the prisoners to the market for selling vegetables cultivated by them. There, Govinda Swamy and his henchmen mix up alcohol in their tea; while they return in a drunken state, they attack Raju and Saroja. Raju is not pleased with their status and commands them to kill him if that is what they want. Hypnotism and conscience again strike the prisoners, causing them to drop their weapons. The next morning, the prisoners fall at Raju's feet and earn the forgiveness of both Raju and Saroja.

Later, Govinda Swamy orders that Raju and prisoners surrender, or else their plantation and home will be destroyed. Raju refuses, so the Govinda Swamy sends his thugs and elephants to destroy everything in sight. However, Raju and his men vigorously battle all the thugs and emerge victorious, while the local police capture the corrupt. Raju, having been praised for transforming the six prisoners into reformed people, frees the prisoners and tearfully sees them off.

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
*[[N. T. Rama Rao]] as Raju
*[[Jayachitra]] as Saroja
*[[Nagabhushanam (actor)|Nagabhushanam]] as Simhadri
*[[Giri Babu]] as Govinda Swamy
*[[M. N. Nambiar]] as Bhairavudu
*[[Padmanabham (actor)|Padmanabham]] as Sanyassi
*[[M. Prabhakar Reddy|Prabhakar Reddy]] as Naganna
*[[Rajanala Kaleswara Rao|Rajanala]] as Superintendent
*[[Pandari Bai]] as Raju's mother
*Thyagaraju as David
*Bheema Raju as Khadar
*K. V. Chalam as Gopala Swamy
*[[Valluri Balakrishna|Balakrishna]] as Veeranna
*[[Chalapathi Rao]] as Prisoner No. 108
*Jagga Rao
{{colend}}

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[K. V. Mahadevan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maa Dhaivam (1976)-Song_Booklet |url=https://indiancine.ma/documents/DVZ/info |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230222041746/https://indiancine.ma/documents/DVZ/info |archive-date=22 February 2023 |access-date=30 July 2021 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Maa Daivam |url=https://open.spotify.com/album/0XHlMJa3jPwtyFjxeVKwuW |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20230222040256/https://open.spotify.com/album/0XHlMJa3jPwtyFjxeVKwuW |archive-date=22 February 2023 |access-date=28 December 2020 |website=[[Spotify]] }}</ref>
{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 19:07
| title1 = Okey Kulam Okey
| lyrics1 = [[Rajasri (writer)|Rajasri]]
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| length1 = 4:25
| title2 = Challani Chirugaali
| lyrics2 = [[C. Narayana Reddy]]
| extra2 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[P. Susheela]]
| length2 = 4:32
| title3 = Maghamsam Mangalavaaram
| lyrics3 = C. Narayana Reddy
| extra3 = [[Vani Jairam]]
| length3 = 3:42
| title4 = Edho Edho
| lyrics4 = [[Aarudhra]]
| extra4 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, P. Susheela
| length4 = 3:45
| title5 = Manishiloni Manasu
| lyrics5 = Aarudhra
| extra5 = P. Susheela
| length5 = 2:40
}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0371803}}

[[Category:Films scored by K. V. Mahadevan]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Hindi films]]
[[Category:1976 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1976 Indian films]]
[[Category:1976 drama films]]

Brahma Nayudu (film)

2026-03-03T19:04:44Z

Brotherhoodbo: added first data w/ infobox!

{{short description|1987 film by Dasari Narayana Rao}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Brahma Nayudu
| director = [[Dasari Narayana Rao]]
| starring = [[Krishnam Raju]]
| music = [[J. V. Raghavulu]]
| released = {{Film date|1987}}
| language = Telugu
| country = India
}}
'''''Brahma Nayudu''''' is a 1987 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[action drama film]] directed by [[Dasari Narayana Rao]]. The film stars [[Krishnam Raju]], [[Sujatha (actress)|Sujatha]] and [[Suhasini Maniratnam|Suhasini]]. The music was composed by [[J. V. Raghavulu]].
This is actor [[Srihari]]'s debut movie.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.filmibeat.com/telugu/news/2020/meghamsh-to-portray-his-late-father-srihari-in-his-biopic-302782.html | title=Meghamsh to Portray His Late Father Srihari in His Biopic? | date=18 August 2020 }}</ref>

==Cast==
*[[Krishnam Raju]] as Brahma Nayudu
*[[Sujatha (actress)|Sujatha]] as Brahma Nayudu's sister
*[[Suhasini Maniratnam|Suhasini]]
*[[Gummadi (actor)|Gummadi]]
*[[Kaikala Satyanarayana]]
*[[P. L. Narayana]]
*Thyagaraju
*Nagesh Babu
*[[Nirmalamma|Nirmala]]
*[[Sri Lakshmi (actress)|Sri Lakshmi]]
*[[Srihari]]
*Hari Prasad

==Music==
{| class="wikitable"
! Song title
! Singer(s)
|-
| "Evadura Ninnu"
| rowspan=5| S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, P. Susheela
|-
| "Gudu Gudu Gunjam"
|-
| "Ayyo Neeti Meeda"
|-
| "Nenemi Sethuro Rama"
|-
| "Yendiro Ramjugada"
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{IMDb title|0262303}}

{{Dasari Narayana Rao}}

[[Category:1987 films]]
[[Category:1980s action drama films]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Dasari Narayana Rao]]
[[Category:Films scored by J. V. Raghavulu]]
[[Category:1987 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1987 Indian films]]
[[Category:1987 drama films]]

{{1980s-Telugu-film-stub}}

Coffeehouse

2026-03-03T16:47:24Z

Brotherhoodbo: formatting fix

{{Short description|Establishment that serves coffee}}
{{Redirect-distinguish|Cafe|Cafeteria|Cafe (British)}}
{{Other uses|Cafe (disambiguation)|Coffeehouse (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023|cs1-dates=y}}
[[File:Café de Flore.jpg|thumb|right|260px|The [[Café de Flore]] on the [[Rive Gauche]] in Paris is one of the oldest coffeehouses in the city. Its famous clientele included writers and philosophers.]]
[[File:Brasserie Leopold in Aix en Provence.jpg|alt=Exterior view of Brasserie Léopold in Aix-en-Provence, showing red signage, awning, and vintage photographs displayed on the storefront.|thumb|259x259px|Brasserie Léopold in Aix-en-Provence]]

A '''coffeehouse''', '''coffee shop''', or '''café''', is an establishment that serves various types of [[coffee]] drinks like [[espresso]], [[latte]], [[Caffè americano|americano]] and [[cappuccino]], as well as other beverages. An [[#Espresso bar|espresso bar]] specializes in serving espresso and espresso-based drinks. Some coffeehouses may serve [[iced coffee]] among other cold drinks, as well as non-caffeinated drinks. A coffeehouse may also serve food, such as light snacks, [[sandwich]]es, [[muffin]]s, [[cake]]s, [[bread]]s, [[Pastry|pastries]] or [[doughnut]]s. Many [[List of doughnut shops|doughnut shops]] in Canada and the U.S. serve coffee to accompany doughnuts, so these can also be classified as coffee shops, although doughnut shops tend to be more casual and serve cheaper fare (suiting [[take-out]] and [[drive-through]], popular in those countries).<ref>{{cite book | title=A World of Cake | location=North Adams, Massachusetts | publisher=Storey | last=Castella | first=Krystina | year=2010 | pages=44 | isbn=978-1603425766}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | title=American Food by the Decades | location=Santa Barbara, California | publisher=ABC-Clio | last=Liberman | first=Sherri | year=2011 | pages=133–134 | isbn=978-0313376993}}</ref> In continental Europe, some cafés even serve alcoholic drinks, and in West Asia may offer a flavored tobacco smoked through a [[hookah]], called ''shisha'' in most varieties of [[Arabic]] or ''nargile'' in [[Levantine Arabic]], [[Greek language|Greek]], and [[Turkish language|Turkish]].

While ''café'' may mean a coffeehouse, it tends to have [[Cafe (British)|a different meaning]] in Britain:<ref>{{cite book |title=Egg, Bacon, Chips and Beans: 50 Great Cafes and the Stuff that Makes Them Great |first=Russell M. |last=Davies |location=London | publisher=HarperCollins Entertainment |year=2005 |isbn=9780007213788 | url=https://archive.org/details/eggbaconchipsbea0000davi |url-access=registration | via=Internet Archive}}</ref> a [[diner]] or "[[greasy spoon]]"; it is also used for a [[teahouse]] or other casual eating and drinking place.<ref>{{cite book|title=The World of the Paris Café: Sociability among the French Working Class, 1789–1914 |pages=1–5 |first=W. Scott |last=Haine |location=Baltimore |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |date=11 September 1998|isbn=0801860709}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |chapter=Drink, sociability, and social class in France, 1789–1945: The emergence of a proletarian public sphere | first=W. Scott |last=Haine | title=Alcohol: A Social and Cultural History |page=121 |editor-first=Mack P. |editor-last=Holt |location=Oxford |publisher=Berg |date=12 June 2006|isbn=9781845201654}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.classiccafes.co.uk/| last=Maddox | first=Adrian | title=Classic Cafes: London's vintage Formica caffs!|work=classiccafes.co.uk|access-date=28 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130820150546/http://www.classiccafes.co.uk/|archive-date=20 August 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> A coffeehouse may resemble a bar or restaurant, but differs from a [[cafeteria]] (a canteen, a restaurant without table service). Coffeehouse operation ranges from management of an independent venue by its owner to franchises of a large [[multinational corporation]].

From a cultural standpoint, a coffeehouse largely serves as a center of social interaction: it provides patrons with a place to meet, talk, read, write, entertain one another, or pass the time, whether individually or in small groups. A coffeehouse can serve as an informal [[social club]] for its regular members.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/coffeehouse|title=Coffeehouse|publisher=Merriam-Webster|access-date=7 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111104152745/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/coffeehouse|archive-date=4 November 2011|url-status=live}}</ref>{{Better source needed|date=January 2026}} From as early as the 1950s [[Beatnik]] era and the 1960s [[folk music]] scene, coffeehouses have hosted singer–songwriter performances, typically in the evening.<ref name="Groce_Coffeehouses">{{Cite web |last=Groce |first=Nancy |date=2014-04-17 |title=Coffeehouses: Folk music, culture, and counterculture |url=https://blogs.loc.gov/folklife/2014/04/coffeehouses-folk-music-culture-and-counterculture |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=Folklife Today: American Folklife Center & Veterans History Project | publisher=The Library of Congress}}</ref> The digital age saw the rise of the [[Internet café]] along similar principles.{{Vague|date=January 2026}}

==Etymology==
[[File:Evolution of the word Coffee.svg|thumb|The word for coffee in various European languages<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jamaicanbluemountaincoffee.net/JamaicanCoffeeBlog/blue-mountain-cafe-or-blue-mountain-coffee/ |title=Blue Mountain Café vs Blue Mountain Coffee |publisher=Jamaican Blue Mountain Coffee |access-date=10 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130113213754/http://www.jamaicanbluemountaincoffee.net/JamaicanCoffeeBlog/blue-mountain-cafe-or-blue-mountain-coffee/ |archive-date=13 January 2013 }}</ref>]]

''Café'' ({{IPA|fr|kafe|lang|LL-Q150 (fra)-GrandCelinien-café.wav}}) is the French word for both ''coffee'' and ''coffeehouse;''<ref name="auto" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Café definition and meaning | website=Collins English Dictionary |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/cafe}}</ref> it was adopted (as {{IPA|/ˈkæfeɪ/}}) by English-speaking countries in the late 19th century.<ref>''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'', 2nd ed (1989), entry number 50031127 (''café'').</ref> The Italian spelling, ''caffè'', is also sometimes used in English.<ref>''Oxford English Dictionary'', 2nd ed (1989), entry number 00333259 (''caffè, n'')</ref> In [[Southern England]], especially around London in the 1950s, the French pronunciation was often facetiously altered to {{IPAc-en|k|æ|f}} and spelt ''caff''.<ref>''Oxford English Dictionary'', 2nd ed (1989), entry number 50031130 (''caff'')</ref>{{Efn|In the opinion of one author: "['Caff'] smacks too much of slumming it, of class tourism. ... I think it's occasionally acceptable to say it, but it's demeaning to cafe-owners to write it all the time."<ref>{{cite book |title=Egg, Bacon, Chips and Beans: 50 Great Cafes and the Stuff that Makes Them Great |first=Russell M. |last=Davies |location=London | publisher=HarperCollins Entertainment |year=2005 |isbn=9780007213788 | url=https://archive.org/details/eggbaconchipsbea0000davi |url-access=registration | via=Internet Archive | page=10}}</ref>}}

The English word ''coffee'' and French word ''café'' both derive from the Italian ''caffè''<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=cafe&allowed_in_frame=0|title=Online Etymology Dictionary|website=etymonline.com|access-date=1 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170627215304/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=cafe&allowed_in_frame=0|archive-date=27 June 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/coffee|title=Coffee definition and meaning |website=Collins English Dictionary|access-date=15 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612163617/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/coffee|archive-date=12 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> – first attested as ''caveé'' in [[Venice]] in 1570<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/cafe|title=''Café'', subst. masc.|website=Centre National de Ressources Textuelles et Lexicales |access-date=15 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018175008/http://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/cafe|archive-date=18 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> – and in turn derived from Arabic ''qahwa'' ({{lang|ar|قهوة}}). The Arabic term ''qahwa'' originally meant a type of wine, but after the wine ban by [[Islam]], the name was transferred to coffee, thought to have a similar rousing effect.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.etymologiebank.nl/trefwoord/koffie |title=Koffie – (product van de koffieboom (geslacht ''Coffea''; volks- of oude naam voor ''wilde cichorei'') |publisher=etymologiebank.nl |access-date=15 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180319032030/http://www.etymologiebank.nl/trefwoord/koffie |archive-date=19 March 2018 |url-status=live | language=nl}}</ref> European knowledge of coffee (the plant, its seeds, and the drink made from the seeds) came through European contact with [[Turkey]], likely via Venetian-[[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] trade relations.

The English word ''café'' to describe a ''place'' that serves coffee and snacks (rather than the drink itself), is derived from the French ''café.'' The first café in France is believed to have opened in 1660.<ref name="auto"/> The first café in Europe is believed to have been opened in [[Belgrade]], [[Ottoman Serbia]] in 1522 as a [[Kafana]] (Serbian coffeehouse).<ref>{{Cite web|date=5 May 2013|title='Kafana', the first coffeehouse in Europe|url=https://www.serbia.com/the-first-coffee-house-in-europe/|url-status=live|archive-date=15 June 2013 |access-date=|website=serbia.com|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615071029/http://www.serbia.com:80/the-first-coffee-house-in-europe/ }}</ref>

The [[translingual]] word root /kafe/ appears in many European languages with various naturalized spellings, including [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] and [[French language|French]] (''café''); [[German language|German]] (''Kaffeehaus'' or ''Café''); [[Swedish language|Swedish]] (''kafé'' or ''fik''); [[Finnish language|Finnish]] (''kahvila''); [[Spanish language|Spanish]] (''cafetería''); [[Italian language|Italian]] (''caffè'' or ''caffetteria''); [[Polish language|Polish]] (''kawa''); [[Serbian language|Serbian]] (''кафа / kafa''); [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] (''кава'' (kava)); [[Turkish language|Turkish]] (''kahvehane).''

==Early history==
===Ottoman Empire and the Arab world===
{{Main|Ottoman coffeehouse|Coffeehouses in Arabic culture}}
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The first coffeehouses appeared in [[Damascus]]. These coffeehouses have also appeared in [[Mecca]], in the [[Arabian Peninsula]] in the 15th century, then spread to the [[Ottoman Empire]]'s capital of [[Istanbul]], when two Arab merchants, Hakem of Aleppo and Shems of Damascus, opened the first coffeehouse in the Tahtakale district in the 16th century and to [[Baghdad]].<ref name="Ayvazoglu">{{cite book |last=Ayvazoğlu|first=Beşir|url=https://teda.ktb.gov.tr/Eklenti/6594,turkishcoffeeculturepdf.pdf|title=Turkish Coffee Culture|publisher=Republic of Türkiye Ministry of Culture and Tourism (TEDA)|year=2013|pages=22|language=en|quote=In 1554, two Arab coffee makers, Hakem of Aleppo and Şems of Damascus, arrived in İstanbul and opened a coffeehouse in Tahtakale.}}</ref><ref name="Iranica2">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Coffeehouse (Qahva-khāna)|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Iranica|url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/coffeehouse-qahva-kana/|date=8 September 2016|language=en|quote=The first coffeehouse at Istanbul was opened in 962/1555 by two men from Damascus.}}</ref><ref name="OzkaymakBas">{{cite journal |last1=Özkaymak|first1=Bahattin|last2=Baş|first2=Ahmet|year=2024|title=17–18. Yüzyıl Avrupa Resim Sanatında Türk İmgesi Olarak Kahve|url=https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/3889438|journal=Selçuk Türkiyat|language=tr|issue=61|pages=411–437|quote=Osmanlı’daki ilk kahvehanenin, Halepli Hakem ve Şamlı Şems isminde iki Arap tarafından 1554 yılında Tahtakale’de açıldığı konusunda çoğunluk hemfikirdir.}}</ref><ref name="Karhan">{{cite journal |last=Karhan|first=Jale|year=2021|title=Toplumsal ve kültürel bir içecek: "Türk kahvesi"|url=https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/1986298|journal=International Journal of Social Sciences and Education Research|language=tr|pages=29–30 (pdf pagination)|quote=Tarihçi Peçevi İbrahim Efendi, Halep’ten Hakem ve Şam’dan Şems isimli iki kişinin gelerek Tahtakale’de açtıkları dükkânda kahve sattıklarını kaydetmiştir (962/1554).}}</ref>

Coffeehouses became popular meeting places where people gathered to drink coffee, have conversations, play board games such as [[chess]] and [[backgammon]], listen to stories and music, and discuss news and politics. They became known as "schools of wisdom" for the type of clientele they attracted, and their free and frank discourse.<ref name="britannica">{{Cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/coffee |title=Coffee | Origin, Types, Uses, History, & Facts |access-date=20 September 2019 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190425195035/https://www.britannica.com/topic/coffee |archive-date=25 April 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 August 2018 |title=صحيفة التاخي – المســــرح في المقاهي والملاهي البغدادية |url=http://www.altaakhipress.com/viewart.php?art=64196 |access-date=15 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180810205940/http://www.altaakhipress.com/viewart.php?art=64196 |archive-date=10 August 2018 }}</ref>

Coffeehouses in Mecca became a concern of [[imam]]s, who viewed them as places for political gatherings and drinking, leading to bans between 1512 and 1524.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Çomak |first1=Nebahat |last2=Pembecioğlu |first2=Nilüfer |title=Changing the values of the past to future |url=https://www.academia.edu/35538335 |date=2014 |access-date=6 August 2022 |archive-date=8 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108100337/https://www.academia.edu/35538335 |url-status=live }}{{Failed verification|date=January 2026}}</ref> However, these bans could not be maintained, as coffee became ingrained in daily ritual and culture among Arabs and neighboring peoples.<ref name="britannica"/> The [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] chronicler [[İbrahim Peçevi]] reports in his writings (1642–49) about the opening of the first coffeehouse (''kiva han'') in Constantinople:
{{blockquote|Until the year 962 [1555], in the High, God-Guarded city of Constantinople, as well as in Ottoman lands generally, coffee and coffeehouses did not exist. About that year, a fellow called Hakam from [[Aleppo]] and a wag called Shams from Damascus came to the city; they each opened a large shop in the district called Tahtakale, and began to purvey coffee.<ref>Quoted in {{Cite book | first=Bernard | last=Lewis | author-link=Bernard Lewis | title=Istanbul and the Civilization of the Ottoman Empire | location=Norman | publisher=University of Oklahoma Press | orig-year=1963 | year=1989 | page=132 | isbn=978-0-8061-1060-8}}</ref>}}

[[File:1004-CoffeeSceneCairo18th.jpg|thumb|A coffeehouse in [[Cairo]], 18th century]]

===Iran===
The 17th-century French traveler and writer [[Jean Chardin]] gave a lively description of the [[Iran|Persia]]n coffeehouse (''qahveh khaneh'' in [[Persian language|Persian]]):
{{blockquote|People engage in conversation, for it is there that news is communicated and where those interested in politics criticize the government in all freedom and without being fearful, since the government does not heed what the people say. Innocent games ... resembling [[checkers]], hopscotch, and chess, are played. In addition, [[mullah|mollas]], [[dervish]]es, and poets take turns telling stories in verse or in prose. The narrations by the mollas and the dervishes are moral lessons, like our sermons, but it is not considered scandalous not to pay attention to them. No one is forced to give up his game or his conversation because of it. A molla will stand up in the middle, or at one end of the qahveh-khaneh, and begin to preach in a loud voice, or a dervish enters all of a sudden, and chastises the assembled on the vanity of the world and its material goods. It often happens that two or three people talk at the same time, one on one side, the other on the opposite, and sometimes one will be a preacher and the other a storyteller.<ref>{{cite book |last=Seidel |first=Kathleen |year=1999|chapter=Coffee – The Wine of Islam |chapter-url=http://www.superluminal.com/cookbook/essay_coffee.html |title=Serving the Guest: A Sufi Cookbook |publisher=Superluminal |url-status=live |access-date=29 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611135304/http://www.superluminal.com/cookbook/essay_coffee.html |archive-date=11 Jun 2011 }}</ref>}}

===Mughal Empire===
Consumption of Turkish coffee is attested to in the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal court]], and appears in [[Mughal art]] from the 16th century, as is the existence of ''qahwakhanas'' (coffeehouses) in [[Shahjahanabad]] (Old Delhi).<ref name="GuptaH">{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Hriday |date=2024-02-07 |title=History of Coffee in India |url=https://drwakefield.com/news-and-views/history-of-coffee-in-india/ |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=DRWakefield |language=en}}</ref><ref name="BiswasN">{{Cite web | first=Nilosree | last=Biswas | title=Invigorating the spirits: In search of India's lost coffee culture |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/discover/india-coffee-lost-culture-mughal-empire |date=5 June 2023 | access-date=2026-01-02 |website=Middle East Eye |language=en}}</ref>

==Modern history==
===Europe===
[[File:ParisCafeDiscussion.png|thumb|"Discussing the War in a Paris Café", ''[[The Illustrated London News]]'', 17 September 1870, during the [[Franco-Prussian War]]]]

In the 17th century, coffee appeared for the first time in Europe outside the [[Ottoman Empire]], and coffeehouses were established, soon becoming increasingly popular. The first coffeehouse is said to have appeared in 1632 in [[Livorno]], Italy, founded by a Jewish merchant,<ref>{{Cite book | title=Encyclopedia of Jewish Food | first=Gil | last=Marks | author-link=Gil Marks | location=Boston | publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt | year=2010 | isbn=9780470391303}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book | series=APM – Archeologia Postmedievale 19 (2015) | title=Gran Bretagna e Italia tra Mediterraneo e Atlantico: Livorno – 'un porto inglese' {{=}} Italy and Britain between Mediterranean and Atlantic worlds: Leghorn – 'an English port' | year=2017 | first=Hugo | last=Blake | location=Sesto Fiorentino | publisher=All'Insegna del Giglio | isbn=9788878146488 | page=18}}</ref> or in 1640, in Venice.<ref>{{Cite journal | last=Horowitz | first=Elliott | author-link=Elliott Horowitz | title=Coffee, coffeehouses, and the nocturnal rituals of early modern Jewry | journal=AJS Review | volume=14 | number=1 | date=Spring 1989 | pages=17–46 | doi=10.1017/S0364009400002427 }} Citing {{Cite book | first=Antonio | last=Pilot | title=La Bottega da caffè | location=Venice | publisher=G. Scarabellin | year=1916 | language=it | oclc=1137222847}}</ref> In the 19th and 20th centuries in Europe, coffeehouses were very often meeting-points for writers and artists.{{Citation needed|date=January 2026}}

==== Austria ====
{{Main|Viennese coffee house culture}}
[[File:Cafe-schwarzenberg-innen-viennaphoto-at.jpg|thumb|A [[Viennese coffee house|Viennese café]]]]
The traditional tale of the origins of the [[Viennese café]] begins with the mysterious sacks of green beans left behind when the Turks were defeated in the [[Battle of Vienna]] in 1683. All the sacks of coffee were granted to the victorious Polish king [[John III Sobieski|Jan III Sobieski]], who in turn gave them to one of his officers, [[Jerzy Franciszek Kulczycki]] (also known as Georg Kolschitzky), a Ukrainian Cossack and Polish diplomat of Ruthenian descent. Kulczycki, according to the tale, then began the first coffeehouse in [[Vienna]] with the hoard, also being the first to serve coffee with milk.<ref name="Weinberg2002-75">{{cite book|title=The World of Caffeine: The Science and Culture of the World's Most Popular Drug|last1=Weinberg|first1=Bennett Alan|last2=Bealer|first2=Bonnie K.| location=New York | publisher=Routledge|year=2002|isbn=0-415-92722-6|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Qyz5CnOaH9oC&pg=PA75 pages 75–77] | via=Google Books}}</ref>

However, it is now widely accepted that the first Viennese coffeehouse was actually opened by an Armenian merchant named Johannes Diodato (also known as Johannes Theodat) in 1685.<ref name="Teply_1980"/><ref name="Weinberg2002-77">{{cite book|title=The World of Caffeine: The Science and Culture of the World's Most Popular Drug|last1=Weinberg|first1=Bennett Alan|last2=Bealer|first2=Bonnie K.| location=New York | publisher=Routledge|year=2002|isbn=0-415-92722-6|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Qyz5CnOaH9oC&pg=PA77 page 77] | via=Google Books}}</ref> Fifteen years later, four other Armenians owned coffeehouses. The [[coffee culture|culture of drinking coffee]] was itself widespread in the country{{Vague|date=January 2026}} in the second half of the 18th century.

Over time, a [[Viennese coffee house|Viennese coffeehouse]] culture developed. Writers, artists, musicians, intellectuals, bon vivants and their financiers met, and new coffee varieties were served. People played cards or chess, worked, read, thought, composed, discussed, argued, observed and just chatted. Much information was also obtained, because local and foreign newspapers were freely available to all customers. This form of coffeehouse culture spread throughout the [[Habsburg monarchy|Habsburg Empire]] in the 19th century.<ref>{{Cite book | first=Friedrich | last=Torberg | author-link=Friedrich Torberg | title=Kaffeehaus war überall. Briefwechsel mit Käuzen und Originalen | trans-title=Coffeehouses were everywhere: Correspondence with eccentrics and characters | series=Gesammelte Werke in Einzelausgaben / Friedrich Torberg, vol. 13 | publisher=Langen Müller | location=Munich | year=1982 | isbn=9783784419480 | page=8 | lang=de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book | first=Wolfram | last=Siebeck | author-link=Wolfram Siebeck | title=Die Kaffeehäuser von Wien. Eine Melange aus Mythos und Schmäh | trans-title=The coffeehouses of Vienna: A blend of myth and charm | location=Vienna | publisher=Edition Wien | year=1996 | isbn=9783850581257 | language=de | page=7}} (Also {{ISBN|9783453115309}}.)</ref>

Scientific theories, political plans and artistic projects were worked out and discussed in Viennese coffeehouses all over Central Europe. [[James Joyce]] enjoyed his coffee in a Viennese coffeehouse on the [[Adriatic Sea]] in [[Trieste]], then and now the main port for coffee and coffee processing in Italy and Central Europe.{{Citation needed|date=January 2026}} From there, the Viennese ''Kapuziner'' coffee developed into today's [[cappuccino]]. This special multicultural atmosphere of the Habsburg coffeehouses was largely destroyed by the later Nazism and Communism and today can only be found in a few places that have long been in the slipstream of history, such as Vienna or Trieste.<ref>{{Cite news | first=Helmut | last=Luther | title=Warum Kaffeetrinken in Triest anspruchsvoll ist | trans-title=Why coffee drinking in Trieste is challenging | newspaper=Die Welt | date=16 February 2015 | language=de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.juedische-allgemeine.de/kultur/kaffeehaus-als-menschenrecht/ |first=Doron |last=Rabinovici | author-link=Doron Rabinovici | title=Kaffeehaus als Menschenrecht | lang=de |trans-title=The coffeehouse as a human right |date=23 January 2017 | newspaper=Jüdische Allgemeine | access-date=6 January 2021 |archive-date=23 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210623191030/https://www.juedische-allgemeine.de/kultur/kaffeehaus-als-menschenrecht/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.kulinarisches-erbe.at/geschichte-der-ess-trinkkultur/historische-kuechen/wiener-kueche/esskulturen/kaffeehauskultur/ |title=Kaffeehauskultur | trans-title=Coffeehouse culture | website=Kulinarisches Erbe Österreich | access-date=6 January 2021 |archive-date=16 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116083734/https://www.kulinarisches-erbe.at/geschichte-der-ess-trinkkultur/historische-kuechen/wiener-kueche/esskulturen/kaffeehauskultur/ |url-status=dead | lang=de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book | last=Riha | first=Fritz | title=Das alte Wiener Caféhaus | trans-title=The old Viennese coffeehouse | location=Salzburg| publisher=Festungsverlag | year=1967 | page=12 | oclc=721137651 | language=de}}</ref>

==== England ====
{{Main|English coffeehouses in the 17th and 18th centuries}}

The first coffeehouse in England was opened on the High Street (on the site of the later Grand Café) in [[Oxford]] in 1650<ref>{{cite book |last=Prinz |first=Deborah R. |title=On the Chocolate Trail: A Delicious Adventure Connecting Jews, Religions, History, Travel, Rituals and Recipes to the Magic of Cacao |location=Woodstock, Vermont | publisher=Jewish Lights Publishing |year=2013 |page=5 |isbn=9781580234870}}</ref> or 1651<ref name="CBH">{{cite book |last1=Palmer |first1=Alan |last2=Palmer |first2=Veronica |year=1992 |title=The Chronology of British History |publisher=Century |location=London |isbn=978-0-7126-5616-0 |page= }}</ref>{{pn|date=March 2024}} by "Jacob the Jew". A second, competing coffeehouse was opened across the street (on the site of the later [[Queen's Lane Coffee House]]) in 1654, by "Cirques Jobson, the Jew".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oxfordjewishheritage.co.uk/oxford-exclusion/|title=Oxford Exclusion|website=Oxford Jewish Heritage | access-date=7 January 2026}}</ref> In [[London]], the earliest coffeehouse was established by [[Pasqua Rosée]] (described as Greek,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ellis|first1=Markman|title=The Coffee-House: A Cultural History|date=2004a|publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson|location=London|isbn=978-0-2978-4319-1 | page=25}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Pendergrast|first1=Mark|author1-link=Mark Pendergrast|title=Uncommon Grounds: The History of Coffee and How It Transformed Our World|date=2019|publisher=Basic Books|location=New York|isbn=978-1-5416-9938-0 | page=12}}</ref> Armenian,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Wild|first1=Antony|title=Coffee: A Dark History|date=2004|publisher=Fourth Estate|location=London|isbn=978-1-84115-649-1|url=https://archive.org/details/coffeedarkhistor0000wild_n9a5/mode/2up | page=90 | via=Internet Archive}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first1=Bennett Alan |last1=Weinberg |first2=Bonnie K. |last2=Bealer |title=The World of Caffeine: The Science and Culture of the World's Most Popular Drug|date=2001|publisher=Routledge|location=New York|isbn=978-0-4159-2722-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YdpL2YCGLVYC&pg=PP1 | page=xv | via=Google Books}}</ref> or Turkish<ref>{{cite book|last1=Brandon|first1=David|title=London Pubs|date=2010|publisher=Amberley Publishing|location=Stroud|isbn=978-1-4456-2927-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GnaIAwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1 | page=26}}</ref>) in 1652.<ref>{{cite ODNB |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/92862 |title=Pasqua Rosee |year=2006 |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/92862 |access-date=29 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130114151204/http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/92862 |archive-date=14 January 2013 |url-status=live |last1=Cowan |first1=Brian }}</ref> [[Anthony Wood (antiquary)|Anthony Wood]] observed of the coffeehouses of Oxford in 1674 "The decay of study, and consequently of learning, are coffy houses, to which most scholars retire and spend much of the day in hearing and speaking of news, in speaking vilely  of their superiors."<ref>{{Cite book | last=Macaulay | first=Rose |author-link=Rose Macaulay | title=The Minor Pleasures of Life | location=London | publisher=Victor Gollancz | year=1934 | page=257 | url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.215132/page/n259/mode/2up | via=Internet Archive}}</ref> Pasqua Rosée was the servant of a trader in goods from the [[Ottoman Empire]] named Daniel Edwards, who imported the coffee and assisted Rosée in setting up the establishment there.<ref name="Weinberg 2002">{{cite book|title=The World of Caffeine: The Science and Culture of the World's Most Popular Drug|first1=Bennett Alan|last1=Weinberg|first2=Bonnie K.|last2=Bealer |location=New York | publisher=Routledge|year=2002|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Qyz5CnOaH9oC&pg=PA154 page 154]|isbn=0-415-92722-6 | via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Coffee: A Dark History|first=Antony|last=Wild|location=London | publisher=Fourth Estate |year=2004|page=90|isbn=1-84115-649-3 | url=https://archive.org/details/coffeedarkhistor0000wild_n9a5/page/90/mode/2up | via=Internet Archive | url-access=registration}}</ref>

From 1670 to 1685, London coffeehouses began to increase in number, and also in political importance due to their popularity as places of debate.<ref>{{Cite book | first=Charles W. | last=Colby | title=Selections from the Sources of English History, B.C. 55 – A.D. 1832 | location=London | publisher=Longmans, Green | year=1920 | oclc=6366120 | page=208 | url=https://archive.org/details/selectionsfroms02unkngoog/page/n252/mode/2up | via=Internet Archive}}</ref> For the first several years, London's coffeehouses were the preserve of "a well-educated and commercial elite",<ref name="WhiteM">{{cite web |last1=White |first1=Matthew |title=Newspapers, gossip and coffeehouse culture |url=https://www.bl.uk/restoration-18th-century-literature/articles/newspapers-gossip-and-coffee-house-culture | website=Discovering Literature: Restoration & 18th century |publisher=British Library | date=21 June 2018 | archive-date=26 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190926082953/https://www.bl.uk/restoration-18th-century-literature/articles/newspapers-gossip-and-coffee-house-culture |url-status=dead}}</ref> but from the 1660s their popularity increased. By 1675, there were more than 3,000 coffeehouses in England;<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ferreira |first=Jennifer |date=2017 |title=Café nation? Exploring the growth of the UK café industry |journal=Area |volume=49 |issue=1 |pages=67–76 |doi=10.1111/area.12285 |bibcode=2017Area...49...69F |url=https://pureportal.coventry.ac.uk/en/publications/516bfe79-51e2-4aed-82df-605b5c8a867f }}</ref> and in London alone there were perhaps 550 at their 18th-century peak.<ref>{{cite web |last1=White |first1=Matthew |title=Newspapers, gossip and coffeehouse culture |url=https://www.bl.uk/restoration-18th-century-literature/articles/newspapers-gossip-and-coffee-house-culture | website=Discovering Literature: Restoration & 18th century |publisher=British Library | date=21 June 2018 | archive-date=26 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190926082953/https://www.bl.uk/restoration-18th-century-literature/articles/newspapers-gossip-and-coffee-house-culture |url-status=dead}} Citing {{Cite book | first=Stephen | last=Inwood | title=A History of London | location=London | publisher=Macmillan | year=1998 | isbn=978-0-333-67153-5 | page=310}}</ref> Many men found a coffeehouse a convenient place for doing business, holding consultations there and having mail for them sent there, as well as keeping up with news. The coffeehouses were great social levelers, open to all men and indifferent to social status, and as a result associated with equality and republicanism. Entry gave access to books or print news. The rich intellectual atmosphere of early London coffeehouses was available to anyone who could pay the sometimes one penny entry fee, giving them the name "[[English coffeehouses in the 17th and 18th centuries#Early Oxford coffeehouses ("penny universities")|penny universities]]".<ref name="WhiteM" />

Though [[Charles II of England|Charles II]] tried to suppress coffeehouses{{Efn|Not only those of London, but instead those of "this Kingdom, the Dominion of ''Wales'', and the [[Berwick-upon-Tweed#British town|Town of ''Berwick'' upon ''Tweed'']]"; and the sale of not only coffee but also chocolate, sherbet or tea.}} as places where the "Idle and disaffected persons" met, and where "divers False, Malitious and Scandalous Reports are devised and spread abroad, to the Defamation of His Majesties  Government",<ref>{{Cite web | year=1675 | author=Charles II | author-link=Charles II of England | title=By the King. A proclamation for the suppression of coffee-houses | location=London | website=University of Michigan Library Digital Collections: Early English Books Online 2 | url=https://name.umdl.umich.edu/B19975.0001.001 | access-date=9 January 2026}}</ref> the public still flocked to them. For several decades following the [[Restoration England|Restoration]], the wits gathered around [[John Dryden]] at [[Will's Coffee House]], in [[Bow Street]] (although [[Jonathan Swift]] was unimpressed).<ref name="WhiteM" /> As coffeehouses were believed to be areas where anti-government gossip could easily spread, [[Mary II|Queen Mary II]] and the London City magistrates tried to prosecute people who frequented coffeehouses as they were liable to "spread false and seditious reports". [[William III of England|William III]]'s privy council also suppressed [[Jacobitism|Jacobite]] sympathizers in the 1680s and 1690s in coffeehouses as places that they believed harbored plotters against the regime.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cowan |first=Brian |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zhzVN39UciQC |title=The Social Life of Coffee: The Emergence of the British Coffeehouse |date=1 October 2008 |location=New Haven, Connecticut | publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-13350-9 |page=215 |language=en}} (Also {{ISBN|9780300106664}} and {{ISBN|9786611722715}}.)</ref>

By the early 18th century, different coffeehouses attracted different clienteles, divided by occupation or opinion, such as [[Tory|Tories]] and [[Whigs (British political party)|Whigs]], wits and [[stockjobber]]s, merchants and lawyers, booksellers and authors, men of fashion or the "cits" of [[City of London|the City]]. According to one French visitor, [[Abbé Prévost]], "You read [in coffeehouses] for two-pence all the papers for or against the administration", and they were "the seats of English liberty".<ref>{{cite book | first=Abbé | last=Prévost | author-link=Abbé Prévost | title=Adventures of a Man of Quality | location=London | publisher=F. Newbery | year=1770 | oclc=396693 | volume=2 | page=110 | url=https://archive.org/details/bim_eighteenth-century_memoirs-of-a-man-of-qual_prvost-abb_1770_2/page/110/mode/2up | via=Internet Archive}} (Translation of ''Séjour en Angleterre'', vol. 5 of ''[[Memoirs and Adventures of a Man of Quality|Mémoires et avantures d'un homme de qualité qui s'est retiré du monde]]''.)</ref>

Coffeehouses not only boosted the popularity of print news culture, they also helped the growth of various financial markets including insurance and stocks. [[Lloyd's Coffee House]] was where underwriters of ship insurance met to do business, leading to the establishment of [[Lloyd's of London]] insurance market and other related businesses.<ref name="WhiteM" /> In 1773 the stockbrokers who had been meeting at [[Jonathan's Coffee-House|New Jonathan's Coffee-house]] renamed it "[[London Stock Exchange|The Stock Exchange]]".<ref>{{Cite book | title=London, Past and Present: Its History, Associations, and Traditions | last=Wheatley | first=Henry B. | author-link=Henry B. Wheatley | location=London | publisher=John Murray| year=1891 | url=https://archive.org/details/londonpastpresen03wheauoft/page/314/mode/2up | via=Internet Archive | volume=3 | page=315}}</ref>

By the 1750s, the English consumption of tea had overtaken that of coffee. As tea could be easily prepared at home, newspapers were cheap, and there was a greater variety of places for leisure and entertainment, there was no obvious demand for publicly available teahouses. Later in the century, coffeehouses tended, via pricing and memberships, to cater for only a richer clientele, and "the death of coffee-house culture was assured".<ref name="WhiteM" />

In [[Victorian era|Victorian]] England, the [[temperance movement]] set up coffeehouses (also known as coffee taverns) for the working classes, as a place of relaxation free of [[alcohol (drug)|alcohol]], an alternative to the [[public house]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Intemperance: Its Causes and Its Remedies|last=Beatty-Kingston|first=W. | author-link=William Beatty-Kingston |year=1892| location=London | publisher=George Routledge & Sons | edition=2nd | pages=8–9 |jstor=60222729}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news | title=Opening a coffee tavern at Bourn. Mr Lawrance, QC, M.P., on temperance  | newspaper=The Lincolnshire, Boston, and Spalding Free Press | date=27 December 1881 | page=7 | url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001122/18811227/068/0007 | via=British Newspaper Archive | url-access=subscription}}</ref>

==== Finland ====
[[File:Bulevardin Ekberg talvella - Marit Henriksson.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Café Ekberg]] in [[Helsinki]] in 2024]]
Finland's first coffeehouse, Kaffehus, was founded in [[Turku]] in 1778.<ref>{{cite web |date=8 June 2021 |title=Suomen historian merkkipaaluja: Ensimmäisenä Turussa |url=https://www.turku.fi/ensimmaisena-turussa | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115143558/https://www.turku.fi/ensimmaisena-turussa | archive-date=15 January 2023 | url-status=dead | access-date=11 September 2024 |publisher=City of Turku |language=fi}}</ref> The oldest coffeehouse still operating in [[Helsinki]], [[Café Ekberg]], was founded in 1852.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 February 2024 |title=Ekberg – Helsingin Historiallinen Herkkukeidas |url=https://parastastadissa.com/ekberg-helsingin-historiallinen-herkkukeidas/ |access-date=11 September 2024 |publisher=Parasta Stadissa |language=fi}}</ref>

==== France ====

When [[Suleiman Aga|Soliman Aga]] (sent to Versailles in 1669 by Sultan [[Mehmed IV]]) returned home, a member of his retinue, Pascal, remained and sold coffee from a stall at the market of Saint-Germain-des-Prés. He soon thereafter opened a coffeehouse in Paris, on the Quai de l'École near the [[Pont Neuf]], and others from the Near East rivaled him. But the fad for Turquerie soon ended.

"[I]t was not until the establishment of the [[Café Procope|Café de Procope]] in 1689 that coffee found a truly Parisian expression".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Wild|first1=Antony|title=Coffee: A Dark History|date=2004|publisher=Fourth Estate|location=London|isbn=978-1-84115-649-1|url=https://archive.org/details/coffeedarkhistor0000wild_n9a5/page/58/mode/2up | page=59 | via=Internet Archive}}</ref> Owned by the Sicilian Procopio Cutò (François Procope), this was a popular meeting place of the French [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]]; the ''[[Encyclopédie]]'' (1751–1772) of [[Denis Diderot|Diderot]] and [[Jean le Rond d'Alembert|D'Alembert]] is said to have had its start in conversations there between the two.<ref name="fitch43">{{cite book | last=Fitch | first=Noël Riley| title=Grand Literary Cafés of Europe | publisher=New Holland | location=London | year=2006 | isbn=978-1-84537-114-2 | page=43}}</ref>

<blockquote>The issue of slavery had a profound effect on the pre-Revolutionary thinkers who gathered at the Café Procope in Paris, including [[Montesquieu]], [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau|Rousseau]], and Diderot. The ethics of the [[Nantes slave trade|slave trade]] were discussed whilst its very fruits were consumed, a dark liquid produced by dark skins in the depths of dark despair. Diderot wrote that the trade "is a business which violates religion, morality, natural law, and all human rights", whilst Rousseau railed against the supposed right to enslave as "absurd and meaningless".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Wild|first1=Antony|title=Coffee: A Dark History|date=2004|publisher=Fourth Estate|location=London|isbn=978-1-84115-649-1|url=https://archive.org/details/coffeedarkhistor0000wild_n9a5/page/138/mode/2up | pages=138–139 | via=Internet Archive}}</ref></blockquote>

In its decor too, Café Procope had a lasting influence. Procopio had installed wall mirrors, marble-topped tables, and more that he had had removed from a bath-house that he had bought, thereby establishing what has become a convention for many other European cafés.<ref name="fitch43"/>

==== Hungary ====
The first known cafés in [[Budapest|Pest]] date back to 1714 when a house intended to serve as a café (Balázs Kávéfőző) was purchased. Minutes of the Pest City Council from 1729 mention complaints by the Balázs café and Franz Reschfellner café against the Italian-originated café of Francesco Bellieno for selling underpriced coffee.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bpromantikaja.blog.hu/2020/03/20/az_elso_pesti_kavehaz_haboruja|title=Az első pesti kávéház háborúja|website=Budapest romantikája|access-date=9 April 2020|archive-date=1 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401061636/https://bpromantikaja.blog.hu/2020/03/20/az_elso_pesti_kavehaz_haboruja|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Ireland ====
In the 18th century, [[Dublin]] coffeehouses functioned as early reading centers and the emergence of circulation and subscription libraries that provided greater access to printed material for the public.{{Vague|date=January 2026}} The connection of the coffeehouse with virtually every aspect of the print trade was evidenced by the incorporation of printing, publishing, selling, and viewing of newspapers, pamphlets and books on the premises, most notably for [[Dick's Coffee House]], owned by [[Richard Pue]]; thus contributing to a culture of reading and increased literacy.<ref name="Abbas_2014" /> These coffeehouses were social magnets where different strata of society joined to discuss topics covered by the newspapers and pamphlets. Most coffeehouses of the 18th century would eventually be equipped with their own printing presses or incorporate a bookshop.{{Citation needed|date=January 2026}}

==== Italy ====
[[File:Entrata Caffè Florian.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Caffè Florian]] in [[Venice]]]]
The first café in Venice opened in 1683 under the [[Procuratie]] Nuove of [[Piazza San Marco]].<ref>{{Cite book | first=Pompeo | last=Molmenti | translator-first=Horatio F. | translator-last=Brown | translator-link=Horatio Brown | title=Venice: Its Individual Growth from the Earliest Beginnings to the Fall of the Republic | location=Chicago | publisher=A. C. McClurg | year=1908 | oclc=732256519 | url=https://archive.org/details/veniceitsindivi09molmgoog/page/n257/mode/2up | via=Internet Archive | at=Part 3, ''The Decadence.'' Vol. 1, p. 175}}</ref> The concept was popular:

<blockquote>On [Piazza San Marco] alone in the eighteenth century there were, under the Procuratie Vecchie, the following cafés: the ''Re di Francia'', the ''Abbondanza'', ''Pitt l'eroe'', the ''Regina d'Ungheria'', the ''Orfeo'', the ''Redentore'', the ''Coraggio'', the ''Speranza'', the ''Arco Celeste'' and ''[[Caffè Quadri|Quadri]]'' opened in 1775 by Giorgio Quadri of [[Corfu|Corfù]], who was the first to serve genuine [[Turkish coffee]]. Under the Procuratie Nuove were the ''Angelo Custode'', the ''Duca di Toscana'', the ''Buon genio'', the ''Doge'', the ''Imperatore'', the ''Imperatrice della Russia'', the ''Tamerlano'', the ''Fontana di Diana'', the ''Dame Venete'', the ''Aurora'', the ''Piante d'oro'', the ''Arabo'', the ''Piastrelle'', the ''Pace'', the ''Venezia trionfante'', and ''[[Caffè Florian|Florian]]'', opened in 1720 by Floriano Francesconi.<ref>{{Cite book | first=Pompeo | last=Molmenti | translator-first=Horatio F. | translator-last=Brown | translator-link=Horatio Brown | title=Venice: Its Individual Growth from the Earliest Beginnings to the Fall of the Republic | location=Chicago | publisher=A. C. McClurg | year=1908 | oclc=732256519 | url=https://archive.org/details/veniceitsindivi09molmgoog/page/n259/mode/2up | via=Internet Archive | at=Part 3, ''The Decadence.'' Vol. 1, p. 176, n. 1}}</ref></blockquote>

During the 18th century, the oldest extant coffeehouses in Italy were established. Venice aside, these included [[Antico Caffè Greco]] (circa 1760) in [[Rome]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Moyer-Nocchi |first=Karima |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=crKMDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA209 |title=The Eternal Table: A Cultural History of Food in Rome |date=2019 |publisher=Bloomsbury |isbn=978-1-4422-6975-0 |page=209 | via=Google Books}}</ref> [[Pedrocchi Café|Caffè Pedrocchi]] in [[Padua]], [[Palazzo Agostini, Pisa|Caffè dell'Ussero]] in [[Pisa]], and [[Caffè Fiorio]] in [[Turin]].

==== Portugal ====
{{Unreferenced section|date=January 2026}}
[[File:Estatua de Fernando Pessoa.jpg|thumb|239x239px|[[Statue]] of [[Fernando Pessoa]] by Lagoa Henriques, next to the [[Café A Brasileira|''A Brasileira'']] café, in [[Chiado]], Lisbon]]
The history of coffee in [[Portugal]] is usually said to have begun during the reign of king [[John V of Portugal|John V]], when Portuguese agent Francisco de Melo Palheta supposedly managed to steal coffee beans from the [[Dutch East India Company]] and introduce it to Brazil. From Brazil, coffee was taken to [[Cape Verde]] and [[São Tomé and Príncipe]], which were also Portuguese colonies at the time. Despite this story, coffee already existed in [[Angola]], having been introduced by [[Missionaries|Portuguese missionaries]]. During the 18th century, the first public ''cafés'' appeared, inspired by French gatherings{{Vague|date=January 2026}} from the 17th century, becoming spaces for cultural and artistic entertainment.

Several cafés emerged in [[Lisbon]] such as: ''Martinho da Arcada'' (the oldest café still operating, having opened in 1782), ''Café Tavares'', and ''Botequim Parras''. Of these, several became famous for harboring poets and artists, such as [[Manuel Maria Barbosa du Bocage|Manuel du Bocage]] with his visits to ''Café Nicola,'' opened in 1796 by the Italian Nicola Breteiro; and [[Fernando Pessoa]] with his visits to [[Café A Brasileira|''A Brasileira'']], opened in 1905 by Adriano Teles. The most famous was the ''Café Marrare'', opened by the Neapolitan Antonio Marrare, in 1820, and frequently visited by Júlio Castilho, Raimundo de Bulhão Pato, [[Almeida Garrett]], [[Alexandre Herculano]] and other members of the Portuguese government and the [[intelligentsia]]. It began its saying: ''Lisboa era [[Chiado]], o Chiado era o Marrare e o Marrare ditava a lei'' (English: 'Lisbon was the Chiado, the Chiado was the Marrare and the Marrare dictated the law').

Other coffeehouses soon opened across the country, such as ''Café Vianna,'' opened in [[Braga]], in 1858, by Manoel José da Costa Vianna, and visited by important Portuguese writers such as [[Camilo Castelo Branco]] and [[Eça de Queiroz|Eça de Queirós]]. During the 1930s, a surge in coffeehouses happened in [[Porto]] with the opening of several that still exist, such as ''Café Guarany'', opened in 1933, and ''A Regaleira'', opened in 1934.

==== Romania ====
In 1667, Kara Hamie, a former Ottoman [[Janissary]] from [[Constantinople]], opened the first coffee shop in the center of [[Bucharest]] (then the capital of the [[Wallachia|Principality of Wallachia]]). On its site today stands the main building of the [[National Bank of Romania]].<ref>{{cite web |date=30 March 2000 | first=Andra | last=Frățilă | title=Cafenele din Vechiul București (secolele XIX–XX) | trans-title=Coffee shops from Old Bucharest (19th–20th centuries) |url=http://www.historia.ro/exclusiv_web/general/articol/cafenele-vechiul-bucure-ti-secolele-xix-xx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116021155/http://www.historia.ro/exclusiv_web/general/articol/cafenele-vechiul-bucure-ti-secolele-xix-xx |archive-date=16 January 2013 |access-date=1 January 2013 | website=Historia.ro}}</ref>

==== Switzerland ====
In 1761 the {{Ill|Turm Kaffee|de|}}, a shop for exported goods, was opened in [[St. Gallen]].<ref>{{Cite book | title=222 Jahre Lebensmittel Gross- und Detailhandel "hinterm Turm" in St.Gallen 1761 bis 1983 | location=St. Gallen | publisher=Leuthold | year=1983 | language=de}}</ref>{{Better source needed|date=January 2026}}

==== Gender ====
[[File:Interior_of_a_London_Coffee-house,_17th_centuryFXD.jpg|thumb|right|An English café at the close of the 17th century: men hang their hats on pegs and sit at long communal tables strewn with papers and writing implements. Coffee pots are ranged at an open fire, with a hanging cauldron of boiling water. The only woman present is [[sex segregation|separated]] in a canopied booth, from which she serves coffee in tall cups.<ref>{{Cite web | title=Object type: drawing {{!}} Museum number: 1931,0613.2 | url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/P_1931-0613-2 | website=British Museum | access-date=6 January 2026}}</ref>]] The exclusion of women from coffeehouses as guests was not universal, but does appear to have been common in Europe. In Germany, women frequented them, but in England and France they were banned in the mid-17th century.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://humboldtcoffee.com/History.htm|title=Where did coffee come from?|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070915014128/http://www.humboldtcoffee.com/History.htm |website=Humboldt Bay Coffee Company|archive-date=15 September 2007|access-date=6 January 2026}}</ref> [[Émilie du Châtelet]] reportedly [[cross-dressing|cross-dressed]] to gain entrance to the Café Gradot, in [[Paris]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.visitvoltaire.com/emilie_du_chatelet_bio.htm|title=Emilie du Chatelet |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071018200406/http://visitvoltaire.com/emilie_du_chatelet_bio.htm|archive-date=18 October 2007|website=Chateau de Cirey – Residence of Voltaire|access-date=6 January 2026}}</ref>

Women did work as waitresses at coffeehouses and also owned and managed coffeehouses. Well-known women in the coffeehouse business were [[Moll King (coffee house proprietor)|Moll King]] in England<ref>{{Cite book | title=The Life and Character of Moll King, Late Mistress of King's Coffee-House in Covent-Garden | location=London | year=1747 | url=https://archive.org/details/bim_eighteenth-century_the-life-and-character-o_1747 | via=Internet Archive}}</ref> and [[Maja-Lisa Borgman]] in Sweden.<ref>{{cite book | last=Du Rietz | first=Anita | title=Kvinnors entreprenörskap: under 400 år | publisher=Dialogos | location=Stockholm | year=2013 | isbn=9789175042572 | language=sv}}{{Page needed|date=January 2026}}</ref>

=== The Americas ===

==== Argentina ====
{{Unreferenced section|date=January 2026}}
[[File:Avenida de Mayo Café Tortoni.jpg|thumb|[[Café Tortoni]] is a café in Buenos Aires frequented by [[Jorge Luis Borges]] among other public figures.]]
Coffeehouses are part of the culture of [[Buenos Aires]] and the customs of its inhabitants. They are traditional meeting places for ''porteños'' and have inspired innumerable artistic creations. Some notable coffeehouses include [[Confitería del Molino]], [[Café Tortoni]], {{Ill|El Gato Negro (café)|lt=El Gato Negro|es|El Gato Negro (café de Buenos Aires)}}, and [[Café La Biela]].

====United States====
[[File:Caffe Reggio 01.jpg|thumb|[[Caffe Reggio]] on [[MacDougal Street]] in Manhattan, founded in 1927]]
The first coffeehouse in the United States opened in [[Boston]], in 1676.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://masstraveljournal.com/page/massachusetts-firsts/americas-first-coffeehouse|title=America's first coffeehouse |website=Massachusetts Travel Journal |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227185410/http://masstraveljournal.com/page/massachusetts-firsts/americas-first-coffeehouse|archive-date=27 February 2012|access-date=10 January 2026}} Citing "the book ''When in Boston'' by Jim Vrabel".</ref>{{Better source needed|date=January 2026}} However, Americans did not start choosing coffee over tea until the [[Boston Tea Party]] and the [[American Revolutionary War|Revolutionary War]]. After the Revolutionary War, Americans briefly went back to drinking tea until after the [[War of 1812]] when they began importing high-quality coffee from Latin America and expensive inferior-quality tea from American shippers instead of Great Britain.<ref name="Wolf_WhatWeEat">{{Cite book |last=Wolf |first=Burt |title=What We Eat: The True Story of Why We Put Sugar in our Coffee and Ketchup on our Fries |location=San Diego, California |publisher=Tehabi Books|year=2002 |isbn=1-887656-98-7|pages=112–115 | url=https://archive.org/details/whatweeattruesto00wolf/page/112/mode/2up | url-access=registration | via=Internet Archive}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=McDonald |first1=Michelle Craig |title=Coffee Nation: How One Commodity Transformed the Early United States |date=2025 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |location=Philadelphia |isbn=9781512827552}}</ref> Whether they were drinking coffee or tea, coffeehouses, like those in Great Britain, were places where business was done. In the 1780s, Merchant's Coffee House on Wall Street in New York City was home to the organization of the [[Bank of New York Mellon v. Realogy Corp.|Bank of New York]] and the [[Chamber of Commerce of the State of New York|New York Chamber of Commerce]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rotondi|first=Jessica Pearce|title=How coffee fueled revolutions – and revolutionary ideas |url=https://www.history.com/news/coffee-houses-revolutions|access-date=10 April 2021|website=History|date=30 June 2025 |language=en|archive-date=10 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410032927/https://www.history.com/news/coffee-houses-revolutions|url-status=live}}</ref>

Coffeehouses in the United States arose from the [[espresso]]- and pastry-centered Italian coffeehouses of the Italian American immigrant communities in the major U.S. cities, notably [[New York City]]'s [[Little Italy, Manhattan|Little Italy]] and [[Greenwich Village]], Boston's [[North End, Boston|North End]], and San Francisco's [[North Beach, San Francisco|North Beach]]. From the late 1950s onward, coffeehouses also hosted entertainment, most commonly [[Folk music|folk]] performers during the [[American folk music revival]].<ref name="Groce_Coffeehouses" /><ref>{{Cite book | contributor-last=Shelton | contributor-first=Robert | contributor-link=Robert Shelton (critic) |contribution=Something happened in America | last1=Laing | first1=Dave | author-link1=Dave Laing | last2=Dallas | first2=Karl | author-link2=Karl Dallas | last3=Denselow | first3=Robin | author-link3=Robin Denselow | last4=Shelton | first4=Robert | year=1975 | title=The Electric Muse: The Story of Folk into Rock | location=London | publisher=Methuen |  page=31 | isbn=0-413-31860-5}}</ref> Both Greenwich Village and North Beach became major haunts of the [[Beat Generation|Beats]], who were highly identified with these coffeehouses. As the youth culture of the 1960s evolved, non-Italians consciously copied these coffeehouses. The political nature of much of 1960s folk music made the music a natural tie-in with coffeehouses with their association with political action. A number of well-known performers like [[Joan Baez]] and [[Bob Dylan]] began their careers performing in coffeehouses. [[Blues]] singer [[Lightnin' Hopkins]] bemoaned his woman's overindulgence in coffeehouse socializing in his 1969 song "Coffeehouse Blues".{{Citation needed|date=September 2022}}
[[File:Exterior_of_a_modern_Starbucks_in_Knoxville,_Tennessee.jpg|thumb|A Starbucks coffee shop in [[Knoxville, Tennessee]] with a drive-through]]
In 1966, [[Alfred Peet]] began applying the dark roast style to high quality beans and opened up a small shop in [[Berkeley, California]] to educate customers on the virtues of good coffee.<ref name="Wolf_WhatWeEat" /> Starting in 1967 with the opening of the [[Last Exit on Brooklyn]] coffeehouse, [[Seattle]] became known for its thriving [[counterculture|countercultural]] coffeehouse scene; the [[Starbucks]] chain later standardized and mainstreamed this [[#Espresso bar|espresso bar]] model, now prevalent throughout the country.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.purelycoffeebeans.com/starbucks-coffee-company/ |title=Starbucks Coffee Company: Past, present, and future | first=Kenneth | last=Dickson | website=PurelyCoffeeBeans | date=28 October 2019 | access-date=7 November 2019 |archive-date=7 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191107072136/https://www.purelycoffeebeans.com/starbucks-coffee-company/ |url-status=deviated}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Walrath-Holdridge |first1=Mary |title=Starbucks Introduces Value Meals with New 'Pairings Menu' |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/food/2024/06/13/starbucks-pairing-menu-coffee-meal-deal/74083587007/ |access-date=7 August 2024 |newspaper=USA Today |date=13 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | first=Chase | last=Purdy | title=That joke about a Starbucks on every corner? It's actually true and hurting the company's sales | url=https://qz.com/1051094/that-joke-about-a-starbucks-on-every-corner-its-actually-true-and-hurting-the-companys-sales | website=Quartz | date=21 July 2022}}</ref>

In the 21st century, North American usage has increasingly distinguished between the terms "coffee shop" and "café" based on their operational models and revenue streams. While often used interchangeably in casual speech, a '''coffee shop''' is typically characterized by a focus on "[[Coffee extraction|extraction]]" (beverages), [[counter service]], and high-volume throughput. In contrast, a '''café''' often functions as a hybrid between a restaurant and a traditional coffeehouse, prioritizing seated dining and a higher average transaction value. This distinction is further defined by physical infrastructure; cafés often require full commercial kitchen licensing, including [[Grease trap|grease traps]] and high-capacity [[Ventilation (architecture)|ventilation]] for meal preparation, whereas coffee shops frequently operate under "light food" licenses that prioritize [[Espresso machine|the espresso machine]] as the central focal point of the space.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yang |first=Lucius |date=2026-02-05 |title=What is the difference between a café and a coffee shop? |url=https://coffeesailor.net/what-is-the-difference-between-a-cafe-and-a-coffee-shop/ |url-status=live |website=coffee sailor}}</ref>

From the 1960s through the mid-1980s, churches and individuals in the United States used the coffeehouse concept for outreach. They were often storefronts and had names like ''The Lost Coin'' ([[Greenwich Village]]), ''The Gathering Place'' ([[Riverside, California|Riverside, CA]]), ''Catacomb Chapel'' (New York City), and ''Jesus for You'' ([[Buffalo, New York|Buffalo, NY]]). Christian music (often guitar-based) was performed, coffee and food provided, and [[Bible study (Christianity)|Bible studies]] convened as people of varying backgrounds gathered in a casual setting that was purposefully different from traditional churches.{{Citation needed|date=January 2026}}

== Contemporary history ==

{{see also|List of coffeehouse chains}}

[[File:Pastries sold at a coffee shop.jpg|thumb|right|Coffeehouses often sell [[pastries]] or other food items.]]
A café may have an outdoor section (on a terrace, pavement or [[sidewalk cafe|sidewalk]]) with seats, tables and parasols. This is especially common in Europe. Cafés offer a more open public space than many of the traditional pubs they have replaced, which were more male-dominated with a focus on alcohol.

One of the original uses of the café, as a place for information exchange and communication, was reintroduced in the 1990s with the [[Internet café]] or [[Hotspot (Wi-Fi)|hotspot]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://investorshub.advfn.com/boards/board.aspx?board_id=16089 |title=Julius Briner Message Board |publisher=Investorshub.advfn.com |access-date=21 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501135208/http://investorshub.advfn.com/boards/board.aspx?board_id=16089 |archive-date=1 May 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{Better source needed|date=January 2026}} The spread of modern-style cafés to urban and rural areas went hand-in-hand with the rising use of mobile computers. Computers and Internet access and contemporary decor help to create a youthful, modern place, compared to the traditional pubs or old-fashioned [[diner]]s that they replaced.{{Citation needed|date=January 2026}}

===Africa===
====Egypt====
Coffeehouses in Egypt are colloquially called ''ʿahwah'' {{IPA|/ʔhwa/}}, the dialectal pronunciation of {{lang|ar|قَهْوة}} ''qahwah'' (literally "coffee"){{Efn|The {{IPAblink|q}} is [[debuccalization|debuccalized]] to {{IPAblink|ʔ}}.<ref>{{cite book|first=Desmond |last=Stewart|title=Cairo | year=1965|location=South Brunswick, New Jersey | publisher=A. S. Barnes | oclc=786164786 | quote=[...] ''qahwah'', coffee, is pronounced as ''ahwah''; the word for citadel, ''qalʿah'', is pronounced ''alʿah''; in both cases, it should be added, the final 'h' is silent and is often omitted.}}</ref> See also [[Arabic phonology#Local variations]].}} These were named after what was then the most popular drink that they served,<ref name="Gezim" /> though also commonly served in ''ʿahwah'' are tea (''shāy'') and [[herbal tea]]s, especially the highly popular [[hibiscus tea|hibiscus blend]] ([[Egyptian Arabic]]: ''karkadeh'' or ''ennab'').

The first ''ʿahwah'' opened around the 1850s but for a long time were patronized mostly by older people, with youths frequenting but not always ordering. However:

<blockquote>By the 1920s, there were many coffee shops throughout Egypt. They could be classified into three major kinds: the [[Alexandria]]n ''bursa'', the [[Cairo]] club, and the rural ''gharza'' (inn). ... [All three] gradually became significant centres where Egyptians sipped the spirit of integration and unity.<ref name="Gezim">{{cite book|last=Alpion|first=Gëzim|title=Encounters with Civilizations: From Alexander the Great to Mother Teresa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ikb8zMXSViMC&pg=PA48|access-date=1 April 2012|date=18 May 2011|publisher=Transaction Publishers|isbn=978-1-4128-1831-5|page=48|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130906225907/http://books.google.com/books?id=Ikb8zMXSViMC&pg=PA48|archive-date=6 September 2013|url-status=live}}</ref></blockquote>

====Ethiopia====
In [[Addis Ababa]], the capital of Ethiopia, independent coffeehouses that struggled before 1991 have become popular with young professionals who do not have time for traditional coffee roasting at home.{{Efn|For a depiction of home preparation, see {{cite web | first=Carey | last=Nash
|title = Ethiopian coffee ceremony
|website = Carey Nash Photography
|access-date = 12 January 2026
|date = 28 September 2014
|url = http://careynash.com/2014/09/28/ethiopian-coffee-ceremony/
|url-status = deviated 
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141008074931/http://careynash.com/2014/09/28/ethiopian-coffee-ceremony/
|archive-date = 8 October 2014
}}}} One that has become well known is [[Tomoca Coffee|Tomoca]], which opened in 1953.<ref>{{cite web
| last = Jeffrey
| first = James
| title = Boom times for Ethiopia's coffee shops
| work = BBC News
| access-date = 21 October 2014
| date = 15 October 2014
|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-29541768
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019001552/http://www.bbc.com/news/business-29541768
| archive-date = 19 October 2014
| url-status = live
}}</ref>

===Asia===

====India====
In India, coffee culture has expanded in the past twenty years. Chains like [[Indian Coffee House]], [[Café Coffee Day]], and [[Barista Lavazza]] have become very popular.{{Citation needed|date=January 2026}} Cafés are considered good places to conduct office meetings and for friends to meet.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://asiancorrespondent.com/97958/middle-class-india-embraces-coffee-culture/ |title=Middle-class India embraces coffee culture |website=Asian Correspondent |date=18 February 2013 |access-date=15 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130906100753/http://asiancorrespondent.com/97958/middle-class-india-embraces-coffee-culture/ |archive-date=6 September 2013 |url-status=deviated  | quote="This article first appeared on the ''Mocking Indian'' blog"}}</ref>

====China====
{{Unreferenced section|date=January 2026}}
In China, an abundance of recently started domestic coffeehouse chains accommodate businesspeople for [[conspicuous consumption]], with coffee prices sometimes even higher than in the West.

====Malaysia and Singapore====
{{Unreferenced section|date=January 2026}}
In Malaysia and Singapore, traditional breakfast and coffee shops are called ''[[kopi tiam]]''. The word is a [[Compound (linguistics)|compound]] of the [[Malay language|Malay]] word for coffee (as borrowed and altered from English) and the [[Min Nan|Hokkien]] dialect word for shop ({{lang|zh|店}}; [[Pe̍h-ōe-jī|POJ]]: tiàm). Menus typically offer a variety of simple dishes based on [[Eggs as food|egg]], [[Toast (food)|toast]], and [[coconut jam]], plus coffee, tea, and [[Milo (drink)|Milo]], a popular malted chocolate drink.

====Indonesia====
In Indonesia, traditional coffeehouses are called ''kedai kopi'', ''rumah kopi'', or ''warung kopi'' which is often abbreviated as ''warkop''. ''[[Kopi tubruk]]'' (resembling [[Turkish coffee]]) is a common drink in small ''warkop''. To accompany this, traditional ''[[kue]]'' is also served. The first coffeehouse in Indonesia was founded in 1878 in [[Jakarta]] and named ''Warung Tinggi Tek Sun Ho''.<ref>{{cite web |author=Asriyati |title=Inilah Kedai Kopi Pertama di Indonesia |url=https://www.goodnewsfromindonesia.id/2019/10/01/inilah-kedai-kopi-pertama-di-indonesia |website=Good News from Indonesia |access-date=14 May 2023 |language=id |archive-date=14 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230514123147/https://www.goodnewsfromindonesia.id/2019/10/01/inilah-kedai-kopi-pertama-di-indonesia |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Philippines====
In the Philippines, coffee shop chains like [[Starbucks]] have become the prevalent hangouts for upper- and middle-class professionals in such districts as the [[Makati Central Business District|Makati CBD]]. However, ''carinderias'' (small eateries) continue to serve coffee alongside breakfast and snack dishes. Events called ''kapihan'' (fora) are often held inside bakeshops or restaurants that also serve coffee for breakfast or [[merienda]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2026}} A number of places often called "cafés" serve not just coffee and pastries but full meals, often international cuisine adapted to Filipino tastes.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Yuvallos |first1=Andrei |title=What is Filipino café food, anyway? |url=https://nolisoli.ph/108349/filipino-cafe-food-essay/ |website=Nolisoli |access-date=17 May 2024 |date=17 January 2024}}</ref>

====Thailand====
In Thailand, the term "café" not only is a coffeehouse as understood elsewhere, but in the past was considered a [[bar (establishment)|bar]] serving [[alcoholic drink]]s during a comedy show on stage. This type of business flourished in the 1990s, before the [[1997 Asian financial crisis|1997 financial crisis]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.manager.co.th/Crime/ViewNews.aspx?NewsID=9580000073919|work=[[Manager Daily]]|date=30 June 2015|language=th|title=40 ปี "ตำนานคาเฟ่" เมืองหลวง จากศูนย์รวมบันเทิงถึงยุคเสื่อม นักร้องต้องขายตัวแลกพวงมาลัย |trans-title= |access-date=3 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160621222501/http://www.manager.co.th/Crime/ViewNews.aspx?NewsID=9580000073919|archive-date=21 June 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The first real coffeehouse in Thailand opened in 1917 at the [[Si Kak Phraya Si]] in the area of [[Rattanakosin Island]], by [[Edna Sarah Cole|Madam Cole]], an American woman then living in Thailand. Later, [[Phraya|Chao Phraya]] Ram Rakop (เจ้าพระยารามราฆพ), a Thai aristocrat, opened a coffeehouse named "Café de Norasingha" (คาเฟ่นรสิงห์) at Sanam Suea Pa (สนามเสือป่า), next to the [[Royal Plaza (Thailand)|Royal Plaza]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mgronline.com/onlinesection/detail/9610000010601|work=Manager Daily|first=โรม|last=บุนนาค|date=6 February 2018|title=เมื่อ "เครื่องดื่มปีศาจ" มาสยาม! ร.๓ ทรงปลูกเป็นสวนหลวงในหัวแหวนกรุงรัตนโกสินทร์!! |trans-title= |language=th|access-date=3 April 2018}}</ref> Café de Norasingha has been renovated and moved within [[Phayathai Palace]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://today.line.me/th/pc/article/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%8C+%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9F%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1+%E0%B8%93+%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97-NmWqNP|date=30 October 2017|access-date=3 April 2018|language=th|work=today.line.me|title=เที่ยวร้านกาแฟนรสิงห์ ร้านกาแฟแห่งแรกของสยาม ณ พระราชวังพญาไท |trans-title= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180403051905/https://today.line.me/th/pc/article/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%8C+%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9F%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1+%E0%B8%93+%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97-NmWqNP|archive-date=3 April 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> In the [[southern Thailand|southern region]], a traditional coffeehouse or ''kopi tiam'' is popular with locals, like many countries in the [[Malay Peninsula]].{{Dubious|date=January 2026}}<ref>{{cite book|title=ประชาธิปัตย์ปราศรัย |trans-title=|date=2005|publisher= politikpress|location=Bangkok|isbn=974-92738-6-9|pages=4–5 |language=th}}</ref>

<gallery widths=200 heights=160>
File:Caffeena café storefront at NOMO, Bacoor, Cavite — 25 Feb 2022.jpg|A coffee shop in [[Bacoor]], Philippines
File:Rumah Loer - Palembang, SS (9 August 2021).jpg|Rumah Loer, a contemporary-style coffee shop ({{langx|id|rumah kopi kekinian}}) in [[Palembang]], [[Indonesia]]
File:2019 02 Rustic Barista Specialty Coffee Korat 01.jpg|A shop specializing in drip coffee in [[Nakhon Ratchasima]], Thailand
</gallery>

===Australia===
[[File:Federal Coffee Palace Melbourne.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=|The [[Federal Coffee Palace]], built on Collins Street, Melbourne, in 1888, was the largest and grandest "coffee palace" ever built.{{Citation needed|date=January 2026}} It was demolished in 1973.]]
[[File:Centre Place December 2012.jpg|thumb|right|[[Centre Place, Melbourne]]. Australia and New Zealand have competing claims to being the birthplace of the "[[flat white]]".]]

In the 19th century, coffeehouses such as the [[Federal Coffee Palace]] in the center of [[Melbourne]] were part of the [[temperance movement]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 May 2014 | first=Debra | last=Hutchinson | title=Temperance and Melbourne's grand coffee palaces |url=https://blogs.slv.vic.gov.au/such-was-life/temperance-and-melbournes-grand-coffee-palaces/ |access-date=12 January 2026 |website=State Library Victoria}}</ref>

In modern Australia, coffee shops are commonly called cafés. Since the post-[[World War II]] influx of Italian and Greek immigrants introduced the first espresso machines to Australia in the 1950s, there was initially a slow rise in café culture, particularly in Melbourne, until a nationwide boom in locally-owned cafés began in the 1990s.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-06-11 |first1=Sophie | last1=Kesteven | first2=Julie | last2=Street | title=The deep, rich and problematic history of coffee in Australia and worldwide |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-06-12/history-of-coffee-the-global-beverage-with-chequered-past/102445782 |access-date=12 January 2026 |work=ABC News |language=en-AU}}</ref> Alongside the rise in the number of cafés has been a rise in demand for locally (or on-site) roasted specialty coffee, particularly in [[Sydney]] and Melbourne. A local favorite{{Dubious|date=January 2026}} is the "[[flat white]]".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-04-16 | first=Harriet | last=Marsden | title=How the flat white conquered the coffee scene |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/flat-white-coffee-culture-antipodean-mcdonalds-advert-starbucks-latte-a8246111.html |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=The Independent}}</ref>

===Europe===
In most European countries, such as [[Spain]], [[Austria]], [[Denmark]], Germany, [[Norway]], [[Sweden]], [[Portugal]], and others, the term ''café'' means a restaurant primarily serving coffee, as well as [[Pastry|pastries]] such as [[cake]]s, [[tart]]s, [[pie]]s, and [[bun]]s. Many cafés also serve light meals such as sandwiches. European cafés often have tables on the pavement (sidewalk) as well as indoors. Some, particularly in Southern Europe, also serve alcoholic drinks (e.g., wine). In the Netherlands and Belgium, a ''café'' is the equivalent of a bar, and also sells alcoholic drinks. In the Netherlands a ''koffiehuis'' serves coffee, while a "[[Cannabis coffee shops|coffee shop]]" (the English term) sells "soft" drugs ([[cannabis (drug)|cannabis]] and [[hashish]]) and is generally not allowed to sell alcoholic drinks. In France, most cafés serve as lunch restaurants in the day, and bars in the evening. They generally do not have pastries except in the mornings, when a [[croissant]] or [[pain au chocolat]] can be bought with breakfast coffee.{{citation needed|date=October 2018|reason=This whole paragraph needs sources.}}

In Italy, cafés are similar to those found in France and known as ''bar''. They typically serve a variety of espresso coffee, cakes and alcoholic drinks. Bars in city centers usually have different prices for consumption at the bar and consumption at a table.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tomalin |first1=Barry |title=Italy – Culture Smart! The Essential Guide to Customs & Culture |date=2016 |publisher=Kuperard |location=London |isbn=9781857338300 |page=101}}</ref>

====Ireland====
Today, the word ''café'' – also spelled ''cafe'',{{Efn|In Irish usage, the spelling difference does not distinguish between coffeehouse and diner, and is merely a decision by the owner: thus the two largest diner-style café chains in Ireland in the 1990s were named "Kylemore Cafe" and "[[Bewley's|Bewley's Café]]": one written without the acute accent and the other with.}} but always pronounced as two syllables – is used for most coffeehouses. It has also come to be used for a type of diner that offers cooked meals (again, without alcoholic beverages) which can be standalone or operating within shopping centres or department stores.

====United Kingdom====
The patrons of the early English coffeehouses were far removed from those of modern Britain. Haunts for teenagers in particular, [[Italians in the United Kingdom|Italian-run]] espresso bars and their [[Formica (plastic)|formica]]-topped tables were a feature of 1950s [[Soho]] that provided a backdrop as well as a title for [[Cliff Richard]]'s 1960 film ''[[Expresso Bongo]]''. The first of these was the Moka in [[Frith Street]], opened by [[Gina Lollobrigida]] in 1953.<ref name="ClassicCafes" /> The late 50s Soho cafes in the film have "[an] exotic [[Gaggia]] [[espresso machine|coffee machine]] ... [and] [[Coca-Cola|Coke]], [[Pepsi]], weak frothy coffee and a Suncrush orange fountain";<ref name="Perry">{{Cite book | first=Lyn | last=Perry | chapter=Cabbages and cuppas | url=http://www.bfi.org.uk/education/community/adventures_in_the_mediatheque.pdf | url-status=dead | title=Adventures in the Mediatheque: Personal Selections of Films | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515132037/http://www.bfi.org.uk/education/community/adventures_in_the_mediatheque.pdf | archive-date=15 May 2011 | location=London | publisher=BFI Southbank / University of the Third Age | year=2008 | pages=26–27}}</ref> they spread to other urban centers during the 1960s, providing affordable, warm places for young people to congregate and an ambience far removed from the global coffee bar standard set in the final decades of the century by chains such as [[Starbucks]] and [[Pret a Manger]].<ref name="Perry"/><ref name="ClassicCafes">{{cite web|first=Adrian | last=Maddox | url=http://www.classiccafes.co.uk/History.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323201633/http://www.classiccafes.co.uk/History.html|archive-date=23 March 2016|title=The coming of the cafes|website=Classic Cafes}} Specifically the section headed "1953...".</ref>

===Espresso bar===
{{More citations needed section |date=October 2018}}
[[File:Baliuagjf1696 08.JPG|thumb|right|upright|Interior of an espresso bar in [[Baliwag]], Philippines]]

The '''espresso bar''' is a type of coffeehouse that specializes in coffee drinks made from [[espresso]]. Originating in Italy, it has spread throughout the world in various forms. International chains include [[Starbucks|Starbucks Coffee]], based in [[Seattle]], U.S., and [[Costa Coffee]], based in [[Loudwater, Buckinghamshire|Loudwater]], U.K. (the first and second largest coffeehouse chains respectively), although the espresso bar exists in some form throughout much of the world.

The espresso bar typically has a long counter with a high-yield [[espresso machine]] (usually bean to cup machines, automatic or semiautomatic pump-type machine, although occasionally a manually operated lever-and-piston system) and a display case containing pastries and occasionally savory items such as sandwiches. In the traditional Italian bar, customers either order at the bar and consume their drinks standing or, if they wish to sit down and be served, are usually charged a higher price. In some bars there is an additional charge for drinks served at an outside table. In other countries, especially the United States, seating areas for customers to relax and work are provided free of charge. Some espresso bars also sell coffee paraphernalia, candy, and even music. North American espresso bars were also at the forefront of the proliferation of public [[Wi-Fi]] access points to provide Internet services to people working on laptop computers.

The offerings at the typical espresso bar are generally quite Italianate in inspiration; [[biscotti]], [[cannoli]] and [[pizzelle]] are common traditional accompaniments to a [[latte|caffè latte]] or [[cappuccino]]. Some espresso bars even offer alcoholic drinks such as grappa and sambuca. Nevertheless, typical pastries are not always strictly Italianate and common additions include [[scones]], [[muffins]], [[croissant]]s, and even [[doughnut]]s. There is usually a large selection of teas as well, and the North American espresso bar culture is responsible for the popularization of the Indian spiced tea drink [[masala chai]]. Iced drinks are also popular in some countries, including both iced tea and iced coffee as well as blended drinks such as Starbucks' [[Frappucino]].

A worker in an espresso bar is called a [[barista]]. This is a skilled position that requires familiarity with the drinks being made (often very elaborate, especially in North American-style espresso bars) and a reasonable facility with some equipment, as well as the usual customer service skills.

==Gallery==
<gallery widths="200" heights="160">
File:028 Cafe sign free photo - Cafe neon - Creative Commons Attribution.jpg|"Café" neon sign in [[Breda]], Netherlands
File:Café Mélange, Wien.jpg|Café Mélange, [[Vienna]]
File:Kahvila Kampelan terassia.JPG|Café Kampela, [[Helsinki]]
File:The Grey Owl Coffee shop in Norman Oklahoma on the morning of 10 Dec 2023.jpg|The Grey Owl Coffee shop in [[Norman, Oklahoma]]
File:In café omgebouwde kerk in Utrecht.jpg|A café in a former church, [[Utrecht]]
File:Roadside cafe on the summer terrace. Buryatia, Russia.jpg|Roadside café with a summer terrace, [[Buryatia]], Russia
File:Malaysia-kopitiam.jpg|Interior of a [[kopitiam]], Malaysia
</gallery>

==See also==
{{portal|Coffee|Drink}}
* [[Caffè sospeso]]
* [[Coffeehouse culture of Baghdad]]
* [[Coffee service]]
* [[History of coffee]]
* [[List of coffeehouse chains]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
<references>
<ref name="Teply_1980">{{cite book |author-last=Teply |author-first=Karl |title=Die Einführung des Kaffees in Wien. Georg Franz Koltschitzky. Johannes Diodato. Isaac de Luca |language=de |trans-title=The introduction of coffee in Vienna: Georg Franz Koltschitzky, Johannes Diodato, Isaac de Luca |publisher=Verein für Geschichte der Stadt Wien / Kommissionsverlag Jugend und Volk |editor-first=Felix |editor-last=Czeike |editor-link=Felix Czeike |series="Forschungen und Beiträge zur Wiener Stadtgeschichte" (special series of ''Wiener Geschichtsblätter'') |volume=6 |date=1980 |location=Vienna |isbn=3-7141-9330-8 |oclc=14949012 |s2cid=190364058 |page=104}} Cited in: {{Cite thesis | last=Seibel | first=Anna Maria | title=Die Bedeutung der Griechen für das wirtschaftliche und kulturelle Leben in Wien. Am Beispiel der Familie Zepharovich | trans-title=The importance of Greeks for economic and cultural life in Vienna: The Zepharovich family as an example | year=2008 | degree=diploma | publisher=University of Vienna | url=https://utheses.univie.ac.at/detail/1675 | lang=de}}</ref>
<ref name="Abbas_2014">{{cite journal |author-last=Abbas |author-first=Hyder |title='A Fund of entertaining and useful Information': Coffee houses, early public libraries, and the print trade in eighteenth-century Dublin |journal=Library & Information History |date=February 2014 |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=41–61 [46] |doi=10.1179/1758348913Z.00000000051 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |s2cid=161212491 |issn=1758-3489}}</ref>
</references>

== External links ==
* {{Commons category-inline}}

{{coffee|nocat=1}}
{{Types of coffeehouses}}
{{Meals navbox}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Coffeehouses and cafés| ]]
[[Category:Arab inventions]]
[[Category:Coffee]]
[[Category:Coffee culture]]
[[Category:Restaurants by type]]

Karam Singh of Patiala

2026-03-02T18:29:38Z

Brotherhoodbo: added bio - done

{{Short description|Maharaja of Patiala (r.1813 – 1845)}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Karam Singh
| title = [[Maharaja]] of [[Patiala State|Patiala]]
| image = Painting of Maharaja Karam Singh in the Audience Hall of Qila Mubarak, Patiala (torso detail).jpg
| caption = Painting of Maharaja Karam Singh in the Audience Hall of Qila Mubarak, Patiala, circa mid-19th century
| succession = [[Maharaja of Patiala]]
| reign = 1813 – 1845
| predecessor = [[Sahib Singh of Patiala|Sahib Singh]]
| successor = [[Narinder Singh of Patiala|Narinder Singh]]
| birth_date = 1798
| death_date = 1845
| issue = Narinder Singh
| father = [[Sahib Singh of Patiala|Sahib Singh]]
| mother = Rattan Kaur
| dynasty = [[Phulkian dynasty]]
}}

'''Karam Singh''' (1798 – 1845) was the fourth ruler of [[Patiala State]] and the [[Maharaja of Patiala]]. Singh was the first of the Patiala rulers to have the title of [[Maharaja]].{{Dubious|date=October 2025|reason=As per B. N. Goswamy (2000), his predecessor Sahib Singh was bestowed the 'maharaja' title in 1810.}} His reign was noted for Patiala State's territorial expansion and his support for the [[East India Company|British Empire]].<ref name=":2" />

== Early life and background ==
Karam Singh was born in 1798. He was the son [[Sahib Singh of Patiala|Sahib Singh]], the ruler and Raja-e-Rajgan of Patiala.<ref name=":72">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Kirpal |url=http://archive.org/details/BabaAlaSingh |title=Baba Ala Singh: Founder of Patiala Kingdom |publisher=Guru Nanak Dev University |year=2005 |edition=2nd |location=Amritsar |page=121}}</ref> Singh was also the member of the [[Phulkian dynasty]].<ref name=":72" />

== Reign ==
Singh became the ruler of Patiala in 1813.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wade |first=Bonnie C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MiE9AAAAIAAJ |title=Khyal: Creativity Within North India's Classical Music Tradition |date=1984 |publisher=CUP Archive |isbn=978-0-521-25659-9 |location=Cambridge |page=227 |language=en}}</ref> He was also the first ruler of Patiala to have been referred to as a [[Maharaja]], the title having been bestowed on him by [[List of emperors of the Mughal Empire|Mughal Emperor]] [[Akbar II]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fenech |first=Louis E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mPYTEAAAQBAJ |title=The Cherished Five in Sikh History |date=2021 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-753284-3 |pages=109–111 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Khushwant |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q82MDgAAQBAJ |title=Captain Amarinder Singh: The People's Maharaja: An Authorized Biography |date=2017-02-15 |publisher=Hay House, Inc |isbn=978-93-85827-44-0 |language=en}}</ref> Singh was also noted as a patron of paintings, and from 1814 to 1815, he had a family of [[Art of Rajasthan|Rajasthani painters]] at his court.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Mohinder |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W95iulFxS6gC |title=History and Culture of Panjab |publisher=Atlantic Publishers and Distributors |location=New Delhi |page=275 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Administration and rule ===
[[File:Detail of a painting of Karam Singh of Patiala State, from the Tazkirat Al-Umara of James Skinner, ca.1836.jpg|thumb|Detail of a painting of Karam Singh, ca. 1836]]
During his early reign, Singh had disputes with his mother and his younger brother, Ajit Singh.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l-Q2AQAAMAAJ |title=Punjab District and State Gazetteers: Part A]. |date=1900 |publisher=Punjab Government Press |series=Part 1 |pages=48–52 |language=en |access-date=13 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240620210206/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Punjab_District_and_State_Gazetteers/l-Q2AQAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv |archive-date=20 June 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Singh continued his dispute with [[Nabha State]], another [[Phulkian dynasty]] state, which had been carrying on since 1807.<ref name=":02" /> From 1838 to 1843, Singh had a border dispute with [[Kaithal State]].<ref name=":02" /> He had extensive diplomatic relations with Maharaja Ranjit Singh of the Sikh Empire, whose court in Lahore a ''[[vakil]]'' of Patiala was often dispatched to.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Goswamy |first=B. N. |title=Piety and Splendour: Sikh Heritage in Art |publisher=National Museum |year=2000 |location=Delhi |pages=156–157}}</ref>

=== Relations with the British Empire and territorial expansion ===
[[File:Maharajah Karam Singh of Patiala and his son Narinder Singh with a holy man.jpg|thumb|Singh and his son, [[Narinder Singh of Patiala|Narinder Singh]], with a holy man]]
Singh supported the [[British Empire]] during the [[Anglo-Nepalese War]] from 1814 to 1816.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Massy |first=Charles Francis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QPcYAQAAIAAJ |title=Chiefs and Families of Note in the Delhi, Jalandhar, Peshawar and Derajat Divisions of the Panjab |publisher=Pioneer Press |year=1890 |location=Allahabad |pages=12–15 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Khushwant |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q82MDgAAQBAJ |title=Captain Amarinder Singh: The People's Maharaja: An Authorized Biography |date=2017-02-15 |publisher=Hay House, Inc |isbn=978-93-85827-44-0 |language=en |access-date=20 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240620210207/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Captain_Amarinder_Singh_The_People_s_Mah/Q82MDgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq |archive-date=20 June 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> In return for Singh's support during the Anglo-Nepalese War, the British awarded Singh territory in the hill states, extending Patiala State's territory to [[Shimla]], [[Chail, Himachal Pradesh|Chail]] and other areas in modern-day [[Himachal Pradesh]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> In 1845, Singh declared his support for the British against the [[Sikh Empire]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wooZAAAAYAAJ |title=Imperial Gazetteer of India |publisher=Clarendon Press |year=1908 |volume=XX |location=Oxford |page=37 |language=en |access-date=26 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240710130731/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Imperial_Gazetteer_of_India/wooZAAAAYAAJ?hl=en |archive-date=10 July 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Death and succession ==
Singh died in 1845 and was succeeded by his son, [[Narinder Singh of Patiala|Narinder Singh]], as the Maharaja of Patiala.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Srivastava |first=R. P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VoPu1scXkXYC |title=Punjab Painting |date=1983 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-174-4 |location=New Delhi |page=xviii |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Karam}}
[[Category:1798 births]]
[[Category:1845 deaths]]
[[Category:Maharajas of Patiala State]]
[[Category:People from Patiala]]
[[Category:Sikh monarchs]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian monarchs]]

Pune Riverfront

2026-02-16T22:48:52Z

Brotherhoodbo: made new place w/ infobox

{{Short description|River in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox urban development project
| name = Pune Riverfront
| image = Mula- Mutha river viewed from home balcony, Pune, India.jpg
| caption = Riverfront construction progress as of 2025
| other_names =
| location = [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| address =
| coordinates = {{coord|18.531643|73.859776|}}
| status = Under construction
| groundbreaking = 2023
| proposed = 2000
| constructed =
| est_completion = 2026 (11 phases)
| opening = 2025
| demolished =
| destroyed =
| use = [[waterfront (area)|Waterfront]]
| architect =
| architecture_firm =
| developer = [[Pune Municipal Corporation]]
| owner =
| manager =
| cost = {{INRConvert|4727|c}}
| buildings =
| size =
| gross_leasable_area =
| parking =
| number_of_tenants =
| number_of_residents =
| number_of_workers =
| website = {{URL|https://www.pmc.gov.in/en/riverfront|puneriverfront}}
| image2 =
}}
'''Pune Riverfront''', also called the Mula-Mutha-Riverfront, is an under-construction urban [[waterfront (area)|waterfront]] project. The idea of municipal interventions in the Mula-Mutha rivers is over a hundred years old. Unlike the proposal of 1918, the present conception aims to [[River engineering|engineer the city's rivers]] and expects to achieve multiple goals.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=19 January 2018 |title=Hydraulics Report - Pune River Rejuvenation Project |url=https://adc-ecos.enlightcloud.com/1133pmcwebsitev2/s3fs-public/2025-03/Hydraulics-Report.pdf |access-date=18 September 2025 |website=PMC Project Activities}}</ref> It is being developed by [[Pune Municipal Corporation]] along the banks of [[Mula River (India)|Mula]], [[Mutha River|Mutha]] and [[Mula-Mutha River|Mula-Mutha]] rivers. [[Pune Municipal Corporation|The municipal authority]] (PMC) initiated the project in 2015 by seeking bids for rejuvenation of Mula-Mutha rivers and [[beautification]] of {{Convert|44.4|km|mi|abbr=on}} of riverbanks.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PMC Project Activities |url=https://www.pmc.gov.in/en/b/project-activities |url-status=deviated |website=Pune Municipal Corporation}}</ref>

A degree of ambiguity between ''riverfront development'' and r''iver rejuvenation'' projects has persisted, even within official nomenclature. This interchangeability is perceived as an intentional cosmetic make-up<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 September 2014 |title=Riverfront Development in India: Cosmetic make up on deep wounds |url=https://sandrp.in/2014/09/17/riverfront-development-in-india-cosmetic-make-up-on-deep-wounds/ |access-date=18 September 2025 |website=South Asia Network on Dams, Rivers and People}}</ref> [[greenwashing]] encroachment upon rivers.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pradhan |first=Amruta |date=28 August 2019 |title=Pune Riverfront Development Project: Encroachment in the name of Rejuvenation? |url=https://sandrp.in/2019/08/28/pune-riverfront-development-project-encroachment-in-the-name-of-rejuvenation/ |access-date=19 September 2025 |website=South Asia Network on Dams, Rivers and People}}</ref> For clarity, these are two projects:<ref>{{Cite news |last=Khairnar |first=Abhay |date=25 February 2022 |title=PMC to spend over Rs5,500 crore on Mula-Mutha river |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/pune-news/pmc-to-spend-over-rs5-500-crore-on-mula-mutha-river-101645809558130.html |access-date=18 September 2025 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref> the rejuvenation project, estimated at {{INRConvert|1500|c|year=2025}}, for construction of [[sewage treatment plants]] (STPs) and management of municipal [[sewage]] under aid from [[Japan International Cooperation Agency]] ([[Japan International Cooperation Agency|JICA]]); and the Mula-Mutha Riverfront, a {{INRConvert|4727|c|year=2025}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gadkari |first=Siddharth |date=30 October 2021 |title=PMC floats tender for priority stretch of Mula-Mutha riverfront project |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/pune-news/pmc-floats-tender-for-priority-stretch-of-mula-mutha-riverfront-project-101635617642328.html |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref> project, for building concrete embankments. Despite the agreed wisdom on allowing [[Room for the River|room for the rivers]], hectares of natural flood plains are expected to be ''freed up'' for a range of land use purposes to fund the project. Work on the initial phase began in 2022.

== History ==
[[File:Pune_Poona_1911_map.jpg|thumb|Poona of 1911]]

=== Ghats ===
It is pertinent to look at modern riverside structures from the lens of history. Traditionally, people's interaction with rivers has been through the various ''[[ghat]]s,'' which are steps built usually in stone, leading down to the waterline. The steps afforded people easy access to the rivers and carry out their daily chores. Numerous such ghats still exist and have remained in use over time. Ghats are also the places where people congregate for immersion, or ''visarjan'', of idols after ten days of [[Ganesh Chaturthi|''Ganesh'' festival]]. Ghats are also often aesthetically designed built-structures and have remained cultural focal points over centuries. Ghorpade Ghat,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gadre |first=Vivek |date=18 January 2023 |title=Ghorpade Ghat |url=https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/ghorpade-ghat |website=Atlas Obscura}}</ref> Sangam Ghat, Omkareshwar Ghat, and the Moraya Gosavi Ghat in Pimpri are some of the prominent ghats.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shete |first=Akshay |title=Mutha River and Ghats of Pune |url=https://www.livingwatersmuseum.org/mutha-river-and-ghats-of-pune}}</ref> There are many live perennial springs along Pune's riverbanks,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wangchuk |first=Ringchen Norbu |date=24 April 2018 |title=Pune Locality Comes Together to Revive & Protect Its Ancient Natural Springs! |url=https://thebetterindia.com/139035/pune-locality-bavdhan-natural-springs/ |website=24 September 2025}}</ref> as well as much plant and animal biodiversity.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kalamkar |first1=Uma |last2=Kulkarni |first2=Dilip K. |last3=Patwardhan |first3=Ankur |date=2023 |title=An Exploration of Plant Diversity Along the Mutha River Banks in Pune, Maharashtra, India |journal=Journal of Ecological Society |language=en |volume=34 |issue=1 |doi=10.54081/JES.001/04 |doi-access=free |issn=2278-0823}}</ref> Some ghats have designated spaces to serve as Hindu cremation grounds.
[[File:Mutha river in Pune at Onkareshwar 001.jpg|alt=Mutha river at Onkareshwar, 1986|thumb|'''Mutha river at Onkareshwar, 1986''']]

=== People's connect with rivers ===
[[File:Pune-City.jpg|alt=Pune expanding upwards|thumb|A social shift to apartment block housing disconnects people from rivers]]
Developments of the past decades, especially the advent of piped water and sewage lines as direct connections into households, gradually distanced people away from the rivers. More piped water also meant less water flowing in the rivers, as more water is hoarded behind dam walls. A social shift to block apartment housing has further caused increasing disconnect of people with the rivers.

=== Interventions on riverbanks ===
The present day riverfront project began to be discussed in the 2000s, sometime after the germ of [[Sabarmati Riverfront]] took root in 1997. But the idea of riverfront development was first considered by the city's municipality in 1918 under the [[British Raj|British administration]]. According to the notes by [[Dr Ramchandra Krishnaswami Naidu|Dr R. K. Naidu]], the then chairman of [[Poona Municipal Council]], and after whom the present day [[Naidu Hospital]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Khairnar |first=Abhay |date=10 April 2021 |title=Dr RK Naidu's legacy lives on at Naidu Hospital |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/pune-news/dr-rk-naidu-s-legacy-lives-on-at-naidu-hospital-101618054103789.html |access-date=18 September 2025 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref> is named, the plan conceived a {{Convert|50|ft|m|abbr=on}} channel, walkways, and lawns along the riverbank from ''Lakadi'' ''Pul'' (Sambhaji Bridge) to the confluence at Mula-Mutha ''Sangam''.

The proposed structure was intended to improve the flow in the river and create public space. It was supposed to be completed in two to three years at a cost of {{Indian rupee|100000|year=1932}}. The [[British Raj|British regime]] of the day was not easily convinced and took 14 years to grant permission for a pilot project in 1932 and a full approval by 1933. The project entailed {{Convert|50|ft|m}} [[Channelization (river)|channelisation]] to contain the river throughout the year and create long pathways and recreational public spaces on the sides. The city was facing the challenge of [[malaria]] and [[infectious diseases]] during the time. The work of laying sewage and drainage lines was undertaken by the civic authority in the 1920s, and preceded the riverfront development work, which eventually was taken up in 1934.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Khairnar |first=Abhay |date=30 April 2022 |title=Pune's riverfront project was first proposed in 1918 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/pune-news/punes-riverfront-project-was-first-proposed-in-1918-101651341918397.html |access-date=18 September 2025 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref> This effort too was later halted and left the project's promises undelivered through the twentieth century.

One hundred years apart, experts, scientists and the civil society, especially in Indian cities, have steadily sought prioritising ecological restoration and pollution abatement over cosmetic interventions.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Varma |first1=Varun |last2=Ratnam |first2=Jayashree |last3=Viswanathan |first3=Vinatha |last4=Osuri |first4=Anand M. |last5=Biesmeijer |first5=Jacobus C. |last6=Madhusudan |first6=M. D. |last7=Sankaran |first7=Mahesh |last8=Krishnadas |first8=Meghna |last9=Barua |first9=Deepak |last10=Budruk |first10=Megha |last11=Isvaran |first11=Kavita |last12=Jayapal |first12=Rajah |last13=Joshi |first13=Jahnavi |last14=Karanth |first14=Krithi K. |last15=Krishnaswamy |first15=Jagdish |date=2015-07-01 |title=Perceptions of priority issues in the conservation of biodiversity and ecosystems in India |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320715001858 |journal=Biological Conservation |volume=187 |pages=201–211 |doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2015.04.031 |bibcode=2015BCons.187..201V |issn=0006-3207|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

== Geography ==
[[File:Poonah - British Library X123(13).jpg|alt=Saucer-shaped topography|thumb|Saucer-shaped topography of Pune]]

=== Topography ===
[[Pune]] is situated on the eastern slopes of [[Sahyadri]], which is characteristically the [[rain shadow]] region of the [[Western Ghats]]. Pune has a roughly saucer-shaped topography,<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Palande-Datar |first=Sayali K |date=30 December 2020 |title=Sutradhara's tales: Geography begets history, and a river runs through it |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/pune-news/sutradhara-s-tales-geography-begets-history-and-a-river-runs-through-it/story-lwEUnG5xDAFzSQl1bBfEMJ.html |access-date=21 September 2025 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> with hills on all sides and large rivers crossing the city.

Five rivers viz., [[Mutha River|Mutha]], [[Mula River (India)|Mula]], [[Pavana River|Pawana]], [[Ramnadi]] and [[Indrayani River|Indrayani]] flow across urban Pune. Higher order streams like Nagjhari, [[Ambil Odha]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 2021 |title=Ambil Odha |url=https://map.sahapedia.org/article/Ambil-Odha/6202 |access-date=24 September 2025 |website=Sahapedia}}</ref> Bhairoba Nala, and tributaries like Devnadi also add their flows to the main rivers. [[Pune district]], with 39 dams, is deemed to have among the highest dam densities in India. [[Khadakwasla Dam|Khadakwasla]], [[Varasgaon Dam|Varasgaon]], [[Panshet Dam|Panshet]], [[Temghar Dam|Temghar]] and [[Mulshi Dam|Mulshi]] are the major dams upstream of Pune's rivers. Of these, the Mulshi dam mostly drains on the western slopes of Sahyadri into the [[Kundalika River|Kundalika]] river,<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2021 |title=Kundalika |url=https://indiawris.gov.in/wiki/doku.php?id=kundalika |access-date=21 September 2025 |website=WRIS}}</ref> but can also release waters into the Mula river. The other dams are a cascade of dams emptying finally into Khadakwasla, which is less than {{Convert|20|km|mi|abbr=on}} from the heart of Pune.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 September 2025 |title=Khadakwasala Dam |url=https://pune.gov.in/en/tourist-place/khadakwasala-dam/ |website=Government Of Maharashtra}}</ref> The discharge from Kasarsai dam, located at {{Convert|12|km|mi|abbr=on}} from the [[Hinjawadi]], passes across urban Pimpri-Chinchwad. As such, the city is blessed rich with surface waters.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Urban Waters Pune |url=https://urbanwaters.in/cities/pune/ |access-date=21 September 2025 |website=Urbanwaters.in}}</ref>

=== Rainfall ===
The Govt of Maharashtra states the average annual rainfall of Pune as {{Convert|650-700|mm|in|abbr=on}}. [[IISER Pune|IISER]]-Pune researchers report an average June–October rainfall at about {{Convert|850|mm|in|abbr=on}} for the 42 years between 1978 and 2020. Some sources note the average annual total as {{Convert|1036|mm|in|abbr=on}},<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pune Rainfall & Precipitation: Monthly Averages and Year-Round Insights |url=https://weather-and-climate.com/average-monthly-precipitation-Rainfall,pune,India |access-date=21 September 2025 |website=Weather-and-Climate.com}}</ref> while some others at {{Convert|722|mm|in|abbr=on}}.<ref name=":2" />

The [[hydrological]] realities of Pune can be better appreciated only when certain factors beyond mere rainfall are considered. This includes the type and number of rivers, upstream dams and the distance of dams from the city. Unlike Pune city, the large cumulative catchment lies mostly in a heavy rainfall zone of the Western Ghats. The catchment of Khadakwasla dam records over {{Convert|1000|mm|in|abbr=on}} of rainfall, Varasgao and Panshet about {{Convert|2,500|mm|in|abbr=on}}, and Temghar over {{Convert|4,000|mm|in|abbr=on}} of annual rainfall. The entire cumulative discharge must pass the urban stretches and, especially during compelling rainfall events, reaches the city very quickly when released. The Khadakwasla dam lies in a heavy precipitation zone and surrounded by mountains, is extensively silted. This implies compromised holding capacity of the reservoir,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mistry |first=Salonee |date=12 April 2024 |title=Desilting Khadakwasla To Raise Water Holding Capacity |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/desilting-khadakwasla-to-raise-water-holding-capacity/articleshow/109239758.cms |work=The Times Of India}}</ref> and consequently, increased probability of flash floods downstream.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Batuca |first1=Dan G. |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781003210993 |title=Silting and Desilting of Reservoirs |last2=Jordaan |first2=Jan M. |date=2021-06-17 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-1-003-21099-3 |edition=1 |location=London |language=en |doi=10.1201/9781003210993 }}</ref>

=== Climate change ===
Beyond the historical rainfall data, the Maharashtra State Adaptation Action Plan on Climate Change (MSAAPC),<ref>T E R I. 2014 Assessing Climate Change Vulnerability and Adaptation Strategies for Maharashtra: Maharashtra State Adaptation Action Plan on Climate Change (MSAAPC) New Delhi: The Energy and Resources Institute. 302 pp. [Project Report No. 2010GW01]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2014 |title=Assessing Climate Change Vulnerability and Adaptation Strategies for Maharashtra: Maharashtra State Adaptation Action Plan on Climate Change (MSAAPC) |url=https://moef.gov.in/uploads/2017/09/Maharashtra-Climate-Change-Final-Report.pdf |access-date=21 September 2025 |website=moef.gov.in}}</ref> prepared by [[The Energy and Resources Institute]] (TERI) in 2014, projects significant increases in monsoon rainfall across the state, with specific projections for the Pune division. The plan indicates that the Pune division is expected to experience a rise in rainfall, with projections showing an increase of 17.5% to 30% by the 2030s. Rainfall is estimated to further increase to 22.5% to 32.5% percent by the 2050s. Actual rainfall patterns of the years leading up to the 2025 season appear alarmingly consistent with the projection.

=== Urban landscape ===
Heavily paved cities, with scarce open grounds to allow infiltration of rainwater, cause very heavy [[surface runoff]]s up to 90% or more. The resulting pluvial flows further add to the already heavy fluvial flows from release of dam waters. This phenomenon is increasingly identified as the main cause behind a spate of recent urban flash floods all over the world. Encroachment in floodplains is another major factor that offsets the flood carrying capacity of rivers. In the case of Pune, apart from the many bridges that affect the flow of flood waters,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Wen |last2=Zhou |first2=Kaibo |date=5 June 2019 |title=Effects of Bridge Piers on Flood Hazards: A Case Study on the Jialing River in China |journal=Water |volume=11 |issue=6 |article-number=10.3390/w11061181 |doi=10.3390/w11061181 |bibcode=2019Water..11.1181W |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Weidt |first1=Fabian |last2=Bell |first2=Rainer |last3=Schrott |first3=Lothar |last4=Brenning |first4=Alexander |last5=Dietze |first5=Michael |last6=Burghardt |first6=Lisa |last7=Groeßer |first7=Joshua |date=2025-06-02 |title=Spatial patterns and bridge collapse interactions of erosional processes due to the 2021 Ahr valley flood |journal=Environmental Sciences Europe |volume=37 |issue=1 |page=82 |doi=10.1186/s12302-025-01130-9 |bibcode=2025ESEur..37...82W |doi-access=free |issn=2190-4715}}</ref> the Mutha river bed is contentiously overlaid with 59 [[Pune Metro]] rail piers.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 January 2018 |title=59 Pillars For Metro ROute To Come Up Along Mutha River |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/59-pillars-for-metro-route-to-come-up-along-mutha-river/articleshow/62420864.cms}}</ref>

== Objectives of the project ==
[[File:Sangam_Bridge_on_Mutha_River_as_seen_from_Ahilyadevi_Holkar_Ghat_in_Pune.jpg|thumb|Sangam Bridge on [[Mutha River]]]]
The Mula-Mutha Riverfront project derives itself from the issues pertaining to the rivers in Pune city and their connect with the citizens. These observations are reported to be identified via formal surveys and interviews conducted for the purpose. Untreated sewage; solid waste & debris dumping; encroachment; flooding; lack of access and poorly conceived development about the rivers are cited. The objectives of the project are conceived "in order to cope up with these current issues and create a meaningful public realm along the river" and are stated thus in the [[Hydraulics]] and [[Hydrology]] Report on PMC website:<ref name=":0" />

i. Reduce the risk of flooding

ii. Retain and replenish water

iii. Clean the river and make it pollution free

iv. Create a continuous public realm along the river

v. Connect and enhance surrounding heritage places and buildings

vi. Integrate slums

vii. Ensure more responsive and context specific development

viii. Improve accessibility and connectivity

The overall project is made up of numerous components viz., flood protection by building embankments; reducing impact of obstructions on water flow; abatement of pollution; making the river accessible to the public; making the river an asset of the city; creation of a green belt development; ensuring proper connectivity across the river; construction of barrages for water retention; provision of public amenities.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Ajay |first=Jadhav |date=5 February 2025 |title=Overcoming legal hurdles, Pune's Riverfront Development project to accelerate despite public outcry |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/legal-hurdles-pune-riverfront-project-public-outcry-9818873/ |access-date=19 September 2025 |work=The Indian Express}}</ref>

== Progress of the project ==
The project spanning {{Convert|44.4|km|mi|abbr=on}} is proposed to be executed in 11 phases covering different contiguous stretches of the rivers. The work is underway on multiple stretches. In February 2025, the [[Indian Defence Estates Service|Defence Estate Services]] transferred 17 acres of land under the [[Pune Cantonment Board|Cantonment Board]] near Sangamwadi crematorium and Sadalbaba Dargah, facilitating the remaining work over the concerned stretch.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Post |first=Urban |date=12 March 2025 |title=Pune's Riverfront Project to Open in June |url=https://urbanacres.in/punes-riverfront-project-to-open-in-june/ |work=Urban Acres}}</ref>
[[File:Levelling_of_the_Mula_Mutha_river_bank_near_Naikbet,_Sangamwadi_bridge,_Pune.jpg|thumb|Levelling of the Mula Mutha river bank near Naikbet, Sangamwadi bridge, Pune]]
* Phase 1, the {{Convert|3.7|km|mi|abbr=on}} Sangamwadi to Bund Garden stretch: work is reported to be 80% to 85% complete as of March 2025. The 800 metres [[Bund Garden, Pune|Bund Garden]] to Mundhwa stretch towards Koregaon Park, has been developed with walkways and landscaping. A {{Convert|2|km|mi|abbr=on}} stretch between Sangamwadi and [[Bund Garden, Pune|Bund Garden]] (Stretch 9) was opened in June 2025 while awaiting official inauguration. The work is ongoing towards Koregaon Park on the opposite bank.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Khairnar |first=Abhay |date=4 June 2025 |title=Amid criticism, stretch of Pune riverfront project wins praise from locals |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/pune-news/amid-criticism-stretch-of-pune-riverfront-project-wins-praise-from-locals-101748981204995.html |access-date=19 September 2025 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref>
* Phase 2, the {{Convert|5.3|km|mi|abbr=on}} Bund Garden to Mundhwa: Work on this stretch is progressing at a slower pace, at less than 33% completion as of March 2025. The normally tedious land acquisition, and construction timelines, are being managed through a so-called [[War Room]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Phadke |first=Manasi |date=20 December 2017 |title=Inside Devendra Fadnavis' war room, where a new Maharashtra is emerging |url=https://theprint.in/report/how-cms-war-room-pushed-key-infra-projects-in-maharashtra/23512/ |access-date=19 September 2025 |work=The Print}}</ref> set up under the Maharashtra [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]'s office.<ref name=":1" /> O''n one hand, the concept of War Room has been praised for expediting land acquisitions for public infrastructure projects. On the other hand, it is also criticised as being too aggressive, especially in fast-pacing environment clearances like it were a war. It has even morphed its name by a subsequent government.''<ref>{{Cite news |last=Deshpande |first=Tanvi |date=11 January 2020 |title=Maharashtra secretariat changes War Room to Mission Room |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/maharashtra-secretariat-changes-war-room-to-mission-room/article30610622.ece |access-date=19 September 2025 |work=The Hindu}}</ref>
* Other Phases: Work on the [[Wakad]] to [[Sangvi, Pune|Sangvi]] Bridge stretch in [[Pimpri-Chinchwad]] has commenced, with tenders worth ₹297 crore issued. The final completion date for the entire project is listed as 2025, though specific dates for phases beyond the first are not available.
* The project has faced legal challenges posed by concerned citizens' groups. Through the five years since the foundation stone was laid in 2017, the municipal administration has waded through much public opposition. Actual [[Groundbreaking|ground-breaking]] of the project happened only in 2022. The implementation is supported and monitored by the Chief Minister's War Room.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Karale |first=Neelam |date=20 September 2024 |title=NGT Dismisses Petition, Mula-Mutha Riverfront Development Project Gains Momentum |url=https://www.thebridgechronicle.com/news/ngt-dismisses-petition-mula-mutha-riverfront-development-project-gains-momentum |access-date=20 September 2025 |work=The Bridge Chronicle}}</ref>

== Citizen participation ==
The riverfront project has been conceived as a project for public good and holds citizens at its centre. Prior surveys conducted by the project consultants observed that citizens are disconnected from the rivers in their neighbourhoods. In reality, the average ''Punekar'' (Pune citizen) does yearn for a better access to, but is far more possessive of the rivers in their natural form.

When left out of the planning process, individuals and civic groups of Pune and Pimpri-Chinchwad organised numerous public events; online and offline meetings; protests;<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nath |first=Dipanita |date=27 April 2025 |title=Short march with a loud message: Citizens protest against Riverfront Development project in Pimpri-Chinchwad |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/protest-against-riverfront-development-project-in-pimpri-chinchwad-9968548/ |access-date=20 September 2025 |work=The India Express}}</ref> and demonstrations;<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shekar |first=Aditi |date=24 March 2025 |title=Citizens form human chain to protest riverfront devpt project in Pune Pimpri-Chinchwad |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/citizens-form-human-chain-to-protest-riverfront-devpt-project-in-pune-pimpri-chinchwad/articleshow/119388620.cms |access-date=20 September 2025 |work=The Time of India}}</ref> demanding clarifications, contesting the economic, social and ecological propriety of the Riverfront Development (RFD) project, and calling for its repeal. More than 2500 people marched on the streets and carried out a [[Chipko movement|chipko]] style (tree-hugging) protest in February 2025 against large-scale tree-felling.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shekar |first=Aditi |date=10 February 2024 |title=Massive 'Chipko' March Unites People Against Riverfront Development Projects |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/massive-chipko-march-unites-residents-against-riverfront-development-projects/articleshow/118096680.cms |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

A group of citizens undertook a [[hunger strike]] as part of a sustained protest campaign against the riverfront project, which culminated in a massive protest march named "''Nadi Sathi Nadi Kathi''," (for-the-river, along-the-riverbank) held on April 27, 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=More |first1=Manoj Dattatrye |last2=Nath |first2=Dipanita |date=16 May 2025 |title='This is just a beginning': As PCMC stays RFD work in Pimple Nilakh, green groups galvanised to continue protests |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/this-is-just-a-beginning-as-pcmc-stays-rfd-work-in-pimple-nilakh-green-groups-galvanised-to-continue-protests-10011267/ |access-date=20 September 2025 |work=The Indian Express}}</ref>

[[Ecologists]], [[biologist]]s, river scientists, [[Environmental Conservation|environmental conservation]] experts and citizen contributors offered constructive suggestions,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kurtkoti |first=Vinaya |date=27 May 2022 |title=Pune's proposed river rejuvenation project does not consider ecology, hydrogeology, and climate change, say experts |url=https://india.mongabay.com/2022/05/punes-proposed-river-rejuvenation-project-does-not-consider-ecology-hydrogeology-and-climate-change-say-experts/ |access-date=20 September 2025 |website=Mongabay India}}</ref> some as formal publications:

* [https://www.theecologicalsociety.org/ Ecological Society], a non-governmental ecological research trust, authored an elaborate 114 page alternative ''[[ecological restoration]] plan''<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Gole |first1=Dr Swati |last2=Gindi |first2=Revati |last3=Hingmire |first3=Dhruvang |title=An Alternative Plan from the Ecological Perspective |url=https://puneriverrevival.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Ecological-Society-river-rejuvination-plan.pdf |website=Pune River Revival}}</ref> for Pune's rivers. The study and the report was commissioned by the [[Centre for Environmental Education India|Centre for Environmental Education]] (CEE).
* [https://puneriverrevival.com/ Pune River Revival], a public campaign for free-flowing clean rivers, offered a model<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rejuvenating a Riverbank in an Urban Context |url=https://puneriverrevival.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Ecological-Riverfront-Model_-Mula-River-Aundh.pdf |website=Pune River Revival}}</ref> titled ''Rejuvenating a Riverbank in an Urban Context''.
* [https://www.jeevitnadi.org/ Jeevitnadi] - Living River Foundation and [https://www.oikos.in/ Oikos] - ''for ecological services'', together prepared a model<ref>{{Cite web |title=Beyond Beautification - A River Revival Strategy - An Ecological Approach |url=https://puneriverrevival.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/River-revival-strategy-Mutha-stretch-JN-oikos.pdf |access-date=20 September 2025 |website=Pune River Revival}}</ref> titled ''Beyond Beautification - River Revival Strategy, An Ecological Approach''.

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Mutha River Pune.jpg|Mutha River
File:Aundh ghat, Pune.jpg|Aundh Ghat on Mula River
File:Mula River as seen from Shinde Bridge, Aundh, Pune.jpg|Mula River, view from Shinde Bridge
File:Mutha river bank area and central mall road bridge, Kothrud.jpg|Mutha river bank
File:Near Nanaso Peshve Samadhi, Mutha River in August 2019 Flood, Pune.jpg|Nanasaheb Peshwe Samadhi under Mutha flood waters in August 2019
File:View of Sambhaji Bridge and Nanasaheb Peshwe Samadhi on Mutha River bank from Yashwantrao Chavan Bridge in Pune.jpg|Floodplains of Mutha; Sambhaji Bridge and Deccan Gymkhana Metro Station in the background
File:Mutha River in August 2019 Flood at Nanaso Peshve Samadhi, Pune.jpg|Mutha River floods of August 2019
File:Confluence of Ambil Odha and Mutha River as seen from the nearby riverbank in Pune.jpg|Ambil Odha meets river Mutha
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Riverfront]]
* ''[[Ghat]]s''
* [[Environmental impact assessment|Environment Impact Assessment]]
* [[River ecosystem|River Ecology]]
* [[Environmentalism]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Waterfronts in India]]
[[Category:Waterfronts]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Pune]]
[[Category:Pune Municipal Corporation]]
[[Category:Urban planning]]

Vivek (actor)

2026-02-12T23:28:47Z

Brotherhoodbo: rework content after review and improved wording

{{Short description|Indian actor and comedian (1961–2021)}}
{{distinguish|Vivek Oberoi}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vivek
| image = Vivek at the Ezhumin Press Meet.jpg
| caption = Vivek in 2019
| birth_name = Vivekanandan<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chennaimath.org/category/media/magazines/sri-ramakrishna-vijayam|title=Chennaimath.Org: Category –Present Sri Ramakrishna Vijayam|access-date=25 October 2016|archive-date=6 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161106001341/http://www.chennaimath.org/category/media/magazines/sri-ramakrishna-vijayam|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1961|11|19|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Sankarankovil]], [[Tenkasi district|Tenkasi District]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2021|4|17|1961|11|19|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| awards = [[Kalaimamani]]
| honours = [[Padma Shri]] (2009)
| spouse = Arulselvi
| children = 5
| years_active = 1987–2021
| occupation = Actor, comedian, television personality, playback singer, lyricist, social activist
| works = [[Vivek filmography|Full list]]
| alma_mater = [[American College, Madurai]]
}}

'''Vivekanandan''' (19 November 1961 – 17 April 2021), known professionally as '''Vivek''',<ref name="TOI">[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/vivek-tamil-film-actor-dies-in-chennai-hospital/articleshow/82111036.cms Vivek, Tamil film actor dies in Chennai hospital] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020125755/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/vivek-tamil-film-actor-dies-in-chennai-hospital/articleshow/82111036.cms |date=20 October 2021 }}, Times of India, 17 April 2021.</ref> was an Indian actor, comedian, television personality, playback singer, social activist, and entertainer who worked in the [[Tamil cinema|Tamil film industry]]. He was introduced in films by director [[K. Balachander]] in ''[[Manathil Urudhi Vendum]]'' (1987)

He has won three [[Filmfare Award for Best Comedian – Tamil]] for ''[[Run (2002 film)|Run]]'' (2002), ''[[Saamy]]'' (2003), ''[[Perazhagan]]'' (2004) and five [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Comedian]] for the films, ''[[Unnaruge Naan Irundhal]]'' (1999), ''Run'' (2002), ''[[Parthiban Kanavu (2003 film)|Parthiban Kanavu]]'' (2003), ''[[Anniyan]]'' (2005) and ''[[Sivaji (film)|Sivaji]]'' (2007).

His comedy style consisted of [[One-line joke|one-liner]]s and [[wordplay]] that featured social and [[political satire]], which led to critics comparing him to [[N. S. Krishnan]] and earning him the nickname ''Chinna Kalaivanar''.

In 2009, the [[Government of India]] awarded Vivek the [[Padma Shri]] award for his contribution to the arts.<ref name="indiaglitz1">[https://web.archive.org/web/20090127023134/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/44536.html A crown on my head: Vivek – Tamil Movie News]. IndiaGlitz. Retrieved on 26 May 2011.</ref> [[Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology|Sathyabama University]] conferred Vivek with an [[honorary doctorate]] for his contribution to society through cinema. As a television personality, Vivek hosted a number of events and interviewed media personalities, notably [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]]. Inspired by Kalam's environmentalism, Vivek founded the Green Kalam initiative in 2010 with the mission of planting one billion trees across [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/how-former-president-apj-abdul-kalam-inspired-actor-vivek-turn-activism-147319|title=How former President APJ Abdul Kalam inspired actor Vivek to turn to activism|date=17 April 2021|website=The News Minute|access-date=17 April 2021|archive-date=17 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417084253/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/how-former-president-apj-abdul-kalam-inspired-actor-vivek-turn-activism-147319|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Biography==
===Early life===
Vivek was born as Vivekanandan in the Perunkottur Village near [[Sankarankovil, Tamil Nadu]], India on 19 November 1961.{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}} Vivek graduated from [[The American College in Madurai]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}

===Early career (1987–1997)===

While working at the Secretariat in Chennai, Vivek in his free-time participated at the Madras Humour Club where people would perform stand-up comedy. He helped pioneer the movement to expand and subsequently won the Best Entertainer Award several times during his pantomimes at the club. Vivek subsequently left Chennai and went on to obtain a bachelor's degree in commerce from [[Madurai]] and during semester breaks, he would return and perform at the club.<ref name="chenon">{{cite web |url=http://chennaionline.com/City360/Interviews/20114702034712/Meet-Vivek-the-comedian-with-a-social-touch.col |title=Meet Vivek, the comedian with a social touch |publisher=ChennaiOnline |access-date=16 June 2014 |archive-date=9 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110509105409/http://chennaionline.com/City360/Interviews/20114702034712/Meet-Vivek-the-comedian-with-a-social-touch.col |url-status=dead }}</ref> P. R. Govindarajan, Founder of Humour Club, introduced him to film director [[K. Balachandar]] for the first time and began a professional relationship as a script-writer for the director's films. Vivek revealed that after four years, Balachandar explained a situation and asked him to write a script for sixteen characters, which Vivek completed overnight. He later understood that this was actually a test, and through his performance, Balachandar became closer to Vivek.<ref name="chenon"/> While assisting with the script for ''[[Manathil Uruthi Vendum]]'' in 1987, Balachandar offered Vivek an acting role of [[Suhasini Mani Ratnam|Suhasini]]'s brother in the film, which he decided to pursue.<ref>{{cite news |author=Y Maheswara Reddy |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/interviews/article249658.ece |title=Vivek, comedy artiste |publisher=The New Indian Express |access-date=16 June 2014 |archive-date=20 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120175023/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/interviews/article249658.ece |url-status=dead }}</ref> He began his career portraying supporting roles and collaborated again with Balachandar in ''[[Pudhu Pudhu Arthangal (film)|Pudhu Pudhu Arthangal]]'' (1989) and ''[[Oru Veedu Iru Vasal]]'' (1990), before often appearing in the primary cast as a friend to the film's lead actor in films such as [[K. S. Ravikumar]]'s ''[[Putham Pudhu Payanam]]'' (1991) and [[Vikraman]]'s ''[[Naan Pesa Ninaipathellam]]'' (1993). He then also made appearances in [[Rajinikanth]]'s ''[[Uzhaippali]]'' and ''[[Veera (1994 film)|Veera]]'', playing secondary cast roles. Vivek had to wait till 1996 to establish himself as a sole comedian who could help carry the film, and thereafter began to appear in increasingly prominent roles in his ventures.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://behindwoods.com/new-videos/videos-q1-09/actor-actress-interview/vivek-28-09-2011.html |title=Vivek – Tamil Cinema Actor Interview – Vivek | Vadivelu | Ajith | Mankatha | Vishal | Kamal |website=Behindwoods.com |access-date=16 June 2014 |archive-date=27 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427235349/http://behindwoods.com/new-videos/videos-q1-09/actor-actress-interview/vivek-28-09-2011.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Breakthrough and success (1998–2007)===
In the late 1990s, Vivek was able to make a breakthrough by appearing as the lead comedian in films, who would often be the main friend of the lead actor and thus his on-screen time began to increase. He worked consecutively on successful films starring [[Ajith Kumar]], appearing as a sidekick in ''[[Kaadhal Mannan]]'', ''[[Unnai Thedi]]'' and ''[[Vaalee (1999 film)|Vaalee]]'', and had similar success repeatedly featuring alongside [[Prashanth]] in ''[[Kannedhirey Thondrinal]]'', ''[[Poomagal Oorvalam]]'' and ''[[Aasaiyil Oru Kaditham]]''. He subsequently became amongst the most busy actors in 2000 and 2001, featuring in over fifty films in two years. Films including ''[[Kushi (2000 film)|Kushi]]'', ''[[Priyamanavale]]'' and ''[[Minnale (film)|Minnale]]'' became blockbusters, while his roles in [[Mani Ratnam]]'s ''[[Alai Payuthey]]'', ''[[Mugavaree]]'' and ''[[Dumm Dumm Dumm]]'' all won critical acclaim for the actor. The rising success of Vivek's films had meant that he was featured on film posters on an equivalent scale to the lead actor, and thus helped stuck films find distributors. Telugu films were dubbed into Tamil and released with an additional comedy track featuring the actor such as ''[[9 Nelalu|Kanden Seethaiyai]]'', while devotional films ''[[Kottai Mariamman]]'', ''[[Palayathu Amman]]'' and ''[[Nageswari]]'' were released with a separate comedy track featuring Vivek.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20021113231151/http://www.hindu.com/2000/12/22/stories/09220223.htm Film Review: ''Kandaen Seethaiyai'']. The Hindu (22 December 2000). Retrieved on 21 June 2015.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cinematoday2.itgo.com/Hot%20News%20Just%20for%20U.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030222131213/http://cinematoday2.itgo.com/Hot%20News%20Just%20for%20U.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 February 2003|title=Hot News}}</ref> In 2000, director [[K. Subash]] had planned a film starring Vivek in the leading role titled ''Enakkenna Korachal?'', however the film never materialised.<ref>{{Cite news |title=When Vivek turns hero |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/reeltalk/nov095.asp |work=Archive.ph |archive-date=26 October 2004 |access-date=8 February 2026 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20041026094516/http://www.chennaionline.com/reeltalk/nov095.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref> Similarly in 2001, he began production on a film titled ''Panju'' by [[Rama Narayanan]] in which he appeared as the protagonist, but the venture was also then shelved as was another film to be directed by [[Sivachandran]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/07/02/stories/2005070205080200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429050917/http://www.hindu.com/2005/07/02/stories/2005070205080200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 April 2014 |title=Tamil Nadu News : Luck smiles on a machine operator |date=2 July 2005 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=16 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://cinematoday2.itgo.com/HOT%20NEWS%20-%2002061.htm |title=Cinema today |publisher=Cinematoday2.itgo.com |access-date=16 June 2014 |archive-date=30 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140430031016/http://cinematoday2.itgo.com/HOT%20NEWS%20-%2002061.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Rajinikanth, Dhanush and Vivek at Nerupuda Audio Launch.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Vivek (far right) at Nerupuda Audio Launch]]
Vivek worked on more commercially successful ventures in 2002 and 2003, receiving consecutive [[Filmfare Award for Best Comedian – Tamil]] and [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Comedian]] for his work in ''[[Run (2002 film)|Run]]''. He played extended comedy roles in [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]]'s ''[[Dhool]]'' and [[Priyadarshan]]'s ''[[Lesa Lesa]]'', while winning further acclaim for his portrayal of a teacher in ''[[Saamy]]'' and a software engineer in ''[[Parthiban Kanavu (2003 film)|Parthiban Kanavu]]''. He then played a marginally more serious role in [[S. Shankar]]'s coming-of-age tale ''[[Boys (2003 film)|Boys]]'', portraying a mentor to the group of youngsters, and his performance was well received. Critics noted that "Vivek, for a change, follows Shankar’s script and delivers with his impeccable sense of comic timing", while the reviewer from ''[[The Hindu]]'' said "the show belongs to Vivek, he's the mouthpiece for the director."<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140716160229/http://www.sify.com/movies/boys-review-tamil-13236807.html Sify Movies – Review listing]. Sify.com (2 December 2012). Retrieved on 21 June 2015.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20031205200937/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/09/05/stories/2003090501390200.htm "Boys"]. The Hindu (5 September 2003). Retrieved on 21 June 2015.</ref> Success continued in 2004, where he retained the [[Filmfare Award for Best Comedian – Tamil|Filmfare Award for Best Comedian]] for his role of a marriage assembler in ''[[Perazhagan]]'', while his roles in ''[[Chellamae]]'' and ''[[M. Kumaran Son of Mahalakshmi]]'' helped contribute to the films' commercial success respectively.<ref>[https://www.indiaglitz.com/surya-shines-cheran-sizzles-tamil-news-15576 Surya shines Cheran sizzles – Tamil Movie News] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221107224751/https://www.indiaglitz.com/surya-shines-cheran-sizzles-tamil-news-15576 |date=7 November 2022 }}. Indiaglitz.com (9 July 2005). Retrieved on 21 June 2015.</ref> His rising profile as an actor meant that he became the first comedian to become an ambassador for the soft drink, securing the sponsorship deal with [[Mirinda]] after the brand had carried out market surveys to find a popular promoter.<ref name="V">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/08/13/stories/2005081304490300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416041850/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/08/13/stories/2005081304490300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 April 2014 |title=Metro Plus Tiruchirapalli / Cinema : Aahaa...Vivek Mirinda |date=13 August 2005 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=16 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/story_print.php?storyId=77660 |title=Mirinda Ropes In Tamil Comedian Vivek As Brand Ambassador – Express India |publisher=Expressindia.indianexpress.com |date=10 April 2003 |access-date=16 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429050757/http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/story_print.php?storyId=77660 |archive-date=29 April 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He also made a special exception to appear in a few artistic films and often charged significantly less remuneration for the ventures, notably playing character roles in [[Janaki Vishwanathan]]'s ''[[Kutty (2001 film)|Kutty]]'' (2001) and [[Thangar Bachan]]'s ''[[Azhagi (2002 film)|Azhagi]]'' (2002).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/tamil/interview.php?id=6006308&cid=2408 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140430233242/http://www.sify.com/movies/tamil/interview.php?id=6006308&cid=2408 |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 April 2014 |title=Welcome to |website=[[Sify]] |date=20 January 2007 |access-date=16 June 2014}}</ref> In the later film, the director had requested Vivek to write and appear in a role himself, in order to use his fame to help the film find a distributor for release.<ref name="hindu2002">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/05/07/stories/2002050700110200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101022104651/http://hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/05/07/stories/2002050700110200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 October 2010 |title=Comedy king of Tamil cinema |date=7 May 2002 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=16 June 2014}}</ref>

A film which would feature Vivek in the leading role finally materialised in early 2004 and he completed a project titled ''Solli Addipean'' directed by newcomer Ramki. The team worked on the production of the film for close to a year and ensured that the audience would be able to accept the comedian's transformation into a lead role, with actresses [[Chaya Singh]] and [[Tejashree]] cast as the film's heroines.<ref name="hindu2002"/> Despite completion, the film has been stuck since 2004 and as a result of a failure to find a distributor, the film is unlikely to have a theatrical release. Another proposed film where he would play the lead role, ''Super Subbu'' by [[V. C. Guhunathan]], also failed to develop after an announcement.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/07052004-1.shtml |title=Dailynews - Vivek in dual role |website=www.cinesouth.com |access-date=12 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050207225445/http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/07052004-1.shtml |archive-date=7 February 2005 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In mid 2004, he suffered an injury during the production of a film and took a break from acting assignments for a period of six months.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/features/Interviews/Interview4/vivek/tamil-movies-inteview-comedyactor-vivek.html |title=Tamil Movies : Interview – Vivek |website=Behindwoods.com |access-date=16 June 2014 |archive-date=28 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028100402/http://www.behindwoods.com/features/Interviews/Interview4/vivek/tamil-movies-inteview-comedyactor-vivek.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Vivek returned by portraying a well-received supporting role in Shankar's ''[[Anniyan]]'' (2005), appearing as an undercover police officer hunting down clues left by a psychopath serial killer. The film opened to critical and commercial success with a critic noting "Vivek's comedy is bankable", and the actor subsequently went on to win the [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Comedian|State Award for Best Comedian]] for his work on the venture.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/anniyan-review-tamil-13873632.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131218212426/http://www.sify.com/movies/anniyan-review-tamil-13873632.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 December 2013 |title=Movie Review : Anniyan |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=16 June 2014}}</ref> He continued his comeback with appearances in [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]]'s ''[[Aathi]]'', [[Ajith Kumar]]'s ''[[Paramasivan]]'' and [[Silambarasan]]'s ''[[Saravana]]'', all of which released on the same day in January 2006. After winning acclaim for his performance as a comedic undercover detective in [[Susi Ganesan]]'s ''[[Thiruttu Payale]]'', Shankar approached him to feature in a prominent role in his venture ''[[Sivaji (film)|Sivaji]]'' (2007), starring [[Rajinikanth]], which would go on to become the most expensive Tamil film made at release.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/tamil/interview.php?id=14015995&cid=2408 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140430233237/http://www.sify.com/movies/tamil/interview.php?id=14015995&cid=2408 |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 April 2014 |title=Welcome to |website=[[Sify]] |date=20 January 2007 |access-date=16 June 2014}}</ref> Vivek allotted ninety days for the film, significantly more than any of his previous films, and his performance as Rajinikanth's sidekick Arivu won him another award from the state for [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Comedian|Best Comedian]]. He won positive reviews from critics for his performance, with reviewers noting his "one-liners are really whacky and hilarious" and that "Vivek must come in for special mention for his performance".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/sivaji-review-tamil-14472632.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130930162159/http://www.sify.com/movies/sivaji-review-tamil-14472632.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 September 2013 |title=Movie Review : Sivaji |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=16 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-articles/movies-06/sivaji-movie-review.html |title=Sivaji Movie Review |website=Behindwoods.com |date=26 November 2006 |access-date=16 June 2014 |archive-date=3 February 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080203195532/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-articles/movies-06/sivaji-movie-review.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Later work (2008–2021)===
In the late 2000s, Vivek's market reach began to falter as a result of changes in screenplay in Tamil cinema, which saw fewer films adopting a separate comedy track. Moreover, the lack of big budget films signed by the actor and the emergence of [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]], saw Vivek reach a nadir in 2012, where he only had a single release.<ref>[http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-column/santhanam-comedy-21-04-12.html Santhanam Comedy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714200937/http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-column/santhanam-comedy-21-04-12.html |date=14 July 2014 }}. Behindwoods.com (28 September 2011). Retrieved on 21 June 2015.</ref> His acclaimed work during the period involved a portrayal of a don in ''[[Padikkadavan (2009 film)|Padikathavan]]'' (2009), an appearance in drag in ''[[Guru En Aalu]]'' (2009) and as a police officer in the ''[[Singam]]'' (2010) series.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140717020742/http://www.sify.com/movies/guru-en-aalu-review-tamil-14883088.html Review : Guru En Aalu]. Sify.com. Retrieved on 21 June 2015.</ref> Re-emerging after a sabbatical, Vivek announced his plans to move away from his usual comedy roles after being advised by director [[Bala (director)|Bala]] and [[Kamal Haasan]] and signed for a film titled ''[[Naan Than Bala]]'' (2014), in which he played a serious role.<ref>{{cite web|title=Vivek to take the serious route!|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/vivek-to-take-the-serious-route-news-tamil-nlvjXyggfje.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131129190539/http://www.sify.com/movies/vivek-to-take-the-serious-route-news-tamil-nlvjXyggfje.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 November 2013|website=[[Sify]]|access-date=2 January 2014}}</ref> Simultaneously he began work on another film as the lead actor in ''[[Palakkattu Madhavan]]'' (2015) opposite [[Sonia Agarwal]], while appearing in another parallel lead role with [[Karunas]] in [[Sakthi Chidambaram]]'s unreleased ''Machan''. After his return, Vivek collaborated with film makers to appear again in bigger budget films and worked on [[Velraj]]'s ''[[Velaiyilla Pattathari]]'' (2014), [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]]'s ''[[Yennai Arindhaal]]'' (2015), [[Aishwarya Dhanush]]'s ''[[Vai Raja Vai]]'' (2015).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.southscope.in/tamil/article/racing-towards-crore|title=SouthScope - One Stop Site For South Indian Cinema|access-date=25 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117064940/http://www.southscope.in/tamil/article/racing-towards-crore|archive-date=17 November 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

After that Vivek appeared in [[Vamshi Paidipally|Vamshi P.]]'s movie ''[[Oopiri|Thozha]]'' (2016), which starred [[Karthi]]. Vivek notably starred as himself in [[Radha Mohan]]'s comedy drama film ''[[Brindavanam (2017 film)|Brindavanam]]'' (2017), which explored his friendship with a deaf and dumb fan. The film and Vivek garnered critical acclaim, with a reviewer noting the actor is in "good form" and "completely steals the limelight".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/brindhavanam/movie-review/58851908.cms|title=Brindhavanam Review {3/5}: Radha Mohan is known for genteel films and Brindhavanam is no exception|newspaper=The Times of India }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/brindhavanam/brindhavanam-review.html|title=Brindhavanam (aka) Brindaavanam review|date=26 May 2017|website=Behindwoods|access-date=18 August 2019|archive-date=25 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190725043514/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/brindhavanam/brindhavanam-review.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2019, he appeared as retired cop who heads to live in [[Seattle]] in the thriller film ''[[Vellai Pookkal]]'', and won positive reviews for his portrayal of a serious character. A reviewer noted "despite seeming a bit awkward in certain scenes, the actor pulls it off thanks to his persistence", while another critic stated Vivek delivers his role in a "believable and convincing manner".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/vellaipookal/vellaipookal-review.html|title=Vellaipookal (aka) Vellai Pookal review|date=20 April 2019|website=Behindwoods|access-date=18 August 2019|archive-date=12 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190812110028/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/vellaipookal/vellaipookal-review.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/vellai-pookal/movie-review/68913051.cms|title=Vellai Pookal Movie Review {3/5}: Critic Review of Vellai Pookal by Times of India|newspaper=The Times of India }}</ref> His last film before his death was ''[[Dharala Prabhu]]'' (2020), in which he starred alongside [[Harish Kalyan]]. His first posthumous appearance was ''[[Aranmanai 3]]'' in 2021.<ref>{{Cite news|url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/actor-vivekh-passes-away-after-being-hospitalised/articleshow/82111126.cms|title = Actor Vivekh passes away after being hospitalised |website = [[The Times of India]]|access-date = 21 June 2021|archive-date = 26 June 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210626052924/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/actor-vivekh-passes-away-after-being-hospitalised/articleshow/82111126.cms|url-status = live}}</ref> He has also played a supporting role in ''[[The Legend (2022 film)|The Legend]]'', ''[[Yaadhum Oore Yaavarum Kelir]]'', ''[[Indian 2]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Yaadhum Oore Yaavarum Kelir Movie Review : A well-intentioned idea let down by clumsy writing |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/yaadhum-oore-yaavarum-kelir/movie-review/100334832.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=19 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519072400/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/yaadhum-oore-yaavarum-kelir/movie-review/100334832.cms |archive-date=19 May 2023 |language=en |url-status=live}}</ref>

Vivek's unprecedented death during the middle of the [[principal photography]] of ''Indian 2'' meant that the remaining portions involving Vivek had to be wrapped up by bringing on board another person resembling similar to Vivek and as a result the director of the film [[S. Shankar]] roped in [[Kovai Babu]] as a like-to-like replacement.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-19 |title=Indian 2 director Shankar brings back late actor Vivek to life in Kamal Haasan starrer; Here's how |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/indian-2-director-shankar-brings-back-late-actor-vivek-to-life-in-kamal-haasan-starrer-heres-how-1329969 |access-date=2024-09-11 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en |archive-date=11 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240911161757/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/indian-2-director-shankar-brings-back-late-actor-vivek-to-life-in-kamal-haasan-starrer-heres-how-1329969 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-07-19 |title=Here's how Shankar filmed late actor Vivek's portion in 'Indian 2' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/heres-how-shankar-filmed-late-actor-viveks-portion-in-indian-2/articleshow/111858903.cms |access-date=2024-09-11 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Kovai Babu eventually completed his film portions in [[Indian 2|''Indian 2'']] by acting as a body double for late actor Vivek.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-18 |title=இந்தியன் 2 படத்தில் விவேக்கிற்கு டூப் போட்டு நடித்தது இந்த நடிகரா.? |url=https://tamil.news18.com/photogallery/entertainment/cinema-actor-covai-babu-is-the-one-who-played-doop-for-vivek-in-indian-2-1527600.html |access-date=2024-09-11 |website=News18 தமிழ் |language=ta}}</ref> Vivek's scenes were completed with Kovai Babu being the body double and his face digitally morphed to resemble Vivek.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-19 |title=How Late Actor Vivek's Portions In Kamal Haasan-starrer Indian 2 Were Shot |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/how-late-actor-viveks-portions-in-kamal-haasan-starrer-indian-2-were-shot-8971768.html#google_vignette |access-date=2024-09-11 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Here's how Shankar filmed late actor Vivek's portion in 'Indian 2' |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/entertainment/southcinema/here-s-how-shankar-filmed-late-actor-vivek-s-portion-in-indian-2/ar-BB1qgoQ5?apiversion=v2&noservercache=1&domshim=1&renderwebcomponents=1&wcseo=1&batchservertelemetry=1&noservertelemetry=1nderwebcomponents=1&wcseo=1&batchservertelemetry=1&noservertelemetry=1 |access-date=2024-09-11 |website=www.msn.com}}</ref> Due to Vivek's deaths before production of ''Indian 2'' could be completed, Shankar decided to use visual effects to complete his remaining scenes.

Through his career, he had acted in over 222 films.<ref>{{Cite web|date=17 April 2021|title=Tamil Actor Vivek, 59, Passes Away in Chennai Following Cardiac Arrest|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/tamil-actor-vivek-59-passes-away-in-chennai-following-cardiac-arrest-3648440.html|access-date=17 April 2021|website=www.news18.com|language=en|archive-date=17 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417165839/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/tamil-actor-vivek-59-passes-away-in-chennai-following-cardiac-arrest-3648440.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Filmography==

{{Main article|Vivek filmography}}

==Personal life==
Vivek married Arulselvi, with whom he had five children: Amritha Nandini, Tejaswini, Prasanna Kumar, Prashanthini, and Prathana. Prasanna Kumar died in 2015, aged 13, due to complications arising from [[meningitis]]. Prashanthini and Prathana were twins born in 2017. This was confirmed by his wife in a TV interview.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-10-30 |title=Tamil comedian Vivek's son passes away |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/tamil-comedian-viveks-son-passes-away/ |access-date=2024-01-23 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> His friend [[Cell Murugan]] was his frequent co star.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://astroulagam.com.my/entertainment/actor-viveks-close-friend-cell-murugan-finally-opens-187854|title=Actor Vivek's Close Friend Cell Murugan Finally Opens Up|date=18 April 2021|work=Astro Ulagam|access-date=22 November 2021|archive-date=22 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122092118/https://astroulagam.com.my/entertainment/actor-viveks-close-friend-cell-murugan-finally-opens-187854|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Death and state funeral==
On 16 April 2021, Vivek experienced breathlessness and chest pain and was admitted to a SIMS Hospital in Chennai after falling unconscious at home. Doctors deemed him critical and discovered that he had a [[thrombosis]] with 100% blockage in the left anterior descending artery, which caused [[congestive heart failure]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-16|title=Actor Vivek's cardiac arrest not linked with COVID-19 vaccine, says TN Health Secy|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/actor-vivek-s-cardiac-arrest-not-linked-covid-19-vaccine-says-tn-health-secy-147278|access-date=2021-06-18|website=The News Minute|language=en|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624204048/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/actor-vivek-s-cardiac-arrest-not-linked-covid-19-vaccine-says-tn-health-secy-147278|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Tamil Nadu: Day after COVID-19 vaccination, actor Vivek suffers cardiac arrest|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/regional-film-news/tamil-nadu-day-after-covid-19-vaccination-actor-vivek-suffers-cardiac-arrest|access-date=2021-06-18|website=Free Press Journal|language=en|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624200942/https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/regional-film-news/tamil-nadu-day-after-covid-19-vaccination-actor-vivek-suffers-cardiac-arrest|url-status=live}}</ref> Following an [[angioplasty]], he died in hospital on 17 April 2021 at the age of 59.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/vivek-tamil-film-actor-dies-in-chennai-hospital/articleshow/82111036.cms|title=Exclusive biography of @Actor_Vivek and on his life.|newspaper=The Times of India|date=17 April 2021|access-date=17 April 2021|archive-date=17 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417010341/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/vivek-tamil-film-actor-dies-in-chennai-hospital/articleshow/82111036.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|agency=TNN|date=17 Apr 2021|title=Actor Vivekh critical after heart attack |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/actor-vivekh-critical-after-heart-attack/articleshow/82108727.cms|access-date=17 April 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=17 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417005336/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/actor-vivekh-critical-after-heart-attack/articleshow/82108727.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> He was given a [[state funeral]] amidst large crowds near his residence in [[Virugambakkam]], Chennai.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/actor-vivek-passes-away-celebrities-pay-condolences-7277311/ | title=Vivek (1961-2021): AR Rahman remembers the actor, calls him 'a selfless jewel of India' | publisher=The Indian Express | work=Arushi Jain, A. Kameshwari | date=17 April 2021 | accessdate=17 April 2021 | archive-date=17 April 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417034351/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/actor-vivek-passes-away-celebrities-pay-condolences-7277311/ | url-status=live }}</ref> A day prior to the attack, Vivek received Bharat Biotech's [[Covaxin]] and campaigned for vaccination against [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|COVID-19]]. This led to speculation that his death may be linked to the vaccine, however the [[National Human Rights Commission of India|National Human Rights Commission]] ruled out any link between the vaccine and his heart attack, and instead related to [[hypertension]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Vivekh death: Human Rights Commission rules out 'vaccine-angle' |url=https://www.dtnext.in/News/City/2021/10/22165900/1325206/Vivekh-death-Human-Rights-Commission-rules-out-vaccineangle.vpf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022140000/https://www.dtnext.in/News/City/2021/10/22165900/1325206/Vivekh-death-Human-Rights-Commission-rules-out-vaccineangle.vpf |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 October 2021 |access-date=22 October 2021 |work=[[DT Next]] |date=22 October 2021 |language=en}}</ref> Vivek's funeral took place in Chennai with full [[state funeral|state honours]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/actor-vivek-cremated-with-state-honours-as-fans-pay-last-respects-7277915/ | title=Actor Vivek cremated with state honours as fans pay last respects | date=17 April 2021 | access-date=27 October 2022 | archive-date=27 October 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221027235641/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/actor-vivek-cremated-with-state-honours-as-fans-pay-last-respects-7277915/ | url-status=live }}</ref>

==Honorary street name==
The Greater Chennai Corporation has renamed the street where Vivek lived as "Chinna Kalaivanar Vivek Road."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chennai/tamil-nadu-actor-vivek-road-renamed-7898061/#:~:text=The%20Greater%20Chennai%20Corporation%20(GCC,as%20Chinna%20Kalaivanar%20Vivek%20Road. |title=Chennai civic body names road after actor Vivek |date=2 May 2022 |access-date=21 March 2023 |archive-date=21 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321060453/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chennai/tamil-nadu-actor-vivek-road-renamed-7898061/#:~:text=The%20Greater%20Chennai%20Corporation%20(GCC,as%20Chinna%20Kalaivanar%20Vivek%20Road. |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Social activism==
[[File:Actor Vivek at International Coastal Clean Up 2011.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Vivek at International Coastal Clean Up, 2011]]

===Green Kalam===
In 2010, Vivek launched Green Kalam, a project to plant trees across India inspired by former President of India [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/actor-vivek-moves-ahead-with-green-kalam-project/268788-71-180.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120727090357/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/actor-vivek-moves-ahead-with-green-kalam-project/268788-71-180.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 July 2012 |title=Actor Vivek moves ahead with 'Green Globe Project' – IBNLive |publisher=Ibnlive.in.com |date=1 July 2012 |access-date=16 June 2014}}</ref> Through [[Twitter]], he mobilized volunteers, particularly from schools and colleges, to join the initiative. Kalam insisted the project should not be named after him, after which Vivek briefly changed its name to Green Globe.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theweek.in/theweek/cover/Kalam-was-an-inspiration-actor-vivek.html|title=Eco-friendly, ego friendly|website=theweek.in|access-date=17 April 2021|archive-date=17 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417091723/https://www.theweek.in/theweek/cover/Kalam-was-an-inspiration-actor-vivek.html|url-status=live}}</ref> As of his death, over 3,300,000 saplings had been planted.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/actor-vivek-a-green-warrior-who-targeted-to-plant-one-crore-saplings/article34342652.ece|title=Actor Vivek, a green warrior who targeted to plant one crore saplings|first=K.|last=Lakshmi|newspaper=The Hindu|date=17 April 2021|via=www.thehindu.com|access-date=17 April 2021|archive-date=17 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417091103/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/actor-vivek-a-green-warrior-who-targeted-to-plant-one-crore-saplings/article34342652.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Other initiatives===
Vivek, along with actors [[Suriya]], [[Jyothika]] and [[Karthi]], had been appointed an ambassador for the [[Plastic pollution|Plastic Pollution]] Free Tamil Nadu campaign by the state's government under the leadership of Chief Minister [[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]] in 2018.<ref name="indiaglitz.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/jyothika-vivek-goodwill-ambassadors-for-plastic-free-tn-edappadi-palanisamy-hindi-news-219626|title=Jyothika gets a prestigious responsibility from the govt! - Bollywood News|date=23 August 2018|website=IndiaGlitz.com|access-date=14 September 2018|archive-date=29 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829035003/https://www.indiaglitz.com/jyothika-vivek-goodwill-ambassadors-for-plastic-free-tn-edappadi-palanisamy-hindi-news-219626|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Mariappan |first1=Julie |title=Drive launched to make TN plastic-free; actors Suriya, Karthi, Jyothika and Vivek are its brand ambassadors |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/drive-launched-to-make-tn-plastic-free-actors-suriya-karthi-jyothika-and-vivek-are-its-brand-ambassadors/articleshow/65514587.cms |access-date=20 March 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=23 August 2018 |language=en |archive-date=27 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427035225/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/drive-launched-to-make-tn-plastic-free-actors-suriya-karthi-jyothika-and-vivek-are-its-brand-ambassadors/articleshow/65514587.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Brand endorsement ==
He was the brand ambassador of [[Mirinda]] soft drinks in 2003 and Nathella Jewellery in 2011.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X-UYVlA633I Nathella Jewellery Chennai, India, Boom Baa Offer] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416030149/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X-UYVlA633I |date=16 April 2016 }}. YouTube (12 July 2010). Retrieved on 5 February 2012.</ref><ref>[http://www.financialexpress.com/news/mirinda-ropes-in-tamil-comedian-vivek-as-brand-ambassador/77660/0 Mirinda Ropes In Tamil Comedian Vivek As Brand Ambassador] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190115132437/http://www.financialexpress.com/news/mirinda-ropes-in-tamil-comedian-vivek-as-brand-ambassador/77660/0 |date=15 January 2019 }}. Financialexpress.com (10 April 2003). Retrieved on 5 February 2012.</ref><ref name="V"/><ref>[http://www.geetham.net/forums/showthread.php?212-Interview-with-Vivek Interview with Vivek] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190115023102/http://www.geetham.net/forums/showthread.php?212-Interview-with-Vivek |date=15 January 2019 }}. Geetham.net. Retrieved on 5 February 2012.</ref>

==Awards and honours==
===Civilian honours===
{|class="wikitable" style="width:100%;text-align:center"
!No.
!Image
!Ribbon
!Decoration
!Field
!Conferred date
!Conferred by
!Presenter
!{{abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
!1
|[[File:Padma Shri India IIIe Klasse.jpg|50px]]
|[[File:Padma Shri Ribbon.svg|100px]]
|'''[[Padma Shri]]''' ''(Fourth Highest Civilian Award of India)''
|Art
|15 April 2009
|[[Government of India]]
|[[Pratibha Devisingh Patil]]
|<ref>{{cite news|last1=Narayan|first1=Pushpa|first2=D.|last2=Govardan|title=Vivek, Tamil film actor, dies in Chennai hospital |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/vivek-tamil-film-actor-dies-in-chennai-hospital/articleshow/82111036.cms|access-date=17 April 2021|website=The Times of India|date=17 April 2021|language=en|archive-date=20 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020125755/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/vivek-tamil-film-actor-dies-in-chennai-hospital/articleshow/82111036.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Event
!Category/Award
!Movie
!Result
!Source
|-
|2015
|[[Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology|Sathyabama University]]
| colspan="3" |[[Honorary degree|Honorary Doctorate]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Green Kalam|url=https://greenkalam.org/dr-vivekh/|access-date=17 April 2021|archive-date=21 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210621072101/https://greenkalam.org/dr-vivekh/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|2006
|[[Tamil Nadu State Film Honorary Award]]
| colspan="3" |Kalaivanar Award for his contributions to Tamil Cinema
|<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|title=Vivek Awards: List of awards and nominations received by Vivek |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Vivek/awards|access-date=17 April 2021|newspaper=The Times of India|archive-date=17 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417023452/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Vivek/awards|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2002
| rowspan="3" |[[Filmfare Awards South]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Filmfare Award for Best Comedian – Tamil|Best Comedian – Tamil]]
|''[[Run (2002 film)|Run]]''
| rowspan="12" |Won
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|2003
|''[[Saamy]]''
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|2004
|''[[Perazhagan]]''
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|1999
| rowspan="5" |[[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards|Tamil Nadu State film Awards]]
| rowspan="5" |[[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Comedian|Best Comedian]]
|''[[Unnaruge Naan Irundhal]]''
|<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Dr. Vivekh – Green Kalam|url=http://greenkalam.org/dr-vivekh/|access-date=17 April 2021|website=webcache.googleusercontent.com|archive-date=17 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417024713/https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:xGPVQvhTZukJ:https://greenkalam.org/dr-vivekh/+&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|2002
|''[[Run (2002 film)|Run]]''
|<ref name=":2" />
|-
|2003
|''[[Parthiban Kanavu (2003 film)|Parthiban Kanavu]]''
|<ref name=":2" />
|-
|2005
|''[[Anniyan]]''
|<ref name=":2" />
|-
|2007
|''[[Sivaji: The Boss]]''
|<ref name=":2" />
|-
|2003
| rowspan="4" |[[International Tamil Film Awards|International Tamil Film Award]]
| rowspan="4" |[[International Tamil Film Awards|Best Comedian]]
|''[[Run (2002 film)|Run]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=7 June 2014|title=ITFA ceremony in Malaysia|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2003/10/31/stories/2003103101460500.htm|access-date=17 April 2021|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607070328/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2003/10/31/stories/2003103101460500.htm|work=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=7 June 2014}}</ref>
|-
|2004
|''[[Saamy]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=results of ITFA 2004|url=http://ns1.mayyam.com/tfilms/19065.11.47.38.html|access-date=17 April 2021|website=webcache.googleusercontent.com|archive-date=17 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417031232/http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:pNiCFbSOHIUJ:ns1.mayyam.com/tfilms/19065.11.47.38.html+&cd=15&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|2008
|''[[Kuruvi]]''
|<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Lights, Camera, Action: International Tamil Film Awards 2012 - Vasantham on xinmsn Entertainment|url=http://entertainment.xin.msn.com/en/tv/vasantham/events-article.aspx?cp-documentid=5964537|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203005658/http://entertainment.xin.msn.com/en/tv/vasantham/events-article.aspx?cp-documentid=5964537|archive-date=3 December 2013|access-date=25 November 2013}}</ref>
|-
|2011
|''[[Vedi (film)|Vedi]]''
|<ref name=":3" />
|-
| rowspan="2" |2009
| rowspan="2" |Asianet Film Awards
| colspan="3" |Honour Special Jury Award
| {{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}
|-
|[[Asianet Film Awards|Asianet Film Award for Best Comedian]]
|Various Films
|
|{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}
|-
|2007
|[[Edison Awards (India)|Edison Awards]]
|[[Edison Awards (India)|Best Comedian]]
|''[[Guru En Aalu]]''
|
|<ref name=":2" />
|-
|2021
|[[South Indian International Movie Awards]]
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Comedian - Tamil|Best Comedian - Tamil]]
|''[[Dharala Prabhu]]''
|
|<ref name=":2" />
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb name|0900266}}
* {{Rotten-tomatoes-person|vivek|Vivek}}
* {{Twitter|Actor_Vivek}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vivek}}
[[Category:1961 births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:Tamil comedians]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Indian slapstick comedians]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors from Madurai]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:Indian male comedians]]
[[Category:People from Thoothukudi district]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Tamil-language playback singers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male singers]]
[[Category:Singers from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil male television actors]]
[[Category:Musicians from Madurai]]

Dighwara

2026-02-01T14:05:51Z

Brotherhoodbo: slightly fixed layout for consistency and cleaned formatting

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{refimprove|date=December 2010}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Dighwara
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Bihar
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Bihar, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25.73|N|85.0|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Saran district|Saran]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 43
| population_total = 32,741<ref>{{cite web|title=Dighwara Population Census 2011|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/801335-dighwara-bihar.html|publisher=Census 2011|accessdate=26 June 2016}}</ref>
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 841207
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Saran (Lok Sabha constituency)|Saran]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Sonpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sonpur]]
| website = http://dighwara.in/
| footnotes =
}}
'''Dighwara''' is a town and a [[Nagar Panchayat]] in the [[Saran district]], state of [[Bihar]], India. The name probably derives from 'Dirgh-dwar', literally "large gate", as Dighwara is claimed to be the entrance to the [[Hindu mythology|mythological]] city of king [[Daksha]]. During British Rule it was a Feudal Estate ruled by the [[Raghuvanshi]]s.The town lies on the banks of [[Ganges]] River. A road bridge has been planned to be constructed over Ganges, between Dighwara and [[Danapur]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/plea-for-bridge-from-dighwara-to-danapur/articleshow/62584946.cms|title=Plea for bridge from Dighwara to Danapur}}</ref>

== History ==
The archaeological records suggests that Dighwara in Saran had supplied copper plate issued in the reign of king [[Mahendrapala I|Mahendrapala]] in 898 A.D.

== Geography ==
Dighwara is located at {{Coord|25.73|N|85.0|E|}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/34/Dighwara.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Dighwara]</ref> It has an average elevation of 43 metres (141 feet).

The State Government in collaboration with [[Power Grid Corporation of India]] founded the Sitalpur Power Grid in the year 2000 to provide electricity to the [[Rail Wheel Plant, Bela]] in [[Dariapur community development block|Dariapur block]] and neighbouring villages in a radius of 25km.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bsptcl.in/Downloads/operational.pdf|title=EXISTING GRIDS AT DIFFERENT VOLTAGE LEVELS in Bihar}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bsptcl.in/FINAL_SLD/SHITALPUR.pdf|title=SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM OF GSS, SHITALPUR}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
{{As of|2001|alt =As of the 2001 census of India}},<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> the Government of Bihar decided to develop Dighwara as a city of Patna Mahanagar.

Villages under the jurisdiction of Dighwara are:
{{Div col|colwidth=10em}}
* Aami
* Akilpur diyara
* Barbanna
* Basatpur
* Basti jalal
* Bodha Chapra
* Sitalpur
* Chaknoor
* Farhada
* Gorainpur
* Haraji
* Hematpur
* Kuraiya
* Laxmipur kakadhian
* Malkhachak
* Manupur
* Mirpur Bhual
* Pipra
* Raipatti
* Ramdaschak
* Rampur Pratappur
* Saidpur
* Trilokchak
*Bagheen

{{Div col end}}

== Languages spoken in Dighwara ==
The major languages of the town are: [[Hindi]], [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] and English. Although for cultural practices [[Sanskrit]] is used.

== Education ==
[[File:Sonpur Vidhan Sabha Saran Bihar.jpg|right|thumb|Dighwara block in Sonpur Vidhan Sabha]]
* Girls High School Shankarpur Road
* Jai Govind High School, Dighwara
* Middle School, Dighwara
* K N T College, Bhairopur
* Y N College, Dighwara
* Sri Baldev Vidyalaya, Trilokchak.
*Shyam Sundar Phula Devi Mahila college Dighwara
* Ram Jangal Singh College Dighwara
* S p Academy Dighwara
* Kendriya Vidyalaya -Dariyapur
* S.S.Academy - Ami.
* Central Public School Pukar Complex
* Holy Trinity Mission School, Bus Stand Dighwara
* S.C.I. Institute, Shankarpur Road, Dighwara
* Life Line Academy, Bus stand, Dighwara

== Hospitals of Dighwara ==
* Rajkiya Hospital, Dighwara

==Temples==

===Budhiya Mai Mandir or Temple of Budhiya Mai, Haraji===
Budhiya Mai Mandir is one of the oldest temples in Dighwara block. It is situated at Haraji Bazaar. Its nearest railway station is Awatar Nagar Railway Station. It is located 100 meter away from NH 19, Haraji.

===Thakur Jee Maharaj Temple or Thakurbadi, Haraji===
Thakurbadi is the oldest temple in Panchayat Bhavan Road, Harajee. In this temple, there are many statues of the Hindu religion's Gods like Thakur Jee, Shiv Jee, and Ganesh Jee. It is situated in Panchayat Bhawan Road, Haraji.

===Nakati Devi Mandir or Temple of Nakati Devi, Dighwara===
This is actually the temple of Durga. A statue of Mahishasur mardini is installs in the temple. The statue is probably made of the historical Pall period.

===Temple of Maa Ambika, (Aami)===
Dedicated to the goddess [[Durga]] in her Ambika form, the temple lies roughly {{convert|2.5|km}} west of Dighwara town. It is an old fort like building on the banks of the [[Ganges]] River. The temple is an example of standard north Indian temple architecture and has a central shrine or ''garvagriha'' housing the main idol of goddess Ambika. There is a ''yagya kunda'' where religious acts are carried out. A large idol of Shiva has been erected recently{{when|date=November 2014}} near the ''yagya kunda''. Ambika Ashthan is mentioned in the ancient Hindu [[Markandeya Purana]]. The story of Maa Durga Sapt Sati supposedly took place in Aami, Dighwara. It is the place where Durga materialised to present gifts to Raja Surath. The claim is under investigation by many authors and experts in Indian archaeology.{{cn|date=November 2014}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Saran district}}
[[Category:Cities and towns in Saran district]]

Bibliography of Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi

2026-01-23T14:46:14Z

Brotherhoodbo: New bio...

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox personal bibliography
| Author = [[Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi]]
| Image = Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Al-Nadwi.jpg
| ImageSize = 200px
| Caption = Nadwi pictured in 1995
| alt = Coloured picture
}}
This '''bibliography of Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi''' is a selected list of generally available scholarly resources related to [[Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi]], a leading [[Ulama|Islamic scholar]], philosopher, writer, preacher, [[Mujaddid|reformer]] and a Muslim [[Intellectual|public intellectual]] of 20th century India, the author of numerous books on history, biography, contemporary [[Islam]] and the [[Islam in India|Muslim community in India]].<ref name=":oxford">{{cite encyclopedia|last=Esposito |first=John L. |title=Nadwi, Abul Hasan Ali |date=1 January 2003 |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195125580.001.0001/acref-9780195125580-e-1686 |encyclopedia=The Oxford Dictionary of Islam |publisher=Oxford University Press |language=en |doi=10.1093/acref/9780195125580.001.0001 |isbn=978-0-19-512558-0 |access-date=2022-10-09|url-access=subscription }}</ref>{{Sfn|Bhat|2016|p=49}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Adamec |first=Ludwig W. |url=https://archive.org/details/historical-dictionary-of-islam-third-edition/page/317/mode/1up?view=theater |title=Historical dictionary of Islam |date=2017 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers |isbn=978-1-4422-7724-3 |edition=3rd |location=Lanham |pages=317 |language=en |oclc=953919222}}</ref> He wrote a 7 volume autobiography in [[Urdu]] titled ''[[Karwan-e-Zindagi]]'' in 1983–1999. In this work, he tried to cover all the information related to himself as well as the remarkable events of his life.<ref name=":Samee-Ullah">{{Cite journal |last=Bhat |first=Samee-Ullah |date=2016 |title=Life and Works of Abul Hasan 'Ali Nadwi (RA): An Analytical Study |journal=Journal of Islamic Thought and Civilization |volume=06 |issue=1 |pages=54 |doi=10.32350/jitc.61.04 |s2cid=187423359 |issn=2075-0943|doi-access=free }} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License].</ref> This list will include his biographies, [[Thesis|theses]] written on him and articles published about him in various journals, newspapers, encyclopedias, [[seminar]]s, websites etc. in [[APA style]].
{{Dynamic list}}

== Encyclopedias ==
{{refbegin|indent=yes}}
* {{Cite book |last=Adamec |first=Ludwig W. |url=https://archive.org/details/historical-dictionary-of-islam-third-edition/page/317/mode/1up?view=theater |title=Historical dictionary of Islam |date=2017 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers |isbn=978-1-4422-7724-3 |edition=3rd |location=Lanham |pages=317 |language=en |oclc=953919222}}
* {{TDV Encyclopedia of Islam|article=NEDVÎ, Ebü’l-Hasan|last=BİRIŞIK|first=ABDULHAMİT}}
* {{cite encyclopedia|last=Esposito |first=John L. |title=Nadwi, Abul Hasan Ali |date=2003 |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195125580.001.0001/acref-9780195125580-e-1686 |encyclopedia=[[The Oxford Dictionary of Islam]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |language=en |isbn=978-0-19-512558-0 |access-date=2022-10-12}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Qureshi |first=Jawad Anwar |title=Nadwī, Abū al-Ḥasan |date=2014 |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref:oiso/9780199739356.001.0001/acref-9780199739356-e-0350 |encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Politics |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |language=en |isbn=978-0-19-973935-6 |access-date=2022-10-12}}
{{refend}}

== Biographies ==
{{refbegin|indent=yes}}
* {{Cite book |last=Abu Ali al-Banjari an Nadwi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ht1dAAAACAAJ |title=Al-ʻAlim al-ʻAllaamah Samahatus Syaikh As-Sayyid Abul Hasan Ali al-Hasani an-Nadwi rahimahullahu taʻala: sejarah hidup dan pemikirannya |date=2000 |publisher=Khazanah Banjariah |isbn=983-2052-30-0 |language=id |location=Pokok Sena, Kedah Darulaman |oclc=52681407}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ahmad |first=Salah al-Din Maqbul |url=https://www.noor-book.com/book/review/316799 |title=Al-Ustadh Abul Hasan al-Nadwi wa al-Wajh al-Akhar min Kitabatihi |date=2001 |publisher=Dar Ghras |location=India |language=ar}}
* {{cite book |last1=Ahmad H. Osman |first1=Rahmah |title=Manhaj Al-adab Al-islami Ind Al-shayhu Abi Al-hasan Ali An-nadwi|date=2011 |url=http://irep.iium.edu.my/8735/ |pages=109–147 |editor-last=Ahmad H. Osman |editor-first=Rahmah |place=Kuala Lumpur |publisher=IIUM Press |isbn=978-967-0225-59-3 |access-date=2022-10-12 |last2=Nasir |first2=Mohd Shahrizal |language=ar}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ak̲h̲tar |first=Safīr |title=Maulānā Sayyid Abulḥasan ʻAlī Nadvī: ḥayāt va āfkār ke cand pahlū |url=https://abulhasanalinadwi.org/books/mawlana%20syed%20abulhasan%20ali%20nadwi%20hayat%20wa%20afkar%20ke%20chand%20pehlu.pdf |publisher=Idārah-yi Taḥqīqāt-i Islāmī |year=2002 |location=Bainulāqvāmī Islāmī Yūnīvarsiṭī, Islāmābād |language=ur |oclc=609185194}}
* {{Cite book |last=Al-Azhari |first=Hafiz Nadwi |url=https://abulhasanalinadwi.org/books/al%20ustaz%20abulhasan%20alnadwi%20katiban%20wa%20mufakkiran%20fi%20zawe%20muallifatihi%20wa%20kitabatihi%20by%20nazrul%20hafiz%20nadwi%20azhari.pdf |title=Al ustadh Abu Al-hasan Al-nadawiu Katiban Wamufakiran |publisher=Dar Al Qalam |year=1986 |edition=2nd |location=[[kuwait]] |language=ar}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ali |first=Sheikh Jameil |title=Islamic thought and movement in the subcontinent: a study of Sayyid Abu A'la Mawdudi and Sayyid Abul Hasan Ali Nadwi |date=2010 |publisher=D.K. Printworld |isbn=978-81-246-0491-5 |location=New Delhi |oclc=519250147}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ayyūbī Nadvī |first=Muḥammad T̤āriq |title=Mufakkir-i Islām, ek mut̤ālaʻah |date=2018 |isbn=978-93-84876-50-0 |language=ur |location=Lakhnaʼū |oclc=1193559289}}
* {{Cite book |last=Āzādī |first=Muḥammad ʻAbd al-Salām. |url= |title=al-Taʼṣīl al-Islāmī lil-lughah al-ʻArabīyah wa-ādābuhā: fī juhūd al-Shaykh Abī al-Ḥasan al-Nadwī raʼīs Rābiṭat al-Adab al-Islāmī al-ʻĀlamīyah |date=2006 |publisher=Dār al-Manārah |isbn=977-6005-35-7 |location=al-Manṣūrah [Miṣr] |language=ar |oclc=181138241}}
* {{Cite book |last=Bahadurzehi-Malakabadi |first=Abdul Basit |title=Barrasi-e Zindagi, Asar wa Sabk-e Adabi Allama Syed Abul Hasan Nadwi |date=2019 |publisher=Siddiqi |isbn=9789648274301 |location=Iran |language=fa}}
* {{Cite book |last=Binte Salman |first=Rabeya |url=https://abulhasanalinadwi.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/bachcho-ke-ali-miyan-about-ahan-bengali-rabiya-binte-salman.pdf |title=Bachcho Ke Ali Miyan |publisher=Muhammad Brothers |year=2012 |isbn=9789849017899 |location=Banglabazar, [[Dhaka]] |language=bn}}
* {{Cite book |last=Choughley |first=Abdul Kader |url=https://www.exoticindiaart.com/m/book/details/islamic-resurgence-sayyid-abul-hasan-ali-nadwai-and-his-contemporaries-NAV962/ |title=Islamic resurgence: Sayyid Abul Ḥasan 'Ali Nadwī and his contemporaries |date=2011 |publisher=D.K. Printworld |isbn=978-81-246-0573-8 |location=New Delhi |oclc=697779362}}
* {{Cite book |last=Choughley |first=Abdul Kader |title=Sayyid Abul Ḥasan 'Ali Nadwi: life and works |date=2012 |publisher=D.K. Printworld |isbn=978-81-246-0611-7 |location=New Delhi |oclc=768399289}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ghazali |first=Mohd. Rumaizuddin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J2lpCwAAQBAJ&dq=PANDANGAN+ABUL+HASAN+ALI+AN-NADWI+TENTANG+PERADABAN+BARAT&pg=PA248 |title=Biografi agung Abu Al-Hasan Ali Al-Nadwi |date=2016 |others=Rohidzir Rais |isbn=978-967-86-0592-2 |edition=Cetakan pertama |location=Selangor |language=id |oclc=954011548}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ghūrī |first=ʻAbd al-Mājid |url=https://abulhasanalinadwi.org/books/abulhasan%20alnadwi%20alimam%20almufakkir%20al%20daaee%20almurabbi%20al%20adeeb%20by%20syed%20abdul%20majid%20algouri.pdf |title=Abu al-Hasan al-Nadawi, the imam, thinker, preacher, writer and author |publisher=Dār Ibn Kathīr |year=2005 |edition=3rd |location=Dimashq |language=ar}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ghūrī |first=ʻAbd al-Mājid |url=https://abulhasanalinadwi.org/books/abulhasan%20alnadwi%20alimam%20almufakkir%20al%20daaee%20almurabbi%20al%20adeeb%20by%20syed%20abdul%20majid%20algouri.pdf |title=al-ʻAllāmah Abū al-Ḥasan al-Nadwī: rāʼid al-adab al-Islāmī |date=2009 |publisher=Dār Ibn Kathīr |isbn=978-9953-520-21-6 |edition= |location=Dimashq |language=ar |oclc=664840655}}
* {{Cite book |last=Hartung |first=Jan-Peter |url=https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/4098/ |title=Viele Wege und ein Ziel: Leben und Wirken von Sayyid Abū l-Ḥasan ʻAlī al-Ḥasanī Nadwī (1914-1999) |date=2004 |publisher=Ergon |isbn=3-89913-377-3 |location=Würzburg |language=de |oclc=60375041}}
* {{Cite book |last=Hayʼah al-ʻĀmmah. Muʼtamar |first=Rābiṭat al-Adab al-Islāmī |url=https://abulhasanalinadwi.org/book/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%AE-%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%8A-%D8%A8%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%AB-%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AA/ |title=al-Shaykh Abū al-Ḥasan al-Nadwī: buḥūth wa-dirāsāt |date=2002 |publisher=Muʼassasat al-Risālah |isbn=9953-400-29-6 |edition=al-Ṭabʻah 1 |location=Bayrūt |oclc=50749277}}
* {{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Zubair Zafar |title=Islamic thought of Maulana Abul Hasan Ali Nadwi |date=2014 |isbn=978-93-84081-04-1 |location=New Delhi |oclc=892788212}}
* {{Cite book |last= Muḥammad Muntaẓir |first= Abd al-Ḥafīẓ |url= |title=Muqaddimāt al-Imām al-ʻAllāmah al-Dāʻīyah al-Mufakkir al-Islāmī al-Kabīr al-Shaykh Abī al-Ḥasan ʻAlī al-Ḥasanī al-Nadwī, 1333-1430 H/1914-1999 M |date=2004 |publisher=Muʼassasat al-Risālah Nāshirūn |isbn=9953-32-097-7 |location=Bayrūt |language=ar |oclc=220971552}}
* {{Cite book |last=Nadwi |first=Irfan Farooqui |url=https://abulhasanalinadwi.org/books/hadhrat%20mawlana%20abulhasan%20ali%20nadwi%20r.a.hindi.pdf |title=Hazrat Maulana Abul Hasan Ali Nadvi Rahmatullah Alaihi |publisher=Maktba Ahsan |year=2011 |location=Ahsan Manzil, Tagore Marg Daliganj, Lucknow |language=hi}}
* {{Cite book |last=Nadwī |first=Muḥammad Rābiʻ Ḥasanī |url=https://abulhasanalinadwi.org/books/syed%20abul%20hasan%20ali%20nadwi%20an%20eminent%20scholar%20thinker%20and%20reformer-rabey%20hasani.pdf |title=Syed Abul Hasan Ali Nadwi: an eminent scholar, thinker, and reformer |date=2014 |isbn=978-81-246-0746-6 |location=New Delhi |oclc=904246429 |author-link=Rabey Hasani Nadwi}}
* {{Cite book |last=Nadwi |first=Mohsen Usmani |url=https://abulhasanalinadwi.org/book/mutalla-taztifaat-maulana-syed-abu-al-hasan-ali-nadidi-professor-mohsen-usmani-nadwi/ |title=Mutalla Tasanifaat Maulana Syed Abu Al Hasan Ali Nadwi |publisher=Arshi Publications |year=2002 |location=India |language=ur}}
* {{Cite book |last=Nadwi |first=Yoosuf Mohammed |url=https://abulhasanalinadwi.org/books/syed%20abul%20hasan%20ali%20nadwi%20hayatuhu%20wa%20afkaruhu-malyalam.pdf |title=Sayyid Abul Hasan Nadwi: Jeevithavum Darshanavum |publisher=Sayyid Abul Hasan Ali Nadwi Islamic Academy |year=2002 |location=Kerala, India |language=ml}}
* {{Cite book |last=Narui |first=Abdul Latif |title=Jalwa Hai Az Zindagi, Andisheha wa Khidmat-e-Allama Syed Abul Hasan Nadwi |publisher=Nasim-e-Hijaz |year=2015 |isbn=9786006751344 |edition=2nd |language=fa}}
* {{Cite book |last=Salman |first=Muhammad |url=https://abulhasanalinadwi.org/books/bengali.pdf |title=Allama Syed Abul Hasan Ali Nadvi Rh. Life and Work |publisher=Al Irfan Publications |year=2002 |location=Mirpur, [[Dhaka]] |language=bn}}
* {{Cite book |last=Shaykh |first=ʻAbd al-Munʻim ʻUthmān Aḥmad |url=https://abulhasanalinadwi.org/book/abulhasan-alnadwi-hayatahu-wa-fikrahuttarbiya/ |title=Abū al-Ḥasan al-Nadwī: ḥayātuhu, wa-fikruhu al-tarbawī |date=2010 |publisher=Hayyat Al'aemal Al-fikria |isbn=978-99942-59-43-4 |location=al-Kharṭūm |language=ar |oclc=761183339}}
* {{Cite book |last=Sultān |first=Rafʻat |url=https://abulhasanalinadwi.org/book/moulana-abul-hasan-ali-nadwi-abqari-shakshiyat/ |title=Maulānā Abūlḥasan ʻAlī Nadvī: ʻabqarī shak̲h̲ṣiyat |date=2017 |publisher=Babul Ilm Publications |isbn=978-81-935199-4-3 |location=Bhopāl |language=ur |oclc=1052905314}}
* {{Cite book |last=Washmī |first=ʻAbd Allāh ibn Ṣāliḥ ibn Sulaymān. |url=https://abulhasanalinadwi.org/book/juhud-abilhasan-alnadwi-alnaqdiya-fil-adabil-islami-by-abdullah-bin-saleh-bin-suleman-alwashmi/ |title=Juhūd Abī al-Ḥasan al-Nadwī al-naqdīyah fī al-adab al-Islāmī: qirāʼah taṣḥīḥīyah |date=2005 |publisher=Maktabat al-Rushd |isbn=9960-01-421-5 |edition=al-Ṭabʻah 1|language=ar |location=al-Riyāḍ |oclc=65166130}}
* {{Cite book |last=Zaheer |first=Syed Iqbal |url=https://abulhasanalinadwi.org/books/Abul%20hasan%20ali%20nadwi%20a%20man%20of%20hope%20through%20a%20century%20of%20turmoil.pdf |title=Abul Hasan Ali An-Nadwi: A Man of Hope Through a Century of Turmoil |year=2005 |publisher=Independently Published |isbn=979-8-6826-7711-5 |location=United States |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Zulkifli Mohamad |title=Maulana Syeikh Abu Al-Hasan Ali Al-Nadwi: da'i, muslih, alim dan rabbani |date=2015 |isbn=978-983-46-0941-2 |location=Kuala Lumpur |language=ml |oclc=916409356}}
{{refend}}

== Theses ==
{{refbegin|indent=yes}}
* {{Cite thesis
|last=Abdul Sahib Khdoom
|first=El Maliki Haidar
|title=Abul hasan al nadawi manhajuhu wakutubuhu aladabiyyah
|publisher=[[Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University]]
|year=2016
|location=India
|language=ar
|hdl=10603/147893
|type=PhD
}}
* {{Cite thesis
|first=Siti Mariam
|last=Abdullah
|title=Nilai-Nilai Murni Menurut Abī Al-Hasan Alī Al-Hasani Al-Nadāwīy Dalam Kitab Sīrah Khātamun Al-Nabīyyīn Lil Aṭfāl
|url=http://eprints.usm.my/51864/
|publisher= [[Universiti Sains Malaysia]]
|date=2020
|type=PhD
|language=ml
}}
* {{Cite thesis
|last=Ahmad
|first=Nisar
|title=Al seerah Al Zatiia Ali Tantavi Wa Abil Hasan Ali Nadwi Dirasah Tehliliyah
|publisher=Department of Arabic, [[Jamia Millia Islamia]]
|year=2021
|location=India
|language=ar
|type=PhD
|hdl=10603/371538
}}
* {{Cite thesis
|last=Ahmad
|first=Peer Maqsood
|title=Contribution of Maulana Syed Abul Hassan Ali Nadwi to Arabic Language and Literature
|publisher=Department of Arabic, [[University of Kashmir]]
|year=1992
|location=India
|language=ar
|hdl=10603/140862
|type=PhD
}}
* {{Cite thesis
|last=Ahmed
|first=Abdus Sagir
|title=Contribution Of Abul Hasan Ali Nadwi To The Development Of Arabic Children's Literature A Study
|publisher=Department of Arabic, [[Gauhati University]]
|year=2012
|location=India
|language=en
|type=PhD
|hdl=10603/382062
}}
* {{Cite thesis
|last=Arshad
|first=Mohd
|title=Ishamatu Abbas Mahmud Al Aqqad Wa Abi Al Hasan Ali AlHasani Al Nadwi Fi Adab Al Seerah Al Nabawiyyah Al Shareefah Dirasah Muqarinah
|publisher=Department of Arabic, [[Jamia Millia Islamia]]
|year=2021
|location=India
|language=ar
|type=PhD
|hdl=10603/408547
}}
* {{Cite thesis
|last=Bhat
|first=Samee-Ullah
|title=Syed Abul Hasan Ali Nadwis Contribution to Islamic History A Study with Special Reference to his Tarikh i Dawat o Azimat
|publisher=Shah-i-Hamdan Institute of Islamic Studies, [[University of Kashmir]]
|year=2017
|location=India
|language=En
|hdl=10603/207015
|type=PhD
}}
* {{Cite thesis
|last=Choughuley
|first=Abdul Kader
|title=Da'wah, peace and dialogue in the writings of Sayyid Abul Hasan 'Ali Nadwi, 1913–1999
|publisher=[[University of Johannesburg]]
|year=2008
|location=South Africa
|language=En
|hdl=10210/1247
|type=MA
}}
* {{Cite thesis |last=Diyafi |first=Nur al-Din |url=http://dspace.univ-batna.dz/xmlui/bitstream/handle/123456789/1226/hsi%20Noureddine%20Dhiyafi.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |title=Al-Ummah al-Islamiyyah fi Fikr Abi al-Hasan al-Nadwi: Mazahir al-Azmah wa 'Awamil al-Nahdah |date=2021 |degree=PhD |publisher=[[Batna 1 University]] |location=Algeria |language=ar}}
* {{Cite thesis
|last=Gaffar
|first=Abdul
|title=The contributions of Moulana Abul Hasan Ali Nadvi to Urdu language and literature
|publisher=[[Sree Sankaracharya University of Sanskrit]]
|year=2004
|location=India
|language=ur
|hdl=10603/137480
|type=PhD
}}
* {{Cite thesis
|last=Hasanuzzaman
|first=Hazrat
|title=Socio_historical aspects in the writings of Abul Hasan Ali Nadwi with special reference to Ma_Dha Khasira Al_Aalam Bi_Inhitatil Muslimeen
|publisher=Department of Arabic, [[Assam University]]
|year=2011
|location=India
|language=ar
|hdl=10603/97104
|type=PhD
}}
* {{Cite thesis
|last=Hussain
|first=Amir
|title=Socio Political Aspects In The Writings Of Maulana Sayyid Abul Hasan Ali Al Nadwi A Study
|url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/jspui/handle/10603/458952
|publisher=Department of Arabic, [[Gauhati University]]
|year=2023
|location=India
|language=ar
|hdl=10603/458952
|type=PhD
}}
* {{Cite thesis |last=Koser |first=Zabina |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/489663 |title=Abul Hasan Ali Al Hasani al Nadwi and his Views on Islam and Muslim World A Critical Study |publisher=School of Islamic Studies, [[Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University]] |year=2021 |location=India |language=ur|type=PhD|hdl=10603/489663}}
* {{Cite thesis
|last=Laique
|first=Asif
|title=Role of Abul Hasan Ali Nadwi in Developing Islamic Literature in The Arabic Language: An Analytical Study
|publisher=Department of Arabic, [[Maulana Azad National Urdu University]]
|year=2019
|location=India
|language=En
|hdl=10603/337819
|type=PhD
}}
* {{Cite thesis
|last=Mohamed al-Dulaimi
|first=Abdel Wahed Makhlouf |title=Abu al-Hasan Nadwi and systematization in his book Biography of the Prophet
|url=https://iqdr.iq/search?view=fd0c07d7877629d7cf693b037e0d1271
|publisher=Department of History, [[University of Anbar]]
|year=2013
|location=[[Iraq]]
|language=ar
|type=PhD
}}
* {{Cite thesis
|last=Musleh Uddin
|first=Muhammad
|title=Syed Abul Hasan Ali Nadvi: Religion and Social Thought
|url=https://www.du.ac.bd/faculty/faculty_details/IST/1267
|publisher=[[University of Dhaka]]
|year=2009
|location=[[Bangladesh]]
|language=bn
|type=PhD
}}
* {{Cite thesis
|last=Noorul Ameen
|first=Mohamood
|title=Philosophical and educational thoughts in the works of Abul Hassan Ali Nadvi
|publisher=[[Kannur University]]
|year=2013
|location=India
|language=En
|hdl=10603/85300
|type=PhD
}}
* {{Cite thesis |last=Rahman |first=Khalieq ur |title=Twentieth Century Arabic Literature: A Comparative Biographical Study of Ali Tantavi and Abul Hasan Ali Nadwi |publisher=Department of Arabic, [[University of Kashmir]] |year=2021 |location=India |language=ar |hdl=10603/417957 |degree=PhD}}
* {{Cite thesis
|last=Sari
|first=Ika Mustika
|title=Islamic educational thought of Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi
|url=http://etheses.uin-malang.ac.id/7872/
|publisher=[[Maulana Malik Ibrahim State Islamic University Malang]]
|year=2012
|location=[[Indonesia]]
|language=id
|type=PhD
}}
* {{Cite thesis
|last=Shah
|first=Tahir Hussain
|title=Political Interpretation of Religion: A Comparative Study of the Opinions of Abul Ala Maududi, Abul Hasan Ali Nadvi and Wahiduddin Khan
|publisher= [[Hazara University]]
|year=2021
|location=Pakistan
|language=ur
|url=http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/handle/123456789/19919
|type=PhD
}}
* {{Cite thesis
|last1=Sulthoni
|first1=Akhmad
|last2=Muindinillah
|first2=Basri
|last3=Syamsul
|first3=Hidayat
|title=Abul Hasan Ali An-Nadwi's View of Western Civilization
|url=http://eprints.ums.ac.id/24349/
|publisher=[[Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta]]
|year=2013
|location=[[Indonesia]]
|language=id
|type=PhD
}}
* {{Cite thesis
|last=Yahiya
|first=Mohmmad
|title=Maulana Ali Miyan Nadvi Ki Khaka Nigari Ka Tanqidee Mutalaa
|publisher=[[Panjab University]]
|year=2017
|location=India
|language=ur
|hdl=10603/103792
|type=PhD
}}
* {{Cite thesis
|last=Zawahir
|first=M. Nafeel M.
|title=Comparative study on Abul Hasan Ali Nadwi's political thought, with particular reference to his contempararies, Abul A'la Mawdudi and Sayyid Qutb
|url=https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.504245
|publisher=[[University of Wales]]
|year=2008
|location=[[Lampeter]]
|language=En
|type=PhD
}}
* {{Cite thesis
|last=Zubair Zafar
|first=Khan
|title=A critical study of Moulana Abul Hasan Ali nadwis Islamic thought
|publisher=Department of Islamic Studies, [[Aligarh Muslim University]]
|year=2010
|location=India
|language=En
|hdl=10603/60854
|type=PhD
}}
{{refend}}

== Journals ==
{{refbegin|indent=yes}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Ahmad |first1=Khalil |last2=Ali |first2=Muhammad Mumtaz |last3=Siddiqi |first3=Yousuf Azim |date=2020 |title=Religious Harmony in India's Post-Independence Phase: A Comparative Study of the Approach of Abul Hasan Ali Nadawi and Wahiduddin Khan |url=https://journals.iium.edu.my/al-itqan/index.php/al-itqan/article/view/151 |journal=AL-ITQAN: Journal of Islamic Sciences and Comparative Studies |language=en |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=33–49 |issn=2600-8432 }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Ali |first=Asma |date=30 June 2017 |title=Adabul Atfal Inda-al-Sayyed Abil Hasan Ali-Al-Nadavi |url=http://www.alilmjournal-gcwus.com/index.php/al-ilm/article/view/8 |journal=AL-ILM-Journal |language=en |volume=1 |issue=2 |issn=2618-1142 }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Al-Qasmi |first=Muhammad Tariq |date=2014 |title=Relationships of Abu al-Hasan Ali al-Nadwi with Muhammad Iqbal |url=https://www.darululoom-deoband.com/arabic/articles/tmp/1577858285%2008-Dirasat-11_1435_4.htm |journal=[[Al-Daie]] |location=India |publisher=[[Darul Uloom Deoband]] |volume=38 |issue=11 |issn=2347-8950 }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Bahjat |first=Munjid Mustafa |date=2009 |title=Abu al-Hasan al-Nadawi and the Art of Presentations |url=https://journals.iium.edu.my/arabiclang/index.php/jlls/article/view/132 |journal=Journal of Linguistic and Literary Studies |language=en |volume=1 |issue=1 |doi=10.31436/jlls.v1i1.132 |issn=2637-1073 |doi-access=free }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Batahir |first=Bin Esa |date=1998 |title=Islamic literature and its criticism of Sheikh Abu Al-Hasan Al-Nadwi |url=https://citj.org/index.php/citj/article/view/1889 |journal=Contemporary Islamic Thought |language=ar |volume=3 |issue=12 |issn=2707-515X }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Bhat |first=Samee-Ullah |date=2017 |title=Sayyid Abul Hasan Ali Nadwi's contribution to history writing: An analytical study |url=http://ijits.net/ojs3/index.php/ijits/article/view/87 |journal=International Journal of Islamic Thoughts |language=en |volume=6 |issue=1 |issn=2306-7012 }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Bhat |first=Samee-Ullah |date=2019 |title=Life and Works of Abul Hasan Ali Nadwi (RA): An Analytical Study |journal=Journal of Islamic Thought and Civilization |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=47–60 |doi=10.32350/jitc.61 |doi-access=free }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Bredi |first=Daniela |date=1999 |title=Sādāt in South Asia: the Case of Sayyid abū 'L-ḥasan 'Alī Nadwī |url=https://brill.com/view/journals/ormo/79/2/article-p375_7.xml |journal=Oriente Moderno |language=en |volume=79 |issue=2 |pages=375–392 |doi=10.1163/22138617-07902007 |issn=2213-8617 |url-access=subscription }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Gada |first=Muhammad Yaseen |date=2019 |title=How to Study the Qur'an: Sayyid Abul Hasan Ali Nadwi's Approach, written by Choughley, Abdul Kader |url=https://brill.com/view/journals/jqhs/17/2/article-p247_6.xml |journal=Al-Bayan: Journal of Qur'an and Hadith Studies |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=247–250 |doi=10.1163/22321969-12340076 |s2cid=213684686 |issn=2232-1969 |url-access=subscription }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Ghazali |first=Mohd Rumaizuddin |date=2019 |title=Tasawwuf and the Spiritual Life according to Abu Hasan Ali Al-Nadwi: An Analysis |url=https://abqarijournal.usim.edu.my/index.php/abqari/article/view/139 |journal=Journal of Islamic Social Sciences and Humanities |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=121–142 |doi=10.33102/abqari.vol8no0.139 |doi-broken-date=11 July 2025 |eissn=2504-8422 |language=ml }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Ghouri |first=Syed Abdul Majid |date=2019 |title=Sheikh Abul Hassan Ali Hassani Nadwi and His Contributions to The Sciences of Prophetic Hadith: A Concise Expository Study |url=http://al-irsyad.kuis.edu.my/index.php/alirsyad/article/view/47 |journal=Al-Irsyad: Journal of Islamic and Contemporary Issues |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=57–77 |doi=10.53840/alirsyad.v4i1.47 |doi-broken-date=11 July 2025 |s2cid=245722820 |issn=2550-1992 |language=ar |doi-access=free }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Hamid |first=Zubair |date=2021 |title=A Study of Mawlana Nadwi's Discourse on "Islam and the West" |journal=Journal of East-West Thought |publisher=[[California State Polytechnic University, Pomona]] |pages=75–84 |hdl=20.500.12680/12579z310}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Hartung |first=Jan-Peter |date=2009 |editor-last=Christmann |editor-first=Andreas |editor2-last=Hartung |editor2-first=Jan-Peter |title=Religious Education in Transition: The Moral and Academic Training of Sayyid Abûl-Hasan Alî Nadwî |url=https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/8123/ |journal=Journal of Semitic Studies: Supplt: Islamica Studies in Memory of Holger Preissler (1943–2006) |language=en |volume=26 |pages=231–255 }}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Haq |first1=Ghufran Ul |last2=Naseer |first2=Abdul |last3=Haq |first3=Sami Ul |date=2021 |title=Analytical review of literary and invitational aspects in the works and speeches of Abul Hasan Ali Al Nadwi |url=http://www.al-azhaar.org/index.php/alazhar/article/view/55 |journal=Al-Azhār |language=ar |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=204–219 |doi=10.46896/alazhr.v7i01.55 |doi-broken-date=11 July 2025 |issn=2519-6707 }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Ibrahim |first=Mulyadi |date=2020 |title=Rekontruksi Tazkiyah al-Nafs Menurut Abu Hasan al-Nadwi |url=https://journal.iainlangsa.ac.id/index.php/at/article/view/1570 |journal=At-Tafkir |volume=13 |issue=1 |doi=10.32505/at.v13i1.1570 |s2cid=219921727 |issn=2620-5858 |language=ml |doi-access=free }}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Kamil |first1=Imanuddin |last2=Hafidhuddin |first2=Didin |last3=Mujahidin |first3=Endin |last4=Tamam |first4=Abbas Mansur |date=2021 |title=The concept of tarbiyyah ruhiyyah Abu Al-Hasan Ali Al-Nadwi |url=http://ejournal.uika-bogor.ac.id/index.php/TADIBUNA/article/view/4317 |journal=Ta'dibuna: Jurnal Pendidikan Islam |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=272 |doi=10.32832/tadibuna.v10i2.4317 |s2cid=237893960 |issn=2622-7215 |language=ml |doi-access=free }}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Khan |first1=Janas |last2=Akhtar |first2=Saeed |last3=Rahman |first3=Ata Ur |last4=Anas |first4=Muhammad |last5=Zahoor Shah |first5=Syed |date=2016 |title=An Application and Appraisal of Abul Hasan Ali Nadwi's Views about Orientalists' Stratagems and Contribution |url=https://www.textroad.com/pdf/JAEBS/J.%20Appl.%20Environ.%20Biol.%20Sci.,%205(3)1-8,%202015.pdf |journal=Journal of Applied Environmental and Biological Sciences |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=26–30 |issn=2090-4274 }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Kusumah |first=Mada Wijaya |date=2019 |title=An-nadwi's Education Thoughts In The Book Of Ash-shira Baina Al-fikrah Al-islamiyyah Wa Al-fikrah Al-gharbiyyah |url=https://osf.io/xvm4p/ |journal=Râyah al-Islâm: Jurnal Ilmu Islam |language=Id |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=2016 |doi=10.31227/osf.io/2rcdf |s2cid=240864134 |issn=2503-3816 }}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Mannar |first1=M. Abduh Al |last2=Tamam |first2=Abas Mansur |last3=Syafri |first3=Ulil Amri |date=2018 |title=20 Concepts Of An Nadwi Islamic Education In Fighting Liberalization |url=http://pkm.uika-bogor.ac.id/index.php/PSBKI/article/view/140 |journal=Prosiding Bimbingan Konseling |language=ml |pages=177–185 |archive-date=14 October 2022 |access-date=12 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221014143421/http://pkm.uika-bogor.ac.id/index.php/PSBKI/article/view/140 |url-status=dead }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Miftah |first=Mukerrem |date=2016 |title=Islamic Civilization between Crisis and Revival: A Comparative Appraisal of the Works of Abul Hassan Ali-Nadwi and Ali Allawi |url=https://www.academia.edu/31517183 |journal=Islamic Perspective |volume=16 |pages=113–135 }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Monang |first=Sori |date=2018 |title=Reconstruction of Western Civilization Viewed by Sayyid Abû al-asanas' Alî al-Ḥasanî al-Nadwî |url=http://bircu-journal.com/index.php/birci/article/view/8 |journal=Budapest International Research and Critics Institute-Journal |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=1–12 |doi=10.33258/birci.v1i2.8 |s2cid=166028805 |issn=2615-3076 |doi-access=free }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Monang |first=Sori |date=2020 |title=Theological Thinking Abû al-Ḥasan 'Alî al-Hasani al-Nadwî |url=http://biarjournal.com/index.php/biohs/article/view/261 |journal=Britain International of Humanities and Social Sciences (BIoHS) Journal |language=en |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=586–593 |doi=10.33258/biohs.v2i2.261 |s2cid=225792661 |issn=2685-3868 |doi-access=free }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Muhammad Uthman El-Muhammady |first=Asma |date=2018 |title=Islam and interfaith dialogue: the da'wah approach of Sayyid Abu al-Hasan al-Nadwi |url=http://ijits.net/oj/index.php/ijits/article/view/119/111 |journal=International Journal of Islamic Thoughts |language=en |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=27–39 |issn=2306-7012 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Mulyadi |first=Mulyadi |date=2021 |title=Integration of Character Education and Tazkiyah al-Nafs: Perspective of Abū Hasan al-Nadwī |url=https://journal.iainkudus.ac.id/index.php/Addin/article/view/14509 |journal=ADDIN |language=Id |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=303–330 |doi=10.21043/addin.v15i2.14509 |s2cid=252725283 |issn=2476-9479 |doi-access=free }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Mustafa |first=Muhammad Nasir |date=2019 |title=Criticism in Arabic literature: A Study of the Views of Abu-ul-Hassan Alī al-Nadawī |url=https://alqamarjournal.com/index.php/alqamar/article/view/25 |journal=Al-Qamar |language=ur |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=1–14 |issn=2664-4398 }}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Nasir |first1=Mohd Shahrizal |last2=Mat Teh |first2=Kamarul Shukri |date=2021 |title=Al-Nadwi's View on the Importance of al-Sirah al-Nabawiyyah in Children's Education |url=https://jqss.usim.edu.my/index.php/jqss/article/view/97 |journal=Journal of Quran Sunnah Education & Special Needs |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=227–242 |doi=10.33102/jqss.vol5no1.97 |s2cid=236362753 |issn=2590-3799 |language=ml |doi-access=free }}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Qayyum |first1=Abdul |last2=Qureshi |first2=Aqeel Ahmad |date=2021 |title=Sīrah Writings of Abū al-Ḥassan ʻAlī Nadvī: A Study of "Nabī-i-Rahmat" |url=https://alqamarjournal.com/index.php/alqamar/article/view/624 |journal=Al-Qamar |language=ur |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=205–218 |issn=2664-4398 }}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Rahim |first1=Adibah Abdul |last2=Muhammad |first2=Saud |date=2021 |title=Revival of Islamic Civilization: Strategies for the Development of Muslim Society in the Thought of Abul Hasan Ali Nadwi |url=https://journals.iium.edu.my/jiasia/index.php/jia/article/view/1056 |journal=Journal of Islam in Asia |language=ml |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=188–204 |doi=10.31436/jia.v18i3.1056 |s2cid=245664809 |issn=2289-8077 |doi-access=free }}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Saadia |first1=Samina |last2=Aziz |first2=Farhat |last3=Awan |first3=Talib Ali |date=2021 |title=A Study of Syed Abul Ḥassan Alī Nadvī's views on Orientalists |url=https://alqamarjournal.com/index.php/alqamar/article/view/615 |journal=Al-Qamar |language=ur |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=161–174 |doi=10.53762/alqamar.04.03.u13 |doi-broken-date=11 July 2025 |issn=2664-4398 }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Setiawan |first=Azhari |date=2017 |title=Syed Abul Hasan Ali Hasani an-Nadwi About the Collapse of Civilization, View of Life, and Islamic Education |url=https://ejournal.unida.gontor.ac.id/index.php/tasfiyah/article/view/1854 |journal=Tasfiyah: Jurnal Pemikiran Islam |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=277–304 |doi=10.21111/tasfiyah.v1i2.1854 |issn=2613-9863 |language=ml |doi-access=free }}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Shabana |first1=Razia |last2=Farooq |first2=Fayyaz Ahmad |last3=Rashid |first3=Afifa |date=2021 |title=The rise and fall of nations in the light of the thoughts of Syed Abul Hassan Ali Nadvi |url=http://www.al-azhaar.org/index.php/alazhar/article/view/53 |journal=Al-Azhār |language=ur |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=111–136 |doi=10.46896/alazhr.v7i01.53 |doi-broken-date=11 July 2025 |issn=2519-6707 }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Shawq |first=Shakir Alam |date=2013 |title=As-Sayyid Abu al-Hasan an-Nadwi: Hayatuhu wa Is-hamatuhu al-Ilmiyyah |url=https://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/arabic/PDF/4-%20Shakir%20Final27.2.13_20_2013.pdf |journal=Majallah Al-Qism Al-Arabi |volume=20 |pages=49–77 |issn=1991-7015 }}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Siddique |first1=Khalil Ahmad |last2=Ali |first2=Muhammed Mumtaz |date=2019 |title=The Development of Islamic Thought in Post-Independent India |url=https://journals.iium.edu.my/jiasia/index.php/jia/article/view/764 |journal=Journal of Islam in Asia |language=en |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=348–368 |doi=10.31436/jia.v16i2.764 |s2cid=198703938 |issn=2289-8077 |url-access=subscription }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Timol |first=Riyaz |date=2014 |title=Shaykh Abu al-Hasan Ali Nadwi: His Life & Works |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/09596410.2014.926600 |journal=Islam and Christian–Muslim Relations |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=538–540 |doi=10.1080/09596410.2014.926600 |s2cid=145231248 |issn=0959-6410 |url-access=subscription }}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Yousuf |first1=Abdul Rehman |last2=Marwati |first2=Rafi Ullah Al |date=2019 |title=Philosophy And Thought Of Imam Abu Hassan Al-nadawi Towards The Heritage And The Development Of Arabic Literature |url=http://habibiaislamicus.com/index.php/hirj/article/view/53 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013041138/http://habibiaislamicus.com/index.php/hirj/article/view/53 |url-status=usurped |archive-date=13 October 2022 |journal=Habibia Islamicus (The International Journal of Arabic and Islamic Research) |language=ar |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=139–150 |issn=2664-4924 }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Zafar |first=Muhammad Ali |date=2012 |title=Seyyed Abul Hassan Ali Nadwi's Approach to Western Civilization |url=https://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/szic/pdf_files/2-%20Ali%20Zafar%20Seyyed%20Abul%20Hassan%20&%20western%20civilization_june2012.pdf |journal=Al-Adwa |language=en |volume=37 |issue=27 |pages=9–23 |issn=1995-7904 }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Zafar |first=Muhammad Ali |date=2022 |title=Seyyed Abul Hassan Ali Nadwi's Way To Deal With Western Development |url=https://pjl.com.pk/index.php/PJL/article/view/641 |journal=Pakistan Journal of Linguistics |language=en |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=27–38 |issn=2709-7919 }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Zamzam |first=Ahmad Fahmi |date=2000 |title=Abu Al-Hasan Ali Al-Hasani An-Nadwi: Personality, Life History and Struggle |url=https://ejournal.um.edu.my/index.php/JUD/article/view/3850 |journal=Jurnal Usuluddin |volume=11 |pages=79–92 |issn=0128-0708 |language=ml }}
{{refend}}

== Newspapers ==
{{refbegin|indent=yes}}
* {{Cite news |last=Aahad |date=20 November 2016 |title=Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi, he World Revivalist of the 20th Century |language=id |work=[[Republika (Indonesian newspaper)|Republika]] |location=Indonesia |url=https://republika.co.id/berita/koran/news-update/16/11/20/ogxqg63-abu-alhasan-ali-hasani-nadwi-sang-revivalis-abad-ke20-yang-mendunia}}
* {{Cite news |last=Al-Hadawi |first=Sibgatullah |date=5 June 2019 |title=In the memory of writer, preacher Abi Al-Hasan Ali Al-Nadwi |language=ar |work=[[Al Jazeera Arabic|Al Jazeera]] |location=Qatar |url=https://www.aljazeera.net/blogs/2019/6/5/%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B0%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%89-%D8%A3%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%A9-%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%86-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A}}
* {{Cite news |last=Al Ibrahim |first=Ibrahim Abdul Razzaq |date=16 July 2013 |title=Allama Abu al-Hasan al-Nadawi, may God have mercy on him (1914–1999 AD) |language=ar |work=[[Al Sharq]] |location=[[Qatar]] |url=https://m.al-sharq.com/opinion/16/07/2013/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9-%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%8A-%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%87-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87-1914-1999%D9%85}}
* {{Cite news |last=Bin Amir |first=Didar |date=31 December 2024 |title=Great reformer and thinker scholar |url=https://www.deshrupantor.com/562770/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%93-%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE |work=[[Desh Rupantor]]}}
* {{Cite news |last=Inqilabi |first=Mujibur Rahman |date=20 December 2013 |title=Academic and literary services of Maulana Syed Abul Hasan Ali Nadwi |language=ur |work=[[Daily Pakistan]] |url=https://dailypakistan.com.pk/20-Dec-2013/65960?version=amp}}
* {{Cite news |last=Khalid Hossain |first=A F M |author-link=A F M Khalid Hossain |date=12 July 2021 |title=Nadwi's careful observation in the historical study of orientalists |language=bn |work=[[Daily Naya Diganta]] |location=Bangladesh |url=https://www.dailynayadiganta.com/post-editorial/594450/}}
* {{Cite news |last=Minhaj Uddin |first=Muhammad |date=16 February 2021 |title=The greatest thinker and spiritual leader of the 20th century: Syed Abul Hasan Ali Nadwi (Rh.) |work=[[Dhaka Post]] |url=https://www.dhakapost.com/religion/11338}}
* {{Cite news |last=Mollah |first=Abdul Majeed |date=31 December 2021 |title=A pioneer of intellectual awakening in the Muslim world |language=bn |work=[[Kaler Kantho]] |location=Bangladesh |url=https://www.kalerkantho.com/online/islamic-life/2021/12/31/1106322}}
* {{Cite news |last=Rabiul Haque |first=Muhammad |date=2 December 2020 |title=Abul Hasan Ali Nadwi, preacher of Muslim Ummah |language=bn |work=[[Jugantor]] |location=Bangladesh |url=https://www.jugantor.com/islam-life/370485/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE-%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%80-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%88-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%80-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%80}}
* {{Cite news |last=Rashid |first=Shamsir Harunur |date=26 December 2024 |title=Abul Hasan Ali Nadwi’s Educational Thought and the Revival of Muslim Civilization in the Indian Subcontinent |url=https://dailyinqilab.com/religion-philosophy/article/715355 |work=[[Daily Inqilab]]}}
* {{Cite news |last=Rashid |first=Shamsir Harunur |date=2 January 2025 |title=Abul Hasan Ali Nadwi’s Educational Thought and the Revival of Muslim Civilization in the Indian Subcontinent |url=https://dailyinqilab.com/religion-philosophy/article/717643 |work=[[Daily Inqilab]]}}
* {{Cite news |last=Shah |first=Syed Talha |date=21 December 2018 |title=Remembering Maulana Sayyid Abul Hasan Ali Nadwi |work=[[Daily Times (Pakistan)|Daily Times]] |location=Pakistan |url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/335622/remembering-maulana-sayyid-abul-hasan-ali-nadwi/amp/}}
* {{Cite news |last=Siddiqui |first=Khaled Saifullah |date=31 December 2019 |title=Allama Abul Hasan Ali Nadvi and Bangladesh |language=bn |work=[[Daily Inqilab]] |location=Bangladesh |url=https://m.dailyinqilab.com/article/257633/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%80-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%80-%E0%A6%93-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6}}
* {{Cite news |last=Widaningsih |date=2 June 2021 |title=Meet Shaykh Abu Al-Hasan Ali An-Nadwi, One of the Best Scholars and Writers of Sirah Nabawiyah |language=id |work=[[:id:Sindonews.com|Sindonews.com]] |location=Indonesia |url=https://kalam.sindonews.com/newsread/443928/786/mengenal-syaikh-abu-al-hasan-ali-an-nadwi-salah-satu-ulama-dan-penulis-terbaik-sirah-nabawiyah-1622610388}}
{{refend}}

== Seminars ==
{{refbegin|indent=yes}}
* {{Cite conference |last1=Ahmad |first1=Nur Farihah |last2=Sulaiman |first2=Mashitah |date=26 October 2021 |title=The Prominence And Contribution Of Abu Hassan Ali Al-Nadwi On Strengthening The Spread Of Da'wah In Muslim World, 1913–1999 |url=https://oarep.usim.edu.my/jspui/handle/123456789/16125 |conference=E-Proceedings of the International Conference On Da’wah And Islamic Management |publisher=[[Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia]] |publication-place=Negeri Sembilan, [[Malaysia]] |access-date=12 October 2022 |archive-date=16 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220716155255/https://oarep.usim.edu.my/jspui/handle/123456789/16125 |url-status=dead }}
{{refend}}

== Websites ==
{{refbegin|indent=yes}}
* {{Cite web |title=Biography Of Sayyid Abul Hasan Ali Nadwi |url=https://abulhasanalinadwi.org/books/Biography.pdf |access-date=11 October 2022 |website=Abulhasanalinadwi.org}}
{{refend}}

== Other ==
=== Theses ===
{{refbegin|indent=yes}}
* {{Cite thesis
|last=Ahmed
|first=Mobarok
|title=A study on Arabic prose writers in India with special reference to Maulana Muhammad Rabey Hasani Nadwi
|publisher=Department of Arabic, [[Gauhati University]]
|year=2012
|location=India
|language=en
|hdl=10603/115224
|type=PhD
|pages=118–128
}}
* {{Cite thesis
|last=Khan
|first=Ghazanfar Ali
|title=Nadwat al-Ulama: a centre of islamic learning
|publisher=Department of Islamic Studies, [[Aligarh Muslim University]]
|year=2001
|location=India
|language=en
|hdl=10603/49833
|type=PhD
|pages=114–116
}}
* {{Cite thesis
|last=Mujab
|first=Muhammad
|title=Islamic sciences in India and indonesia: a comparative study
|publisher=Department of Sunni Theology, [[Aligarh Muslim University]]
|year=2001
|location=India
|language=en
|hdl=10603/58830
|type=PhD
|pages=186–195
}}
* {{Cite thesis
|last=S Islam
|first=Ansary
|title=Development of Arabic prose in India from 1947 to 2000 AD
|publisher=Department of Arabic, [[Gauhati University]]
|year=2018
|location=India
|language=en
|hdl=10603/257668
|type=PhD
|pages=135–144
}}
* {{Cite thesis
|last=Yusuf
|first=Aasia
|title=Islam and Modernism A Study of Muslim Scholars of Indo Pak subcontinent
|publisher=Department of Islamic Studies, [[Aligarh Muslim University]]
|year=2014
|location=India
|language=en
|hdl=10603/70423
|type=PhD
|pages=156–168
}}
{{refend}}

=== Books ===
{{refbegin|indent=yes}}
* {{Cite book |last=Bhat |first=Samee Ullah |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KNeJDwAAQBAJ |title=Islamic Historiography: Nature and Development |date=2019 |publisher=Educreation Publishing |isbn=978-93-88910-50-7 |location=India |pages=39–74 |language=en |chapter=Chapter 3}}
* {{cite book |title=Sayyid Abu'l-Hasan 'Ali Nadwi |chapter=Chapter 4 Sayyid Abu'l-Hasan 'Ali Nadwi |date=31 December 2010 |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9781400833801-007/html |work=Princeton Readings in Islamist Thought |pages=107–128 |editor-last=Euben |editor-first=Roxanne L. |publisher=Princeton University Press |doi=10.1515/9781400833801-007 |isbn=978-1-4008-3380-1 |editor2-last=Zaman |editor2-first=Muhammad Qasim}}
* {{Cite book |last=Sikand |first=Yoginder |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9780470996188.ch6 |title=The Blackwell companion to contemporary Islamic thought |date=2006 |publisher=Blackwell Publication |isbn=978-1-4051-7848-8 |editor-last=Ibrahim M. |editor-first=Abu-Rabi |location=Malden, MA |pages=88–105 |language=en |chapter=Chapter 5 |doi=10.1002/9780470996188.ch6 |oclc=150848815}}
{{refend}}

=== Journals ===
{{refbegin|indent=yes}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Aafreedi |first=Navras J. |date=2019 |title=Antisemitism in the Muslim Intellectual Discourse in South Asia |journal=Religions |language=en |volume=10 |issue=7 |pages=8 |doi=10.3390/rel10070442 |issn=2077-1444|doi-access=free }}
{{refend}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://abulhasanalinadwi.org/book-category/life-works/abul-hasan-ali-nadwi-life-works/ PDF books] on Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi
{{Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi}}

[[Category:Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi]]
[[Category:Islam-related lists]]
[[Category:Bibliographies of people|Nadwi, Abul Hasan Ali Hasani]]
[[Category:Indian biographies|Nadwi, Abul Hasan Ali Hasani]]
[[Category:Deobandi-related bibliographies|Nadwi, Abul Hasan Ali Hasani]]
[[Category:Bibliographies of Indian writers]]

Marathi Granth Sangrahalaya

2026-01-23T06:42:23Z

Brotherhoodbo: Adding First Article From Scratch

{{for|the library in Mumbai|Mumbai Marathi Grantha Sangrahalaya}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox library
| name = Marathi Granth Sangrahalaya
| logo = 
| logo_size =
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| image = Marathi Granth Sangrahalaya.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption = Marathi Granth Sangrahalaya
| country = India
| type = Public library
| scope =
| established = {{Start date|1893|06|01|df=y}}
| architect = 
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| location = [[Thane]], [[Maharashtra]], India
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'''Marathi Granth Sangrahalaya''' ('''MGS''') is a [[public library]] located in [[Thane]], [[Maharashtra]], India. It was founded on 1 June 1893.<ref name=m/><ref>{{cite news |title=Library on wheels rolls out in city to enhance reading culture |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thane/library-on-wheels-rolls-out-in-city-to-enhance-reading-culture/articleshow/37403617.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=28 June 2014 |access-date=13 June 2022 |archive-date=27 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170327072536/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thane/Library-on-wheels-rolls-out-in-city-to-enhance-reading-culture/articleshow/37403617.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> It is one of the oldest [[Marathi language|Marathi]] libraries in India.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mandpe |first1=Dr. Asha |title=History of India's first Marathi library |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thane/history-of-indias-first-marathi-library/articleshow/5405834.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=2 January 2010 |access-date=13 June 2022 |archive-date=10 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910103040/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thane/History-of-Indias-first-Marathi-library/articleshow/5405834.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
== History ==
Marathi Granth Sangrahalaya was established on 1 June 1893, by Vinayak Laxman Bhave, a 22-year-old man, along with his friends Vishnu Bhaskar and Baba Patwardhan. It was the first public Marathi library in [[Thane district]]. On the day of its establishment, the library received 40 subscribers, and by the end of the year, the number of subscribers had gone up to 172. The library started with 76 books and had 598 books by the end of the year.<ref name=m>{{cite news |title=ठाण्यातील पहिले ग्रंथालय |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/editorial/article/first-library-of-thane-district/articleshow/84923494.cms |work=[[Maharashtra Times]] |date=31 July 2021 |language=Marathi |access-date=13 June 2022 |archive-date=13 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220613193304/https://maharashtratimes.com/editorial/article/first-library-of-thane-district/articleshow/84923494.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

The library had run a magazine called ''Maharashtra Kavi'' from 1904 to 1908 under the editorship of Vinayak Laxman Bhave. The magazine published works of many poets from the 13th century to the 18th century. In 1944, the golden jubilee of the organization was celebrated under the chairmanship of [[Narasimha Chintaman Kelkar]], alias Tatyasaheb Kelkar. On 8 February 1953, the 13th Literary Week of Marathi Granth Sangrahalaya was inaugurated by freedom activist [[Vinayak Damodar Savarkar]]. The 42nd [[Akhil Bharatiya Marathi Sahitya Sammelan]] was held in Thane in 1960 as an initiative of Marathi Granth Sangrahalaya.<ref name=m/> In 2014, the mobile book library was started by Marathi Granth Sangrahalaya.<ref name=h/> In June 2017, on its 120th anniversary, it installed a digital kiosk, which offers books in digital and audio formats.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Menon |first1=Ankita G |title=Thane library offering your favourite book in digital, audio formats |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/thane-library-offering-your-favourite-book-in-digital-audio-formats/story-BJd5xCgMO0rKNgAi8MFuYL.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=7 June 2018 |access-date=13 June 2022 |archive-date=9 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109012702/https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/thane-library-offering-your-favourite-book-in-digital-audio-formats/story-BJd5xCgMO0rKNgAi8MFuYL.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Building ==
The first building of Marathi Granth Sangrahalaya was constructed in 1930 in Kharkar Ali, [[Thane]]. The new library building was inaugurated on 21 April 1964, by the then Defense Minister of India, [[Yashwantrao Chavan]] and [[Datto Vaman Potdar]]. At the same time, the organization got the status of a district library.<ref name=m/>

== Collection ==
Marathi Granth Sangrahalaya has more than 1,700 books. It has a collection of old magazines, including ''Kerala Kokil'', ''Kayastha Mitra'', ''Paisa Fund'', ''Dharmajagruti'', ''Kirloskar'', and ''Anand''. A project of digitization has also been started to make the bibliography accessible to more readers digitally.<ref name=m/>

== Membership ==
It had 3,000 to 4,000 members before [[COVID-19]]. The membership decreased after COVID-19.<ref>{{cite news |title=मराठी ग्रंथ संग्रहालय वाचकांसाठी सज्ज |url=https://www.lokmat.com/thane/marathi-granth-sangrahalaya-ready-readers-a715/ |work=[[Lokmat]] |date=9 June 2021 |language=Marathi |access-date=13 June 2022 |archive-date=13 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220613193208/https://www.lokmat.com/thane/marathi-granth-sangrahalaya-ready-readers-a715/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The membership of Marathi Granth Sangrahalaya is ₹1,000 per month since April 2018.<ref name=h>{{cite news |last1=Menon |first1=Ankita G |title=One of Thane’s oldest libraries goes digital |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/one-of-thane-s-oldest-library-goes-digital/story-zIqaKdBjcTwIaPiNioqwEN.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=5 May 2018 |access-date=13 June 2022 |archive-date=4 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404093301/https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/one-of-thane-s-oldest-library-goes-digital/story-zIqaKdBjcTwIaPiNioqwEN.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Election ==
In the triennial election of Marathi Granth Sangrahalaya, Vidyadhar Thanekar, a writer and publisher won as the president in September 2021.<ref>{{cite news |title=ठाणे मराठी ग्रंथ संग्रहालयाच्या अध्यक्षपदी विद्याधर ठाणेकर |url=https://www.lokmat.com/thane/vidyadhar-thanekar-president-thane-marathi-granth-sangrahalaya-a715/ |work=[[Lokmat]] |date=27 September 2021 |language=Marathi |access-date=13 June 2022 |archive-date=13 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220613193205/https://www.lokmat.com/thane/vidyadhar-thanekar-president-thane-marathi-granth-sangrahalaya-a715/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
== External links ==
* {{URL|https://web.archive.org/web/20190914025946/http://granthyan.com/index.html|Official website}}

[[Category:Public libraries]]
[[Category:Culture of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Libraries in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Libraries in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Education in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Thane]]
[[Category:Libraries established in 1893]]

Nalini Bagchi

2025-12-15T21:10:39Z

Brotherhoodbo: Updated formatting and improved readability

{{Short description|Indian revolutionary (1896–1918)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Nalinikanta Bagchi
| image = Martyr Nalini Bagchi.jpg
| caption = 
| native_name = {{nobold|{{lang|bn|নলিনীকান্ত বাগচী}}}}
| native_name_lang = bn
| birth_date = {{birth year|1897}}
| birth_place = [[Murshidabad]]
| death_date = {{dda|1918|06|16|1897}}
| death_place = [[Mitford Hospital, Dhaka]]
| alma_mater = [[Krishnath College]], Bankipur College, Bhagalpur College
| party = [[Jugantar]]
| movement = [[Indian independence movement|Indian Independence Movement]]
| father = Bhubanmohan Bagchi
}}

'''Nalinikanta Bagchi''' (1896 – 16 June 1918) was a young Indian revolutionary who sacrificed his life at the age of 22 during the struggle against [[British Raj]]. Born in Kanchantala, [[Murshidabad]], he joined the freedom movement while studying at Krishnath College. Fleeing police persecution, he moved through [[Bihar]] and [[Assam]], attempting to incite rebellion in the [[Danapur]] Cantonment. He evaded capture multiple times and survived smallpox before finally relocating to Dhaka. In January 1918, after a police raid at Kalta Bazar, he was critically wounded in a gunfight along with [[Tarini Majumdar]]. He died the same day in [[Mitford Hospital, Dhaka]], remembered as a fearless martyr.

== Early life ==
Born at Kanchanatala in [[Murshidabad]], his father's name is Bhubanmohan Bagchi. He studied at [[Krishnath College]], [[Berhampore|Bahrampur]]. Later, he studied at Bankipur College and Bhagalpur College in [[Patna]]. While studying at Krishnath College, [[Berhampore]], he joined the revolutionary party of [[Jugantar]]. He went to Bankipur College and Bhagalpur College in Patna to avoid getting arrested by the police. He tried to provoke the ideas of freedom struggle among the soldiers of [[Dinapur Cantonment#History|Danapur]]. He took shelter at [[Athgaon]] in [[Guwahati]] under the direction of the party. Here, on 12 January 1918, after an armed battle with the police, he and Satish Chandra Pakrashi crossed the police cordon and moved to the forest. He also repulsed another attack on Navagraha hill. Disguised as a Muslim, he reached [[Lumding]] [[Lumding Junction railway station|station]] on foot, after seven days of [[starvation]] and [[insomnia]]. Later he came to [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] in a state of [[smallpox]]. One of his comrades, saw him lying on the ground and took care of him.{{fact|date=January 2025}}

{{Anushilan Samiti}}

== Encounter and death ==
He then went to [[Dhaka]] and but he was again surrounded by the police at Kaltabazar, Dhaka on 15 June 1918. An armed battle began between Nalini and the police. He was severely wounded in the exchange of fire and was arrested. His companion [[Tariniprasanna Majumdar]], who was along with him, was shot dead. Nalini died at [[Mitford Hospital, Dhaka|Mitford hospital]], Dhaka on the same day. Despite police [[torture]] before his death, he did not mention his name. One policeman was killed and several others were injured in the fighting. His patron Chaitanya Dey(Aswinikumar Dey) was sentenced to ten years in prison.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Cakrabartī|first=Trailokya Nātha|title=জেলে ত্রিশ বছর|publisher=Alpha-Beta Publications|year=1963|location=Calcutta|language=Bangla|trans-title=Thirty years in prison|oclc=7969453|author-link=Trailokyanath Chakravarty}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Saṃsada Bāṅāli caritābhidhāna. Prathama khaṇḍa : prāẏa cāra sahasrādhika jībanī-saṃbalita ākara grantha|date=2010|others=Añjali Basu, S. C. Sen Gupta, অঞ্জলি বসু, এস. সি., ১৯০৩-১৯৯৮ সেন গুপ্ত|isbn=978-81-7955-135-6|edition=Saṃśodhita paṅcama saṃskaraṇa Volume I|location=Kalakātā|publication-date=November 2013|page=346|language=Bangla|oclc=972910133}}</ref> A road in the town of [[Berhampore]] in Murshidabad and a bridge over the Berhampore-Jalangi state road are named in his memory.<ref>{{Cite book|last=|first=|url=http://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12784|title=The Roll of Honour Anecdotes of Indian Martyrs|date=1960|publisher=Vidhya Bharathi|location=Calcutta|oclc=53070870}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bagchi, Nalini}}
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Bengal]]
[[Category:Indian independence movement]]
[[Category:1890s births]]
[[Category:1918 deaths]]

[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]

[[Category:Anushilan Samiti]]

[[Category:People shot dead by law enforcement officers in India]]

{{India-activist-stub}}

Disney Channel India Original Series

2025-11-04T23:54:02Z

Brotherhoodbo: made new bio added tags

#REDIRECT [[List of Disney Channel (India) series]]
{{R from move}}

Mrunalini Patil

2025-11-03T13:47:53Z

Brotherhoodbo:

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Mrunalini Patil
| honorific_suffix =
| image = The Director of film ‘Manthan’ Dr. Mrinalini at 36th International Film Festival of India – 2005 in Panaji, Goa on November 30, 2005.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Mrinalini, [[International Film Festival of India|IFFI]] [[37th International Film Festival of India|(2005)]]
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| years_active = 1993-present
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| children = [[Shivam Patil]], [[Amruta Patil]]
| parents = [[Suryakanta Patil]]
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| footnotes =
}}

'''Mrunalinni Patil''' is an Indian director and producer<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/entertainment/bollywood/Sample-this/articleshow/46869955.cms |title=Sample this! |publisher=Mumbaimirror.com |date=2015-04-10 |accessdate=2015-06-20}}</ref> known for her work in [[Hindi]] and [[Marathi cinema]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/home/marathi-film-manthan-ek-amrut-to-premier-in-iffi_257605.html |title=Marathi film 'Manthan Ek Amrut' to premier in IFFI | Zee News |publisher=Zeenews.india.com |date=2005-11-23 |accessdate=2015-06-20}}</ref> She is most known for her films ''[[Kagaar: Life on the Edge]]''(2003),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/oct/31kagaar.htm |title=Kagaar teeters on the edge |publisher=Rediff.com |date=2003-10-31 |accessdate=2015-06-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Nirmal Mishra |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-daya-nayak-is-my-alter-ego-says-his-screen-image-1010027 |title=Daya Nayak is my alter ego, says his screen image | Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis |publisher=Dnaindia.com |date=2006-01-28 |accessdate=2015-06-20}}</ref> ''[[Manthan: Ek Amrut Pyala]]'' (2006), ''[[Raakhandaar]]'' (2014)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.marathihits.com/movie-review/raakhandaar-marathi-movie-review-and-rating/ |title=Raakhandaar Marathi movie review and rating |publisher=Marathihits.com |date=2014-10-14 |accessdate=2015-06-20}}</ref> and ''[[Kaay Raav Tumhi]]''(2015)<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/Kaay-Raav-Tumhi/movie-review/46803622.cms |title=Kaay Raav Tumhi Movie Review, Trailer, & Show timings at Times of India |publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=2015-04-04 |accessdate=2015-06-20}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Marathi films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !!Contribution
!Cast
|-
|2006|| ''[[Manthan: Ek Amrut Pyala]]'' || Director, Producer
|[[Padmini Kolhapure]], [[Milind Gunaji]], [[Asawari Joshi]], Vijay Kadam
|-
|2014|| ''[[Raakhandaar]]'' || Director, Producer
|[[Ajinkya Deo]], [[Jitendra Joshi]], [[Anuja Sathe]], [[Yatin Karyekar]]
|-
|2015|| [[Kaay Raav Tumhi]] || Director, Producer
|[[Yatin Karyekar]], Ravindra Mahajani, Satish Pulekar, Hemant Dhome, Niyati Joshi
|}

===Hindi films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !!Contribution
!Cast
|-
|2003|| ''[[Kagaar: Life on the Edge]]'' || Producer
|[[Om Puri]], [[Nandita Das]], [[Amitabh Dayal]], [[Anup Soni]]
|-
|2015|| ''Karbonn'' || Director
|[[Amitabh Dayal]], [[Lakshmi Gopalaswamy]], [[Raj Babbar]], [[Padmini Kolhapure]], [[Rati Agnihotri]]
|}

==Television==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Original Run
!Name
!Contribution
!Language
!Network
|-
|2007 – present
| "SID Faarz"
|Producer
|Hindi
|DD National
|}

==See also==
* [[Shivam Patil]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|4763351}}

{{Portal bar|Bollywood}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patil, Mrunalinni}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Marathi film directors]]
[[Category:Marathi film producers]]
[[Category:Film directors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Film producers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian television producers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{India-film-director-stub}}

Sub-divisional police officer

2025-10-26T08:53:35Z

Brotherhoodbo: added details

{{Short description|Officer post in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{More citations needed|date=December 2023}}

'''Sub-divisional police officer''' (SDPO) is a [[police officer]] position in [[India]]. In some [[States and union territories of India|states and union territories]], such as [[Rajasthan]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]], this appointment is also known as '''circle officer''' (CO). He holds the rank of [[deputy superintendent of police]] (DSP) or [[assistant superintendent of police]] (ASP) and heads a police sub-division. In commissionerate system in metropolitan cities, the post is equivalent to Assistant commissioner of police (ACP). 
[[File:Assistant Superintendent of Police.svg|thumb|55px|Shoulder insignia of ACP]]

The nomenclature varies from state to state. However, the most common term is sub-divisional police officer (SDPO), and the functions are the same throughout India. A police sub-division is an administrative unit of the police in India, which comprises several police circles and police stations.

Circle officer or SDPO is responsible for overseeing law and order, crime prevention, and investigation within a designated area known as a police subdivision. They supervise and coordinate the activities of all [[Police station#India|police stations]] and units under the jurisdiction of that subdivision.<ref>Duties and responsibilities of sub divisional police officer: Odisha Police [https://odishapolice.gov.in/sites/default/files/PDF/PCO-14_2.pdf]</ref>

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Police ranks of India]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh Police]]

Aisha Ghaus Pasha

2025-10-23T00:03:06Z

Brotherhoodbo: basic cleaned up content for accuracy based on references

{{short description|Pakistani politician}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Aisha Ghaus Pasha
| honorific-suffix =
| office = Member of the [[National Assembly of Pakistan]]
| term_start = 13 August 2018
| term_end = 10 August 2023
| constituency = Reserved seat for women
| office1 = Member of the [[Provincial Assembly of the Punjab]]
| term_start1 = June 2013
| term_end1 = 31 May 2018
| constituency1 = Reserved seat for women
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1962|3|3|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Lahore]], [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], [[Pakistan]]
| spouse = [[Hafeez A. Pasha]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Wasim |first1=Amir |title=For PML-N, only family seems to matter |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1414042/for-pml-n-only-family-seems-to-matter |accessdate=14 June 2018 |work=DAWN.COM |date=14 June 2018}}</ref>
| nationality = Pakistani
| party = [[Awaam Pakistan|AP]] (2025-present)
| otherparty = {{flagicon image|PMLN 2021 Flag.png}} [[Pakistan Muslim League (N)|PMLN]] (2018-2024)
}}

'''Aisha Ghaus Pasha''' ({{Langx|ur|{{Nastaliq|عائشہ غوث پاشا}}}}; born 3 March 1962) is a [[Pakistanis|Pakistani]] [[politician]] and economist. In April 2022, she was appointed as a State Minister in the newly formed 34-member Cabinet. She is one of the five female members of the new Pakistan Federal Cabinet.<ref>{{cite news |title=Odd numbers: meet the five women in PM Shehbaz's 34 strong cabinet |url=https://www.aaj.tv/news/30284337 |access-date=26 April 2022 |agency=AAJ TV |publisher=AAJ TV |date=20 April 2022}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Dawn.com |date=2022-04-19 |title=A glance at the only five women in Shehbaz Sharif's 37-member cabinet |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1685774 |access-date=2022-04-19 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref> She had been a member of the [[National Assembly of Pakistan]] from August 2018 till August 2023.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dr. Aisha Ghaus Pasha |url=https://www.pap.gov.pk/members/profile/en/20/1207 |website=Provincial Assembly of The Punjab |access-date=26 April 2022 |archive-date=13 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230213164125/https://www.pap.gov.pk/members/profile/en/20/1207 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Previously she was a Member of the [[Provincial Assembly of the Punjab]], from June 2013 to May 2018.

==Early life and education==
Pasha was born on 3 March 1962 in [[Lahore]].<ref name="pap/2013">{{cite web|title=Punjab Assembly|url=http://www.pap.gov.pk/index.php/members/profile/en/20/1207|website=www.pap.gov.pk|accessdate=3 February 2018|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170613113527/http://www.pap.gov.pk/index.php/members/profile/en/20/1207|archivedate=13 June 2017}}</ref> She earned the degrees of Bachelor of Arts (Hons), Master of Arts in Economics and a Masters of Applied Science in Economics from the [[University of Karachi]]. Pasha is married to [[Hafeez Pasha (economist)|Hafeez Pasha]], an economist and former advisor to the Federal Government.<ref name=":0" />

==Political career==

She was elected to the [[Provincial Assembly of the Punjab]] as a candidate of [[Pakistan Muslim League (N)]] (PML-N) on a reserved seat for women in June 2013.<ref>{{cite news|title=PML-N names for reserved seats|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/436636|accessdate=3 February 2018|work=www.thenews.com.pk|language=en|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180203093427/https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/436636|archivedate=3 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=ECP issues notification of one NA, nine PA returned candidates|url=http://www.brecorder.com/move.php?jl=1&id=125077|accessdate=3 February 2018|work=brecorder}}{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> In May 2015, she was inducted into the provincial cabinet of the Chief Minister [[Shehbaz Sharif]] and was made Provincial Minister of Punjab for Finance.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sana, Ayesha sworn in as law, finance ministers|url=https://nation.com.pk/30-May-2015/sana-ayesha-sworn-in-as-law-finance-ministers|accessdate=3 February 2018|work=The Nation}}</ref>

She was elected to the [[National Assembly of Pakistan]] as a candidate of PML-N on a reserved seat for women from [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]] in the [[2018 Pakistani general election]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Reporter |first1=The Newspaper's Staff |title=List of MNAs elected on reserved seats for women, minorities |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1426560/list-of-mnas-elected-on-reserved-seats-for-women-minorities |accessdate=12 August 2018 |work=DAWN.COM |date=12 August 2018}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pasha, Aisha Ghaus}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:Pakistani economists]]
[[Category:Punjab MPAs 2013–2018]]
[[Category:Pakistani MNAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:Pakistan Muslim League (N) MPAs (Punjab)]]
[[Category:Pakistan Muslim League (N) MNAs]]
[[Category:University of Karachi alumni]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Leeds]]
[[Category:Women members of the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab]]
[[Category:Women provincial ministers of Punjab]]
[[Category:Female finance ministers]]
[[Category:Pakistani women economists]]
[[Category:Finance ministers of Punjab, Pakistan]]
[[Category:21st-century Pakistani women politicians]]

{{MuslimN-MNA-stub}}
{{PunjabPK-MuslimN-MPA-stub}}

Sabarigiri Hydro Electric Project

2025-10-21T17:01:21Z

Brotherhoodbo: Added New Details

'''Sabarigiri Hydro Electric Project''' is the second largest hydro electric project in Kerala. The [[Pamba River]] and its tributary the Kakki River are dammed up to form two separate reservoirs which are connected by a 3.21 km long underground tunnel. The Sabarigiri Powerhouse is then fed from Kakki reservoir. <ref>{{Citation|title=Project Sabarigiri|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RltBvVqe49A|language=en|access-date=2021-07-25}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Wayback Machine |url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s3e2ef524fbf3d9fe611d5a8e90fefdc9c/uploads/2021/06/2021061442.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240511212002/https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s3e2ef524fbf3d9fe611d5a8e90fefdc9c/uploads/2021/06/2021061442.pdf |archive-date=2024-05-11 |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=cdn.s3waas.gov.in}}</ref> Originally commissioned in 1966 with an installed capacity of 300 MW, from 2005 to 2009, the capacity was increased to 340 MW.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kerala State Electricity Board Limited - Pamba Basin HydroProjects|url=https://www.kseb.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=70&Itemid=717&lang=en|access-date=2021-07-25|website=www.kseb.in|archive-date=2021-07-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711013338/https://www.kseb.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=70&Itemid=717&lang=en|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The Kakki reservoir is formed by the [[Kakki Dam]] and [[Anathode Dam]] that form a shared reservoir connected by a natural valley. Anathode is a stream which joins Kakki River downstream of Kakki Dam.<ref name=":1" />

The Pamba reservoir is formed by the [[Pamba Dam]].<ref name=":1" />

The Kakki and Pamba dam were completed in 1966 and Anathodu Dam in 1967.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Fact file on dams onwed by Kerala State Electricity Board |url=https://www.expert-eyes.org/dams.html |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=www.expert-eyes.org}}</ref>

Pamda reservoir has a catchment area of 90.88 km2 with a full reservoir level (FRL) at {{convert|3236|ft|m|abbr=on}} above [[Sea level|MSL]] and a minimum drawdown level (MDDL) of {{convert|3160|ft|m|abbr=on}} above MSL, providing an effective storage at FRL of 31,450,000 m3.

Kakki reservoir has a catchment area of 225.51 km2 with a FRL at {{convert|3220|ft|m|abbr=on}} above MSL and a minimum drawdown level of {{convert|3135|ft|m|abbr=on}} above MSL, providing an effective storage at FRL of 447,760,000 m3.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kerala State Electricity Board Limited|url=http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Pamba(Eb)_Dam_D02918|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418031923/http://www.kseb.in/index.php?Itemid=80&id=70&option=com_content&view=article&lang=en|archive-date=18 April 2018}}</ref>

== History ==
Work on Pamba Dam started in 1962. Originally commissioned in 1966 with an installed capacity of 300 MW, from 2005 to 2009, the capacity was increased to 340 MW. In 1966 the capacity of the reservoir was twice as big as that of all other hydro-electric reservoirs in Kerala combined.<ref>{{Citation|title=Project Sabarigiri|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RltBvVqe49A|language=en|access-date=2021-07-25}}</ref>

On 2 December 1968 the Deputy Minister of Irrigation and Power Ishri Siddheswar Prasad
answered questions in Lok Sabha about a defective stator steel stampings supplied by a foreign firm. He stated that the stampings were found badly/rusted and unserviceable due to defects in production and transport and were replaced at a cost of Rs. 13 lakhs. The manufacturer had disputed the damages.<ref>{{Cite web| title=Written Answers | date=December 2, 1968 | url=https://eparlib.sansad.in/bitstream/123456789/2903275/1/04_VI_02-12-1968_p71_p72_u2899.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250609083745/https://eparlib.sansad.in/bitstream/123456789/2903275/1/04_VI_02-12-1968_p71_p72_u2899.pdf | archive-date=2025-06-09}}</ref>

A generator was destroyed in a fire on 16 May 2008, the generator was then dismantled and replaced with a 60 MW generator on 6 May 2014.

At 5.53 pm 1 April 2022 a 60 MW power generator failed due to a winding failure. [[Kerala State Electricity Board|KSEB]], the operator, had found the winding to be weak in the power generators in an evaluation two months before and had planned to rewind them in the coming year.
At the time of failure there were two units with a capacity of 60 MW and four units with a capacity of 55 MW.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerala faces 60 MW power shortfall as generator at Sabarigiri project shut due to winding failure |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2022/Apr/02/kerala-faces-60-mw-power-shortfall-as-generator-at-sabarigiri-project-shut-due-to-winding-failure-2437155.html |access-date=2025-06-04 |website=www.newindianexpress.com}}</ref>

== Sabaigiri Augmentation Scheme ==
The upper reaches of the Moozhiyar River, a tributary of the Pamba River, flow on the southern side of the Kakki reservoir. The [[Upper Moozhiyar Dam]] diverts water to the Kakki–Anathode reservoir<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wayback Machine |url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s3e2ef524fbf3d9fe611d5a8e90fefdc9c/uploads/2021/06/2021061466.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240511185052/https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s3e2ef524fbf3d9fe611d5a8e90fefdc9c/uploads/2021/06/2021061466.pdf |archive-date=2024-05-11 |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=cdn.s3waas.gov.in}}</ref> through a tunnel. The surplus over the storage flows over to the Moozhiyar River. The [[Upper Moozhiyar Dam]] was completed in 1979.<ref name=":0" />

The [[Kullar Dam]] and [[Gavi Dam]] form a common reservoir. Water from this reservoir is diverted to [[Meenar-1_Dam|Meenar–I reservoir]] through a tunnel before being diverted by another tunnel to [[Meenar-2_Dam|Meenar–II reservoir]]. Water from this reservoir is diverted to Pamba Dam through an open channel.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wayback Machine |url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s3e2ef524fbf3d9fe611d5a8e90fefdc9c/uploads/2021/06/2021061494.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240511201941/https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s3e2ef524fbf3d9fe611d5a8e90fefdc9c/uploads/2021/06/2021061494.pdf |archive-date=2024-05-11 |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=cdn.s3waas.gov.in}}</ref>

Water from [[Kochu Pamba Weir]] is pumped into the Pamba reservoir through a pump house located downstream from Pamba Dam.

Kullar, Gavi, Meenar–I, and Meenar–II were completed in 1990.<ref name=":0" />

== Pamba Irrigation Scheme ==
The Pamba Irrigation scheme in [[Pathanamthitta district|Pattanamthitta]] district is aimed at the utilization of the tail race water of Sabarigiri Hydro Electric project for irrigation purposes.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pamba Scheme|url=http://www.irrigation.kerala.gov.in/index.php/infrastructure/irrigation-schemes/storage-schemes/188-pamba-scheme|access-date=2021-07-25|website=irrigation.kerala.gov.in|archive-date=2019-12-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220040301/http://www.irrigation.kerala.gov.in/index.php/infrastructure/irrigation-schemes/storage-schemes/188-pamba-scheme|url-status=dead}}</ref> After the tail water has entered the [[Kakkattar|Kakkad River]] it is picked up by a barrage in Maniyar.

The {{convert|21135|ha|km2}} of [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ayacut ayacut] are located in the Pathanamthitta and Alapuzha districts. An estimated 81,600 tonnes of paddy are produced by this project.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maniyar {{!}} Irrigation-kerala |url=https://irrigation.kerala.gov.in/maniyar |access-date=2025-06-04 |website=irrigation.kerala.gov.in}}</ref>

== Kakkad Hydro Electric Project ==
The [[Kakkad Hydro Electric Project]] utilizes the tail race water from Sabarigiri power station and water from the Moozhiyar and Velluthode rivers. Two dams store water for the powerhouse. The main reservoir is on the [[Moozhiyar Dam|Moozhiyar]] downstream of the confluence with the tail race water from Sabarigiri power station. A tunnel connects this reservoir to Kakkad Power Station.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wayback Machine |url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s3e2ef524fbf3d9fe611d5a8e90fefdc9c/uploads/2021/06/2021061416.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728121232/https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s3e2ef524fbf3d9fe611d5a8e90fefdc9c/uploads/2021/06/2021061416.pdf |archive-date=2021-07-28 |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=cdn.s3waas.gov.in}}</ref> The second reservoir is formed by the [[Veluthodu Dam]], across the Velluthode River, a tributary of [[Kakkattar|Kakkad River]]. After generating power, water is released to the Kakkad River. The Kakkad River, also called Kakkatar, is a tributary of the Pamba River.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Dams in Kerala|state=expanded}}

{{coord missing|Kerala}}

[[Category:Hydroelectric power stations in Kerala]]
[[Category:Pamba River]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Pathanamthitta district]]

Niranjana Nagarajan

2025-10-07T18:50:17Z

Brotherhoodbo: expanded page and corrected details

{{Short description|Indian cricketer (born 1988)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Nagarajan Niranjana
| female = true
| image =
| caption =
| country = India
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1988|10|09}}
| birth_place = [[Madras]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = Right-arm medium
| role = Bowler
| international = true
| internationalspan = 2008—2016

| testdebutdate = 13 August
| testdebutyear = 2014
| testdebutagainst = England
| testcap = 77
| lasttestdate = 16 November
| lasttestyear = 2014
| lasttestagainst = South Africa

| odidebutdate = 30 August
| odidebutyear = 2008
| odidebutagainst = England
| odicap = 90
| lastodidate = 19 February
| lastodiyear = 2016
| lastodiagainst = Sri Lanka

| T20Idebutdate = 26 June
| T20Idebutyear = 2012
| T20Idebutagainst = England
| T20Icap = 34
| lastT20Idate = 26 February
| lastT20Iyear = 2016
| lastT20Iagainst = Sri Lanka

| club1 = [[Tamil Nadu women's cricket team|Tamil Nadu Women]]
| year1 = 2006–2013, 2018–present
| clubnumber1 =
| club3 = [[Railways women's cricket team|Railways Women]]
| year3 = 2013–2017
| clubnumber2 =
| club2 = [[South Zone women's cricket team|South Zone Women]]
| year2 = 2006–2013
| clubnumber3 =
| club4 = [[Central Zone women's cricket team|Central Zone Women]]
| year4 = 2013–2014
| clubnumber4 =

| columns = 3

| column1 = [[Women's Test cricket|WTest]]
| matches1 = 2
| runs1 = 27
| bat avg1 = 27
| 100s/50s1 = 0/0
| top score1 = 27
| deliveries1 = 236
| wickets1 = 4
| bowl avg1 = 23.75
| fivefor1 = 0
| tenfor1 = 0
| best bowling1 = 4/19
| catches/stumpings1 = 3/-

| column2 = [[Women's One Day International|WODI]]
| matches2 = 22
| runs2 = 70
| bat avg2 = 8.75
| 100s/50s2 = 0/0
| top score2 = 12*
| deliveries2 = 965
| wickets2 = 24
| bowl avg2 = 28.04
| fivefor2 = 0
| tenfor2 = 0
| best bowling2 = 3/24
| catches/stumpings2 = 4/-

| column3 = [[Women's Twenty20 International|WT20I]]
| matches3 = 14
| runs3 = 42
| bat avg3 = 7.00
| 100s/50s3 = 0/0
| top score3 = 15
| deliveries3 = 271
| wickets3 = 9
| bowl avg3 = 26.22
| fivefor3 = 0
| tenfor3 = 0
| best bowling3 = 2/15
| catches/stumpings3 = 3/-

| date = 22 January
| year = 2017
| source = https://www.espncricinfo.com/player/niranjana-nagarajan-220678 ESPNcricinfo
}}

'''Niranjana Nagarajan''' (born 9 October 1988) is an Indian [[cricket]]er.<ref name="Cricinfo profile">{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/content/player/220678.html|title=N Nagarajan|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=2009-11-02}}</ref> She represented [[India national women's cricket team|India]] in [[Women's Test cricket|WTests]], [[Women's One Day International|WODIs]] and [[Women's Twenty20 International|WT20I]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/90/90707/90707.html|title=N Nagarajan|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=2009-11-02}}</ref> She is a right-hand batsman and bowls right-arm medium-fast.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/niranjana-nagarajan-continues-the-hard-grind-in-quest-for-india-comeback-1263568 |title=Niranjana Nagarajan continues the hard grind in quest for India comeback |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=19 May 2021}}</ref> On 15 June 2024, she announced her retirement from all forms of cricket.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/india-women-news-fast-bowler-niranjana-nagarajan-calls-time-on-her-cricket-career-1439218 |title=India fast bowler Niranjana Nagarajan retires from all cricket |date=17 June 2024 |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=6 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://femalecricket.com/women-cricket-news/44182-indias-niranjana-nagarajan-announces-retirement-from-all-forms-of-cricket.html |title=India’s Niranjana Nagarajan announces retirement from all forms of cricket |work=Female Cricket |access-date=6 October 2024 |date=15 June 2024}}</ref>

== Career ==
In August 2008, she was added to national squad as a replacement player for [[Rumeli Dhar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/nagarajan-replaces-injured-dhar-365513 |title=Nagarajan replaces injured Dhar |work=ESPNcricinfo |date=19 August 2008 |access-date=6 October 2024}}</ref> She made her debut in [[international cricket]] on 30 August 2008 during [[Indian women's cricket team in England in 2008|India's tour of England]] in a [[Women's One Day International|WODI]] against [[England women's cricket team|England]] at [[North Parade, Bath]]. She also played for [[Tamil Nadu women's cricket team|Tamil Nadu]], [[Railways women's cricket team|Railways]], [[South Zone women's cricket team|South Zone]] and [[Central Zone women's cricket team|Central Zone]] in domestic cricket.

She displayed her bowling talent on the English ground when Indian Women played England in their five-match Test series in 2014. The claimed bowling figures of 4/19 as the England team were bowled out for just 92 runs.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/niranjana-nagarajan-grinds-in-quest-for-india-comeback-1263568 |title=Niranjana Nagarajan grinds in quest for India comeback |work=ESPNcricinfo |date=19 May 2021 |access-date=6 October 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

As of 2017, she had played two Tests, 22 ODIs and 14 T20Is for India.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/cricket/2017/jul/23/so-far-to-so-near-women-sniff-history-in-blue-1632329.html|title=So far to so near: Women sniff history in blue|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=2017-09-24}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20170713122436/http://www.wisdenindia.com/cricket-article/niranjanas-ticket-cricketing-glory-2/126821 Niranjana’s ticket to cricketing glory]

{{Navboxes
|title=India squads
|bg=mediumblue
|fg=orange
|bordercolor=orange
|list1=
{{India Squad 2012 ICC Women's World Twenty20}}
{{India Squad 2012 Women's Asia Cup}}
{{India Squad 2013 Women's Cricket World Cup}}
{{India Squad 2016 ICC Women's World Twenty20}}
}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nagarajan, Niranjana}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1988 births]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Chennai]]
[[Category:India women One Day International cricketers]]
[[Category:India women Twenty20 International cricketers]]
[[Category:India women Test cricketers]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu women cricketers]]
[[Category:Railways women cricketers]]
[[Category:South Zone women cricketers]]
[[Category:Central Zone women cricketers]]

{{India-cricket-bio-1988-stub}}

Swarmandal

2025-09-13T06:40:23Z

Brotherhoodbo: quick correct details and added references per standard format

{{Short description|Indian box zither}}
{{For|1997 film by the same name|Dance of the Wind}}
{{Infobox instrument
| name = Swarmandal
| image = Jasraj 001.jpg
| image_size =250
| alt =Musician Jasraj with a swarmandal
| caption =Pundit [[Jasraj]] with a swarmandal
| background =string
| names =Surmandal
|classification=([[Chordophone]]), [[String instrument]]
|hornbostel_sachs=314.122-5,6
|hornbostel_sachs_desc=Resonated [[box zither]], plucked by fingers or a [[plectrum]]
| inventors =
| developed =Probably imported with conquerors or traders in medieval period and adapted to suit Indian culture. May have roots in a native instrument called the ''mattakokilā''.
| related = {{bulleted list|[[autoharp]]|[[board zither]]|[[zither|box zither]]|[[psaltery]]|[[Qanun (instrument)|qanun]]|}}
}}

The '''''swarmandal''''' ({{langx|hi|स्वरमण्डल}} {{IPA|hi|s̪ʋərməɳɖəl̪|}}), '''''surmandal''''', or '''Indian harp''' is a plucked [[box zither]], originating from [[India]], similar to the [[Qanun (instrument)|qanun]] that is today most commonly used as an accompanying instrument for vocal [[Hindustani classical music|Indian classical music]].<ref name=grove>{{cite encyclopedia |author = Alastair Dick |editor-last= Sadie |editor-first=Stanley |entry= Swarmandal |encyclopedia= The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments |year=1984 |id= Volume 3 |page=477 |quote=}}</ref> It is part of the culture of Northern India and is used in concerts to accompany vocal music.<ref name=gov>{{cite web |title=SWARMANDAL |publisher = Government of India |url= https://www.indianculture.gov.in/node/2686909}}</ref> The name combines [[Sanskrit]] words ''svara'' (notes) and ''maṇḍala'' (circle),<ref name=grove/> representing its ability to produce many notes. The instrument was seen as equivalent by the [[Ain-i-Akbari|Ā'īn-i-akbarī]] to the [[Qanun (instrument)|qanun]].<ref name="grove" />

== Construction ==
Modern swarmandals are similar to European [[psaltry|psaltries]]. [[Autoharp]]s are used as an equivalent instrument in India today, especially with the chord-button mechanism taken out. Modern swarmandals are trapezoidal and measure {{Convert|51|cm|in|abbr=on}} in length and {{Convert|28|cm|in|abbr=on}} width. Instruments may have as many as 40 strings, while older instruments from the 19th century were recorded as having 21 strings.<ref name="grove" /><ref name="Day">{{cite book |author= Charles Russell Day |title= The music and musical instruments of southern India and the Deccan |pages= 131–134 |section= Plate VIII Svarmandala |publisher= Novello, Ewer & Company |date= 1891 |place=New York & London|url= https://archive.org/details/musicmusicalinst00dayc/page/n183/mode/2up}}</ref> The strings are hooked in a nail lodged in the right edge of the swarmandal and on the left are wound around tuning pegs which can be tightened with a special key.<ref name="grove" /> Wooden pegs were used instead of metal ones in the medieval period. A sharp {{convert|1/2|in|adj=on}} ridge on both sides of the swarmandal stands a little apart from the nails on which the strings are tightened. This ridge functions as a bridge on both sides. The swarmandal is similar to the [[autoharp]] or [[zither]] in many respects.

== History ==
{{Expand section|date=May 2022}}
The swarmandal may be the same as {{Speculation inline}} the 13th-century instrument known as the ''mattakokilā'' (intoxicated cuckoo).<ref name="grovesurman">{{cite encyclopedia |year=1984 |encyclopedia=The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments |id=Volume 3 |editor-last=Sadie |editor-first=Stanley |page=477 |quote=in...[[Sangita Ratnakara|Sangītaratnākara]], a chordophone with 21 strings...is mentioned...does not make it clear whether this was a board zither or even whether the author had actually seen one...may have been a...harp-vīnā... |author= |entry=Surmandal}}</ref> In the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal period]], the swarmandal was seen as equivalent by the [[Ain-i-Akbari|Ā'īn-i-akbarī]] to the [[Qanun (instrument)|qanun]].<ref name="grove" /> In the 19th century, a writer{{Who|date=May 2022}} commented that good performances on the instrument were rare, because it was difficult to play and, at the time, expensive to buy.<ref name="Day" />

== In popular culture ==
Several modern artists have performed with the instrument. Some of the vocalists who have used it extensively are [[Bade Ghulam Ali Khan]], [[Salamat Ali Khan]], [[Jasraj]], [[Rajan and Sajan Mishra|Rajan Sajan Mishra]], [[Kishori Amonkar]], [[Rashid Khan (musician)|Rashid Khan]], and [[Ajoy Chakrabarty]]. After travelling to India in late 1966, [[George Harrison]] introduced the swarmandal into [[the Beatles]]' sound on their 1967 single "[[Strawberry Fields Forever]]".<ref>{{cite book|last=Babiuk|first=Andy|author-link=Andy Babiuk|year=2002|title=Beatles Gear: All the Fab Four's Instruments, from Stage to Studio|publisher=Backbeat Books|location=San Francisco, CA|isbn=978-0-87930-731-8|page=193|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=Eo743Uh2UOEC}}}}</ref> He also played it on his Indian classical-style composition "[[Within You Without You]]", from the band's ''[[Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band]]'' album.<ref name="Elwood/SFExaminer">{{cite news|first=Philip|last=Elwood|title=Last Respects to Beatles in an Album That Turns on|work=[[San Francisco Examiner]]|date=3 June 1967}} Available at [https://www.rocksbackpages.com/Library/Article/the-beatles-isgt-peppers-lonely-hearts-club-bandi-capitol-smas-2653 Rock's Backpages] (subscription required).</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Clayson|first=Alan|title=George Harrison|publisher=Sanctuary|location=London|year=2003|isbn=1-86074-489-3|pages=212–13}}</ref>

<gallery>
File:Bade Ghulam Ali Khan 2003 stamp of India.jpg|Bade Ghulam Ali Khan featured on an Indian stamp with the swarmandal
File:Ustad rashid kan bharat bhavan bhopal (4).JPG|Rashid Khan playing swarmandal
File:Pandit Rajan Sajan Mishra Performing at Bharat Bhavan Bhopal 06.jpg|Pandit Rajan Mishra singing with swarmandal
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Drone (music)]]
* [[Hindustani classical music]]
* [[Zither]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Zithers}}
{{Indian musical instruments}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Hindustani musical instruments]]
[[Category:Box zithers]]

Sushma Sharma (politician)

2025-07-03T19:54:21Z

Brotherhoodbo: added new bio

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
'''Sushma Sharma''' is an Indian politician and member of the Bhartiya Janta Party. Sharma was a member of the [[Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Chintpurni (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chintpurni constituency]] in [[Una district]].<ref>[http://elections.traceall.in/vidhan-sabha-assembly-election-results/Chintpurni-in-Himachal-Pradesh Previous Year's Election Results in Chintpurni, Himachal Pradesh]</ref><ref>[http://www.elections.in/himachal-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/chintpurni.html Sitting and previous MLAs from Chintpurni Assembly Constituency]</ref>

== Electoral performance ==
{{trim|{{#section-h:Chintpurni Assembly constituency|Assembly Election 1998}}}}
{{trim|{{#section-h:Chintpurni Assembly constituency|Assembly Election 1993}}}}
{{trim|{{#section-h:Chintpurni Assembly constituency|Assembly Election 1990}}}}
== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma, Sushma}}
[[Category:People from Una district]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Himachal Pradesh MLAs 1990–1992]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Women members of the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

{{HimachalPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}

Avik Chowdhury

2025-06-06T18:46:43Z

Brotherhoodbo: fix lead for consistency and updated info

#REDIRECT [[List of Bengal cricketers#C]]

{{r to list}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chowdhury, Avik}}
[[Category:1984 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Bengal cricketers]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Kolkata]]

Bharat Forecast System

2025-05-27T15:42:45Z

Brotherhoodbo:

{{Short description|Weather prediction system}}
{{Infobox brand|name=Bharat Forecasting System (BFS)|logo=|logo_size=200px|logo_alt=|logo_caption=|image=|alt=|caption=|producttype=High-resolution [[Weather forecasting]] system|currentowner=[[Ministry of Earth Sciences]]|country=[[India]]|introduced={{Start date and age|2025|05|26|df=y}}|related=|website=|producedby=[[India Meteorological Department]]}}'''Bharat Forecasting System (BFS)''' or''' Bharat Forecasting System''' is an Indian high-resolution weather prediction system, launched by the [[Government of India]] on 26 May 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-26 |title=UPSC Key: Bharat Forecasting System, World’s fourth-largest economy and Indus Waters treaty |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/upsc-current-affairs/upsc-key-bharat-forecasting-system-worlds-fourth-largest-economy-and-indus-waters-treaty-10030389/ |access-date=2025-05-26 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-05-26 |title=Bharat Forecast System launched: How new weather model with world's highest-resolution will help India |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/bharat-forecast-system-launched-how-new-weather-model-with-worlds-highest-resolution-will-help-india/articleshow/121406552.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-05-26 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> It was developed by the [[Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology]], under the [[Ministry of Earth Sciences]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-05-25 |title=Government to unveil Bharat Forecasting System on Monday |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/government-to-unveil-bharat-forecasting-system-on-monday/articleshow/121395051.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-05-26 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/highresolution-bharat-forecast-system-launched-to-address-extreme-weather-events-101748243943294.html</ref> The system operates on a 6-kilometer grid, which improves accuracy for medium and short-range forecasts.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-26 |title=UPSC Key: Bharat Forecasting System, World’s fourth-largest economy and Indus Waters treaty |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/upsc-current-affairs/upsc-key-bharat-forecasting-system-worlds-fourth-largest-economy-and-indus-waters-treaty-10030389/ |access-date=2025-05-26 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/highresolution-bharat-forecast-system-launched-to-address-extreme-weather-events-101748243943294.html</ref>

== Overview ==
It aims to enhance the prediction of monsoon patterns, cyclones, and other extreme weather events.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-26 |title=Bharat Forecast System: How it will work; key features and other details - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/environment/bharat-forecast-system-how-it-will-work-key-features-and-other-details-19610620.htm |access-date=2025-05-26 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref> The system comes with a forecast accuracy of 30% to 64%<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pillai |first=Soumya |date=2025-05-26 |title=IMD makes leap with Made-in-India Bharat Forecast System, promises more accurate predictions |url=https://theprint.in/science/imd-makes-leap-with-made-in-india-bharat-forecast-system-promises-more-accurate-predictions/2637673/ |access-date=2025-05-26 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-26 |title=6 km precision: India’s new weather forecast model races ahead of UK, US and EU in accuracy race - BusinessToday |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/india/story/6-km-precision-indias-new-weather-forecast-model-races-ahead-of-uk-us-and-eu-in-accuracy-race-477817-2025-05-26 |access-date=2025-05-26 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref> and is designed to support disaster management initiatives and agricultural planning across the country.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-26 |title=What is Bharat Forecasting System for more apt weather predictions? |url=https://www.firstpost.com/explainers/india-imd-bharat-forecasting-system-weather-predictions-13891883.html |access-date=2025-05-26 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Ministry of Earth Sciences]]
[[Category:Government of India]]
[[Category:2025 establishments in India]]
[[Category:India Meteorological Department]]

Zahid Hasan (scholar)

2025-05-19T17:57:27Z

Brotherhoodbo: added info

{{Short description|Indian Islamic scholar (1918–1988)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Zahid Hasan
| image =
| honorific_prefix = Mawlana
| office1 = Member of Legislative Assembly, Deoband constituency
| term_start1 = 1946
| term_end1 = 1952
| predecessor1 = Sheikh Zia-ul-Haq Khan Bahadur Rajupuri
| office2 =
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| office3 =
| predecessor3 =
| successor3 =
| term_start3 =
| term_end3 =
| module = {{Infobox religious biography |embed=yes
| religion = [[Islam]]
| birth_date = 1918
| birth_place = Ibrahimī village, [[Sarsawa]], [[Saharanpur district]], [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh]], British India (present-day [[Uttar Pradesh]], India)
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|1988|03|27|1918}}
| death_place = Civil Hospital, [[Saharanpur]], Uttar Pradesh
| alma_mater = [[Darul Uloom Deoband]]
| teachers = {{bulleted list|[[Hussain Ahmad Madani]]|[[Asghar Hussain Deobandi]]|[[Muhammad Ibrahim Balyawi]]|[[Izaz Ali Amrohi]]|[[Shabbir Ahmad Usmani]]|[[Muhammad Shafi Deobandi]]|[[Abdul Haq Akorwi]]|[[Muhammad Idris Kandhlawi]]|[[Muhammad Tayyib Qasmi]]|[[Ahmed Ali Lahori]]}}
| denomination = [[Sunni Islam]]
| movement = [[Deobandi]]
| Madh'hab = [[Hanafi]]
| creed = [[Maturidi]]
| Sufi_order = [[Chishti Order|Chishtiya]]-[[Alauddin Sabir Kaliyari|Sabiriya]]-[[Haji Imdadullah Muhaajir Makki|Imdadiya]]
| disciple_of = {{Bulleted list|[[Abdul Qadir Raipuri]]|[[Zakariyya Kandhlawi]]|[[Asad Madani]]}}
| occupation = Islamic scholar, politician
}}
}}

'''Zahid Hasan''' (1918 – 27 March 1988), known as '''Maulana Zahid Hasan''', was an Indian Islamic scholar, spiritual guide, and a participant in the [[Indian independence movement]]. From 1946 to 1952, he served as a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] (MLA) representing the Deoband constituency. He graduated from [[Darul Uloom Deoband]] and was a student and disciple of [[Hussain Ahmad Madani]]. As an active member of the [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind]], he worked in the religious, political, and educational spheres for nearly five decades.

== Early life and education ==
Zahid Hasan was born in 1918 in Ibrahimī village near [[Sarsawa]], [[Saharanpur district]], in the [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh]] (present-day [[Uttar Pradesh]], India). He belonged to the [[Khatana]] branch of the [[Gurjar]] community.{{Sfn|Al-Majri|2022|p=37}}<ref name="Khujnawari">{{Cite journal|last=Khujnawari|first=Muhammad Sajid|title=Sahib-e-Azimat: Hazrat Maulana Zahid Hasan Qasmi|magazine=Fikr-e-Inqelab – Special Issue: Remembrance of Elders of Darul Uloom Deoband (Vol. 2)|url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/fikr-e-inqelab-shumara-number-228-ahsan-mahtab-magazines|date=1–15 January 2022|volume=10|issue=228|pages=247–249|publisher=All India Tanzim Ulama-e-Haq, Fikr-e-Inqelab|location=Delhi|language=ur}}</ref>

He received early education in Persian and Qur'anic recitation under Sayyid Sher Shah Haripuri in Sarsawa and Ahiba village near [[Nanauta]]. In 1934, he enrolled at [[Darul Uloom Deoband]] and graduated in 1941 (1360 AH).{{Sfn|Al-Majri|2022|pp=57–59}}

There, he studied under scholars such as [[Hussain Ahmad Madani]], [[Asghar Hussain Deobandi]], [[Muhammad Ibrahim Balyawi]], and [[Muhammad Shafi Deobandi]].{{Sfn|Al-Majri|2022|pp=57–59}}

After graduation, he also studied briefly under [[Ahmed Ali Lahori]].{{Sfn|Al-Majri|2022|p=68}}{{Sfn|Khujnawari|2022|p=249}}

== Career ==
=== Teaching ===
Hasan began his teaching career at Madrasa Sirajul Uloom in Damjhera, Saharanpur. In 1964, he founded another branch of the madrasa in the same village, where he taught Arabic, Persian, and Islamic texts including ''[[Mishkat al-Masabih]]''. He ended his formal teaching activities after 1978 due to growing public responsibilities.{{Sfn|Al-Majri|2022|pp=99–100}}

He also served as a lifelong patron of Jamia Ahmadul Uloom in Khanpur, [[Gangoh]].{{Sfn|Al-Majri|2022|p=100}}

=== Sufism ===
After graduating, Hasan pledged allegiance to [[Hussain Ahmad Madani]] and later to [[Abdul Qadir Raipuri]], from whom he received spiritual succession (''khilafah''). He also received permission to guide disciples from [[Muhammad Zakariya Kandhlawi]] and [[Asad Madni]].{{Sfn|Al-Majri|2022|pp=108–109, 115, 118}}{{Sfn|Khujnawari|2022|p=249}}

=== Public service and politics ===
Hasan was associated with the [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind]] for over four decades, serving as vice president and later as president of its Saharanpur branch.{{Sfn|Al-Majri|2022|p=284}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=مولانا زاہد ابراہیمی ؒہمیشہ قوم وملت کے لیے سرگرم اور متفکر رہتے تھے:مولانا سید ارشد مدنی|url=https://roznamakhabrein.com/maulana-zahid-ibrahimi-was-always-active-and-concerned-for-the-nation-maulana-syed-arshad-madani/|date=21 February 2022|access-date=16 May 2025|website=Daily Khabrein|language=ur}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=मदरसा कंजुल उलूम टिटौली मे हयात ए जाहिद कार्यक्रम हुआ आयोजन|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/uttar-pradesh/saharanpur/nakur/news/the-book-on-the-life-story-of-freedom-fighter-maulana-zahid-hasan-hayate-zahid-was-released-129422257.html|date=20 February 2022|access-date=16 May 2025|website=[[Dainik Bhaskar]]|language=hi}}</ref> He established a local Shariah council in Saharanpur to address community issues.{{Sfn|Al-Majri|2022|pp=160, 284}}

In the [[1946 Indian provincial elections]], he was elected as an MLA from Deoband as a candidate of the [[Indian National Congress]].{{Sfn|Al-Majri|2022|pp=161, 177}}{{Sfn|Khujnawari|2022|p=250}} He also contested parliamentary elections in 1977 and 1980, but was not elected.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Statistical Report on General Elections, 1977 to the Sixth Lok Sabha: Volume II (Constituency Data – Summary)|url=https://hindi.eci.gov.in/files/file/4116-general-election-1977-vol-i-ii/?do=download&r=9750&confirm=1&t=1&csrfKey=552f9dc4058a84d1793ae045d8e7fcca|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |location=New Delhi |year=1978 |page=488 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Statistical Report on General Elections, 1980 to the Seventh Lok Sabha: Volume I (National and State Abstracts & Detailed Results)|url=https://hindi.eci.gov.in/files/file/4117-general-election-1980-vol-i-ii/?do=download&r=9752&confirm=1&t=1&csrfKey=2e27df392ad30c38c6a344c3ba38ff0b|publisher=Election Commission of India |location=New Delhi |year=1981 |page=233 |language=en}}</ref>

Through his efforts, over forty Islamic seminaries (madrasas) were established in the region.{{Sfn|Al-Majri|2022|pp=197–199}}

== Honours ==
In 2023, a girls' school named ''Maulana Zahid Hasan Girls Inter College'' was established in Gangoh by Jamia Ahmadul Uloom Khanpur in his memory.<ref>{{Cite web |title=सहारनपुर: मौलाना जाहिद हसन गर्ल्स इंटर कॉलेज की रखी संगे बुनियाद |trans-title=Saharanpur: Maulana Zahid Hasan Girls Inter College foundation laid |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/saharanpur/story-saharanpur-maulana-zahid-hasan-laid-the-foundation-of-girls-inter-college-9118239.html |website=Live Hindustan |date=26 December 2023 |access-date=16 May 2025 |language=hi}}</ref>
== Death ==
Hasan died on 27 March 1988 (8 Sha'ban 1408 AH) after sustaining a serious head injury from a fall while returning from an educational tour near his native village, Ibrahimī. He was taken to the Civil Hospital in [[Saharanpur]] but did not survive.{{Sfn|Al-Majri|2022|pp=312–313, 388–389}}

He was buried in the family graveyard in his home village. He was survived by two daughters and five sons, including Muhammad Arif Qasmi, Muhammad Tayyib Qasmi, Muhammad Ashfaq Qasmi, Muhammad Sajid Zahidi, and Muhammad Asjad Husaini Qasmi.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Al-Majri|first1=Abdul Khaliq Qasmi|title=Hayāt-e-Zahid|url=https://archive.org/details/Hayat-e-Zahid |publisher=Publishing Department, Madrasa Islamia Kanz-ul-Uloom|location=Tadoli, near Gangoh, [[Saharanpur District]]|edition=1st|year=2022|pages=43–49|language=ur}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hasan, Zahid}}
[[Category:1918 births]]
[[Category:1988 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Islamic religious leaders]]
[[Category:Deobandis]]
[[Category:Darul Uloom Deoband alumni]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians]]
[[Category:Members of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:People from Saharanpur district]]
[[Category:Hanafis]]
[[Category:Indian Sunni Muslims]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian politicians]]

Legal Services Authorities

2025-05-05T23:59:15Z

Brotherhoodbo: Adding Basic Pg More To Come

'''Legal Services Authorities''' are statutory bodies constituted in the [[state of India|states]] of India by the ''[[Legal Services Authorities Act 1987]]'', as enshrined by article 39-A of the [[Constitution of India]], for providing free legal services for the citizens.<ref>[http://kelsa.nic.in/act.htm kelsa.nic.in The Legal Services Authorities Act of 1987]</ref><ref>[http://www.legalserviceindia.com/articles/legaut.htm legalserviceindia.com]</ref> These authorities give free legal aid to a person if he/she is not capable of bearing the expenditure. This includes appointing a lawyer in case the person is a defendant in a case. These authorities periodically organize '[[Lok Adalat|lok-adalats]]' (Hindi for ''Public Court'') for out-of-the-court settlement of the cases (under provision of the law). There are two types of lok adalats i.e Permanent Lok Adalat (public utility services), and non permanent lok adalat (simply known as ''Lok Adalat'').

== References ==
<references />
{{Lok Adalat}}
[[Category:Legal organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Legal aid]]

Alex Vadakumthala

2025-03-15T23:07:14Z

Brotherhoodbo: Page updated with additional details

{{Multiple issues|
{{BLP sources|date=October 2018}}
{{resume-like|date=July 2019}}
}}

{{Use Indian English|date=February 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox Christian leader
| type = Bishop
| honorific-prefix = His Excellency
| name = Alex Vadakumthala
| title = [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Kannur|Bishop of Kannur]]
| image = Bishop Dr Alex Vadakumthala 2019.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| church = Roman Catholic Church
| see = [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Kannur|Kannur Diocese]]
| appointed = 1 February 2014
| term = 2014–present
| predecessor = [[Varghese Chakkalakal]]
| successor =
| ordination = 19 December 1984
| ordained_by =
| consecration = 23 March 2014
| consecrated_by = [[Salvatore Pennacchio]]
| rank = 
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|14 June 1959|df=y}}
| death_date =
| death_place =
| previous_post = Vicar General
| birth_place = [[Panagad]], Kerala, India
}}

Bishop Dr. '''Alex Vadakumthala''' was ordained as Priest on 19 December 1984. He served as the Vicar General of the Archdiocese of Verapoly. He was appointed as Bishop of Kannur on 1 February 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mattersindia.com/pope-francis-appoints-kannur-bishop/|title=Pope Francis appoints Kannur bishop|publisher=Matters India|date=2014-02-01|accessdate=2014-02-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209025730/http://mattersindia.com/pope-francis-appoints-kannur-bishop/|archive-date=9 February 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> He has served as the Executive Secretary of the CBCI Commission for Health Care. He had also served as the Project Director, Constant Lievens National Academy of Healy Sciences, Ranchi (CBCIs – Ambitious Medical College and Hospital Project for North India).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.persecution.in/content/very-rev-msgr-alex-vadakumthala-appointed-new-bishop-kannur |title=Very Rev. MSGR. Alex Vadakumthala appointed as the new Bishop of Kannur &#124; Christian Persecution Update |access-date=14 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140214043841/http://www.persecution.in/content/very-rev-msgr-alex-vadakumthala-appointed-new-bishop-kannur |archive-date=14 February 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Bishop Alex's artistic achievements are highlighted in the Malayalam Christian Devotional Song Divya sneham ദിവ്യ സ്നേഹം, where he contributed its lyrics.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7F8IJJuy4UU |title=Divya sneham ദിവ്യ സ്നേഹം |via=YouTube |date=10 October 2023 |access-date=21 October 2023 }}</ref>

==Brief Info==
{{Rewrite section|date=May 2024}}
Born : 14 June 1959

Place : Panangad, Ernakulam

Diocese : Verapoly

Parish : St. Antony's Church, Panangad

Parents : Joseph Vadakumthala and Mary Joseph

Family : 4 sisters and 2 brothers

Primary Education : St. Antony's L.P School, Panangad

U.P & High School : Panangad High School

College Studies : St. Paul's College, Kalamassery

Joined the Seminary : 1974 St. Joseph's Seminary, Kalamassery

Seminary Studies : Papal Seminary and Jnana Deepa Vidyapeeth, Pune

Ordained Priest : 19 December 1984, St. Francis Assisi Cathedral

Worked in Parishes : St. Assisi Cathedral, Ernakulam, St. Philomena's, Koonammavu, Vimalambika

Master of Arts (Eng) : University of Kerala

Doctorate in Canon Law : Urban University, Rome

Professor : St. Joseph's Seminary, Carmelgiri

Pontifical Council for Health : Vatican, 1992–1993

Vice Chancellor of Curia : Verapoly 1993–1994

Cochin Arts and Communication : Director, Cochin 1994–1996

CBCI Health Commission : Executive Secretary 1999–2008

CBCI Medical College in Ranchi, Jharkhand : Project Director 2008–2011

Canon Law Society of India : President, 2007–2013

Vicar General : Verapoly 2011–2014 February

Ecclesiastical Adviser KLCA : 2011–2014

Elected Bishop : February 2014

Ordained Bishop : 23 March 2014

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{wikiquote|Alex Joseph Vadakumthala}}
{{commons category}}

*{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia//pontifical_councils/hlthwork/documents/rc_pc_hlthwork_doc_20020705_conf-episc-direttori_it.html|title=Direttori dell Ufficio per la Pastorale della Salute|website=Vatican.va|accessdate=6 October 2018}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vadakumthala, Alex}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Roman Catholic bishops in India]]
[[Category:People from Kerala]]
[[Category:1959 births]]

{{India-RC-bishop-stub}}

Faridabad Thermal Power Station

2024-11-13T21:02:55Z

Brotherhoodbo: added references

{{Short description|Coal-fired power plant in Haryana, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2018}}
{{Infobox power station
|image =
|image_caption =
|lat_d =
|long_d =
|name = Faridabad Thermal Power Station
|country = India
|location = [[Faridabad]], [[Faridabad district|Faridabad]], [[Haryana]]
|coordinates = {{Coord|28.374|77.307|display=inline,title}}
|status = Closed
|operator = [[Haryana Power Generation Corporation Limited|HPGCL]]
|th_fuel_primary = [[Coal]]
|th_fuel_tertiary =
|ps_units_operational= 1
|ps_electrical_capacity= 55.00 MW
|commissioned = 1974
|extra = Source: http://hpgcl.gov.in/
}}
'''Faridabad Thermal Power Station''' is located in the New Industrial Township of the Indian city of [[Faridabad]], {{convert|30|km}} from the capital [[Delhi]]. The power plant is one of the [[coal]]-based power plants owned by [[Haryana Power Generation Corporation Limited]]. Presently the plant is shut down.

==Power plant==
Originally, the installed capacity was {{convert|180|MW}} in 3 units of {{convert|60|MW}} each. Units 1 and 3 were phased out because of ageing. The power station has been shut down and decommissioned as of 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|date=7 March 2019|title=TRUE-UP FOR FY 2017-18, MID-YEAR PERFORMANCE REVIEW FOR FY 2018-19 AND DETERMINATION OF GENERATION TARIFF FOR THE FY 2019-20|url=https://herc.gov.in/writereaddata/orders/o20190307.pdf|website=Haryana Electricity Regulatory Commission}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hpgcl.gov.in/powerplants_1.hp|title=Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram Thermal Power Plant|publisher=Haryana Power Generation Corporation Limited.|accessdate=2012-04-10|archive-date=10 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120310205026/http://www.hpgcl.gov.in/powerplants_1.hp|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Installed capacity==
{| class="sortable wikitable"
! Stage !! Unit Number !! Installed Capacity ([[Watt#Megawatt|MW]]) !! Date of Commissioning !! Status
|-
| Stage I || 1 || 60 || 1974 || Closed
|-
| Stage I || 2 || 60 || 1976 || Closed
|-
| Stage I || 3 || 60 || 1981 || Closed
|-
|}

== See also ==
{{Portal|Energy|India}}
* [[Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram Thermal Power Station]]
* [[Panipat Thermal Power Station I]]
* [[Panipat Thermal Power Station II]]
* [[Rajiv Gandhi Thermal Power Station]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Electricity generation|state=collapsed}}
{{Power Plants of Haryana}}

[[Category:Coal-fired power stations in Haryana]]
[[Category:Faridabad district]]
[[Category:Energy infrastructure completed in 1974]]
[[Category:1974 establishments in Haryana]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]

{{India-powerstation-stub}}

Varroc

2024-10-21T23:53:17Z

Brotherhoodbo: added a pg

{{Short description|Indian automotive component manufacturer}}
{{Advert|date=June 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Varroc Group
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{ubl|{{NSE|VARROC}}|{{BSE|541578}}}}
| foundation = 1990
| founder = [[Tarang Jain]]
| key_people =
| location = [[Aurangabad, Maharashtra]]
| industry = Automotive components
| owner = Tarang Jain family (75%)
| homepage = {{URL|https://varroc.com}}
| logo =
}}
'''Varroc''' is an Indian multinational [[automobile parts|automotive component]] manufacturer and supplier of [[Lighting control system|exterior lighting systems]], [[powertrains]], electrical and electronics, body and chassis parts to [[Car|passenger car]] and [[motorcycle]] segments. The company was founded by [[Tarang Jain]] in 1990 and is currently headquartered at [[Aurangabad, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]] in [[Maharashtra]], with 35 [[Factory|manufacturing facilities]] and 11 [[engineering]] centres in 10 countries across three continents.<ref>[http://www.autocarpro.in/news-national/varroc-emerging-manufacturer-citation-maharashtra-chief-minister-20122 Varroc gets emerging manufacturing giant citation from Maharashtra chief minister] Retrieved 29 October 2016</ref><ref>[https://www.bloomberg.com/Research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=23378507 Company Overview of Varroc Engineering Pvt. Ltd.] Retrieved 29 October 2016</ref>

==History==
Varroc was established by [[Tarang Jain]] in 1990, in Aurangabad, India with the commencement of the company's [[polymer]] division. Between 1992 and 1998, the company focused on product diversification and capacity expansion and started its [[electrical]] and [[metal]]lic division. Varroc started more polymer manufacturing facilities in 1997 in [[Pune]] and Aurangabad.<ref name= "APF">[http://www.automotiveproductsfinder.com/News/Varroc-sets-up-plastic-injection-moulding-plant/93502 Varroc sets up plastic injection moulding plant] Retrieved 29 October 2016</ref>

In 2001, Varroc expanded its development capabilities by collaborating with [[Mitsuba Corporation]], a [[Japan]]ese manufacturer of automobile parts.<ref>[http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2003-08-23/news/27554080_1_south-india-corporation-agencies-joint-venture-equity-stake Japan's Mitsuba to raise Sical India stake to 95%]{{dead link|date=October 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} Retrieved 29 October 2016</ref> The company collaborated with [[Brussels]] based materials technology company, [[Umicore]], in 2005 and started production of automotive [[catalytic converter]].

Between 2007 and 2010, Varroc acquired IMES, [[Poland]] and [[Italy]] to strengthen [[forging|forging business]] in European markets, off-road and [[oil drilling]] industry. The company also invested in manufacturing capability for polymers in [[National Capital Region (India)|National Capital Region]] to cater to [[OEM]]s in [[North India]].<ref>[http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2007-02-04/news/28384786_1_manufacturing-varroc-group-acquisition Varroc acquires Imes]{{dead link|date=October 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} Retrieved 29 October 2016</ref>

In 2011, Varroc acquired European [[Motorcycle|two wheelers]] lighting organization Tri.O.M. S.p.A. including its [[R&D]] center. In 2012, Varroc's turnover crossed the US$1 billion mark with the acquisition of [[Visteon]]'s Lighting Business along with its two R&D centers.<ref>[http://www.autocarpro.in/news-national/varroc-track-touch-rs-crore-turnover-806 Varroc on track to touch Rs 4,000 crore turnover] Retrieved 29 October 2016</ref><ref name= "TRI">[http://www.plasticsnewseurope.com/article/20140401/PNE/304019983/varroc-acquires-80-of-italys-triom Varroc acquires 80% of Italy's Triom] Retrieved 29 October 2016</ref><ref name= "VIS">[http://www.motorindiaonline.in/aftermarket/varroc-group-system-supplier-bets-big-on-technology-diverse-product-portfolio-and-global-customer-base/ VARROC GROUP – System supplier bets big on technology, diverse product portfolio and global customer base] Retrieved 29 October 2016</ref>

Varroc established its eighth polymer plant in [[Pithampur]], [[Indore]], in 2012, which caters to [[Volvo]], [[Eicher Motors|Eicher]] and [[Mahindra Two Wheelers]].<ref name = "POL">[http://www.autocarpro.in/news-national/varroc-polymers-inaugurates-eighth-polymer-plant-pithampur-2038 Focus on increasing plastics business] Retrieved 29 October 2016</ref> Another polymer plant was established in [[Bengaluru]] that caters to [[HMSI]] and passenger car segment.<ref>[http://www.plastemart.com/plastic-facts-information.asp?news_id=22836&news=Varroc-Polymers-inaugurates-eighth-polymer-plant-at-Pithampur-in-Madhya-Pradesh Varroc Polymers has inaugurated its eighth polymer plant at Pithampur in Madhya Pradesh] Retrieved 29 October 2016</ref> The company also invested in design and set up of the 10th polymer plant at [[Chennai]] to supply [[Yamaha Motor Company]].<ref name="APF" />

In 2015, Varroc partnered with UK Based manufacturer and supplier [[Scorpion Automotive Ltd]] to provide security-based products for two-wheelers.<ref>[http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/varroc-inks-pact-with-ukbased-scorpion-auto/article6805205.ece Varroc inks pact with UK-based Scorpion Auto] ''[[Business Line]]'' Retrieved 29 October 2016</ref><ref>[http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/varroc-partners-with-uks-scorpion-automotive-for-2-wheeler-security-systems-115012000786_1.html Varroc, UK's Scorpion team up for two-wheeler security systems] Retrieved 29 October 2016</ref>

==Operations==
The company has five business verticals under its umbrella:

===Varroc Lighting Systems===
Varroc Lighting Systems (VLS), headquartered out of [[Plymouth, Michigan]], is a supplier of exterior lighting for passenger cars and [[commercial vehicles]]. The division has six manufacturing plants across North American, European, and Asian countries and six Engineering centers in the [[Czech Republic]], [[France]], [[China]], [[Germany]], [[Poland]], [[Mexico]], [[Romania]] and [[India]].<ref name= "VIS" /><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160125010413/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-08-08/news/33100985_1_varroc-group-tarang-jain-presence-in-two-wheeler Varroc Engineering acquires Visteon Corporation’s global lighting business for $72 million] Retrieved 29 October 2016</ref>

===Triom Lighting===
Triom Two-Wheeler Lighting, the lighting system arm of Varroc for the two-wheeler industry, develops electronics and lighting solutions{{buzzword inline|date=December 2021}} for the automotive market in India and Europe. The division produces high quality two-wheeler lighting systems. It has four manufacturing plants – two in Europe, one in [[Vietnam]], and one in Mexico – as well as an engineering center in Italy.<ref name= "TRI"/>

===Electrical===
Varroc's Electrical division offers complete solutions{{buzzword inline|date=December 2021}} in electrical components and assemblies for the two, three, four wheeler, off-road as well as commercial vehicles segments. The division has five manufacturing facilities located in the states of [[Maharashtra]] and [[Uttarakhand]].<ref>[http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/varroc-s-catalyst-plant-goes-on-stream-106022001030_1.html Varroc's catalyst plant goes on stream] Retrieved 29 October 2016</ref> Tier 1 auto component manufacturer which supplies to leading OEMs both in India and overseas, has clarified its position on the patent violation allegations levelled by [https://www.autocarpro.in/articledetail/articleid/43221 Flash Electronics India] against Royal Enfield in the US regarding production of a key component for [https://www.autocarpro.in/sitesearch/search/two-wheelers?search=two-wheelers two-wheelers]/motorcycles.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.autocarpro.in/articledetail/articleid/43221|title=Varroc Engineering : Varroc Engineering refutes patent violation allegations from Flash Electronics, Auto News|website=autocarpro.in}}</ref>

===Polymer===
Varroc polymer provides solutions{{buzzword inline|date=December 2021}} to the automotive segments. The division produces a wide range of injection and compression moulded automotive and allied rubber components. Varroc is the largest polymer solution{{buzzword inline|date=December 2021}} provider to the two-wheeler industry in India.<ref name= "POL"/>

==Awards and accolades==
===2016===
* ''Emerging Manufacturing Giant'' citation honour by [[Devendra Fadnavis]], [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra]], India on behalf of [[Indian Merchants' Chamber]].<ref>[http://overdrive.in/news/varroc-group-cited-as-emerging-manufacturing-giant-from-maharashtra/ Varroc Group cited as emerging manufacturing giant from Maharashtra] Retrieved 29 October 2016</ref>
* ''India Automotive Lighting Technology Innovation Leadership Award” at the Frost & Sullivan’s GIL 2016: India Awards.''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://auto.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/auto-components/varroc-lighting-systems-india-wins-automotive-lighting-technology-innovation-award |title=Components, Latest Components News, Auto News - ET Auto |website=auto.economictimes.indiatimes.com |access-date=29 October 2016}}</ref>
*''Environmental Youth of the Year award 2016'' for implementing green initiatives from Clean & Green India jointly with SingEX, Singapore and Franchise India.<ref>[http://ibtn9.com/2016/04/varroc-wins-environmental-youth-of-the-year-2016/ Varroc Wins Environmental Youth of the Year 2016] Retrieved 29 October 2016</ref>
*''Kaizen Award'' in Innovative Kaizen Category during 26th CII–TPM Club National Kaizen Conference Cum Competition held at New Delhi.<ref>[http://newsletters.cii.in/Quality-Newsletter/april_13/Quality%20News.pdf 20th Kaizen Conference & Competition] Retrieved 29 October 2016</ref>

===2015===
*''Best Supplier Award 2015'' from [[Danfoss]] for best performance in quality and delivery to multiple Danfoss global locations & proactive planning for keeping commitments.<ref>[http://www.indiainfoline.com/article/print/news-business/danfoss-india-awards-and-recognises-top-performing-suppliers-on-annual-supplier-day-in-india-115012200392_1.html Danfoss India awards and recognises top performing suppliers on Annual Supplier Day in India] Retrieved 29 October 2016</ref>
*''New Product Development Award'' by [[HMSI]].

===2013===
* Tarang Jain received ''[[Forbes]] Next Generation Entrepreneur'' award.<ref>[http://www.forbesindia.com/article/leaderhip-awards-2013/tarang-jain-taking-risks-to-derisk-varroc/36383/1 Award: Next Generation Entrepreneur Tarang Jain] Retrieved 29 October 2016</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Automotive companies of India]]
[[Category:Companies based in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1990]]
[[Category:Automotive companies established in 1990]]
[[Category:1990 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Aurangabad district, Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]

Hindu titles of law

2024-10-12T20:19:56Z

Brotherhoodbo: added entry - done

{{Short description|Hindu legal system}}
{{Hinduism}}
In the [[Dharmaśāstras]] and [[Hindu law]], more generally, there are usually eighteen '''titles of law'''. The titles of law make up the grounds for litigation and the performance of the legal process, usually by the king and his [[Brahmin]] counselors. The eighteen titles of law according to [[Manu (Hinduism)|Manu]] are: "(i) the first is the non-payment of debts; (ii) deposits; (iii) sale without ownership; (iv) partnerships; (v) delivery and non-delivery of gifts; (vi) non-payment of wages; (vii) breach of contract; (viii) cancellation of a sale or purchase; (ix) disputes between owners and herdsman; (x) the Law on boundary disputes; (xi) verbal assault; (xii) physical assault; (xiii) theft; (xiv) violence; (xv) sexual crimes against women; (xvi) Law concerning husband and wife; (xvii) partition of inheritance; and (xviii) gambling and betting."<ref>Olivelle, Patrick, The Law Code of Manu, Oxford University Press, 2004, p. 123</ref> These reasons vary slightly among authors, and many of them are covered more in depth.

==18 Titles of law==

===Non-payment of debts===
Concerning the eighteen titles of law, the non-payment of debt is almost always listed first. According to Davis this is because, "A very old practice of textual organization within Dharmaśāstra and other textual genres of Sanskrit calls the first procedure or topic to be described the archetype (prakrti) and the subsequent procedures or topics the ectypes (vikrti). We saw this practice in the placement of the Brahmin as the archetype as a matter of textual concision. The Non-payment of Debts is the [[archetype]] for the other titles of law, not only because its description overlaps with and in some respects encompasses the contents of the other titles but also because debt as its thematic content pervades the subsequent titles.<ref name="ReferenceA">Davis, The Spirit of Hindu Law, forthcoming. Chapter 3</ref> In terms of overlap, questions about witness, autonomy, competence, documentation, and contractual securities are all assumed in and carry over to discussions of the later titles."<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

===Deposits===
The Sanskrit word for deposits is {{lang|sa-Latn|Nikșepa}}, the words {{lang|sa-Latn|upanidhi}} and {{lang|sa-Latn|nyāsa}} are synonyms. Manu VIII 179 holds that deposits should be entrusted to those who have good dharma. The person who holds the deposit typically does not receive any person benefit from doing so. The misappropriation or misplacement of a deposit due to negligence is regarded as very sinful. "The idea is that no one is bound to accept a deposit, but when a person accepts it, his primary duty is to preserve it with care and the next duty is to return it at the time agreed or on demand. The obligation arises from the trust reposed in a person."<ref>Kane, P.V., History of the Dharmaśāstras, Vol. III, p. 457</ref>

===Sale without ownership===
{{lang|sa-Latn|Dattāpradänika}} is concerned with the resumption of a gift. The Nārada-Smṛti "defines it as that title where a man desires to resume what has been given by him because it has been improperly given by him".<ref>Kane, P.V., History of the Dharmaśāstras, Vol. III, p. 471</ref> In the History of the Dharmaśāstras Vol. III, P.V. Kane states, "According to the [[Nāradasmṛti|Nārada-Smṛti]] VII. 1 and the {{IAST|Smṛti}} of {{IAST|Bṛhaspati}} <ref>SBE vol. 33 p. 335 verse 2</ref> when a person, who holds an open deposit, a sealed deposit, an article bailed for delivery to another, stolen property, an article borrowed for some festival, a pledge, or property lost by a stranger and found (by him), sells it in secret (or behind the back of the owner) it is to be considered as a sale by one who is not the rightful owner."<ref>Kane, P.V., History of the Dharmaśāstras, Vol. III, p. 462</ref> That which may be given must be absolutely one's own with the exception of things that are required for the maintenance of one's family.

====Types of sale without ownership====
A sale by a non-owner is known as {{lang|sa-Latn|asvāmi-vikraya}}. There are two different types of sales without ownership: {{lang|sa-Latn|pratipanna-asvāmi-vikrayah}} and {{lang|sa-Latn|apratipanna-asvāmi vikrayah}}. The first, {{lang|sa-Latn|pratipanna-asvāmi-vikrayah}}, occurs when the unauthorized possessor admits to being a non-owner. The second, {{lang|sa-Latn|apratipanna-asvāmi vikrayah}} occurs when the possessor does not admit to being a non-owner. The first types of sale is resolved without dispute because the possessor returns the possession to the rightful owner. The second type of sale results in a case because the possessor, although not the true owner, has sold, given, or pledged the property to a third party.<ref>Ashutosh Dayal Mathur, Medieval Hindu Law 2007 p. 142</ref> In the case of the second type of sale "the entire process of the court has to be gone through with both parties leading evidence to buttress their respective claims, and the court then giving its judgement."<ref name="Ashutosh Dayal Mathur p. 143">Ashutosh Dayal Mathur, Medieval Hindu Law 2007 p. 143</ref> It is seen as important that there is a first category of sale without ownership because it hints at how "the state was involved in the settlement of people's disputes at an informal level."<ref name="Ashutosh Dayal Mathur p. 143"/>

====Liability of an innocent buyer====
An innocent buyer is regarded as one who does not know that what he has purchased was sold by someone without ownership.
Śambhu, who heavily relies on Manu and Marīci, holds that "a buyer who makes his purchase from the open market, and in the full knowledge of king's men will get a clear title to the goods so purchased irrespective of the bona fides of the seller."<ref>Ashutosh Dayal Mathur, Medieval Hindu Law 2007 p. 141</ref> Devaņa refutes this and goes so far as to say that "not even a hundred citations of rules can confer ownership rights upon the buyer who buys from a non-owner.<ref>SC II P: 506 Translated by Ashutosh Dayal Mathur, Medieval Hindu Law 2007 p. 141</ref> Devaņa agrees with Śambhu only insofar as the true owner fails to identify his property.

===Partnerships===
Partnerships in Hindu law are any venture that results in two or more people working together. The [[Shastra|śāstras]] have a lot to say about the different kinds of partnerships, whom one should enter into a partnership with, and rules for governing partnerships with respect to profits, losses, and quarrels among partners. For example, the {{IAST|Smṛti}} of {{IAST|Bṛhaspati}} states regarding potential partners, "that a man should carry on a joint business with other persons of good family, that are clever, active, intelligent (or educated), familiar with cons, skilled in controlling (expenditure) and income, honest and valiant (or enterprising) and that joint undertakings like trade should not be carried on by prudent men with persons (partners) who are weak or lazy or afflicted with disease or are unlucky or destitute (of money)."<ref>SBE vol. 33 p. 336 verses 1–2</ref> Kane states, "It is interesting to note that the ancient Dharmasutras of Gautama, Āpastamba and Baudhāyana are silent about partnerships, and that Manu <ref>Kane, P.V., History of the Dharmaśāstras, Vol. VIII. 206–210</ref> lay down rules about the distribution of fees among the priests at a sacrifice ad that in one verse <ref>Kane, P.V., History of the Dharmaśāstras, Vol. VIII. 211</ref> he remarks that the same principles are to be applied in all matters where men work conjointly."

===Delivery and non-delivery of gifts===
Non-delivery or resumption of gift is referred to as "{{lang|sa-Latn|dattanapakarma}}" in the {{IAST|smṛtis}}. The {{IAST|Nārada-Smṛti}} divides the title into four categories, "what may be given, what may not be given, what are valid gifts, and what are invalid gifts."<ref>Kane, P.V., History of the Dharmaśāstras, Vol. VII.2</ref> The {{IAST|Smṛti}} of Kātyāna as reconstructed by P.V. Kane, is useful in elaborating and giving insight to this title of law. It states regarding invalid gifts, "These cannot be given either because they are not one's absolute property or because the gift of them is forbidden by the sages. In the case of even those who hold that one has ownership over one's son or wife, the gift of them is not possible because it is forbidden, just as though one owns rice, yavas and masa beans, one cannot make offerings of masa because the veda prohibits their use."<ref>Kane, P.V., History of the Dharmaśāstras, Vol. VII, p. 638</ref>

===Non-payment of wages===
{{lang|sa-Latn|Vetana-Anapākarma}} is the Sanskrit word for the non payment of wages. The early {{lang|sa-Latn|smŗtis}} concern themselves in large part with the payment of wages to workers. The Bŗhaspati is popularly cited by many medieval authors asserting that "a worker shall not do even the slightest mischief to the master; if he does he loses his wages and proceedings (vāda) begin." Mathur contends that "Devaņa has made it clear that this verse has reference to proceedings in a court. He says that when a worker is defeated he loses his wages in proportion to the damage caused to his master."<ref>Ashutosh Dayal Mathur, Medieval Hindu Law 2007 p. 130</ref> Devaņa switches the order in which litigation and losing wages occurs.

===Breach of contract===
The law of contracts is hugely concerned with the contract of debt, of pledge or mortgage, of bailments, of sale, of partnership, and of hire and service. The law of contracts is not found in one place. The dharmaśāstras do not lay down a general code of rules applicable to all transfers of immovable property, nor do they treat of transfers by way of sale, mortgage or gift in separate sections."<ref>Kane, P.V., History of the Dharmaśāstras, Vol. III, p. 411</ref>
Ancient writers largely commented on who was competent to enter into transactions. Those who are "dependent, minors, extremely old, charged with grave sins, devoid of a limb, and those that are addicted to vices" are considered incompetent and agreements with these people are invalid.<ref>Kane, P.V., History of the Dharmaśāstras, Vol. III, p. 412</ref> Kauțilya holds that any contract made under the influence of intoxicants or wrath are invalid as well as those made when a person is distressed or has an unsound mind. Manu reinforces this by stating that all contracts entered into by force are invalid. Contracts that are contrary to the kings orders are regarded as invalid. According to Devaņa the king has the power to outlaw any agreements that are against {{lang|sa-Latn|śruti}} and {{lang|sa-Latn|smŗti}} or tainted by greed.<ref>Ashutosh Dayal Mathur, Medieval Hindu Law 2007 p. 167</ref>

===Cancellation of a sale or purchase===
The [[Manusmṛti]] deals with the cancellation of a sale or purchase. "The principle rule is that the buyer or the seller may rescind the deal within ten days if he feels dissatisfied. But anyone forcing the other party to rescind it shall be punished."<ref>MS VIII.222 Translated by Ashutosh Dayal Mathur, Medieval Hindu Law 2007 p. 133</ref>
The Mitākșarā identifies the liability of the seller in case of a cancellation of a sale by the seller dependent on whether there is a price difference in a product. "When the price goes down the seller will have to compensate the buyer as prescribed by Nārada; where the price rises, and the buyer is likely to earn an extra profit, the liability of the seller is not extinguished, and he has to pay the buyer the value of the benefit, or the usufruct as the case may be. However, if the price remains unchanged the seller still has to pay interest at the rate of five percent per annum on the amount paid by the buyer."<ref>YS II.254 Translated by Ashutosh Dayal Mathur, Medieval Hindu Law 2007 p. 138</ref>

===Disputes between owners and herdsman===
In ancient times India was a predominately agricultural society and therefore {{lang|sa-Latn|Svāmipālavivāda}} was a major basis of litigation. {{lang|sa-Latn|Svāmipālavivāda}} is the Sanskrit word that refers to the disputes between the owner of cattle and the herdsman who tends to them. According to P.V. Kane "during the day the responsibility for the safety of the cattle rests on the herdsman and during the night on the owner provided they are in the latter's house."<ref>Kane, P.V., History of the Dharmaśāstras, Vol. III, p. 497</ref>
The herdsman is liable for cattle if he does not attempt to save them or if he neglects them. Kane also states that "it is the duty of the cowherd to struggle as much as in him lies to protect the cows from accidents and if he is unable to do so he must quickly inform the owner."<ref>Kane, P.V., History of the Dharmaśāstras, Vol. III, p. 498</ref> If a herdsman does not struggle to save the or protect the animals he is responsible for making good the value of the animals lost and for paying a fine of 12 ½ panas to the king. The herdsman is also responsible if the animal dies or is lost by theft. However, if after the theft of an animal the herdsman immediately notifies the owner he is not responsible. The herdsman's responsibility is also voided if he is seized, the village is attacked, or the country is invaded.

===Boundary disputes===
Boundary disputes are called "{{lang|sa-Latn|ksetrajavivāda}}", or disputes relating to fields. In the Dharmaśāstras the section titled Sima Vivadah deals with the determination of boundaries of fields, homes and villages.<ref>HDS III PP: 502-510 Translated by Ashutosh Dayal Mathur, Medieval Hindu Law 2007 p. 170</ref> The {{IAST|Nāradasmṛti}} defines boundary disputes as, "dispute with regard to land in which questions about dikes or embankments, the boundaries of fields, ploughed land and fallow land.".<ref>Kane, P.V., History of the Dharmaśāstras, Vol. XIV</ref> There are six causes of boundary dispute in most of the sastras, and the {{IAST|Smṛti}} of Kātyāna states them as: "claiming more land, claim that a person is entitled to less than he possesses, claim to a share, denial of a share, seizing possession when previously there was none, and boundary."<ref>Kane, P.V., History of the Dharmaśāstras, Vol. XIV, p. 732</ref>

===Verbal assault===
P.V. Kane states, "{{lang|sa-Latn|Vākpārusya}}, {{IAST|daṇḍapārusya}}, {{lang|sa-Latn|steya}}, {{lang|sa-Latn|strisangrahana}}, and {{lang|sa-Latn|sahāsa}} are five titles out of 18 that are concerned with what may be called criminal matters or crimes in modern nomenclature."<ref name="Kane, P.V. p. 511">Kane, P.V., History of the Dharmaśāstras, Vol. III, p. 511</ref> They represent, respectively, [[abuse]] and [[defamation]], [[assault]], [[theft]], [[adultery]] or unlawful intercourse with a woman, and violence.

The {{IAST|Nāradasmṛti}} says {{lang|sa-Latn|vākpārusya}} is defined as, "abusive words that loudly proclaim censure of another's country, caste, family and the like and that cause mental pain or offence to that man."<ref>Kane, P.V., History of the Dharmaśāstras, Vol. XVIII.1</ref> The {{IAST|Nāradasmṛti}} further defines three kinds of defamation, "{{IAST|niṣṭhura}} (reproachful such as calling a man a fool or a rogue), aślīla (obscene or insulting), and {{lang|sa-Latn|tīvra}} (mercilessly severe such as charging a man with such grave sins as {{lang|sa-Latn|brahmāna}}-murder or drinking liquor) and that each punishment for each later one is more severe that for each preceding one."<ref name="Kane, P.V. p. 511"/>

===Physical assault===
To define {{IAST|Daṇḍapārusya}}, or assault, the {{IAST|Kauṭilya's}} Arthaśāstra begins by saying assault, "comprises touching, threatening to strike and actually striking another."<ref>Kane, P.V., History of the Dharmaśāstras, Vol. III.19</ref> Going slightly further, "The {{IAST|Nārada-Smṛti}} XVIII. 4–6 defines it as injuring the limbs of another with the hand, foot, weapon or other means (such as stones) or defiling or causing pain by (bringing) ashes and similar substances in contact with another…assault may be one of three kinds viz. mild, middling and highly punishable."<ref>Kane, P.V., History of the Dharmaśāstras, Vol. III, p. 513</ref> It is even explained in the {{IAST|Yājñavalkyasmṛti}} that causing injury to animals and trees would fall under this category.<ref>Kane, P.V., History of the Dharmaśāstras, Vol. II. 212</ref> Manu contends that the punishment should be commensurate with that of the harm caused to the victim.<ref>Kane, P.V., History of the Dharmaśāstras, Vol. VIII. 286</ref>

===Theft===
Theft, or streya, is defined by the {{IAST|Kauṭilya's}} Arthaśāstra as "depriving a man of his wealth either clandestinely or openly and either by night or by day."<ref>Kane, P.V., History of the Dharmaśāstras, Vol. VI. 28.3; Vol. VIII. 29.6; Vol. X. 4.6</ref> The {{IAST|Nārada-Smṛti}} defines theft as, "derivation of wealth by various means from people that are asleep, careless or intoxicated."<ref>Kane, P.V., History of the Dharmaśāstras, Vol. XVII. 17</ref> Like assault, there are varying degrees of theft depending on what was stolen. The three kinds are: "trifling (when earthen-ware, seats, cots, wood, hides, grass, beans in pods or cooked food is stolen), middling (when the theft relates to clothes except silken ones, animals except cows and bulls, metals except gold, rice and barley), and grave or high (when gold jewels, silken cloth, women, men, cattle, elephants, horses, and the wealth of brāhmanas or temples is stolen)."<ref>Kane, P.V., History of the Dharmaśāstras, Vol. III, p. 519–20</ref> There are several texts that agree on the definition of a thief including the {{IAST|Manu-Smṛti}}, {{IAST|Nārada-Smṛti}}, and the {{IAST|Smṛti}} of {{IAST|Bṛhaspati}}. Their definition contends that, "thieves are traders who employ false weights and balances, gamblers, quacks, bribers of sabhyas, prostitutes, those who profess to arbitrate, those who manufacture imitation articles, those who subsist by prognosticating good fortune or portents or by magic or palmistry, false witnesses, etc."<ref>Kane, P.V., History of the Dharmaśāstras, Vol. III, p. 520</ref>

===Sexual crimes against women===
Vas. 28. 2-3 states that, "when a woman is polluted by being raped or kidnapped by a thief, she should not be abandoned; one should wait till her monthly illness (making her undergo certain expiations till then) and she becomes pure after it."<ref>Kane, P.V., History of the Dharmaśāstras, Vol. III, p. 956</ref> The Matsyapurāņa liberally states that a woman who is raped is innocent while a man who commits rape should be put to death. Other texts are harsher, such as those of the late smŗti writer Devala, that states that women who are raped and conceive may not be restored to social intercourse even after undergoing expiation.<ref>Kane, P.V., History of the Dharmaśāstras, Vol. III, p. 957</ref>

===Partition of inheritance===
The [[Apastamba|Āpastamba]] principle holds that after the death of one property owner the other is entitled to the property. After the death of a husband a wife succeeds all of the husband's estate without allotting any shares for their sons. Upon the death of both parents sons are to divide ancestral estate and paternal debt equally. Partitioning during a mother's lifetime is only allowed with the mother's consent. "Traces of this rule are to be found even in IX-104 of the Manu Smrti which can be literally rendered as: brothers may take equally the ancestral wealth after the mother and the father; they have no competence so long as the mother and the father are alive" <ref>Y.S. II. 117 Translated by Ashutosh Dayal Mathur, Medieval Hindu Law 2007 p. 70</ref>

===Gambling and betting===
Dyũta samāhvaya, known as 'gambling and betting games,' is a traditional title of dispute first present in the earlier smŗtis with little change in the post smŗti period. The Mitāksarā is one of the only texts that presents a change, defining gambling as "any transaction involving betting with stake money" thus expanding the definition beyond games like dice and cockfighting.
<ref>YS II.199 Translated by Ashutosh Dayal Mathur, Medieval Hindu Law 2007 p. 188</ref> According to Mathur, Manu's categorical command to the kings to completely prohibit all gambling influences many texts like the Vyavahāra Nirņaya and the Smŗti Candrikā. These texts reflect no desirability in having any law allowing gambling. However, there are other texts like the Bŗhaspati that find gambling law to be beneficial for purposes of taxation and to provide ease in the search for criminals.

==See also==
*[[Classical Hindu law]]
*[[Classical Hindu law in practice]]
*[[Hindu Law]]
*[[Hinduism]]
*[[Monarchy in Ancient India]]
*[[Nāradasmṛti]]
*[[Vyavahāra]]

==References==
{{Reflist|32em}}

[[Category:Hindu law]]
[[Category:Ancient Indian law]]

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Goera, Raebareli

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{{other uses|Goera}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Goera
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Dih block map.png
| map_caption = Map showing Goera (#324) in Dih CD block
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.103734|N|81.410206|E|display=inline,title}}<ref name="GeoNames">{{cite web |url=https://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/ |website=Do a radial search using these coordinates here|title=Geonames Search}}</ref>
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Raebareli district|Raebareli]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
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| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 1.57
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 619
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011"/>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = UP-35
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Goera''' is a village in [[Dih, Raebareli|Dih]] block of [[Rae Bareli district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref name="Census 2011">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Rae Bareli, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |pages=393–409 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/09/0927_PART_A_DCHB_RAE%20BARELI.pdf |website=Census 2011 India|access-date=15 October 2021}}</ref> It is located 21 km from [[Raebareli]], the district headquarters.<ref name="Census 1981"/> As of 2011, it has a population of 619 people, in 142 households.<ref name="Census 2011"/> It has no schools and no healthcare facilities, and it does not host a permanent market or weekly [[haat]].<ref name="Census 2011"/> It belongs to the [[nyaya panchayat]] of Dih.<ref name="Census 1991"/>

The [[1951 Census of India|1951 census]] recorded Goera (as "Goira") as comprising 1 hamlet, with a total population of 267 people (134 male and 133 female), in 58 households and 53 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1951">{{cite book |title=Census of India, 1951: District Census Handbook Uttar Pradesh (42 - Rae Bareli District) |date=1955 |location=Allahabad |pages=160–1 |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/933/1/23644_1951_RAE.pdf |access-date=15 October 2021}}</ref> The area of the village was given as 401 [[acre]]s.<ref name="Census 1951"/> 13 residents were literate, all male.<ref name="Census 1951"/> The village was listed as belonging to the [[pargana]] of [[Parshadepur]] and the [[thana]] of [[Salon, India|Salon]].<ref name="Census 1951"/>

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Goera (as "Goira") as comprising 2 hamlets, with a total population of 289 people (141 male and 148 female), in 61 households and 60 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (39 - Raebareli District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |pages=civ-cv of section "Salon Tahsil" |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1047/1/22852_1961_RAE.pdf |access-date=15 October 2021}}</ref> The area of the village was given as 401 acres.<ref name="Census 1961"/>

The [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded Goera as having a population of 324 people, in 96 households, and having an area of 157.83 [[hectare]]s.<ref name="Census 1981">{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part XIII-A: Village & Town Directory, District Rae Bareli |date=1982 |pages=212–3 |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1298/1/50861_1981_RAE.pdf |access-date=15 October 2021}}</ref> The main staple foods were listed as wheat and barley.<ref name="Census 1981"/>

The [[1991 Census of India|1991 census]] recorded Goera as having a total population of 505 people (250 male and 255 female), in 104 households and 104 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1991">{{cite book |title=Census 1991 Series-25 Uttar Pradesh Part-XII B Village & Townwise Primary Census Abstract District Census Handbook District Raebareli |date=1992 |pages=xxiv-xxviii, 240–1 |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1443/1/36846_1991_RAE.pdf |access-date=15 October 2021}}</ref> The area of the village was listed as 158 hectares.<ref name="Census 1991"/> Members of the 0-6 age group numbered 116, or 23% of the total; this group was 51% male (49) and 55% female (57).<ref name="Census 1991"/> Members of [[scheduled castes]] made up 42% of the village's population, while no members of [[scheduled tribes]] were recorded.<ref name="Census 1991"/> The [[literacy rate]] of the village was 18% (71 men and 18 women).<ref name="Census 1991"/> 141 people were classified as main workers (135 men and 6 women), while 37 people were classified as marginal workers (all women); the remaining 304 residents were non-workers.<ref name="Census 1991"/> The breakdown of main workers by employment category was as follows: 114 cultivators (i.e. people who owned or leased their own land); 22 agricultural labourers (i.e. people who worked someone else's land in return for payment); 0 workers in livestock, forestry, fishing, hunting, plantations, orchards, etc.; 0 in mining and quarrying; 0 household industry workers; 0 workers employed in other [[manufacturing]], processing, service, and repair roles; 0 [[construction worker]]s; 0 employed in trade and commerce; 0 employed in transport, storage, and communications; and 5 in other services.<ref name="Census 1991"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Raebareli district}}

[[Category:Villages in Raebareli district]]

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