Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Mr. and Mrs. Parshuram

2026-05-08T11:36:28Z

BrooksPrather: started new info.

{{Short description|Indian Hindi television series}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| caption =
| genre = Drama
| creator = Snehasish Chakraborty
| screenplay =
| based_on =
| writer =
| director =
| creative_director =
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* Shambhavi Singh
* [[Neil Bhatt]]
}}
| theme_music_composer =
| open_theme =
| end_theme =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes = 94 
| executive_producer =
| producer = Snehasish Chakraborty
| cinematography =
| editor =
| camera = Multi-camera
| runtime = 22 minutes
| company = [[Blues Productions]]
| network = [[StarPlus]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2026|02|3|df=y}}
| last_aired = present
| related = ''Parshuram – Ajker Nayok''
}}

'''''Mr. and Mrs. Parshuram''''' is an Indian Hindi-language television drama series which premiered on 3 February 2026 on [[StarPlus]] and streams digitally on [[JioHotstar]] It is official Hindi remake of the Bengali TV series ''Parshuram – Ajker Nayok''. It is produced by [[Blues Productions]] and it stars Shambhavi Singh, and [[Neil Bhatt]].

== Plot ==
Shiv Prasad Deshmukh is a seemingly ordinary middle-class family man in [[Maharashtra]] who lives with his courageous wife Shalini, son Harshit "Chintu" and daughter Riddhi "Pihu". Shalini is revealed to be actually the younger daughter of Malhar Dixit and Dipali Dixit from the elite Dixit family, but she had cut contacts with them, eloped with Shiv and married him against their wishes. While Shalini, Shiv and their kids live happily together, the Dixit family plans to marry off Malhar's younger brother Manish Dixit's daughter, Aradhya Dixit, to Kabir Kulkarni, a rich rogue from the Kulkarni family. Though the Dixits are aware of the fact that Kabir is a criminal, they still want to go ahead with the marriage to improve business relations with Kabir's father, and Aradhya also loves him dearly.
Meanwhile, Shalini goes for an outing to a restaurant with Shiv and the kids when some of Kabir's goons try to molest her. She slaps them and berates Shiv for not standing up for her and merely apologizing to them instead. Shiv asks her and the kids to wait outside and thrashes the goons in the restaurant himself, revealing himself to be SPD Parshuram, a special task officer who is actually working undercover as an insurance agent, along with his dialogue, "[[Vishnu]]'s sixth incarnation [[Parashurama]]'s weapon was an axe, and the common-man Parshuram's weapon is a six-chambered [[revolver]]." While he attacks, Sheetal, an important leader of the [[mafia]] criminal underworld who has had a crush on Shiv from college days, is watching him from behind the scenes. She realizes that Shiv is Parshuram, who had posed a great threat to the underworld for a long time, and resolves to capture and destroy him. She says, "Sheetal and smoking, both are injurious to health." and makes contact with Babbar, a bald-headed gangster and an ally of Kabir, who had also tried to bully Shalini before, to help her destroy both Shiv and Shalini. Babbar's goons kidnap Pihu and Chintu, who are saved by Shiv. As he beats up the goons with his usual 'Parshuram' dialogue, Chintu catches him with his revolver and finds out that his dad is Parshuram. Shiv then requests Chintu not to reveal his identity to anyone, including his mother and sister, though the latter had always come close to accidentally revealing Parshuram's identity, only to be signaled by Shiv himself to keep quiet.
A worried Shalini files a kidnapping case against Kabir and slaps him. Understanding her feelings, Parshuram secretly catches Babbar, only to find that the latter had escaped with the help of one of his own colleagues. He catches one of Kabir's goons trying to follow Shalini, Pihu and Chintu in their car for evil intentions and thrashes him. Simultaneously, the Dixits are shocked to find out about Shalini's molestation in the restaurant, the Deshmukh kids' kidnapping and the case against Kabir, their future son-in-law. Malhar, Manish, Omkar and Sankalp Dixit set out to resolve the case with the help of CCTV footages from the from the same restaurant. They are secretly followed by Agent Balram, Parshuram's teammate and college best friend, at the latter's instructions. Meanwhile, Shalini's mother Dipali and elder sister Adv. Nandini suggest they call of the marriage of Kabir and Aradhya in support of Shiv and Shalini but the rest of the family, including Aradhya herself, refuses. Nandini proposes to be Shalini's lawyer against Kabir. Meanwhile, both Shiv and Shalini face threats by many gangsters, including Sheetal, that they will destroy them and their kids. Others threaten them to withdraw the case against Kabir. Chintu is kidnapped again but is saved by Parshuram. Sankalp Dixit finds out about Parshuram from Chintu but is caught and thrashed by Balram and other colleagues of Parshuram. Sheetal makes an [[assassination]] attempt on Shiv during Shalini's dance performance but fails. Babbar also tries to assassinate Shiv but the latter escapes. Meanwhile, Manish and his wife Namrata plan to invite Shalini and Shiv to Aradhya and Kabir's wedding to make Shalini confess about the kidnappings. The proposal is initially rejected by Shalini and Shiv but later, the former is manipulated by Aradhya to come. Shalini becomes increasingly worried for her family's safety and tells Nandini that she quits the case but Nandini encourages her to go forward, saying that the law is with her. Meanwhile, Kabir's father, Karan Kulkarni, enters the picture and warns Shalini to withdraw the case against his son, otherwise she and her family will be burnt alive. On the other hand, Parshuram and Balram discover that Sheetal's actual name is Shikha Talwar, a girl from their college days. During Kabir and Aradhya's wedding, Shalini and the kids arrive. Shiv initially departs from there after dropping them, but later returns. Kabir and Aradhya are happily wed, and Shalini and Shiv are still threatened by Karan to withdraw Kabir's case throughout. After the wedding, Kabir's court case is scheduled. Despite the threats, with Nandini's help, Shalini bravely gives the statement against Kabir, who is then sent to prison for 14 days, until the next court session. In revenge, Karan refuses to let Aradhya inside the house and does not consider her his daughter-in-law. He threatens Malhar that he will destroy the Dixit family. The Dixits, including Aradhya herself, blame Shalini for Aradhya's misfortunes and lash out at her supporters, Dipali, Nandini and Shalini's cousin Bhoomika for encouraging her to jail Kabir. Concerned for Aradhya, Shalini takes Shiv to take Aradhya to her in-laws' house. When they reach, Karan forbids them from entering. Shiv Prasad fights Karan's goons (without Shalini or Aradhya's knowledge) and Shalini sends Aradhya inside after defying Karan. With constant encouragement from [[Advocate Anjali Awasthi]], she defends a girl from a man abusing her in a bus.

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* [[Neil Bhatt]] as Shiv Prasad Deshmukh alias Agent Parshuram: A special task officer working under the cover of an insurance agent; Shalini's husband (2026–present)
* Shambhavi Singh as Shalini Dixit Deshmukh: Shiv's wife; Riddhi and Harshit's mother (2026–present)

=== Recurring ===
* Mahi Bhanushali as Riddhi "Pihu" Deshmukh: Shiv and Shalini's daughter (2026–present)
* Raanav Sharma as Harshit "Chintya/Chintu" Deshmukh: Shiv and Shalini's son (2026–present)
* Roshni Tanwi Bhattacharya as Shikha Talwar ("Sheetal"): A gangster woman having secret crush on Shiv from college days (2026–present)
* Farukh Saeed as Malhar Dixit: Dipali's husband; Shalini and Nandini's father (2026–present)
* Rashika Matharu as Dipali Dixit: Malhar's wife; Shalini and Nandini's mother (2026–present)
*Mishmee Das as Advocate Nandini Dixit: Malhar and Dipali's older daughter; Shalini's elder sister (2026–present)
* Himanshu Dhankhar as Omkar Dixit (2026–present)
* Rohit Shaarma as Sankalp Dixit (2026–present)
* Vimarsh Roshan as Manish Dixit: Namrata's husband; Aaradhya's father (2026–present)
* Dipali Kamath as Namrata Dixit: Aradhya's mother (2026–present)
* Surbhi Mittal as Aaradhya Dixit Kulkarni: Manish and Namrata's daughter; Kabir's wife (2026–present)
* Aditya Syal as Kabir Kulkarni: Karan's son;Aradhya's husband (2026–present)
*[[Khalid Siddiqui]] as Karan Kulkarni: Kabir's father (2026-present)
*Unknown as Babbar (2026-present)
* Mayank Mishra as Agent Balram: Shiv's best friend and trusted teammate (2026–present)

== Production ==
=== Casting ===
Shambhavi Singh was signed to play Shalini.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=1 February 2026 |title=Shambhavi Singh on Bringing Emotional Depth to Mr. & Mrs. Parshuram: “It Balances Heart With Adrenaline”
|url=https://firstindia.co.in/news/press-releases/shambhavi-singh-on-bringing-emotional-depth-to-mr-mrs-parshuram-it-balances-heart-with-adrenaline|access-date=7 February 2026|work=First India|language=en}}</ref> [[Neil Bhatt]] confirmed to join the cast to play the dual personality roles of Shiv working as undercover officer Parshuram.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Chirag|first=Sehgal|date=28 January 2026 |title=Neil Bhatt On Playing Dual Roles In Mr And Mrs Parshuram: 'Not Challenging But Exciting'|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/television/neil-bhatt-on-playing-dual-roles-in-mr-and-mrs-parshuram-not-challenging-but-exciting-ws-kl-9862172.html|access-date=7 February 2026|work=[[News18]]|language=en}}</ref> Rohit Shaarma was cast as Sankalp.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Tanvi|first=Trivedi|date=24 January 2026|title=Rohit Shaarma bags key role in Mr & Mrs Parshuram
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/rohit-sharma-bags-key-role-in-mr-mrs-parshuram/articleshow/127385457.cms|access-date=7 February 2026|work=[[The Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2026 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:StarPlus original programming]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Remakes of Indian television series]]

Raju Karmakar

2026-05-06T15:56:46Z

BrooksPrather:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Raju Karmakar
| office = Member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Baisnabnagar Assembly constituency|Baisnabnagar]]
| predecessor = Chandana Sarkar
| term_start = 2026
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| profession = Politician
}}
'''Raju Karmakar''' is an Indian politician and member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. He was elected as a Member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Baisnabnagar Assembly constituency|Baisnabnagar]] constituency in the [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raju Karmakar(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- BAISNABNAGAR(MALDA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/WestBengal2026/candidate.php?candidate_id=492 |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Raju Karmakar, BAISNABNAGAR constituency, BJP, WestBengal Assembly Election 2026: Profile & Affidavit |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/candidates/WestBengal2026/raju-karmakar-492/ |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Raju Karmakar (IND) Candidate from TALDANGRA Constituency, Raju Karmakar Political Career, Age, Education, Election Result 2026 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/west-bengal/candidate-raju-karmakar-12330 |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Karmakar, Raju}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2026–2031]]

G. D. Yadav

2026-05-05T08:33:37Z

BrooksPrather:

{{short description|Indian chemical engineer (born 1952)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = G. D. Yadav
| honorific_suffix = NAE (US), FNAI (US), FTWAS, FNA, FASc, FNASc, FNAE, FRSC (UK), FIChemE (UK), FICS, FIIChE
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption = Prof. Yadav in 2024
| birth_name = Ganapati Dadasaheb Yadav
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1952|09|14}}
| birth_place = Arjunwada, [[Radhanagari]], [[Kolhapur district]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation =
| yearsactive = 1976-Present
| known for = Research in [[Green Chemistry|Green Chemistry and Technology]] [[Chemical Engineering]]
| spouse =
| domesticpartner =
| children = 2
| parents =
| signature =
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] in 2016
| website =
}}

'''Ganapati Dadasaheb Yadav'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prof. G.D.Yadav |url=https://www.ictmumbai.edu.in/emp_profiledetail.aspx?nDeptID=ge |website=www.ictmumbai.edu.in}}</ref> (born 14 September 1952), better known as '''G. D. Yadav''', is an Indian [[chemical engineer]], educator and academic. He is currently president of the [[Indian Chemical Society]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Chemical Society |url=https://indianchemicalsociety.com/userpanel/president-message.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250803170306/https://indianchemicalsociety.com/userpanel/president-message.aspx |archive-date=2025-08-03 |access-date=2025-09-28 |website=indianchemicalsociety.com |language=en}}</ref> He has made contributions to [[green chemistry]], [[catalysis]], chemical reaction engineering, process development and [[nanotechnology]]. He served as the founding Vice Chancellor of the [[Institute of Chemical Technology]] (ICT), Mumbai, from 2009 to 2019, where he is currently an Emeritus Professor of Eminence.<ref name=":0">{{Citation |last=Yadav |first=Ganapati D. |title=The Net Zero Goal and Sustainability: Significance of Green Hydrogen Economy in Valorization of CO2, Biomass and Plastic Waste into Chemicals and Materials |date=2024 |work=Climate Action and Hydrogen Economy |series=Green Energy and Technology |pages=61–90 |editor-last=Goel |editor-first=Malti |url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-981-99-6237-2_4 |access-date=2025-04-18 |place=Singapore |publisher=Springer Nature Singapore |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-981-99-6237-2_4 |isbn=978-981-99-6236-5 |editor2-last=Sen |editor2-first=Gautam|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Prof. G.D.Yadav |url=https://www.ictmumbai.edu.in/emp_profiledetail.aspx?nDeptID=ge |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250114115305/https://www.ictmumbai.edu.in/emp_profiledetail.aspx?nDeptID=ge |archive-date=14 January 2025 |access-date=2025-05-12 |website=www.ictmumbai.edu.in |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref>From 2022-2025, he was the National Science Chair of the [[Science and Engineering Research Board]] (later merged into the [https://www.anrfonline.in/ANRF/HomePage Anusandhan National Research Foundation], Government of India). He previously served as [https://www.newcastle.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/482502/44_Prof.-G-D-Yadav.pdf J.C. Bose National Fellow].

Yadav’s research spans sustainable technologies, including biomass valorization, [[green hydrogen]] production, and [[carbon dioxide]] utilization, with over 570 peer-reviewed publications, 136 patents, and an h-index of 71.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Professor Ganapati D. Yadav |url=https://scholar.google.co.in/citations?user=tC8UjR0AAAAJ&hl=en |access-date=12 May 2025 |website=Google Scholar}}</ref>

A recipient of the [[Padma Shri]] in 2016,<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2025-01-10 |title=Bhatnagar Fellowship for professor GD Yadav |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/bhatnagar-fellowship-gd-yadav-9771929/ |access-date=2025-05-12 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> he is an elected fellow of the [[National Academy of Sciences, India]] (FNASc), [[The World Academy of Sciences]] (FTWAS), [[Indian National Science Academy]] (FNA) and the [[National Academy of Inventors]] (FNAI).<ref>{{Cite web |title=YADAV, Ganapati Dadasaheb – The National Academy of Sciences, India |url=https://nasi.org.in/fellows/yadav-ganapati-dadasaheb/ |access-date=2025-05-12 |website=nasi.org.in}}</ref> In 2024, Yadav was featured in the [[Asian Scientist 100]] magazine.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ganapati Dadasaheb Yadav – Asian Scientist Magazine |url=https://www.asianscientist.com/scientist/ganapati-dadasaheb-yadav/ |access-date=2025-05-12 |website=www.asianscientist.com}}</ref> In 2025, Yadav was honoured with the Bhatnagar fellowship by the [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]].<ref name=":4" />

== Early life and education ==
Yadav was born in the small village of Arjunwada in [[Radhanagari]] Tehsil of [[Kolhapur district]], [[Maharashtra]]. In 1970, he joined the University Department of Chemical Technology (UDCT) of [[University of Mumbai|Bombay University]], earning a Bachelor of Chemical Engineering degree in 1974. He pursued his PhD under [[Man Mohan Sharma]] at the same institution, completing it in 1980.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Professor (Dr) Ganapati D. YADAV |url=https://www.newcastle.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/482502/44_Prof.-G-D-Yadav.pdf |website=newscastle.edu.au}}</ref>

== Connection with Industry and Boards ==
He currently serves as an Independent Director on the boards of multiple listed chemical companies: Godrej Industries,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Godrej Industries - Board Committees |url=https://www.godrejindustries.com/investors/board-committees |website=www.godrejindustries.com}}</ref> Clean Science & Technology,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Board of Directors |url=https://cleanscience.co.in/board-of-directors/ |access-date=2025-04-18 |website=Clean Science and Technology Limited |language=en-US}}</ref> Meghmani Organics,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Founders & Board of Directors – Meghmani Organics Ltd, Chemistry of Success at Work |url=https://meghmani.com/about/board-of-directors/ |access-date=2025-04-18 |website=meghmani.com}}</ref> Bhageria Industries,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bhageriagroup.com/aboutus/|title=About Us – Bhageria Group of Companies|website=www.bhageriagroup.com|access-date=3 February 2025|archive-date=11 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111081640/http://www.bhageriagroup.com/aboutus/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Astec Lifesciences,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Astec-LifeSciences-Godrej |url=https://www.godrejastec.com/ |website=www.godrejastec.com}}</ref> Dorf Ketal Chemicals India,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dorf Ketal {{!}} Local Expertise, Global Perspective |url=https://dorfketal.com/ |access-date=2025-04-18 |website=dorfketal.com}}</ref> Supriya Lifesciences<ref>{{Cite web |title=Supriya Lifescience Ltd. |url=https://www.supriyalifescience.com/ |access-date=2025-04-18 |website=www.supriyalifescience.com}}</ref> and Sharp Mint.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-26 |title=Home - Sharp Mint Limited |url=https://www.sharpmint.com/ |access-date=2025-04-18 |website=Sharp Mint Limited -}}</ref> Previously, he served on the boards of Aarti Industries<ref>{{Cite web |title=Speciality Chemicals and Pharmaceutical Manufacturers India {{!}} AIL |url=https://www.aarti-industries.com/ |access-date=2025-04-18 |website=Aarti Industries |language=en}}</ref> and Survival Technologies.<ref>{{Cite web |last=karthik |title=Fine and Specialty Chemicals {{!}} Intermediate Manufacturers in India |url=https://www.survivaltechnologies.in/ |access-date=2025-04-18 |website=Survival Technologies |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Recognitions ==
He became international member of the U.S. [[National Academy of Engineering]] in (2022).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.nae.edu/ |access-date=2025-04-18 |website=NAE Website |language=en}}</ref> Furthermore, he was elected a fellow of the U.S. [[National Academy of Inventors]] in (2022)<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date= 18 December 2019|title=Prof. A. B. Pandit Takes Charge as Vice Chancellor of ICT : Chemical Industry Digest |url=http://chemindigest.com/prof-a-b-pandit-takes-charge-as-vice-chancellor-of-ict/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219175443/http://chemindigest.com/prof-a-b-pandit-takes-charge-as-vice-chancellor-of-ict/ |archive-date=2019-12-19 |access-date= |website=chemindigest.com}}</ref> and [[Canadian Academy of Engineering]] (2026). He is also a Fellow of [[The World Academy of Sciences|TWAS]], [[Indian National Science Academy|INSA]], [[Indian Academy of Sciences|IAS]], [[National Academy of Sciences, India|NASI]] and [[Indian National Academy of Engineering|INAE]].

Following his tenure as vice chancellor, [[Raghunath Anant Mashelkar|R.A. Mashelkar]] appointed him emeritus professor of eminence at [[Institute of Chemical Technology|Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai]].<ref name=":1" />

He was awarded the fourth highest civilian honour, the Padmashri in 2016<ref>{{Cite web |title=Multiple honours for Padma Shri Professor G.D. Yadav |url=https://www.indianchemicalnews.com/people/multiple-honours-for-padma-shri-professor-gd-yadav-27184 |access-date=2026-05-05 |website=https://www.indianchemicalnews.com/}}</ref>. In 2026, he was also selected for the Danckwerts Memorial Lecture Award-jointly jointly conferred by IChemE (UK), AIChE, and Elsevier<ref>{{Cite web |title=Heartiest Congratulations! 🎉 Prof. G.D. Yadav, Vice President of the Indian National Science Academy (INSA), has been selected as the 2026 Danckwerts Lecturer, a prestigious global honour in the… {{!}} Indian National Science Academy - INSA {{!}} 149 comments |url=https://www.linkedin.com/posts/insaindia_heartiest-congratulations-prof-gd-activity-7448246302259290112-c__6 |access-date=2026-05-05 |website=LinkedIn |language=en}}</ref>.

Other awards also include the Rasayan MahaRatna (2025)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Chemical Society Centennial Jubilee to honour heroes of chemical industry |url=https://www.indianchemicalnews.com/chemical/indian-chemical-society-centennial-jubilee-to-honour-heroes-of-chemical-industry-24720 |access-date=2026-05-05 |website=https://www.indianchemicalnews.com/}}</ref>, Eminent Engineer Award<ref>{{Cite web |title=Padmashri Prof. G.D. Yadav to be conferred Eminent Engineer Award by Engineering Council of India |url=https://www.indianchemicalnews.com/people/padmashri-prof-gd-yadav-to-be-conferred-eminent-engineer-award-by-engineering-council-of-india-25171 |access-date=2026-05-05 |website=https://www.indianchemicalnews.com/}}</ref>, and the Bharat Ratna Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Award (2022)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Padmashri Prof. G.D. Yadav conferred prestigious Bhatnagar Fellowship |url=https://www.indianchemicalnews.com/people/padmashri-prof-gd-yadav-conferred-prestigious-bhatnagar-fellowship-24694 |access-date=2026-05-05 |website=https://www.indianchemicalnews.com/}}</ref>. He also the current president of the [[Indian Institute of Chemical Engineers]] and the [[Indian Chemical Society]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chemistry is life and life is chemistry: Padma Shri Prof. (Dr.) G. D. Yadav, President, Indian Chemical Society & former Vice Chancellor, ICT, Mumbai |url=https://www.indianchemicalnews.com/interviews/chemistry-is-life-and-life-is-chemistry-padma-shri-prof-dr-g-d-yadav-president-indian-chemical-society-former-vice-chancellor-ict-mumbai-424 |access-date=2026-05-05 |website=https://www.indianchemicalnews.com/}}</ref>.

== Service to Professional Bodies as President ==

=== Catalysis Society of India ===
He served as the Chairman of the Mumbai Chapter of the Catalysis Society of India, significantly increasing its membership. Later, as the President of the Catalysis Society of India, he facilitated an agreement to transform its bulletin into the journal Catalysis in Green Chemistry and Engineering, published by Begell House, USA.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Begell House - Catalysis in Green Chemistry and Engineering |url=https://www.begellhouse.com/journals/catalysis-in-green-chemistry-and-engineering.html |access-date=2025-04-19 |website=www.begellhouse.com}}</ref> He was conferred with the Prof. S.K. Bhattacharya Eminent Scientist Award in 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Catalysis Society of India |url=https://catalysisindia.org/ |access-date=2025-04-19 |website=catalysisindia.org}}</ref>

=== Editorships ===
Since 2021, he has been the Associate Editor of Frontiers in Sustainability and the Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of the Indian Chemical Society (Elsevier Publication).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Journal of the Indian Chemical Society {{!}} ScienceDirect.com by Elsevier |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/journal-of-the-indian-chemical-society |access-date=2025-04-19 |website=www.sciencedirect.com |language=en-us}}</ref>

== Advocacy for Chemical Engineering Education ==
In May 2025, he was the sole Indian invited to participate in the prestigious Nobel Symposium on Chemistry for the Future held in Stockholm, Sweden, where he signed the Stockholm Declaration on Chemistry of the Future, both in his individual capacity and as President of the Indian Chemical Society.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prof. G. D. Yadav participates in Stockholm Declaration on Chemistry of the Future |url=https://www.indianchemicalnews.com/chemical/prof-g-d-yadav-participates-in-stockholm-declaration-on-chemistry-of-the-future-26384 |access-date=2025-07-14 |website=www.indianchemicalnews.com/}}</ref>

In June 2025, he was appointed to the Finance Committee of Commonwealth Chemistry<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://commonwealthchemistry.org/ |access-date=2025-07-14 |website=Commonwealth Chemistry |language=en-GB}}</ref> and also elected Communications Director of the Federation of Asian Chemical Societies (FACS).<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Federation of Asian Chemical Societies (FACS) – Federation of 32 chemical societies of countries and territories in the Asia Pacific |url=https://facs.website/ |access-date=2025-07-14 |language=en-GB}}</ref>

In July 2025, he was honored with the Paryavaran Bhushan (Environment Laureate) award by the [[Maharashtra Pollution Control Board]] (MPCB) and the Environment Club of India (ECI) for his outstanding contributions to environmental sustainability.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-23 |title=Prof Ganapati D Yadav selected for 'Paryavaran Bhushan' award |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/prof-ganapati-d-yadav-selected-for-paryavaran-bhushan-award-10083831/ |access-date=2025-07-14 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Institute of Chemical Technology]]
* [[Man Mohan Sharma]]

{{portal|India|Science}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite journal|last1=Bhargava|first1=Suresh K.|last2=Kantam|first2=M. Lakshmi|last3=Reddy|first3=Benjaram M.|date=2014-12-10|title=Professor Ganapati D. Yadav: Versatility and Humility Is Thy Name|journal=Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research|language=en|volume=53|issue=49|pages=18589–18596|doi=10.1021/ie504552x|issn=0888-5885|doi-access=free}}
*{{Cite journal|last=Patwardhan |first=Veena |title=Professor G. D. Yadav: Outstanding academician and chemical engineering scientist |url=http://www.veenapatwardhan.com/wp-content/uploads/Chemical-Industry-Digest-Prof.-G-D-Yadav.pdf|journal=Chemical Industry Digest |date=February 2015 |pages=49}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons}}
*{{Official website|https://www.ictmumbai.edu.in/uploaded_files/EMERITUS_PROFESSOR_OF_EMINENCE_GDYadav.pdf}}

{{2000s Padma Shri Award Recipients in Science & Engineering}}
{{Institute of Chemical Technology vice-chancellors|state=collapsed}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yadav, G. D.}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in science & engineering]]
[[Category:1952 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Kolhapur district]]
[[Category:University of Mumbai alumni]]
[[Category:Institute of Chemical Technology alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Mumbai]]
[[Category:Academics of Loughborough University]]
[[Category:University of Waterloo alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Waterloo]]
[[Category:Heads of universities and colleges in India]]
[[Category:Lunghwa University of Science and Technology]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Amsterdam]]
[[Category:Indian chemical engineers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian inventors]]
[[Category:Engineers from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]
[[Category:Fellows of The World Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian chemists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian engineers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian inventors]]
[[Category:Foreign associates of the National Academy of Engineering]]
[[Category:Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering]]

Rabha Hasong Joutha Mancha

2026-05-04T17:29:49Z

BrooksPrather:

{{short description|Political party in Assam, India}}

{{Infobox Indian Political Party
| party_name = Rabha Hasong Joutha Mancha
| abbreviation = RHJM
| colorcode = #9d1c20
| party_logo =
| flag =
| president = Tankeswar Rabha
| secretary = Ramakanta Rabha
| ppchairman =
| foundation =
| alliance = [[North-East Democratic Alliance|NEDA]]
| loksabha_seats = {{Composition bar|0|543|hex=#9d1c20}}
| rajyasabha_seats = {{Composition bar|0|245|hex=#9d1c20}}
| state_seats_name = [[Assam Legislative Assembly]]
| state_seats = {{Composition bar|3|126|hex=#9d1c20}}
| state2_seats_name = [[Rabha Hasong Autonomous Council]]
| state2_seats = {{Composition bar|27|38|hex=#9d1c20}}
| ideology =
| headquarters = [[Dudhnai]], [[Goalpara district]], [[Assam]]
| eci = Regional Party
| symbol =
| website =
}}

'''Rabha Hasong Joutha Mancha''' (RHJM) is a regional political party in the Indian state of [[Assam]] primarily supported by the [[Rabha people]]. It plays a significant role in the governance of the [[Rabha Hasong Autonomous Council]] (RHAC), an administrative body established for the development of the Rabha people.<ref>{{cite web |title=Prioritize 6th Schedule if BJP approaches for membership: Rabha leaders urge people |url=https://themeghalayanexpress.com/prioritize-6th-schedule-if-bjp-approaches-for-membership-rabha-leaders-urge-people/ |website=The Meghalayan |date=30 December 2024 |access-date=17 May 2025}}</ref> The party is a member of the [[National Democratic Alliance]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-14 |title=How BJP clinched a massive victory in Assam’s panchayat election |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/how-bjp-clinched-a-massive-victory-in-assams-panchayat-election-10004410/ |access-date=2025-05-17 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==History==
The RHJM emerged as a political coalition advocating for the rights and autonomy of the Rabha community within Assam.<ref>{{cite web |title=Prioritize 6th Schedule if BJP approaches for membership: Rabha leaders urge people |url=https://themeghalayanexpress.com/prioritize-6th-schedule-if-bjp-approaches-for-membership-rabha-leaders-urge-people/ |website=The Meghalayan |date=30 December 2024 |access-date=17 May 2025}}</ref> It has been instrumental in voicing the demand for the inclusion of the RHAC under the [[Sixth Schedule to the Constitution of India|Sixth Schedule of the Indian Constitution.]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Ensure 6th Schedule Status for Support: RHAC tells BJP |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/assam-news/assam-ensure-6th-schedule-status-for-support-rabha-hasong-autonomous-council-tells-bjp/ |website=The Sentinel Assam |date=29 December 2024 |access-date=17 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Prioritize 6th Schedule if BJP approaches for membership: Rabha leaders urge people |url=https://themeghalayanexpress.com/prioritize-6th-schedule-if-bjp-approaches-for-membership-rabha-leaders-urge-people/ |website=The Meghalayan |date=30 December 2024 |access-date=17 May 2025}}</ref> Leaders have urged the community to prioritize this goal when engaging with national political parties.<ref>{{cite web |date=30 December 2024 |title=Prioritize 6th Schedule if BJP approaches for membership: Rabha leaders urge people |url=https://themeghalayanexpress.com/prioritize-6th-schedule-if-bjp-approaches-for-membership-rabha-leaders-urge-people/ |access-date=17 May 2025 |website=The Meghalayan}}</ref> The Assam government has submitted a proposal to the central government to include RHAC under the Sixth Schedule.<ref>{{cite web |date=29 December 2024 |title=Ensure 6th Schedule Status for Support: RHAC tells BJP |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/assam-news/assam-ensure-6th-schedule-status-for-support-rabha-hasong-autonomous-council-tells-bjp/ |access-date=17 May 2025 |website=The Sentinel Assam}}</ref>

In January 2025, Assam Chief Minister [[Himanta Biswa Sarma]] announced that tripartite talks would be initiated between the central government, the state, and RHAC to discuss its inclusion under the Sixth Schedule.<ref>{{cite web |date=4 January 2025 |title=Tripartite talks on Rabha Hasong Autonomous Council within this year: Assam CM |url=https://epaper.assamtribune.com/assam/tripartite-talks-on-rabha-hasong-autonomous-council-within-this-year-assam-cm-1563448 |access-date=17 May 2025 |website=The Assam Tribune}}</ref>

=== Political activities ===
In the 2025 Rabha Hasong Autonomous Council elections, RHJM contested 29 out of 36 constituencies.<ref>{{cite web |title=BJP announces six candidates for Rabha Hasong Autonomous Council elections |url=https://assamtribune.com/assam/bjp-announces-six-candidates-for-rabha-hasong-autonomous-council-elections-1571169 |website=The Assam Tribune |date=25 December 2024 |access-date=17 May 2025}}</ref> The part secured a majority by winning 27 out of 36 seats.<ref>{{cite web |title=RHJM sweeps RHAC elections, wins 27 seats |url=https://sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/assam-news/rhjm-sweeps-rhac-elections-wins-27-seats-1576244 |website=The Sentinel Assam |date=5 January 2025 |access-date=17 May 2025}}</ref> It's ally BJP won 6 seats.

==See also==
* [[Rabha Hasong Autonomous Council]]
* [[Rabha people]]

==References==
<references />

[[Category:Political parties in Assam]][[Category:Member parties of the National Democratic Alliance]]

Ambattur

2026-05-04T16:48:33Z

BrooksPrather: Put up some post initial version!

{{Short description|Neighbourhood in Chennai district, Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ambattur
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Neighbourhood
| image_skyline = [[File:India Land Tech Park,Ambattur.JPG|250px]]
| image_alt =
| image_caption = One Indiabulls IT Park, Ambattur
| nickname =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Chennai
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Ambattur (Chennai)
| coordinates = {{coord|13.114300|N|80.154800|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Chennai District]]
| subdivision_type3 = Metro
| subdivision_name3 = Chennai
| subdivision_type4 = Zone
| subdivision_name4 = [[Central Chennai]]
| subdivision_type5 = Ward
| subdivision_name5 = 79-93
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type =
| parts =
| government_type =
| governing_body = [[Greater Chennai Corporation]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 40.36
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 44
| population_total = 478134
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank = [[List of cities in India by population|96th]]
| population_density_km2 = 11551
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 600053, 600058, 600062, 600098
| registration_plate = TN 13 (RTO, Ambattur)
| blank1_name_sec1 = Railway station code
| blank1_info_sec1 = ABU
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Lok Sabha|Parliamentary]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Sriperumbudur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sriperumbudur]]
| blank2_name_sec2 = [[Vidhan Sabha|Assembly]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec2 = [[Ambattur (state assembly constituency)|Ambattur]]
| blank3_name_sec2 = [[Urban planning|Planning]] agency
| blank3_info_sec2 = [[Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority|CMDA]]
| blank4_name_sec1 = [[Member of parliament|MP]]
| blank4_info_sec1 = [[T.R. Baalu]], [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
| blank5_name_sec1 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
| blank5_info_sec1 = [[G. Balamurugan]], [[Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam|TVK]]
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Ambattur''' is a northwestern part of [[Chennai]], India. It is located in [[Ambattur taluk]] of the [[Chennai District]], surrounded by [[Avadi]], [[Anna Nagar]], [[Korattur]], [[Padi, Chennai|Padi]], [[Mogappair]], [[Kallikuppam]],
[[Surapattu|Surapet]], [[Ayappakkam]], Athipet and [[Thiruverkadu]]. It covers an area of {{cvt|40.36|sqkm}}. The neighbourhood is served by [[Ambattur railway station]]. Ambattur was once a village with large extents of agricultural farm lands irrigated by the sprawling [[Ambattur Lake]]. Today, the area is a bustling urban hub engaged with industrial and commercial activity.

==Etymology==
This place is one of 108 ''Shakthi Sthals'' in the country. The Amman temple (for the Hindu deity [[Durga]]) here is the fifty-first in the order, giving the locality the Tamil name "aimbaththu onraam oor" (ஐம்பத்து ஒன்றாம் ஊர்), meaning fifty-first place/temple village, which later transmuted as Ambattur. The goddess is worshiped in the form of [[Vaishnavi (deity)|Vaishnavi]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2012}}

Ambattur is also called so because it was a collaboration of 51 small towns (ambathu onraam oor in Tamil), from which the name ''Ambattur'' was derived.<ref>{{Cite news |last=V |first=Sriram |date=2023-10-17 |title=Ambattur OT— what's in a name? |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/ambattur-ot-whats-in-a-name/article67425774.ece |access-date=2024-05-13 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==History==
Along with [[Avadi]], [[Sembium]], [[Ennore]] and [[Tiruvottriyur]], Ambattur is part of the "auto belt" in the city's industrial north and west regions that developed when the automobile industry developed in Madras, in the early post-[[World War II]] years.<ref>{{cite book | last = Muthiah| first = S. | author-link = S. Muthiah | title = Madras Rediscovered| publisher = EastWest | date = 2014 | location = Chennai | pages = 144 | isbn = 978-93-84030-28-5}}</ref> Sir Ivan Stedeford, chairman of Tube Investments, United Kingdom, was instrumental in starting the TI factory and TII complex in the country. Sir Ivan signed a joint venture agreement with A. M. Murugappa Chettiar of the [[Murugappa Group]], which was then a small business house manufacturing sandpaper and abrasives for the war effort and also trading war surplus. It was the first joint venture agreement to be signed in South India after Independence. This resulted in the establishment of the TI Cycle factory in a mango grove in Ambattur by 1951, and manufacture of the 'Hercules India' bicycle soon began. By 1954, the word 'India' was dropped from the name when international quality standards were met.<ref name="Hindu_SirIvanOfAmbattur">{{cite news
| last = Muthiah
| first = S.
| title = Sir Ivan of Ambattur
| location = Chennai
| date = 10 November 2003
| url = http://www.hindu.com/mp/2003/11/10/stories/2003111000100300.htm
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20031231234548/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2003/11/10/stories/2003111000100300.htm
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 31 December 2003
| newspaper = [[The Hindu]]
| access-date = 28 Mar 2014}}</ref>

In 1954, Sir Ivan signed his second joint venture, Tube Products India, with the Murugappa family. The factory was established on what had been the British Government of Malaya's Immigration Camp. By 1956, production was started in the new factory and soon resulted in the establishment of other TI factories in the Ambattur-Avadi industrial stretch. This led to a rapid growth in population in the region and several public amenities were established in Ambattur by TI company, such as the [[Sir Ramaswami Mudaliar Higher Secondary School|Sir Ramaswamy Mudaliar Higher Secondary School]] (named after the person who had initially introduced the partners to each other), a post office and a bank. When the growing population demanded a hospital, the company established one between Ambattur and Avadi in 1966 from a gift of around £5,000 from Sir Ivan. The hospital was named the [[Sir Ivan Stedeford Hospital]] in his honour.<ref name="Hindu_SirIvanOfAmbattur"/>

==Geography==
===Waterbodies===
[[File:AmbatturEri Lake.JPG|thumb|250px|left|A section of the Ambattur Lake]]

Ambattur has two main [[waterbodies]], namely the [[Ambattur Lake|Ambattur Eri]] and the Chithu Oragadam Lake and the bigger [[Puzhal eri]] on the outskirts. The upkeep of the Ambattur Eri is plagued by problems such as dumping of garbage,<ref>[http://archives.chennaionline.com/science/Environment/dump.asp Chennai Online]{{dead link|date=June 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> water mining and construction of buildings and the Chithu Oragadam (Thangal) Eri suffers due to pollution by sewage.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20040720143027/http://www.hindu.com/2004/06/06/stories/2004060611440300.htm The Hindu]</ref> The local body generates nearly 250 tonnes of garbage daily.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110502001404/http://www.hindu.com/2011/04/27/stories/2011042751080300.htm Garbage burning sets off problems for Ambattur]</ref>

Ambattur has a stormwater drain network of 177.95 km, the largest of the eight zones newly added to the Corporation of Chennai in 2011.<ref>{{cite news
| title = Rs. 3000-crore stormwater project for new zones
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| date = 30 August 2012
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/article3836961.ece
| access-date = 5 Sep 2012}}</ref>

===Flora and Fauna===
Several species of birds reside and frequent the places in and around Ambattur. Woodland birds, water birds and many more visit here.<ref>[http://www.blackbuck.org.in/Birdlist.pdf Blackbuck.org]</ref>
{{Clear}}

==Demographics==
{{bar box|title=Religious census|titlebar=#ddd|left1=Religion|right1=Percent(%)|float=left|bars={{bar percent|[[Hinduism|Hindu]]|Orange|86.53}}{{bar percent|[[Islam|Muslim]]|Green|3.68}}{{bar percent|[[Christianity|Christian]]|purple|8.95}}{{bar percent|[[Sikhism|Sikh]]|yellow|0.05}}{{bar percent|[[Buddhism|Buddhist]]|Gold|0.04}}{{bar percent|[[Jainism|Jain]]|Blue|0.17}}{{bar percent|Other|grey|0.57}}{{bar percent|[[Irreligion|No religion]]|violet|0.01}}}}
{{Historical populations|type=
|1971|45586
|1981|115901
|1991|215424
|2001|310967
|2011|466205
}}

According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]], Ambattur had a population of 466,205 with a sex-ratio of 985 females for every 1,000 males, much above the national average of 929.<ref name="dashboard">{{cite web|title=Census Info 2011 Final population totals|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/censusinfodashboard/index.html|publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|year=2013|access-date=26 January 2014}}</ref> A total of 48,444 were under the age of six, constituting 24,829 males and 23,615 females. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] accounted for 11.49% and 0.33% of the population, respectively. The average literacy of the town was 82.61%, compared with the national average of 72.99%.<ref name="dashboard"/> The town had 120,248 households. There were 184,390 workers, comprising 1,252 cultivators, 1,128 main agricultural labourers, 2,467 in house hold industries, 159,242 other workers, 20,301 marginal workers, 507 marginal cultivators, 453 marginal agricultural labourers, 641 marginal workers in household industries and 18,700 other marginal workers.<ref name=2011census>{{cite web|title=Census Info 2011 Final population totals - Ambattur |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=673935 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140413024105/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=673935 |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 April 2014 |publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |year=2013 |access-date=26 January 2014 }}</ref> As per the religious census of 2011, Ambattur had 86.53% [[Hindus]], 3.68% [[Muslims]], 8.95% [[Christians]], 0.05% [[Sikhs]], 0.04% [[Buddhists]], 0.17% [[Jainism|Jains]], 0.57% following other religions and 0.01% following no religion or did not indicate any religious preference.<ref name=religion2011>{{cite web|title=Population By Religious Community - Tamil Nadu|year=2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html|format=XLS|publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|access-date=13 September 2015}}</ref>

During 2001–2011, Ambattur registered a population growth of 49.9%.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Kalyanaraman
| first = M.
| title = Migration Spurs Suburban Sprawl
| newspaper = The Times of India epaper
| location = Chennai
| publisher = The Times Group
| date = 25 October 2011
| url = http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=TOINEW&BaseHref=TOICH/2011/10/25&PageLabel=4&EntityId=Ar00600&ViewMode=HTML
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130518060156/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=TOINEW&BaseHref=TOICH/2011/10/25&PageLabel=4&EntityId=Ar00600&ViewMode=HTML
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 18 May 2013
| access-date = 25 October 2011}}</ref>

==Administration==
Ambattur comes under the [[Sriperumbudur]] Parliamentary constituency. It was previously under the North Chennai parliamentary constituency, and, along with [[Villivakkam]], it was the largest assembly constituency in India. The Fame organisation sangam originated here. The [[Electoral boundary delimitation|delimitation]] process of assembly constituencies had given Ambattur a new identity of its own: Constituency No. 8, Tamil Nadu. Once a major panchayat, Ambattur was made a township in the 1960s and a selection-grade municipality from April 1975. In May 1992, it was raised to special-grade municipality.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/Ambattur/about_municipality.html |title=Ambattu Municipality Overview |access-date=2010-11-28 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100828112725/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/ambattur/about_municipality.html |archive-date=2010-08-28 }}</ref> It was a municipality till October 2011. It had been divided into 52 wards. Ambattur Municipality included [[Padi, Chennai|Padi]], [[Korattur]], [[Mogappair]], [[Kallikuppam, Ambattur|Kallikuppam]], [[Nolambur]], [[Ayapakkam]] TNHB, [[Athipet]], [[Udaiyarpalayam]] and the [[Ambattur Industrial Estate]] areas.

On 15 June 2011, the Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu submitted a memorandum to the Prime Minister of India to expand the city limits of Chennai by which the Ambattur Municipality would come under the new scheme.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Jaya-to-go-ahead-with-expansion-of-city-limit/articleshow/8855697.cms | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111229023636/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-15/chennai/29661418_1_water-supply-local-bodies-underground-sewerage | url-status=live | archive-date=29 December 2011 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=Jaya to go ahead with expansion of city limit | date=15 June 2011}}</ref>

Since 2011, it is part of [[Chennai Corporation]] as Zone 7 with 15 wards (Ward Nos. 79 to 91, 93).<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 September 2011 |title=சென்னை மாநகராட்சி எல்லைகள் விஸ்தரிப்பு- 200 வார்டுகளுடன் மெகா மாநகராட்சியானது |url=https://tamil.oneindia.com/news/2011/09/09/chennai-corporation-will-have-200-wards-15-zones-aid0091.html |access-date=13 May 2024 |work=Oneindia}}</ref>

==Amenities==
[[Sir Ivan Stedeford Hospital]] is in this area.

===Library===
The Branch Library, as it is now called, was opened in May 1971 by the then Minister of Education and Local Administration [[V. R. Nedunchezhiyan]]. It was earlier known as Murugappa Library, as the building it is housed in belongs to the A.M.M. Charities Trust. The library is situated near Perunthalaivar Kamarajar Government Girls Higher Secondary School (Girl's High School).

==Economy==
The economy of Ambattur is mainly industrial. It was well known as an auto ancillary hub. However, in the late 2000s many IT companies have come up in Ambattur.

===Ambattur Industrial Estate===
{{Main|Ambattur Industrial Estate}}
The Ambattur Industrial Estate, spread over an area of 1,430 acres (4.9 km2), houses about 1,800 units<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Chennai/article1547862.ece Arterial roads in Ambattur Estate to be widened soon]</ref> and is the biggest small scale industrial estate in [[South Asia]]. It was commissioned in the year 1964 by the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]. Companies like [[Britannia Industries]], [[TI Cycles of India]], [[Dunlop Tyres|Dunlop]], and [[TVS, India|TVS]] have their plants in Ambattur. [[Tata Communications]] has its [[satellite earth station]] at the Ambattur–Red Hills road, known as wireless among the locals. [[Jaya TV]], [[Vijay TV]], [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] and [[Kairali TV|Kairali]] relay signals from this facility. Leading English-language daily The New Indian Express has its corporate office in Ambatur Industrial Estate. The [[Heavy Vehicles Factory]] (HVF) in [[Avadi]], which manufactures military tanks, is just 5 km from this place, adding to its importance. A railway concrete sleeper manufacturing company is located near the Ambattur railway station. Textile industries such as Ambattur Clothing Limited (ACL) and Bombay Fashions have their facilities here and employ thousands of women. The units in the Industrial Estate generate a combined annual revenue of over {{INR}} 35,000 million.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Raja Simhan
| first = T. E.
| title = IT parks in Ambattur Estate wallow with space abegging
| newspaper = Business Line
| location = Chennai
| publisher = The Hindu
| date = 9 January 2013
| url = http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/info-tech/it-parks-in-ambattur-estate-wallow-with-space-abegging/article4291094.ece?homepage=true&ref=wl_home
| access-date = 10 January 2013}}</ref>

The Industrial Estate has a bus terminus. The Ambattur Estate terminus and the maintenance centre with a capacity of 100 buses were opened in 1967. However, {{as of|2012|lc=y}}, the centre handles 125 buses a day, with a staff count of 1,100.<ref>{{cite news
| title = Ambattur Estate
| newspaper = Dinamalar
| location = Chennai
| date = 10 September 2012
}}</ref>

===IT parks and Data centres===
[[File:The Ambit IT Park, Ambattur.jpg|thumb|left|120px|The Ambit IT Park with CMA CGM, iOpex Technologies and Movate Formerly CSS Corp<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2022-09-21 |title=CSS Corp rebrands to Movate |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/css-corp-rebrands-to-movate/article65917492.ece |access-date=2023-11-08 |work=[[Business Line]] |language=en}}</ref>]]
Ambattur Industrial Estate has attracted a lot of IT companies due to its proximity to residential neighbourhoods and the lower rentals. The lease rentals of IT Parks in Ambattur are half of those in the city. Information Technology (IT) companies such as MilesTs, [[HCL Technologies]], [[Dell]] and [[Tata Consultancy Services]] have their development centres here. Out of the 22 facilities that HCL Technologies has in Chennai, six are in Ambattur. There are also a few [[Business process outsourcing|BPO]] centres such as Perot Systems, Telebuy, Polaris BPO, Serco, First Source & iOPEX Technologies. Prince Info Park, Kochar Technology Park, Ambit IT Park. [[Chennai Tech Park]], a {{convert|2400000|sqft|m2|abbr=on}}, state-of-the-art, futuristic IT park, on {{convert|10|acre|m2}} of land is commissioned since 2009 by IndiaLand Park. Now that 10 acres commercial building is bought by Indiabulls Securities Ltd for Rs 600 crores and renamed it as One IndiaBulls Park, current occupiers of the complex include Royal Bank of Scotland, Kone, Britannia Industries, Ajuba, Covenant, Telebuy, Ibox, Bean Balls, Germany's Modisch, Yes Bank and Etisalat.<ref name="FirstBiz_AnotherBoostForChennaiRealty">{{Cite news | title = Another boost for Chennai realty: Indiabulls buys 10-acre commercial building for Rs 600 cr | newspaper = FirstBiz | date = 20 November 2014 | url = http://firstbiz.firstpost.com/economy/another-boost-for-chennai-realty-indiabulls-buys-10-acre-commercial-building-for-rs-600-cr-109072.html | access-date = 13 March 2017 | archive-date = 23 December 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141223202023/http://firstbiz.firstpost.com/economy/another-boost-for-chennai-realty-indiabulls-buys-10-acre-commercial-building-for-rs-600-cr-109072.html | url-status = dead }}</ref> One IndiaBulls park is one of the major IT parks in Ambattur. As a remarkable mile stone, CMA CGM, world's 3rd largest liner started their documentation centre along with Regional eCommerce Team in AMBIT park.

While IT and ITeS firms in Ambattur have brought in a new image to the industrial belt that has been known for its garment and auto-ancillary units, it has increased the real estate prices.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/05/19/stories/2011051950800300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522203552/http://www.hindu.com/2011/05/19/stories/2011051950800300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 May 2011|title=Ambattur emerges as real estate hot spot for IT companies|access-date=5 January 2012|location=Chennai, India|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=19 May 2011}}</ref>

In FY 2023–24, prominent data and cloud-based service companies like Digital Connexion([[Reliance Digital|Reliance]]-[[Brookfield Corporation|Brookfield]] joint venture), Web Werks-[[Iron Mountain (company)|Iron Mountain]] JV, [[NTT Data]], CtrlS Datacentres and [[Colt Technology Services]] started setting up their hyperscale [[Data centers]] equipped with [[AI]] in the heart of Ambattur Industrial area. This is expected to cause tremendous development to the area as a fastest growing digital hub in Chennai.

==Transport==

===Road===
The [[Chennai-Tiruvallur High Road]] (CTH Road or [[National highways of India|NH]] 716) passes through Ambattur and the Chennai-[[Kolkata]] highway is just about 8 km [[Puzhal]] from the place making it a strategic location. On an average, about 40,000 passenger car units use the CTH Road.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Lakshmi
| first = K.
|author2=Rajan
| title = Suburbs developing, amenities lagging behind
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| date = 14 June 2010
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Chennai/article454890.ece
| access-date = 27 October 2011}}</ref>
The new [[Chennai Bypass]] road between [[Maduravoyal]] and [[Puzhal]] passes through Ambattur Industrial Estate. It connects NH4 with NH5 and NH716 via Ambattur Industrial Estate.

{{stack|[[File:Ambattur Estate Bus Terminus.jpg|thumb|left|Aerial view of renovated Ambattur Estate Bus stand in 2025]]}}
The [[Ambattur Industrial Estate Bus Terminus]] is located adjacent to the CTH Road and has [[Metropolitan Transport Corporation (Chennai)|MTC]] city buses connecting Ambattur with various points of Chennai city. A lot of buses from Avadi and the outskirts of Chennai also pass through Ambattur, offering good connectivity. The bus terminus has been renovated by [[Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority|CMDA]] with better amenities and opened to the public on in November 2025.<ref>{{cite news
| title = Udhayanidhi Stalin inaugurates upgraded Ambattur Industrial Estate bus terminus
| newspaper = [[The Hindu]]
| location = Chennai
| date = 24 November 2025
| url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/udhayanidhi-stalin-inaugurates-upgraded-ambattur-industrial-estate-bus-terminus/article70317062.ece
| access-date = 24 November 2025}}</ref>

On 4 October 2013, the Tamil Nadu Highways department issued a GO extending the entire stretch of the road till Tirutani to 6 lanes at a cost of {{INR}} 1,680 million, by means of land acquisition from 12 villages.<ref name="DC_6LaneSoon">{{cite news
|title=Chennai to Tirupati 6-lane highway soon
|newspaper=The Deccan Chronicle
|location=Chennai
|date=21 October 2013
|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/131021/news-current-affairs/article/chennai-tirupati-6-lane-highway-soon
|access-date=27 Oct 2013
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023060647/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/131021/news-current-affairs/article/chennai-tirupati-6-lane-highway-soon
|archive-date=2013-10-23
}}</ref> In the first phase, the road will be widened to 100 ft (4 lanes) with centre median at a cost of {{INR}} 980 million.<ref name="Hindu_EncroachmentsRemoved">{{cite news
| title = Encroachments along CTH Road removed
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| date = 5 October 2013
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/encroachments-along-cth-road-removed/article5201932.ece
| access-date = 27 Oct 2013}}</ref>

===Rail===
The [[Chennai Central]]-[[Arakkonam]] railway line passes through Ambattur and has two railway stations in the neighbourhood. [[Ambattur railway station]] serves the residential areas and [[Pattaravakkam railway station]] serves the Ambattur Industrial Estate, [[kallikuppam, Ambattur|kallikuppam]] and Karruku neighbourhood areas. [[Chennai suburban railway|Suburban Broad Gauge EMU / MEMU trains]] operate daily from Chennai Central and Chennai Beach to [[Avadi]], [[Tiruvallur]], Patabiram Military Siding, [[Arakkonam]], [[Vellore]], [[Thiruvannamalai]], [[Tirupati|Tirupathi]], and [[Tiruttani]] via Ambattur. By rail, Ambattur is 30 minutes from Chennai Central, 15 minutes from [[Perambur]] and 07 minutes from [[Villivakkam]]. Many fast EMU locals (suburban trains) towards Tiruvallur, Arakkonam and Tiruttani, stop at Ambattur railway station, but fast local trains towards Chennai central do not halt at Ambattur because non availability of 4th platform.
The station is being renovated under [[Amrit Bharat Station Scheme]] with the construction of two-wheeler subway near railway station in progress.

===Metro===
The extension of [[Line 5 (Chennai Metro)|Red line]] in [[Chennai Metro]] till Pattabiram will pass via Ambattur Estate, Ambattur railway station and Ambattur OT before heading to Pattabiram, based on the Detailed Project Report prepared by [[CMRL]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2025/Feb/22/chennai-metro-rail-submits-dpr-for-2176-km-extension-from-koyambedu-to-pattabiram|title=Chennai Metro Rail submits DPR for 21.76 km extension from Koyambedu to Pattabiram|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=22 February 2025|access-date=22 February 2025}}</ref> With repeated requests from commuters and resident groups, the expansion of [[Chennai–Thiruvallur High Road]] is to be integrated with metrorail by construction of 3 road-flyovers beneath metro rail line at Ambattur Estate junction, Dunlop junction and Avadi check-post junction.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/chennai/cth-road-6-laning-accelerated-to-be-integrated-with-metro-rail-line-to-pattabiram-823168|title=CTH Road 6-laning accelerated, to be integrated with Metro Rail line to Pattabiram|newspaper=[[DT Next]]|date=16 February 2025|access-date=21 April 2025}}</ref> The metro rail extension is approved by [[Government of Tamil Nadu]], currently awaiting approval from [[Government of India]], with 112 acres of land acquisition underway.<ref>{{cite news |last=Sundaram |first=Ram |title=TN govt gives in-principle nod for Chennai Metro link from Koyambedu to Pattabiram |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/tn-govt-gives-in-principle-nod-for-chennai-metro-link-from-koyambedu-to-pattabiram/articleshow/120829027.cms |date=2025-05-02 |access-date=2025-05-02 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

==Sports==
Kannan Theatre near Senthil Nagar was closed and converted to Dolphin Sports Academy.

The Ambattur Badminton Association has constructed an indoor shuttle and badminton stadium (Kamalam John Samuel Indoor Stadium, named after the late parents of JCD Prabhakar) located near the [[TI Cycles of India]] factory.

===Parks===
Prominent parks of the area include:

* Thangal Lake Park near Menambedu, Pudur
* Krishnapuram Corporation Park (renovated in October 2009)
* Thiruvengada Nagar Corporation Park (opened on 11 October 2013)
* Venkatapuram Park at Kubera Vinayagar Temple Ground (opened in 2014)
* Greater Chennai Corporation Park - VGN Shanthi Nagar, Ambattur
* Greater Chennai Corporation Park - Kallikuppam (Near Tata Communications)
* ICF Emp. Colony Park at Ayapakkam

There are many parks in Ambattur which people can use for recreational activities.

==Media==
''South Indian Post'' leading bilingual ''(English and Tamil)'' newspaper, ''Town News'', ''Seithi Mazhai'', ''My Vyapar'' is the leading bilingual (English and Tamil) newspaper. ''The Neighbour City'' and ''Kutty News'' are the newspapers in Tamil. ''Ambattur Talk'' is in English.{{citation needed|date=November 2013}}

==Educational institutions==

===Schools===
{{columns-list|colwidth=20em|
*Sri Sathya Sai Nursery and Primary School (Shoba Nagar, Near Sir Ivan Stedeford Hospital)
*Velammal Vidhyashram (CBSE) & Velammal NEWGEN Park (CBSE & ICSE), Surapet
*Velammal Global School – IGCSE, Surapet
*Velammal Vidhyashram – CBSE (Oragadam, Ambattur)
*Annai Violet International School (CBSE), (located in [[Pudur, Ambattur|Pudur]])
*[[Bhaktavatsalam Vidyashram]] (CBSE), (in [[Korattur]])
*Sri Mahaganesa Vidhyasala, Venkatapuram
*Sri Venkateswara Matric. Hr. Sec. School (Athipet, Ambattur)
*Sri Venkateswara Vidhyalaya (Ayapakkam)
*[[Sethu Bhaskara Matriculation Higher Secondary School]] (located in [[Pudur, Ambattur|Pudur]])
*Ebenezer Marcus Matriculation Higher Secondary School (located in [[Pudur, Ambattur|Pudur]])
*Ebenezer Marcus International School (CBSE)(located in [[Pudur, Ambattur|Pudur]])
*[[Sir Ramaswami Mudaliar Higher Secondary School]] (a government-aided higher secondary school)
*St. Joseph's Matriculation Higher Secondary School
*T.I. Higher Secondary School (CBSE & Matriculation) (run by AMM Foundation)
*Perunthalaivar Kamarajar Government Girls Higher Secondary School, Venkatapuram
*T.V. Nagar matriculation High School
*Hussain Memorial Matric Higher Secondary School, Krishnapuram
*G.K. Shetty Vivekananda Vidyalaya Junior College (founded in 1979 and celebrated silver jubilee in the year 2005, affiliated to CBSE)
*Velammal Matriculation Higher Secondary School (in [[Surapet]])
*Satheesh Balaji Matriculation Higher Secondary School (Madhanankuppam)
*Lake View Matriculation School (in Pudur)
*Emmanuel Methodist Matriculation Higher Secondary School (in Pudur)
*Divine Matriculation School and Sharon Matriculation School (in Pudur)
*Aacini Matriculation Higher Secondary School
*Sree Saraswathi Matric School, (located in [[Kallikuppam]])
*D.A.V. (Boys) Senior Secondary School (in Anna Nagar Western Extension)
*D.A.V. (Girls) Sr. Secondary School (in Anna Nagar Western Extension)
*S.B.O.A. School & Junior College (in Anna Nagar Western Extension)
*S.B.O.A. Matriculation and Higher Secondary School (in Anna Nagar Western Extension)
*Leo Matriculation School (in Anna Nagar Western Extension)
*Chennai Public School (International Baccalaureate), in Anna Nagar Western Extension
*The Indian Public School - Chennai North campus, Pattaravakkam
*Rudrappasamy School (CBSE), Karukku (Pattaravakkam)
*St. Moses Matriculation School, Karukku (Pattaravakkam)
*Sri Ramakrishna Matriculation Mission School (located in [[Pudur, Ambattur|Pudur]])
*Nathella Vidyodaya (CBSE), Venkatapuram
*Pasumpon Narayana e-Techno School (CBSE), Vijayalakshmipuram
*Sri Vidhya Nikethan Matriculation school (located in [[Pudur, Ambattur|Pudur]])
*New Century Matriculation Higher Secondary School, ICF Colony, Ambattur
*Aachi Global School, Ayanambakkam
*Birla Open Minds International School, Athipet, Mogappair West End
*St Joseph Nursery and primary school Ambattur
*St Joseph Matriculation Higher secondary school Ambattur
}}

===Colleges===
{{columns-list|colwidth=20em|
*Annai Violet College of Arts and Science at Menambedu.
*Soka Ikeda College of Arts and Science for Women at Madhanankuppam.
*Benson College of Hotel Management and Culinary Arts at Ambattur.
*[[Velammal Engineering College]] is located about 6 km from Ambattur at [[Surapet]] on the Ambattur–[[Red Hills Lake|Red Hills]] Road.
}}

===LIC Zonal Training Centre===
Ambattur also houses the Chennai Zonal Training Center of [[Life Insurance Corporation of India]], located near Prithvipakkam.

==References==
{{Portal|India}}
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category-inline}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20041226232543/http://www.tiruvallur.tn.nic.in/places/ambattur.htm Ambattur]

{{Neighborhoods of Chennai}}
{{Chennai topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Chennai]]

Sridhar Vembu

2026-04-30T03:20:11Z

BrooksPrather: made a info

{{short description|Indian entrepreneur}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sridhar Vembu
| image =
| alt = photograph of sridhar vembu
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1968}}
| birth_place = [[Tanjore]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| other_names =
| known_for =
| occupation = Businessman
| title = Co-founder and chief scientist of [[Zoho Corporation]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Zoho Corporation CEO Sridhar Vembu steps down to focus on R&D as Chief Scientist |date=27 January 2025 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/zoho-corporation-ceo-sridhar-vembu-steps-down-to-focus-on-rd-as-chief-scientist/article69146604.ece |website=The Hindu |access-date=29 January 2025}}</ref>
| education = {{unbulleted list |[[IIT Madras]] (BTech) |[[Princeton University]] (MS, PhD)}}
| parents =
| spouse = Pramila Srinivasan
| children =
| relatives = [[Radha Vembu]] (sister)
| honours = {{plainlist|
* [[Padma Shri]] (2021) }}
| website =
| module =
{{Infobox scientist
| embed = yes
| thesis_title = Information Theory without Ergodicity Assumptions: Some New Results
| thesis_year = 1994
| thesis_url = https://www.proquest.com/openview/e8bdbb27e0182dfe3da22fab580c2c7a
| doctoral_advisor = [[Sergio Verdú]]
}}
}}

'''Sridhar Vembu''' (born 1968) is an Indian [[billionaire]] business magnate and the founder and former [[chief executive officer]] of the [[Zoho Corporation]].<ref name=":1"/> As per the ''Forbes'' list of India's 100 richest tycoons, dated October 8, 2025, Vembu and siblings are ranked 51st, with a net worth of $6 billion.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 Oct 2024 |title=India's 100 Richest |url=https://www.forbes.com/lists/india-billionaires/ |website=India’s 100 Richest}}{{Dead link|date=December 2025}}</ref>

He was awarded India's fourth highest civilian award, the [[Padma Shri]], in 2021.<ref name=Padma>{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=57307 |title=PIB Press Release: This Year's Padma Awards announced |publisher=Pib.nic.in |access-date=2011-02-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/shinzo-abe-tarun-gogoi-ram-vilas-paswan-among-padma-award-winners-complete-list/articleshow/80453596.cms |title=Shinzo Abe, Tarun Gogoi, Ram Vilas Paswan among Padma Award winners: Complete list |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=25 January 2021 |access-date=25 January 2021}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Vembu was born in 1968 in a middle class [[Tamil Hindu]] family, in a village in [[Thanjavur district]], [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web | title=Cover Story: Sridhar Vembu's Vision From The Village| url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/big-bet/cover-story-sridhar-vembus-vision-from-the-village/59833/1| access-date=2020-10-24| website=Forbes India| language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | last=Rajasimhan| first=T. E.| title=Made in India, Taking on the World| url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/blchangemakers/remaining-private-allows-us-to-reinvent-ourselves/article23275159.ece| access-date=2020-10-24| website=@businessline| date=16 March 2018|language=en}}</ref>{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}} He graduated with a bachelor's degree in [[Electrical engineering|Electrical Engineering]] from the [[Indian Institute of Technology Madras|Indian Institute of Technology, Madras]] in 1989, and earned his [[Master of Science|MS]] and [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]] in Electrical Engineering from [[Princeton University]] in [[New Jersey]].<ref name=":0" />

In 2026, a California court granted Vembu's estranged wife's request that he post $1.7 billion bond in a divorce proceeding.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 Jan 2026 |title=Zoho Founder Sridhar Vembu's $1.7 billion divorce battle |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/relationships/family/zoho-founder-sridhar-vembus-1-7-billion-divorce-battle-wifes-shocking-claims-of-betrayal-all-about-their-high-profile-court-battle/articleshow/126464392.cms |website=India times}}</ref> They have a son with [[autism]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kroll |first=Luisa |last2=Dolan |first2=Kerry A. |date=13 March 2023 |title=In High Stakes Divorce Battle, Estranged Wife Of Indian Software Tycoon Claims He Transferred Ownership Without Telling Her |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/luisakroll/2023/03/13/zoho-srindhar-vembu-in-high-stakes-divorce-battle-estranged-wife-of-indian-software-tycoon-claims-he-transferred-ownership-without-telling-her/ |access-date=2026-02-26 |work=Forbes |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
Vembu started his professional career working for [[Qualcomm]] as a wireless engineer in [[San Diego, California]], before moving to the [[San Francisco Bay Area]]. He has lived in San Jose and Pleasanton.<ref name=":0" />

In 1996, Vembu, along with two of his brothers, founded a software development house for [[network equipment provider]]s called AdventNet.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="Star">{{Cite web | date=2020-10-10| title=This Silicon Valley Star Worth $2.5 Bn Is Moving Back To His TN Village To Teach Kids For Free| url=https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/sridhar-vembu-silicon-valley-star-who-moved-to-his-village-in-tamil-nadu-to-be-a-teacher-524878.html| access-date=2020-10-24| website=IndiaTimes| language=en-IN}}</ref> The company was renamed [[Zoho Corporation]] in 2009, focusing on providing [[Software as a service|SaaS]] support to [[Customer relationship management]] services.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web | last=Waters| first=Cara| date=2019-04-19| title=Barefoot Billionaire: Sridhar Vembu Built a Tech Giant You've Never Heard Of| url=https://www.smh.com.au/business/small-business/barefoot-billionaire-sridhar-vembu-built-a-tech-giant-you-ve-never-heard-of-20190415-p51e8i.html| access-date=2020-10-24| website=The Sydney Morning Herald| language=en}}</ref> Vembu moved to Tenkasi, India in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-20 |title=54-yr-old who left Silicon Valley for TN village looks to nurture local talent |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/54yrold-who-left-silicon-valley-for-tn-village-looks-to-nurture-local-talent-101613801067559.html |access-date=2023-01-31 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> As of 2020, he held an 88 per cent stake in the company. ''Forbes'' estimated his net worth at USD $2.44 billion.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web | title=Sridhar Vembu & Siblings| url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/sridhar-vembu-siblings/| access-date=2020-10-24| website=Forbes| language=en}}</ref> In 2021, Vembu was appointed to the [[National Security Council (India)|National Security Advisory Board]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Zoho's Sridhar Vembu appointed to Doval-led National Security Advisory Board|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/tech-bytes/zohos-sridhar-vembu-appointed-to-doval-led-national-security-advisory-board/articleshow/80668164.cms|access-date=2021-03-12}}</ref> Despite being a [[Unicorn_(finance)|unicorn]], Zoho has been completely [[bootstrapped]] by Vembu and his co-founder Tony Thomas to avoid external influence.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Oleg Lights interviews billionaire bootstrapper Sridhar Vembu|work=Let's Bootstrap|url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=pwjzdWhOJOY|access-date=2023-06-06}}</ref>

=== Social entrepreneurship ===
Vembu is noted{{Explain|reason=|date=December 2020}} for taking software and product development functions from urban centres into rural villages in India. His company, Zoho, established its offices in rural Mathalamparai, [[Tenkasi district]], [[Tamil Nadu]] and in suburban [[Renigunta]], [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news | last=Anand| first=N.| date= 2020-08-15| title=Staff Preference is for Small, Rural Offices: Sridhar Vembu| language=en-IN| work=The Hindu| url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/staff-preference-is-for-small-rural-offices/article32364264.ece| access-date=2020-10-24| issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He moved from the [[Bay Area]] to Mathalamparai at this time.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web | date=2020-10-10| title=Silicon Valley Star is Now Teacher in Tamil Nadu| url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/sridhar-vembu-silicon-valley-tamil-nadu-teacher-rural-school-6719039/| access-date=2020-10-24| website=The Indian Express| language=en}}</ref>

In 2004, he set up Zoho Schools{{clarify|date=October 2020}} to provide vocational software development education to rural students as an alternative to formal university education.<ref>{{Cite web|title=For Zoho founder Sridhar Vembu, community and company go hand-in-hand|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/good-news/2021/jan/27/for-zoho-founder-sridhar-vembu-community-and-company-go-hand-in-hand-2255475.html|access-date=2021-02-02|website=The New Indian Express|date=27 January 2021 }}</ref> A statement from the company states that 15 to 20 per cent of its engineers have no college degree, but have received vocational education from Zoho Schools.<ref name=":0" /> In 2020, he announced a "rural school startup" focused on free primary education.<ref name=":2" /><ref name="Star"/>

== Political views ==
A former Zoho product marketing manager resigned in October 2018 after a dispute with Vembu over the employee's post on the company's [[intranet]] discussion forum.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Vaitheesvaran|first=Bharani|title=My views, my events: Zoho Chief Vembu asserts after tweet rage over RSS event|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/startups/newsbuzz/my-views-my-events-zoho-chief-vembu-asserts-after-tweet-rage-over-rss-event/articleshow/73124352.cms|access-date=2022-05-12}}</ref> The employee stated that Vembu was hostile to him for criticising the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS), a [[Hindutva|Hindu nationalist]] paramilitary organisation.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Madhok|first=Diksha|title=How to talk about Modi with your boss|url=https://qz.com/india/1780633/how-to-talk-about-modi-at-work/|access-date=2022-05-12|website=Quartz|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Diksha Madhok|first=qz com|title=Not safe for work: In polarised India, should you talk politics with your colleagues?|url=https://scroll.in/article/949038/not-safe-for-work-in-polarised-india-should-you-talk-politics-with-your-colleagues|access-date=2022-05-12|website=Scroll.in|date=8 January 2020 |language=en-US}}</ref>

In January 2020, Vembu met with criticism after he attended, as the [[wikt:guest of honour|guest of honour]], a high-profile event organised by the RSS.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lormen |first=Abigale |date=Jan 9, 2020 |title=Accenture India MD backs out of attending RSS event in Chennai |work=Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/accenture-india-md-backs-out-of-attending-rss-event-in-chennai/articleshow/73134444.cms |access-date=Jan 9, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Quint |first=The |date=January 7, 2020 |title=#BoycottZoho Trends After CEO Accepts Invite to RSS Event |work=The Quint |url=https://www.thequint.com/tech-and-auto/boycott-zoho-trends-after-ceo-vembu-accepts-invite-to-rss-event |access-date=January 7, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Chennai |first=PTI |date=Jan 8, 2020 |title=Accenture boss clears RSS air |work=The Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/accenture-solutions-boss-clears-rss-air/cid/1733968 |access-date=Jan 9, 2020}}</ref> Vembu defended his participation as a matter of his personal choice.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhalla |first=Kritti |date=January 7, 2020 |title=Zoho CEO Defends Attending RSS Event Amid Twitter Outrage |work=Inc42 |url=https://inc42.com/buzz/ill-do-what-my-conscience-dictates-zoho-ceo-on-decision-to-attend-rss-event/ |access-date=January 7, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Upneet |date=Jan 7, 2020 |title=Zoho CEO defends proposed attendance at Indian right wing organisation event amid severe backlash |work=The Tech Portal |url=https://thetechportal.com/2020/01/07/zoho-ceo-defends-proposed-attendance-at-indian-right-wing-organisation-event-amid-severe-backlash/ |access-date=Jan 9, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Koshi |first=Luke |date=Jan 6, 2020 |title=Zoho CEO slammed for being guest at RSS event, he retorts that he works as per conscience |work=The News Minute |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/accenture-zoho-ceo-slammed-being-guest-rss-event-he-retorts-he-works-conscience-115473 |access-date=Jan 9, 2020}}</ref>

==Honours==
Vembu was awarded the 2019 [[Ernst & Young]] "Entrepreneur of the Year Award" in India.<ref>{{Cite web | title=Sridhar Vembu| url=https://www.ey.com/en_in/entrepreneur-of-the-year/winners-2019/sridhar-vembu| access-date=2020-10-24| website=www.ey.com| language=en-IN}}</ref> He was also the recipient of the [[Padma Shri]], India's fourth highest civilian honour, in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Zoho founder among Padma awardees|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/zoho-founder-among-padma-awardees/article33661721.ece|access-date=2021-01-25|website=@businessline|date=25 January 2021 |language=en}}</ref> He was selected as CNN-News18 Indian of the Year 2022.<ref>{{cite web |title=CNN News18 Indian of The Year 2022: Zoho Co-Founders Sridhar Vembu and Tony Thomas Win "Start-ups" Award. |url=https://www.news18.com/news/business/cnn-news18-indian-of-the-year-2022-zoho-co-founders-sridhar-vembu-and-tony-thomas-win-start-ups-award-6153163.html |website=News18 |access-date=January 28, 2023}}</ref> He was appointed to the [[National Security Advisory Board]] (NSAB) of India in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://inc42.com/buzz/zohos-sridhar-vembu-appointed-to-national-security-advisory-board/|title=Zoho's Sridhar Vembu Appointed To National Security Advisory Board|date=3 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/tech-bytes/zohos-sridhar-vembu-appointed-to-doval-led-national-security-advisory-board/articleshow/80668164.cms|title=Zoho's Sridhar Vembu appointed to Doval-led National Security Advisory Board|work=The Economic Times |date=3 February 2021 }}</ref>

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite web|url=https://www.smh.com.au/business/small-business/barefoot-billionaire-sridhar-vembu-built-a-tech-giant-you-ve-never-heard-of-20190415-p51e8i.html|title=Barefoot billionaire: Sridhar Vembu built a tech giant you've never heard of|first=Cara|last=Waters|date=19 April 2019|website=The Sydney Morning Herald}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Trade & Industry}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vembu, Sridhar}}
[[Category:1968 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian billionaires]]
[[Category:Indian founders]]
[[Category:IIT Madras alumni]]
[[Category:Princeton University alumni]]
[[Category:Qualcomm people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in trade and industry]]

VFS Global

2026-04-29T10:46:31Z

BrooksPrather: made a data

{{short description|Outsourcing services company}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox company
| name = VFS Global
| logo = VFS Global Logo.png
| type = [[Privately held company|Private]]
| headquarters = [[Dubai]], United Arab Emirates [[Zurich]], Switzerland
| founded = {{Start date|df=yes|2001|07}} in [[Mumbai]], India
| area_served = Worldwide
| key_people = {{plainlist| * Zubin Karkaria (Founder & CEO)
* Jose Mancho (CFO)
* Jiten Vyas (CCO)
* Srinarayan Sankaran (COO)
* Nirbhik Goel (CHRO)
* Bernard Martyris (CCO)}}
| parent = [[The Blackstone Group]] (75%) [[Temasek Holdings]] (18%)
| num_employees = 17330 (as on 31 January 2026){{sfn|VFS Global: Milestones|2022}}
| website = [https://www.vfsglobal.com/en/individuals/index.html www.vfsglobal.com]
}}
'''VFS Global''' is a [[Travel visa|visa]] and passport administration [[outsourcing]] company for governments and [[diplomatic mission]]s.{{sfn|''Times of India''|2024}} Zubin Karkaria founded the company in 2001 while he was chief executive at [[Kuoni Travel]].{{sfn|Gibbs|2019}} Formerly based in India, the company is now headquartered in [[Dubai]] with offices in 147 countries.{{sfn|Gibbs|2019}} In 2024, the company processed over 100,000 applications daily with over 100 million applications processed in the preceding five year period.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://travel.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/visas-and-passports/vfs-global-crosses-300-million-applications-strengthening-its-leadership-in-visa-outsourcing/115731034 |title=VFS Global Crosses 300 Million Applications, Strengthening Its Leadership in Visa Outsourcing |date=2024-11-28 |publisher=The Economic Times - Travel}}</ref>

Over the past two decades, VFS Global has expanded its global presence and broadened its range of services for governments and diplomatic missions including seven global contracts from the governments of Austria, Australia, Iceland, Latvia, Norway, Sweden and the United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/vfs-global-wins-seven-global-contracts-in-2023-to-further-strengthen-its-global-leadership-position/articleshow/107498034.cms |title=VFS Global wins seven global contracts in 2023 to further strengthen its global leadership position |date=2024-02-07 |publisher=Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://traveltradejournal.com/vfs-global-appointed-to-deliver-uk-government-visa-and-passport-services-across-142-countries/ |title=VFS Global appointed to deliver UK Government visa and passport services across 142 countries |date=2023-12-11 |publisher=Travel Trade Journal}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/world/australia-awards-global-biometric-collection-service-contract-to-vfs-global-17828741.htm |title=Australia awards global biometric collection service contract to VFS Global |date=2023-09-18 |publisher=CNBC TV18}}</ref> VFS Global has faced criticism for alleged exploitative practices, lack of transparency, and [[data security]] failures.{{sfnm|Baker|2009|Goodin|2007|Shifrin|2007|Gibbs|2019}}{{sfnm|Goodin|2007|Chauke|2019|''Xinhua''|2019|Gibbs|2019}}{{sfn|Bulman|Gibbs|2019}} Visa applicants from lower-income countries have reported missed flights and wrongful denials due to delays and errors, including failure to scan key documents.{{sfn|Bulman|Gibbs|2019}}

== History ==
=== Origins and revenue model ===
Founder Zubin Karkaria conceived the idea for VFS Global while working with the [[Kuoni Travel|Kuoni Group]].{{sfn|Gibbs|2019}} Karkaria believed one could circumvent embassy's wait times required for processing visa applications by outsourcing the administrative work.{{sfn|Nsehe|2018}} He soon "persuaded the US government to pilot a scheme for Indian visa applicants to the US at its Mumbai embassy".{{sfn|Gibbs|2019}} The company opened its first visa processing centre in [[Mumbai]] that same year.{{sfn|Nsehe|2018}} In 2003, the company acquired a [[Government of the United Kingdom|UK Government]] contract to process visa applications from India.{{sfn|Bulman|Gibbs|2019}}
[[File:VFS Global Mumbai , India 01.jpg|thumb|VFS Global [[Mumbai]], India]]
By 2007, the company had obtained its first global account from [[UK Visas and Immigration]] for operations in 33 countries. Within one year of gaining its account, the company's image was tarnished by a data breach which exposed the sensitive information of UK visa applicants.{{sfn|Ballard|2007}}{{sfn|Shifrin|2007}} Despite recurrent data breaches,{{sfnm|Ballard|2007|Baker|2009|Dehghan|2015}} the company later obtained a major contract with the United Kingdom to administer the majority of the UK's visa applications.{{sfn|Gibbs|2019}} The contract was a significant change in how visa applicants to the [[United Kingdom]] were charged to have their applications processed.{{sfn|Bulman|Gibbs|2019}}

The company's growth was primarily due to its revenues from service fees paid directly by visa applicants. In 2009, financial records indicated that VFS Global's parent company at the time, VF Worldwide Holdings, was an [[offshore company|offshore corporation]] in [[Mauritius]], an African [[tax haven]].{{sfn|Gibbs|2019}}{{sfn|Bulman|Gibbs|2019}}

In 2016, CEO Zubin Karkaria was appointed Chevalier de l’Ordre National du Mérite for his role in developing the visa facilitation system and contributing to French tourism.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ambafrance.org |url=https://in.ambafrance.org/French-Ambassador-s-Travel-Awards-Soiree-14322}}</ref>

=== Expansion and growth ===
In 2016, [[EQT AB]], the Swedish private equity group and parent company of VFS Global, took Kuoni private, and the tourism businesses were separated from VFS Global in 2017.<ref>{{cite news
| last=Hill
| first=Andrew
| title=Geopolitical hit to travel is ‘temporary’, says CEO of world’s largest visa processor
| url=https://www.ft.com/content/af1f2885-2172-451e-91cf-cf19504b30ec?syn-25a6b1a6=1
| work=Financial Times
| date=2026-03-08
| access-date=2026-04-29
| url-access=subscription
}}</ref>

In August 2017, the VFS Global acquired the UK-based visa service provider TT Services (TTS) for an undisclosed amount.{{sfn|Saurabh|2017}} At the time of the acquisition, TTS operated 51 visa application centres in over 35 countries with 216 employees.{{sfn|Saurabh|2017}} Later that year, in November, VFS Global expanded its visa services in [[Cyprus]] with new centres launched in the additional cities of [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Goa]], [[Gurugram]], and [[Jaipur]].{{sfn|Srivastava|2017}}

By 2019, VFS Global had partnerships with 60 client governments, including contracts lasting over 15 years with several of them.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://travel.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/visas-and-passports/vfs-global-crosses-300-million-applications-strengthening-its-leadership-in-visa-outsourcing/115731034 |title=VFS Global Crosses 300 Million Applications, Strengthening Its Leadership in Visa Outsourcing |date=2024-11-28 |publisher=The Economic Times - Travel}}</ref>

In January 2019, the parent company of VFS Global, [[EQT AB]], declared their intention to sell the company.{{sfn|Schuetze|Hirt|2019}} In August 2019, an in-depth financial investigation by the British newspaper ''[[The Independent]]'' revealed that VFS Global had experienced exponential growth in recent years and its shareholders extracted £567m through "distribution to owner" payments and inter-company loan write-offs.{{sfn|Gibbs|2019}} This growth has been attributed to the company's "exploitative" business practices.{{sfn|Bulman|Gibbs|2019}}

In October 2021, Blackstone acquired a majority stake in VFS Global. Kuoni and Hugentobler Foundation remains a minority stakeholder.{{sfn|''Times of India''|2021}} Prior to October 2021, the company was owned by a [[private equity fund]] and, as VF Worldwide Holdings, is incorporated in the African tax haven of [[Mauritius]].{{sfn|Gibbs|2019}} Investors in the company include the [[China|Chinese]] and [[UAE|Emiratis]] investment authorities, the Ohio Police & Fire Pension Fund, and [[Theo Müller]].{{sfn|Gibbs|2019}}

In October 2024, [[Singapore]] state-owned investment firm [[Temasek (company)|Temasek Holdings]] signed a purchase agreement to acquire 18 per cent stake for $950mn in VFS Global. The agreement valued the company at $5 billion in equity and $7 billion in enterprise.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.outlookbusiness.com/corporate/temasek-buys-18-stake-in-visa-services-firm-vfs-global|title=Temasek Buys 18% Stake in Visa Services Firm VFS Global |date=2024-10-17 |publisher=Outlook Business}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/temasek-vfs-global-blackstone-visa-processing-private-equity-eqt-stake-sale-pe-deal-11729077533741.html |title=Temasek picks 17-18% stake in VFS Global for $950 million |date=2024-10-17 |publisher=Mint}}</ref>

VFS Global launched the world’s largest visa centre at Dubai in May 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dubai: World's largest visa centre opens, to accept 10,000 applications a day |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/uae/dubai-largest-visa-centre-worldwide |access-date=2025-07-30 |website=Khaleej Times |language=en}}</ref>

As of 2026, VFS Global has 70 countries governments, operating over 4,000 application centres in 167 countries. <ref>{{cite news
| title=Geopolitical hit to travel is ‘temporary’, says CEO of world’s largest visa processor
| url=https://www.ft.com/content/af1f2885-2172-451e-91cf-cf19504b30ec?syn-25a6b1a6=1
| work=Financial Times
| access-date=2026-04-23
| url-access=subscription
}}</ref>

====Surge in application volume and global contracts====

In 2023, they processed 24.1 million applications- a 35% increase from the previous year—bringing its daily processing volume to around 100,000 applications.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://travel.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/visas-and-passports/vfs-global-crosses-300-million-applications-strengthening-its-leadership-in-visa-outsourcing/115731034 |title=VFS Global Crosses 300 Million Applications, Strengthening Its Leadership in Visa Outsourcing |date=2024-11-28 |publisher=The Economic Times - Travel}}</ref> The company also grew its client base to 69 governments, securing seven major global contracts in the same year. These included agreements with the United Kingdom, Australia, Norway, Sweden, Latvia, and Austria.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://travel.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/visas-and-passports/vfs-global-crosses-300-million-applications-strengthening-its-leadership-in-visa-outsourcing/115731034 |title=VFS Global Crosses 300 Million Applications, Strengthening Its Leadership in Visa Outsourcing |date=2024-11-28 |publisher=The Economic Times - Travel}}</ref> Under these contracts, VFS Global provides services such as biometric collection, identity verification, and online application assistance.

One of the company’s most significant 2023 contracts was for UK visas and citizenship services, which covers 84 new countries in addition to 58 existing ones. They plan to operate 240 Visa and Citizenship Application Service (VCAS) Centres across 142 countries, collectively processing visas and citizenship applications for an estimated 3.8 million individuals annually.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/business/business/vfs-global-wins-seven-global-contracts-in-2023-to-further-strengthen-its-global-leadership-position20240206170601/ |title=VFS Global Wins Seven Global Contracts in 2023 to Further Strengthen Its Global Leadership Position|date=2024-02-06 |publisher=ANI}}</ref>

A major contract was awarded by the Department of Home Affairs, Australia, covering seven regions that span the Americas, Mekong, Middle East and North Africa, [[North Asia]], the Pacific, South Asia, and Southeast Asia. Under this agreement, the company's responsibilities include biometric data gathering, identity verification, and digital assistance for applicants on Australia’s ImmiAccount portal.[4] Similar contracts were also signed with the Swedish Ministry of Justice and the Royal Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, granting VFS Global responsibility for visa and residence permit services in dozens of countries worldwide.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/business/business/vfs-global-wins-seven-global-contracts-in-2023-to-further-strengthen-its-global-leadership-position20240206170601/ |title=VFS Global Wins Seven Global Contracts in 2023 to Further Strengthen Its Global Leadership Position|date=2024-02-06 |publisher=ANI}}</ref>

=== 300 million visa applications milestone ===

In late 2024, the company announced it had processed a cumulative total of 300 million visa applications, crossing the 100 million mark in the preceding five years alone.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://travel.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/visas-and-passports/vfs-global-crosses-300-million-applications-strengthening-its-leadership-in-visa-outsourcing/115731034 |title=VFS Global Crosses 300 Million Applications, Strengthening Its Leadership in Visa Outsourcing |date=2024-11-28 |publisher=The Economic Times - Travel}}</ref> The milestone highlighted the company’s expansion trajectory despite global travel disruptions in earlier years. Over the course of its operations, they have also processed more than 140 million biometric enrollments and introduced 16 digital solutions to support eVisa platforms for 12 national governments.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://travel.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/visas-and-passports/vfs-global-crosses-300-million-applications-strengthening-its-leadership-in-visa-outsourcing/115731034 |title=VFS Global Crosses 300 Million Applications, Strengthening Its Leadership in Visa Outsourcing |date=2024-11-28 |publisher=The Economic Times - Travel}}</ref>

== Criticism and controversies ==
Throughout its existence during the past two decades, VFS Global has attracted considerable criticism from governments, investigative journalists, and its clients.{{sfnm|Goodin|2007|Shifrin|2007|Baker|2009}} The company allegedly pressured visa applicants into purchasing premium services such as premium lounges.{{sfn|Gibbs|2019}}{{sfn|Bulman|Gibbs|2019}} In 2019, the British Home Office was deluged by complaints from customers applying for visas using VFS Global,{{sfn|Bulman|Gibbs|2019}} many of whom accused the company of "exploiting vulnerable applicants for profit."{{sfn|Bulman|Gibbs|2019}} The majority of these applicants were from lower-income countries, and they "missed flights and were wrongly denied visas due to delays and administrative errors, including apparent failure to scan vital documents."{{sfn|Bulman|Gibbs|2019}}

=== Data breaches ===
==== Initial breach and inaction ====
Between 2005 and 2007, a security flaw in the VFS Global application website for the British [[Foreign & Commonwealth Office]] resulted in many visa applications from India, Nigeria and Russia being publicly accessible.{{sfn|Ballard|2007}} Sensitive data stored in VFS's online service could be accessed by simply altering the VFS website's [[URL]] address.{{sfn|Ballard|2007}} By doing so, anyone could access the company's visa applicant database including their "stored passport numbers, names, addresses, and travel details."{{sfn|Ballard|2007}} Although the security flaw had been known since December 2005,{{sfn|Baker|2009}}{{sfn|Ballard|2007}} VFS Global addressed the issue only after media reports in May 2007.{{sfn|Ballard|2007}}

==== UK government investigation ====
Following this data breach and media outcry,{{sfn|Shifrin|2007}} the UK Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs appointed an independent investigator to uncover the reasons for the breach of security in the VFS online visa application website.{{sfn|Baker|2009}} The subsequent July 2007 report highlighted many failures by VFS,{{sfn|Baker|2009}}{{sfn|Goodin|2007}}{{sfn|Shifrin|2007}} including that VFS had failed to protect personal data to the levels required by the UK Data Protection Act.{{sfn|Baker|2009}} The report recommended that the VFS online visa applications not be resumed for applications from India.{{sfn|Baker|2009}}

In November 2007, the UK [[Information Commissioner's Office]] announced that it had found the [[Foreign Office]]'s contractual relationship with VFS Global to be in breach of its obligations under the [[Data Protection Act 1998]]. The [[Information Commissioner's Office]] required the Foreign Office to sign a statement that it would comply with the [[Data Protection Act 1998|Data Protection Act]] and would not reopen the VFS UK visa online facility.{{sfn|Information Commissioner's Office|2007}} As a result of this ruling, the Foreign Office reviewed its relationship with the organization and briefly sought to significantly reduce its outsourced work, especially in the IT industry.{{sfn|Johnson|2007}}

Following this incident, several governments criticized VFS Global's abilities and porous security protocols.{{sfn|Taylor|2008}} "There's the accountability issue, the privacy issue and why are we outsourcing to a for-profit entity something that belongs in the security mandate?" asked Victor Wong, executive director of the [[Chinese Canadian National Council]].{{sfn|Taylor|2008}} Likewise, Liam Clifford, an immigration expert working for ''Global Visas'', raised security concerns associated with VFS Global's operations: "Once you put this work in the hands of private companies overseas, you no longer have the same protection."{{sfn|Taylor|2008}}{{sfn|Harper|Leapman|2007}}

==== 2015 data breaches ====
VFS Global's data security again came under scrutiny in July 2015 when its online visa forms for Italy allowed any user to access the personal information of other applicants—including their date of birth, passport details and addresses—if they input the ID number of another person when logging into the system.{{sfn|Dehghan|2015}}

=== Monopoly allegations ===
VFS Global has been alleged to be a [[monopoly|monopolistic]] enterprise operating in the visa outsourcing sector.{{sfnm|''Travel News Weekly''|2019|Chauke|2019|''Xinhua''|2019}} Its alleged monopoly has led to issues related to prohibitive visa application prices and also sparked concerns in the areas of centralised document handling and content security.{{sfnm|''Travel News Weekly''|2019|Chauke|2019|''Xinhua''|2019}}

In June 2014, the South African Competition Commission investigated the company regarding allegations of market dominance in the visa support services market to foreign embassies.{{sfn|Donnelly|2014}} The Commission recommended further investigations into the company.{{sfn|Donnelly|2014}} In a statement to [[European Union]] parliament in July 2018, VFS Global denied that their company operates as a monopoly,{{sfn|European Parliament|2018}} though its prepared statement did not cite any outsourcing companies with whom they are in competition for winning contracts.{{sfn|European Parliament|2018}}

=== Extortion allegations ===
In 2019, the Nigerian government's [[Portfolio Committee on Home Affairs]] accused VFS Global of "extorting" and "mistreating" vulnerable visa applicants in developing countries such as Nigeria.{{sfn|Bulman|Gibbs|2019}}{{sfn|Onyeji|Ayitogo|2018}} Additionally, the government placed the company under investigation for "allegations of abusive market dominance and unlawful tender procedures, resulting in excessive visa application prices and hidden fees."{{sfn|''Travel News Weekly''|2019}}

=== English-only service in Canada ===
In March 2023, VFS Global faced criticism for requiring a French-speaking applicant for permanent residency in Canada to respond only in English, despite that it is legally obligated to provide services in [[Official bilingualism in Canada|both official languages of Canada]].<ref name="jdm">{{cite news |last1=Lesage |first1=Valerie |title=Immigration: le Canada répond "in English only" |url=https://www.journaldemontreal.com/2023/05/19/immigration--le-canada-repond-in-english-only |access-date=11 November 2023 |publisher=Le Journal de Montréal |date=19 May 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Services and communications from federal institutions |url=https://www.clo-ocol.gc.ca/en/language-rights/services-communications-federal-institutions |publisher=Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages}}</ref> Quebec's Minister [[Jean-François Roberge]] called it "completely unacceptable" and "all citizens should be able to interact with the federal government in their language of choice".<ref>{{cite news |title=Réponse "in english only" pour une demande en immigration: "Complètement inacceptable", dit Roberge |url=https://www.tvanouvelles.ca/2023/05/19/reponse-in-english-only-pour-une-demande-en-immigration--completement-inacceptable-dit-roberge |work=TVA Nouvelles |date=19 May 2023 |agency=Agence QMI}}</ref> VFS Global did not apologize for the incident.<ref name="jdm" />

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{reflist|30em}}

=== Works cited ===
{{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
* {{Cite report | last = Baker | first = Linda Costelloe | title = Report of The Independent Investigation: Breach of Data Security in the VFS Online UK Visa Application Facility | date = 5 November 2009 | publisher = [[Foreign & Commonwealth Office]] | location = London, United Kingdom | url = http://www.statewatch.org/news/2007/jul/uk-visa-security-report.pdf | access-date = 13 September 2012}}
* {{Cite news | last = Ballard | first = Mark | title = Indian problem could be worldwide | date = 18 May 2007 | work = [[The Register]] | location = London, United Kingdom | url = https://www.theregister.co.uk/2007/05/18/visa_breach/ | access-date = 27 April 2015}}
* {{Cite news | title = Blackstone acquires 75% stake in VFS Global for $1.87 bn | date = 7 October 2021 | work = [[Times of India]] | location = Mumbai, India | url =
http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/86842129.cms | access-date = 1 July 2024 | language = en | ref = {{harvid|''Times of India''|2021}}}}
* {{Cite news |last1 = Bulman | first1 = May | last2 = Gibbs | first2 = Margot | title = How Home Office makes millions a week from outsourcing visas to Dubai-based firm accused of exploitation | date = 17 August 2019 | work = [[The Independent]] | location = London, United Kingdom | url = https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/home-office-vfs-visas-profit-subcontracted-contract-outsourcing-premium-services-exploited-a9056446.html | access-date = 28 September 2019}}
* {{Cite press release | last = Chauke | first = Hlomani | title = Committee Says VFS Monopoly at Home Affairs Is Indefensible | date = 12 March 2019 | agency = [[Parliament of the Republic of South Africa]] | location = Cape Town, South Africa | publisher = Parliamentary Communication Services | url = https://www.parliament.gov.za/press-releases/committee-says-vfs-monopoly-home-affairs-indefensible | access-date = 28 September 2019}}
* {{Cite news | last = Dehghan | first = Saeed Kamali | title = Users' data compromised after technical glitch at Home Office contractor | date = 17 July 2015 | work = [[The Guardian]] | location = London, United Kingdom | url = https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/jul/17/users-data-compromised-after-technical-glitch-at-home-office-contractor | access-date = 28 September 2019}}
* {{Cite news | last = Donnelly | first = Lynley | title = Visa Services Under Investigation | date = 27 June 2014 | work = [[Mail & Guardian]] | location = Johannesburg, South Africa | url = http://mg.co.za/article/2014-06-26-visa-services-under-investigation | access-date = 26 September 2019}}
* {{Cite report | title = Foreign Office in breach of the Data Protection Act | date = 13 November 2007 | publisher = [[Information Commissioner's Office]] | location = Wilmslow, Cheshire, United Kingdom | url = http://www.ico.gov.uk/upload/documents/pressreleases/2007/fco_undertaking_131107.pdf |access-date = 13 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080804154730/http://www.ico.gov.uk/upload/documents/pressreleases/2007/fco_undertaking_131107.pdf |archive-date=4 August 2008 |url-status=dead |ref={{harvid|Information Commissioner's Office|2007}}}}
* {{Cite news |last = Gibbs | first = Margot | title = VFS: Who is the company subcontracted by the Home Office to process visa applications? | date = 17 August 2019 | work = [[The Independent]] | location = London, United Kingdom | url = https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/vfs-global-home-office-outsourcing-visa-applications-a9061476.html |access-date = 28 September 2019}}
* {{Cite news | last = Goodin | first = Dan | title = Investigator Ridicules UK Visa Site | date = 11 August 2007 | work = [[The Register]] | location = London, United Kingdom |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2007/08/11/uk_visa_site_investigation/ |access-date = 13 September 2012}}
* {{Cite news | last1 = Harper | first1 = Tom | last2 = Leapman | first2 = Ben | title = Interpol boss criticises immigrant checks | date = 8 July 2007 | work = [[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]] | location = London, United Kingdom | url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1556814/Interpol-boss-criticises-immigrant-checks.html | access-date = 28 September 2019}}
* {{Cite news |title = How VFS Global will use AI to improve visa processing | date = 29 April 2024 | work = [[The Times of India]] | location = Mumbai, India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/technology/tech-news/how-vfs-global-will-use-ai-to-improve-visa-processing/articleshow/109701144.cms |access-date=2024-06-27 | ref = {{harvid|''Times of India''|2024}}}}
* {{Cite news | last = Johnson | first = Bobbie | title = UK government failed to protect privacy of online visa applications | date = 14 November 2007 | work = [[The Guardian]] | location = London, United Kingdom | url = https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2007/nov/14/data.protection.breach | access-date = 13 September 2012}}
* {{Cite magazine | last = Nsehe | first = Mfonobong | title = Meet Zubin Karkaria, The Man Who Built The World's Largest Visa And Consular Services Company | date = December 17, 2018 | magazine = [[Forbes]] | location = Jersey City, New Jersey | url = https://www.forbes.com/sites/mfonobongnsehe/2018/12/17/meet-zubin-karkaria-the-man-who-built-the-worlds-largest-visa-and-consular-services-company/ | access-date = May 2, 2022 | url-access = subscription}}
* {{Cite news | last1 = Onyeji | first1 = Ebuka | last2 = Ayitogo | first2 = Nasir | title = How Visa Processing Firm, VFS Global, 'extorts', 'mistreats' Nigerians | date = 14 May 2018 | url = https://www.premiumtimesng.com/investigationspecial-reports/268332-special-report-how-visa-processing-firm-vfs-global-extorts-mistreats-nigerians.html | work = [[Premium Times]] | location = Abuja, Nigeria | access-date = 26 September 2019}}
* {{Cite news | last = Saurabh | first = Sinha | title = VFS Global completes acquisition of visa service provider TT Services | date = 23 August 2017 | work = [[The Times of India]] | location = Mumbai, India | url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/vfs-global-completes-acquisition-of-visa-service-provider-tt-services/articleshow/60189862.cms | access-date = 15 February 2018}}
* {{Cite news | last1 = Schuetze | first1 = Arno | first2 = Oliver | last2 = Hirt | title = EQT to launch sale of Swiss outsourcing company VFS | date = 15 January 2019 | work = [[Reuters]] | location = London, United Kingdom | url = https://www.reuters.com/article/us-eqt-vfs-sale/eqt-to-launch-sale-of-swiss-outsourcing-company-vfs-idUSKCN1P90WU | access-date = 28 November 2019}}
* {{Cite magazine | last = Shifrin | first = Tash | title = U.K. government slammed over bug in outsourced Web site | date = 10 August 2007 | magazine = [[Computerworld]] | location = Framingham, Massachusetts | url = https://www.computerworld.com/article/2543062/u-k--government-slammed-over-bug-in-outsourced-web-site.html | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190928190608/https://www.computerworld.com/article/2543062/u-k--government-slammed-over-bug-in-outsourced-web-site.html | archive-date = 28 September 2019 | access-date = 2 May 2022}}
* {{Cite news | title = South African lawmakers opposes monopoly in issuing of visas | date = 12 March 2019 | work = [[Xinhua]] | location = Beijing, China | language = zh |url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-03/12/c_137889506.htm | access-date = 28 September 2019 |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190814055921/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-03/12/c_137889506.htm | ref = {{harvid|''Xinhua''|2019}}}}
* {{Cite news | last = Srivastava | first = Priya | title = 16 Indian cities to have Cyprus Visa Application Centre from now | date = 23 November 2017 | work = [[Times of India]] | location = Mumbai, India | url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/16-indian-cities-to-have-cyprus-visa-application-centre-from-now/as61753078.cms | access-date = 28 September 2019}}
* {{Cite press release | title = Statement of VFS representative before the European Parliament | date = 10 July 2018 | publisher = [[European Parliament]] | location = Brussels, Belgium | url = http://www.europarl.europa.eu/cmsdata/151341/1-4-chris-dix.pdf | access-date = 2 May 2022 | ref = {{harvid|European Parliament|2018}}}}
* {{Cite news | last = Taylor | first = Lesley Ciarula | title = Private firm's work with visas raises concerns | date = 13 October 2008 | work = [[Toronto Star]] | location = Toronto, Canada | url = https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2008/06/16/private_firms_work_with_visas_raises_concerns.html | access-date = 13 September 2012}}
* {{Cite news | title = VFS 'Monopoly' Indefensible – Portfolio Committee | date = 20 March 2019 | work = Travel News Weekly | location = Cape Town, South Africa | number = 2535 | page = 2 | url = http://storage.news.nowmedia.co.za/medialibrary/Feature/6997/20-March-2019.pdf | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190926191153/http://storage.news.nowmedia.co.za/medialibrary/Feature/6997/20-March-2019.pdf | archive-date = 26 September 2019 | access-date = 2 May 2022 | quote = The Portfolio Committee on Home Affairs has criticised the Department of Home Affairs' decision to grant VFS Global a further two-year extension to administer the issuing of visas to foreign nationals. | ref = {{harvid|''Travel News Weekly''|2019}}}}
* {{Cite web | title = Milestones | year = 2022 | url = https://www.vfsglobal.com/en/general/milestones.html | website = VFS Global | access-date = 16 November 2022 | ref = {{harvid|VFS Global: Milestones|2022}}}}
{{refend}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:VFS Global}}
[[Category:Outsourcing companies]]
[[Category:Companies established in 2001]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2001]]
[[Category:Companies based in Dubai]]
[[Category:Trade monopolies]]

Rakesh Ranjan Prasad

2026-04-24T21:20:04Z

BrooksPrather: Stub - done

{{Short description|Indian judge (1955-2018)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Rakesh Ranjan Prasad
| office1 = [[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Manipur High Court|3rd Chief Justice]] of [[Manipur High Court]]
| term_start1 = 22 September 2016
| term_end1 = 30 June 2017
| appointer1 = [[Pranab Mukherjee]]
| nominator1 = [[T. S. Thakur]]
| predecessor1 = [[Laxmi Kanta Mohapatra]]
| successor1 = {{ubl|[[Abhilasha Kumari]]|[[N. Kotiswar Singh]] ''(acting)''}}
| office2 = [[Judge]] of [[Manipur High Court]]
| term_start2 = 15 February 2016
| term_end2 = 21 September 2016 {{small|Acting CJ : 10 June 2016 - 21 September 2016}}
| appointer2 = [[Pranab Mukherjee]]
| nominator2 = [[T. S. Thakur]]
| office4 = [[Judge]] of [[Jharkhand High Court]]
| term_start4 = 27 February 2006
| term_end4 = 14 February 2016
| appointer4 = [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]]
| nominator4 = [[Y. K. Sabharwal]]
| birth_place =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1955|7|1|df=y}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|2018|6|3|1955|7|1|df=y}}
| education = [[B.Sc]] and [[L. L. B.]]
| honorific_prefix = Hon'ble Chief Justice (Retd.)
| alma_mater = [[Patna Law College]]
}}
'''Rakesh Ranjan Prasad''' (1 July 1955 — 3 June 2018) was an Indian judge who served as Chief Justice of [[Manipur High Court]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=High Court of manipur at Imphal |url=https://hcmimphal.nic.in/cjudges_old.html |access-date=2025-12-29 |website=hcmimphal.nic.in}}</ref> and judge of the [[Jharkhand High Court]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=High Court of Jharkhand, India |url=https://jharkhandhighcourt.nic.in/judges_summary.php?jpi=MTAw |access-date=2025-12-29 |website=jharkhandhighcourt.nic.in}}</ref>

==Career==
Prasad was born in 1955 in [[Bihar]].{{citation needed|date= September 2022}} He graduated in Science and passed [[LL.B]]. from [[Patna Law College]].<ref name=":0" /> Prasad was enrolled as an Advocate in [[Bar Council of Bihar|Bihar State Bar Counci]]<nowiki/>l in 1980 and started practice in Civil, Criminal and Constitutional matters at the [[Patna High Court]]. On 6 May 1991 he joined Superior Judicial Service and was appointed Additional District Judge. He was promoted to District and Sessions Judge in 2001.<ref name=":1" />

Prasad became Registrar General of [[Jharkhand High Court]] on 9 June 2001.<ref name=":1" /> On 27 February 2006 he was appointed a Judge of Jharkhand High Court thereafter transferred to [[Manipur High Court]] on 1 February 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=136252|title=Press Information Bureau|website=pib.nic.in|access-date=9 March 2019}}</ref> Justice Prasad also took charge of the Acting Chief Justice of Manipur High Court after Justice [[Laxmi Kanta Mohapatra]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.northeasttoday.in/rakesh-ranjan-prasad-sworn-in-as-new-chief-justice-of-manipur-hc/|title=Rakesh Ranjan Prasad Sworn in as New Chief Justice of Manipur HC|access-date=9 March 2019}}</ref> On 22 September 2016 he became the permanent Chief Justice of the Manipur High Court. Prasad retired on 30 June 2017 from the judgeship.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hcmimphal.nic.in/cjudges_old.html|title=Former Chief Justice of High Court of Manipur|access-date=9 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/sc-collegium-urged-to-take-cognisance-of-comments-against-jharkhand-judge/|title=SC Collegium urged to take cognisance of comments against Jharkhand judge|agency=PTI|date=9 May 2017|newspaper=The Indian Express|access-date=7 June 2019}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prasad, Rakesh Ranjan}}
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:Judges of the Jharkhand High Court]]
[[Category:Judges of the Manipur High Court]]
[[Category:Chief justices of Manipur High Court]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:People from Bihar]]
[[Category:2018 deaths]]

S. N. Channabasappa

2026-04-21T02:53:05Z

BrooksPrather: Done - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = S. N. Channabasappa
| image =
| office = Member of [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 13 May 2023
| term_end =
| constituency = [[Shimoga Assembly constituency|Shimoga]]
| predecessor = [[K. S. Eshwarappa]]
| successor =
| governor =
| chiefminister =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| birth_place = [[Shivamogga]]
| parents =
| spouse =
| children =
| website =
| footnotes =
| year =
}}
'''S. N. Channabasappa''' is an Indian politician from [[Karnataka]]. He is an MLA from [[Shimoga Assembly constituency]] in [[Shimoga district]]. He won the [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref name="Karnataka Election Result 2023 Winners: Full list of victorious candidates2">{{cite news|url=https://www.livemint.com/elections/karnataka-assembly-election-2023-result-bjp-congress-jds-candidates-winners-list-live-news-updates-11683786118237.html|title=Karnataka Election Result 2023 Winners: Full list of victorious candidates|date=13 May 2023|work=|accessdate=4 April 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250404112205/https://www.livemint.com/elections/karnataka-assembly-election-2023-result-bjp-congress-jds-candidates-winners-list-live-news-updates-11683786118237.html|archivedate=4 April 2025|publisher=mint|language=en}}</ref>

==Career==
S. N. Channabasappa won from [[Shimoga Assembly constituency]] representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in the 2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election. He polled 96,490 votes and defeated his nearest rival, H. C. Yogesh of the [[Indian National Congress]], by a margin of 27,674 votes.<ref name="Karnataka Election Results 2023 winners: Full list of winning candidates">{{cite news|last1=India Today|title=Karnataka Election Results 2023 winners: Full list of winning candidates|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/karnataka-assembly-polls-2023/story/karnataka-assembly-election-results-2023-full-list-of-winners-2378524-2023-05-13|accessdate=17 November 2024|date=13 May 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927231528/https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/karnataka-assembly-polls-2023/story/karnataka-assembly-election-results-2023-full-list-of-winners-2378524-2023-05-13|archivedate=27 September 2023|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Karnataka Election Result 2023 Winners: Full list of victorious candidates">{{cite news|url=https://www.livemint.com/elections/karnataka-assembly-election-2023-result-bjp-congress-jds-candidates-winners-list-live-news-updates-11683786118237.html|title=Karnataka Election Result 2023 Winners: Full list of victorious candidates|date=13 May 2023|work=|accessdate=4 April 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250404112205/https://www.livemint.com/elections/karnataka-assembly-election-2023-result-bjp-congress-jds-candidates-winners-list-live-news-updates-11683786118237.html|archivedate=4 April 2025|publisher=mint|language=en}}</ref>

Channabasappa who was elected four times to Shivamogga City Municipal Council and later Shivamogga City Corporation and worked as Deputy Mayor and also a leader of the ruling party in Shivamogga City Corporation. Earlier he was involved in the activities of pro-Hindutva organisations, RSS and Vishwa Hindu Parishad.<ref name="K.S. Eshwarappa’s family out, BJP picks new name for Shivamogga seat">{{cite news|last1=|first1=|title=K.S. Eshwarappa's family out, BJP picks new name for Shivamogga seat|url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/karnataka-assembly/ks-eshwarappas-family-out-of-karnataka-assembly-elections-as-bjp-nominates-channabasappa-for-shivamogga-seat/article66757246.ece|accessdate=5 May 2025|publisher=The Hindu|date=20 April 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250505115718/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/karnataka-assembly/ks-eshwarappas-family-out-of-karnataka-assembly-elections-as-bjp-nominates-channabasappa-for-shivamogga-seat/article66757246.ece|archivedate=5 May 2025|language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="BJP Shivamogga candidate had threatened to behead Siddaramaiah">{{cite news|last1=|first1=|title=BJP Shivamogga candidate had threatened to behead Siddaramaiah|url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/karnataka-assembly/channabasappa-known-for-hate-speech-is-bjp-candidate-in-shivamogga-video-behed-siddaramaiah-chief-minister/article66759207.ece|accessdate=5 May 2025|publisher=The Hindu|date=20 April 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250505115623/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/karnataka-assembly/channabasappa-known-for-hate-speech-is-bjp-candidate-in-shivamogga-video-behed-siddaramaiah-chief-minister/article66759207.ece|archivedate=5 May 2025|language=en-IN}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Channabasappa, S. N.}}
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:People from Shimoga]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

1942 Design Light Fleet Carrier

2026-04-18T17:21:37Z

BrooksPrather: Put up a pg needs work

{{short description|1940s class of aircraft carriers of the Royal Navy}}
{{redirect|Colossus-class aircraft carrier|text=For other ship classes, see [[Colossus class (disambiguation)]]}}
{{redirect|Majestic-class aircraft carrier|text=For the pre-dreadnought battleships, see [[Majestic-class battleship]]}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox ship
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
|image=HMS Glory SLV Green 1946.jpg
|image_size=
|image_caption=[[HMS Glory (R62)|HMS ''Glory'']] in 1946
}}

|section2={{Infobox ship/class overview
|name=
|builders=
|operators=*{{navy|United Kingdom}}
*{{navy|Argentina}}
*{{navy|Australia}}
*{{naval|Brazil}}
*{{navy|Canada}}
*{{navy|France}}
*{{navy|India|variant=naval-1950}}
*{{navy|Netherlands}}
|class_before=
|class_after={{sclass|Centaur|aircraft carrier|4}}
|subclasses=*''Colossus'' class
*''Majestic'' class
|cost=
|built_range=March 1942 – April 1961
|in_commission_range=December 1944 – October 2001
|total_ships_planned=16
|total_ships_completed=*8 ''Colossus'' class, plus 2 maintenance carriers
*5 ''Majestic'' class
|total_ships_canceled=1
|total_ships_scrapped=15
|total_ships_preserved=
}}

|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics
|header_caption=(''Colossus'' class: as designed)
|displacement=*13,200 tons (standard)
*18,000 tons (full load)
|length=*{{convert|690|ft|m|abbr=on}} flight deck
*{{convert|695|ft|m|abbr=on}} overall
|beam={{convert|80|ft|m|abbr=on}}
|draught=*{{convert|18|ft|6|in|m|abbr=on}} standard
*{{convert|23|ft|3|in|m|abbr=on}} full load
|propulsion=*Parsons geared turbines
*4 × [[Admiralty 3-drum boiler]]s
*{{convert|40000|shp|abbr=on}}
*2 propeller shafts
|speed={{convert|25|kn}}
|range={{convert|12000|nmi}} at {{convert|14|kn}}
|complement=1,050
|sensors=
|EW=
|armament=*6 × [[QF 2 pounder naval gun|4-barrelled 2 pounder]] anti-aircraft guns
*16 × twin [[20 mm Oerlikon]] mountings
*All weapons later replaced by [[Bofors 40 mm Automatic Gun L/60|40 mm Bofors]] in varying configurations
|aircraft=Up to 52
|aircraft_facilities=
|notes=
}}

|section4={{Infobox ship/characteristics
|header_caption=(''Majestic'' class: as designed)
|displacement=*15,750 tons (standard)
*19,500 tons (full load)
|draught=*{{convert|19|ft|6|in|m|abbr=on}} standard
*{{convert|24|ft|9|in|m|abbr=on}} full load
|complement=
|sensors=
|EW=
|armament=30 × [[Bofors 40 mm Automatic Gun L/60|40 mm Bofors]] (6 twin mountings, 18 single mountings)
|notes=Other characteristics as above
}}
}}
The '''1942 Design Light Fleet Carrier''', commonly referred to as the '''British Light Fleet Carrier''', was a [[light aircraft carrier]] design created by the [[Royal Navy during the Second World War]], and used by eight naval forces between 1944 and 2001. They were designed and constructed by civilian shipyards to serve as an intermediate step between the expensive, full-size fleet [[aircraft carrier]]s and the less expensive but limited-capability [[escort carrier]]s.

Sixteen Light Fleet carriers were ordered, and all were laid down to the '''''Colossus'' class''' design during 1942 and 1943. However, only eight were completed to this design; of these, four entered service before the end of the war, and none saw front line operations. Two more were fitted with maintenance and repair facilities instead of [[aircraft catapult]]s and [[arresting gear]], and entered service as aircraft maintenance carriers. The final six were modified during construction to handle larger and faster aircraft, and were re-designated as the '''''Majestic'' class'''. The construction of the six ships was suspended at the end of the war. Five were eventually completed with the last commissioning in 1961; however, the sixth, ''Leviathan'', was dismantled for spare parts and scrap.

Although not completed in time to fight in the war, the carriers in Royal Navy service participated in the [[Korean War]] and the [[Suez Crisis]]. During the latter, two ''Colossus''-class ships performed the first ship-based [[Air assault|helicopter assault]] in history. Four ''Colossus''es and all five completed ''Majestic''s were loaned or sold to seven foreign nations – Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, France, India, and the Netherlands – with three ships serving in three different naval forces during their careers. Foreign-operated Light Fleets took part in the Korean War, the [[First Indochina War]], the [[Vietnam War]], the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]], and the [[Falklands War]].

Despite being intended as 'disposable warships', all of the completed Light Fleet carriers exceeded their planned three-year service life. The maintenance carriers were the first to be [[paid off]] in the 1950s, and by the 1960s, all of the Royal Navy carriers, (bar {{HMS|Triumph|R16|2}}, which was later recommissioned as a repair ship) had been sold to other nations or for [[ship breaking]]. The carriers in other navies had longer service lives. At the time of her decommissioning in 2001, [[Brazilian aircraft carrier Minas Gerais|''Minas Gerais'']] was the oldest active aircraft carrier in the world. Despite attempts to preserve several of these carriers as [[museum ships]], the last surviving example, {{INS|Vikrant|1961|2}}, was sold for scrapping in 2014.

==Design and construction==
Experiences during the early part of the Second World War had demonstrated to the British that the Royal Navy needed access to defensive air cover for Allied fleets and convoys, which could only be provided by more aircraft carriers.<ref name=Robbins91>Robbins, 2001, p. 91</ref><ref name=Ireland172>Ireland, 2008, p. 172</ref> In mid-1941, the [[Director of Naval Construction]] was instructed to investigate how best to achieve this without the lengthy construction times normally associated with carriers.<ref name=Robbins91/> The options were to refit the surviving [[Hawkins-class cruiser|''Hawkins''-class cruisers]] with flight decks and aviation facilities, convert additional merchant vessels and passenger liners into vessels similar to but more capable than previous [[merchant aircraft carrier]]s, or create a new design for a cheap, lightly armed, and unarmoured ship similar to the American escort carriers.<ref name=Robbins91/> In December 1941, it was decided that a new design was the best option.<ref name=Robbins91/>

This ship was conceived as an intermediate step between the expensive fleet carriers and the limited-capability [[escort carrier]]s.<ref name=Robbins91/> The design had to be as simple as possible so construction time was kept to a minimum and so more shipyards (particularly those with no naval construction experience) could be used.<ref name=Robbins91/><ref name=Harding79.80/> However, the ships had to be capable of operating in fleet actions.<ref name=Preston142>Preston, ''Aircraft Carriers'', p. 142</ref> Originally designated the 'Intermediate Aircraft Carrier', the ships were reclassified as 'Light Fleet Carriers'.<ref name=Konstam24>Konstam, ''British Aircraft Carriers 1939–45'', p. 24</ref> Because naval design staff were overworked, the carrier was primarily designed by shipbuilders at [[Vickers-Armstrong]].<ref name=Ireland172/>

The Light Fleet design, completed at the start of 1942, was effectively a scaled-down [[Illustrious-class aircraft carrier|''Illustrious'']].<ref name=Robbins91/><ref name=Konstam24/> Each carrier would [[Displacement (ship)|displace]] 13,190 tons at standard load and 18,040 tons at [[Displacement (ship)#Full or deep load or loaded displacement|full load]], have a length of {{convert|690|ft|m}} at the [[flight deck]] and {{convert|695|ft|m}} [[length overall|overall]], a maximum [[beam (ship)|beam]] of {{convert|80|ft|m}}, and a [[draught (ship)|draught]] of {{convert|18|ft|6|in|m}} at standard displacement, and {{convert|23|ft|6|in|m}} at full load displacement.<ref name=Fontenoy266/> The hull was built to [[Lloyd's Register|Lloyd's]] specifications for merchant vessels from keel to maindeck, but incorporated better subdivision of compartments to reduce secondary damage by flooding.<ref name=Ireland172/><ref name=Janes68p313>Blackman (ed.), ''Jane's Fighting Ships (1968–69)'', p. 313</ref>

The propulsion machinery was of a similar design to that used in cruisers—some of the steam turbines were sourced from cancelled cruisers.<ref name=Harding79.80>Harding, ''The Royal Navy 1930–2000'', pp. 79–80</ref> The machinery was arranged in two compartments (each containing two [[Admiralty 3-drum boiler]]s and a [[Parsons geared turbine]]), which were staggered ''en echelon'', with the starboard compartment forward of the port.<ref name=Janes68p313/> These provided 40,000 shaft horsepower to two propeller shafts, driving the carriers at a maximum speed of {{convert|25|kn}}, with {{convert|15|kn}} as the designated economical speed.<ref name=Janes68p313/>

The carriers were intended to be 'disposable warships': to be scrapped and replaced at the end of the war or within three years of entering service.<ref name="Hobbs p. 217">Hobbs, in ''The Navy and the Nation'', p. 217</ref> However, all exceeded this planned service life, with one ship operating from 1945 to 2001.<ref name=Harding79/>

===''Colossus'' class===
Construction was approved by the [[Board of Admiralty]] in February 1942, with the first two ships, {{HMS|Colossus|R15|2}} and {{HMS|Glory|R62|2}}, laid down in March.<ref name=Robbins91/> During 1942 and 1943, another fourteen Light Fleet carriers (named the ''Colossus'' class after the [[lead ship]]) were laid down under the 1942 Programme, to be constructed by eight British shipyards.<ref name=Ireland172/><ref name="Wright, p. 65">Wright, ''Australian Carrier Decisions'', p. 65</ref><ref name=Konstam24.6>Konstam, ''British Aircraft Carriers 1939–45'', pp. 24, 26</ref> Although it was originally planned that each Light Fleet would be ready for service in 21 months, modifications to the design saw the planned construction time increase to 27 months.<ref name=Ireland172/> Even with the omission of several important pieces of backup equipment, only two ships met this target.<ref name=Ireland172/>

The ships were launched from late 1943 onwards, with the first commissioned in December 1944.<ref name=Robbins91/><ref name=Konstam24.6/> However, the delays meant that only four ships ({{HMS|Colossus|R15|2}}, {{HMS|Glory|R62|2}}, {{HMS|Venerable|R63|2}}, and {{HMS|Vengeance|R71|2}}; formed up as the [[11th Aircraft Carrier Squadron]]) were completed before the end of the Second World War,<ref name=Robbins91/> and only eight of the sixteen planned Light Fleets were completed as ''Colossus''-class carriers.

During operational service, the living conditions aboard the ''Colossus''-class ships were criticised, which resulted in the abolition of hammocks in favour of fixed bunks and the introduction of centralised eating arrangements in later warship designs.<ref>Robbins, ''The Aircraft Carrier Story'', pp. 91–2</ref>

===Maintenance carriers===
The impracticality of shore-based repair establishments in the Far East and Pacific theatres of the Second World War saw a requirement for [[List of aircraft maintenance carriers of the Royal Navy|aircraft maintenance carriers]].<ref name=Ireland177>Ireland, 2008, p. 177</ref> Instead of building new ships from scratch, two under-construction ''Colossus''es, {{HMS|Perseus|R51|2}} and {{HMS|Pioneer|R76|2}}, were marked for conversion as they would enter service quicker, and could be converted back into operational aircraft carriers if required, a need which never arose.<ref name=Ireland177/> Both ships were completed before the end of the war, with ''Pioneer'' sailing to the Pacific in company with the 11th Aircraft Carrier Squadron; ''Pioneer'' had repaired 24 aircraft since her arrival in the Pacific.<ref name=Robbins91/><ref name=BisChant62/>

As the ships were designed with the repair and transportation of aircraft in mind, much of the equipment required for carrier flight operations, including control facilities, [[arresting gear]], and [[aircraft catapult|catapult]], were not installed.<ref name=Ireland177/> This space was instead used for additional hangar room, repair and maintenance workshops, and system testing facilities.<ref name=Ireland177/>

===''Majestic'' class===
The six remaining Light Fleet hulls were originally to be completed as ''Colossus''-class ships, but the rapid development of carrier-based aircraft and anti-aircraft weapons required modifications to the original design.<ref name=Ireland173>Ireland, 2008, p. 173</ref> The catapult, arrestor cables, and aircraft lifts had to be upgraded to handle faster and heavier aircraft, while the flight deck was reinforced.<ref name=Ireland173/> Improved weapons and radars were fitted, and equipment to perform [[replenishment at sea]] was installed.<ref name=Ireland173/> The modifications increased the [[full-load displacement]] by 1,500 tons, and the [[draught (hull)|draught]] by {{convert|1|ft|6|in|m}}.<ref name=Ireland173/> This led to the six ships being reclassified as the ''Majestic'' class in September 1945.<ref name=Robbins91/><ref name=Ireland173/> Five carriers were launched before the end of the Second World War, with the sixth launched in late September 1945.<ref>Konstam, ''British Aircraft Carriers 1939–45'', p. 26</ref>

[[File:Majestic class carriers under construction 1944.jpg|thumb|right|''Magnificent'' (left) and ''Powerful'' under construction at Harland and Wolff in 1944]]

Following the war's end, work on the ''Majestic'' class was suspended, then restored to a low-priority status,<ref name=Ireland74/><ref name=Hobbs5/> with the rate of work increasing as foreign nations purchased the ships.{{Citation needed|date=May 2010}} Two, ''Magnificent'' and ''Terrible'', entered service more-or-less as designed, but the next three were heavily upgraded with three British developments allowing the operation of larger, faster, jet-propelled aircraft: the [[angled flight deck]], the [[steam catapult]], and the [[mirror landing aid]].<ref name=Hobbs5/><ref>Hobbs, ''Aircraft Carriers of the British and Commonwealth Navies'', p. 130</ref><ref>Ireland, 2008, pp. 70–1</ref> The sixth, ''Leviathan'', was not completed.<ref name=Hobbs129.30>Hobbs, ''Aircraft Carriers of the British and Commonwealth Navies'', pp. 129–30</ref> Work was suspended in May 1946, and plans to convert her into a commando carrier or missile cruiser, or sell her to a foreign buyer, fell through.<ref name=Hobbs129.30/> During the 1950s, she was used as an accommodation ship in Portsmouth Harbour and, in 1966, her boilers were removed and sold to the shipyard refitting the ''Colossus''-class {{Ship|HNLMS|Karel Doorman|R81|6}} for Argentine service.<ref name=Hobbs129.30/> ''Leviathan'' was scrapped in May 1968.<ref name=Fontenoy353>Fontenoy, ''Aircraft Carriers'', p. 353</ref> None of the completed ''Majestic''-class vessels saw service in the Royal Navy.<ref name=Ireland74/>

In 1943, eight 'Improved ''Majestic''s' were planned, but developments in carrier aviation and the rapid obsolescence of the Light Fleets and the wartime armoured carriers required a larger and more capable design, which became the four-ship [[Centaur-class aircraft carrier|''Centaur'' class]].<ref>Ireland, 2008, p. 178</ref>

==Weapons==

===Aircraft===
{{Expand section|detail the variety of aircraft to serve across the Light Fleets|date=May 2010}}
In the original design, each ship was capable of carrying 41 aircraft.<ref name=Robbins91/><ref name=Ireland172/> A redesign of the available parking area on the flight deck in March 1942 saw the ships' air group expanded to 24 [[Fairey Barracuda]] torpedo bombers and 24 [[Supermarine Seafire]] fighters, or 18 Barracudas and 34 Seafires.<ref name=Robbins91/> In RN service, the Barracuda was later replaced by the [[Fairey Firefly]], and the Seafire was superseded by the [[Hawker Sea Fury]] during the [[Korean War]].<ref name=Ireland72>Ireland, 2008, p. 72</ref> Early in their careers, {{HMS|Glory|R62|2}} and {{HMS|Ocean|R68|2}} were fitted out for night flying operations: these carriers were to embark a 32-strong air group; mixed between Fireflies and [[Grumman F6F Hellcat]]s supplied by the United States as part of the [[Lend Lease]] program.<ref>Robbins, ''The Aircraft Carrier Story'', pp. 91, 284</ref>

To launch and recover aircraft, the carriers were initially equipped with [[hydraulic catapult]]s, [[arresting gear]], and crash barriers.<ref name=Fontenoy266/> Aircraft were stored in a single hangar measuring {{convert|445|by|52|ft|m}}, with a height clearance of {{convert|17|ft|6|in}}.<ref name=Fontenoy266/> This allowed the Light Fleets to later operate aircraft that the fleet carriers, which generally had two hangars with lower clearance in each, could not.<ref name=Ireland172/> The hangar was serviced by two aircraft lifts.<ref name=Fontenoy266/>

===Armament===
The Light Fleets were the first British aircraft carriers where the ship's air group was seen as the 'main armament'; any mounted weapons were to be for close-range anti-aircraft defence.<ref name=Harding79>Harding, ''The Royal Navy 1930–2000'', p. 79</ref> The ''Colossus'' design called for six [[QF 2 pounder naval gun#QF 2-pounder Mark VIII|quadruple barrelled 2 pounder gun mounts]], and 16 twin [[Oerlikon 20 mm cannon]]s.<ref name=Fontenoy266/> Two 4-inch (102 mm) guns{{Clarify|QF 4-inch Mk XVI naval gun? single or twin mount?|date=August 2010}} were originally included, but an increase in the design's flight deck length in March 1942 saw them displaced.<ref name=Robbins91/><ref name=Ireland172/> The ships were unarmoured, as increasing the size of the vessels was deemed more important than protection.<ref name=Preston142/>

[[File:HMAS Sydney Bofors guns.jpg|thumb|right|alt=The flank of a ship. Several long-barrelled guns are aimed over the side, and are being operated by sailors. One of the guns has just fired, with a cloud of smoke issuing from the barrel.|Some of ''Sydney''{{'}}s Bofors guns firing during gunnery practice in 1951]]
Lessons learned during the early part of the [[Pacific War]] showed the superiority of the [[Bofors 40 mm L/60 gun|Bofors 40 mm]] gun to other anti-aircraft weapons. By the end of the war, all ''Colossus''-class ships had swapped all their other weapons for Bofors in single and twin mountings, and the ''Majestic'' design had been modified to carry 30 of the guns: 18 single mountings, and 6 twin mountings.<ref name=Fontenoy266/><ref name=Ireland173/> The number of Bofors carried by the Light Fleets was reduced after the war, with British ships carrying only eight.<ref name=Fontenoy266/>

==Royal Navy service==

===Second World War and aftermath===
Although four ''Colossus''-class ships were completed before the end of the war, they did not see front-line action: the war in Europe had proceeded to the point where aircraft carriers were of limited use, and by the time the carriers reached the Pacific, Japan had surrendered.<ref name=Robbins91/><ref name=Ireland172/> The four ships, assigned to the [[British Pacific Fleet]], were instead used for the transportation of returning soldiers and rescued prisoners-of-war, to help alleviate the shortage of troopships and liners.<ref>Wragg, ''A Century of Maritime Aviation'', pp. 152–3</ref> As with the ''Colossus'' class, the maintenance carriers were completed but did not enter active service before the end of the war.<ref name=Robbins91/><ref name=Ireland177/> They were reclassified as Ferry Carriers, and used to transport aircraft to British bases and ships across the world.<ref name=Ireland177/>

During the late 1940s and early 1950s, the carriers were used as testbeds for new aircraft and technology. Throughout late 1945, ''Ocean'' was used to test several new aircraft: the [[Hawker Sea Fury]] and [[de Havilland Sea Hornet]] piston-engine fighters during August, and the [[de Havilland Sea Vampire]] jet-propelled fighter-bomber in December.<ref name=Robbins107>Robbins, ''The Aircraft Carrier Story'', p. 107</ref> On 3 December 1945, a [[de Havilland Vampire|de Havilland Sea Vampire]] became the first jet aircraft to land on a carrier—two months before, ''Ocean''{{'}}s flight deck saw the last landing of a [[Fairey Swordfish]] torpedo bomber.<ref name=Ireland80>Ireland, 2008, p. 80</ref><ref>Konstam, ''British Aircraft Carriers 1939–45'', p. 39</ref> The angled flight deck concept (which would later be installed on several of the ''Majestic''-class carriers) was first trialled aboard ''Triumph'': the straight-line deck markings were removed, and markings for an angled landing painted on.<ref>Ireland, 2008, p. 71</ref> After a two-year loan to Canada, ''Warrior'' served as a testbed for rubberised [[Flight deck#Flexible|flexible decks]] and skid-like [[landing gear]] during 1948 and 1949.<ref name=BisChant62>Bishop & Chant, ''Aircraft carriers'', p. 62</ref> During 1951 and 1952, ''Perseus'' was used as a trials ship for the under-development [[steam catapult]].<ref name=Ireland177/>

===Korean War===
The ''Colossus'' class first saw combat during the [[Korean War]]. Following the invasion of South Korea by North Korea on 25 June, ships of the British Far East Fleet that were operating in Japanese waters, including the carrier {{HMS|Triumph|R16|2}}, were placed under the United States Far East Commander, to operate in retaliation to the invasion under the instructions of the [[United Nations Security Council]].<ref name=Hobbs63>Hobbs. 2004, p. 63</ref> The first carrier attack began on 3 July 1950, with aircraft from ''Triumph'' and United States carrier {{USS|Valley Forge|CV-45|6}} performing air strikes on North Korean airfields.<ref name=Hobbs64>Hobbs. 2004, p. 64</ref>

[[File:HMS Glory (R62) off Korea 1951.jpg|thumb|left|HMS ''Glory'' during her 1951 deployment to the Korean War]]
Between them, the ''Colossus''-class carriers ''Triumph'', {{HMS|Theseus|R64|2}}, {{HMS|Glory|R62|2}}, and {{HMS|Ocean|R68|2}}, along with the ''Majestic''-class {{HMAS|Sydney|R17|6}}, maintained a constant Anglo-Australian aircraft carrier presence for the duration of the Korean War.<ref name=Hobbs64.6>Hobbs. 2004., pp. 64–6</ref> The Light Fleets were cheaper to operate than the armoured fleet carriers while providing a similar sized air group, but during the war proved to be slower, less comfortable, and more prone to wear-and-tear than other RN carriers.<ref name=Ireland73>Ireland, 2008, p. 73</ref> Financial and manpower restrictions meant that only one Light Fleet could be deployed to Korea at a time.<ref name=Ireland73/> {{HMS|Warrior|R31|2}} also contributed to the Korean War effort by transporting replacement aircraft from the United Kingdom to British bases throughout the Far East region, which were then drawn upon by the active carriers.<ref>Hobbs. 2004., p. 65</ref>

Following the end of the Korean War, ''Warrior'' and ''Sydney'' returned to Korean waters on separate deployments, to ensure that the armistice was enforced and hostilities did not re-ignite.<ref>Hobbs. 2004., p. 67</ref>

{{Clear}}

===Suez Crisis===
{{HMS|Ocean|R68|2}} and {{HMS|Theseus|R64|2}} were part of the British response to the 1956 [[Suez Crisis]].<ref name=Ireland76>Ireland, 2008, p. 76</ref> The two ships were not used as aircraft carriers; instead they were equipped with helicopters and tasked with transporting ashore [[45 Commando]], a battalion of the [[Royal Marines]], in order to secure harbours and other landing points for heavy equipment.<ref>Ireland, 2008, pp. 76–7</ref> This, the first ship-based helicopter assault, was successful, and prompted the development of the [[amphibious assault ship]].<ref>Ireland, 2008, p. 77</ref>

===Decommissioning and disposal===
[[File:14 HMS Triumph Atlantic Jan1972.jpg|thumb|right|alt=A small aircraft carrier underway in calm, open seas. Structures have been built on the ship's flight deck, and additional cranes have been installed. No aircraft can be seen, and a large number of people are clustered around the forward end of the flight deck.|''Triumph'', following her conversion into a repair ship]]

The two maintenance carriers were decommissioned during the 1950s and scrapped: ''Pioneer'' was sold in 1954, and ''Perseus'' in 1958.<ref name=BisChant51>Bishop & Chant, ''Aircraft carriers'', p. 51</ref> With the exception of HMS ''Triumph'', the ''Colossus''-class carriers that remained in RN service were disposed of during the early 1960s.<ref name=Ireland172/> None was significantly modernised during its service life.<ref name=Ireland172/> ''Triumph'' left service in 1958, underwent a major conversion into a Heavy Repair Ship, and re-entered service in 1965.<ref name=Janes68p313/>

==Foreign service==
As Britain was unable to maintain the size of her wartime fleet after the end of the Second World War, several ''Colossus''-class ships were placed into reserve,<ref name=Ireland74>Ireland, 2008, p. 74</ref> while work on the ''Majestic'' class was initially halted at the end of the war, then restored to a low-priority status.<ref name=Ireland74/><ref name=Hobbs5>Hobbs, ''HMAS Melbourne – 25 Years On'', p. 5</ref> Demands for fiscal cutbacks, combined with the rapid obsolescence of the carriers by the development of jet aircraft, saw four of the eight ''Colossus''es and all five completed ''Majestic''s sold off to other nations.<ref name=Fontenoy266>Fontenoy, ''Aircraft Carriers'', p. 266</ref><ref name=Ireland74/>

The majority of the Light Fleets in foreign service were modernised, either during construction or afterwards, to operate jet aircraft. This usually consisted of the installation of an [[angled flight deck]], upgrading the aircraft catapult to be [[Steam catapult|steam-powered]], and installing an [[optical landing system]]: Australian ''Majestic''-class carrier HMAS ''Melbourne'' was the third aircraft carrier in the world, after {{HMS|Ark Royal|R09|6}} and {{USS|Forrestal|CV-59|6}}, to be constructed with these features instead of having them added later.<ref name=Hobbs6>Hobbs, ''HMAS Melbourne – 25 Years On'', p. 6</ref>

===Argentina===
[[File:ARA Independencia.jpg|thumb|ARA ''Independencia'' in 1965]]
After a two-year loan to Canada, and a second period in Royal Navy commission, ''Warrior'' was sold to the [[Argentine Navy]] in 1958, and commissioned as {{Ship|ARA|Independencia|V-1|6}} on 11 November.<ref name=BisChant62/> She was equipped with the [[Vought F4U Corsair]], but proved unsuitable for [[Grumman F9F Panther]] jet fighters incorporated in 1963. ''Independencia'' served as the Argentine flagship until she was replaced by the Dutch ''Karel Doorman'' (formerly {{HMS|Venerable|R63|6}}), which was sold on to Argentina in 1969 and commissioned as {{Ship|ARA|Veinticinco de Mayo|V-2|6}}.<ref name=Fontenoy268/><ref>Ireland, 2008, pp. 75, 241</ref> ''Independencia'' was struck from service in 1971 and broken up for scrap.<ref name=Fontenoy268/>

[[File:ARA25mayo 1979 DN-SN-82-09623.jpg|thumb|ARA ''Veinticinco de Mayo'' in 1979]]
''Veinticinco de Mayo'' was initially equipped with F9F Panther and later with [[Douglas A-4 Skyhawk]] jet fighters; these were replaced with French [[Dassault-Breguet Super Étendard|Dassault Super Étendards]] in the 1980s.<ref name=Fontenoy268/> The carrier provided air cover for the [[Occupation of the Falkland Islands]] in April 1982. After hostilities broke out on 1 May 1982, it attempted an attack on the [[British naval forces in the Falklands War|Royal Navy Task Force]] which did not take place, as poor winds prevented the heavily laden A-4Q jets from being launched. She remained confined to port for the rest of the [[Falklands War]], particularly after the British submarine {{HMS|Conqueror|S48|6}} sank the Argentine cruiser {{Ship|ARA|General Belgrano||6}}.<ref name=Fontenoy268/><ref>Ireland, 2008, pp. 92–3</ref> Problems with her propulsion machinery meant that ''Veinticinco de Mayo'' was effectively inoperable from June 1986, although it was not until the start of 1999 that she was marked for scrapping.<ref name=Fontenoy268/><ref name=English1996/>

===Australia===
{{See also|History of Australian naval aviation}}
[[File:HMAS Sydney 1951.jpg|thumb|left|alt=A aircraft carrier at anchor in still waters. Propeller aircraft are visible on her deck.|''Sydney'' at anchor in Korean waters during 1951]]
In 1944, the Australian government suggested that Australian personnel be used to help counteract a personnel shortage in the Royal Navy by manning an aircraft carrier, one or more cruisers, and six destroyers.<ref>Wright, ''Australian Carrier Decisions'', pp. 71, 83–6</ref> The Admiralty deemed a ''Colossus''-class Light Fleet to be the most appropriate aircraft carrier, and ''Venerable'' was initially proposed for transfer to the [[Royal Australian Navy]] as a gift or on loan.<ref>Wright, ''Australian Carrier Decisions'', p. 84</ref> The plan was deferred on the Australian end until a review of manpower requirements across the entire [[war effort]] was completed.<ref>Wright, ''Australian Carrier Decisions'', pp. 92–3</ref> The ship manning proposal was revisited in mid-1945, but the surrender of Germany in May meant that British shortages were not as problematic; as a counteroffer, the purchase of the ''Colossus''-class ''Ocean'' by Australia was suggested.<ref>Wright, ''Australian Carrier Decisions'', pp. 104–5</ref> The Australian government decided against the purchase of ''Ocean'' in June.<ref>Wright, ''Australian Carrier Decisions'', p. 107</ref>

Following the Second World War, a post-war review suggested that the [[Royal Australian Navy]] acquire three aircraft carriers as the core of a new fleet; funding restrictions saw the number of proposed carriers dropped to two.<ref>Donohue, ''From Empire Defence to the Long Haul'', pp. 33, 38, 45–7</ref> To this end, Australia acquired two ''Majestic''-class ships: {{HMS|Terrible|R93|2}}, which was commissioned in 1948 as {{HMAS|Sydney|R17|6}}; and {{HMS|Majestic|R77|2}}, which was upgraded for jet operations and commissioned in 1955 as {{HMAS|Melbourne|R21|6}}.<ref name="Ireland74"/><ref>Donohue, ''From Empire Defence to the Long Haul'', pp. 61, 94</ref> While waiting for ''Majestic/Melbourne'' to finish modernisation, the ''Colossus''-class {{HMS|Vengeance|R71|2}} was loaned to Australia from 1952 until 1955, allowing it to operate a two-carrier fleet.<ref name=Donohue94>Donohue, ''From Empire Defence to the Long Haul'', p. 94</ref>

[[File:HMAS Melbourne (R21) San Diego 1977.jpeg|thumb|''Melbourne'' enters San Diego in 1977]]
The first aircraft carrier acquired by the Royal Australian Navy, ''Sydney'' was deployed to Korea in order to maintain a consistent [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] carrier presence in the conflict.<ref name=Bastock304>Bastock, ''Australia's Ships of War'', p. 304</ref> Operating between September 1951 and January 1952, ''Sydney'' was the first carrier owned by a Commonwealth [[Dominion]] to see combat.<ref name=Hobbs64.6/><ref name=Bastock304/> Reclassified as a training ship in 1955, ''Sydney'' was decommissioned in 1958 but reactivated in 1962 as a fast troop transport.<ref>Bastock, ''Australia's Ships of War'', pp. 304–5</ref> In her troopship role, ''Sydney'' travelled to Vietnam 25 times between 1965 and 1972.<ref>Hobbs, in ''The Navy and the Nation'', p. 228</ref> She was decommissioned in November 1973, and sold to a South Korean company for scrapping in 1975.<ref>Hobbs, in ''The Navy and the Nation'', pp. 228–9</ref>

Although deployed to the [[Far East Strategic Reserve]] on several occasions, and assigned to escort ''Sydney'' to and from Vietnam on three occasions, ''Melbourne'' was not directly involved in any conflict during her career. However, she collided with and sank two [[plane guard]] destroyers—{{HMAS|Voyager|D04|6}} [[Melbourne-Voyager collision|in 1964]], and {{USS|Frank E. Evans|DD-754|6}} [[Melbourne-Evans collision|in 1969]]—which, along with several minor collisions and incidents, led to the reputation that the carrier was [[jinx]]ed.<ref name=Bastock313>Bastock, ''Australia's Ships of War'', p. 313</ref><ref name=Hall9>Hall, ''HMAS Melbourne'', p. 9</ref> ''Melbourne'' was sold to China for scrapping in 1985; instead of being broken up, she was studied as part of the nation's top-secret [[Future Chinese aircraft carrier|carrier development program]], and may not have been dismantled until 2002.<ref name=Storey79>Storey and Ji, ''China's aircraft carrier ambitions'', p. 79.</ref><ref name=Hobbs9>Hobbs, ''HMAS Melbourne – 25 Years On'', p. 9</ref> There were plans to replace ''Melbourne'' with the British carrier {{HMS|Invincible|R05|6}}, but ''Invincible'' was withdrawn from sale following her service in the Falklands War, and a [[1983 Australian federal election|1983 election]] promise to not replace the carrier saw the end of Australian carrier-based fixed-wing aviation.<ref name=Hobbs9/><ref name=Ireland75/>

===Brazil===
[[File:Minas Gerais DN-ST-90-01334.jpg|thumb|''Minas Gerais'' about to launch an S-2 Tracker]]
After ''Vengeance'' was returned from her loan to Australia, she was sold to the [[Brazilian Navy]] on 14 December 1956.<ref name=Fontenoy268/><ref name=Janes68p23/> From mid-1957 until December 1960, the carrier underwent a massive refit and reconstruction at Verolme Dock in Rotterdam; the work performed included the installation of an 8.5-degree [[angled flight deck]] and a [[steam catapult]], strengthening of [[arresting gear]], and reinforcing of the hangar lifts.<ref name=Janes68p23>Blackman (ed.), ''Jane's Fighting Ships (1968–69)'', p. 23</ref><ref name=Ireland245>Ireland, 2008, p. 245</ref><ref name=BisChant82>Bishop & Chant, ''Aircraft carriers'', p. 82</ref> The carrier was commissioned into the ''[[Brazilian Navy|Marinha do Brasil]]'' (MB, Brazilian Navy) as [[Brazilian aircraft carrier Minas Gerais|''Minas Gerais'']] on 6 December 1960.<ref name=Janes68p23/>

The Brazilian carrier was equipped with [[Grumman S-2 Tracker|Grumman S-2E Tracker]] fixed-wing aircraft, and [[Sikorsky SH-3 Sea King|Sikorsky ASH-3D Sea King]], [[Eurocopter AS355 Écureuil 2|AS-355 Ecureuil]], and [[Eurocopter AS332 Super Puma|AS332 Super Puma]] helicopters. Brazilian law prevented the MB from operating fixed-wing aircraft, so two separate air groups had to be embarked.<ref name=English1996>English, ''Latin American Navies still treading water''</ref><ref name=Janes96>Sharpe (ed.), ''Jane's Fighting Ships, 1996–1997'', p. 55</ref> In 1999, the MB acquired [[Douglas A-4 Skyhawk|Douglas A-4KU Skyhawks]]—the first time Brazilian naval aviators were permitted to operate fixed-wing aircraft until the carrier's 2001 decommissioning.<ref name=Fontenoy268/><ref name=Corless>Corless, ''The Brazilian Navy blazes a trail in the South Atlantic''</ref> ''Minas Gerais'' was replaced by [[Brazilian aircraft carrier São Paulo (A12)|NAe ''São Paulo'']] (the former French carrier {{Ship|French aircraft carrier|Foch|R99|2}}).<ref name=BisChant82/>

''Minas Gerais'' was the last of the Second World War-era light aircraft carriers to leave service, and at the time of her decommissioning was the oldest active aircraft carrier in the world.<ref name="Hobbs p. 217"/><ref>Polmar, ''The Naval Institute Guide to the Ships and Aircraft of the U.S. Fleet'', p. 107</ref> The carrier was marked for sale in 2002, and was actively sought after by British naval associations for return to England and preservation as a [[museum ship]], although they were unable to raise the required money.<ref name=telerace>Syal & Lashmar, ''Race to save historic ship from scrap heap''</ref><ref name=Parry/> In December 2003 the carrier was listed for sale on auction website [[eBay]], but was removed because the site's rules prevented the sale of military ordnance.<ref name=teleebay>Tweedie, ''For internet sale: aircraft carrier, only three owners''</ref> Sometime between February and July 2004, the carrier was towed to the [[ship breaking]] yards at [[Alang, India]], for dismantling.<ref name=Parry>Parry, ''Sad end to symbol of city's liberation''</ref>

===Canada===
[[File:HMCS Bonaventure (CVL 22) underway 1961.jpeg|thumb|''Bonaventure'' underway in 1961]]
Following wartime experience showing the effectiveness of naval aviation, the [[Royal Canadian Navy]] decided to acquire an aircraft carrier.<ref name=Ireland231>Ireland, 2008, p. 231</ref> The Canadian government decided to purchase the ''Majestic''-class carrier ''Powerful'', and have her upgraded to modern standards.<ref name=Ireland232>Ireland, 2008, p. 232</ref> The ''Colossus''-class {{HMS|Warrior|R31|2}} was transferred on a two-year loan from 1946 to 1948, so the experience gained by providing ship's companies for two British escort carriers during the war could be maintained.<ref name="Wright, p. 65"/><ref name=Ireland231/> The upgrading of ''Powerful'' took longer than expected, and as ''Warrior'' had to be returned by 1948, ''Magnificent'' was completed to the basic ''Majestic'' design and loaned to the Royal Canadian Navy in 1948 as {{HMCS|Magnificent|CVL 21|6}}.<ref name=Ireland232/> On her return to Britain, ''Warrior'' was used as a trials ship, then modernised before her sale to Argentina.<ref name=BisChant62/> The loan of ''Magnificent'' continued until the completion of ''Powerful'' in 1957, at which point ''Magnificent'' was returned to the British.<ref name=Ireland232/> She was to be sold to another nation, but after no buyers came forward, the carrier was scrapped.<ref name=Ireland232/>

In the meantime, ''Powerful'' had been upgraded to operate jet aircraft.<ref name=Ireland232/> The modifications included an 8° angled flight deck and steam catapult, and she was equipped with American weapons, radars, and jet aircraft instead of their British equivalents.<ref name=Ireland232/> She was commissioned in 1957 as {{HMCS|Bonaventure|CVL 22|6}}.<ref name=Ireland232/> The carrier's design could not keep up with the advances in naval aircraft during the early 1960s,<ref name=Ireland232/> and in 1962, the ship's [[McDonnell F2H Banshee]] fighters were retired, leaving an anti-submarine warfare (ASW) focused air group of [[Sikorsky CH-124 Sea King]] helicopters and [[Grumman S-2 Tracker]] ASW aircraft.{{sfn | Snowie | 1987 | p=152–155}} ''Bonaventure'' received a major mid life refit in 1967,{{sfn | Snowie | 1987 | p=223}} but was withdrawn in 1970 after defence cuts.{{sfn | Snowie | 1987 | p=261–305}}<ref name=Ireland75/> Her departure marked the end of Canadian carrier-based aviation.<ref name=Ireland75>Ireland, 2008, p. 75</ref>

===France===
Lead ship {{HMS|Colossus|R15|2}} was loaned to the [[French Navy]] in August 1946 and renamed {{Ship||Arromanches|R 95|2}}.<ref name=Fontenoy266/><ref name=Ireland74/> The vessel remained in French service, and was purchased outright in 1951.<ref name=BisChant63>Bishop & Chant, ''Aircraft carriers'', p. 63</ref> She was deployed to [[French Indochina]], and operated during the [[First Indochina War]] from 1949 to 1954.<ref name=Fontenoy268>Fontenoy, ''Aircraft Carriers'', p. 268</ref> After the war's end, the carrier was assigned to the Mediterranean.<ref name=Fontenoy268/> She participated in the 1956 Suez Crisis, operating air strikes against Egyptian positions around [[Port Said]].<ref name=Fontenoy268/> A modernisation from 1957 to 1958 saw the installation of a 4° angled flight deck and an optical landing system, allowing ''Arromanches'' to operate [[Breguet Alizé]] anti-submarine aircraft.<ref name=Ireland217>{{harvnb|Ireland|2008|p=217}}</ref>

''Arromanches'' was replaced in active service by the French-built [[Clemenceau-class aircraft carrier|''Clemenceau'' class]], and was converted into a training ship in 1960.<ref name=Fontenoy268/><ref name=Ireland217/> Apart from a short stint as an anti-submarine carrier in 1968, the ship remained in this role until her 1974 decommissioning.<ref name=Fontenoy268/> ''Arromanches'' was broken up for scrap in 1978.<ref name=Ireland217/>

===India===
[[File:INS Vikrant circa 1984 carrying a unique complement of Sea Harriers, Sea Hawks, Allouette & Sea King helicopters and Alize ASW.jpg|thumb|right|''Vikrant'' underway in 1984, with a mix of fixed-wing aircraft and helicopters on the flight deck]]
Work on the ''Majestic''-class {{HMS|Hercules|R49|2}} was suspended in May 1946, with the ship about 75% complete.<ref name=Janes68p130>Blackman (ed.), ''Jane's Fighting Ships (1968–69)'', p. 130</ref> The carrier remained in an unfinished condition until January 1957, when she was purchased by the [[Indian Navy]].<ref name=BisChant64>Bishop & Chant, ''Aircraft carriers'', p. 64</ref> Fitted with an angled flight deck, ''Hercules'' was commissioned into the Indian Navy as {{Ship|INS|Vikrant|1961|6}} in 1961.<ref name=BisChant64/> ''Vikrant'' was not involved in the 1962 [[Sino-Indian War]] or the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|1965 Indo-Pakistani War]] because she was docked for maintenance and refits on both occasions.<ref name=BisChant64/> She did operate during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|1971 Indo-Pakistani War]], with her air group performing strike and interdiction operations in [[East Pakistan]].<ref name=BisChant64/>

A major upgrade between 1979 and 1982 saw the carrier fitted with a new propulsion system, an updated radar suite, and a 9.75° [[ski-jump ramp]] to be used by [[BAE Sea Harrier#Sea Harrier FRS51|Sea Harriers]].<ref name=BisChant64/> The carrier was last deployed in 1994, and she was decommissioned in 1997.<ref name=BisChant64/> ''Vikrant'' helped the Indian Navy to become the dominant regional power.<ref name=Ireland75/>

[[File:Vikrant Museum Ship.jpg|thumb|right|alt=A small aircraft carrier tied up at a wharf. A helicopter and two aircraft sit on the flight deck. Other ships and skyscrapers are in the background.|The Indian aircraft carrier {{Ship|INS|Vikrant|1961|6}} in 2008]]
Following her decommissioning, ''Vikrant'' was marked for preservation as a [[museum ship]].<ref name=GlobalSecurityVikrant>''R 11 Vikrant'', GlobalSecurity.org</ref><ref name=Tembhekar>Tembhekar, ''No takers for INS Vikrant's museum plan''</ref> ''Vikrant'' was opened to the public by the Indian Navy for short periods, but the inability to find an operating partner, lack of funds, and the deterioration of the ship led to the closure of the museum in 2012, and the sale of the vessel for [[ship breaking]] in early 2014.<ref name=GlobalSecurityVikrant/><ref name=Tembhekar/><ref>{{cite news|author=Nargish Sunavala|location=Mumbai|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Not-museum-but-scrapyard-for-warship-Vikrant/articleshow/29795409.cms |title=Not museum but scrapyard for INS Vikrant|newspaper=The Times of India |date=3 February 2014}}</ref>

===Netherlands===
The [[Royal Netherlands Navy]] acquired the ''Colossus''-class {{HMS|Venerable|R63|2}} in 1948, and commissioned her as {{Ship|HNLMS|Karel Doorman|R81|6}}.<ref name=Ireland75/> Initially, the carrier operated piston-engined aircraft, but underwent modernisation from 1955 to 1958, including a steam catapult, reinforced flight deck and aircraft lifts, and an 8° angled deck.<ref name=Ireland244>Ireland, 2008, p. 244</ref> Between the upgrade and 1964, ''Karel Doorman'' possessed a mixed air group of jet fighters, anti-submarine aircraft, and helicopters; the fixed-wing aircraft were removed in that year.<ref name=Fontenoy268/>

Between 10 March 1966 and 17 April 1967 ''Karel Doorman'' was overhauled at the shipyard of Verolme in [[Rozenburg]].<ref>{{cite web |author= |date= |title=Doorman op Verolme werf |url=http://www.vlaggeschipsmaldeel5.nl/html/verolme_werf.html |website=VlaggeschipSmaldeel5.nl |language=Dutch}}</ref> During this overhaul her boiler system was replaced with that of the mothballed HMS ''Leviathan''.<ref name="VS5G">{{cite web |author= |date= |title=Geschiedenis van het vliegkampschip |url=http://www.vlaggeschipsmaldeel5.nl/html/geschiedenis_van_het_vliegkamp.html |website=VlaggeschipSmaldeel5.nl |language=Dutch}}</ref> The cost of replacing the boiler system were estimated at the time to be around 2 million [[Dutch guilder]]s.<ref name="VS5G" />

In 1968, ''Karel Doorman'' was heavily damaged by fire.<ref name=Ireland244/> She was repaired with equipment stripped from other Light Fleet carriers in reserve and awaiting disposal.<ref name=Ireland244/> However, before the fire, the Royal Netherlands Navy was reconsidering carrier-based operation, and instead of returning her to service, ''Karel Doorman'' was sold to Argentina.<ref name=Ireland244/><ref name=Ireland241>Ireland, 2008, p. 241</ref>

==Ships==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|+ List of ''Colossus''-class ships
! scope="col" | Name
! scope="col" | Builder
! scope="col" | Laid down
! scope="col" | Launched
! scope="col" | Commissioned
! scope="col" | Paid off
! scope="col" | Foreign service and notes
! scope="col" | Fate
|-
| {{HMS|Colossus|R15|2}}
| [[Vickers-Armstrongs#Shipbuilding|Vickers-Armstrong]]<ref name=Konstam46>Konstam, ''British Aircraft Carriers 1939–45'', p. 46</ref>
| 1 June 1942 <ref name=Konstam46/>
| 30 September 1943 <ref name=Konstam46/>
| 16 December 1944 <ref name=Konstam46/>
| 1946
| {{navy|France}}: ''[[French aircraft carrier Arromanches (R95)|Arromanches]]'' (1946–1974) <ref name=BisChant63/>
| Scrapped in France 1978 <ref name=BisChant63/>
|-
| {{HMS|Glory|R62|2}}
| [[Harland and Wolff|Harland & Wolff]]<ref name=Konstam46/>
| 27 August 1942 <ref name=Konstam46/>
| 27 November 1943 <ref name=Konstam46/>
| 2 April 1945 <ref name=Konstam46/>
| 1956
|
| Scrapped in Scotland 1961 <ref name=Janes68p313/>
|-
| {{HMS|Ocean|R68|2}}
| [[Alexander Stephen and Sons|Stephen & Sons]]<ref name=Konstam46/>
| 8 November 1942 <ref name=Konstam46/>
| 8 July 1943 <ref name=Konstam46/>
| 8 August 1945 <ref name=Konstam46/>
| 1960
|
| Scrapped in Scotland 1962 <ref name=Janes68p313/>
|-
| rowspan=2 | {{HMS|Venerable|R63|2}}
| rowspan=2 | [[Cammell Laird]]<ref name=Konstam46/>
| rowspan=2 | 3 December 1942 <ref name=Konstam46/>
| rowspan=2 | 30 December 1943 <ref name=Konstam46/>
| rowspan=2 | 17 January 1945 <ref name=Konstam46/>
| rowspan=2 | April 1947
| {{navy|Netherlands}}: {{Ship|HNLMS|Karel Doorman|R81|6}} (1948–1968) <ref name=Ireland244/>
| rowspan=2 | Scrapped in India 1999 <ref name=Fontenoy268/>
|-
|{{navy|Argentina}}: {{Ship|ARA|Veinticinco de Mayo|V-2|6}} (1969–1999) <ref name=Fontenoy268/>
|-
| rowspan=2 | {{HMS|Vengeance|R71|2}}
| rowspan=2 | [[Swan Hunter]]<ref name=Konstam46/>
| rowspan=2 | 16 November 1942 <ref name=Konstam46/>
| rowspan=2 | 23 February 1944 <ref name=Konstam46/>
| rowspan=2 | 15 January 1945 <ref name=Konstam46/>
| rowspan=2 | 1952
| {{navy|Australia|naval-1913}} HMAS ''Vengeance'' (1952–1955) <ref name=Donohue94/>
| rowspan=2 | Scrapped in India 2004 <ref name=Parry/>
|-
|{{navy|Brazil}}: [[Brazilian aircraft carrier Minas Gerais|''Minas Gerais'']] (1960–2001) <ref name=Fontenoy268/><ref name=Janes68p23/>
|-
| {{HMS|Pioneer|R76|2}}
| Vickers-Armstrong <ref name=Konstam46/>
| 2 December 1942 <ref name=Konstam46/>
| 20 May 1944 <ref name=Fontenoy266/>
| 8 February 1945 <ref name=Konstam46/>
| 1954
| Completed as maintenance carrier <ref name=Ireland177/>
| Scrapped in Scotland 1954 <ref name=BisChant51/>
|-
| rowspan=3 | {{HMS|Warrior|R31|2}}
| rowspan=3 | Harland & Wolff Ltd.<ref name=Fontenoy266/>
| rowspan=3 | 12 December 1942 <ref name=Fontenoy266/>
| rowspan=3 | 20 May 1944 <ref name=Fontenoy266/>
| rowspan=3 | 2 April 1945
| rowspan=3 | 1946
| {{navy|Canada|naval-1911}} HMCS ''Warrior'' (1946–1948)
| rowspan=3 | Scrapped in Argentina 1971
|-
| Returned to Royal Navy (1948–1958)
|-
|{{navy|Argentina}}: {{Ship|ARA|Independencia|V-1|6}} (1958–1971) <ref name=BisChant62/><ref name=Fontenoy268/>
|-
| {{HMS|Theseus|R64|2}}
| [[Fairfield Shipbuilding and Engineering Company]]<ref name=Fontenoy266/>
| 6 January 1943 <ref name=Fontenoy266/>
| 6 July 1944 <ref name=Fontenoy266/>
| 9 February 1946 <ref name=Fontenoy266/>
| 1957
|
| Scrapped in Scotland 1962 <ref name=Janes68p313/>
|-
| {{HMS|Triumph|R16|2}}
| [[Hawthorn Leslie and Company|R. & W. Hawthorn Leslie & Company Limited]]<ref name=Fontenoy266/>
| 27 January 1943 <ref name=Fontenoy266/>
| 2 October 1944 <ref name=Fontenoy266/>
| 9 May 1946 <ref name=Fontenoy266/>
| 1975
| Reclassified as repair ship in 1965 <ref name=Janes68p313/>
| Scrapped in Spain 1981
|-
| {{HMS|Perseus|R51|2}}
| Vickers-Armstrong <ref name=Fontenoy265>Fontenoy, ''Aircraft Carrier'', p. 265</ref>
| 1 June 1943
| 26 March 1944 <ref name=Fontenoy265/>
| 19 October 1945 <ref name=Fontenoy265/>
| 1957
| Completed as maintenance carrier <ref name=Ireland177/>
| Scrapped in Scotland 1958 <ref name=BisChant51/>
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|+ List of ''Majestic''-class ships
! scope="col" | Name
! scope="col" | Builder
! scope="col" | Laid down
! scope="col" | Launched
! scope="col" | Commissioned
! scope="col" | Paid off
! scope="col" | Foreign service and notes
! scope="col" | Fate
|-
| ''Majestic''
| Vickers-Armstrong
| 15 April 1943
| 28 February 1945
| 28 October 1955
| 30 May 1982
| {{navy|Australia}} as {{HMAS|Melbourne|R21|2}}
| Scrapped in China 1985
|-
| ''Terrible''
| [[HMNB Devonport|HM Dockyard Devonport]]
| 19 April 1943
| 30 September 1944
| 16 December 1948
| 12 November 1973
| {{navy|Australia}} as {{HMAS|Sydney|R17|2}}
| Scrapped in South Korea 1975
|-
| ''Magnificent''
| Harland & Wolff <ref name=Ireland232/>
| 29 July 1943
| 16 November 1944
| 21 March 1948 <ref name=Ireland232/>
| 1956
| {{navy|Canada|naval-1911}} as {{HMCS|Magnificent|CVL 21|2}}
| Scrapped in Scotland 1965
|-
| ''Hercules''
| Vickers-Armstrong (construction) Harland & Wolff (fitting out) <ref name=Janes68p130/>
| 14 October 1943 <ref name=Janes68p130/>
| 22 September 1945 <ref name=Janes68p130/>
| 4 April 1961 <ref name=Janes68p130/>
| 31 January 1997
| {{navy|India}} as {{INS|Vikrant|1961|2}}
| Scrapped in India 2014–2015
|-
| ''Leviathan''
| [[Swan Hunter|Swan, Hunter & Wigham Richardson, Limited]]
| 18 October 1943
| 7 June 1945
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| Scrapped before completion
| Scrapped in Scotland 1968 <ref name=Fontenoy353/>
|-
| ''Powerful''
| Harland & Wolff <ref name=Ireland232/>
| 27 November 1943
| 27 February 1945
| 17 January 1957 <ref name=Ireland232/>
| 3 July 1970
| {{navy|Canada}} as {{HMCS|Bonaventure|CVL 22|2}}
| Scrapped in Taiwan 1971
|}

==See also==
*[[List of ship classes of World War II]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
;Books
* {{Cite book|last=Bastock |first=John |title=Australia's Ships of War |year=1975 |publisher=Angus and Robertson |location=Cremorne, NSW |isbn=0-207-12927-4 |oclc=2525523}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Bishop |first1=Chris |last2=Chant |first2=Christopher |title=Aircraft carriers: the world's greatest naval vessels and their aircraft |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PY8CvlKC7kgC |year=2004 |publisher=Zenith |location=Grand Rapids, MI |isbn=0-7603-2005-5 |oclc=56646560| access-date= 2 August 2010 }}
* {{Cite book|editor=Blackman, Raymond |title=Jane's Fighting Ships, 1968–69 |edition=71st |year=1968 |publisher=Jane's Publishing Company |location=London |oclc=123786869}}
* {{Cite book|last=Donohue |first=Hector |title=From Empire Defence to the Long Haul: post-war defence policy and its impact on naval force structure planning 1945–1955 |series=Papers in Australian Maritime Affairs (No. 1) |date=October 1996 |publisher=Sea Power Centre |location=Canberra |isbn=0-642-25907-0 |issn=1327-5658 |oclc=36817771}}
* {{Cite book|last=Fontenoy |first=Paul E. |title=Aircraft carriers: an illustrated history of their impact |publisher=ABC-CILO |year=2006 |series=Weapons and Warfare |isbn=1-85109-573-X |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oSkkljTyeooC}}
* {{Cite book|last=Hall |first=Timothy |title=HMAS Melbourne |year=1982 |publisher=George Allen & Unwin |location=North Sydney, NSW |isbn=0-86861-284-7 |oclc=9753221}}
* {{Cite book|last=Harding |first=Richard |title=The Royal Navy 1930–2000: innovation and defence |publisher=Routledge |year=2005 |isbn=0-7146-5710-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bw46M1qI9gMC}}
* {{Cite book|last=Hobbs |first=David |title=Aircraft Carriers of the British and Commonwealth Navies |year=1996 |publisher=Greenhill Books |location=London |isbn=1-85367-252-1}}
* {{Cite book|last=Hobbs |first=David |editor1=Stevens, David |editor2=Reeve, John |title=The Navy and the Nation: the influence of the Navy on modern Australia |year=2005 |publisher=Allen & Unwin |location=Crows Nest, NSW |isbn=1-74114-200-8 |oclc=67872922 |chapter=HMAS Sydney (III): a symbol of Australia's growing maritime capability}}
* {{Cite book|last=Ireland |first=Bernard |title=The Illustrated Guide to Aircraft Carriers of the World |publisher=Anness Publishing |location=London |year=2008 |orig-year=2005 |isbn=978-1-84477-747-1 |oclc=156616762}}
* {{Cite book|last=Konstam |first=Angus |others=illustrated by Tony Bryan |title=British Aircraft Carriers 1939–45 |series=New Vanguard No. 168 |year=2010 |publisher=Osprey Publishing |location=Oxford |isbn=978-1-84908-079-8}}
* {{Cite book|last=McCaffrie |first=Jack |editor-last1=Stevens |editor-first1= David |editor-last2=Reeve |editor-first2= John |title=Sea Power ashore and in the air |year=2007 |publisher=Halstead Press |location=Ultimo, NSW |isbn=978-1-920831-45-5 |oclc=271328006 |chapter=Korea: The first challenge for Australian naval aviation}}
* {{Cite book|title=The Naval Institute Guide to the Ships and Aircraft of the U.S. Fleet |first=Norman |last=Polmar |year=2001 |orig-year=1993 |edition=17th |publisher=Naval Institute Press |location=Annapolis, Md |isbn=1-55750-656-6 |oclc=249124965}}
* {{Cite book|last=Preston |first=Antony |title=Aircraft Carriers |year=2000 |publisher=AP Publishing |location=Sydney, NSW |isbn=0-86827-042-3 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Robbins |first=Guy |title=The Aircraft Carrier Story: 1908–1945 |publisher=Cassel & Co |location=London |year=2001 |isbn=0-304-35308-6 |oclc=45306859 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/aircraftcarriers0000robb |via=Internet Archive }}
* {{Cite book|title=The Bonnie: HMCS Bonaventure |first=J. Allan |last=Snowie |year=1987 |publisher=The Boston Mills Press |location=Erin, ON |isbn=0-919783-40-6}}
* {{Cite book|last=Wragg |first=David |title=A Century of Maritime Aviation: 1909–2009 |year=2009 |publisher=Pen & Sword Maritime |location=South Yorkshire |isbn=978-1-84884-036-2}}
* {{Cite book|last=Wright |first=Anthony |title=Australian Carrier Decisions: the acquisition of HMA Ships Albatross, Sydney and Melbourne |orig-year=1978 |series=Papers in Australian Maritime Affairs |volume=4 |date=June 1998 |publisher=Sea Power Centre |location=Canberra |isbn=0-642-29503-4 |issn=1327-5658 |oclc=39641731}}
;Journal articles
* {{Cite journal|last=Corless |first=Josh |date=1 June 1999 |title=The Brazilian Navy blazes a trail in the South Atlantic |journal=Jane's Navy International |publisher=Jane's Information Group |volume=104 |issue=6}}
* {{Cite journal|last=English |first=Adrian J. |date=1 May 1996 |title=Latin American Navies still treading water |journal=Jane's Navy International |publisher=Jane's Information Group |volume=101 |issue=3}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Hobbs |first=David |date=Winter 2004 |title=British Commonwealth Carrier Operations in the Korean War |journal=Air & Space Power Journal |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=62–71 |issn=1555-385X}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Hobbs |first=David |date=October 2007 |title=HMAS ''Melbourne'' (II) – 25 Years On |journal=The Navy |volume=69 |issue=4 |pages=5–9 |issn=1322-6231}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Storey |first=Ian |author2=Ji, You |date=Winter 2004 |title=China's aircraft carrier ambitions: seeking truth from rumours |journal=[[Naval War College Review]] |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=77–93 |issn=0028-1484 |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0JIW/is_1_57/ai_113755343}}
;Newspaper articles
* {{Cite news|url=http://www.hms-vengeance.co.uk/reddoor.htm |title=Sad end to symbol of city's liberation |last=Parry |first=Simon |date=25 July 2004 |work=Sunday Morning Post}}
* {{Cite news|last=Syal |first=Rajeev |author2=Lashmar, Paul |title=Race to save historic ship from scrap heap |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1397428/Race-to-save-historic-ship-from-scrap-heap.html |work=The Daily Telegraph |location=London |date=16 June 2002}}
* {{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/No-takers-for-INS-Vikrants-museum-plan/articleshow/5798936.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811062557/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-04-14/mumbai/28118326_1_financial-bids-separate-bids-fresh-bidding |url-status=live |archive-date=11 August 2011 |title=No takers for INS Vikrant's museum plan |last=Tembhekar |first=Chittaranjan |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=14 April 2010 }}
* {{Cite news|last=Tweedie |first=Neil |title=For internet sale: aircraft carrier, only three owners |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/1451338/For-internet-sale-aircraft-carrier%2C-only-three-owners.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080928050730/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/1451338/For-internet-sale-aircraft-carrier,-only-three-owners.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 September 2008 |work=The Daily Telegraph |location=London |date=10 January 2004}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite book |last=Beaver |first=Paul |title=The British Aircraft Carrier |year=1982 |publisher=Patrick Stephens |location=Cambridge |isbn=0-85059-493-6 |oclc=16549144}}
* {{Cite book |last=Friedman |first=Norman |title=British carrier aviation: The evolution of the ships and their aircraft |publisher=Conway Maritime Press |location=London |year=1988 |isbn=0-85177-488-1 |oclc=19526677}}
* {{Cite book |last=McCart |first=Neil |title=The Colossus-Class Aircraft Carriers 1944–1972 |location=Cheltenham |publisher=Fan Publications |year=2002 |isbn=1901225062 |oclc=70281124}}

==External links==
{{Commons category multi|Colossus class aircraft carriers|Majestic class aircraft carriers}}
* [http://www.naval-history.net/xGM-Chrono-00-ClassInfo.htm#cvcol "Colossus class"] at Service Histories of Royal Navy Warships in World War 2

{{1942 design aircraft carrier}}
{{WWII British ships}}

[[Category:Light aircraft carrier classes]]
[[Category:Cold War aircraft carriers of Canada| ]]
[[Category:Cold War aircraft carriers of France| ]]
[[Category:Cold War aircraft carriers of the United Kingdom| ]]
[[Category:Colossus-class aircraft carriers| ]]
[[Category:Korean War aircraft carriers of the United Kingdom| ]]
[[Category:Majestic-class aircraft carriers| ]]
[[Category:World War II aircraft carriers of the United Kingdom| ]]
[[Category:Ship classes of the Royal Navy]]
[[Category:Steam turbine-powered ships]]

Daund Assembly constituency

2026-04-18T14:05:13Z

BrooksPrather: Done - done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Daund
| constituency_no = 199
| type = SLA
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| map_image = 199-Daund.svg
| loksabha_cons = [[Baramati Lok Sabha constituency|Baramati]]
| district = [[Pune district|Pune]]
| established = 1978
| reservation = None
| mla = [[Rahul Kul]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| incumbent_image =
| alliance =
| electors =319,609
}}
'''Daund Assembly constituency''' is one of the 288 [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) [[List of constituencies of Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|constituencies]] of [[Maharashtra]] state, western India. This constituency is located in [[Pune district]].<ref name="ECI-20081126" /><ref>[https://www.elections.in/maharashtra/assembly-constituencies/daund.html Sitting and previous MLAs from Daund Assembly Constituency]</ref>

==Geographical scope==
The constituency comprises [[Daund taluka]].<ref name="ECI-20081126">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=2008-11-26|publisher=Election Commission of India|pages=262|accessdate=2015-08-09}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Daund Vidhan Sabha Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/maharashtra/assembly-constituencies/daund.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2"|Party
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|Marthand Magar
|{{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|Ganpat Kharat
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Ram Tupe
|{{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
|Purshottam Choure
|style="background-color: {{party color|Scheduled Castes Federation}}" |
|[[Scheduled Caste Federation]]
|-
|[[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Vitthal Pawar
|{{Full party name with color|rowspan=3|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|P. J. Tatyaba
|-
|[[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Ushadevi Jagdale
|-
| [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| Rajaram Takavane
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| Krishnarao Jagdale
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (U)|dab=yes}}
|-
| [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| Ushadevi Jagdale
|{{Full party name with color|Indian Congress (Socialist)|dab=yes}}
|-
| [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| rowspan="3"| Subhashrao Kul
|{{party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
| {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| Ranjana Subhashrao Kul
|-
| [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| Rameshrao Thorat
|{{party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| rowspan="3"| [[Rahul Kul]]
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Samaj Paksha}}
|-
| [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Daund<ref name="Daund Constituency Election Results 2024">{{cite news |title=Daund Constituency Election Results 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/maharashtra/constituency-show/daund |access-date=2 January 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=23 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250102081050/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/maharashtra/constituency-show/daund |archive-date=2 January 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Daund">{{cite news |title=Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Daund |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13199.htm |access-date=2 January 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=23 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250102081043/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13199.htm |archive-date=2 January 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Rahul Kul|Rahul Subhashrao Kul]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 120,721 |percentage = 51.27% |change={{increase}}2.63 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rameshappa Kisan Thorat |party=Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar |votes = 106,832 |percentage = 45.37% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ramesh Thorat |party=Rashtriya Maratha Party |votes = 3,863 |percentage = 1.64% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,211 |percentage = 0.51% |change={{increase}}0.08 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 13,889 |percentage = 5.90% |change= {{increase}}5.55 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 236,690 |percentage = 74.06% |change= {{increase}}4.81 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 235,479}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 319,609|ref = |change= {{increase}}3.27 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}2.63 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Daund<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.results.eci.gov.in/ACOCT2019/partywiseresult-S13.htm?st=S13|title=General Election to Vidhan Sabha Trends & Results Oct-2019|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=28 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121065754/http://results.eci.gov.in/ACOCT2019/partywiseresult-S13.htm?st=S13|archive-date=21 November 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Rahul Kul|Rahul Subhashrao Kul]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 103,664 |percentage = 48.64% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rameshappa Kisan Thorat |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 102,918 |percentage = 48.29% |change={{increase}}9.75 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dattatray Alias Tatyasaheb Namdev Tamhane |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 2,633 |percentage = 1.24% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 917 |percentage = 0.43% |change={{decrease}}0.31 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 746 |percentage = 0.35% |change= {{decrease}}5.38 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 214,241 |percentage = 69.22% |change= {{decrease}}3.92 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 213,131}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 309,486|ref = |change= {{increase}}13.78 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Rashtriya Samaj Paksha |swing= {{increase}}4.37 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2014===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Daund<ref name="election2014">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Rahul Kul|Rahul Subhashrao Kul]] |party=Rashtriya Samaj Paksha |votes = 87,649 |percentage = 44.27% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rameshappa Kisan Thorat |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 76,304 |percentage = 38.54% |change={{decrease}}0.30 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rajaram Maruti Tambe |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 17,098 |percentage = 8.64% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vikas (Aaba) Takavane |party=Peasants And Workers Party of India |votes = 5,560 |percentage = 2.81% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rajendra Shankar Khati |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 2,974 |percentage = 1.50% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pandurang Balkrishna Mergal |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,606 |percentage = 0.81% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kiran Shravan Pol |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,509 |percentage = 0.76% |change={{decrease}}0.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,464 |percentage = 0.74% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,345 |percentage = 5.73% |change= {{decrease}}4.18 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 199,464 |percentage = 73.33% |change= {{increase}}3.66 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 197,977}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 271,999|ref = |change= {{increase}}6.89 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Rashtriya Samaj Paksha |loser = Independent politician |swing= {{decrease}}4.48 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2009===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Daund<ref>{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Rameshappa Kisan Thorat |party=Independent politician |votes = 85,764 |percentage = 48.75% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Rahul Kul| Adv. Rahul Subhashrao Kul]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 68,322 |percentage = 38.84% |change={{decrease}}13.75 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Vasudev Shankarrao Kale|party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 7,063 |percentage = 4.02% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mangal Dattu Wagh |party=Independent politician |votes = 5,553 |percentage = 3.16% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sanjay Ambadas Kambale |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,620 |percentage = 1.49% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bhanudas Suresh Shinde |party=Swabhimani Paksha |votes = 2,392 |percentage = 1.36% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ajit Gulab Thokale |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,600 |percentage = 0.91% |change={{decrease}}0.89 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 17,442 |percentage = 9.92% |change= {{decrease}}2.54 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 176,077 |percentage = 69.19% |change= {{decrease}}1.89 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 175,913}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 254,471|ref = |change= {{decrease}}7.06 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Independent politician |loser = Nationalist Congress Party |swing= {{decrease}}3.84 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2004===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Daund}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Ranjana Subhashrao Kul |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 102,264 |percentage = 52.59% |change={{decrease}}5.93 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Rameshappa Kisan Thorat |party=Independent politician |votes = 78,037 |percentage = 40.13% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bankar Tukaram Genba |party=Independent politician |votes = 5,471 |percentage = 2.81% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gaikwad Raju Baburao |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 3,502 |percentage = 1.80% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Chormale Ulhas Mugut |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,050 |percentage = 1.05% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 24,227 |percentage = 12.46% |change= {{decrease}}18.78 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 194,515 |percentage = 71.04% |change= {{increase}}8.26 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 194,459}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 273,799|ref = |change= {{increase}}21.66 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Nationalist Congress Party |swing= {{decrease}}5.93 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1999===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Daund<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Subhash Baburao Kul |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 82,655 |percentage = 58.52% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Vasudev Shankarao Kale|party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 38,536 |percentage = 27.28% |change={{increase}}8.95 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Premsukh Kisandas Kataria|party=Indian National Congress |votes = 18,860 |percentage = 13.35% |change={{decrease}}63.08 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 44,119 |percentage = 31.24% |change= {{decrease}}26.86 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 147,765 |percentage = 65.66% |change= {{decrease}}9.86 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 141,243}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 225,045|ref = |change= {{increase}}2.47 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}17.91 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1995===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Daund<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Subhash Baburao Kul |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 121,914 |percentage = 76.43% |change={{increase}}35.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Tanaji Sambhaji Divekar|party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 29,244 |percentage = 18.33% |change={{increase}}13.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Nagsen Baburao Dhende|party=Independent politician |votes = 3,181 |percentage = 1.99% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bankar Tukaram Genba |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,209 |percentage = 0.76% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bhondave Sopan Jagannath |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,122 |percentage = 0.70% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jagtap Suryakant Keshav |party=Independent politician |votes = 982 |percentage = 0.62% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 92,670 |percentage = 58.10% |change= {{increase}}50.14 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 165,471 |percentage = 75.34% |change= {{increase}}10.70 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 159,510}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 219,630|ref = |change= {{increase}}10.54 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}27.68 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1990===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Daund<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Subhash Baburao Kul |party=Independent politician |votes = 59,982 |percentage = 48.75% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jagdale Ushadevi Krishnarao |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 50,194 |percentage = 40.79% |change={{increase}}7.85 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Takawane Rajaram Bajirao |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 6,115 |percentage = 4.97% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Wabale Hanumant Gulabrao |party=Janata Dal |votes = 3,479 |percentage = 2.83% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ohol Bhausaheb Vakoba |party=Republican Party of India (Khobragade) |votes = 2,406 |percentage = 1.96% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,788 |percentage = 7.96% |change= {{decrease}}2.41 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 125,399 |percentage = 63.11% |change= {{increase}}9.21 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 123,042}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 198,687|ref = |change= {{increase}}35.77 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian Congress (Socialist) |swing= {{increase}}5.45 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1985===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Daund<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Ushadevi Krishnarao Jagdale |party=Indian Congress (Socialist) |votes = 33,408 |percentage = 43.30% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ashok Bapurao Khalakdar |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 25,415 |percentage = 32.94% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Nanasaheb Tatyaba Pawar |party=Independent politician |votes = 16,124 |percentage = 20.90% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Hanuman Gulabrao Wabhale |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,343 |percentage = 1.74% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,993 |percentage = 10.36% |change= {{decrease}}13.87 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 78,488 |percentage = 53.63% |change= {{increase}}9.63 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 77,150}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 146,345|ref = |change= {{increase}}9.44 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian Congress (Socialist) |loser = Indian National Congress (U) |swing= {{decrease}}8.67 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1980===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Daund<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Jagadale Krishnarao Bajirao |party=Indian National Congress (U) |votes = 29,944 |percentage = 51.97% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kadam Fakkadrao Yeduji |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 15,981 |percentage = 27.74% |change={{increase}}23.97 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Takawane Rajaram Bajirao |party=Janata Party |votes = 8,994 |percentage = 15.61% |change={{decrease}}18.72 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sadafule Chandrabhaga Rajabhau |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,924 |percentage = 3.34% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Waghmare Hari Chimaji |party=Independent politician |votes = 495 |percentage = 0.86% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 13,963 |percentage = 24.23% |change= {{increase}}13.68 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 59,123 |percentage = 44.21% |change= {{decrease}}20.63 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 57,620}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 133,720|ref = |change= {{increase}}8.58 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress (U) |loser = Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}17.64 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1978===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Daund<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Takawane Rajaram Bajirao |party=Janata Party |votes = 26,940 |percentage = 34.33% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Krishna Rama Thorat |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 18,662 |percentage = 23.78% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bhagwat Sitaram Vitthalrao |party=Independent politician |votes = 13,354 |percentage = 17.02% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kataria Premsukh Kisandas |party=Independent politician |votes = 5,890 |percentage = 7.51% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shantinath Maharaj |party=Independent politician |votes = 4,163 |percentage = 5.30% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gade Anandrao Ramchandra |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 2,957 |percentage = 3.77% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Raj Salve |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,237 |percentage = 2.85% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,278 |percentage = 10.55% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 80,744 |percentage = 65.56% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 78,477}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 123,158|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Janata Party |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coords|18.46|74.58|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Pune district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Politics of Pune district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1978]]
[[Category:1978 establishments in Maharashtra]]

Ezhilan Naganathan

2026-04-18T03:57:16Z

BrooksPrather: Made - done

{{short description|Indian politician (born 1979)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ezhilan Naganathan
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1979|6|27}}
| birth_place = [[Madras]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| office = Member of [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = May 2021
| term_end =
| predecessor = Ku.Ka. Selvam
| constituency = [[Thousand Lights (state assembly constituency)|Thousand Lights]]
| monuments =
| alma_mater = Don Bosco Matric Higher Secondary School [[Madras Medical College]]
| occupation = General Physician, social activist
| movement =
| spouse = R. Priyadarshini
| children = 2
| parents = M.Naganathan J.Santhi
| awards = B Braun Medical Award
Edward Norraday Award for excellence in the field of Medicine
| denomination =
| party = [[Image:Flag DMK.svg|24px]] [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK)
| relations = [[Anjalai Ammal]] (maternal great-grandmother) [[K.R. Jamathakni]] (maternal grandfather)
| honorific_suffix = [[MBBS]], [[Doctor of Medicine|M.D.]]
}}
'''Ezhilan Naganathan''' (born 27 June 1979) is an Indian medical practitioner, social activist and politician from the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK). Since May 2021, he has been serving as a member of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] from [[Thousand Lights (state assembly constituency)|Thousand Lights]] constituency.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/dmk-s-dr-ezhilan-defeats-bjp-s-khushboo-sundar-thousand-lights-148221 | title=DMK's Dr Ezhilan defeats BJP's Khushboo Sundar in Thousand Lights | publisher=NewsMinute | date=3 May 2021 | accessdate=4 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2021/mar/23/ideology-takes-on-stardom-in-the-land-of-thousand-lights-2280190.html | title=Ideology takes on stardom in the land of Thousand Lights | publisher=The New Indian Express | date=23 March 2021 | accessdate=4 May 2021}}</ref><ref name="Kavery">{{cite web |title=Kauvery Hospital{{!}}Dr. Ezhilan Naganathan |url=https://www.kauveryhospital.com/doctors/chennai/general-medicine/dr-ezhilan-naganathan |access-date=2021-05-11 |website=kauveryhospital.com}}</ref><ref name="SUNTV">{{cite web |date=June 25, 2020 |title=Vanakkam Tamizha with Dr. Ezhilan General Physician |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mpMxgaadCj0&ab_channel=SunTV |access-date=2021-05-11 |website=youtube.com}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Ezhilan was born on 27 June 1979 in [[Madras]] (now [[Chennai]]), the capital of [[Tamil Nadu]]. Both his mother, Santhi, and father, M. Naganathan, were Professors with strong [[Dravidian movement|Dravidian]] ideals. Naganathan was a close associate of [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu|Ex-Chief Minister of Tamil Nad]]<nowiki/>u [[M. Karunanidhi|M Karunanidhi]] for over 40 years and served as the [[Tamil Nadu Planning Commission|Vice-Chairman of Tamil Nadu State Planning Commission]] from 2006-2011.<ref name="Thatstamil">{{cite web|date=May 20, 2006|title=Naganathan made Planning Commission Vice-Chairman|url=https://www.oneindia.com/2006/05/20/naganathan-made-planning-commission-vice-chairman-1148122791.html|access-date=2021-05-11|website=oneindia}}</ref>

Ezhilan graduated from [[Don Bosco Matriculation Higher Secondary School, Chennai]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/tamil-nadu/tamil-nadu-7-alumni-from-egmore-don-bosco-school-in-fray-for-assembly-election/articleshow/81604378.cms | title=Tamil Nadu: 7 alumni from Egmore Don Bosco school in fray for assembly election | publisher=[[The Times of India]] | work=D Govardan | date=20 March 2021 | accessdate=4 May 2021}}</ref> He was a serious student and talented young dancer. Ezhilan completed his under-graduate and post-graduate studies in Medicine from [[Madras Medical College|Madras Medical College (MMC)]].

During his time at MMC, he was decorated with the B Bruan Medical Award and Edward Norraday Award for academic excellence in the field of medicine. He was a gold medalist in his class for medicine in the year 2007. Ezhilan was force behind protests that fought for an increase in the minimum pay of post-graduate students. Ezhilan was instrumental in establishing an exclusive poison control centre in MMC, that contributes to saving thousands of lives of farmers from snakes, scorpions, rats and pesticides across Tamil Nadu.{{Citation needed|date=May 2021}}

== Career ==
Ezhilan has run a private clinic in [[Teynampet]], Chennai since the 2000s to provide free medical assistance for the poor, served at CSI Kalyani Mission Hospital, Chennai for 10 years. He was a consulting physician at Aswenee Hospital at Poes Garden, Chennai. He also consults at Kauvery Hospital, Alwarpet Chennai.

He has mentored 40 post-graduate students who became practising professionals across India.

He was entrusted with the responsibility of complete medical care of Kalaignar for nearly a decade.

== Activist ==
He is the founder of NGO MAX Medical Foundation.<ref name="MAx Medical">{{cite web|title=Max Medical Foundation|url=http://maxmedicalfoundation.org/index.html|access-date=2021-05-11|website=maxmedicalfoundation.org}}</ref> It is committed to educating Tamil Nadu youth in imparting the value of scientific temperament and eradicating superstitions. His organization is in the forefront of aiding the poor. He conducts statewide health camps and first aid centres. He is a [[Rotarian]] and won two district awards as the Director of Public Health for his work among [[HIV/AIDS|AIDS]]-affected children and transgender communities. He is a founder of Illaignar Iyamkkam youth organization - a NGO that works for education and empowerment of the youth of Tamil Nadu about science, social justice and equality.

== Politics ==

Ezhilan and family are Periarists. They believe in Dravidan ideologies and follow the path of [[C. N. Annadurai|Arignar Anna]] and [[Periyar E. V. Ramasamy|Thandhai Periyar]] on secularism and social justice.

Ezhilan joined [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK) party to run for Tamil Nadu State Assembly Elections 2021 from Thousand Lights Constituency, Chennai.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/tamil-nadu-assembly-election/importance-of-neet-in-tamil-nadu-assembly-elections-101615806185065.html|title=Importance of NEET in Tamil Nadu assembly elections|date=15 March 2021|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

Ezhilan advocates for the importance of social justice, scientific temperament, secularism and state autonomy across Tamil Nadu.

He opposed exclusionary policies such as NEET,<ref name="NEET">{{cite web|date=September 4, 2017|title=Most Thundering Speech {{!}} Anitha's Message ? Dr Ezhilan Naganathan {{!}} Why NEET is not necessary|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ELwt4ZvrNmQ&ab_channel=NakkheeranTV|access-date=2021-05-11|website=youtube.com}}</ref> NEP, NRC, CAA through statewide protest, public gatherings, meetings and TV shows. He opposed all the majoritarian policies of the central and state government during 2016-2021. He has been a guest speaker and participated in many debates and interviews in Regional and National television in India, on topics surrounding social justice, state government’s policies on inclusion and education. DMK was responsible for bringing NEET to Tamil Nadu.<ref name="The hindu">{{cite web|date=September 9, 2017|title='NEET was introduced during UPA regime'|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/neet-was-introduced-during-upa-regime/article19652498.ece|access-date=2021-05-11|website=thehindu}}</ref>

Ezhilan is a familiar face, expressed in ''TheNewsminute'' article.<ref name="New Minute">{{cite web|last=Kaveri|first=Megha|date=March 12, 2021|title=A leading voice against NEET: Who is DMK's Thousand Lights candidate Dr Ezhilan?|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/leading-voice-against-neet-who-dmk-s-thousand-lights-candidate-dr-ezhilan-145123|access-date=2021-05-11|website=thenewsminute}}</ref>

His causes include the [[Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism|Sri Lankan Tamil Independence movement]] and the [[Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant#Opposition|Kudankulam nuclear power plant protests]].{{citation needed|date=September 2017}}

==Electoral performance ==
{{transcluded section|source=Thousand Lights Assembly constituency}}
{{trim|{{#section-h:Thousand Lights Assembly constituency|2021}}}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Naganathan, Ezhilan}}
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:People from Chennai]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1979 births]]

Rajnikant Maheshwari

2026-04-11T20:39:09Z

BrooksPrather: Started

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Rajnikant Maheshwari
| office = [[Legislative council|Member]] of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]]
| term_start = 3 April 2023
| term_end =
| constituency = Nominated by governor
| office1 = State [[Vice president|Vice President]] of BJP in [[Braj]] Region
| term_start1 = March 2023
| term_end1 =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| profession = [[Politician]]
}}

'''Rajnikant Maheshwari''' is an Indian politician and a member of the political party [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] who is currently serving as the member of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]] since 2023 [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council#Nominated by Governor (10)|nominated by Governor]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/lucknow-city-up-mlc-six-members-including-rajinikanth-maheshwari-and-amu-vc-pr-traiq-mansoor-nominated-23375591.html|title=UP MLC: AMU कुलपति प्रो. तारिक मंसूर, रजनीकांत माहेश्वरी समेत 6 सदस्य मनोनीत, 80 सदस्यों से बढ़ी सरकार की ताकत - UP MLC Six Members Including Rajinikanth Maheshwari And AMU VC Pr Traiq Mansoor Nominated|website=Jagran}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/uttar-pradesh/kasganj-demanding-extortion-money-1-crore-from-the-bjp-leader-rajnikant-maheshwri-in-kasganj-5475295.html|title='एक करोड़ भेज देना... नहीं तो तुम्हारी खैर नहीं...' यूपी के BJP नेता से रजिस्टर्ड डाक से मांगी रंगदारी|date=3 March 2023|website=News18 हिंदी}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.abplive.com/states/up-uk/kasganj-police-arrest-accused-for-demanding-extortion-of-1-crore-from-bjp-leader-ann-2349662|title=बीजेपी नेता से 1 करोड़ की रंगदारी मांगने वाला अरेस्ट, दामाद को फंसाने के लिए रची थी साजिश|first=A. B. P.|last=Ganga|date=4 March 2023|website=www.abplive.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.upvidhanparishad.nic.in/sadsya%20address.htm|title=Uttar Pradesh Vidhanparishad}}</ref>

==Political career==
Maheshwari was appointed 2 times BJP President of Braj region.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/political-parties-gear-up-uttar-pradesh-assembly-elections-coronavirus-1716648-2020-08-30|title=Political parties gear up for 2022 Uttar Pradesh Assembly elections|date=30 August 2020|website=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://panchjanya.com/2023/03/03/269046/bharat/uttar-pradesh/bjp-braj-area-president-received-threats/|title=भाजपा ब्रज क्षेत्र अध्यक्ष को बम से उड़ाने की धमकी, हैदर-साकिर के नाम से मांगी रंगदारी}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=भाजपा बृज क्षेत्र में सबसे अच्छा जिलाध्यक्ष कौन, मैनपुरी सीट क्यों हारी, पढ़िए रजनीकांत माहेश्वरी ने क्या कहा, देखें वीडियो|url=https://www.patrika.com/agra-news/bjp-braj-kshetra-adhyaksha-rajnikant-maheshwari-interview-latest-news-5351012|publisher= Patrika News|date= 19 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/up-bjp-rejigs-its-team-several-obc-dalit-leaders-given-posts-101679768482175.html|title=U.P. BJP rejigs its team; several OBC, Dalit leaders given posts|publisher=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/bjp-overhauls-its-uttar-pradesh-unit/article66664913.ece|title=80% of BJP's new U.P. team from core social base
|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=26 March 2023
}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/reshuffle-in-uttar-pradesh-bjp-team-expected-soon/articleshow/96413434.cms|title=Reshuffle in Uttar Pradesh BJP team expected soon.|newspaper=[[The Times of India|Times of India]]|date=22 December 2022 }}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]]
*[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official website|https://rajnikantmaheshwari.in/}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Maheshwari, Rajnikant}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Members of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Battle of Vasai

2026-03-29T17:08:16Z

BrooksPrather: minor cleaned up content per standard format additionally and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|1739 conflict between the Portuguese and Maratha Empires in India}}
{{More citations needed|date=June 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| image = Maratha siege of Vasai, 1739.jpg
| image_size = 300px
| caption = Portuguese map of the Maratha siege of Vasai, 1739
| conflict = Battle of Vasai (Bassein)
| date = 17 February 1739 – 16 May 1739 ({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=02|day1=17|year1=1739|month2=05|day2=16|year2=1739}})
| place = [[Vasai]] and surrounding area
| coordinates = {{coord|19|19|50|N|72|48|51|E}}
| result = Maratha victory
| combatant1 = {{flag|Maratha Empire}} [[Pindari]]s
| combatant2 = [[File:Flag Portugal (1707).svg|25px]] [[Portuguese Empire]]
| commander1 = [[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|25px]] [[Chimaji Appa]] [[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|25px]] [[Malhar Rao Holkar]] [[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|25px]] [[Ranojirao Shinde]] [[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|25px]] [[Khanderao Holkar]]
| commander2 = [[File:Flag Portugal (1707).svg|25px]] Captain Caetano de Souza Pereira{{Surrendered}}
| strength1 = [[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|25px]] Maratha Empire:{{plainlist|
* 40,000 [[infantry]]
* 25,000 [[cavalry]]
* 4,000 soldiers trained in laying mines
* 5,000 [[Camel cavalry|camels]]
* 50 [[war elephant]]s}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fortsmaharashtra.com/vasai-fort-fort-bassein/|title=[FortsMaharashtra] Vasai Fort – Fort Bassein|website=Fortsmaharashtra.com|date=9 July 2019 |access-date=9 February 2021}}</ref>
| strength2 = Unknown
| casualties1 = Unknown
| casualties2 = 800 killed wounded<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://cultural.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/Thane/Maratha-%20Portuguese.html |title=Chapter2 : Maratha-Portuguese |access-date=11 November 2017 |archive-date=13 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813081501/https://cultural.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/Thane/Maratha-%20Portuguese.html |url-status=dead|quote="The Portuguese losses amounted to eight hundred officers and men killed and unknown number wounded."}}</ref>
| territory = [[Baçaim]] ceded to the [[Maratha Empire]]
| partof =
}}

The '''Battle of Vasai''' or the '''Battle of Bassein''' was fought between the [[Maratha Empire]] and the [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese rulers]] of [[Vasai]] ([[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], ''[[Baçaim]]''; [[English language|English]], ''Bassein''), a town near [[Mumbai (Bombay)]] in the [[Konkan division|Konkan]] region of the present-day state of [[Maharashtra, India]]. The Marathas were led by [[Chimaji Appa]], a brother of [[Peshwa]] [[Baji Rao I]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3amnMPTPP5MC&q=battle+of+vasai&pg=PA114|title=Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: A–E|first=Tony|last=Jaques|date= 2017|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=9780313335372|access-date=12 November 2017|via=Google Books}}</ref>

==Background==
By 1736, the Portuguese had been at work for four years constructing the fortress of Thana, and aside from the long delays, the workers were unpaid and unfed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00generallinks/biddulph/10chapter.html|title=10chapter|first=Frances|last=Pritchett|website=Columbia.edu}}</ref> Bhavangad Fort was built by Shrimant Chimaji Appa Peshave to capture the Fort Bassein by Maratha Army, and most of the secret activities were done at Bhavangad fort.

After the war of 1737-39, Chimaji Appa and his Maratha soldiers took the church bells from Vasai as memorabilia and installed them in various Hindu temples of Maharashtra; some of the bells they installed in the [[Khandoba Temple, Jejuri|Khandoba Temple]] of [[Jejuri]] and the [[Tulja Bhavani Temple]] of [[Osmanabad]]. These church bells are still present in these temples.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-12-22|title=Why bells from Portuguese-era churches ring in temples across Maharashtra|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/more-lifestyle/why-bells-from-portuguese-era-churches-ring-in-temples-across-maharashtra/story-YYcaRl2vQ7rlULOu1oztzI.html|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> The garrison of Baçaim, thanks to the reinforcements received from [[Old Goa|Goa]], was of about 1,200 soldiers, among Portuguese and Indian [[auxiliaries]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Saturnino Monteiro |first=Armando da Silva |url=http://labtecgc.udesc.br:8080/bitstream/handle/01/654/003113.pdf |title=Batalhas e Combates da Marinha Portuguesa |publisher=Livraria Sá da Costa |year=1996 |location=Lisbon |pages=148 |language=pt |archive-date=2 March 2023 |access-date=8 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302235522/http://labtecgc.udesc.br:8080/bitstream/handle/01/654/003113.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Siege of Baçaim==
The siege of Baçaim began on 17 February 1739.{{cn|date=November 2023}} All the Portuguese outposts around the major fort at Baçaim had been taken. Their supply routes from the north and south had been blocked, and with the English manning the seas, even that route was unreliable. Chimaji Appa arrived at Bhadrapur near Baçaim in February 1739. According to a Portuguese account, his forces numbered 40,000 [[infantry]], 25,000 [[cavalry]], and around 4,000 soldiers trained in laying mines. Furthermore, he had 5,000 camels and 50 elephants. More joined from Salsette in the following days, increasing the total Maratha troops amassed to take Baçaim to close to 100,000. The Portuguese, alarmed at this threat, decided to vacate Bandra, Versova, and [[Dongri]] so as to better defend Baçaim. As per the orders of the Portuguese Viceroy, the [[Pedro Mascarenhas, 1st Count of Sandomil|Count of Sandomil]], only Baçaim, Damão, [[Diu, India|Diu]], and Karanja ([[Uran]]) were to be defended. These were duly fortified. In March 1739, Manaji Angre attacked Uran and captured it from the Portuguese. This was followed by easy Maratha victories at Bandra, Versova and [[Dharavi]], which the Portuguese garrison had vacated. Manaji Angre joined Chimaji Appa at Vasai after this. Thus, by April 1739, the noose around Baçaim had further tightened.
[[File:Malhar Rao Holker. Coloured lithograph. Wellcome V0045041.jpg|left|thumb|Malhar Rao Holkar I]]
[[File:Chimaji Appa Peshwa.jpg|left|thumb|A painting of Chimaji Ballal Peshwa near Parvati temple in Pune]]
Within the fort, the towers of [[Fort Vasai|São Sebastião]] and Nossa Senhora dos Remédios faced the Marathas at Bhadrapur. The barracks and everything else were inside, with the main gate facing the [[Vasai Creek]]. Appa began the siege on 1 May 1739 by laying 10 mines next to the walls near the tower of Remédios. Maratha soldiers charged into the breach caused by exploding four of them. Almost immediately, they came under fire from Portuguese guns and muskets. Appa, [[Malhar Rao Holkar]], [[Ranoji Scindia|Ranoji Shinde]] and Manaji Angre goaded their contingents to scale the walls throughout the day. Next day, on 2 May, the towers of São Sebastião and Remédios were repeatedly attacked. More mines were set off during the day, causing large breaches in the walls between the two towers. Around 4,000 Maratha soldiers tried to enter the fort, but the Portuguese opposition was fierce. They also managed to defend the two towers by lighting firewood. On 3 May, the tower of São Sebastião was demolished by a Maratha mine. Maratha armies could now easily march into the fort, without the fear of being fired upon from the tower. The encirclement and defeat of the Portuguese was complete. Appa decided to settle the war at this point by sending an envoy to the Portuguese. In his letter, he warned them that the entire garrison would be slaughtered and the fort levelled if the war continued. The Portuguese commander in charge of the fort duly surrendered on 16 May 1739.{{cn|date=November 2023}} The Maratha general ordered that the rest of the garrison should leave Baçaim with unfurled colours, muskets at the shoulder and playing drums, and that they be transported by sea to Mumbai (Bombay).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Saturnino Monteiro |first=Armando da Silva |url=http://labtecgc.udesc.br:8080/bitstream/handle/01/654/003113.pdf |title=Batalhas e Combates da Marinha Portuguesa |publisher=Livraria Sá da Costa |year=1996 |location=Lisbon |pages=154 |language=pt |archive-date=2 March 2023 |access-date=8 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302235522/http://labtecgc.udesc.br:8080/bitstream/handle/01/654/003113.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> On 23 May 1739, the saffron flag flew atop Baçaim.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/greater_bombay/history.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20090217183757/http://maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/greater_bombay/history.html|url-status=dead|title=Maharashtra State Gazetteers Greater Bombay District|date=17 February 2009|archive-date=17 February 2009}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[First Anglo-Maratha War]]
*''[[Novas Conquistas]]''
*[[Portuguese India]]
*[[Siege of Alorna]]
*[[Siege of Tiracol]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{coord|19|28|N|72|48|E|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Battle Of Vasai}}
[[Category:Battles involving the Maratha Empire|Vasai]]
[[Category:Battles involving Portuguese India|Vasai]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1739]]
[[Category:History of Vasai]]
[[Category:History of Thane district]]
[[Category:1730s in Portuguese India]]
[[Category:1739 in India]]
[[Category:1739 in the Portuguese Empire]]
[[Category:Invasions by India]]

Iswarati Center for Badminton Learning

2026-03-28T15:50:44Z

BrooksPrather: cleaned up intro for accuracy and fixed typos

{{Short description|Badminton academy}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Notability|date=January 2023}}
{{Advert|date=January 2023}}
{{Essay-like|date=January 2023}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
[[File:iswarati.jpg|frame|Official logo]]
'''Iswarati Center for Badminton Learning (ICBL)''' is a school of [[badminton]], opened by three-times Indian National Badminton Champion and two-times Olympian, [[Dipankar Bhattacharjee]] in [[Guwahati]], [[Assam]], [[India]]. The training center has been set up specially to train the youths of Assam and North-Eastern India. ICBL is a private non-profit association created by Bhattacharjee in 2004.

It started as an association in 2004 at Guwahati with the support of a few interested people morally backing Bhattacharjee in his efforts.

Bhattacharjee has unsuccessfully approached many sponsors, such as the prominent businesses in the region. However, he is continuously pursuing support from sponsors to make this effort successful.

Bhattacharjee coaches the students on a regular basis. The players are promised with bright future in the national and international badminton arena.

Bhattacharjee has described the Academy for Badminton Learning as a significant development for the sport in Assam, North-East India, and the country more broadly. Authorities such as the [[International Badminton Federation]] (IBF) have undertaken efforts to increase badminton's popularity and attract sponsors and audiences. In line with these initiatives, Bhattacharjee has been engaging with potential sponsors across Assam, North-East India, and neighbouring states, with the aim of expanding the sport's commercial profile. He has expressed optimism that companies currently investing in sports such as cricket and tennis in India may direct greater attention toward badminton in the future

Bhattacharjee was one of the first members at BPL [[Prakash Padukone]] Academy in [[Bangalore]] trained with [[Prakash Padukone]]. His association with Padukone gave him the hope to venture out to popularise badminton and train talented youths of the oft-neglected region of Assam and North-East India.

==Organizational structure==
'''President''':
*Shri, P. K. Deb, Adviser Transport & Communication, North-Eastern Council, Shillong

'''Vice Presidents''':
*Shri Iswar Bhattacharjee (Retd. PWD Executive Engineer)
*Shri Dilip Biswas
*Shri Pradip Hazarika

'''General Secretary''':
*Shri Dipankar Bhattacharjee

'''Treasurer''':
*Shri Biswajit Ghosh

'''Jt. Secretaries''':
*Shri Arup Buragohain
*Shri Arup Das
*Shri Parasmoni Deka

==References==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20151001064229/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060603/asp/guwahati/story_6303508.asp]

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070216044519/http://www.iswarati.com/ Official website]

{{Badminton in India}}

[[Category:Badminton in India]]
[[Category:Sport in Assam]]

Shishira (film)

2026-03-26T12:44:37Z

BrooksPrather: improved article and added references based on references

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Shishira
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[Manju Swaraj (Director)|Manju Swaraj]]
| producer = B Mahadev and BT Manju
| writer =
| narrator =
| starring = Yashas [[Prema (actress, born 1977)|Prema]]
| music = [[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]]
| cinematography = Suresh Babu
| editing =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2009|12|25}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Shishira''''' is a 2009 Indian [[Kannada]]-language crime drama film directed by debutante [[Manju Swaraj]] and starring [[Yashas Surya]] and [[Prema (actress, born 1977)|Prema]]. It also stars veteran actress [[Prema (actress, born 1977)|Prema]] in an important role. The movie is based on the 2004 movie ''[[1408 (film)|1408]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/Bypassing-copycats-Sandalwood-style/articleshow/21434657.cms|title = Bypassing copycats, Sandalwood style}}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Yashas Surya]] as Suraj
* [[Prema (actress, born 1977)|Prema]]
* Meghana as Sonu
* Santhosh

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Shishira
| type = [[Soundtrack]]
| artist = [[B Ajaneesh Loknath|B. Ajaneesh Loknath]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2009
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label =
| producer = B.MAHADEV
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title = [[Varshadhare]]
| next_year = 2010
}}

[[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]] has scored the music.
{|class="wikitable"
! No. !! Song title !! Singers !! Lyrics || Length
|-
| 1 || "Elliruve Hegiruve" || [[K. S. Chithra]] || [[K. Kalyan]] || 04:57
|-
| 2 || "Tumbu Hunnimeyali" || [[K. S. Chithra]] || Krishnegowda || 03:45
|-
| 3 || "Vidyege Dasanagu" || [[B Ajaneesh Loknath|B. Ajaneesh Loknath]], [[Chaitra H. G.]] || [[Nagathihalli Chandrashekar]] || 05:25
|-
| 4 || "Ello Ello" || [[Vijay Yesudas]] || Manju Swaraj || 03:39
|-
| 5 || "Kamana Bille"|| Harshika Devanathan, Baby Rakshita Bhaskar || Krishnegowda || 04:42
|-
| 6 || "Kamana Bille" (female) || Lakshmi Manmohan || Krishnegowda || 04:41
|-
|}

== Reception ==
=== Critical response ===

[[R. G. Vijayasarathy]] of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' scored the film at 3.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "Yashas, who has acted earlier in Yuga Yugagale Saagali, comes out with a brilliant performance. He is definitely a talent to watch out for. Prema, who returns to the film industry after a while, fills the role perfectly. The tall Santosh is quite frightening in the film. Meghana and the other artistes are impressive. Go and watch Shishira".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-shishira/20091224.htm|title=Review: Go watch Shishira|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=24 December 2009}}</ref> B S Srivani from [[Deccan Herald]] wrote "Ajanish Lokanath’s tunes have a part in this. Perhaps, this was what the director had intended. ‘Shishira’ is a slick film technically and story-wise as well. It doesn't scare people.
Experience and patience will definitely help Manju".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/amp/content/43302/shishira.html|title=Shishira|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=25 December 2009}}</ref> A critic from [[Bangalore Mirror]] wrote "You are hardly ever scared by the ghosts that appear. The quick narrative does not seem special in the absence of excitement. The film is a commendable effort and a decent watch but is short of being stimulating".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/shishira-ghost-buster/articleshow/21963952.cms|title=Shishira: Ghost buster|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|date=24 December 2009}}</ref> A critic from [[Sify.com]] wrote "Yashas has the looks and struggled hard to make it convincing. Prema in her come back is not impressive. The brilliant thing about the film is the Suresh Babu Camera work, special effects and Ajanish Lokanth two lovely tunes and the background score done for the film".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.sify.com/movies/shishira-review-kannada-pclxyfdahgabf.html|title=Shishira|work=[[Sify.com]]|date=28 December 2009}}{{dead link|date=September 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|4462536}}

[[Category:2009 films]]
[[Category:2009 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Indian remakes of American films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Manju Swaraj]]
[[Category:Films scored by B. Ajaneesh Loknath]]

The Competition Act, 2002

2026-03-26T11:11:06Z

BrooksPrather: formatting fix

#REDIRECT [[Competition Act, 2002]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
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Raidongia Doul

2026-03-25T06:29:59Z

BrooksPrather:

{{Infobox building
| name = Raidongia Doul
| image = Raidongia dol.jpg
| caption = View of the Raidongia Doul
| pushpin_map =
| coordinates = {{coord|27.2825|94.7928|region:IN-AS|display=inline,title}}
| location = [[Dibrugarh]], [[Assam]], India
| engineer =
| construction_start_date = {{start date and age|1750}}
| completion_date =
| main_contractor = [[Pramatta Singha]]
| demolished_date =
| cost =
| structural_system = Bricks and Indigenous type of cement
| architectural_style =[[Nilachal architecture]]
| size =
}}

'''Raidongia Doul''' or '''Raidongia Dol'''
is a historical doul located in the Lejai-Kalakhowa area of [[Dibrugarh district]]. It was built in 1750 by the Ahom king Swargadeo [[Pramatta Singha]] (1744–1751).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://culturalaffairs.assam.gov.in/portlet-innerpage/protected-archaeological-sites-and-monuments|website=Department of Cultural Affairs, Government of Assam|title=Protected Archaeological Sites and Monuments|language=en|access-date=31 March 2024}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Initially it was a Devi Temple. Over time, a house was built near the doul and the people of the area started to worship [[Shiva]]. Therefore, the present doul is also known as Shiv Doul or Raidongia Shiv Doul. Its main festival is [[Maha Shivratri]]. The Archaeological Department of the [[Government of Assam]] has recognized the Raidongia Doul as a [[List of State Protected Monuments in Assam|State Protected Monument]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://asi.nic.in/protected-monuments-in-assam/ |website= Archeological Survey of India|title=Protected Monuments in Assam|language=en|access-date=31 March 2024}}</ref>

==Location==
The Raidongia Daul is located in Lejai Miripathar village under Larua Mouza of Barbarua Revenue Circle in [[Dibrugarh district]]. It is situated approximately 22 km from [[Dibrugarh]]. The temple is connected to the main road by a historical road known as Raidongia Road, which starts from Lejai-Kalakhowa road. The temple is situated on the north side of Raidongia Road and west of the main Lejai-Kalakhowa road.

==History==
The foundation stone of the temple was laid in 1742 by Swargadeo [[Pramatta Singha]] (1744–1751) of the [[Ahom kingdom]]. The temple is known to have been offered as a dowry in the name of his beloved sister, Yamini, who was married to the Raidongia king, considered to be the head of the present Lejai region at that time. The doul was completed in the late 1750s with the cooperation of the local villagers. A total of 200 puras of land were dedicated to the temple. Along with the daul, a pond was also dug during that period. The pond is still next to the doul.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tourgenie.com/travel-diaries/travel-blogs/see-ancient-relics-of-the-ahom-kingdom-at-raidongia-dol |website= Tourgenie|title=SEE ANCIENT RELICS OF THE AHOM KINGDOM AT RAIDONGIA DOL|language=en|access-date=31 March 2024}}</ref>

==Architecture==
The Raidongia Daul is a combination of [[Ahom architecture|Ahom]] and [[Nilachal architecture|Nilachal]] architectural styles. This doul is based on an octagonal altar. The main peak is 45 feet high and has eight small peaks surrounding the polygonal main peak.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dibrugarh.assam.gov.in/tourist-place-detail/271|website=Dibrugarh district|title=Raidongia Doul|language=en|access-date=31 March 2024|archive-date=2 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240102145019/https://dibrugarh.assam.gov.in/tourist-place-detail/271|url-status=dead}}</ref> The walls of the main peak of the brick doul contain numerous sculptures depicting various gods and goddesses, giving clear representations of [[Matsya]], [[Kurma]], [[Varaha]], [[Narasimha]], [[Vamana]], [[Parashurama]], [[Rama]], [[Krishna]], [[Buddha]], and [[Kalki]] respectively. There are also rock sculptures of [[Brahma]], [[Vishnu]] and [[Lakshmi]], as well as various forms of Goddess [[Durga]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archaeology.assam.gov.in/as/information-services/সংৰক্ষিত-পূৰাতাত্ত্বিক-স্থান-আৰু-স্মৃতিসৌধসমূহ|website=Archeological Survey of India|title=সংৰক্ষিত পূৰাতাত্ত্বিক স্থান আৰু স্মৃতিসৌধসমূহ|language=as|access-date=31 March 2024}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Traditional raw materials such as duck eggs, ground porridge, and [[Bora rice]] were used in the construction of the temple. The chakra located on the dome above the daul is marked with four projecting tridents. Additionally, there are numerous sculptures of gods and goddesses and Shivlings in the courtyard of the daul. There are 24 ancient relics and 14 statues of the Ahom kingdom.{{Citation needed|date=March 2024|reason=sourced needed to verify}}

==Tourism==
The priest of the doul performs regular pujas dedicated to Lord Shiva. Every year, [[Maha Shivratri]] is celebrated here on the fourteenth day of the Krishna Paksha in the month of Phalguna according to the Hindu calendar. On this occasion, devotees and pilgrims from various parts of the country come here to seek the blessings of Lord Shiva. Surrounded by paddy fields, the doul is known as a habitat for various migratory birds. Its natural beauty fascinates visitors to the place.{{Citation needed|date=March 2024|reason=sourced needed to verify}}

It is located approximately 22 km from Dibrugarh city on the Lejai-Kalakhowa road and is well connected from Dibrugarh city. The [[Dibrugarh railway station]] is about 28 km away, and [[Dibrugarh Airport]] is about 37 km away.{{Citation needed|date=March 2024|reason=sourced needed to verify}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Shiva temples in Assam]]
[[Category:18th-century Hindu temples]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Assam]]
[[Category:Dibrugarh district]]

Unnao

2026-03-20T15:01:27Z

BrooksPrather: Improved wording and formatting

{{For|the alleged gold treasure in Daundia Khera village|Unnao gold treasure incident}}
{{Multiple issues|{{more citations needed|date=November 2024}}
{{cleanup rewrite|date=November 2024}}}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2015}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Unnao
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| nicknames = City of Lakes,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://in.jagran.yahoo.com/news/local/uttarpradesh/4_1_9031361_1.html |title=तालाबी भूमि में अतिक्रमण पर डीएम से मांगी रिपोर्ट – Jagran Yahoo! India |publisher=In.jagran.yahoo.com |access-date=2012-11-07}}</ref> Land of Pen and Sword
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
| photo1a = Iitjhostels.JPG
| photo2a = Nawabganj Bird Sanctuary, Unnao 03.JPG
| photo2b = Unnaocityhospital.jpg
| photo3a =
| photo3b =
| photo4a = Unnaogate.jpg
| spacing = 3
| position = centre
| size = 280
| border = 0
| color = black
| foot_montage = Clockwise from top: Kanpur Institute of Management Studies on [[National Highway 25 (India)|NH 25]] in southern city, Unnao Hospital, Unnao Bypass Gate, Wetlands of Nawabganj Bird Sanctuary
}}
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.55|N|80.49|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Divisions of Uttar Pradesh|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Lucknow division|Lucknow]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Unnao district|Unnao]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder = Unvant Rai Singh (उनवंत राय सिंह)
| named_for = Unvant Rai
| government_type = [[Municipal corporation]]
| governing_body = [[Unnao Municipal Corporation]]
| leader_title = Chairman of Municipality
| leader_name = Sweta Bhanu Mishra<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pressreader.com/india/hindustan-times-lucknow/20140731/281728382655872/TextView |title=Archived |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603075620/https://www.pressreader.com/india/hindustan-times-lucknow/20140731/281728382655872/TextView |archive-date=2019-06-03 |access-date=2023-04-10 |via=[[PressReader]] |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=31 Jul 2014 |url-access=registration}}</ref>
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 60
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 123
| population_total = 177,658
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym = Unnaoites/Unnaovi
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=158066 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924043306/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=158066 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |title=Census of India: Search Details}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Urdu]]
| demographics1_title2 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| demographics1_info2 = 66.37%
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 209801
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 91-515
| registration_plate = UP-35
| website = {{URL|https://unnao.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}
'''Unnao''' is a city in the Indian state of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. Unnao is located on the eastern bank of the [[Ganges]] River, and it is a satellite city of [[Kanpur]]. Administratively, Unnao lies within [[Unnao district|the district of Unnao]] and is the headquarters of the Unnao Sadar subdivision. Unnao also falls the under Kanpur Metropolitan Development Authority.

The city is known for its [[leather]], [[Zardozi]] and [[chemical]] industries. Unnao is a historical city with many historical buildings and structures. [[Trans Ganga City]], a new satellite town of Unnao, is being developed in order to develop Unnao as an industrial and infrastructural hub as the region comes under Kanpur-Lucknow Counter Magnet Area. Unnao district is a part of the central [[Ganges Plain]] covering an area of 4558 km2. The city is enlisted as a municipality of [[Kanpur metropolitan area]] and is the second largest city within the metropolitan area.
{{TOC limit|3}}

==History==
The district is named after its capital, Unnao. About 900 years ago, the site of Unnao was covered with extensive forests. Godo Singh, a Chauhan Rajput, cleared the forests around the third quarter of the 12th century and founded a town called Sawai Godo. Shortly afterwards, it passed into the hands of the rulers of the Kannauj, who appointed Khande Singh as the Governor of the area. Unwant Rai Singh, a Bisen Rajput and a lieutenant of the Governor, killed him and built a fort here, renaming the place as Unnao after himself.{{Citation needed|date=June 2020}} [[Kavi Kalash]], an advisor, commander and a close friend of [[Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj]], was born here.

After the [[Indian rebellion of 1857|First War of Indian Independence in 1857]], power was transferred from the [[British East India Company]] to the British Crown by the Queen's Proclamation of 1858. Once the order was restored, the civil administration was re-established in the district which was named Unnao, with headquarters at Unnao. It assumed its present size in 1869. The same year, the town of Unnao was constituted as a municipality.{{Citation needed|date=June 2020}}

==Urban agglomeration==
The Unnao urban agglomeration comprises the municipal limits of Unnao city and [[Shuklaganj]], along with the villages of Unnao, including Adarsh Nagar, P.D. Nagar, Taki Nagar, Pitambar Nagar, and P.N Kheda, among others. Additionally, the rural areas of Deeh, Dostinagar, Turkmannagar, Ganjauli, and Dhaudhi Rautapur (among others) contribute to a total population of 303,224.

==Geography==

===Location and boundaries===
The district is roughly a parallelogram in shape and is situated between latitudes 26°8' N and 27°2' N, and longitudes 80°3' E and 81°3' E. It is bordered by Hardoi district to the North, Lucknow district to the East, Rae Bareli district to the South, and the Ganga River to the west, which separates it from the districts of Kanpur and Fatehpur.

===River systems and water resources===
The Ganga, Kalyani, and Sai are the main rivers of the district. The Ganga forms the western and southern boundaries, while the Sai largely delineates the northern and eastern boundaries. Other significant rivers in the district include the Kalyani, Tanai, Loni, and Morahi (Naurahi), all of which are tributaries of the Ganga. Although these rivers tend to run dry during the hot weather, they typically hold water for most of the year and are used for [[irrigation]] purposes.

====Ganga====
The only great river of the district is the [[Ganga]], which first touches the district near the village of Purwa Gahir, in pargana [[Bangarmau]], and flows southeastward, acting as a boundary between the districts of [[Kanpur]] and [[Fatehpur, Uttar Pradesh|Fatehpur]]. While its general flow direction is from northwest to southeast, the river takes several sharp bends, notably near Umriya Bhagwantpur, Rustampur in tehsil Safipur, Rautapur in tehsil Unnao, and Ratua Khera and Duli Khera in tehsil [[Purwa]]. Near Baksar, the Ganga is joined by the Morahi river, flowing close to its old high bank, before leaving the district shortly after [[Baksar]].

The river is not extensively utilized as a waterway or for irrigation purposes. While there are several ferries for pedestrians and pilgrims, none of them can be considered a significant trade route. The river's high banks generally prevent its use for irrigation, but some of its small drainage channels or sotas, which form islands in certain parganas, are occasionally used to irrigate crops in low-lying alluvial lands. Cultivated lands are often located far from the river and cannot be easily irrigated from it. The water from the river would need to pass through the sandy banks, leading to significant loss or absorption. The main channel of the river experiences constant changes, resulting in shifting cultivation practices in its immediate vicinity.

It appears from its old high bank that the river has a general tendency to shift its course to the west. In the days of Akbar, the river skirted the village of Ghatampur but has since then so altered its course that it now runs about 8  km to the southwest of the village.

====Lakes====
The larger lakes of the district, which hold water all the year round, are the Kundra Samundar near Jhalotar, the lake near Nawabganj, the lake near Kantha and the long chain of lakes in pargana Mauranwan. In Tehsil Safipur, the more important lakes are those at Mawai-Bhari and Kursat and the Harial Tal near Mustafabad. In Tehsil Hasanganj, besides the Kundra Samundar at Mawai, there are the Kulli Bani and Jalesar lakes near Ajgain and the chain of lakes called Basaha, travelling a distance of 96 km in the district and eventually leaving it for district Rae Bareli where it is reckoned as a tributary of the river Sai. The Katgari Lake near Asiwan is the western part of the tehsil with the stretches of water at Amarpur, Sambha, Sheothana, Marenda & Asakhera, but in its northern and eastern parts, there are only small and very shallow tanks which dry up when rainfall is deficient. In Tehsil Unnao there are no important lakes, instead a number of very shallow depressions, which get filled up with water during the rains and yield excellent crops of rice.

In Tehsil [[Purwa]] there are many lakes, situated in a well-defined belt stretching along the whole length of the tehsil. The main among them are the lakes at Kantha, Bhadain, Unchagaon, Qila, Akhori, Miri, Zorawarganj and Sarwan. The Barhna tank near Sagauli, the Mohan and Sukrar lakes near Mauranwan, and several others, like the Bharda lake, skirt around the district Rae Bareli. Besides these, there are the tanks at Sahrawan, the Bhundi tank at Gulariha, and the Kumbha tank at Bhagwantnagar. The lakes at Kantha, Sagauli, and Barela contain water all the year round, while the others generally provide irrigation for the Rabi crops only, drying up in the years of drought.

===Geology===
[[Geologically]] the district forms part of the vast Indo-Gangetic alluvial tract, of which the origin is attributed to a sag in the Earth's crust, formed, in the upper eocene times, between the northwardly drifting Gondwanaland and the rising Himalayan belt, and gradually filled in by sediments so as to constitute a level plane with a very gentle seaward slope. The alluvium formation of the district, comprising sand, silt and clay with occasional gravel, is of the early quaternary to sub-recent age. The older alluvium called bhangar forms slightly elevated terraces usually above the flood levels. It is rather dark in colour and generally rich in concretions and nodules of impure calcium carbonate, locally known as kankar. The newer alluvium, called khandar, forming the lowlands between the Ganga and Bhangar, is light coloured, poor in calcareous contain and composed of lenticular beds of sand, gravel and clays. The economic minerals found in the district are kankar, reh and sand.

===Topology===
Unnao lies in the great plains of the [[Ganges]] and hence the land is highly fertile. The soil is mostly [[alluvial]]. The Ganges separates Unnao from [[Kanpur]] district. The district is bounded by river Ganges in the west and the river Sai in the east. The entire district falling in Sai Sub-basin of the Ganges basin represents flat topography. The irrigation in the district takes place through Sharda Canal network system and tubewells.
About 92% of the district area is under cultivation.<ref name=dist36>{{Cite web |url=http://cgwb.gov.in/NR/hydro/dist36.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=26 March 2010 |archive-date=21 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721165034/http://cgwb.gov.in/NR/hydro/dist36.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> The district has a subtropical climate. The district is mainly drained by the river Ganges and its tributaries Kalyani, Khar, Loni and Marahai in the western part of the district, and by Sai river in the eastern part of the district. All
these rivers are perennial in nature. About 87% of the area of the net sown area (300,000 hectares) is irrigated both by surface water (Sharda Canal network system) and ground water through shallow and moderately deep tubewells. The share of surface water irrigation
is 48% while that of ground water is 52%. The economy of the district mainly depends on agriculture.<ref name=dist36/>

===Climate===
{{Weather box
|collapsed =
|location = Unnao
|metric first = Yes
|single line = Yes
|Jan record high C = 28
|Feb record high C = 32
|Mar record high C = 40
|Apr record high C = 44
|May record high C = 46
|Jun record high C = 48
|Jul record high C = 41
|Aug record high C = 38
|Sep record high C = 38
|Oct record high C = 36
|Nov record high C = 32
|Dec record high C = 28
|year record high C = 48
|Jan high C = 18
|Feb high C = 24
|Mar high C = 29
|Apr high C = 35
|May high C = 40
|Jun high C = 41
|Jul high C = 35
|Aug high C = 34
|Sep high C = 32
|Oct high C = 30
|Nov high C = 25
|Dec high C = 20
|year high C = 33
|Jan low C = 6
|Feb low C = 12
|Mar low C = 14
|Apr low C = 20
|May low C = 22
|Jun low C = 25
|Jul low C = 26
|Aug low C = 23
|Sep low C = 22
|Oct low C = 16
|Nov low C = 12
|Dec low C = 7
|year low C = 15
|Jan record low C = -3
|Feb record low C = 6
|Mar record low C = 7
|Apr record low C = 15
|May record low C = 17
|Jun record low C = 20
|Jul record low C = 21
|Aug record low C = 18
|Sep record low C = 19
|Oct record low C = 15
|Nov record low C = 9
|Dec record low C = 0
|year record low C = -3
|Jan precipitation mm = 23
|Feb precipitation mm = 16
|Mar precipitation mm = 9
|Apr precipitation mm = 5
|May precipitation mm = 6
|Jun precipitation mm = 68
|Jul precipitation mm = 208
|Aug precipitation mm = 286
|Sep precipitation mm = 202
|Oct precipitation mm = 43
|Nov precipitation mm = 7
|Dec precipitation mm = 8
|year precipitation mm = 881
|source 1 = <ref name="imd">{{cite web
| url = http://www.imd.gov.in/section/climate/unnao.htm | title = Unnao | access-date = 25 March 2010
}}</ref>
|date=August 2010
}}

===Surrounding towns===
Unnao district is surrounded by some of the main cities of Uttar Pradesh – [[Lucknow]], [[Kanpur]], [[Raebareli]] and [[Hardoi]].{{Geographic location
|Northwest = Avas Vikas Colony
|North = Unnao Industrial Estate
|Northeast = Shiv Nagar
|Center = Unnao City
|West = Campbell Lines
|South = Atal Behari Nagar
|Southwest = Canal Street
|Southeast = Priyadarshani Nagar Township
|East = Lake Town
}}

==Healthcare==
[[File:Unnaocityhospital.jpg|thumb|right|Unnao City Government Hospital]]

Unnao's hospital serves patients from nearby villages. The [[Uma Shankar Dikshit]] hospital is a government-run hospital located in A.B. Nagar near Ram Lila Ground. Another government hospital, which serves women, is located near the Unnao railway station. A medical college in the city is proposed.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/unnao-10183976.html |title = उन्नाव को जल्द मिलेगा पहला मेडिकल कालेज}}</ref> Trauma Center is proposed in government hospital.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/unnao-10246071.html |title = उन्नाव में ट्रामा सेंटर, बीघापुर में पॉलीटेक्निक}}</ref>

There are 538 government health care facilities in the district, as can be seen from the table given below:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Category of Hospitals !! Number of Hospital Available
|-
| District Hospital || 1
|-
| Community Health Center || 1
|-
| Primary Health Center || 1
|-
| Additional Primary Health Center || 4
|-
| Sub - Center || 1
|-
| Female Hospitals || 1
|-
| Ayurvedic Hospitals || 4
|-
| Homeopathic Hospitals| Advanced Homoeopathic clinic priyadarshini nagar || 1
|-
| Urban Health Post / Maternity Centers || 1
|-
| Any Other Govt. Health Training Institute || 1
|}

==Economy==
[[Tanning (leather)|Tanning]] is the biggest industry in Unnao. Unnao is known for its leather industry and leather goods. Banthar Leather Technology Park, Magarwara Industrial area and Unnao Industrial area are major industrial suburbs of Unnao. Unnao is known for printing & dyeing ''lihaf'' (quilts) and mosquito net production. Major producers include Subhan Bux Usman Bux & Co., Aman Traders, Haq and Sons Dyeing and Printing company and other major producers include F.R Dyeing and Printing Works.

==Education==
The city contains engineering colleges, several medical colleges, and management institutes. Saraswati Vidya Mandir D. S. N. College is the only government college in Unnao for higher studies. Engineering colleges are approved by AICTE and affiliated to Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam Technical University, Lucknow. [[Saraswati Medical College]] is the only college available for higher medical education. The majority of the schools are affiliated to Uttar Pradesh Board but there are some that have affiliations to ICSE-ISC and CBSE.

==Transport==

===Rail===
[[File:Unnaotrainstation.jpg|thumb|right|Unnao Railway Station]]

Unnao is seamlessly connected to Indian Railways. [[Unnao railway station]] is the junction point for [[Rae Bareli]], [[Unchahar]], [[Kunda Harnamganj]], [[Prayag Junction railway station|Prayag]], [[Allahabad]], [[Hardoi]], [[Balamau]] situated at Lucknow-Kanpur stretch. Trains for major cities like [[Agra]], Ahmedabad, [[Bangalore]], [[Bhopal]], Nagpur, Vijaywada, Chennai, Coimbatore, Palakkad, [[Bhubaneswar]], Bhadrak, Cuttak, [[Chennai]], Chandigarh, Chitrakoot, [[Cochin]], Delhi, [[Gorakhpur]], [[Ernakulam]], [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], [[Jaipur]], [[Jammu Tawi]], [[Jhansi]], Jalandhar, Amritsar, Panipat, Gorakhpur, Gwalior, Darbhanga, [[Kota, Rajasthan|Kota]], [[Mumbai]], [[Nagpur]], [[Patna]], [[Puri]], [[Surat]], [[Trivandrum]], [[Vadodara]], Ujjain, Varanasi, Vadodara, can be boarded here. The railway stations in Unnao Urban Agglomeration are:-
*Unnao Railway Station- This is the major junction railway station in the city of Unnao and is connected to major cities of India with many express/mail trains.
*Magarwara Railway Station-This is a passenger/EMU train station in the industrial suburb of Magarwara.
*Sonik Railway Station-This is a railway station towards East of Unnao city near UPSIDC Industrial Area and has only passenger/EMU trains stoppage.
*Kanpur Bridge Left Bank Station- This is a station within the municipal limits of [[Shuklaganj]], the twin city of Unnao and has only passenger/EMU stoppage.

===Kanpur Lucknow High Speed Railway===
Unnao will be the only railway station between Kanpur and Lucknow of the planned high speed railways.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/up-govt-planning-highspeed-metro-rail-project-between-lucknow-kanpur/article6812769.ece | title=UP govt. planning high-speed metro rail project between Lucknow, Kanpur | date=23 January 2015 | newspaper=The Hindu | first=Sandeep | last=Joshi | access-date=19 November 2018 }}</ref>

===Road===
[[File:Unnaogate.jpg|thumb|right|Unnao Bypass Gate near Nirala Nagar]]

Unnao is the only district of Uttar Pradesh through which three [[Controlled-access highway|Expressways]] pass First [[Ganga Expressway]] ([[Meerut district|Meerut]] To [[Prayagraj]]) passes through Unnao [[City]], Second [[Agra Lucknow Expressway]] Passes through Unnao District, Third [[Lucknow–Kanpur Expressway]] Passes through Unnao City.

The major national highway [[National Highway 25 (India)|NH 25]] passes through Unnao which has bypass from Unnao. The State Highway which is 78 km encompasses Unnao is in good condition. [[Agra–Lucknow Expressway]] India's longest access-controlled expressway passes through Unnao district. It is a six lane expressway. [[Ganga Expressway]] will also pass through Unnao which will enhance connectivity with national capital.<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-10-29/news/55559023_1_expressway-industrial-development-authority-six-lane-expressway-agra-expressway|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141101003248/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-10-29/news/55559023_1_expressway-industrial-development-authority-six-lane-expressway-agra-expressway|url-status = dead|archive-date = 1 November 2014|title = Akhilesh Yadav government signs pact for India's longest six lane access controlled expressway|date = 29 October 2014|access-date = 26 August 2015}}</ref>

===Air===
The nearest airport is [[Kanpur Airport]] towards west (approx. 25 km) and [[Lucknow Airport]] towards east (approx. 50 km)

==Notable people==
{{One source section|date=October 2020}}
Unnao has been known as the land of pen (kalam) and sword ([[talwar|talwaar]]). It has been the land of Progressive Hindi writers, freedom fighters, educationists etc.
*[[Suryakant Tripathi 'Nirala']]
*[[Chandrashekhar Azad]]
*[[Maulana Hasrat Mohani]]
*[[Kavi Kalash]]
*[[Christine Weston]]
*[[Hussain Ahmad Madani]]
*[[Sarvadaman D. Banerjee]]
*[[Bhagwati Charan Verma]]
*[[Shivmangal Singh 'Suman']]
*[[Vishwambhar Dayal Tripathi]]
*[[Ram Vilas Sharma]]
*[[Dwarka Prasad Mishra]]
*[[Gulab Singh Lodhi]]
*[[Deepak Tripathi]]
*[[Ram Baksh Singh]]
*[[Hriday Narayan Dikshit]]
*[[Ziaur Rahman Ansari]], union minister
*[[Uma Shankar Dikshit]]
*[[Sheila Dikshit]], former Chief Minister of Delhi, daughter in law of Uma Shankar Dikshit
* [[Pradeep Singh]] – International entrepreneur, founder of Aethon Group and Karma Developers.<ref>{{cite web |title=Revealed: Forbes Middle East's Real Estate Impact Leaders 2025 |url=https://www.forbesmiddleeast.com |website=Forbes Middle East |date=April 2025 |access-date=8 June 2025}}</ref>
*[[Onkar Singh]], Former Vice Chancellor of Veer Madho Singh Bhandari Uttarakhand Technical University, Dehradun and Founder Vice Chancellor of Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology, Gorakhpur
*[[Vishal Mishra (composer)|Vishal Mishra]], music director and singer
*[[Annu Tandon]], former Member of Parliament
*[[Kuldeep Yadav]], Indian international Cricketer

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://unnao.nic.in/}}
*{{Wikivoyage inline}}
*[http://www.onlineunnao.in/ The Local City Guide Of Unnao] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130619194159/http://onlineunnao.in/ |date=19 June 2013 }}
* [http://www.unnaoonline.in/ Local News Of Unnao]

{{Unnao district}}
{{Lucknow division topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Unnao| ]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Unnao district]]
[[Category:Cities in Uttar Pradesh]]

Bhavana (Kannada actress)

2026-03-20T01:55:02Z

BrooksPrather: Content refined for better accuracy

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{for|the other actress named Bhavana who has appeared in Kannada and Malayalam films|Bhavana (actress)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Indian name|Bhavana|Ramanna}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Bhavana
| image = Bhavana (Kannada actress).jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Bhavana in ''Vimukthi'' (2010)
| birth_name = Nandini Ramanna
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]], India<ref name="dh1"/>
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = Actress
| yearsactive = 1996–present
| spouse =
}}

'''Nandini Ramanna''' (born 1984),<ref name=TwinsAt40/> better known by her [[stage name]] '''Bhavana''', is an Indian actress who works predominantly in the [[Kannada cinema|Kannada film industry]]. A [[Bharatanatyam]] dancer, she has received three [[Karnataka State Film Awards]] and acted in ''[[Shanti (film)|Shanti]]'', a film that entered the [[Guinness Book of Records]] for having the 'fewest actors in a narrative film' (as the film featured only her). Bhavana Ramanna is the director of HomeTown Productions, a production house that conducts dance and music shows.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.zauba.com/director/BHAVANA-RAMANNA-NANDINI/02596013 |title=Bhavana Ramanna Nandini - Director information and companies associated with | Zauba Corp |access-date=26 April 2014 |archive-date=26 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140426234337/https://www.zauba.com/director/BHAVANA-RAMANNA-NANDINI/02596013 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Career==
Bhavana's real name is Nandini Ramanna.<ref name=TwinsAt40>{{cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/photogallery/movies/this-south-indian-actress-chooses-motherhood-without-marriage-pregnant-with-twins-at-40-ws-adkl-9469949.html |title=Southern Actress Chooses Motherhood Without Marriage, Pregnant With Twins At 40 |first=Sameeksha |last=Sharma |website=[[News18]] |date=29 July 2025}}</ref> Her [[stage name]] was suggested by [[Kodlu Ramakrishna]].<ref>{{cite web |title=When a rose turns a lily |url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/aug292004/enter10.asp |work=Deccan Herald |access-date=15 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130625033355/http://archive.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/aug292004/enter10.asp |archive-date=25 June 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Bhavana trained to be a classical dancer and initially had no intention of acting; "films just happened by chance". She learned [[Bharatanatyam]] for nearly ten years and aspired for a career as a stage [[choreographer]]. She was cast by Krishnappa Uppur in ''Maribele'', a [[Tulu language|Tulu]] film, who "saw me at a wedding and was pleased with my looks."<ref name="dh1">{{cite web |last1=Shenoy |first1=Archana |title=Oomph & attitude |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/sept29/ent2.htm |work=Deccan Herald |access-date=23 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030820205000/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/sept29/ent2.htm |archive-date=20 August 2003 |date=29 September 2002}}</ref> The film did not do well, but Bhavana was noticed by Kannada film producers. She was cast as heroine in Kodlu' Ramakrishna's romance-drama ''Nee Mudida Mallige''<ref name="Bhavana">{{cite web |title=Bhavana |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/kannada/profile.php?id=16005867&cid=2405 |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=15 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150609050916/http://www.sify.com/movies/kannada/profile.php?id=16005867&cid=2405 |archive-date=9 June 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and in Seetharam Karanth's musical hit ''Chandramukhi Pranasakhi'' starring [[Ramesh Aravind]], and [[Prema (actress, born 1977)|Prema]].<ref name="Bhavana" /> In ''Rashtrageethe'' directed by stalwart K. V. Raju she played a vampish role. Director [[Dinesh Babu]] offered her a leading role opposite [[Ramesh Aravind]], in ''[[Deepavali (2000 film)|Deepavali]]'', also starring [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]].<ref name="Bhavana" /> She made a guest appearance in Vishnuvardhan's ''[[Parva (2002 film)|Parva]]'' .<ref>{{cite web |title=He was humble and never treated anyone like a newcomer |url=http://movies.rediff.com/slide-show/2010/feb/18/slide-show-1-south-friends-colleagues-remember-.htm#5 |publisher=Rediff |access-date=17 March 2013 |archive-date=14 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114012916/http://movies.rediff.com/slide-show/2010/feb/18/slide-show-1-south-friends-colleagues-remember-.htm#5 |url-status=live }}</ref> and ''[[Ninagagi]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jogula |url=http://www.viggy.com/english/chow_jogula.asp |access-date=17 March 2013 |archive-date=1 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201201221/http://www.viggy.com/english/chow_jogula.asp |url-status=live }}</ref>

Bhavana did [[Kavitha Lankesh]]'s ''[[Deveeri]]'' which got the Aravindan Puraskar award. Bhavana also acted in [[Kavita Lankesh]]'s second film, ''Alemaari''<ref>{{cite web |title=Fighting the formula |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/03/25/stories/2002032500770200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030701064133/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/03/25/stories/2002032500770200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 July 2003 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=17 March 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Alemaari Story in Pictures |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2001/nov/10al1.htm |publisher=Rediff |access-date=17 March 2013 |archive-date=1 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201211119/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2001/nov/10al1.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> made for the National Film Development Corporation, which was previewed at many prestigious film festivals<ref>{{cite web |title=Every film is a work of art |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/kavitha/20060914.htm |publisher=Rediff |access-date=17 March 2013 |archive-date=1 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201211052/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/kavitha/20060914.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> but unable to find a commercial release.<ref>{{cite web |title=ENCORE! |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/08/31/stories/2004083101060100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040907085250/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/08/31/stories/2004083101060100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 September 2004 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=17 March 2013}}</ref> Bhavana was the only star in ''Shanti'', an off-beat Kannada film directed by the writer Baragur Ramachandrappa. It was the second Indian film to enter the [[Guinness Book of World Records]].<ref>{{cite web |title=''Shanti'' gets into the Guinness Book |url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/07/15/stories/2005071517690100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050716235924/http://www.hindu.com/2005/07/15/stories/2005071517690100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 July 2005 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=15 March 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Srinivasa |first=Srikanth |title=Meet Kannada cinema's actress of substance |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-meet-kannada-cinemas-actress-of-substance/20120702.htm#1 |work=[[Rediff.com]] |access-date=17 March 2013 |date=2 July 2012 |archive-date=6 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120806050733/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-meet-kannada-cinemas-actress-of-substance/20120702.htm#1 |url-status=live }}</ref> in the category 'fewest actors in a narrative film'. It was adjudged the second best film for the State award.<ref>{{cite web |title=An experiment with peace |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/08/05/stories/2005080503890400.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120816233016/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/08/05/stories/2005080503890400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 August 2012 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=15 March 2013}}</ref> Bhavana was adjudged the "Best Actress" for her role in ''[[Bhagirathi (2012 Kannada Film)|Bhagirathi]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sudeep, Bhavana bag best acting awards |url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/Deccanherald/nov30/i2.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131221021756/http://archive.deccanherald.com/Deccanherald/nov30/i2.asp |archive-date=21 December 2013 |access-date=15 March 2013 |work=Deccan Herald}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=15 March 2013 |title='Prasad' gets best film award for 2011 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/prasad-gets-best-film-award-for-2011/article4509435.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130318050226/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/prasad-gets-best-film-award-for-2011/article4509435.ece |archive-date=18 March 2013 |access-date=15 March 2013 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> She was one of the top Kannada Actresses of 2010 per [[Rediff]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Bhavana |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-top-kannada-actresses-of-2010/20101222.htm#5 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130209034059/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-top-kannada-actresses-of-2010/20101222.htm#5 |archive-date=9 February 2013 |access-date=17 March 2013 |publisher=Rediff}}</ref>

Bhavana moved to Mumbai for a few years and even did a Bollywood film, ''[[Family (2006 film)|Family]]'', that was headlined by Amitabh Bachchan.<ref>{{cite web |title='The right people don't approach me' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/The-right-people-dont-approach-me/articleshow/2829175.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411033345/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-03-02/news-interviews/27783925_1_bhavana-suri-films |url-status=live |archive-date=11 April 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=15 March 2013}}</ref>

==Filmography==

[[File:Bhavana_(Kannada_actress)_(03).jpg|thumb|right|Bhavana in 2010 film ''Vimukti'']]
*''Note: all films are in Kannada, unless otherwise noted.''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 1996 || ''Maribale'' || || [[Tulu language|Tulu]] film
|-
| 1997 || ''Nee Mudida Mallige'' || || '''Won''', [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Supporting Actress]]
|-
| rowspan="4"|1999 || ''No.1'' || Durga ||
|-
| ''[[Chandramuki Pranasakhi]]'' || Bhavana||
|-
| ''[[Deveeri]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Anbulla Kadhalukku]]'' || Shanthi || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film
|-
| 2000 || ''[[Deepavali (2000 film)|Deepavali]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="6"|2001 || ''[[Lankesha]]'' || || <ref>{{cite news |title=I can fit into any character: Bhavana |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/i-can-fit-into-any-character-bhavana/articleshow/20259023.cms |access-date=16 August 2025 |work=The Times of India |date=9 February 2001 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130141114/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/i-can-fit-into-any-character-bhavana/articleshow/20259023.cms |archive-date=30 November 2024}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Ellara Mane Dosenu]]'' || Mandara ||
|-
| ''[[Natchatra Kadhal]]'' || Malini || Tamil film
|-
| ''[[Kurigalu Saar Kurigalu]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Rashtrageethe'' || ||
|-
| ''Ammaye Navvite'' || Sirisha || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film
|-
| rowspan="5"|2002 || ''[[Parva (2002 film)|Parva]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Ninagagi]]'' || || Special appearance
|-
| ''Kshaama'' || || '''Won''', [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Actress]]
|-
|''[[Virumbugiren]]''|| ||Tamil film; cameo in song "Pathala Pathala"
|-
| ''Chelvi'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="4"| 2003 || ''Wrong Number'' || ||
|-
| ''Hello'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Aahaa Ethanai Azhagu]]'' || Sandhya || Tamil film
|-
| ''[[Preethi Prema Pranaya]]'' || Sheela ||
|-
| rowspan="3"|2004 || ''[[Shanti (film)|Shanti]]'' || Shanti ||
|-
| ''Sagari'' || Divya ||
|-
| ''[[Bhagawan (2004 film)|Bhagawan]]'' || Bobby ||
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Family (2006 film)|Family]]'' || Virendra's daughter || [[Hindi]] film
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Inthi Ninna Preethiya]]'' || Parimala ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2010 || ''Vimukti'' || Madhavi ||
|-
| ''[[Aptharakshaka]]'' || Neetha ||
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2012 || ''[[Chingari (2012 film)|Chingari]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Bhagirathi (2012 Kannada Film)|Bhagirathi]]'' || Bhagirathi || '''Won''', [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Actress]]
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Crazy Star (film)|Crazy Star]]'' || ||
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Niruttara]]'' || Hamsa ||
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Once Upon a Time in Jamaligudda]]'' || ||
|-
|2023
|''[[Otta (film)|Otta]]''
|Dr. Mary Thomas|| [[Malayalam]] film
|}

===Television===
* ''Godrej Game Aadi''
* ''Life Change Maadi''<ref>{{cite web |title=Television beckons Bhavana |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_television-beckons-bhavana_1502119 |work=Daily News & Analysis |access-date=15 March 2013}}</ref>
* Ramachaari

==Politics==
Bhavana campaigned for [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) candidates in the 2013 assembly elections in Davanagere among other constituencies. In 2012, she had campaigned for [[K. Jayaprakash Hegde|Jayaprakash Hegde]] of the Congress in the [[Chikmagalur]] by-election to the [[Lok Sabha]]. In 2018, she officially joined the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=131569 |title=Udupi: Bypoll Campaign Goes Glamourous [sic] as Ramya, Bhavana, Lokesh Join in |access-date=26 April 2014 |archive-date=27 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427010308/http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=131569 |url-status=dead}}</ref> She rejoined INC in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Randeep Singh Surjewala |date=16 November 2021 |title=Former Congress activist, Kannada actress & artist Bhavana Ramanna met me and committed herself to join and serve the Congress Party in Karnataka. |url=https://x.com/rssurjewala/status/1460514358061150209 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250504144907/https://x.com/rssurjewala/status/1460514358061150209 |archive-date=4 May 2025 |access-date=2025-07-19 |website=X (formerly Twitter) |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Personal life==
In July 2025, Bhavana announced that she was pregnant with twins after using [[in vitro fertilisation|''in vitro'' fertilisation]]. She became pregnant on her first attempt in late 2024 at the age of 40. When speaking with a reporter during her pregnancy, she said: "Even though my children won’t have a father, they will grow up in a home full of art, music, culture, and unconditional love."<ref name=TwinsAt40/>
{{commons category}}

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|3838183|Bhavana}}

{{Karnataka State Award for Best Actress}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhavana}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1984 births]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Bharatanatyam dancers]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian women television presenters]]
[[Category:Indian television presenters]]
[[Category:Actresses from Karnataka]]
[[Category:People from Shimoga district]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada television]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dancers]]
[[Category:Dancers from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Karnataka State Film Award winners]]

Maharashtra Navnirman Sena

2026-03-17T07:14:52Z

BrooksPrather: enhance section further and cleaned formatting

{{short description|Political party in India}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian political party
| name = Maharashtra Navnirman Sena
| logo = [[File:Maharashtra Navnirman Sena Official Flag.jpg|150px]]
| abbreviation = MNS
| colorcode = {{party color|Maharashtra Navnirman Sena}}
| president = [[Raj Thackeray]]<ref>{{cite news|title=To fill Hindutva void, MNS has new flag, Raj son as party leader|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/to-fill-hindutva-void-mns-has-new-flag-raj-son-as-party-leader-6232247/|access-date=7 June 2020|work=The Indian Express|date=23 January 2020|language=en-IN}}</ref>
| foundation = {{Start date and age|df=yes|p=y|2006|03|09}}
| founder = Raj Thackeray
| split = {{nowrap|[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]]}}
| rajyasabha_seats = {{Composition bar|0|245|hex={{party color|Maharashtra Navnirman Sena}}}}
| loksabha_seats = {{Composition bar|0|543|hex={{party color|Maharashtra Navnirman Sena}}}}
| no_states = {{Composition bar|0|31|hex={{Party color|Maharashtra Navnirman Sena}}}}
| state2_seats_name = [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
| state2_seats = {{Composition bar|0|288|hex={{party color|Maharashtra Navnirman Sena}}}}
| state_seats_name = [[Maharashtra Legislative Council]]
| state_seats = {{Composition bar|0|78|hex={{party color|Maharashtra Navnirman Sena}}}}
| headquarters = Rajgad, 2nd Floor, Matoshri Towers, [[Shivaji Park]], [[Dadar]], [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra|MH]] 400028
| ideology = {{Nowrap|[[Raj Thackeray#Views|Marathi ultranationalism]]<ref>{{Cite news|work=[[Foreign Policy (magazine)|Foreign Policy]]|title=How Pakistan Fell in Love With Bollywood|date=15 March 2010|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2010/03/15/how-pakistan-fell-in-love-with-bollywood/}}</ref>}} [[Regionalism (politics)|Regionalism]]<ref>{{cite news|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|title=Munde still keen on alliance with MNS|date=2 March 2011|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai/munde-still-keen-on-alliance-with-mns/story-qOqUrAj8Cu9QWg57NtlX9I.html}}</ref><ref name="electionms"/> [[Right-wing populism]]<ref>{{cite book|title=The Dashing Ladies of Shiv Sena|first=Tarini|last=Bedi|page=42|publisher=SUNY Press|year=2016}}</ref> [[Anti-immigration]]<ref>{{Cite news|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|title=chronology:MNS's tirade against North-Indians|date=15 March 2010|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/chronology-mns-s-tirade-against-north-indians/story-UPOPT7X6YE3UdW8DpTCRqL.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/latest-headlines/story/mns-men-attack-north-indians-31885-2008-10-19|title=MNS men attack north Indians|date=19 October 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/raj-thackeray-should-apologize-to-north-indians-for-their-bullying-acts-congress-bjp/320077|title=Raj Thackeray Should Apologize to North Indians for Their Bullying Acts: Congress, BJP|date=14 February 2022}}</ref>
| position = [[Far-right politics|Far-right]]<ref>{{cite news|work=CanIndia|title=Raj Thackeray goes right ahead with Hindutva and development agenda for MNS|date=23 January 2020|url=http://www.canindia.com/raj-thackeray-goes-right-ahead-with-hindutva-agenda-for-mns/|access-date=23 January 2020|archive-date=19 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519032327/https://www.canindia.com/raj-thackeray-goes-right-ahead-with-hindutva-agenda-for-mns/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="electionms">{{cite web|title=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena|date=29 March 2019|work=Election MS|url=https://www.electionms.com/party/maharashtra-navnirman-sena/|access-date=23 January 2020|archive-date=22 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122004715/https://www.electionms.com/party/maharashtra-navnirman-sena/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="imapped">{{cite web|work=India Mapped|title=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena|url=http://www.indiamapped.com/political-parties-in-india/maharashtra-navnirman-sena/|access-date=23 January 2020|archive-date=25 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125192910/http://www.indiamapped.com/political-parties-in-india/maharashtra-navnirman-sena/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|work=[[South China Morning Post]]|title=India far-right party supports Hindu nationalist Modi for PM|date=9 March 2014|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/asia/article/1444600/india-far-right-party-supports-hindu-nationalist-modi-pm}}</ref>
| eci = Recognised political party<ref>{{cite web|title=MNS at risk of losing recognition after drawing blank in Maharashtra polls|url=https://www.business-standard.com/elections/maharashtra-elections/mns-at-risk-of-losing-recognition-after-drawing-blank-in-maharashtra-polls-124112500366_1.html}}</ref>
| symbol = [[File:Mns-symbol-railway-engine.png|150px]]
| website = {{hlist|{{URL|https://mnsblueprint.org|MNS Blueprint}}|{{URL|https://mnsadhikrut.org|MNS Adhikrut}}}}
}}

The '''Maharashtra Navnirman Sena''' (translation: '''Maharashtra Reformation Army'''; {{small|abbr.}} '''MNS''') is a [[Regionalism (politics)|Regionalist]] Indian organisation based in the state of [[Maharashtra]] and operates on the ideology of [[Hindutva]] and [[Marathi people|Marathi]] Manus.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.thewire.in/article/politics/as-migrants-depart-sena-sees-opportunity-for-manoos-is-that-feasible/amp|title = As Migrants Depart, Sena Sees Opportunity for Manoos . Is That Feasible?}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/sena-no-longer-eyes-only-marathi-manus/articleshow/743571319.cms|title = Sena no longer eyes only Marathi manus | Mumbai News - Times of India|website = [[The Times of India]]| date=January 2002 }}</ref> It was founded on 9 March 2006 in [[Mumbai]] by [[Raj Thackeray]] after he left the [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]] party due to differences with his cousin [[Uddhav Thackeray]], who later became the 19th [[List of chief ministers of Maharashtra|Chief Minister Of Maharashtra]] and to his sidelining by the Shiv Sena in major decisions like distribution of election tickets.

MNS won 13 assembly seats (out of 288) in the 2009 assembly elections,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/maharashtra/assembly-constituencies/2009-election-results.html|title=Maharashtra Assembly Election Results in 2009 |website=www.elections.in|access-date=24 October 2018}}</ref> which was the first Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election that the party contested. In the elections of [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|Maharashtra Legislative Assembly 2019]], MNS won 1 seat.
In January 2020, MNS unveiled a new flag, however the symbol on the flag was not used for elections.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mumbailive.com/en/politics/mns-maharashtra-navnirman-sena-reveals-the-new-flag-on-bal-thackeray-birth-anniversary-44471|title=MNS Maha Adhiveshan: Raj Thackeray Launches New Party Flag|website=www.mumbailive.com|date=23 January 2020 |access-date=23 January 2020}}</ref>

==Foundation==
The party was founded by Raj Thackeray, nephew of late [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]] [[Bal Thackeray]] and grandson of [[Prabodhankar Thackeray]]. Raj Thackeray resigned from his uncle's party in January 2006 and announced his intention to start a new political party. The reason given by him for breaking away from the Shiv Sena was that the latter was "run by petty clerks" because of which it had "fallen from its former glory". Also, Thackeray declared his motive of building a political awareness for the development related issues of the state and giving them a center stage in national politics.

At the time of the party's foundation, Raj Thackeray stated that he does not want to have hostilities with his uncle who "was, is and always will be (his) mentor".

Although the MNS is a break-away group from the Shiv Sena, the party is still based on [[Marathi language|Marathi]] and ''Bhumiputra'' ideologies. When unveiling the party in an assembly at Shivaji Park he said, that everyone is anxious to see what will happen to Hindutva.<ref>P. 1048 ''Indian Political Parties Annual, 2006'' By Mahendra Gaur.</ref> When unveiling, he also said,
"I shall elaborate on the party's stance on issues like Sons of Soil and Marathi, its agenda for development of Maharashtra and the significance of the party flag colours at the March 19 public meeting."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=64115|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010223148/http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=64115|url-status=dead|title="Raj Thackeray launches new party", ''Press Trust of India'' – Updated: Thursday, 9 March 2006 at 1914 hours IST|archive-date=10 October 2012}}</ref> Raj Thackeray considers himself an Indian nationalist.<ref>P. 1048 ''Indian Political Parties Annual, 2006'' By Mahendra Gaur</ref> The party also recognises [[secularism]] as one of its core tenets.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.manase.org/en/maharashtra.php?mid=67&smid=15&id=279|title=Objectives and Policies|work=Manase.org|access-date=15 November 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090426055641/http://www.manase.org/en/maharashtra.php?mid=67&smid=15&id=279|archive-date=26 April 2009}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=July 2025}}

==Maharashtra Development Blueprint==

In September 2014, MNS unveiled its first look of "Maharashtra's Development Blueprint" with the slogan 'Yes, it's possible’.<ref>{{cite web |title=Raj Thackeray unveils MNS blueprint, focus on Maharashtra's development |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/raj-thackeray-unveils-mns-blueprint-focus-on-maharashtra-s-development/story-yKQ9VwZzHVgwJNhd3dilSK.html |website=Hindustan Times |date=25 September 2014 |access-date=3 July 2025}}</ref> The blueprint discusses party's stance and key ideas on infrastructure, governance, quality of life, growth opportunities and Marathi pride.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Doge|first=Akash|date=|title=MNS BluePrint of Maharashtra by Raj Thackeray. Developed by moPharma|url=http://mnsblueprint.org|access-date=24 October 2018|website=mnsblueprint.org}}</ref>

==Controversies==

===2008 violence against North Indians in Maharashtra===
{{main|2008 attacks on North Indians in Maharashtra}}

[[File:MNS violence map.svg|thumb|Map showing the various districts of Maharashtra that were affected by Maharashtra Navnirman Sena's violence against North Indians.
Maharashtra is shown in red
Violence affected districts in dark red
Uttar Pradesh in blue
Bihar in light blue.]]
In February 2008, some MNS [[activists]] clashed with [[Samajwadi Party]] (SP) [[activists|party workers]] in Mumbai when [[Samajwadi Party]] [[supporters]] attended a rally at [[Shivaji Park]], [[Dadar]], Mumbai, a stronghold of MNS, where [[Samajwadi Party]] leader [[Abu Asim Azmi]] made a fiery speech. After the clashes, 73 MNS [[activists]] and 19 SP workers were arrested by [[Mumbai Police]] for violence.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/MNS-leader-Shishir-Shinde-detained-Report/articleshow/2758631.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120724175707/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-02-05/india/27755184_1_mns-chief-raj-thackeray-maharashtra-navnirman-sena-activists|url-status=live|title=MNS leader Shishir Shinde detained: Report|date=24 July 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=24 July 2012}}</ref>

On 6 February 2008, reportedly, about 200 MNS members quit the party and joined Shiv Sena due to the anti-north Indian stance of Raj Thackeray.<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Fed-up-with-MNS-200-members-join-Shiv-Sena/articleshow/2761371.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120716143415/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-02-06/india/27753220_1_mns-presence-of-sena-executive-shiv-sena|url-status=live|title=Fed up with MNS, 200 members join Shiv Sena|date=16 July 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=16 July 2012}}</ref>

A petition was filed in the Patna civil court on 8 February against Thackeray for his alleged remarks over [[Chhath]], the most popular festival of Bihar and Eastern Uttar Pradesh ([[Purvanchal]]).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080604081445/http://www.zeenews.com/articles.asp?aid=421796&sid=REG|url-status=dead|title=Zee News: Latest News, Live Breaking News, Today News, India Political News Updates|archive-date=4 June 2008|website=Zee News}}</ref> Mr. Thackeray maintains he is not against [[Chhath]] [[Puja (Hinduism)|Puja]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.indiainfo.com/2008/02/05/0802050625_mns_nindian.html |title=We are not against North Indians: Parkar |publisher=Indiainfo.com |access-date=26 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110617024229/http://news.indiainfo.com/2008/02/05/0802050625_mns_nindian.html |archive-date=17 June 2011 }}</ref> but against the "show of arrogance" and "Politicization of Chatth Puja" displayed by some people from Bihar and Eastern Uttar Pradesh on this occasion.

On 10 February 2008, MNS workers attacked vendors and shopkeepers from North India in various parts of [[Maharashtra]], and destroyed government property to vent their anger against the reported move to arrest [[Raj Thackeray]].<ref>[http://ibnlive.com/news/antimigrant-violence-spreads-beyond-mumbai/58750-3.html Anti-migrant violence spreads beyond Mumbai] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080606055010/http://ibnlive.com/news/antimigrant-violence-spreads-beyond-mumbai/58750-3.html |date=6 June 2008 }}</ref> [[Nashik]] police detained 26 MNS workers for violence.

In February 2008, Raj Thackeray's speech on the issue of migration into [[Mumbai]] from other parts of India created a well-publicised controversy. MNS supporters clashed with activists of the [[Samajwadi Party]] leading to street violence. Thackeray also criticised noted film actor turned politician [[Amitabh Bachchan]], a native of [[Prayagraj]] in Uttar Pradesh, for business towards Uttar Pradesh because of [[Amar Singh (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Amar Singh]]. Bachchan came into fame and fortune in Mumbai's film industry;– [[Bollywood]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2008/feb/03mns.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080409185518/http://www.rediff.com/news/2008/feb/03mns.htm|url-status=dead|title=Jaya takes on Raj; MNS, SP activists clash|archive-date=9 April 2008|website=www.rediff.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2008/feb/02raj.htm?zcc=rl|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030813/http://www.rediff.com/news/2008/feb/02raj.htm?zcc=rl|url-status=dead|title=Raj Thackeray flays Amitabh for UP interests|archive-date=4 March 2016|website=www.rediff.com}}</ref>

On 8 September 2008, [[Infosys Technologies]] announced that 3,000 employee positions had been shifted from Pune due to construction delays caused earlier that year by MNS attacks on North Indian construction workers in Maharashtra.<ref>[http://sify.com/finance/fullstory.php?id=14754530 Pune loses 3,000 jobs as Infy looks at Chennai] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090302062913/http://sify.com/finance/fullstory.php?id=14754530 |date=2 March 2009 }}</ref>
On 15 October 2008, Thackeray threatened to shut down [[Jet Airways]] operations in Maharashtra if they did not rehire probationary employees that had been shed in a cost-cutting move forced by the economic downturn.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/politics/raj-thackeray-threatens-jet-airways-wants-sacked-staff-reinstated-second-lead_100107584.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304082332/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/politics/raj-thackeray-threatens-jet-airways-wants-sacked-staff-reinstated-second-lead_100107584.html|url-status=dead|title=Raj Thackeray threatens Jet Airways, wants sacked staff reinstated|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref>

In October 2008, MNS activists beat up North Indian candidates appearing for the all-India Railway Recruitment Board entrance exam for the Western region in Mumbai.<ref>[http://www.hindu.com/2008/10/20/stories/2008102057350100.htm North Indians attacked in Mumbai] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081020131407/http://www.hindu.com/2008/10/20/stories/2008102057350100.htm |date=20 October 2008 }}. Rahi Gaikwad.</ref> One Bihari died because of train accident and rioting ensued following coverage in Hindi Media with support from NCP/Congress.<ref>{{cite news|author=Agencies |url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/MNS-attack--Bihari-student-dies--Nitish-announces-ex-gratia/376143/ |title=MNS attack: Bihar boy dies, CM announces ex-gratia |newspaper=Express India |access-date=26 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515144726/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/MNS-attack--Bihari-student-dies--Nitish-announces-ex-gratia/376143/ |archive-date=15 May 2012 }}</ref> In retaliation for the MNS' attack on Biharis and North Indians in general, the [[Bharatiya Bhojpuri Sangh]] attacked the residence of a Marathi official of Tata Motors in [[Jamshedpur]].<ref>{{cite news|author=PTI Agency|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/MNS-row-Tata-employees-house-ransacked-in-Jamshedpur/articleshow/3625043.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019040846/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-10-21/india/27931426_1_mns-row-maharashtra-navnirman-sena-jamshedpur|url-status=live|archive-date=19 October 2013|title=MNS row: Tata employee's house ransacked in Jamshedpur |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=21 October 2008 |access-date=26 August 2012|author-link=Press Trust of India}}</ref> Following the uproar in the Indian parliament, and calls that there was no pressure to arrest the MNS chief,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/001200810211121.htm |title=The Hindu News Update Service |publisher=Hindu.com |date=21 October 2008 |access-date=26 August 2012 |location=[[Chennai]], India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117070242/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/001200810211121.htm |archive-date=17 January 2012 }}</ref> Raj Thackeray was arrested in the early hours of 21 October. He was produced before a court on the day itself and would return the next day after spending the night in jail.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://specials.rediff.com/news/2008/oct/21slide1.htm |title=Raj Thackeray gets 2-week judicial custody |publisher=Specials.rediff.com |date=21 October 2008 |access-date=26 August 2012}}</ref> Following the arrest, however, MNS party activists took out their anger on parts of Mumbai city and the region at large.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/PoliticsNation/MNS_vandalises_Maharashtra/articleshow/3625879.cms |title=Raj held, MNS vandalises Maharashtra – Economic Times |publisher=Economictimes.indiatimes.com |date=22 October 2008 |access-date=26 August 2012}}</ref> The arrest resulted in applause, fear and calls for a ban on the MNS.<ref>{{cite news|author=Express News Service |url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/maya-demands-ban-on-mns/376398/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090227155152/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/maya-demands-ban-on-mns/376398/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 February 2009 |title=Maya demands ban on MNS |newspaper=Express India |date=22 October 2008 |access-date=26 August 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/PoliticsNation/Lalu_censures_Cong_CM_while_lashing_at_MNS_hooligans/articleshow/3621434.cms |title=Lalu censures Cong CM while lashing at MNS hooligans – Economic Times |publisher=Economictimes.indiatimes.com |date=21 October 2008 |access-date=26 August 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/PoliticsNation/Delhi_cheers_Thackeray_arrest_but_fears_backlash/articleshow/3624255.cms |title= Delhi cheers Thackeray arrest but fears backlash- Politics/Nation-News-The Economic Times|website=economictimes.indiatimes.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081024180846/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/PoliticsNation/Delhi_cheers_Thackeray_arrest_but_fears_backlash/articleshow/3624255.cms |archive-date=24 October 2008}}</ref> The Shiv Sena, however, maintained a cool response, although senior party leader [[Manohar Joshi]] said they were close to supporting the MNS in their agitation against the non-Marathi candidates for the railway board exam.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Sena-chooses-to-play-down-MNS-antics/articleshow/3625177.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126111023/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-10-22/mumbai/27904849_1_senior-sena-leader-sena-functionaries-mns |url-status=live |archive-date=26 January 2013 |title=Sena chooses to play down MNS 'antics' |date=22 October 2008 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=26 August 2012}}</ref>

===Clash with Shiv Sena===
On 10 October 2006 clashes erupted between supporters of Shiv Sena and Maharashtra Navnirman Sena headed by Raj Thackeray. It was alleged that workers of MNS had torn the posters bearing the photographs of Shiv Sena Supremo Bal Thackeray near the SIES college in Mumbai. Later as a retaliation, it was alleged that Shiv Sena workers brought down the hoardings with Raj Thackeray's photo near the Sena Bhavan at Dadar. As the news spread about the incident groups gathered near the Sena Bhavan and started pelting stones at each other. In this incident a policeman was injured and many supporters of both parties were injured. To restore order the police fired tear gas shells at the mob. Decorum was eventually restored following police action and the appearance of Uddhav Thackeray and his cousin Raj Thackeray at the venue. Uddhav appealed to Sena workers to go back home.<ref name="Shiv Sena and MNS clash at Sena Bhavan">{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/10/11/stories/2006101118921800.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001011308/http://www.hindu.com/2006/10/11/stories/2006101118921800.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 October 2007|
title=Shiv Sena workers, Raj supporters clash|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=17 October 2006|location=Chennai, India|date=11 October 2006}}</ref> He said:
"The police will take necessary action. This is happening because many people are joining us from MNS. The defections have started and that is why they are resorting to such actions".<ref name="Shiv Sena and MNS clash at Sena Bhavan"/>
The division chief of the Shiv Sena Milind Vaidya said that they had lodged a complaint with the local police against an MNS worker who was involved in the incident. MNS general secretary Pravin Darekar, however, pinned the cause down to local elections in the SIES college. He alleges that the Sena is concerned about losing their hold over the colleges and that is why they are trying to color the issue, adding that the Sena's allegations had no merit. Raj Thackeray asserts that MNS could not have vandalized the pictures, seeing as how he and his members revere Bal Thackeray.<ref name="Indian Express">{{cite news|url=http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=204676|title=Sena vs new Sena, 30 injured|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=18 October 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061011003133/http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=204676|archive-date=11 October 2006|url-status=dead}}</ref>
A Parliamentary committee was set up to examine the breach of privileges notices from some MPs for remarks made by Bal Thackeray against ''Uttar Bharatiyas'' (North-Indians). Reacting to this, MNS chief Raj Thackeray had said he would not allow any politician from UP and Bihar to enter Mumbai if the parliamentary panel insisted on summoning Bal.

[[Bal Thackeray|Bal]] countered this by terming his nephew Raj a backstabber and reacted to the MNS chief with a "big no thank you."<ref>{{cite news|author=S Balakrishnan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Dont-shed-croc-tears-Thackeray-tells-Raj/articleshow/3551478.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120714161239/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-10-02/mumbai/27899872_1_saamna-bal-thackeray-mns-chief-raj-thackeray |url-status=live |archive-date=14 July 2012 |title=Don't shed croc tears, Thackeray tells Raj |date= 2 October 2008|newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=26 August 2012}}</ref>

Shiv Sena (SS) and MNS workers also clashed at Anand Nagar in Oshiwara over the issuance of Navratri posters during the holiday season. SS corporator Rajul Patel said "The MNS activists had put up huge hoardings and were demanding money from people to remove them. People complained to us and we objected. This led to a scuffle." MNS Vibhag Pramukh (Division Leader) [[Manish Dhuri]] retorted that "the Sainiks are jealous of our popularity. On Sunday afternoon, a mob of Shiv Sainiks came to the area and started pulling down posters that were put up by us. We objected to this. Unfortunately, one MNS activist sustained severe injuries."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/MNS-Shiv-Sena-men-clash-over-Navratri-hoardings-/articleshow/3588000.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120715092026/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-10-13/mumbai/27891377_1_maharashtra-navnirman-sena-mns-shiv-sena |url-status=live |archive-date=15 July 2012 |title=MNS, Shiv Sena men clash over Navratri hoardings |date=13 October 2008 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=26 August 2012}}</ref>

===Denunciation of MLA Abu Azmi===
On 9 November 2009 [[Abu Azmi]] of the [[Samajwadi Party]] was denounced and prevented by [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the MNS from taking his oath in [[Hindi]] and not in state official language [[Marathi language|Marathi]]. As a result of this incident, the speaker of the [[Maharashtra]] Legislative Assembly suspended the 4 MNS MLAs involved in the skirmish for a period of four years. They were also barred from entering Mumbai and Nagpur whenever the assembly met in the two cities.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/india/Azmi-attacked-over-Hindi-oath-four-MNS-members-suspended/Article1-474547.aspx |title=Azmi attacked over Hindi oath, four MNS members suspended |date=9 November 2009 |newspaper=The Hindustan Times |access-date=9 November 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091112134108/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/india/Azmi-attacked-over-Hindi-oath-four-MNS-members-suspended/Article1-474547.aspx |archive-date=12 November 2009 }}</ref> The MLAs suspended were Ram Kadam, Ramesh Wanjale, Shishir Shinde and Vasant Gite.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/politics/four-mns-legislators-suspended-for-attack-on-azmi_100272235.html|title=Four MNS legislators suspended for attack on Azmi|date=9 November 2009|publisher=Thaindian.com|access-date=9 November 2009|archive-date=17 July 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100717054550/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/politics/four-mns-legislators-suspended-for-attack-on-azmi_100272235.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.zeenews.com/news577371.html|title=MNS MLAs attack Azmi for taking oath in Hindi; suspended|date=9 November 2009|publisher=Zee News|access-date=9 November 2009}}</ref> The suspension was later revoked in July 2010.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Assembly-revokes-suspension-of-4-MNS-legislators/articleshow/6161001.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110911165101/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-07-13/mumbai/28291228_1_mns-legislators-mns-mlas-abu-asim-azmi|url-status=live|archive-date=11 September 2011|title = Assembly revokes suspension of 4 MNS legislators|date = 13 July 2010|access-date = 3 July 2013|newspaper = [[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Incidents were reported in neighbouring state of Gujarat too.

==Growth in potency==
[[File:711 Blasts Memorial.jpg|200px|thumb|A memorial erected by the Maharashtra Navnirman Sena outside [[Borivali]] station aftermath the [[11 July 2006 Mumbai train bombings]]]]
In October 2008, [[Jet Airways]] laid off almost 1,000 employees. In the frenzy for reinstatement that followed numerous political parties took the stand for the probationers’ cause. First the MNS and the SS came in, then the established national parties, the Congress and the BJP. Even the [[CPI M]], rallied in support of the laid off Kolkata employees.

One day after the lay off, the retrenched former staff flocked to the MNS office, even though the SS labour arm, the [[Bharatiya Kamgar Sena]] generally rules the aviation unions. The MNS then led more than 300 former employees to Jet's office in Marol. MNS general secretary [[Nitin Sardesai]] said, "We met Jet officials today while a lot of (cabin) crew and MNS workers were protesting outside. While we were talking, Jet chairman Naresh Goyal telephoned Raj Thackeray... He requested us to end the protest and offered to meet Raj in a couple of days. We had a one-point agenda that those laid off should be taken back."{{citation needed|date=April 2022}}

In two days the MNS march and support got the staff re-hired. The media widely appeared to pronounce Raj as having won the game of one upmanship with the SS, whose mantle of aggressive street politics was seen as having been usurped. This was a big boost for the MNS' newly formed trade union, the [[Maharashtra Navnirman Kamgar Sena]], which has been trying to cut into the SS' influence in the aviation, hotel and entertainment sectors.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1081017/jsp/nation/story_9979112.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081021085030/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1081017/jsp/nation/story_9979112.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 October 2008 |title= Raj steals Sena thunder |publisher=Telegraphindia.com |date=17 October 2008 |access-date=26 August 2012 |location=Calcutta, India}}</ref>

==Electoral history==
===Loksabha Elections Results in Maharashtra===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|+Maharashtra Navnirman Sena results in the Maharashtra Loksabha Elections
! Style="background-color:{{party color|Maharashtra Navnirman Sena}};color:white" |Election Year
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Maharashtra Navnirman Sena}};color:white" | Overall votes
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Maharashtra Navnirman Sena}};color:white" | % of overall votes
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Maharashtra Navnirman Sena}};color:white" | Total seats
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Maharashtra Navnirman Sena}};color:white" | seats won/ seats contensted
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Maharashtra Navnirman Sena}};color:white" | Change in seats
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Maharashtra Navnirman Sena}};color:white" | Outcome
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election in Maharashtra|2009]]
|1,503,863
|4.1%
|48
|{{Composition bar|0|11|{{party color|Maharashtra Navnirman Sena}}}}
|New
| -
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election in Maharashtra|2014]]
|11,80,196
|2.5%
|48
|{{Composition bar|0|10|{{party color|Maharashtra Navnirman Sena}}}}
|{{steady}}
| -
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election in Maharashtra|2019]] & [[2024 Indian general election in Maharashtra|2024]]
|colspan=6|Did not contest
|}

===Maharashtra Assembly Elections Results===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|+Maharashtra Navnirman Sena results in the Maharashtra Assembly Elections
! Style="background-color:{{party color|Maharashtra Navnirman Sena}};color:white" |Election Year
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Maharashtra Navnirman Sena}};color:white" | Overall votes
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Maharashtra Navnirman Sena}};color:white" | % of overall votes
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Maharashtra Navnirman Sena}};color:white" | Total seats
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Maharashtra Navnirman Sena}};color:white" | seats won/ seats contensted
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Maharashtra Navnirman Sena}};color:white" | Change in seats
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Maharashtra Navnirman Sena}};color:white" | Outcome
|-
|[[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
|2,585,597
|5.71%
|288
|{{Composition bar|13|143|{{party color|Maharashtra Navnirman Sena}}}}
|New
|{{no2|Opposition}}
|-
|[[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|1,665,033
|3.15%
|288
|{{Composition bar|1|219|{{party color|Maharashtra Navnirman Sena}}}}
|{{decrease}}12
|{{no2|Opposition}}
|-
|[[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|1,642,135
|2.25%
|288
|{{Composition bar|1|101|{{party color|Maharashtra Navnirman Sena}}}}
|{{steady}}
|{{no2|Opposition}}
|-
|[[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|1,002,557
|1.55%
|288
|{{Composition bar|0|135|{{party color|Maharashtra Navnirman Sena}}}}
|{{decrease}} 1
|{{n/a}}
|}

===Municipal Corporation===
Performance in the [[2012 Maharashtra municipal elections]].
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="background:black; color:#f93; text-align:left;"|Municipal Corporation
! style="background:black; color:#f93; text-align:right;"|2012 Results
! style="background:black; color:#f93; text-align:right;"|2017 Results
|-
|[[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]]
| style="text-align:right;"|27 (227)
| style="text-align:right;"|07 (227)
|-
|[[Thane Municipal Corporation]]
| style="text-align:right;"|{{Composition bar|7|130|hex=#5F2301}}
| style="text-align:right;"|{{Composition bar|0|130|hex=#5F2301}}
|-
|[[Kalyan-Dombivali Municipal Corporation]]
| style="text-align:right;"|26 (107) 2010
| style="text-align:right;"|10 (107) 2015
|-
|[[Ulhasnagar Municipal Corporation]]
| style="text-align:right;"|{{Composition bar|1|78|hex=#5F2301}}
|{{Composition bar|2|78|hex=#5F2301}}
|-
|[[Mira-Bhayandar Municipal Corporation|Mira-Bhayander Municipal Corporation]]
|{{Composition bar|1|94|hex=#5F2301}}
|{{Composition bar|0|95|hex=#5F2301}}
|-
|[[Vasai-Virar City Municipal Corporation|Vasai-Virar Municipal Corporation]]
| style="text-align: right;" |1 (89) 2010
| style="text-align: right;" |0 (115) 2015
|-
|[[Pune Municipal Corporation]]
| style="text-align:right;"|{{Composition bar|29|152|hex=#5F2301}}
| style="text-align:right;"|{{Composition bar|2|162|hex=#5F2301}}
|-
|[[Pimpri-Chinchwad Municipal Corporation]]
| style="text-align:right;"|{{Composition bar|4|128|hex=#5F2301}}
|{{Composition bar|1|128|hex=#5F2301}}
|-
|[[Nashik Municipal Corporation]]
| style="background:#f93; text-align:right;"|40 (122)
| style="text-align:right;"|{{Composition bar|5|122|hex=#5F2301}}
|-
|[[Akola Municipal Corporation]]
| style="text-align:right;"|{{Composition bar|1|73|hex=#5F2301}}
|0 (73)
|-
|[[Amravati Municipal Corporation]]
| style="text-align:right;"|1 (87)
|-
|[[Nagpur Municipal Corporation]]
| style="text-align:right;"|2 (145)
|-
|[[Malegaon Municipal Corporation]]
| style="text-align:right;"|2 (31)
|-
|[[Jalgaon Municipal Corporation]]
| style="text-align:right;"|12 (75)
|-
|Palghar Municipal Corporation
| style="text-align:right;"|0 (12)
|-
|[[Ahmednagar Municipal Corporation]]
| style="text-align:right;"|4 (68)
|-
|[[Chandrapur Municipal Corporation]]
| style="text-align:right;"|1 (66)
|-
|[[Sangli-Miraj & Kupwad|Sangli-Miraj & Kupwad Municipal Corporation]]
| style="text-align:right;"|2 (78)
|-
|Wani Municipal Council
| style="background:#f93; text-align:right;"|8 (16)
|-
|Khed Municipal Council
| style="background:#f93; text-align:right;"|9 (16)
|-
|colspan=2|{{center|'''''Source:''''' ''MahaSEC''<ref name="Sena's hat-trick in BMC; Congress suffers setback">{{cite news|url=https://docs.google.com/spreadsheet/pub?key=0AsTha_h2wXTSdGJOM3lBaGdPamkwalVIaHJtOEZ4Z0E&gid=0|title=State Election Commission Maharashtra|access-date=17 February 2012}}</ref>}}
|}

MNS won 13 assembly seats (out of 288) in the 2009 assembly elections Maharashtra. These include 6 in Mumbai, 2 in Thane, 3 in Nashik,1 in Pune and 1 in Kannad (Aurangabad) and remain at 2nd spot at more than 24 places. This result (4.5% seats) makes MNS, fourth in largest party in Maharashtra assembly after Congress-NCP (144 seats), BJP-Shiv-Sena (90 seats), Third Front (14 seats).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/news/election/maharashtra-election-results/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091023055441/http://sify.com/news/election/maharashtra-election-results/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 October 2009 |title=Maharashtra Election Results, Maharashtra Election Results 2009 |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=6 August 2011}}</ref>

In the [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014 Assembly elections]], the MNS was trounced. It was only able to win 1 seat across the state. It lost all 10 seats held by it.<ref>The MNS had originally won 13 seats, but it was reduced to 10 following the death of Ramesh Wanjale, MLA for Khadakwasla in Pune, and 2 MLAs, [[Ram Kadam]] and Harshvardhan Jadhav, switching over to the [[BJP]] and the [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]], respectively.</ref> It also lost on all 6 seats held by it in Mumbai, including [[Mahim (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mahim]], a Shiv Sena stronghold, which it had previously won from the Sena. Its candidates forfeited their deposits on a record 203 seats out of 218 seats on which it fielded candidates, out of the 288 seats in the state.

In the Bruhanmumbai Municipal Corporation (BMC) elections held in 2017, the tally of MNS was reduced to 7 seats. In October 2017, 6 councillors defected to [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]], thus taking its representation down to 1 seat.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/mns-suffers-setback-as-6-bmc-corporators-join-shiv-sena/articleshow/61069403.cms|title=MNS suffers setback as 6 BMC corporators join Shiv Sena - Times of India ►|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=13 October 2017 }}</ref>

==Political criticism==
Following an attack on North Indians who had turned up to the RRB ([[Railway Recruitment Board]]) railway exam in Mumbai, numerous politicians, mainly from the then ruling [[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]] central government, harshly criticised Raj Thackeray and the MNS.

Three UPA ministers demanded tough action, including a call for a ban against the party. [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Railway Minister]] [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]] demanded a ban on the MNS and saying its chief was a "mental case," [[Ministry of Steel (India)|Steel Minister]] [[Ram Vilas Paswan]] added that he would raise the issue in the next cabinet meeting and wondered why no action was being, or had been, taken against the MNS despite a repetition of such violent incidents. He said: "I strongly condemn the incident. There should be strong action against that party... MNS should be banned. [The] Thackeray family has become a chronic problem for Maharashtra and Raj Thackeray, in particular, has become a mental case." The [[Ministry of Food Processing Industries|Minister for Food Processing Industries]], as well as a Congress leader, [[Subodh Kant Sahay]] demanded the Congress-NCP coalition government in Maharashtra treat those responsible for the attacks as criminals. He said, "I have spoken to Maharashtra Chief Minister [[Vilasrao Deshmukh]] and asked him on the ''goondaism'' that is going on in the state." As far the government's action till date is concerned, it has been soft on them. It should take action as too much has already happened there." They are not workers. They are looters. Organisations like MNS, Bajrang Dal, VHP and RSS should be banned."<ref>http://www.ptinews.com/pti%5Cptisite.nsf/0/DDEA7BBDF2766C6C652574E7004F4B42?OpenDocument {{dead link|date=August 2012}}</ref>

On the first working day following the incident, uproarious scenes were seen in the national parliament. Numerous members of Parliament condemned the attacks. They also indirectly criticised railway minister [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]] while noting that even in their regions, the maximum recruitments being made were those of people from Bihar and not from the state where the recruitment drives were held, adding some credence to the MNS' drive. Speaking first on the issue, RJD leader Devendra Prasad Yadav demanded that the Centre take action in the state under [[Indian constitution|Article 355]]. He noted that despite the attacks, the Maharashtra chief minister has maintained a silence on the issue, adding that such actions threaten the unity and integrity of the country. Other MP's also demanded the invocation of Article 355 in the light of the attacks. Shahnawaz Hussain of the BJP made such demands in asking if people from Bihar and Uttar Pradesh needed a permit to travel to other parts of the country. The [[CPI M]]'s Mohammed Salim said that such incidents threaten the country's integrity and send a wrong signal to the rest of the country. Anant Geete of the Shiv Sena, however, tried to give the other side of the story by noting the 4.2 million educated and unemployed youth in Maharashtra.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.khabrein.info/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=17885&Itemid=88 |title=Breaking news, views, current affairs & Infotainment |publisher=Khabrein.info |date=20 May 2009 |access-date=26 August 2012 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304044253/http://www.khabrein.info/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=17885&Itemid=88 |archive-date=4 March 2012 }}</ref>{{citation needed|date=May 2016}} The CPI (M) strongly condemned the attack, terming them a "blatant" assault on the Constitution and demanded the immediate arrest of party chief Raj Thackeray, adding that any leniency shown to "divisive forces" will have far-reaching consequences. The CPI(M) [[Politburo]] said the attack on the Constitution was a poor showing on the Maharashtra government which is duty bound to protect and take stringent action against the perpetrators of such crimes. "That it has failed to do so and in fact showing leniency to the leader of the outfit shows the utter bankruptcy of the politics of Congress and its coalition partner." The [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] also said such attacks should not be tolerated and Thackeray and his supporters must be "immediately arrested and prosecuted".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/000200810202041.htm |title=The Hindu News Update Service |publisher=Hindu.com |date=20 October 2008 |access-date=26 August 2012 |location=Chennai, India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117065847/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/000200810202041.htm |archive-date=17 January 2012 }}</ref> Maharashtra Chief Minister [[Vilasrao Deshmukh]] said his government is responsible for failure in preventing attacks and ordered a probe into the incident, which will also inquire into why the job advertisements where not given in Marathi newspapers. He said: "What has happened is not good. Such incidents take place because of loopholes in the law. One can't hold only the Home Ministry responsible for it, it is (entire) Government's responsibility. Such incidents are affecting the image of the state and I have instructed the DGP to take stern action." On Raj Thackeray's accusation that job advertisements were not published in local newspapers to keep out Maharashtrian candidates, he said, "An inquiry would also be conducted about why advertisements about the examination were not given in Marathi newspapers and the number of Marathi candidates invited for the exam." He also assured that such incidents of vandalism would not take place in future.<ref>{{cite news|author=PTI |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/PoliticsNation/Govt_responsible_for_MNS_attack/articleshow/3620512.cms |title=Government owns responsibility for MNS attack: Vilasrao – Economic Times |publisher=Economictimes.indiatimes.com |date=20 October 2008 |access-date=26 August 2012}}</ref>

In January 2009, artist [[Pranava Prakash]] exhibited his painting series "Chal Hat Be Bihari" in Delhi. It showed in pop style the [[2008 attacks on North Indians in Maharashtra]] in the context of xenophobia.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://epaper.mailtoday.in/Details.aspx?boxid=2240375&id=18821&issuedate=3012009 |title= Cliping Story|website=epaper.mailtoday.in |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006034947/http://epaper.mailtoday.in/Details.aspx?boxid=2240375&id=18821&issuedate=3012009 |archive-date=6 October 2011}}</ref>

== Violence and controversies ==

In 2008, MNS created panic among several shop owners through diktat on Marathi signboards.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/MNS-diktat-on-Marathi-signboards-sparks-panic/articleshow/3358728.cms|title=MNS diktat on Marathi signboards sparks panic - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=23 September 2018}}</ref>

In December 2012, MNS corporator Nitin Nikam repeatedly slapped a 65-year-old contractor over alleged delay in repairing pipeline causing water shortage.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/west/story/mns-corporator-repeatedly-slaps-65-year-old-contractor-over-water-shortage-123119-2012-12-03 | title=MNS corporator repeatedly slaps 65-year-old contractor over water shortage| date=3 December 2012}}</ref>

In March 2013, 5 MNS and Shiv Sena MLAs assaulted Assistant Police Inspector Sachin Suryavanshi in the state assembly.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.firstpost.com/mumbai/five-maharashtra-mlas-who-beat-up-cop-suspended-till-31-dec-668543.html | title=Five Maharashtra MLAs who beat up cop suspended till 31 Dec| date=20 March 2013}}</ref>

In January 2014, a mob constituting MNS workers attacked toll booths in eight cities across Maharashtra, and demanding closing of toll booths where the construction cost is below 2 crores.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.firstpost.com/mumbai/25-mns-workers-detained-for-vandalising-bandra-worli-sea-link-1363231.html | title=25 MNS workers detained for vandalising Bandra-Worli sea link| date=28 January 2014}}</ref>

On 10 April 2015, in a case of [[Moral Police|moral policing]], MNS workers protested against fashion show led by [[Kareena Kapoor]]. Following the intervention of law enforcement, the protesting workers fled the scene.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/maharashtra-navnirman-sena-protest-against-kareena-kapoors-fashion-show/articleshow/46653384.cms|title= MNS workers protest Kareena Kapoor's fashion show|newspaper= The Times of India|date= 10 April 2015}}</ref>

In 2017, MNS workers forcibly removed the signboards of several Gujarati shops claiming they were Belittling Marathi Language.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.scoopwhoop.com/mns-workers-pull-down-gujarat-sign-boards-claim-to-fight-new-trend-marathi/#.787n8edqi|title=MNS Workers Pull Down Gujarati Sign Boards In Mumbai, Claim It Belittles Marathi Language|last=ScoopWhoop|date=29 July 2017|work=ScoopWhoop|access-date=23 September 2018|language=En}}</ref>

In May 2018, three trans-women were attacked brutally by more than 20 MNS workers. The trans-women sustained severe injuries.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/3-transgenders-attacked-in-thane-by-mns-workers/story-FBbkdar9O9VwZtHRY7N9dM.html | title=3 transgenders attacked in Thane by MNS workers| date=28 May 2018}}</ref>

In June 2018, Kishor Shinde, a former corporator, slapped a multiplex manager repeatedly over high food prices and ban of food items in multiplex theaters .<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/trending/trending-in-india/watch-mns-workers-slap-multiplex-manager-over-high-prices-of-food-5239119/ | title=WATCH: MNS workers slap multiplex manager over high prices of food; video irks people online| date=29 June 2018}}</ref>

In September 2018, a mob of MNS workers assaulted a man because of his Facebook post criticising a cartoon drawn by Raj Thackeray. The workers made the man delete his comments, and forced him to apologize. MNS leader Avinash Jadhav threatened the public with similar consequences, "if such things happened again."<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/mns-workers-assault-man-for-criticising-raj-thackeray-s-cartoon-mocking-modi-1344056-2018-09-19 | title=MNS workers assault man for criticising Raj Thackeray's cartoon mocking Modi| date=19 September 2018}}</ref>

In January 2020 on the birth anniversary of [[Bal Thackeray]], his nephew [[Raj Thackeray]] changed his party flag colour to Bhagwa ([[Bhagwa Dhwaj]]) and agenda from Marathi interest to [[Hindutva]] or [[Hindu nationalism]] giving a speech against Indian Muslims about disturbances caused by their prayers. He supported [[National Register of Citizens]] by saying that "only Indians can live in my country and other countries people can't live in India without passport and VISA so what's wrong in this act?". He also stated that [[Bangladeshis]] and [[Pakistanis]] should go back to their respective countries or they'll be thrown back forcefully.

In 2022, MNS leader was arrested in Mumbai following allegations of rape made by a female party worker. The complainant alleged that the leader assaulted her after promising a ticket for the upcoming Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation (BMC) elections and a party post.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MNS leader held for 'raping' party worker on promise of BMC poll ticket |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/mns-leader-held-for-raping-party-worker-on-promise-of-bmc-poll-ticket-1144766.html |access-date=2025-07-03 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

in September 2024, film producer Ameya Khopkar threatened violence against Pakistani actors for ''[[The Legend of Maula Jatt]]'' who set to release on October 2, 2024,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/mumbai-mns-leader-ameya-threatens-fawad-khan-over-legend-of-maula-jatt-release-in-india-will-beat-any-pakistan-actor-11726919561219.html|title=MNS leader threatens Fawad Khan over 'Legend of Maula Jatt' release in India: 'Will beat any Pakistan actor…|date=21 September 2024 |publisher=LiveMint}}</ref>

In July 2025, MNS workers were involved in an incident in Mira Road, where a shopkeeper was allegedly assaulted after he refused to speak in Marathi and mentioned that “all languages are spoken in Maharashtra, not just marathi”. A video circulated widely on social media, showing MNS workers repeatedly slapping the shopkeeper while demanding he speak in Marathi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Video: Shopkeeper Refuses To Speak Marathi, MNS Workers Rain Slaps On Him |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/language-row-maharashtra-video-shopkeeper-refuses-to-speak-marathi-mns-workers-rain-slaps-on-him-8809717 |access-date=2025-07-03 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Petition filed against raj thackeray ==
In April 7, 2025, a petition was filed in the Supreme Court of India accusing MNS president Raj Thackeray of delivering hate speech and inciting violence against the North Indian community.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-14 |title=Complaint filed against Raj Thackeray seeking action for 'hate speech, violence' |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/complaint-filed-against-raj-thackeray-seeking-action-under-national-security-act-for-hate-speech-violence-2755490-2025-07-14 |access-date=2025-07-18 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-04-07 |title=Plea in SC accuses MNS chief Raj Thackeray of hate speech, Maharashtra govt. of inaction |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/plea-in-sc-accuses-mns-chief-raj-thackeray-of-hate-speech-maharashtra-govt-of-inaction/article69424119.ece |access-date=2025-07-18 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The petition, filed by Sunil Shukla, national president of the Uttar Bhartiya Vikas Sena, and represented by advocate Sriram Parakkat, alleged state inaction against MNS members for harassment and violence.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Petition Filed In SC Against MNS & Chief Raj Thackeray Over Hate Speech Targeting Outsiders In Mumbai For Not Speaking Marathi |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/petition-filed-in-sc-against-mns-chief-raj-thackeray-over-hate-speech-targeting-outsiders-in-mumbai-for-not-speaking-marathi |access-date=2025-07-18 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref> The plea cited Thackeray’s March 30 speech during a Gudi Padwa rally, which allegedly provoked attacks on Hindi-speaking individuals in Mumbai.{{citation needed|date=July 2025}} It also referenced prior threats, including a tweet inciting murder and over 100 anonymous threatening phone calls.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shrivastava |first=Amisha |date=2025-04-07 |title=Plea In Supreme Court Seeks FIR, Derecognition Of MNS Over Raj Thackeray's Alleged Hate Speech Against Hindi-Speakers |url=https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/supreme-court-plea-fir-against-maharashtra-navnirman-sena-chief-raj-thackeray-hate-speech-case-288709 |access-date=2025-07-18 |website=www.livelaw.in |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[2008 All-India Railway Recruitment Board examination attack]]
* [[List of political parties in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20181212175407/http://manase.org/ Official Maharashtra Navnirman Sena Website]
* [http://mnvsena.org/ Official Maharashtra Navnirman Sena student wing Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100316195754/http://www.mnvsena.org/ |date=16 March 2010 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160115031442/http://www.marathigani.in/marathimusic/category-maharashtra-navnirman-sena-election-ads-241.htm Election Television Commercials Of Maharashtra Navnirman Sena]

{{Maharashtra Navnirman Sena}}
{{Shiv Sena}}
{{Indian political parties}}

[[Category:Maharashtra Navnirman Sena| ]]
[[Category:Political parties in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Far-right politics in India]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 2006]]
[[Category:2006 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Conservative parties in India]]
[[Category:Right-wing populism in India]]
[[Category:Anti-Bihari sentiment]]
[[Category:Right-wing populist parties]]
[[Category:Hindutva political parties]]
[[Category:Regionalist parties in India]]
[[Category:Ultranationalist parties]]
[[Category:Political controversies in India]]

Facebook

2026-03-16T21:48:45Z

BrooksPrather: typo fix

{{short description|Social networking service owned by Meta Platforms}}
{{About|the social media service|its owner, formerly known as Facebook, Inc.|Meta Platforms}}
{{distinguish|Face book}}
{{pp-semi-indef}}
{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{pp-move}}
{{Use American English|date=June 2015}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox website
| name = Facebook
| logo = [[File:2023 Facebook icon.svg|75px|Facebook logo]] [[File:Facebook logo (2023).svg|175px|Facebook wordmark]]
| logo_alt = The Facebook logo is a circular logo with a sans-serif white letter "F" with a blue background.
| logo_caption = Logo used since September 2023.
| screenshot = Facebook user page.png
| screenshot_alt = This is a screenshot of Mark Zuckerburg's Facebook profile. It includes his profile photo and a header photo of llamas.
| caption = Mark Zuckerberg's profile (viewed when [[Login|logged out]]), 2023
| collapsible = no
| type = [[Social networking service]]
| language = [[Multilingualism|Multilingual]] Afrikaans, Albanian, Amharic, Arabic, Armenian, Assamese, Azerbaijani, Basque, Belarusian, Bengali, Bosnian, Breton, Bulgarian, Burmese, Catalan, Cebuano, Corsican, Croatian, Czech, Danish, Dutch, Dutch (België), English (UK), English (US), English (upside down), Esperanto, Estonian, Faroese, Filipino, Finnish, French (Canada), French (France), Frisian, Fula, Galician, Georgian, German, Greek, Guarani, Gujarati, Haitian Creole, Hausa, Hebrew, Hindi, Hungarian, Icelandic, Indonesian, Irish, Italian, Japanese, Japanese (Kansai), Javanese, Kannada, Kazakh, Khmer, Kinyarwanda, Korean, Kurdish (Kurmanji), Kyrgyz, Lao, Latvian, Lithuanian, Macedonian, Malagasy, Malay, Malayalam, Maltese, Marathi, Mongolian, Nepali, Norwegian (bokmal), Norwegian (nynorsk), Odia, Pashto, Persian, Polish, Portuguese (Brazil), Portuguese (Portugal), Punjabi, Romanian, Russian, Sardinian, Serbian, Shona, Silesian, Simplified Chinese (China), Sinhala, Slovak, Slovenian, Somali, Sorani Kurdish, Spanish, Spanish (Spain), Swahili, Swedish, Syriac, Tajik, Tamazight, Tamil, Tatar, Telugu, Tetun, Thai, Traditional Chinese (Hong Kong), Traditional Chinese (Taiwan), Turkish, Ukrainian, Urdu, Uzbek, Vietnamese, Welsh and Zaza
| language_count = 112
| language_footnote = <ref>{{cite web|title=Facebook Interface Languages|url=https://www.facebook.com/language.php|website=Facebook (Select your language)|access-date=July 19, 2020|archive-date=January 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126220101/http://www.facebook.com/language.php|url-status=live}}</ref>
| founded = {{Start date and age|2004|02|04}} in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]], US
| area_served = Worldwide, except [[Censorship of Facebook|blocking countries]]
| founder = {{Unbulleted list | [[Mark Zuckerberg]] | [[Dustin Moskovitz]] | [[Chris Hughes]] | [[Andrew McCollum]] | [[Eduardo Saverin]]}}
| CEO = Mark Zuckerberg
| url = {{URL|https://www.facebook.com/|facebook.com}}
| registration = Required (to do any activity)
| users = {{increase}} 3.07 billion monthly active users ({{as of|2026|03|06|lc=yes}})<ref name="investor-report">{{cite web |title=Facebook Reports First Quarter 2022 Results |url=https://investor.fb.com/investor-news/press-release-details/2022/Meta-Reports-First-Quarter-2022-Results/default.aspx |website=Facebook Investor Relations |access-date=April 27, 2022 |date=March 31, 2022 |archive-date=June 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605105810/https://investor.fb.com/investor-news/press-release-details/2022/Meta-Reports-First-Quarter-2022-Results/default.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref>
| launch_date = {{Start date and age|2004|02|04}}
| owner = [[Meta Platforms]]
| current_status = Active
| programming_language = [[C++]], [[Hack (programming language)|Hack]] (as [[HHVM]]) and [[PHP]]
| footnotes = <ref name="Our History">{{cite web|title=Our History|url=https://newsroom.fb.com/company-info/|website=Facebook|access-date=November 7, 2018|archive-date=November 15, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151115110456/https://newsroom.fb.com/company-info/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Gavin|last=Clarke|title=Facebook re-write takes PHP to an enterprise past|url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2010/02/02/facebook_hiphop_unveiled/|website=[[The Register]]|publisher=Situation Publishing|date=February 2, 2010|access-date=March 23, 2017|archive-date=May 28, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200528131046/https://www.theregister.co.uk/2010/02/02/facebook_hiphop_unveiled/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/jul/02/facebook-mark-zuckerberg-platform-publisher-lawsuit|title=Is Facebook a publisher? In public it says no, but in court it says yes|first=Sam|last=Levin|date=July 3, 2018|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=June 23, 2019|archive-date=February 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210221205000/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/jul/02/facebook-mark-zuckerberg-platform-publisher-lawsuit|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}
{{Facebook sidebar}}
'''Facebook''' is an American [[social networking service]] owned by the American technology [[Conglomerate (company)|conglomerate]] [[Meta Platforms]]. It was founded in 2004 by [[Mark Zuckerberg]], along with his [[Harvard College]] roommates and fellow students [[Eduardo Saverin]], [[Andrew McCollum]], [[Dustin Moskovitz]], and [[Chris Hughes]]. The name Facebook derives from the [[face book]] directories often given to American university students.

The service was initially limited to Harvard students before gradually expanding to other universities in North America. Since 2006, Facebook has permitted registration by individuals aged 13 and older, with the exception of [[South Korea]], [[Spain]], and [[Quebec]], where the minimum age is 14.<ref>{{cite web |title=How do I report a child under the age of 14 on Facebook in South Korea, Spain or Quebec, Canada? |url=https://www.facebook.com/help/100532533374396/ |website=Facebook |access-date=October 9, 2023 |archive-date=October 13, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013215702/https://www.facebook.com/help/100532533374396/?helpref=related_articles=How |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{As of|2023|12}}, Facebook reported approximately 3.07 billion monthly active users worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How Many Users Does Facebook Have in 2024? |url=https://www.oberlo.com/statistics/how-many-users-does-facebook-have |access-date=January 11, 2025 |website=Oberlo}}</ref> {{As of|2025|07}}, it was ranked as the [[List of most-visited websites|third-most-visited website in the world]], with 23 percent of its traffic originating from the United States.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.similarweb.com/website/facebook.com/#geography|title=facebook.com|website=similarweb.com|access-date=November 15, 2023|archive-date=November 12, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231112112639/https://www.similarweb.com/website/facebook.com/#geography|url-status=live}}</ref> It was the most downloaded mobile application of the 2010s.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://9to5mac.com/2019/12/16/apps-and-games-of-the-decade/|title=These were the most-downloaded apps and games of the decade|last=Miller|first=Chance|date=December 17, 2019|website=9to5Mac|access-date=December 17, 2019|archive-date=December 17, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217130013/https://9to5mac.com/2019/12/16/apps-and-games-of-the-decade/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Facebook can be accessed from devices with [[Internet]] connectivity, such as [[personal computer]]s, [[Tablet computer|tablets]] and [[smartphone]]s. After registering, users can create a profile revealing personal information about themselves. They can post text, photos and multimedia which are shared with any other users who have agreed to be their [[Friending and following|friend]] or, with different [[privacy settings]], publicly. Users can also [[Instant messaging|communicate directly]] with each other with [[Facebook Messenger|Messenger]], edit messages (within 15 minutes after sending),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mezha.media/en/2023/12/12/facebook-messenger-finally-allows-you-to-edit-messages-but-you-ll-only-have-15-minutes-to-do-so/|title=Facebook Messenger finally allows you to edit messages, but you'll only have 15 minutes to do so|website=Mezha.Media}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2023/12/11/23997428/messenger-now-lets-you-edit-messages|title=Messenger now lets you edit messages.|first=Jay|last=Peters|date=December 11, 2023|website=The Verge}}</ref> join common-interest groups, and receive [[Notification service|notifications]] on the activities of their Facebook friends and the pages they follow.

Facebook has [[Criticism of Facebook|often been criticized]] over issues such as [[Internet privacy|user privacy]] (as with the [[Facebook–Cambridge Analytica data scandal]]), political manipulation (as with the [[Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections#Social media and Internet trolls|2016 U.S. elections]]) and [[mass surveillance]].<ref>{{cite web|date=May 24, 2018|title=Facebook accused of conducting mass surveillance through its apps|url=http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/may/24/facebook-accused-of-conducting-mass-surveillance-through-its-apps|access-date=October 9, 2020|website=[[The Guardian]]|language=en|last1=Cadwalladr|first1=Carole|last2=Graham-Harrison|first2=v|archive-date=January 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114003235/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/may/24/facebook-accused-of-conducting-mass-surveillance-through-its-apps|url-status=live}}</ref> The company has also been subject to criticism over its psychological effects such as [[Problematic social media use|addiction]] and low [[self-esteem]], and over content such as [[fake news]], [[Conspiracy theory|conspiracy theories]], [[copyright infringement]], and [[hate speech]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/dec/21/quit-facebook-privacy-scandal-private-messages|title=Is 2019 the year you should finally quit Facebook?|first=Arwa|last=Mahdawi|date=December 21, 2018|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=January 24, 2019|archive-date=May 28, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528063824/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/dec/21/quit-facebook-privacy-scandal-private-messages|url-status=live}}</ref> Commentators have accused Facebook of willingly facilitating the spread of such content, as well as overemphasizing its number of users to appeal to advertisers.<ref name=useradappeal>{{cite news|url=https://www.theregister.com/2018/08/17/facebook_ad_reach_lawsuit/#:~:text='Made%2Dup%20PR%20numbers',to%20exaggerate%20online%20advertising%20audience&text=Facebook%20brags%20it%20has%20a,than%201.27bn%20fake%20accounts.|title=Facebook flat-out 'lies' about how many people can see its ads – lawsuit|first=Thomas|last=Claburn|publisher=The Register|date=August 17, 2018|access-date=November 18, 2020|archive-date=September 7, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907062047/https://www.theregister.com/2018/08/17/facebook_ad_reach_lawsuit/#:~:text='Made%2Dup%20PR%20numbers',to%20exaggerate%20online%20advertising%20audience&text=Facebook%20brags%20it%20has%20a,than%201.27bn%20fake%20accounts.|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{Toclimit|3}}

== History ==
{{Main|History of Facebook}}

[[File:MarkZuckerberg-crop.jpg|thumb|left|[[Mark Zuckerberg]], co-creator of Facebook, in his [[Harvard University|Harvard]] [[dorm room]], November 2005]]

The history of Facebook traces its growth from a college networking site to a global [[social network]]ing service.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2007/jul/25/media.newmedia|title=A brief history of Facebook|first=Sarah|last=Phillips|newspaper=The Guardian |date=July 25, 2007}}</ref>

While attending [[Phillips Exeter]] in the early 2000s, Zuckerberg met Kris Tillery. Tillery, a one-time project collaborator with Zuckerberg, would create a school-based social networking project called Photo Address Book.<ref name=":0" /> Photo Address Book was a digital [[face book]], created through a linked [[database]] composed of student information derived from the official records of the Exeter Student Council.<ref name=":0" /> The database contained linkages such as name, dorm-specific landline numbers, and student [[Head shot|headshots]].<ref name=":0">{{cite book |last=Levy |first=Steven |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Facebook/u8rSDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA34&printsec=frontcover |title=Facebook: The Inside Story |date=2020 |publisher=Penguin Random House |location=New York City, New York|pages=34–35}}</ref>

Mark Zuckerberg built a website called "Facemash" in 2003 while attending [[Harvard University]]. The site was comparable to [[Hot or Not]] and used photos from online face books, asking users to choose the 'hotter' person".<ref name="Harvard Crimson on Facemash">{{cite web|first=Katharine A. |last=Kaplan |title=Facemash Creator Survives Ad Board |url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2003/11/19/facemash-creator-survives-ad-board-the/ |website=[[The Harvard Crimson]] |date=November 19, 2003 |access-date=June 24, 2017 |archive-date=May 4, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190504172812/https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2003/11/19/facemash-creator-survives-ad-board-the/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Zuckerberg was reported and faced [[Expulsion (education)|expulsion]], but the charges were dropped.<ref name="Harvard Crimson on Facemash" />

A "face book" is a student [[Directory service|directory]] featuring photos and personal information. In January 2004, Zuckerberg coded a new site known as "TheFacebook", stating, "It is clear that the technology needed to create a centralized Website is readily available ... the benefits are many." Zuckerberg met with Harvard student [[Eduardo Saverin]], and each agreed to invest $1,000.<ref>{{cite magazine|first=Claire|last=Hoffman|title=The Battle For Facebook|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/news/the-battle-for-facebook-20100915|magazine=[[Rolling Stone]]|publisher=Wenner Media|date=September 15, 2010|access-date=July 4, 2017|archive-date=December 26, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226015320/https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-news/the-battle-for-facebook-242989/}}</ref> On February 4, 2004, Zuckerberg launched "TheFacebook".<ref>{{cite news|first=Lily|last=Rothman|title=Happy Birthday, Facebook|url=https://time.com/3686124/happy-birthday-facebook/|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|date=February 4, 2015|access-date=July 4, 2017|archive-date=December 26, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226015300/http://time.com/3686124/happy-birthday-facebook/%20/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Membership was initially restricted to students of [[Harvard College]]. [[Dustin Moskovitz]], [[Andrew McCollum]], and [[Chris Hughes]] joined Zuckerberg to help manage the growth of the site.<ref>{{cite web|first=Matt|last=Weinberger|title=33 photos of Facebook's rise from a Harvard dorm room to world domination|url=http://nordic.businessinsider.com/facebook-history-photos-2016-9|website=[[Business Insider]]|publisher=Axel Springer SE|date=September 7, 2017|access-date=December 13, 2017|archive-date=December 26, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226015226/https://nordic.businessinsider.com/facebook-history-photos-2016-9%20|url-status=live}}</ref> It became available successively to most universities in the US and [[Canada]].<ref>{{cite news|access-date=June 13, 2008|url=https://www.forbes.com/2006/09/11/facebook-opens-up-cx_rr_0911facebook.html|title=Open Facebook|work=[[Forbes]]|date=September 11, 2006|author=Rosmarin, Rachel|archive-date=March 23, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323070616/https://www.forbes.com/2006/09/11/facebook-opens-up-cx_rr_0911facebook.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://tuftsdaily.com/archives/2004/04/12/online-network-created-by-harvard-students-flourishes/|title=Online network created by Harvard students flourishes|work=[[The Tufts Daily]]|first=Lananh|last=Nguyen|date=April 12, 2004|location=Medford, MA|access-date=November 30, 2018|archive-date=February 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214092755/https://tuftsdaily.com/archives/2004/04/12/online-network-created-by-harvard-students-flourishes/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2004, [[Napster]] co-founder [[Sean Parker]] became company president<ref name="NYT_260505">{{cite news|author=Rosen, Ellen|title=Student's Start-Up Draws Attention and $13 Million|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/05/26/business/26sbiz.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050529030744/http://www.nytimes.com/2005/05/26/business/26sbiz.html |archive-date=May 29, 2005 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=May 26, 2005|access-date=May 18, 2009}}</ref> and the company moved to [[Palo Alto, California]].<ref name="timeline">{{Cite press release|access-date=March 5, 2008|url=https://www.facebook.com/press/info.php?timeline|title=Company Timeline|publisher=Facebook|date=January 1, 2007|archive-date=January 6, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106103736/https://newsroom.fb.com/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[PayPal]] co-founder [[Peter Thiel]] gave Facebook its first investment.<ref name="beware">{{cite news|access-date=April 30, 2008|url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/general/beware-facebook/2008/01/18/1200620184398.html?page=fullpage#contentSwap2|title=Why you should beware of Facebook|work=The Age|location=Melbourne|date=January 20, 2008|archive-date=December 26, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226015255/https://www.theage.com.au/technology/why-you-should-beware-of-facebook-20080120-ge6mel.html?page=fullpage#contentSwap2|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Parker |first=Sean |date=April 16, 2015 |title=Reid Hoffman: The World's 100 Most Influential People |url=https://time.com/collection-post/3822665/reid-hoffman-2015-time-100/ |access-date=June 20, 2023 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |archive-date=October 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030194418/https://time.com/collection-post/3822665/reid-hoffman-2015-time-100/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2005, the company dropped "the" from its name after purchasing the [[domain name]] Facebook.com.<ref>{{cite web|first=Christopher|last=Williams|title=Facebook wins Manx battle for face-book.com|url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2007/10/01/facebook_domain_dispute|website=The Register|publisher=Situation Publishing|date=October 1, 2007|access-date=March 23, 2017|archive-date=December 26, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226015246/https://www.theregister.co.uk/2007/10/01/facebook_domain_dispute%20|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2006, Facebook opened to everyone at least or only 13 years old with a valid [[email address]].<ref name="welcome">{{cite web|first=Carolyn|last=Abram|url=http://blog.facebook.com/blog.php?post=2210227130|access-date=March 8, 2008|publisher=The Facebook Blog|title=Welcome to Facebook, everyone|date=September 26, 2006|archive-date=January 11, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190111031027/https://newsroom.fb.com/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="tos">{{cite web|access-date=March 5, 2008|url=https://www.facebook.com/terms.php|title=Terms of Use|publisher=Facebook|date=November 15, 2007|archive-date=March 5, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080305190936/http://www.facebook.com/terms.php|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://newsroom.fb.com/news/2006/09/facebook-expansion-enables-more-people-to-connect-with-friends-in-a-trusted-environment/|title=Facebook Expansion Enables More People to Connect with Friends in a Trusted Environment|date=September 26, 2006|work=Facebook Newsroom|access-date=February 4, 2016|archive-date=December 26, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226015312/https://newsroom.fb.com/news/2006/09/facebook-expansion-enables-more-people-to-connect-with-friends-in-a-trusted-environment/|url-status=live}}</ref> Facebook introduced key features like the [[News Feed]], which became central to user engagement. By late 2007, Facebook had 100,000 pages on which companies promoted themselves.<ref>{{cite news|title=Enterprise: Facebook, a Marketer's Friend; Site Offers Platform To Tout Products, Interact With Users|last=Richmond|first=Riva|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|location=New York|date=November 27, 2007|page=B4}}</ref> Facebook had surpassed [[MySpace]] in global traffic and became the world's most popular [[social media]] platform. [[Microsoft]] announced that it had purchased a 1.6% share of Facebook for $240 million (${{formatprice|{{Inflation|US|240000000|2007}}}} in {{Inflation-year|US}} dollars{{inflation-fn|US}}), giving Facebook an implied value of around $15 billion (${{formatprice|{{Inflation|US|15000000000|2007}}}} in {{Inflation-year|US}} dollars{{inflation-fn|US}}). Facebook focused on generating revenue through [[targeted advertising]] based on [[Personal data|user data]], a model that drove its rapid financial growth. In 2012, Facebook went public with one of the largest [[initial public offering|IPOs]] in tech history. [[Acquisitions]] played a significant role in Facebook's dominance. In 2012, it purchased [[Instagram]], followed by [[WhatsApp]] and [[Oculus VR]] in 2014, extending its influence beyond social networking into messaging and [[virtual reality]].

The [[Facebook–Cambridge Analytica data scandal]] in 2018 revealed misuse of user data to influence elections, sparking global outcry and leading to regulatory fines and hearings. Facebook's role in global events, including its use in organizing movements like the [[Arab Spring]] and its impact on events like the [[Rohingya genocide]] in [[Myanmar]], highlighted its dual nature as a tool for both empowerment and harm. In 2021, Facebook rebranded as [[Meta Platforms|Meta]], reflecting its shift toward building the "[[metaverse]]" and focusing on virtual reality and [[augmented reality]] technologies.

== Features ==
Facebook does not officially publish a maximum character limit for posts; however, user posts can be lengthy, with unofficial sources suggesting a high character limit. Posts may also include images and videos. According to Facebook's official business documentation, videos can be up to 240 minutes long and 10 GB in file size, with supported resolutions up to 1080p.<ref>{{cite web |title=Video Ad Specs |url=https://www.facebook.com/business/help/1692533511105458 |access-date=3 May 2025 |website=Facebook Business Help Center}}</ref>

Users can "[[Friendship|friend]]" users, both sides must agree to being friends.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How do I accept a friend request on Facebook? |url=https://www.facebook.com/help/116256305068685 |access-date=3 May 2025 |website=Facebook Help Center}}</ref> Posts can be changed to be seen by everyone (public), friends, people in a certain group (group) or by selected friends (private).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Choose who can see your post on Facebook |url=https://www.facebook.com/help/120939471321735 |access-date=3 May 2025 |website=Facebook Help Center}}</ref> Users can join groups.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Groups |url=https://www.facebook.com/help/1629740080681586 |access-date=3 May 2025 |website=Facebook Help Center}}</ref> Groups are composed of persons with shared interests. For example, they might go to the same sporting club, live in the same suburb, have the same breed of pet or share a hobby.<ref name="auto"/> Posts posted in a group can be seen only by those in a group, unless set to public.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What are the privacy options for Facebook groups? |url=https://www.facebook.com/help/220336891328465 |access-date=3 May 2025 |website=Facebook Help Center}}</ref>

Users are able to buy, sell, and swap things on Facebook Marketplace or in a Buy, Swap and Sell group.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How Marketplace Works |url=https://www.facebook.com/help/1889067784738765 |access-date=3 May 2025 |website=Facebook Help Center}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sell something in a Facebook buy and sell group |url=https://www.facebook.com/help/1557451221155310 |access-date=3 May 2025 |website=Facebook Help Center}}</ref> Facebook users may advertise events, which can be offline, on a website other than Facebook, or on Facebook.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How to Host a Facebook Group Event Offline |url=https://www.facebook.com/community/keeping-your-group-active/how-to-host-group-events-offline/ |access-date=3 May 2025 |website=Facebook Community}}</ref>

== Website ==
{{Further|List of Facebook features|Facebook Platform}}
[[File:Original-facebook.jpg|thumb|Profile shown on Thefacebook in 2005]]
[[File:Facebook.svg|thumb|Former Facebook logo in use from August 23, 2005, until July 1, 2015]]

=== Technical aspects ===
The site's primary color is blue as Zuckerberg is [[color blindness|red–green colorblind]], a realization that occurred after a test taken around 2007.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Generation Why?|url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2010/nov/25/generation-why/?pagination=false|journal=The New York Review of Books|access-date=February 15, 2014|first=Zadie|last=Smith|date=November 25, 2010| volume=57 | issue=18 |archive-date=October 23, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151023213313/http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2010/nov/25/generation-why/?pagination=false|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|title=LETTER FROM PALO ALTO: THE FACE OF FACEBOOK|url=https://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2010/09/20/100920fa_fact_vargas?currentPage=all|magazine=[[The New Yorker]]|publisher=Condé Nast|access-date=February 15, 2014|author=Jose Antonio Vargas|date=September 20, 2010|archive-date=June 26, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140626160148/http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2010/09/20/100920fa_fact_vargas?currentPage=all|url-status=live}}</ref> Facebook was initially built using [[PHP]], a popular scripting language designed for web development.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://engineering.fb.com/2020/05/08/web/facebook-redesign/ |title=Rebuilding our tech stack for the new Facebook.com|date=May 8, 2020|first1=Ashley|last1=Atkins|first2=Royi|last2=Hagigi |access-date=March 21, 2024 |archive-date=March 21, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240321141437/https://engineering.fb.com/2020/05/08/web/facebook-redesign/ |url-status=live }}</ref> PHP was used to create dynamic content and manage data on the server side of the Facebook application. Zuckerberg and co-founders chose PHP for its simplicity and ease of use, which allowed them to quickly develop and deploy the initial version of Facebook. As Facebook grew in user base and functionality, the company encountered scalability and performance challenges with PHP. In response, Facebook engineers developed tools and technologies to optimize PHP performance. One of the most significant was the creation of the HipHop Virtual Machine ([[HHVM]]). This significantly improved the performance and efficiency of PHP code execution on Facebook's servers.

The site upgraded from [[HTTP]] to the more secure [[HTTPS]] in January 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Constine |first=Josh |date=November 18, 2012 |title=Facebook Could Slow Down A Tiny Bit As It Starts Switching All Users To Secure HTTPS Connections |url=https://techcrunch.com/2012/11/18/facebook-https/ |access-date=June 16, 2024 |website=TechCrunch |language=en-US |archive-date=June 24, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240624232427/https://techcrunch.com/2012/11/18/facebook-https/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== 2012 architecture ====
Facebook is developed as one monolithic application. According to an interview in 2012 with Facebook build engineer Chuck Rossi, Facebook compiles into a 1.5 GB binary blob which is then distributed to the servers using a custom [[BitTorrent]]-based release system. Rossi stated that it takes about 15 minutes to build and 15 minutes to release to the servers. The build and release process has zero downtime. Changes to Facebook are rolled out daily.<ref name="Ars Technica BTS">{{cite web|first=Ryan|last=Paul|title=Exclusive: a behind-the-scenes look at Facebook release engineering|url=https://arstechnica.com/business/2012/04/exclusive-a-behind-the-scenes-look-at-facebook-release-engineering/|website=[[Ars Technica]]|publisher=[[Condé Nast]]|date=April 5, 2012|access-date=June 14, 2017|archive-date=July 4, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704145032/https://arstechnica.com/business/2012/04/exclusive-a-behind-the-scenes-look-at-facebook-release-engineering/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Facebook used a combination platform based on [[HBase]] to store data across distributed machines. Using a tailing architecture, events are stored in log files, and the logs are tailed. The system rolls these events up and writes them to storage. The user interface then pulls the data out and displays it to users. Facebook handles requests as [[Ajax (programming)|AJAX]] behavior. These requests are written to a log file using [[Scribe (log server)|Scribe]] (developed by Facebook).<ref name="high scalability">{{cite web|url=http://highscalability.com/blog/2011/3/22/facebooks-new-realtime-analytics-system-hbase-to-process-20.html|title=Facebook's New Real-time Analytics System: HBase To Process 20 Billion Events Per Day|publisher=Highscalability.com|date=March 22, 2011|access-date=December 26, 2012|archive-date=January 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126214712/http://highscalability.com/blog/2011/3/22/facebooks-new-realtime-analytics-system-hbase-to-process-20.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Data is read from these log files using Ptail, an internally built tool to aggregate data from multiple Scribe stores. It tails the log files and pulls data out. Ptail data are separated into three streams and sent to clusters in different [[data center]]s (Plugin impression, News feed impressions, Actions (plugin + news feed)). Puma is used to manage periods of high data flow (Input/Output or IO). Data is processed in batches to lessen the number of times needed to read and write under high demand periods. (A hot article generates many impressions and news feed impressions that cause huge data skews.) Batches are taken every 1.5 seconds, limited by memory used when creating a [[hash table]].<ref name="high scalability" />

Data is then output in PHP format. The backend is written in [[Java (programming language)|Java]]. Thrift is used as the messaging format so PHP programs can query Java services. Caching solutions display pages more quickly. The data is then sent to [[MapReduce]] servers where it is queried via Hive. This serves as a backup as the data can be recovered from Hive.<ref name="high scalability" />

==== Content delivery network (CDN) ====
Facebook uses its own [[content delivery network]] or "edge network" under the domain fbcdn.net for serving static data.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://research.fb.com/blog/2016/04/the-evolution-of-advanced-caching-in-the-facebook-cdn/|title=The Evolution of Advanced Caching in the Facebook CDN|date=April 7, 2016|access-date=May 20, 2020|archive-date=January 15, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115184511/https://research.fb.com/blog/2016/04/the-evolution-of-advanced-caching-in-the-facebook-cdn/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{citation | last=Dwarakanath | first=Navya | title=What I Learned About How Facebook Infrastructure Serves Our Photos | date=August 12, 2019}}</ref> Until the mid-2010s, Facebook also relied on [[Akamai]] for CDN services.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://research.facebook.com/publications/an-analysis-of-facebook-photo-caching/|title=An Analysis of Facebook Photo Caching – Meta Research|website=Meta Research|access-date=December 18, 2021|archive-date=December 18, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218093324/https://research.facebook.com/publications/an-analysis-of-facebook-photo-caching/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://webapps.stackexchange.com/questions/85953/does-facebook-use-any-other-cdn-apart-from-akamai-encountered-fbcdn-net-subdoma|title=Does Facebook use any other CDN apart from Akamai? Encountered fbcdn.net subdomain that does not belong to Akamai|website=Web Applications Stack Exchange|access-date=May 20, 2020|archive-date=August 11, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811051533/https://webapps.stackexchange.com/questions/85953/does-facebook-use-any-other-cdn-apart-from-akamai-encountered-fbcdn-net-subdoma|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1=Farahbakhsh | first1=Reza | last2=Cuevas | first2=Angel | last3=Ortiz | first3=Antonio M. | last4=Han | first4=Xiao | last5=Crespi | first5=Noel | s2cid=7987529 | title=How far is Facebook from me? Facebook network infrastructure analysis | journal=IEEE Communications Magazine | publisher=Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) |arxiv=1705.00717 | volume=53 | issue=9 | year=2015 | issn=0163-6804 | doi=10.1109/mcom.2015.7263357 | pages=134–142 | bibcode=2015IComM..53i.134F }}</ref>

==== Hack programming language ====
{{Main|Hack (programming language)}}

On March 20, 2014, Facebook announced a new [[Open source|open-source]] programming language called [[Hack (programming language)|Hack]]. Before public release, a large portion of Facebook was already running and "battle tested" using the new language.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.wired.com/wiredenterprise/2014/03/facebook-hack/|title=Facebook Introduces 'Hack', the Programming Language of the Future|date=March 20, 2014|magazine=Wired|first=Cade|last=Metz|access-date=March 7, 2017|archive-date=March 28, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328124125/http://www.wired.com/wiredenterprise/2014/03/facebook-hack|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== User profile/personal timeline ===
[[File:Screen of Facebook (2).PNG|thumb|Facebook login/signup screen]]

Each registered user on Facebook has a personal profile that shows their posts and content.<ref>{{cite web|first=Kate|last=Knibbs|title=How Facebook's design has changed over the last 10 years|url=https://www.dailydot.com/debug/old-facebook-profiles-news-feeds/|website=[[The Daily Dot]]|date=December 11, 2015|access-date=June 14, 2017|archive-date=November 13, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201113195420/https://www.dailydot.com/debug/old-facebook-profiles-news-feeds/|url-status=live}}</ref> The format of individual user pages was revamped in September 2011 and became known as "Timeline", a chronological feed of a user's stories,<ref>{{cite web|first=Jacob|last=Schulman|title=Facebook introduces Timeline: 'a new way to express who you are'|url=https://www.theverge.com/2011/09/22/facebook-introduces-timeline-a-express-are|website=[[The Verge]]|publisher=[[Vox Media]]|date=September 22, 2011|access-date=June 14, 2017|archive-date=June 13, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613234847/https://www.theverge.com/2011/09/22/facebook-introduces-timeline-a-express-are|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|first=Chris|last=Gayomali|title=Facebook Introduces 'Timeline': The 'Story' of Your Life|url=https://techland.time.com/2011/09/22/facebook-introduces-timeline-the-story-of-your-life/|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|date=September 22, 2011|access-date=June 14, 2017|archive-date=August 17, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200817180846/https://techland.time.com/2011/09/22/facebook-introduces-timeline-the-story-of-your-life/|url-status=live}}</ref> including status updates, photos, interactions with apps and events.<ref name="TNW Timeline">{{cite web|first=Matthew|last=Panzarino|title=Facebook introduces radical new profile design called Timeline: The story of your life [Video]|url=https://thenextweb.com/facebook/2011/09/22/facebook-introduces-timeline-the-story-of-your-life/|website=The Next Web|date=September 22, 2011|access-date=June 14, 2017|archive-date=November 27, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127003430/https://thenextweb.com/facebook/2011/09/22/facebook-introduces-timeline-the-story-of-your-life/|url-status=live}}</ref> The layout let users add a "cover photo".<ref name="TNW Timeline" /> Users were given more privacy settings.<ref name="TNW Timeline" /> In 2007, Facebook launched Facebook Pages for brands and celebrities to interact with their fanbases.<ref>{{cite web|first=Jason|last=Weaver|title=The Evolution of Facebook for Brands|url=http://mashable.com/2012/03/30/facebook-for-brands/|website=[[Mashable]]|date=March 30, 2012|access-date=June 14, 2017|archive-date=October 25, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025204744/https://mashable.com/2012/03/30/facebook-for-brands/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Before Graph Search: Facebook's Biggest Changes|url=http://uk.pcmag.com/internet-products/58174/gallery/before-graph-search-facebooks-biggest-changes?p=3|website=PC Magazine|publisher=[[Ziff Davis]]|access-date=June 14, 2017|date=January 15, 2013|archive-date=July 1, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180701055248/http://uk.pcmag.com/internet-products/58174/gallery/before-graph-search-facebooks-biggest-changes?p=3|url-status=live}}</ref> In June 2009, Facebook introduced a "Usernames" feature, allowing users to choose a unique nickname used in the [[Uniform resource locator|URL]] for their personal profile, for easier sharing.<ref>{{cite web|first=Ben|last=Parr|title=Facebook to Launch Vanity URLs for All|url=http://mashable.com/2009/06/09/facebook-vanity-urls/|website=[[Mashable]]|date=June 9, 2009|access-date=June 14, 2017|archive-date=January 15, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115214520/https://mashable.com/2009/06/09/facebook-vanity-urls/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Nick|last=O'Neill|title=Facebook Begins Rolling Out Free Profile Usernames For Vanity URLs|url=http://www.adweek.com/digital/facebook-begins-rolling-out-free-profile-usernames-for-vanity-urls/|website=[[Adweek]]|publisher=Beringer Capital|date=June 9, 2009|access-date=June 14, 2017|archive-date=November 9, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109035625/https://www.adweek.com/digital/facebook-begins-rolling-out-free-profile-usernames-for-vanity-urls/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In February 2014, Facebook expanded the gender setting, adding a custom input field that allows users to choose from a wide range of gender identities. Users can also set which set of gender-specific pronoun should be used in reference to them throughout the site.<ref>{{cite news|first1=Jordan|last1=Crook|first2=Josh|last2=Constine|title=Facebook Opens Up LGBTQ-Friendly Gender Identity And Pronoun Options|url=https://techcrunch.com/2014/02/13/facebook-gender-identity/|website=[[TechCrunch]]|publisher=[[AOL]]|date=February 13, 2014|access-date=March 23, 2017|archive-date=November 29, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129225712/https://techcrunch.com/2014/02/13/facebook-gender-identity/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Facebook expands gender options: transgender activists hail 'big advance'|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/feb/13/transgender-facebook-expands-gender-options|website=[[The Guardian]]|date=February 14, 2014|access-date=June 14, 2017|archive-date=February 13, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210213081408/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/feb/13/transgender-facebook-expands-gender-options|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Alexei|last=Oreskovic|title=In new profile feature, Facebook offers choices for gender identity|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-facebook-gender-idUSBREA1C1RU20140214|website=[[Reuters]]|publisher=[[Thomson Reuters]]|date=February 13, 2014|access-date=June 14, 2017|archive-date=November 24, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124054546/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-facebook-gender-idUSBREA1C1RU20140214|url-status=live}}</ref> In May 2014, Facebook introduced a feature to allow users to ask for information not disclosed by other users on their profiles. If a user does not provide key information, such as location, hometown, or relationship status, other users can use a new "ask" button to send a message asking about that item to the user in a single click.<ref>{{cite web|first=Sam|last=Machkovech|title=Facebook adds naggy "ask" button to profile pages|url=https://arstechnica.com/business/2014/05/facebook-introduces-naggy-ask-function-into-profile-pages/|website=Ars Technica|publisher=Condé Nast|date=May 16, 2014|access-date=June 14, 2017|archive-date=February 24, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170224180048/https://arstechnica.com/business/2014/05/facebook-introduces-naggy-ask-function-into-profile-pages/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Laura|last=Stampler|title=Facebook's New 'Ask' Button Gives You a Whole New Way to Badger Friends About Their Relationship Status|url=https://time.com/104720/facebooks-new-ask-button-gives-you-a-whole-new-way-to-badger-friends-about-their-relationship-status/|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|date=May 19, 2014|access-date=June 14, 2017|archive-date=January 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126130949/https://time.com/104720/facebooks-new-ask-button-gives-you-a-whole-new-way-to-badger-friends-about-their-relationship-status/|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== News Feed ===
{{Further|News Feed}}
[[News Feed]] appears on every user's homepage and highlights information including profile changes, upcoming events and friends' birthdays.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blog.facebook.com/blog.php?post=2207967130|title=Facebook Gets a Facelift|access-date=February 11, 2008|last=Sanghvi|first=Ruchi|date=September 6, 2006|publisher=The Facebook Blog|archive-date=June 10, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610185832/http://blog.facebook.com/blog.php?post=2207967130|url-status=live}}</ref> This enabled spammers and other users to manipulate these features by creating illegitimate events or posting fake birthdays to attract attention to their profile or cause.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blog.colnect.com/2010/03/facebook-celebrate-your-birthday-every.html|title=Facebook: Celebrate Your Birthday Every Day|publisher=Colnect blog|access-date=March 9, 2010}}</ref> Another issue is that the birthday of Leap-Day babies (those born on February 29 in leap years) is neglected three years out of four, along with memories of that day. Initially, the News Feed caused dissatisfaction among Facebook users; some complained it was too cluttered and full of undesired information, others were concerned that it made it too easy for others to track individual activities (such as relationship status changes, events, and conversations with other users).<ref>{{cite news|access-date=June 28, 2008|url=http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/sep2006/tc20060908_536553.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061106135528/http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/sep2006/tc20060908_536553.htm|archive-date=November 6, 2006|title=Facebook Learns from Its Fumble|work=BusinessWeek|location=New York|date=September 8, 2006|author=Lacy, Sarah|author-link=Sarah Lacy}}</ref> Zuckerberg apologized for the site's failure to include appropriate privacy features. Users then gained control over what types of information are shared automatically with friends. Users are now able to prevent user-set categories of friends from seeing updates about certain types of activities, including profile changes, Wall posts and newly added friends.<ref>{{cite news|access-date=June 28, 2008|url=http://www.informationweek.com/news/internet/ebusiness/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=192700574|title=Facebook Founder Apologizes in Privacy Flap; Users Given More Control|work=[[InformationWeek]]|location=New York|date=September 8, 2006|author=Gonsalves, Antone|archive-date=March 2, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100302235804/http://www.informationweek.com/news/internet/ebusiness/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=192700574|url-status=live}}</ref>

On February 23, 2010, Facebook was granted a patent<ref>{{cite patent|country=US|number=7669123|status=patent}}</ref> on certain aspects of its News Feed. The patent covers News Feeds in which links are provided so that one user can participate in the activity of another user.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://themelis-cuiper.com/22/us-patent-no-7669123.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515155132/http://themelis-cuiper.com/22/us-patent-no-7669123.html|archive-date=May 15, 2011|title=US Patent No. 7669123|work=Ostsee Magazin ☀️ Urlaubsorte und Ausflugsziele |access-date=March 9, 2010|publisher=Social Media|date=March 1, 2010}}</ref> The sorting and display of stories in a user's News Feed is governed by the [[EdgeRank]] algorithm.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edgerank.net/|title=EdgeRank|date=October 29, 2007|publisher=EdgeRank|access-date=February 16, 2013|archive-date=January 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126062416/http://edgerank.net/|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Facebook features#Photo and video uploads|Photos]] application allows users to upload albums and photos.<ref>{{cite web|first=Michael|last=Arrington|author-link=Michael Arrington|title=Facebook Launches Facebook Platform; They are the Anti-MySpace|url=https://techcrunch.com/2007/05/24/facebook-launches-facebook-platform-they-are-the-anti-myspace/|website=[[TechCrunch]]|publisher=[[AOL]]|date=May 24, 2007|access-date=March 23, 2017|archive-date=May 30, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190530101941/https://techcrunch.com/2007/05/24/facebook-launches-facebook-platform-they-are-the-anti-myspace/|url-status=live}}</ref> Each album can contain 200 photos.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blog.facebook.com/blog.php?post=87157517130|title=Share More Memories with Larger Photo Albums|access-date=January 4, 2010|archive-date=May 10, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510013328/http://blog.facebook.com/blog.php?post=87157517130|url-status=live}}</ref> Privacy settings apply to individual albums. Users can "[[tag (metadata)|tag]]", or label, friends in a photo. The friend receives a notification about the tag with a link to the photo.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=March 15, 2008|url=https://www.facebook.com/help.php?page=7|title=Photos|publisher=Facebook|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080731205244/https://www.facebook.com/help.php?page=7|archive-date=July 31, 2008}}</ref> This photo tagging feature was developed by Aaron Sittig, now a Design Strategy Lead at Facebook, and former Facebook engineer Scott Marlette back in 2006 and was only granted a [[patent]] in 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/facebooks-first-20-employees-2011-5#aaron-sittig-was-brought-on-by-sean-parker-he-created-the-concept-of-tagging-friends-in-facebook-pictures-4|title=The First 20 Facebook Employees: Where Are They Now?|last=Shontell|first=Alyson|date=May 13, 2011|website=[[Business Insider]]|access-date=September 10, 2019|archive-date=July 24, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724092424/https://www.businessinsider.com/facebooks-first-20-employees-2011-5#aaron-sittig-was-brought-on-by-sean-parker-he-created-the-concept-of-tagging-friends-in-facebook-pictures-4|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.adweek.com/digital/facebook-patent-photo-tagging/|title=Facebook Wins Patents For Tagging in Photos, Other Digital Media|last=Cutler|first=Kim-Mai|date=May 17, 2011|website=[[Adweek]]|access-date=September 10, 2019|archive-date=October 22, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022180917/https://www.adweek.com/digital/facebook-patent-photo-tagging/|url-status=live}}</ref>

On June 7, 2012, Facebook launched its App Center to help users find games and other applications.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tech/news/internet/Facebook-to-launch-App-Center/articleshow/13920641.cms|title=Facebook to launch App Center|date=June 8, 2012|work=The Times Of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120608112718/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tech/news/internet/Facebook-to-launch-App-Center/articleshow/13920641.cms|archive-date=June 8, 2012}}</ref>

On May 13, 2015, Facebook in association with major news portals launched "Instant Articles" to provide news on the Facebook news feed without leaving the site.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://media.fb.com/2015/05/12/instantarticles/|title=Introducing Instant Articles – Facebook Media|work=fb.com|access-date=May 15, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150514162847/http://media.fb.com/2015/05/12/instantarticles/|archive-date=May 14, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Krishna |first1=KP |url=http://previewtech.net/facebook-launches-instant-articles/|title=Facebook launches "Instant Articles"|work=Preview Tech|date=May 14, 2015|access-date=May 15, 2015|archive-date=December 4, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204110610/https://previewtech.net/facebook-launches-instant-articles/}}</ref> In January 2017, Facebook launched Facebook Stories for [[iOS]] and [[Android (operating system)|Android]] in Ireland. The feature, following the format of [[Snapchat]] and Instagram stories, allows users to upload photos and videos that appear above friends' and followers' News Feeds and disappear after 24 hours.<ref>{{cite web|first=Josh|last=Constine|title=Facebook Stories puts a Snapchat clone above the News Feed|url=https://techcrunch.com/2017/01/25/facebook-stories/|website=[[TechCrunch]]|publisher=[[AOL]]|date=January 25, 2017|access-date=March 23, 2017|archive-date=February 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210221205103/https://techcrunch.com/2017/01/25/facebook-stories/|url-status=live}}</ref>

On October 11, 2017, Facebook introduced the [[Facebook 3D Posts|3D Posts]] feature to allow for uploading interactive 3D assets.<ref>{{cite web|first=Rachel|last=Franklin|title=Building Connections Through Creativity and Opening VR to Everyone|url=https://www.oculus.com/blog/building-connections-through-creativity-and-opening-vr-to-everyone/|website=Oculus|date=October 11, 2017|access-date=February 28, 2018|archive-date=October 24, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024054539/https://www.oculus.com/blog/building-connections-through-creativity-and-opening-vr-to-everyone/|url-status=live}}</ref> On January 11, 2018, Facebook announced that it would change News Feed to prioritize friends/family content and de-emphasize content from media companies.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/11/technology/facebook-news-feed.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180112003129/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/11/technology/facebook-news-feed.html |archive-date=January 12, 2018 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Facebook Overhauls News Feed to Focus on What Friends and Family Share|last=Isaac|first=Mike|date=2018|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=January 17, 2018|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> In February 2020, Facebook announced it would spend $1 billion (${{formatprice|{{Inflation|US|1000000000|2020}}}} in {{Inflation-year|US}} dollars{{inflation-fn|US}}) to license news material from publishers for the next three years; a pledge coming as the company falls under scrutiny from governments across the globe over not paying for news content appearing on the platform. The pledge would be in addition to the $600 million (${{formatprice|{{Inflation|US|600000000|2020}}}} in {{Inflation-year|US}} dollars{{inflation-fn|US}}) paid since 2018 through deals with news companies such as ''[[The Guardian]]'' and ''[[Financial Times]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Ziobro|first=Paul|date=February 24, 2021|title=Facebook to Spend $1 Billion on News Content Over Three Years|language=en-US|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/facebook-to-spend-1-billion-on-news-content-over-three-years-11614187391|access-date=February 24, 2021|issn=0099-9660|archive-date=February 25, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225004635/https://www.wsj.com/articles/facebook-to-spend-1-billion-on-news-content-over-three-years-11614187391|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=UPDATE 1-Facebook says it inadvertently blocked content during Australia news ban|url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/1-facebook-says-inadvertently-blocked-115740188.html|access-date=February 24, 2021|website=finance.yahoo.com|date=February 24, 2021|language=en-US|archive-date=February 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224190827/https://finance.yahoo.com/news/1-facebook-says-inadvertently-blocked-115740188.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Barker|first=Alex|title=Facebook pledges to pay $1bn for news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/business/media-and-marketing/facebook-pledges-to-pay-1bn-for-news-1.4493909|access-date=February 24, 2021|newspaper=The Irish Times|language=en|archive-date=February 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224204916/https://www.irishtimes.com/business/media-and-marketing/facebook-pledges-to-pay-1bn-for-news-1.4493909|url-status=live}}</ref>

In March and April 2021, in response to Apple announcing changes to its iOS device's [[Identifier for Advertisers]] policy, which included requiring app developers to directly request to users the ability to track on an opt-in basis, Facebook purchased full-page newspaper advertisements attempting to convince users to allow tracking, highlighting the effects targeted ads have on small businesses.<ref>{{cite web|title=Facebook Takes Out Full-Page Newspaper Ads to Attack Apple's iOS Privacy Changes|url=https://www.macrumors.com/2020/12/16/facebook-takes-out-full-page-ads-to-attack-apple/|access-date=May 12, 2021|website=MacRumors|date=December 16, 2020|language=en|archive-date=May 12, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512183223/https://www.macrumors.com/2020/12/16/facebook-takes-out-full-page-ads-to-attack-apple/|url-status=live}}</ref> Facebook's efforts were ultimately unsuccessful, as [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] released iOS 14.5 in late April 2021, containing the feature for users in what has been deemed "App Tracking Transparency". Moreover, statistics from [[Verizon Communications]] subsidiary Flurry Analytics show 96% of all iOS users in the United States are not permitting tracking at all, and only 12% of worldwide iOS users are allowing tracking, which some news outlets deem "Facebook's nightmare", among similar terms.<ref>{{cite web|last=Datti|first=Sharmishte|date=May 12, 2021|title=Apple's App Tracking Transparency Becomes Facebook's Nightmare: Only 4% Allow Tracking|url=https://www.gizbot.com/mobile/news/apple-app-tracking-transparency-becomes-facebook-nightmare-only-4-percent-allow-tracking-074217.html|access-date=May 12, 2021|website=gizbot.com|language=en|archive-date=June 4, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210604024443/https://www.gizbot.com/mobile/news/apple-app-tracking-transparency-becomes-facebook-nightmare-only-4-percent-allow-tracking-074217.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Apple Might Have Just Put and End to Facebook|url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/money/other/apple-s-app-tracking-transparency-update-is-turning-out-to-be-the-worst-case-scenario-for-facebook/ar-BB1gDK55|access-date=May 12, 2021|website=www.msn.com|archive-date=May 12, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512183221/https://www.msn.com/en-us/money/other/apple-s-app-tracking-transparency-update-is-turning-out-to-be-the-worst-case-scenario-for-facebook/ar-BB1gDK55|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=May 9, 2021|title=Apple vs Facebook: 96 Percent Users Disabling App Tracking So Far, Claims Report|url=https://www.news18.com/news/tech/apple-vs-facebook-96-percent-users-disabling-app-tracking-so-far-claims-report-3720917.html|access-date=May 12, 2021|website=www.news18.com|language=en|archive-date=May 12, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512183221/https://www.news18.com/news/tech/apple-vs-facebook-96-percent-users-disabling-app-tracking-so-far-claims-report-3720917.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Heisler|first=Yoni|date=May 11, 2021|title=New data shows how devastating Apple's new anti-tracking feature is for Facebook|url=https://bgr.com/tech/ios-14-update-app-tracking-transparency-facebook-percentage-5924882/|access-date=May 12, 2021|website=BGR|language=en-US|archive-date=May 11, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511224832/https://bgr.com/tech/ios-14-update-app-tracking-transparency-facebook-percentage-5924882/|url-status=live}}</ref> Despite the news, Facebook stated that the new policy and software update would be "manageable".<ref>{{cite web|title=Facebook Says Impact of iOS 14.5's App Tracking Transparency Will Be 'Manageable'|url=https://www.macrumors.com/2021/04/28/facebook-att-impact-manageable/|access-date=May 12, 2021|website=MacRumors|date=April 28, 2021|language=en|archive-date=May 12, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512183220/https://www.macrumors.com/2021/04/28/facebook-att-impact-manageable/|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Like button ===
{{Further|Facebook like button}}
[[File:Facebook Like React.png|thumb|The Facebook "like" button]]
The "like" button, stylized as a "thumbs up" icon, was first enabled on February 9, 2009,<ref>{{cite web|first=Jason|last=Kincaid|title=Facebook Activates "Like" Button; FriendFeed Tires Of Sincere Flattery|url=https://techcrunch.com/2009/02/09/facebook-activates-like-button-friendfeed-tires-of-sincere-flattery/|website=[[TechCrunch]]|publisher=[[AOL]]|date=February 9, 2009|access-date=May 31, 2017|archive-date=July 1, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180701055146/https://techcrunch.com/2009/02/09/facebook-activates-like-button-friendfeed-tires-of-sincere-flattery/|url-status=live}}</ref> and enables users to easily interact with status updates, comments, photos and videos, links shared by friends, and advertisements. Once clicked by a user, the designated content is more likely to appear in friends' [[News Feed]]s.<ref>{{cite web|first=JP|last=Mangalindan|title=Facebook Likes don't go as far as they used to in News Feed update|url=http://mashable.com/2015/04/21/news-feed-facebook-likes/|website=[[Mashable]]|date=April 21, 2015|access-date=May 31, 2017|archive-date=October 19, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019223547/https://mashable.com/2015/04/21/news-feed-facebook-likes/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Josh|last=Constine|title=How Facebook News Feed Works|url=https://techcrunch.com/2016/09/06/ultimate-guide-to-the-news-feed/|website=[[TechCrunch]]|publisher=[[AOL]]|date=September 6, 2016|access-date=May 31, 2017|archive-date=January 29, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129023716/https://techcrunch.com/2016/09/06/ultimate-guide-to-the-news-feed/|url-status=live}}</ref> The button displays the number of other users who have liked the content.<ref>{{cite web|title=Like and React to Posts|url=https://www.facebook.com/help/1624177224568554/|website=Facebook Help Center|publisher=Facebook|access-date=May 31, 2017|archive-date=January 6, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106073457/https://www.facebook.com/help/1624177224568554|url-status=live}}</ref> The like button was extended to comments in June 2010.<ref>{{cite web|first=Chloe|last=Albanesius|title=Facebook Adds Ability to 'Like' Comments|url=https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2365190,00.asp|website=PC Magazine|publisher=Ziff Davis|date=June 17, 2010|access-date=May 31, 2017|archive-date=January 26, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190126091323/https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2365190,00.asp|url-status=live}}</ref> In February 2016, Facebook expanded Like into "Reactions", allowing users to choose from five pre-defined emotions: "Love", "Haha", "Wow", "Sad", or "Angry".<ref name="verge-reactions">{{cite web|first=Casey|last=Newton|title=Facebook rolls out expanded Like button reactions around the world|url=https://www.theverge.com/2016/2/24/11094374/facebook-reactions-like-button|website=[[The Verge]]|publisher=[[Vox Media]]|date=February 24, 2016|access-date=May 31, 2017|archive-date=February 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214164910/https://www.theverge.com/2016/2/24/11094374/facebook-reactions-like-button|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|first=Liz|last=Stinson|title=Facebook Reactions, the Totally Redesigned Like Button, Is Here|url=https://www.wired.com/2016/02/facebook-reactions-totally-redesigned-like-button|journal=[[Wired (website)|Wired]]|date=February 24, 2016|access-date=May 31, 2017|archive-date=December 3, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203233726/https://www.wired.com/2016/02/facebook-reactions-totally-redesigned-like-button/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Natt|last=Garun|title=Facebook reactions have now infiltrated comments|url=https://www.theverge.com/2017/5/3/15536812/facebook-reactions-now-available-comments|website=[[The Verge]]|publisher=[[Vox Media]]|date=May 3, 2017|access-date=May 31, 2017|archive-date=June 20, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620180635/https://www.theverge.com/2017/5/3/15536812/facebook-reactions-now-available-comments|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=David|last=Cohen|title=Facebook Just Extended Reactions to Comments|url=http://www.adweek.com/digital/facebook-reactions-comments/|website=[[Adweek]]|publisher=Beringer Capital|date=May 3, 2017|access-date=May 31, 2017|archive-date=February 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210221205130/https://www.adweek.com/performance-marketing/facebook-reactions-comments/|url-status=live}}</ref> In late April 2020, during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], a new "Care" reaction was added.<ref name="Verge: Care button">{{cite web |last1=Lyles |first1=Taylor |title=Facebook adds a 'care' reaction to the like button 5 |url=https://www.theverge.com/2020/4/17/21224805/facebook-care-reaction-like-button-messenger-app |website=[[The Verge]] |date=April 17, 2020 |access-date=May 2, 2020 |archive-date=May 23, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523223255/https://www.theverge.com/2020/4/17/21224805/facebook-care-reaction-like-button-messenger-app |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Instant messaging ===
{{Main|Facebook Messenger}}

Facebook Messenger is an [[instant messaging]] service and software application. It began as Facebook Chat in 2008,<ref>{{cite web|first=Mark|last=Hendrickson|title=Facebook Chat Launches, For Some|url=https://techcrunch.com/2008/04/06/facebook-chat-enters-pre-release-beta/|website=[[TechCrunch]]|publisher=[[AOL]]|date=April 6, 2008|access-date=June 2, 2017|archive-date=October 17, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017053152/https://techcrunch.com/2008/04/06/facebook-chat-enters-pre-release-beta/|url-status=live}}</ref> was revamped in 2010<ref>{{cite web|first=MG|last=Siegler|title=Facebook's Modern Messaging System: Seamless, History, And A Social Inbox|url=https://techcrunch.com/2010/11/15/facebook-messaging/|website=[[TechCrunch]]|publisher=[[AOL]]|date=November 15, 2010|access-date=June 2, 2017|archive-date=October 19, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019030531/https://techcrunch.com/2010/11/15/facebook-messaging/|url-status=live}}</ref> and eventually became a standalone mobile app in August 2011, while remaining part of the user page on browsers.<ref>{{cite web|first=Jason|last=Kincaid|title=Facebook Launches Standalone iPhone/Android Messenger App (And It's Beluga)|url=https://techcrunch.com/2011/08/09/facebook-launches-standalone-mobile-messenger-app-and-it%E2%80%99s-beluga/|website=[[TechCrunch]]|publisher=[[AOL]]|date=August 9, 2011|access-date=June 2, 2017|archive-date=October 5, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201005063853/https://techcrunch.com/2011/08/09/facebook-launches-standalone-mobile-messenger-app-and-it%E2%80%99s-beluga/|url-status=live}}</ref> Complementing regular conversations, Messenger lets users make one-to-one<ref>{{cite web|first=Hope|last=King|title=Facebook Messenger now lets you make video calls|url=https://money.cnn.com/2015/04/27/technology/facebook-messenger-mobile-video-call/|website=[[CNN]]|date=April 27, 2015|access-date=June 2, 2017|archive-date=June 11, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611021040/https://money.cnn.com/2015/04/27/technology/facebook-messenger-mobile-video-call/|url-status=live}}</ref> and group<ref>{{cite web|first=Nick|last=Statt|title=Facebook Messenger now lets you video chat with up to 50 people|url=https://www.theverge.com/2016/12/19/14006752/facebook-messenger-group-video-chat-feature-update|website=[[The Verge]]|publisher=[[Vox Media]]|date=December 19, 2016|access-date=June 2, 2017|archive-date=November 8, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108105746/http://www.theverge.com/2016/12/19/14006752/facebook-messenger-group-video-chat-feature-update|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Voice over IP|voice]]<ref>{{cite web|first=Ellis|last=Hamburger|title=Facebook launches free calling for all iPhone users in the US|url=https://www.theverge.com/2013/1/16/3883538/facebook-launches-free-calling-in-messenger-for-iphone-us|website=[[The Verge]]|publisher=[[Vox Media]]|date=January 16, 2013|access-date=June 2, 2017|archive-date=November 12, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112022932/http://www.theverge.com/2013/1/16/3883538/facebook-launches-free-calling-in-messenger-for-iphone-us|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Videotelephony|video calls]].<ref>{{cite web|first=Josh|last=Constine|title=Facebook Messenger Launches Free VOIP Video Calls Over Cellular And Wi-Fi|url=https://techcrunch.com/2015/04/27/facebook-messenger-video-chat/|website=[[TechCrunch]]|publisher=[[AOL]]|date=April 27, 2015|access-date=June 2, 2017|archive-date=September 19, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919222052/https://techcrunch.com/2015/04/27/facebook-messenger-video-chat/|url-status=live}}</ref> Its Android app has integrated support for [[SMS]]<ref>{{cite web|first=Charles|last=Arthur|title=Facebook turns Messenger into a text message killer|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2012/dec/04/facebook-messenger-android-sms-killer|website=[[The Guardian]]|date=December 4, 2012|access-date=June 2, 2017|archive-date=September 19, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919180035/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2012/dec/04/facebook-messenger-android-sms-killer|url-status=live}}</ref> and "Chat Heads", which are round profile photo icons appearing on-screen regardless of what app is open,<ref>{{cite web|title=Chat Heads come to Facebook Messenger for Android|url=https://www.theverge.com/2013/4/12/4216838/facebook-updates-messenger-adds-chat-heads|website=[[The Verge]]|publisher=[[Vox Media]]|date=April 12, 2013|access-date=June 2, 2017|archive-date=September 20, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920055844/https://www.theverge.com/2013/4/12/4216838/facebook-updates-messenger-adds-chat-heads|url-status=live}}</ref> while both apps support multiple accounts,<ref>{{cite web|first=Sarah|last=Perez|title=Facebook Tests SMS Integration in Messenger, Launches Support For Multiple Accounts|url=https://techcrunch.com/2016/02/11/facebook-tests-sms-integration-in-messenger-launches-support-for-multiple-accounts/|website=[[TechCrunch]]|publisher=[[AOL]]|date=February 11, 2016|access-date=June 2, 2017|archive-date=December 2, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202010903/https://techcrunch.com/2016/02/11/facebook-tests-sms-integration-in-messenger-launches-support-for-multiple-accounts/|url-status=live}}</ref> conversations with optional [[end-to-end encryption]]<ref>{{cite journal|first=Andy|last=Greenberg|title=You Can All Finally Encrypt Facebook Messenger, So Do It|url=https://www.wired.com/2016/10/facebook-completely-encrypted-messenger-update-now/|journal=[[Wired (website)|Wired]]|date=October 4, 2016|access-date=June 2, 2017|archive-date=November 22, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201122050204/https://www.wired.com/2016/10/facebook-completely-encrypted-messenger-update-now/|url-status=live}}</ref> and "Instant Games".<ref>{{cite web|first=Josh|last=Constine|title=Facebook Messenger launches Instant Games|url=https://techcrunch.com/2016/11/29/messenger-instant-games/|website=[[TechCrunch]]|publisher=[[AOL]]|date=November 29, 2016|access-date=June 2, 2017|archive-date=November 8, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108101121/https://techcrunch.com/2016/11/29/messenger-instant-games/|url-status=live}}</ref> Some features, including sending money<ref name="US-feature">{{cite web|first=Josh|last=Constine|title=Facebook Introduces Free Friend-To-Friend Payments Through Messages|url=https://techcrunch.com/2015/03/17/facebook-pay/|website=[[TechCrunch]]|publisher=[[AOL]]|date=March 17, 2015|access-date=June 2, 2017|archive-date=August 15, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200815173100/https://techcrunch.com/2015/03/17/facebook-pay/|url-status=live}}</ref> and requesting transportation,<ref>{{cite web|first=Andrew J.|last=Hawkins|title=Facebook Messenger now lets you hail an Uber car|url=https://www.theverge.com/2015/12/16/10303878/facebook-messenger-uber-app-integration-API|website=[[The Verge]]|publisher=[[Vox Media]]|date=December 16, 2015|access-date=June 2, 2017|archive-date=November 8, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108092109/http://www.theverge.com/2015/12/16/10303878/facebook-messenger-uber-app-integration-API|url-status=live}}</ref> are limited to the United States.<ref name="US-feature" /> In 2017, Facebook added "Messenger Day", a feature that lets users share photos and videos in a story-format with all their friends with the content disappearing after 24 hours;<ref>{{cite web|first=James|last=Vincent|title=Facebook's Snapchat stories clone, Messenger Day, is now rolling out globally|url=https://www.theverge.com/2017/3/9/14867192/facebook-messenger-snapchat-stories-clone-day|website=[[The Verge]]|publisher=[[Vox Media]]|date=March 9, 2017|access-date=June 2, 2017|archive-date=November 12, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112020809/http://www.theverge.com/2017/3/9/14867192/facebook-messenger-snapchat-stories-clone-day|url-status=live}}</ref> Reactions, which lets users tap and hold a message to add a reaction through an [[emoji]];<ref name="verge-mentions">{{cite web|first=James|last=Vincent|title=Facebook Messenger gets reactions for individual messages and @ notifications|url=https://www.theverge.com/2017/3/23/15033810/facebook-messenger-notifications-reactions|website=[[The Verge]]|publisher=[[Vox Media]]|date=March 23, 2017|access-date=June 2, 2017|archive-date=November 12, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112033205/http://www.theverge.com/2017/3/23/15033810/facebook-messenger-notifications-reactions|url-status=live}}</ref> and Mentions, which lets users in group conversations type @ to give a particular user a notification.<ref name="verge-mentions" />

In April 2020, Facebook began rolling out a new feature called [[Facebook Messenger|Messenger Rooms]], a video chat feature that allows users to chat with up to 50 people at a time.<ref>{{cite web |last=O'Flaherty |first=Kate |title=Facebook Users Beware: Here's Why Messenger Rooms Is Not Actually That Private |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/kateoflahertyuk/2020/04/26/facebooks-messenger-rooms-is-not-actually-all-that-private-heres-why/ |access-date=May 14, 2020 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> In July 2020, Facebook added a new feature in Messenger that lets iOS users to use Face ID or Touch ID to lock their chats. The feature is called App Lock and is a part of several changes in Messenger regarding privacy and security.<ref>{{cite web |last=Kastrenakes |first=Jacob |date=July 22, 2020 |title=Facebook Messenger can now lock your chats behind Face ID |url=https://www.theverge.com/2020/7/22/21333945/facebook-messenger-app-lock-security-iphone-ipad-face-id |access-date=July 23, 2020 |website=The Verge |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Mendiratta |first=Hemant |date=August 7, 2020 |title=How To View Only Unread Messages On Facebook Messenger |url=https://www.techuntold.com/view-only-unread-messages-facebook-messenger |access-date=September 14, 2021 |website=TechUntold |quote=}}</ref> On October 13, 2020, the Messenger application introduced cross-app messaging with Instagram, which was launched in September 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 30, 2021 |title=Facebook Messenger releases cross-app group chats, further integrating with Instagram |url=https://techcrunch.com/2021/09/30/facebook-messenger-releases-cross-app-group-chats-further-integrating-with-instagram/ |access-date=April 8, 2022 |website=TechCrunch |language=en-US}}</ref> In addition to the integrated messaging, the application announced the introduction of a new logo, which will be an amalgamation of the Messenger and Instagram logo.<ref>{{cite web |date=October 13, 2020 |title=The Future of Messaging is Now |url=https://messengernews.fb.com/2020/10/13/the-future-of-messaging-is-now/ |access-date=October 13, 2020 |website=Messenger News |archive-date=October 13, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201013224004/https://messengernews.fb.com/2020/10/13/the-future-of-messaging-is-now/ }}</ref>

Businesses and users can interact through Messenger with features such as tracking purchases and receiving notifications, and interacting with customer service representatives. Third-party developers can integrate apps into Messenger, letting users enter an app while inside Messenger and optionally share details from the app into a chat.<ref>{{cite web|first=Hope|last=King|title=7 big changes coming to Facebook|url=https://money.cnn.com/2015/03/25/technology/facebook-f8-messenger/|website=[[CNN]]|date=March 25, 2015|access-date=June 2, 2017|archive-date=March 1, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200301180343/https://money.cnn.com/2015/03/25/technology/facebook-f8-messenger/|url-status=live}}</ref> Developers can build [[Software agent|chatbots]] into Messenger, for uses such as news publishers building bots to distribute news.<ref>{{cite web|first=Casey|last=Newton|title=Facebook launches a bot platform for Messenger|url=https://www.theverge.com/2016/4/12/11395806/facebook-messenger-bot-platform-announced-f8-conference|website=[[The Verge]]|publisher=[[Vox Media]]|date=April 12, 2016|access-date=June 2, 2017|archive-date=November 8, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108162709/http://www.theverge.com/2016/4/12/11395806/facebook-messenger-bot-platform-announced-f8-conference|url-status=live}}</ref> Businesses like respond.io, Twilio, and Manychat also used the APIs to develop chatbots and automation platforms for commercial use.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Newlands |first1=Murray |title=ManyChat's Chatbots Are Getting 400% ROI: Here's How You Can Too |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/mnewlands/2017/07/29/manychats-chatbots-are-getting-400-roi-heres-how-you-can-too/ |work=Forbes |access-date=7 July 2025 |date=July 29, 2017}}</ref>

The [[M (virtual assistant)|M virtual assistant]] (U.S.) scans chats for keywords and suggests relevant actions, such as its payments system for users mentioning money.<ref>{{cite web|first=Nick|last=Statt|title=Facebook's AI assistant will now offer suggestions inside Messenger|url=https://www.theverge.com/2017/4/6/15200836/facebook-messenger-m-suggestions-ai-assisant|website=[[The Verge]]|publisher=[[Vox Media]]|date=April 6, 2017|access-date=June 2, 2017|archive-date=November 11, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111192857/http://www.theverge.com/2017/4/6/15200836/facebook-messenger-m-suggestions-ai-assisant|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Josh|last=Constine|title=Facebook Messenger's AI 'M' suggests features to use based on your convos|url=https://techcrunch.com/2017/04/06/facebook-messengers-ai-m-suggests-features-to-use-based-on-your-convos/|website=[[TechCrunch]]|publisher=[[AOL]]|date=April 6, 2017|access-date=June 2, 2017|archive-date=October 26, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026170208/https://techcrunch.com/2017/04/06/facebook-messengers-ai-m-suggests-features-to-use-based-on-your-convos/|url-status=live}}</ref> Group chatbots appear in Messenger as "Chat Extensions". A "Discovery" tab allows finding bots, and enabling special, branded [[QR code]]s that, when scanned, take the user to a specific bot.<ref>{{cite web|first=Josh|last=Constine|title=Facebook Messenger launches group bots and bot discovery tab|url=https://techcrunch.com/2017/04/18/facebook-bot-discovery/|website=[[TechCrunch]]|publisher=[[AOL]]|date=April 18, 2017|access-date=June 2, 2017|archive-date=October 22, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022040938/https://techcrunch.com/2017/04/18/facebook-bot-discovery/|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Privacy policy ===
{{See also|#Privacy}}
Facebook's data policy outlines its policies for collecting, storing, and sharing user's data.<ref name="Data Policy">{{cite web|access-date=October 20, 2021|work=Facebook.com|title="Data Policy"|url=https://www.facebook.com/about/privacy/previous|archive-date=October 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021031157/https://www.facebook.com/about/privacy/previous|url-status=live}}</ref> Facebook enables users to control access to individual posts and their profile<ref>{{cite web|access-date=June 13, 2009|url=https://www.facebook.com/privacy/?view=search|title=Search Privacy|publisher=Facebook|archive-date=November 9, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109220522/http://www.facebook.com/privacy/?view=search|url-status=live}}</ref> through [[privacy settings]].<ref name="Choose Your Privacy Settings">{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/settings/?tab=privacy|title=Choose Your Privacy Settings|publisher=Facebook|access-date=September 10, 2009}}</ref> The user's name and profile picture (if applicable) are public.

Facebook's revenue depends on targeted advertising, which involves analyzing user data to decide which ads to show each user. Facebook buys data from third parties, gathered from both online and offline sources, to supplement its own data on users. Facebook maintains that it does not share data used for targeted advertising with the advertisers themselves.<ref>{{Cite news|title="What Facebook's privacy policy allows may surprise you"|last1=Ortutay|first1=Barbare|date=March 25, 2018|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/business/ct-facebook-privacy-policy-20180325-story.html}}</ref> The company states:

<blockquote>"We provide advertisers with reports about the kinds of people seeing their ads and how their ads are performing, but we don't share information that personally identifies you (information such as your name or email address that by itself can be used to contact you or identifies who you are) unless you give us permission. For example, we provide general demographic and interest information to advertisers (for example, that an ad was seen by a woman between the ages of 25 and 34 who lives in Madrid and likes software engineering) to help them better understand their audience. We also confirm which Facebook ads led you to make a purchase or take an action with an advertiser."<ref name="Data Policy" /></blockquote>

{{As of|October 2021}}, Facebook claims it uses the following policy for sharing user data with third parties:

<blockquote>Apps, websites, and third-party integrations on or using our Products.
When you choose to use third-party apps, websites, or other services that use, or are integrated with, our Products, they can receive information about what you post or share. For example, when you play a game with your Facebook friends or use a Facebook Comment or Share button on a website, the game developer or website can receive information about your activities in the game or receive a comment or link that you share from the website on Facebook. Also, when you download or use such third-party services, they can access your public profile on Facebook, and any information that you share with them. Apps and websites you use may receive your list of Facebook friends if you choose to share it with them. But apps and websites you use will not be able to receive any other information about your Facebook friends from you, or information about any of your Instagram followers (although your friends and followers may, of course, choose to share this information themselves). Information collected by these third-party services is subject to their own terms and policies, not this one.

Devices and operating systems providing native versions of Facebook and Instagram (i.e. where we have not developed our own first-party apps) will have access to all information you choose to share with them, including information your friends share with you, so they can provide our core functionality to you.

Note: We are in the process of restricting developers' data access even further to help prevent abuse. For example, we will remove developers' access to your Facebook and Instagram data if you haven't used their app in 3 months, and we are changing Login, so that in the next version, we will reduce the data that an app can request without app review to include only name, Instagram username and bio, profile photo and email address. Requesting any other data will require our approval.<ref name="Data Policy" /></blockquote>

Facebook will also share data with [[law enforcement]] if needed to.<ref name="Data Policy" />

Facebook's policies have changed repeatedly since the service's debut, amid a series of controversies covering everything from how well it secures user data, to what extent it allows users to control access, to the kinds of access given to third parties, including businesses, political campaigns and governments. These facilities vary according to country, as some nations require the company to make data available (and limit access to services), while the European Union's [[General Data Protection Regulation|GDPR]] regulation mandates additional privacy protections.<ref name=wsj15>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/facebooks-timeline-15-years-in-11549276201|title=Facebook's Timeline: 15 Years In|last1=Wilberding|first1=Kurt|date=February 4, 2019|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|access-date=February 6, 2019|last2=Wells|first2=Georgia|issn=0099-9660}}</ref>

=== Bug Bounty Program ===
[[File:Facebook t-shirt with whitehat debit card for Hackers.jpg|thumb|A Facebook "[[White hat (computer security)|White Hat]]" debit card, given to researchers who report [[security bug]]s, May 2014]]

On July 29, 2011, Facebook announced its Bug Bounty Program that paid security researchers a minimum of $500 (${{formatprice|{{Inflation|US|500|2011}}}} in {{Inflation-year|US}} dollars{{inflation-fn|US}}) for reporting security holes. The company promised not to pursue "white hat" hackers who identified such problems.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://facebook.com/whitehat|title=Facebook|publisher=Facebook|access-date=August 4, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2389460,00.asp|title=Facebook Offers $500 Bounty for Reporting Bugs: Why So Cheap|magazine=PC Magazine|access-date=January 18, 2015}}</ref> This led researchers in many countries to participate, particularly in India and Russia.<ref>{{cite web|last=Bug Bounty|first=((Facebook))|title=Facebook Bug Bounty|url=https://www.facebook.com/notes/facebook-bug-bounty/bug-bounty-highlights-and-updates/818902394790655|publisher=Facebook Security|access-date=April 3, 2014}}</ref>

== Reception ==

=== Userbase ===
Facebook's rapid growth began as soon as it became available and continued through 2018, before beginning to decline. Facebook passed 100 million registered users in 2008,<ref>{{cite web|first=Stan|last=Schroeder|title=Facebook's 100 Million Users: How Much are They Worth?|url=http://mashable.com/2008/08/26/facebook-100-million-users/|website=[[Mashable]]|date=August 26, 2008|access-date=June 4, 2017}}</ref> and 500 million in July 2010.<ref name="500 million">{{cite web|first=Robin|last=Wauters|title=Zuckerberg Makes It Official: Facebook Hits 500 Million Members|url=https://techcrunch.com/2010/07/21/facebook-500-million/|website=[[TechCrunch]]|publisher=[[AOL]]|date=July 21, 2010|access-date=June 4, 2017}}</ref> According to the company's data at the July 2010 announcement, half of the site's membership used Facebook daily, for an average of 34 minutes, while 150 million users accessed the site by mobile.<ref name="Quiet revolution">{{cite web|first1=Charles|last1=Arthur|first2=Jemima|last2=Kiss|title=Facebook reaches 500 million users|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2010/jul/21/facebook-500-million-users|website=[[The Guardian]]|date=July 21, 2010|access-date=March 23, 2017}}</ref>

In October 2012, Facebook's monthly active users passed one billion,<ref name="One billion users">{{cite web |first1=Aaron |last1=Smith |first2=Laurie |last2=Segal |first3=Stacy |last3=Cowley |title=Facebook reaches one billion users |url=https://money.cnn.com/2012/10/04/technology/facebook-billion-users/ |website=[[CNN]] |date=October 4, 2012 |access-date=June 4, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Jemima |last=Kiss |title=Facebook hits 1 billion users a month |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2012/oct/04/facebook-hits-billion-users-a-month |website=[[The Guardian]] |date=October 4, 2012 |access-date=June 4, 2017}}</ref> with 600 million mobile users, 219 billion photo uploads, and 140 billion friend connections.<ref name="Billion statistics">{{cite web|first=Daniel|last=Ionescu|title=Facebook rules the social networking world with 1 billion users|url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/2011123/facebook-rules-the-social-networking-world-with-1-billion-users.html|website=[[PC World]]|publisher=[[International Data Group]]|date=October 4, 2012|access-date=June 4, 2017}}</ref> The 2 billion user mark was crossed in June 2017.<ref>{{cite web|first=Chris|last=Welch|title=Facebook crosses 2 billion monthly users|url=https://www.theverge.com/2017/6/27/15880494/facebook-2-billion-monthly-users-announced|website=[[The Verge]]|publisher=[[Vox Media]]|date=June 27, 2017|access-date=June 27, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Josh|last=Constine|title=Facebook now has 2 billion monthly users ... and responsibility|url=https://techcrunch.com/2017/06/27/facebook-2-billion-users/|website=[[TechCrunch]]|publisher=[[AOL]]|date=June 27, 2017|access-date=July 1, 2017}}</ref> In November 2015, after skepticism about the accuracy of its "monthly active users" measurement, Facebook changed its definition to a logged-in member who visits the Facebook site through the web browser or mobile app, or uses the [[Facebook Messenger]] app, in the 30-day period prior to the measurement. This excluded the use of third-party services with Facebook integration, which was previously counted.<ref>{{cite web|first=David|last=Cohen|title=Facebook Changes Definition of Monthly Active Users|url=http://www.adweek.com/digital/monthly-active-users-definition-revised/|website=[[Adweek]]|publisher=Beringer Capital|date=November 6, 2015|access-date=June 4, 2017}}</ref>

From 2017 to 2019, the percentage of the U.S. population over the age of 12 who use Facebook has declined, from 67% to 61% (a decline of some 15 million U.S. users), with a higher drop-off among younger Americans (a decrease in the percentage of U.S. 12- to 34-year-olds who are users from 58% in 2015 to 29% in 2019).<ref name="Heeti">Abrar Al-Heeti, [https://www.cnet.com/news/facebook-lost-15-million-us-users-in-the-past-two-years-report-says/ Facebook lost 15 million US users in the past two years, report says], CNET (March 6, 2019).</ref><ref name="Statt">Nick Statt, [https://www.theverge.com/2019/3/6/18253274/facebook-users-decline-15-million-people-united-states-privacy-scandals Facebook's US user base declined by 15 million since 2017, according to survey], ''The Verge'' (March 6, 2019).</ref> The decline coincided with an increase in the popularity of Instagram, which is also owned by Meta.<ref name="Heeti" /><ref name="Statt" /> The number of daily active users experienced a quarterly decline for the first time in the last quarter of 2021, down to 1.929 billion from 1.930 billion,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-60238565|title=Facebook: Daily active users fall for first time in 18-year history|work=[[BBC News]] |date=February 3, 2022}}</ref> but increased again the next quarter despite being banned in Russia.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-61250669|title=Daily Facebook users up again after first-ever decline|work=[[BBC News]] |date=April 27, 2022}}</ref>

Historically, commentators have offered predictions of Facebook's decline or end, based on causes such as a declining user base;<ref>{{cite web|last1=Heaven|first1=Will|title=Is this the beginning of the end for Facebook?|url=http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/willheaven/100092236/is-this-the-beginning-of-the-end-for-facebook/|website=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314014241/http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/willheaven/100092236/is-this-the-beginning-of-the-end-for-facebook/|archive-date=March 14, 2012|date=June 14, 2011}}</ref> the legal difficulties of being a [[closed platform]], inability to generate revenue, inability to offer user privacy, inability to adapt to mobile platforms, or Facebook ending itself to present a next generation replacement;<ref name="Silverman 2012">{{cite web|last1=Silverman|first1=Matt|title=The End of Facebook: What Will It Take to Kill the King of Social?|url=https://mashable.com/2012/06/13/facebook-decline|website=[[Mashable]]|language=en|date=June 13, 2012}}</ref> or Facebook's role in [[Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Bilton|first1=Nick|title=This Could Be the End of Facebook|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2017/10/this-could-be-the-end-of-facebook-hive-podcast|website=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]|language=en|date=October 27, 2017}}</ref>

{{Image frame
| align=left
| caption=Facebook popularity. Active users (in millions) of Facebook increased from just a million in 2004 to 2.8 billion in 2020.<ref name=wsj15 />
| content = {{#chart:Facebook Users.chart}}
}}
{{Clear}}
<gallery widths="350" heights="240">
File:Population pyramid of Facebook users by age.png|[[Population pyramid]] of Facebook users by age {{as of|2010}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.insidefacebook.com/2010/01/04/december-data-on-facebook%E2%80%99s-us-growth-by-age-and-gender-beyond-100-million/|title=December Data on Facebook's US Growth by Age and Gender: Beyond 100 Million – Inside Facebook|work=Inside Facebook|date=January 4, 2010|access-date=October 7, 2014|archive-date=November 3, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141103003005/http://www.insidefacebook.com/2010/01/04/december-data-on-facebook%e2%80%99s-us-growth-by-age-and-gender-beyond-100-million/}}</ref>
</gallery>

=== Demographics ===
The highest number of Facebook users as of April 2023 are from India and the United States, followed by Indonesia, Brazil, Mexico and the Philippines.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Facebook Users, Stats, Data, Trends, and More |url=https://datareportal.com/essential-facebook-stats |access-date=June 14, 2024 |website=DataReportal – Global Digital Insights |language=en-GB}}</ref> Region-wise, the highest number of users in 2018 are from Asia-Pacific (947 million) followed by Europe (381 million) and US-Canada (242 million). The rest of the world has 750 million users.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dazeinfo.com/2018/08/20/facebook-users-by-region-dgraph/|title=Number of Facebook Monthly Active Users Worldwide, By Region – DGraph|last=Khan|first=Aarzu|date=August 19, 2018|website=Dazeinfo|access-date=February 4, 2019}}</ref>

Over the 2008–2018 period, the percentage of users under 34 declined to less than half of the total.<ref name="wsj15" />

=== Censorship ===
{{Further|Censorship of Facebook|Censorship by Facebook}}
[[File:Facebook censorship.svg|thumb|Map showing the countries that are either currently blocking or have blocked Facebook in the past
{{legend|#3b5998|Currently blocked}}{{legend|#41b6c4|Formerly blocked}}]]
In many countries the social networking sites and mobile apps have been blocked temporarily, intermittently, or permanently, including: [[Brazil]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=Wirter |first1=Staff |date=August 5, 2024 |title=Brazil court bans global access to social media accounts |url=https://www.dw.com/en/brazil-top-court-sets-precedent-by-banning-global-access-to-social-media-accounts/a-54452807 |publisher=Deutsche Welle |publication-date=August 5, 2024 |agency= |access-date=August 5, 2024 |url-access= |quote= |trans-quote= }}</ref> [[China]],<ref>{{cite web|first=Robin|last=Wauters|title=China Blocks Access To Twitter, Facebook After Riots|url=https://techcrunch.com/2009/07/07/china-blocks-access-to-twitter-facebook-after-riots/|website=[[TechCrunch]]|publisher=[[AOL]]|date=July 7, 2009|access-date=June 3, 2017}}</ref> [[Iran]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Iranian government blocks Facebook access|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/may/24/facebook-banned-iran|website=[[The Guardian]]|date=May 24, 2009|access-date=June 3, 2017}}</ref> [[Vietnam]],<ref>{{cite news |title=MAP: Here Are the Countries That Block Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube |url=https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2014/03/turkey-facebook-youtube-twitter-blocked/ |work=[[Mother Jones (magazine)|Mother Jones]] |date=March 28, 2014}}</ref> [[Pakistan]],<ref>{{cite news|first=Declan |last=Walsh |title=Pakistan lifts Facebook ban but 'blasphemous' pages stay hidden |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/may/31/pakistan-lifts-facebook-ban |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=May 31, 2010}}</ref> [[Syria]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Syria Restores Access to Facebook and YouTube |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/10/world/middleeast/10syria.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110210033047/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/10/world/middleeast/10syria.html |archive-date=February 10, 2011 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=February 9, 2011}}</ref> and [[North Korea]]. In May 2018, the government of [[Papua New Guinea]] announced that it would ban Facebook for a month while it considered the impact of the website on the country, though no ban has since occurred.<ref>{{cite web|title=Facebook to be banned in Papua New Guinea for a month|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-44290012|website=[[BBC News]]|date=May 29, 2018|access-date=May 30, 2018}}</ref> In 2019, Facebook announced it would start enforcing its ban on users, including [[influencer]]s, promoting any [[Electronic cigarette|vape]], [[tobacco]] products, or [[weapon]]s on its platforms.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/12/18/tech/instagram-influencers-vaping-guns/index.html|title=Instagram influencers can no longer promote vaping and guns|author=Kaya Yurieff|website=[[CNN]]|date=December 18, 2019|access-date=December 19, 2019}}</ref>

== Criticisms and controversies ==
{{Main|Criticism of Facebook}}

{{quote box |width=33% |author={{mdash}}[[Frances Haugen]], condemning lack of transparency around Facebook at a [[Us congress|US congressional hearing]] (2021).<ref>{{cite web |title=Facebook whistleblower hearing: Frances Haugen calls for more regulation of tech giant – live updates |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/live/2021/oct/05/facebook-hearing-whistleblower-frances-haugen-testifies-us-senate-latest-news |date=October 5, 2021 |work=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=October 5, 2021 }}</ref>
|quote="I'm here today because I believe Facebook's products harm children, stoke division, and weaken our democracy. The company's leadership knows how to make Facebook and Instagram safer, but won't make the necessary changes because they have put their astronomical profits before people."
}}

{{quote box
| width = 33%
| author = {{mdash}}Mark Zuckerberg, responding to [[Frances Haugen]]'s revelations (2021).<ref>{{cite web |title=Mark Zuckerberg says whistleblower's claims that Facebook places profit over people 'don't make any sense.' Read his full response to the whistleblower's testimony. |date=October 6, 2021 |url=https://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/mark-zuckerberg-facebook-whistleblower-claims-dont-make-sense-2021-10 |via=businessinsider.com |first=Isobel Asher |last=Hamilton}}</ref>
| quote = "I don't believe private companies should make all of the decisions on their own. That's why we have advocated for updated internet regulations for several years now. I have testified in Congress multiple times and asked them to update these regulations. I've written op-eds outlining the areas of regulation we think are most important related to elections, harmful content, privacy, and competition."
}}

Facebook's importance and scale has led to criticisms in many domains. Issues include [[Internet privacy]], excessive retention of user information,<ref>{{cite news|first=Maria|last=Aspen|title=How Sticky Is Membership on Facebook? Just Try Breaking Free|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/11/technology/11facebook.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080212190105/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/11/technology/11facebook.html |archive-date=February 12, 2008 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|website=[[The New York Times]]|date=February 11, 2008|access-date=June 3, 2017}}</ref> its [[Facial recognition system|facial recognition]] software, [[DeepFace]]<ref>{{cite news|first=Sebastian|last=Anthony|title=Facebook's facial recognition software is now as accurate as the human brain, but what now?|url=http://www.extremetech.com/extreme/178777-facebooks-facial-recognition-software-is-now-as-accurate-as-the-human-brain-but-what-now|website=[[ExtremeTech]]|publisher=Ziff Davis|date=March 19, 2014|access-date=June 3, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Liz|last=Gannes|title=Facebook facial recognition prompts EU privacy probe|url=https://www.cnet.com/news/facebook-facial-recognition-prompts-eu-privacy-probe/|website=[[CNET]]|publisher=CBS Interactive|date=June 8, 2011|access-date=June 3, 2017}}</ref> its addictive quality<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/billrobinson/facebook-the-worlds-bigge_b_4585457.html|title=Facebook: The World's Biggest Waste of Time?|last=Robinson|first=Bill|date=February 10, 2014|work=[[HuffPost]]|access-date=March 3, 2018}}</ref> and its role in the workplace, including employer access to employee accounts.<ref>{{cite web|first=Matt|last=Friedman|title=Bill to ban companies from asking about job candidates' Facebook accounts is headed to governor|url=http://www.nj.com/politics/index.ssf/2013/03/bill_to_ban_companies_from_req.html|website=[[NJ.com]]|publisher=[[Advance Digital]]|date=March 21, 2013|access-date=June 3, 2017}}</ref>

Facebook has been criticized for electricity usage,<ref>{{cite web|first=Robin|last=Wauters|title=Greenpeace Slams Zuckerberg For Making Facebook A "So Coal Network" (Video)|url=https://techcrunch.com/2010/09/16/greenpeace-slams-zuckerberg-for-making-facebook-a-so-coal-network-video/|website=[[TechCrunch]]|publisher=[[AOL]]|date=September 16, 2010|access-date=June 3, 2017}}</ref> tax avoidance,<ref>{{cite web|first=Rupert|last=Neate|title=Facebook paid £2.9m tax on £840m profits made outside US, figures show|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2012/dec/23/facebook-tax-profits-outside-us|website=[[The Guardian]]|date=December 23, 2012|access-date=June 3, 2017}}</ref> real-name user requirement policies,<ref>{{cite web|first=Emanuella|last=Grinberg|title=Facebook 'real name' policy stirs questions around identity|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2014/09/16/living/facebook-name-policy|website=[[CNN]]|date=September 18, 2014|access-date=June 3, 2017}}</ref> censorship<ref>{{cite web|first=Vidhi|last=Doshi|title=Facebook under fire for 'censoring' Kashmir-related posts and accounts|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/jul/19/facebook-under-fire-censoring-kashmir-posts-accounts|website=[[The Guardian]]|date=July 19, 2016|access-date=June 3, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Michael|last=Arrington|author-link=Michael Arrington|title=Is Facebook Really Censoring Search When It Suits Them?|url=https://techcrunch.com/2007/11/22/is-facebook-really-censoring-search-when-it-suits-them/|website=[[TechCrunch]]|publisher=[[AOL]]|date=November 22, 2007|access-date=June 3, 2017}}</ref> and its involvement in the United States [[PRISM]] surveillance program.<ref>{{cite web|first1=Glenn|last1=Greenwald|first2=Ewen|last2=MacAskill|title=NSA Prism program taps in to user data of Apple, Google and others|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/06/us-tech-giants-nsa-data|website=[[The Guardian]]|date=June 7, 2013|access-date=June 3, 2017}}</ref> According to ''[[The Express Tribune]]'', Facebook "avoided billions of dollars in tax using offshore companies".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1550750/3-paradise-papers-reveal-hidden-wealth-global-elite/|title=Paradise Papers reveal hidden wealth of global elite|date=November 6, 2017|work=[[The Express Tribune]]}}</ref>

Facebook is alleged to have harmful psychological effects on its users, including feelings of jealousy<ref>{{cite web|title=How Facebook Breeds Jealousy|url=https://www.seeker.com/how-facebook-breeds-jealousy-1765020296.html|website=[[Seeker (media company)|Seeker]]|publisher=[[Group Nine Media]]|date=February 10, 2010|access-date=June 3, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Chris|last=Matyszczyk|title=Study: Facebook makes lovers jealous|url=https://www.cnet.com/news/study-facebook-makes-lovers-jealous/|website=[[CNET]]|publisher=CBS Interactive|date=August 11, 2009|access-date=June 3, 2017}}</ref> and stress,<ref>{{cite web|first=Chenda|last=Ngak|title=Facebook may cause stress, study says|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/facebook-may-cause-stress-study-says/|website=[[CBS News]]|publisher=[[CBS]]|date=November 27, 2012|access-date=June 3, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Dave|last=Smith|title=Quitting Facebook will make you happier and less stressed, study says|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/quitting-facebook-will-make-you-happier-and-less-stressed-study-2015-11|website=[[Business Insider]]|publisher=Axel Springer SE|date=November 13, 2015|access-date=June 3, 2017}}</ref> a lack of attention<ref>{{cite web|first=Michael J.|last=Bugeja|title=Facing the Facebook|url=http://chronicle.com/jobs/news/2006/01/2006012301c/careers.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080220193743/http://chronicle.com/jobs/news/2006/01/2006012301c/careers.html|website=[[The Chronicle of Higher Education]]|date=January 23, 2006|archive-date=February 20, 2008|access-date=June 3, 2017}}</ref> and [[social media addiction]].<ref>{{cite news|first=Andrew|last=Hough|title=Student 'addiction' to technology 'similar to drug cravings', study finds|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/news/8436831/Student-addiction-to-technology-similar-to-drug-cravings-study-finds.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/news/8436831/Student-addiction-to-technology-similar-to-drug-cravings-study-finds.html |archive-date=January 10, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|website=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]|date=April 8, 2011|access-date=June 3, 2017}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Facebook and Twitter 'more addictive than tobacco and alcohol'|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/health/news/9054243/Facebook-and-Twitter-more-addictive-than-tobacco-and-alcohol.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150216152536/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/health/news/9054243/Facebook-and-Twitter-more-addictive-than-tobacco-and-alcohol.html|archive-date=February 16, 2015|website=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]|date=February 1, 2012|access-date=June 3, 2017}}</ref> According to Kaufmann et al., mothers' motivations for using social media are often related to their social and mental health.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kaufmann |first1=Renee |last2=Buckner |first2=Marjorie M. |last3=Ledbetter |first3=Andrew M. |date=August 3, 2017 |title=Having Fun on Facebook?: Mothers' Enjoyment as a Moderator of Mental Health and Facebook Use |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10410236.2016.1196513 |journal=Health Communication |language=en |volume=32 |issue=8 |pages=1014–1023 |doi=10.1080/10410236.2016.1196513 |pmid=27463860 |s2cid=25726659 |issn=1041-0236|url-access=subscription }}</ref> European antitrust regulator [[Margrethe Vestager]] stated that Facebook's terms of service relating to private data were "unbalanced".<ref>{{cite magazine|first=Evan|last=Osnos|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2018/09/17/can-mark-zuckerberg-fix-facebook-before-it-breaks-democracy|title=Can Mark Zuckerberg Fix Facebook Before It Breaks Democracy?|magazine=[[The New Yorker]]|date=September 17, 2018|access-date=September 15, 2018}}</ref>

Facebook has been criticized for allowing users to publish illegal or offensive material. Specifics include [[copyright]] and [[intellectual property]] infringement,<ref>{{cite web|first=Ariha|last=Setalvad|title=Why Facebook's video theft problem can't last|url=https://www.theverge.com/2015/8/7/9114149/facebook-freebooting-video-copyright-infringement|website=[[The Verge]]|publisher=[[Vox Media]]|date=August 7, 2015|access-date=June 3, 2017}}</ref> [[hate speech]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Facebook, Twitter and Google grilled by MPs over hate speech|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-39272261|website=[[BBC News]]|date=March 14, 2017|access-date=June 3, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Amar|last=Toor|title=Facebook will work with Germany to combat anti-refugee hate speech|url=https://www.theverge.com/2015/9/15/9329119/facebook-germany-hate-speech-xenophobia-migrant-refugee|website=[[The Verge]]|publisher=[[Vox Media]]|date=September 15, 2015|access-date=June 3, 2017}}</ref> incitement of rape<ref>{{cite news|first=Philip|last=Sherwell|title=Cyber anarchists blamed for unleashing a series of Facebook 'rape pages'|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/facebook/8829165/Cyber-anarchists-blamed-for-unleashing-a-series-of-Facebook-rape-pages.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/facebook/8829165/Cyber-anarchists-blamed-for-unleashing-a-series-of-Facebook-rape-pages.html |archive-date=January 10, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|website=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]|date=October 16, 2011|access-date=June 3, 2017}}{{cbignore}}</ref> and terrorism,<ref>{{cite web|title=20,000 Israelis sue Facebook for ignoring Palestinian incitement|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/20000-israelis-sue-facebook-for-ignoring-palestinian-incitement/|website=[[The Times of Israel]]|date=October 27, 2015|access-date=June 3, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Israel: Facebook's Zuckerberg has blood of slain Israeli teen on his hands|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/israel-facebooks-zuckerberg-has-blood-of-slain-israeli-teen-on-his-hands/|website=[[The Times of Israel]]|date=July 2, 2016|access-date=June 3, 2017}}</ref> [[fake news]],<ref>{{cite web|first=Samuel|last=Burke|title=Zuckerberg: Facebook will develop tools to fight fake news|url=https://money.cnn.com/2016/11/19/technology/mark-zuckerberg-facebook-fake-news-election/|website=[[CNN]]|date=November 19, 2016|access-date=June 3, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Hillary Clinton says Facebook 'must prevent fake news from creating a new reality'|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/2017/05/31/hillary-clinton-says-facebook-must-prevent-fake-news-creating/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/2017/05/31/hillary-clinton-says-facebook-must-prevent-fake-news-creating/ |archive-date=January 10, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]|date=June 1, 2017|access-date=June 3, 2017|last=Staff|first=Our Foreign }}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Seth|last=Fiegerman|title=Facebook's global fight against fake news|url=https://money.cnn.com/2017/05/09/technology/facebook-fake-news/index.html|website=[[CNN]]|date=May 9, 2017|access-date=June 3, 2017}}</ref> and crimes, murders, and livestreaming violent incidents.<ref>{{cite web|first1=Emanuella|last1=Grinberg|first2=Samira|last2=Said|title=Police: At least 40 people watched teen's sexual assault on Facebook Live|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2017/03/21/us/facebook-live-gang-rape-chicago|website=[[CNN]]|date=March 22, 2017|access-date=June 3, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Emanuella|last=Grinberg|title=Chicago torture: Facebook Live video leads to 4 arrests|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2017/01/04/us/chicago-facebook-live-beating|website=[[CNN]]|date=January 5, 2017|access-date=June 3, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Aatif|last=Sulleyman|title=Facebook Live killings: Why the criticism has been harsh|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/features/facebook-live-killings-ai-artificial-intelligence-not-blame-fatalities-murders-us-steve-stephens-a7706056.html|website=[[The Independent]]|date=April 27, 2017|access-date=June 3, 2017}}</ref> Commentators have accused Facebook of willingly facilitating the spread of such content.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/facebook-spreads-viral-fake-news-story-about-vaccines-791331|title=Facebook Spreads Viral Fake News Story About Vaccines|first=Kastalia|last=Medrano|website=[[Newsweek]]|date=January 25, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-44809815|title=Facebook will not remove fake news – but will 'demote' it|work=[[BBC News]]|date=July 13, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.poynter.org/fact-checking/2019/forget-fake-news-stories-false-text-posts-are-getting-massive-engagement-on-facebook/|title=Forget fake news stories. False text posts are getting massive engagement on Facebook.|first=Daniel|last=Funke|website=[[Poynter Institute|Ponyter]]|date=March 6, 2019}}</ref> [[Sri Lanka]] blocked both Facebook and WhatsApp in May 2019 after [[2019 anti-Muslim riots in Sri Lanka|anti-Muslim riots]], the worst in the country since the [[2019 Sri Lanka Easter bombings|Easter Sunday bombing]] in the same year as a temporary measure to maintain peace in Sri Lanka.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/south-asia/sri-lanka-imposes-nationwide-curfew-after-anti-muslim-riots/articleshow/69311594.cms|title=Sri Lanka Riots: Sri Lanka imposes nationwide curfew after anti-Muslim riots |newspaper=Times of India|date=May 13, 2019 |agency=[[Reuters]]|access-date=May 14, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/world/asia/sri-lanka-blocks-social-media-after-worst-anti-muslim-violence-since-easter-sunday-attacks-1.860859|title=Sri Lanka blocks social media after worst anti-Muslim violence since Easter Sunday attacks|website=The National|date=May 13, 2019|access-date=May 14, 2019}}</ref>
Facebook removed 3 billion fake accounts only during the last quarter of 2018 and the first quarter of 2019;<ref name="Sullivan">{{cite news|url=https://www.fastcompany.com/90354777/facebooks-active-user-problem-how-many-maus-are-fake|title=Facebook catches 3 billion fake accounts, but the ones it misses are the real problem|last=Sullivan|first=Mark|website=Fast Company|date=May 23, 2019}}</ref> in comparison, the social network reports 2.39 billion monthly active users.<ref name="Sullivan" />

In late July 2019, the company announced it was under [[antitrust]] investigation by the [[Federal Trade Commission]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Cox|first=Kate|title=The FTC is investigating Facebook. Again|url=https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2019/07/facebook-faces-new-anti-competition-investigation-as-privacy-probe-is-settled/|website=ars Technica|date=July 25, 2019|access-date=August 11, 2019}}</ref>

The consumer advocacy group [[Which?]] claimed individuals were still utilizing Facebook to set up fraudulent five-star ratings for products. The group identified 14 communities that exchange reviews for either money or complimentary items such as watches, earbuds, and sprinklers.<ref>{{Cite news |date=April 21, 2023 |title=Facebook still being used to arrange fake reviews – Which? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-65336369 |access-date=April 10, 2025 |work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref>

Facebook and its parent Meta have been subject to regulatory actions and fines over past privacy failures, including a substantial fine by the Irish Data Protection Commission for a severe 2018 breach affecting millions of accounts.<ref>{{cite web |title=Meta Fined €251 Million for 2018 Data Breach Impacting 29 Million Accounts |url=https://thehackernews.com/2024/12/meta-fined-e251-million-for-2018-facebook-data.html |publisher=The Hacker News |date=18 Dec 2024 }}</ref> Earlier, Facebook's role in the Facebook–Cambridge Analytica data scandal exposed the personal data of tens of millions of users without proper consent, leading to global criticism and legal actions. Moreover, investigative reports have highlighted ongoing issues with fraudulent and scam advertisements on Facebook platforms, revealing that the company earned significant revenue from such content even as enforcement efforts have lagged, drawing regulatory pressure worldwide.<ref>{{cite news |title=Meta is earning a fortune on a deluge of fraudulent ads, internal documents show |url=https://www.reuters.com/investigations/meta-is-earning-fortune-deluge-fraudulent-ads-documents-show-2025-11-06/ |publisher=Reuters |date=6 Nov 2025 }}</ref>

=== Privacy concerns ===
{{Main|Privacy concerns with Facebook}}

{{See also|Privacy concerns with social networking services#Facebook}}
[[File:PRISM Collection Details.jpg|thumb|Details of information collected via [[PRISM]]]]
Facebook has experienced a steady stream of controversies over how it handles user privacy, repeatedly adjusting its privacy settings and policies.<ref name="Ingram-2018">{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-facebook-privacy-idUSKBN1H41KV|title=Facebook cuts ties to data brokers in blow to targeted ads|last1=Ingram|first1=David|date=March 29, 2018|work=[[Reuters]]|access-date=February 5, 2019|last2=Fioretti|first2=Julia}}</ref> Since 2009, Facebook has been participating in the PRISM secret program, sharing with the US [[National Security Agency]] audio, video, photographs, e-mails, documents and connection logs from user profiles, among other social media services.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2013/09/30/us/nsa-social-networks/index.html|title=NSA mines Facebook, including Americans' profiles|last1=Simpson|first1=David|date=September 30, 2013|work=[[CNN]]|access-date=September 30, 2013|last2=Brown|first2=Pamela}}</ref><ref name="usa1">{{cite news |author1=Johnson, Kevin |author2=Martin, Scott |author3=O'Donnell, Jayne |author4=Winter, Michael |date=June 15, 2013 |title=Reports: NSA Siphons Data from 9 Major Net Firms |work=[[USA Today]] |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2013/06/06/nsa-surveillance-internet-companies/2398345/ |url-status=live |access-date=June 6, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130607113440/http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2013/06/06/nsa-surveillance-internet-companies/2398345/ |archive-date=June 7, 2013}}</ref>

On November 29, 2011, Facebook settled [[Federal Trade Commission]] charges that it deceived consumers by failing to keep privacy promises.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ftc.gov/opa/2011/11/privacysettlement.shtm|title=Facebook Settles FTC Charges That It Deceived Consumers By Failing To Keep Privacy Promises|date=November 29, 2011|work=[[Federal Trade Commission|FTC]]|access-date=November 29, 2011}}</ref> In August 2013 [[High-Tech Bridge]] published a study showing that links included in Facebook messaging service messages were being accessed by Facebook.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.darkreading.com/cyber-risk/social-networks-can-robots-violate-user-privacy-|title=Social networks: can robots violate user privacy?|date=August 29, 2013|access-date=February 11, 2026|website=Dark Reading}}</ref> In January 2014 two users filed a lawsuit against Facebook alleging that their privacy had been violated by this practice.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnet.com/news/facebook-sued-for-allegedly-intercepting-private-messages/|title=Facebook sued for allegedly intercepting private messages|last=Van Grove|first=Jennifer|date=January 2, 2014|website=[[CNet]]|publisher=CBS Interactive|access-date=March 16, 2015}}</ref>

On June 7, 2018, Facebook announced that a bug had resulted in about 14 million Facebook users having their default sharing setting for all new posts set to "public".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://money.cnn.com/2018/06/07/technology/facebook-public-post-error/index.html|title=Facebook bug set 14 million users' sharing settings to public|date=June 7, 2018|access-date=June 7, 2018}}</ref> Its data-sharing agreement with Chinese companies such as [[Huawei]] came under the scrutiny of US lawmakers, although the information accessed was not stored on Huawei servers and remained on users' phones.<ref>{{cite news |title=Facebook confirms data-sharing agreements with Chinese firms |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-44379593 |date=June 6, 2018}}</ref> On April 4, 2019, half a billion records of Facebook users were found exposed on [[Amazon (company)|Amazon]] cloud servers, containing information about users' friends, likes, groups, and checked-in locations, as well as names, passwords and email addresses.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hackhex.com/security/millions-of-facebook-records-found-on-amazon-servers-5173.html|title=Millions of Facebook Records Found On Amazon Servers|date=April 4, 2019|website=Hack Hex|access-date=June 4, 2019|archive-date=June 4, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190604144710/https://hackhex.com/security/millions-of-facebook-records-found-on-amazon-servers-5173.html}}</ref>

The phone numbers of at least 200 million Facebook users were found to be exposed on an open online database in September 2019. They included 133 million US users, 18 million from the UK, and 50 million from users in [[Vietnam]]. After removing duplicates, the 419 million records have been reduced to 219 million. The database went offline after TechCrunch contacted the web host. It is thought the records were amassed using a tool that Facebook disabled in April 2018 after the [[Facebook–Cambridge Analytica data scandal|Cambridge Analytica]] controversy. A Facebook spokeswoman said in a statement: "The dataset is old and appears to have information obtained before we made changes last year...There is no evidence that Facebook accounts were compromised."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2019/sep/04/facebook-users-phone-numbers-privacy-lapse|title=Facebook confirms 419 m phone numbers exposed in latest privacy lapse|date=September 5, 2019|website=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=September 7, 2019}}</ref>

Facebook's privacy problems resulted in companies like [[Viber|Viber Media]] and [[Mozilla]] discontinuing advertising on Facebook's platforms.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Reaz
| first = Shaer
| date = August 28, 2020
| title = Cutting ties with a giant: Viber CEO on Facebook relations and #StopHateForProfit
| url = https://www.thedailystar.net/bytes/news/cutting-ties-giant-viber-ceo-facbook-relations-and-stophateforprofit-1952021
| work = [[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]
| access-date = September 27, 2020
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=https://blog.mozilla.org/blog/2020/06/24/were-proud-to-join-stophateforprofit/
|title=We're proud to join #StopHateForProfit
|date=June 24, 2020
|website=[[Mozilla Corporation]]
|publisher=[[Mozilla Foundation]]
|access-date=September 27, 2020
}}</ref> A January 2024 study by [[Consumer Reports]] found that among a self-selected group of volunteer participants, each user is monitored or tracked by over two thousand companies on average. [[LiveRamp]], a San Francisco-based data broker, is responsible for 96 per cent of the data. Other companies such as [[Home Depot]], [[Macy's]], and [[Walmart]] are involved as well.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Keegan |first1=Jon |title=Each Facebook User Is Monitored by Thousands of Companies |url=https://www.consumerreports.org/electronics/privacy/each-facebook-user-is-monitored-by-thousands-of-companies-a5824207467/ |website=Consumer Reports |date=January 17, 2024}}</ref>

In March 2024, a court in California released documents detailing Facebook's 2016 "Project Ghostbusters". The project was aimed at helping Facebook compete with [[Snapchat]] and involved Facebook trying to develop decryption tools to collect, decrypt, and analyze traffic that users generated when visiting Snapchat and, eventually, YouTube and Amazon. The company eventually used its tool [[Onavo]] to initiate man-in-the-middle attacks and read users' traffic before it was encrypted.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Franceschi-Bicchierai |first1=Lorenzo |title=Facebook snooped on users' Snapchat traffic in secret project, documents reveal |url=https://techcrunch.com/2024/03/26/facebook-secret-project-snooped-snapchat-user-traffic/ |website=TechCrunch |access-date=March 26, 2024 |date=March 26, 2024}}</ref>

==== Racial bias ====

Facebook was accused of committing "systemic" racial bias by the [[Equal Employment Opportunity Commission]] based on the complaints of three rejected candidates and a current employee of the company. The three rejected employees along with the Operational Manager at Facebook as of March 2021 accused the firm of discriminating against Black people. The EEOC initiated an investigation into the case in March 2021.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2021/mar/05/facebook-systemic-racial-bias-hiring-eeoc-investigation|title=Facebook faces US investigation for 'systemic' racial bias in hiring|access-date=March 6, 2021|website=[[The Guardian]]|date=March 6, 2021}}</ref>

==== Shadow profiles ====
A "[[shadow profile]]" refers to the data Facebook collects about individuals without their explicit permission. For example, the [[Facebook like button#Tracking|"like" button]] that appears on third-party websites allows the company to collect information about an individual's internet browsing habits, even if the individual is not a Facebook user.<ref name="verge shadow profiles">{{cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2018/4/11/17225482/facebook-shadow-profiles-zuckerberg-congress-data-privacy|title=Shadow profiles are the biggest flaw in Facebook's privacy defense|last=Brandom|first=Russell|date=April 11, 2018|website=[[The Verge]]|access-date=June 28, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Edward C. |last=Baig|title=How Facebook can have your data even if you're not on Facebook|work=[[USA Today]]|access-date=April 13, 2018|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/columnist/baig/2018/04/13/how-facebook-can-have-your-data-even-if-youre-not-facebook/512674002/}}</ref> Data can also be collected by other users. For example, a Facebook user can link their email account to their Facebook to find friends on the site, allowing the company to collect the email addresses of users and non-users alike.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gizmodo.com/how-facebook-figures-out-everyone-youve-ever-met-1819822691|title=How Facebook Figures Out Everyone You've Ever Met|last=Hill|first=Kashmir|date=November 7, 2017|website=[[Gizmodo]]|access-date=June 28, 2019}}</ref> Over time, countless data points about an individual are collected; any single data point perhaps cannot identify an individual, but together allows the company to form a unique "profile".

This practice has been criticized by those who believe people should be able to opt-out of involuntary data collection. Additionally, while Facebook users have the ability to download and inspect the data they provide to the site, data from the user's "shadow profile" is not included, and non-users of Facebook do not have access to this tool regardless. The company has also been unclear whether or not it is possible for a person to revoke Facebook's access to their "shadow profile".<ref name="verge shadow profiles" />

==== Cambridge Analytica ====
{{Main|Facebook–Cambridge Analytica data scandal}}

Facebook customer Global Science Research sold information on over 87 million Facebook users to Cambridge Analytica, a political data analysis firm led by [[Alexander Nix]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Lewis|first1=Paul|last2=Wong|first2=Julia Carrie|title=Facebook employs psychologist whose firm sold data to Cambridge Analytica|work=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=March 20, 2018|date=March 18, 2018|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2018/mar/18/facebook-cambridge-analytica-joseph-chancellor-gsr}}</ref> While approximately 270,000 people used the app, Facebook's [[Application programming interface|API]] permitted data collection from their friends without their knowledge.<ref>{{cite web|last=Franceschi-Bicchierai|first=Lorenzo|title=Why We're Not Calling the Cambridge Analytica Story a 'Data Breach'|work=Motherboard|access-date=March 20, 2018|date=March 19, 2018|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/facebook-cambridge-analytica-not-a-data-breach/}}</ref> At first Facebook downplayed the significance of the breach, and suggested that Cambridge Analytica no longer had access. Facebook then issued a statement expressing alarm and suspended Cambridge Analytica. Review of documents and interviews with former Facebook employees suggested that Cambridge Analytica still possessed the data.<ref name="Confessore">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/17/us/politics/cambridge-analytica-trump-campaign.html|title=How Trump Consultants Exploited the Facebook Data of Millions|first1=Matthew|last1=Rosenberg|first2=Nicholas|last2=Confessore|first3=Carole|last3=Cadwalladr|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=March 17, 2018}}</ref> This was a violation of Facebook's [[consent decree]] with the [[Federal Trade Commission]]. This violation potentially carried a penalty of $40,000 (${{formatprice|{{Inflation|US|40000|2018}}}} in {{Inflation-year|US}} dollars{{inflation-fn|US}}) per occurrence, totalling trillions of dollars.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-switch/wp/2018/03/18/facebook-may-have-violated-ftc-privacy-deal-say-former-federal-officials-triggering-risk-of-massive-fines/|title=Facebook may have violated FTC privacy deal, say former federal officials, triggering risk of massive fines|last1=Timberg|first1=Craig|date=March 18, 2018|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=March 25, 2018|last2=Romm|first2=Tony|issn=0190-8286}}</ref>

According to ''The Guardian'', both Facebook and Cambridge Analytica threatened to sue the newspaper if it published the story. After publication, Facebook claimed that it had been "lied to". On March 23, 2018, the [[High Court of Justice|English High Court]] granted an application by the [[Information Commissioner's Office]] for a warrant to search Cambridge Analytica's London offices, ending a standoff between Facebook and the Information Commissioner over responsibility.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/03/23/uk-high-court-grants-cambridge-analytica-search-warrant-to-ico.html|title=UK High Court grants Cambridge Analytica search warrant to ICO|date=March 23, 2018|work=[[CNBC]]|access-date=March 23, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180323222219/https://www.cnbc.com/2018/03/23/uk-high-court-grants-cambridge-analytica-search-warrant-to-ico.html|archive-date=March 23, 2018}}</ref>

On March 25, Facebook published a statement by Zuckerberg in major UK and US newspapers apologizing over a "breach of trust".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-43532948|title=Facebook boss apologises in newspaper ads|date=March 25, 2018|work=[[BBC News]]|access-date=March 25, 2018 }}</ref>

{{blockquote|You may have heard about a quiz app built by a university researcher that leaked Facebook data of millions of people in 2014. This was a breach of trust, and I'm sorry we didn't do more at the time. We're now taking steps to make sure this doesn't happen again.

We've already stopped apps like this from getting so much information. Now we're limiting the data apps get when you sign in using Facebook.

We're also investigating every single app that had access to large amounts of data before we fixed this. We expect there are others. And when we find them, we will ban them and tell everyone affected.

Finally, we'll remind you which apps you've given access to your information – so you can shut off the ones you don't want anymore.

Thank you for believing in this community. I promise to do better for you.}}

On March 26, the [[Federal Trade Commission]] opened an investigation into the matter.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/ftc-facebook-investigation-confirmed-opened-facebook-stock-drops-futher-today/|title=Facebook stock rebounds after FTC investigation news|last=Ivanova|first=Irina|date=March 26, 2018|work=[[CBS News]]|access-date=March 26, 2018}}</ref> The controversy led Facebook to end its partnerships with data brokers who aid advertisers in targeting users.<ref name="Ingram-2018" />

On April 24, 2019, Facebook said it could face a fine between $3 billion (${{formatprice|{{Inflation|US|3000000000|2019}}}} in {{Inflation-year|US}} dollars{{inflation-fn|US}}) to $5 billion (${{formatprice|{{Inflation|US|5000000000|2019}}}} in {{Inflation-year|US}} dollars{{inflation-fn|US}}) as the result of an investigation by the Federal Trade Commission.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/04/24/facebook-estimates-up-to-5-billion-loss-in-ftc-privacy-inquiry.html|title=Facebook estimates up to $5 billion loss in FTC privacy inquiry|last=Feiner|first=Lauren|date=April 24, 2019|website=[[CNBC]]|access-date=April 25, 2019}}</ref> On July 24, 2019, the FTC fined Facebook $5 billion, the largest penalty ever imposed on a company for violating consumer privacy. Additionally, Facebook had to implement a new privacy structure, follow a 20-year settlement order, and allow the FTC to monitor Facebook.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 24, 2019 |title=FTC Imposes $5 Billion Penalty and Sweeping New Privacy Restrictions on Facebook |url=https://www.ftc.gov/news-events/news/press-releases/2019/07/ftc-imposes-5-billion-penalty-sweeping-new-privacy-restrictions-facebook |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721213553/https://www.ftc.gov/news-events/news/press-releases/2019/07/ftc-imposes-5-billion-penalty-sweeping-new-privacy-restrictions-facebook |archive-date=July 21, 2023 |access-date=August 12, 2023 |website=Federal Trade Commission |language=en}}</ref> Cambridge Analytica's CEO and a developer faced restrictions on future business dealings and were ordered to destroy any personal information they collected. Cambridge Analytica filed for bankruptcy.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 23, 2019 |title=FTC Sues Cambridge Analytica, Settles with Former CEO and App Developer |url=https://www.ftc.gov/news-events/news/press-releases/2019/07/ftc-sues-cambridge-analytica-settles-former-ceo-app-developer |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220613132946/https://www.ftc.gov/news-events/news/press-releases/2019/07/ftc-sues-cambridge-analytica-settles-former-ceo-app-developer |archive-date=June 13, 2022 |access-date=August 12, 2023 |website=Federal Trade Commission |language=en}}</ref> Facebook also implemented additional privacy controls and settings<ref name="guar1">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/apr/11/fact-checking-mark-zuckerberg-testimony-congress|title=Fact-checking Mark Zuckerberg's testimony about Facebook privacy|last=Solon|first=Olivia|date=April 12, 2018|access-date=June 29, 2018|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> in part to comply with the European Union's [[General Data Protection Regulation]] (GDPR), which took effect in May.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://techcrunch.com/2018/04/04/zuckerberg-gdpr/|title=Zuckerberg says Facebook will offer GDPR privacy controls everywhere|website=[[TechCrunch]]|access-date=April 4, 2018}}</ref> Facebook also ended its active opposition to the [[California Consumer Privacy Act]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2018/04/facebook-donated-200000-to-kill-a-privacy-law-but-now-its-backtracking/|title=Facebook exits anti-privacy alliance it formed with Comcast and Google|last=Brodkin|first=Jon|date=April 12, 2018|work=Ars Technica|access-date=April 13, 2018}}</ref>

Some, such as [[Meghan McCain]], have drawn an equivalence between the use of data by Cambridge Analytica and the [[Barack Obama 2012 presidential campaign|Barack Obama's 2012 campaign]], which, according to ''[[Investor's Business Daily]]'', "encouraged supporters to download an Obama 2012 Facebook app that, when activated, let the campaign collect Facebook data both on users and their friends."<ref>{{Cite news |date=March 19, 2018 |title=Facebook Data Scandal: When Obama Harvested Facebook Data On Millions To Win In 2012, Everyone Cheered |url=https://www.investors.com/politics/editorials/facebook-data-scandal-trump-election-obama-2012/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240517040757/https://www.investors.com/politics/editorials/facebook-data-scandal-trump-election-obama-2012/ |archive-date=May 17, 2024 |access-date=March 8, 2025 |work=[[Investor's Business Daily]] |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="forbes.com">{{Cite web |last=Leetaru |first=Kalev |date=March 19, 2018 |title=Why Are We Only Now Talking About Facebook And Elections? |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/kalevleetaru/2018/03/19/why-are-we-only-now-talking-about-facebook-and-elections/ |access-date=March 8, 2025 |website=[[Forbes]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="news.com.au">{{Cite news |last=Craw |first=Victoria |date=March 21, 2018 |title=Former Obama campaign boss reveals they could access 'creepy' data |url=http://www.news.com.au/technology/online/security/former-obama-campaign-boss-reveals-how-they-could-access-creepy-facebook-data/news-story/5a275b7c9f540fc9542f5256e644e26e |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220217135623/https://www.news.com.au/technology/online/security/former-obama-campaign-boss-reveals-how-they-could-access-creepy-facebook-data/news-story/5a275b7c9f540fc9542f5256e644e26e |archive-date=February 17, 2022 |access-date=March 8, 2025 |work= |publisher=[[news.com.au]] |language=en-GB }}</ref> Carol Davidsen, the Obama for America (OFA) former director of integration and media analytics, wrote that "Facebook was surprised we were able to suck out the whole [[social graph]], but they didn't stop us once they realised that was what we were doing".<ref name="forbes.com" /><ref name="news.com.au" /> [[PolitiFact]] has rated McCain's statements "Half-True", on the basis that "in Obama's case, direct users knew they were handing over their data to a political campaign" whereas with Cambridge Analytica, users thought they were only taking a personality quiz for academic purposes, and while the Obama campaign only used the data "to have their supporters contact their most persuadable friends", Cambridge Analytica "targeted users, friends and lookalikes directly with digital ads."<ref>{{cite web |last=Tobias |first=Manuela |date=March 22, 2018 |title=Comparing Facebook data use by Obama, Cambridge Analytica |url=https://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2018/mar/22/meghan-mccain/comparing-facebook-data-use-obama-cambridge-analyt/ |access-date=May 24, 2019 |publisher=[[PolitiFact]]}}</ref>

==== DataSpii ====
In July 2019, cybersecurity researcher Sam Jadali exposed a catastrophic data leak known as [[DataSpii]] involving data provider DDMR and marketing intelligence company Nacho Analytics (NA).<ref name="Fowler-2019">{{Cite news |last=Fowler |first=Geoffrey A. |date=July 19, 2019 |title=Perspective {{!}} I found your data. It's for sale. |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2019/07/18/i-found-your-data-its-sale/ |access-date=April 3, 2024 |newspaper=Washington Post |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Goodin |first=Dan |date=July 18, 2019 |title=My browser, the spy: How extensions slurped up browsing histories from 4M users |url=https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2019/07/dataspii-inside-the-debacle-that-dished-private-data-from-apple-tesla-blue-origin-and-4m-people/ |access-date=April 3, 2024 |website=Ars Technica |language=en-us}}</ref> Branding itself as the "God mode for the internet", NA through DDMR, provided its members access to private Facebook photos and Facebook Messenger attachments including tax returns.<ref name="Jadali-2019">{{Cite web |last=Jadali |first=Sam |date=July 18, 2019 |title=DataSpii – A global catastrophic data leak via browser extensions |url=https://securitywithsam.com/2019/07/dataspii-leak-via-browser-extensions/ |access-date=April 3, 2024 |website=Security with Sam |language=en-US}}</ref> DataSpii harvested data from millions of Chrome and Firefox users through compromised browser extensions.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 19, 2019 |title=Google, Firefox Browser Extensions Expose Data of 4 Million People |url=https://www.consumerreports.org/electronics-computers/privacy/google-firefox-browser-extensions-expose-personal-data-a2138132661/ |access-date=April 3, 2024 |website=Consumer Reports |language=en-US}}</ref> The NA website stated it collected data from millions of opt-in users. Jadali, along with journalists from ''Ars Technica'' and ''The Washington Post'', interviewed impacted users, including a ''Washington Post'' staff member. According to the interviews, the impacted users did not consent to such collection.

DataSpii demonstrated how a compromised user exposed the data of others, including the private photos and Messenger attachments belonging to a Facebook user's network of friends.<ref name="Jadali-2019" />

DataSpii exploited Facebook's practice of making private photos and Messenger attachments publicly accessible via unique URLs. To bolster security in this regard, Facebook appends query strings in the URLs so as to limit the period of accessibility.<ref name="Jadali-2019" /> Nevertheless, NA provided real-time access to these unique URLs, which were intended to be secure. This allowed NA members to access the private content within the restricted time frame designated by Facebook.

''The Washington Post''{{'}}s Geoffrey Fowler, in collaboration with Jadali, opened Fowler's private Facebook photo in a browser with a compromised browser extension.<ref name="Fowler-2019" /> Within minutes, they anonymously retrieved the "private" photo. To validate this proof-of-concept, they searched for Fowler's name using NA, which yielded his photo as a search result. In addition, Jadali discovered Fowler's ''Washington Post'' colleague, Nick Mourtoupalas, was directly impacted by DataSpii. Jadali's investigation elucidated how DataSpii disseminated private data to additional third-parties, including foreign entities, within minutes of the data being acquired. In doing so, he identified the third-parties who were scraping, storing, and potentially enabling the facial-recognition of individuals in photos being furnished by DataSpii.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Goodin |first=Dan |date=July 18, 2019 |title=More on DataSpii: How extensions hide their data grabs—and how they're discovered |url=https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2019/07/dataspii-technical-deep-dive/ |access-date=April 3, 2024 |website=Ars Technica |language=en-us}}</ref>

==== Breaches ====
On September 28, 2018, Facebook experienced a major breach in its security, exposing the data of 50 million users. The data breach started in July 2017 and was discovered on September 16.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://techcrunch.com/2018/09/28/everything-you-need-to-know-about-facebooks-data-breach-affecting-50m-users/|title=Everything you need to know about Facebook's data breach affecting 50M users|work=[[TechCrunch]]|access-date=October 2, 2018}}</ref> Facebook notified users affected by the exploit and logged them out of their accounts.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/28/technology/facebook-hack-data-breach.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180928165450/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/28/technology/facebook-hack-data-breach.html |archive-date=September 28, 2018 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Facebook Security Breach Exposes Accounts of 50 Million Users|last1=Isaac|first1=Mike|date=September 28, 2018|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=September 29, 2018|last2=Frenkel|first2=Sheera}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/sep/28/facebook-50-million-user-accounts-security-berach|title=Facebook says nearly 50 m users compromised in huge security breach|last=Wong|first=Julia Carrie|date=September 28, 2018|work=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=September 29, 2018}}</ref> In March 2019, Facebook confirmed a password compromise of millions of Facebook lite application users also affected millions of Instagram users. The reason cited was the storage of password as plain text instead of encryption which could be read by its employees.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/tech/not-tens-of-thousands-but-millions-of-instagram-passwords-exposed-admits-facebook-2108667.html|title=Not Tens of Thousands, But Millions of Instagram Passwords Exposed, Admits Facebook|website=News18|date=April 19, 2019 |access-date=April 19, 2019}}</ref>

On December 19, 2019, security researcher Bob Diachenko discovered a database containing more than 267 million Facebook user IDs, phone numbers, and names that were left exposed on the web for anyone to access without a password or any other authentication.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thenextweb.com/facebook/2019/12/20/267-million-facebook-users-data-has-reportedly-been-leaked/|title=267 million Facebook users' data has reportedly been leaked|last=Ghoshal|first=Abhimanyu|date=December 20, 2019|website=The Next Web|language=en-us|access-date=December 21, 2019}}</ref> In February 2020, Facebook encountered a major [[security breach]] in which its official [[Twitter]] account was hacked by a [[Saudi Arabia]]-based group called "[[OurMine]]". The group has a history of actively exposing high-profile social media profiles' vulnerabilities.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/security/facebook-s-twitter-account-hacked-n1132901|title=Facebook's Twitter account hacked|access-date=February 7, 2020|website=[[NBC News]]}}</ref>

In April 2021, ''The Guardian'' reported approximately half a billion users' data had been stolen including birthdates and phone numbers. Facebook alleged it was "old data" from a problem fixed in August 2019 despite the data's having been released a year and a half later only in 2021; it declined to speak with journalists, had apparently not notified regulators, called the problem "unfixable", and said it would not be advising users.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2021/apr/11/another-huge-data-breach-another-stony-silence-from-facebook|title=Another huge data breach, another stony silence from Facebook|access-date=April 21, 2021|website=[[The Guardian]]|date=April 11, 2021}}</ref> In September 2024, Meta paid a $101 million fine for storing up to 600 million passwords of Facebook and Instagram users in plain text. The practice was initially discovered in 2019, though reports indicate passwords were stored in plain text since 2012.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lovejoy |first1=Ben |title=Up to 600 million Facebook and Instagram passwords stored in plain text |url=https://9to5mac.com/2024/09/27/up-to-600-million-facebook-and-instagram-passwords-stored-in-plain-text/ |website=9to5Mac |access-date=September 29, 2024 |date=September 27, 2024}}</ref>

==== Phone data and activity ====
[[File:Onavo logo.png|thumb|Facebook acquired [[Onavo]]'s [[virtual private network]] to harvest usage data on its competitors.]]
After acquiring [[Onavo]] in 2013, Facebook used its Onavo Protect [[virtual private network]] (VPN) app to collect information on users' [[web traffic]] and app usage. This allowed Facebook to monitor its competitors' performance, and motivated Facebook to acquire WhatsApp in 2014.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-new-copycats-how-facebook-squashes-competition-from-startups-1502293444|title=The New Copycats: How Facebook Squashes Competition From Startups|last1=Morris|first1=Betsy|date=August 9, 2017|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|access-date=August 15, 2017|last2=Seetharaman|first2=Deepa|issn=0099-9660}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.foxbusiness.com/features/2017/08/09/new-copycats-how-facebook-squashes-2.html|title=The New Copycats: How Facebook Squashes -2-|date=August 9, 2017|work=Fox Business|access-date=August 15, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.engadget.com/2017/08/13/facebook-knew-about-snap-struggles-through-app-tracking/|title=Facebook knew about Snap's struggles months before the public|website=Engadget|date=August 13, 2017 |access-date=August 15, 2017}}</ref> Media outlets classified Onavo Protect as [[spyware]].<ref>{{cite news|access-date=September 3, 2018|title=Apple makes Facebook pull its spyware(ish) VPN from the App Store|url=https://www.fastcompany.com/90224974/apple-makes-facebook-pull-its-spywareish-vpn-from-the-app-store|website=Fast Company|date=August 23, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Tom|last=McKay|date=August 22, 2018|access-date=September 3, 2018|title=Facebook Pulls Its Data-Harvesting Onavo VPN From App Store After Apple Says It Violates Rules|url=https://gizmodo.com/facebook-pulls-its-data-harvesting-onavo-vpn-from-app-s-1828541718|website=Gizmodo}}</ref><ref name="Mashable">{{cite news|first=Jack|last=Morse|date=August 22, 2018|access-date=September 3, 2018|title=Facebook to pull its creepy VPN Onavo from App Store after Apple pushback|url=https://mashable.com/article/facebook-pulls-onavo-from-app-store/|website=Mashable}}</ref> In August 2018, Facebook removed the app in response to pressure from Apple, who asserted that it violated their guidelines.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://techcrunch.com/2018/08/22/apple-facebook-onavo/|title=Apple removed Facebook's Onavo from the App Store for gathering app data|work=[[TechCrunch]]|access-date=August 23, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theverge.com/2018/8/22/17771298/facebook-onavo-protect-apple-app-store-pulled-privacy-concerns|title=Facebook will pull its data-collecting VPN app from the App Store over privacy concerns|work=[[The Verge]]|access-date=August 23, 2018}}</ref> The [[Australian Competition and Consumer Commission]] sued Facebook on December 16, 2020, for "false, misleading or deceptive conduct" in response to the company's unauthorized use of personal data obtained from Onavo for business purposes in contrast to Onavo's privacy-oriented marketing.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Spadafora |first1=Anthony |title=Facebook sued for using VPN to spy on users |url=https://www.techradar.com/news/facebook-sued-for-using-vpn-to-spy-on-users |website=[[TechRadar]] |access-date=January 7, 2021 |language=en |date=December 16, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Duckett |first1=Chris |title=Facebook dragged to court by ACCC over deceptive VPN conduct allegations |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/facebook-dragged-to-court-by-accc-over-deceptive-vpn-conduct-allegations/ |website=ZDNet |access-date=January 7, 2021 |language=en |date=December 16, 2020}}</ref>

In 2016, Facebook Research launched Project Atlas, offering some users between the ages of 13 and 35 up to $20 per month (${{formatprice|{{Inflation|US|20|2016}}}} in {{Inflation-year|US}} dollars{{inflation-fn|US}}) in exchange for their personal data, including their app usage, [[web browsing history]], [[Web search engine|web search]] history, [[Mobile phone tracking|location history]], [[personal message]]s, photos, videos, [[email]]s and [[Amazon (company)|Amazon]] order history.<ref>{{cite web |last=Laura |first=Bremner |date=January 29, 2019 |title=Facebook pays teens to install VPN that spies on them |url=https://pcsite.co.uk/facebook-project-atlas/ |access-date=January 30, 2019 |website=PcSite}}</ref><ref name="Recode Jan 2019">{{cite web|url=https://www.recode.net/2019/1/30/18203231/apple-banning-facebook-research-app|title=Apple says it's banning Facebook's research app that collects users' personal information|last=Wagner|first=Kurt|date=January 30, 2019|website=Recode|access-date=January 30, 2019|archive-date=June 9, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220609072355/https://www.vox.com/2019/1/30/18203231/apple-banning-facebook-research-app|url-status=dead}}</ref> In January 2019, ''TechCrunch'' reported on the project. This led Apple to temporarily revoke Facebook's Enterprise Developer Program [[Public key certificate|certificates]] for one day, preventing Facebook Research from operating on iOS devices and disabling Facebook's internal iOS apps.<ref name="Recode Jan 2019" /><ref>{{cite web|first=Tom|last=Warren|access-date=January 30, 2019|title=Apple blocks Facebook from running its internal iOS apps|url=https://www.theverge.com/2019/1/30/18203551/apple-facebook-blocked-internal-ios-apps|date=January 30, 2019|website=[[The Verge]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Mike|last=Isaac|access-date=February 2, 2019|title=Apple Shows Facebook Who Has the Power in an App Dispute|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/31/technology/apple-blocks-facebook.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190201020059/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/31/technology/apple-blocks-facebook.html |archive-date=February 1, 2019 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=January 31, 2019|issn=0362-4331|via=NYTimes.com}}</ref>

''[[Ars Technica]]'' reported in April 2018 that the Facebook Android app had been harvesting user data, including phone calls and text messages, since 2015.<ref>{{cite web|first=Sean|last=Gallagher|access-date=January 31, 2019|title=Facebook scraped call, text message data for years from Android phones [Updated]|url=https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2018/03/facebook-scraped-call-text-message-data-for-years-from-android-phones/|date=March 24, 2018|website=Ars Technica}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://mashable.com/2018/03/25/facebook-android-phone-call-data-gathering/|title=Facebook's app has been collecting Android phone data for years on some devices|last=Rosenberg|first=Adam|website=Mashable|date=March 25, 2018|access-date=February 6, 2019}}</ref><ref>[https://www.theverge.com/2018/3/25/17160944/facebook-call-history-sms-data-collection-android Facebook has been collecting call history and SMS data from Android devices] ''The Verge''</ref> In May 2018, several Android users filed a [[class action lawsuit]] against Facebook for invading their privacy.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jurist.org/news/2018/05/android-users-file-lawsuit-against-facebook-for-invasion-of-privacy/|title=Android users file lawsuit against Facebook for invasion of privacy|work=jurist.org|date=May 11, 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Buckner, Gabriella|url=http://www.itpro.co.uk/data-mining/31107/facebook-faces-class-action-lawsuit-for-android-call-and-message-data-scraping|title=Facebook faces class action lawsuit for Android call and message data scraping|work=itpro.co.uk|date=May 14, 2018|access-date=February 7, 2019}}</ref> In January 2020, Facebook launched the Off-Facebook Activity page, which allows users to see information collected by Facebook about their non-Facebook activities.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/off-facebook-activity|title=Off-Facebook Activity|website=Facebook for Business}}</ref> ''The Washington Post'' columnist Geoffrey A. Fowler found that this included what other apps he used on his phone, even while the Facebook app was closed, what other web sites he visited on his phone, and what in-store purchases he made from affiliated businesses, even while his phone was completely off.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2020/01/28/off-facebook-activity-page/|title=Facebook will now show you exactly how it stalks you – even when you're not using Facebook|first=Geoffrey A. |last=Fowler |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref>

In November 2021, a report was published by Fairplay, Global Action Plan and Reset Australia detailing accusations that Facebook was continuing to manage their ad targeting system with data collected from teen users.<ref>{{cite web |date=November 16, 2021 |title=Facebook continuing to surveil teens for ads, says report |url=https://techcrunch.com/2021/11/16/facebook-accused-of-still-targeting-teens-with-ads/ |access-date=November 16, 2021 |website=[[TechCrunch]] |language=en-US}}</ref> The accusations follow announcements by Facebook in July 2021 that they would cease ad targeting children.<ref>{{Cite news |author=Naomi Nix |date=July 27, 2021|title=Facebook Reduces Advertising Targeting for Teenagers |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-07-27/facebook-reduces-advertising-targeting-for-teenagers|access-date=November 16, 2021|work=[[Bloomberg News|Bloomberg]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Klar|first=Rebecca|date=July 27, 2021|title=Facebook, Instagram to limit targeted ads for teen users|url=https://thehill.com/policy/technology/564878-facebook-instagram-to-limit-targeted-ads-for-teen-users/|access-date=November 16, 2021|website=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]|language=en}}</ref>

==== Public apologies ====
The company first apologized for its privacy abuses in 2009.<ref>{{Cite book|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=SzxDTGGr80EC|page=119}}|title=Business Ethics For Dummies|last1=Bowie|first1=Norman E.|last2=Schnieder|first2=Meg|date=February 9, 2011|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-118-02062-3}}</ref>

Facebook apologies have appeared in newspapers, television, blog posts and on Facebook.<ref name="Hempel-2018" /> On March 25, 2018, leading US and UK newspapers published full-page ads with a personal apology from Zuckerberg. Zuckerberg issued a verbal apology on [[CNN]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2018/3/25/17161398/facebook-mark-zuckerberg-apology-cambridge-analytica-full-page-newspapers-ads|title=Mark Zuckerberg apologizes for Facebook's data privacy scandal in full-page newspaper ads|last=Statt|first=Nick|date=March 25, 2018|website=[[The Verge]]|access-date=February 6, 2019|archive-date=December 24, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201224105735/https://www.theverge.com/2018/3/25/17161398/facebook-mark-zuckerberg-apology-cambridge-analytica-full-page-newspapers-ads}}</ref> In May 2010, he apologized for discrepancies in privacy settings.<ref name="Hempel-2018">{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.wired.com/story/facebook-a-history-of-mark-zuckerberg-apologizing/|title=A Short History of Facebook's Privacy Gaffes|last=Hempel|first=Jessi|date=March 30, 2018|magazine=Wired|access-date=February 6, 2019|issn=1059-1028}}</ref>

Previously, Facebook had its privacy settings spread out over 20 pages, and has now put all of its privacy settings on one page, which makes it more difficult for third-party apps to access the user's personal information.<ref name="Ingram-2018" /> In addition to publicly apologizing, Facebook has said that it will be reviewing and auditing thousands of apps that display "suspicious activities" in an effort to ensure that this breach of privacy does not happen again.<ref>{{cite web|title=Social Media/polls Show Low Trust in Facebook|url=https://www.digitaltrends.com/social-media/polls-show-low-trust-facebook/|website=www.digitaltrends.com|date=March 26, 2018|access-date=February 6, 2019}}</ref> In a 2010 report regarding privacy, a research project stated that not a lot of information is available regarding the consequences of what people disclose online so often what is available are just reports made available through popular media.<ref name="christofides2011">{{cite web|url=https://www.priv.gc.ca/en/opc-actions-and-decisions/research/funding-for-privacy-research-and-knowledge-translation/completed-contributions-program-projects/2009-2010/p_200910_06/|title=Privacy and Disclosure on Facebook: Youth & Adults' Information Disclosure and Perceptions of Privacy Risks – Contributions Program 2009–2010|publisher=Office of the Privacy Commissioner of|date=March 31, 2010|website=www.priv.gc.ca|access-date=February 6, 2019|last1=Christofides|first1=E.|last2=Muise|first2=A.|last3=Desmarais|first3=S.}}</ref> In 2017, a former Facebook executive went on the record to discuss how social media platforms have contributed to the unraveling of the "fabric of society".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/dec/11/facebook-former-executive-ripping-society-apart|title=Former Facebook executive: social media is ripping society apart|last=Wong|first=Julia Carrie|date=December 12, 2017|work=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=February 6, 2019|issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

=== Content disputes and moderation ===
{{Main|Facebook content management controversies}}

{{See also|Oversight Board (Meta)|l1=Oversight Board}}

Facebook relies on its users to generate the content that bonds its users to the service. The company has come under criticism both for allowing objectionable content, including conspiracy theories and fringe discourse,<ref>{{Cite news|last=Roose|first=Kevin|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/27/technology/alex-jones-facebook-youtube.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727221747/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/27/technology/alex-jones-facebook-youtube.html |archive-date=July 27, 2018 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Facebook and YouTube Give Alex Jones a Wrist Slap|newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=July 27, 2018 |access-date=August 4, 2018}}</ref> and for prohibiting other content that it deems inappropriate.

==== Misinformation and fake news ====
[[File:Hands Off! protest, Minnesota State Capitol, April 5, 2025-053.jpg|thumb|Criticism of Facebook during the [[Hands Off protests]] in Minneapolis on April 5, 2025]]
Facebook has been criticized as a vector for [[fake news]], and has been accused of bearing responsibility for the conspiracy theory that the United States created [[ISIS]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mackey |first=Robert |date=August 26, 2014 |title=Borne by Facebook, Conspiracy Theory That U.S. Created ISIS Spreads Across Middle East |language=en-US |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/27/world/middleeast/isis-conspiracy-theories-include-a-purported-american-plot.html |access-date=April 15, 2022 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> false anti-[[Rohingya people|Rohingya]] posts being used by [[Myanmar]]'s military to fuel [[genocide]] and [[Rohingya genocide|ethnic cleansing]],<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Gowen|first1=Annie|last2=Bearak|first2=Max|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/fake-news-on-facebook-fans-the-flames-of-hate-against-the-rohingya-in-burma/2017/12/07/2c1fe830-ca1f-11e7-b506-8a10ed11ecf5_story.html|title=Fake news on Facebook fans the flames of hate against the Rohingya in Burma|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=August 4, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Mozur |first=Paul |date=October 15, 2018 |title=A Genocide Incited on Facebook, With Posts From Myanmar's Military |language=en-US |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/15/technology/myanmar-facebook-genocide.html |access-date=April 15, 2022 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> enabling [[climate change denial]]<ref>{{cite web |last=Waldman |first=Scott |title=Climate Denial Spreads on Facebook as Scientists Face Restrictions |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/climate-denial-spreads-on-facebook-as-scientists-face-restrictions/ |access-date=August 6, 2020 |website=[[Scientific American]] |publisher=[[Environment & Energy Publishing|E&E News]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Guynn |first=Jessica |title=Climate change denial on Facebook, YouTube, Twitter and TikTok is 'as bad as ever' |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/2022/01/21/climate-change-misinformation-facebook-youtube-twitter/6594691001/ |access-date=April 15, 2022 |website=[[USA Today]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Waldman |first=Scott |date=February 23, 2022 |title=Climate denial still flourishes on Facebook — report |url=https://www.eenews.net/articles/climate-denial-still-flourishes-on-facebook-report/ |access-date=April 15, 2022 |website=E&E News |language=en-US}}</ref> and [[Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting]] conspiracy theorists,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/jul/25/mark-zuckerberg-facebook-sandy-hook-parents-open-letter|title=An open letter to Mark Zuckerberg from the parents of a Sandy Hook victim|last1=Pozner|first1=Leonard|last2=Rosa|first2=Veronique De La|date=July 25, 2018|website=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=August 4, 2018|last3=Pozner|first3=parents of Noah}}</ref> and anti-refugee attacks in Germany.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/21/world/europe/facebook-refugee-attacks-germany.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180821102155/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/21/world/europe/facebook-refugee-attacks-germany.html |archive-date=August 21, 2018 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Facebook Fueled Anti-Refugee Attacks in Germany, New Research Suggests|newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=August 21, 2018 |access-date=August 21, 2018|last1=Taub |first1=Amanda |last2=Fisher |first2=Max }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=MMller|first1=Karsten|last2=Schwarz|first2=Carlo|date=2017|title=Fanning the Flames of Hate: Social Media and Hate Crime|journal=SSRN Working Paper Series|doi=10.2139/ssrn.3082972|issn=1556-5068|ssrn=3082972|s2cid=19194580}}</ref><ref name="RottingDemocracyBeauchamp">{{cite web| url=https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2019/1/22/18177076/social-media-facebook-far-right-authoritarian-populism| title=Social media is rotting democracy from within| last=Beauchamp| first=Zack| publisher=[[Vox Media]]| date=January 22, 2019| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190125171545/https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2019/1/22/18177076/social-media-facebook-far-right-authoritarian-populism|archive-date=January 25, 2019 }}</ref> The government of the [[Philippines]] has also used Facebook as a tool to attack its critics.<ref name="PhilippinesEtter">{{cite web| url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2017-12-07/how-rodrigo-duterte-turned-facebook-into-a-weapon-with-a-little-help-from-facebook| title=What Happens When the Government Uses Facebook as a Weapon?| last=Etter| first=Lauren| publisher=[[Bloomberg News|Bloomberg]]| date=December 7, 2017| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190124225207/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2017-12-07/how-rodrigo-duterte-turned-facebook-into-a-weapon-with-a-little-help-from-facebook|archive-date=January 24, 2019 }}</ref>

In 2017, Facebook partnered with fact checkers from the [[Poynter Institute]]'s international fact-checking network to identify and mark false content, though most ads from political candidates are exempt from this program.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hunt |first=Elle |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/mar/22/facebook-fact-checking-tool-fake-news |title='Disputed by multiple fact-checkers': Facebook rolls out new alert to combat fake news |date=March 22, 2017 |work=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=November 4, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Sherman |first=Amy |url=https://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2019/oct/15/elizabeth-warren/phony-facebook-ad-warren-said-most-tv-networks-wil/ |title=In phony Facebook ad, Warren said most TV networks will refuse ads with a 'lie' but that's wrong |work=[[PolitiFact]]|access-date=November 4, 2019}}</ref> As of 2018, Facebook had over 40 fact-checking partners across the world, including ''[[The Weekly Standard]]''.<ref name="Levin-2018">{{cite web |last=Levin |first=Sam |date=December 13, 2018 |title='They don't care': Facebook factchecking in disarray as journalists push to cut ties |url=http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/dec/13/they-dont-care-facebook-fact-checking-in-disarray-as-journalists-push-to-cut-ties |access-date=April 15, 2022 |website=[[The Guardian]] |location=San Francisco |language=en}}</ref> Critics of the program have accused Facebook of not doing enough to remove false information from its website.<ref name="Levin-2018" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2019/05/24/facebook-fake-pelosi-video-1472413|title=Facebook on fake Pelosi video: Being 'false' isn't enough for removal|first=Nancy|last=Scola|website=[[Politico]]|date=May 24, 2019 }}</ref>

Facebook has repeatedly amended its content policies. In July 2018, it stated that it would "downrank" articles that its [[Fact-checking|fact-checkers]] determined to be false, and remove misinformation that incited violence.<ref>{{cite news|last=Frenkel|first=Sheera|title=Facebook to Remove Misinformation That Leads to Violence|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/18/technology/facebook-to-remove-misinformation-that-leads-to-violence.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718221759/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/18/technology/facebook-to-remove-misinformation-that-leads-to-violence.html |archive-date=July 18, 2018 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|access-date=August 9, 2018|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=July 18, 2018 }}</ref> Facebook stated that content that receives "false" ratings from its fact-checkers can be demonetized and suffer dramatically reduced distribution. Specific posts and videos that violate community standards can be removed on Facebook.<ref name="Darcy-2018">{{Cite news|last=Darcy|first=Oliver|date=July 20, 2018|title=Facebook's rhetoric on misinformation doesn't match its actions|work=[[CNN Business]]|url=https://money.cnn.com/2018/07/20/media/facebook-infowars-false-news-misinformation/index.html|access-date=August 4, 2018}}</ref> In May 2019, Facebook banned a number of "dangerous" commentators from its platform, including [[Alex Jones]], [[Louis Farrakhan]], [[Milo Yiannopoulos]], [[Paul Joseph Watson]], [[Paul Nehlen]], [[David Duke]], and [[Laura Loomer]], for allegedly engaging in "violence and hate".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/05/02/tech/facebook-ban-louis-farrakhan-infowars-alex-jones-milo-laura-loomer/index.html|website=CNN|title=Facebook bans Louis Farrakhan, Milo Yiannopoulos, InfoWars and others from its platforms as 'dangerous'|first=Oliver|last=Darcy|date=May 2, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/tech-news/facebook-bans-alex-jones-louis-farrakhan-others-facebook-instagram-n1001311|website=NBC News|title=Alex Jones, Louis Farrakhan, others banned from Facebook and Instagram|date=May 2, 2019|author=Michael Cappetta and Ben Collins}}</ref>

In May 2020, Facebook agreed to a preliminary settlement of $52 million (${{formatprice|{{Inflation|US|52000000|2020}}}} in {{Inflation-year|US}} dollars{{inflation-fn|US}}) to compensate U.S.-based Facebook content moderators for their psychological trauma suffered on the job.<ref>{{cite web|title=Facebook will pay $52 million in settlement with moderators who developed PTSD on the job|url=https://www.theverge.com/2020/5/12/21255870/facebook-content-moderator-settlement-scola-ptsd-mental-health|last=Newton|first=Casey|date=May 12, 2020|website=[[The Verge]]|language=en|access-date=May 13, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The secret lives of Facebook moderators in America|url=https://www.theverge.com/2019/2/25/18229714/cognizant-facebook-content-moderator-interviews-trauma-working-conditions-arizona|last=Newton|first=Casey|date=February 25, 2019|website=[[The Verge]]|language=en|access-date=May 16, 2020}}</ref> Other legal actions around the world, including in Ireland, await settlement.<ref>{{cite web|title=Facebook Content Moderators Win $52m Compensation Settlement|url=https://www.moderatorrights.com/blog/facebook-content-moderators-win-52m-compensation-settlement/|date=May 13, 2020|website=ModeratorRights.com|language=en-US|access-date=May 13, 2020}}</ref> In September 2020, the [[Government of Thailand]] utilized the Computer Crime Act for the first time to take action against Facebook and [[Twitter]] for ignoring requests to take down content and not complying with court orders.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-thailand-internet-idUSKCN26F0R7|title=Thailand takes first legal action against Facebook, Twitter over content|access-date=September 24, 2020|website=Reuters|date=September 24, 2020}}</ref>

According to a report by [[Reuters]], beginning in 2020, the United States military ran a [[Propaganda in the United States|propaganda]] campaign to spread disinformation about the [[Sinovac Biotech|Sinovac]] Chinese [[COVID-19]] vaccine, including using fake social media accounts to spread the disinformation that the Sinovac vaccine contained pork-derived ingredients and was therefore ''[[haram]]'' under [[Sharia|Islamic law]].<ref name=":63">{{Cite news |last1=Bing |first1=Chris |last2=Schechtman |first2=Joel |date=June 14, 2024 |title=Pentagon Ran Secret Anti-Vax Campaign to Undermine China during Pandemic |url=https://www.reuters.com/investigates/special-report/usa-covid-propaganda/ |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> The campaign was described as "payback" for [[COVID-19 misinformation by China|COVID-19 disinformation by China]] directed against the U.S.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Toropin |first=Konstantin |date=June 14, 2024 |title=Pentagon Stands by Secret Anti-Vaccination Disinformation Campaign in Philippines After Reuters Report |url=https://www.military.com/daily-news/2024/06/14/pentagon-stands-secret-anti-vaccination-disinformation-campaign-philippines-after-reuters-report.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614223757/https://www.military.com/daily-news/2024/06/14/pentagon-stands-secret-anti-vaccination-disinformation-campaign-philippines-after-reuters-report.html |archive-date=June 14, 2024 |access-date=June 19, 2024 |website=[[Military.com]] |language=en}}</ref> In summer 2020, Facebook asked the military to remove the accounts, stating that they violated Facebook's policies on fake accounts and on COVID-19 information.<ref name=":63" /> The campaign continued until mid-2021.<ref name=":63" />

In 2025, Meta announced the replacement of fact-checking on Facebook and Instagram with a "community notes" feature.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 January 2025 |title=Facebook and Instagram get rid of fact checkers |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cly74mpy8klo |website=[[BBC]]}}</ref> [[Steven Brill (journalist)|Steven Brill]], co-founder of news reliability rating company [[NewsGuard]], criticized this decision, and described Facebook's prior fact-checking efforts as having failed to prevent misinformation.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Inskeep |first=Steve |date=January 8, 2025 |title=NewsGuard co-founder Steven Brill discusses Meta's move to end fact-checking |url=https://www.npr.org/2025/01/08/nx-s1-5251308/newsguard-co-founder-steven-brill-discusses-metas-move-to-end-fact-checking |website=[[NPR]]}}</ref>

==== Threats and incitement ====
Professor [[Ilya Somin]] reported that he had been the subject of death threats on Facebook in April 2018 from [[Cesar Sayoc]], who threatened to kill Somin and his family and "feed the bodies to Florida alligators". Somin's Facebook friends reported the comments to Facebook, which did nothing except dispatch automated messages.<ref>{{cite web |date=October 27, 2018 |title=Mail Bomber Cesar Sayoc Threatened Me on Facebook – Volokh Conspiracy |url=http://reason.com/volokh/2018/10/27/mail-bomber-cesar-sayoc-threatened-me-on}}</ref> Sayoc was later arrested for the [[October 2018 United States mail bombing attempts]] directed at Democratic politicians.

==== Terrorism ====
[[Force v. Facebook Inc.|Force v. Facebook, Inc'''.''']], 934 F.3d 53 (2nd Cir. 2019) was a case that alleged Facebook was profiting off recommendations for Hamas. In 2019, the [[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit|US Second Circuit Appeals Court]] held that [[Section 230]] bars civil terrorism claims against [[Social media|social media companies]] and internet service providers, the first federal appellate court to do so.

==== Hate speech ====
In October 2020, [[Pakistani]] Prime Minister [[Imran Khan]] urged [[Mark Zuckerberg]], through a letter posted on government's [[Twitter]] account, to ban [[Islamophobic]] content on Facebook, warning that it encouraged [[extremism]] and violence.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pakistan-facebook/pakistani-pm-asks-facebook-ceo-to-ban-islamophobic-content-idUSKBN27A0UK?rpc=401&|title=Pakistani PM asks Facebook CEO to ban Islamophobic content|access-date=October 25, 2020|website=Reuters|date=October 25, 2020}}</ref> In October 2020, the company announced that it would ban [[Holocaust denial]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Grenoble|first=Ryan|date=October 12, 2020|title=Facebook Decides Holocaust Denial Content Is Bad, Actually|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/facebook-ban-holocaust-denials_n_5f8478dec5b62f97bac625c3|access-date=October 12, 2020|website=HuffPost|language=en}}</ref>

In October 2022, [[Media Matters for America]] published a report that Facebook and Instagram were still profiting off advertisements using the slur "[[LGBT grooming conspiracy theory|groomer]]" for [[LGBT]] people.<ref name="carter_20221013">{{Cite web |url=https://www.mediamatters.org/facebook/meta-still-profiting-ads-use-anti-lgbtq-groomer-slur-despite-platforms-ban |title=Meta is still profiting off ads that use the anti-LGBTQ 'groomer' slur, despite the platform's ban |website=Media Matters |last1=Carter |first1=Camden |date=October 13, 2022 |access-date=October 22, 2022}}</ref> The article reported that Meta had previously confirmed that the use of this word for the LGBT community violates its hate speech policies.<ref name="carter_20221013"/> The story was subsequently picked up by other news outlets such as the ''[[New York Daily News]]'', ''[[PinkNews]]'', and ''[[LGBTQ Nation]]''.<ref name="assuncao_20221014">{{Cite web |url=https://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/ny-facebook-meta-media-matters-profit-anti-lgbtq-slur-groomers-ads-despite-ban-20221014-l5gpzfozjbaq5hpbst66bzkq3e-story.html |title=Facebook parent company Meta still cashing in on ads using anti-LGBTQ slur 'groomers' despite platform's ban: report |website=New York Daily News |last1=Assunção |first1=Muri |date=October 14, 2022 |access-date=October 22, 2022}}</ref><ref name="wakefield_20221014">{{Cite web |url=https://www.pinknews.co.uk/2022/10/14/meta-facebook-advert-profit-groomer-slur-rhetoric/ |title=Facebook has made thousands from hateful 'groomer' adverts in 2022 |website=PinkNews |last1=Wakefield |first1=Lily |date=October 14, 2022 |access-date=October 22, 2022}}</ref><ref name="villarreal_20221014">{{Cite web |url=https://www.lgbtqnation.com/2022/10/facebook-instagram-making-money-off-ads-calling-lgbtq-people-groomers-despite-policy/ |title=Facebook & Instagram are making money off ads calling LGBTQ people 'groomers' despite policy |website=LGBTQ Nation |last1=Villarreal |first1=Daniel |date=October 14, 2022 |access-date=October 22, 2022}}</ref>

==== Violent erotica ====
There are ads on Facebook and Instagram containing sexually explicit content, descriptions of graphic violence and content promoting acts of self harm. Many of the ads are for webnovel apps backed by tech giants [[ByteDance|Bytedance]] and [[Tencent]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Baker-White |first=Emily |title=Facebook And Instagram Are Full Of Violent Erotica Ads From ByteDance- And Tencent-Backed Apps |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/emilybaker-white/2022/09/30/bytedance-tencent-facebook-instagram-ads-violent-erotica/ |access-date=September 30, 2022 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref>

==== ''InfoWars'' ====
Facebook was criticized for allowing ''[[InfoWars]]'' to publish falsehoods and conspiracy theories.<ref name="Darcy-2018" /><ref>{{Cite news|last=Kelly|first=Heather|date=July 18, 2018|title=Mark Zuckerberg clarifies his Holocaust comments|work=CNNMoney|url=https://money.cnn.com/2018/07/18/technology/zuckerberg-recode-holocaust/index.html|access-date=August 4, 2018}}</ref><ref name="Recode">{{Cite news|url=https://www.recode.net/2018/7/16/17577426/media-left-right-facebook-define-journalism|title=Media – both on the left and right – are pressing Facebook to define what journalism is|work=Recode|access-date=August 4, 2018|archive-date=April 27, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427042115/https://www.recode.net/2018/7/16/17577426/media-left-right-facebook-define-journalism|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2018/07/how-facebooks-infowars-crisis-exposes-mark-zuckerbergs-hypocrisy?mbid=social_twitter|title=Why Facebook Won't Actually Ban Fake News|last=Kosoff|first=Maya|work=The Hive|access-date=August 4, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/charliewarzel/facebook-alex-jones-robertmueller-pedophile|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430002647/https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/charliewarzel/facebook-alex-jones-robertmueller-pedophile|archive-date=April 30, 2023|title=Facebook Said Alex Jones' Threatening Rant Against Robert Mueller Doesn't Violate Its Rules|work=[[BuzzFeed News]]|access-date=August 4, 2018}}</ref> Facebook defended its actions in regard to ''InfoWars'', saying "we just don't think banning Pages for sharing conspiracy theories or false news is the right way to go."<ref name="Recode" /> Facebook provided only six cases in which it fact-checked content on the ''InfoWars'' page over the period September 2017 to July 2018.<ref name="Darcy-2018" /> In 2018, ''InfoWars'' falsely claimed that the survivors of the Parkland shooting were "actors". Facebook pledged to remove ''InfoWars'' content making the claim, although ''InfoWars'' videos pushing the false claims were left up, even though Facebook had been contacted about the videos.<ref name="Darcy-2018" /> Facebook stated that the videos never explicitly called them actors.<ref name="Darcy-2018" /> Facebook also allowed ''InfoWars'' videos that shared the [[Pizzagate conspiracy theory]] to survive, despite specific assertions that it would purge Pizzagate content.<ref name="Darcy-2018" /> In late July 2018, Facebook suspended the personal profile of ''InfoWars'' head Alex Jones for 30 days.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://money.cnn.com/2018/07/26/media/facebook-infowars-alex-jones/index.html|title=Facebook suspends personal profile of InfoWars founder Alex Jones|last=Darcy|first=Oliver|work=[[CNN Business]]|access-date=August 4, 2018}}</ref> In early August 2018, Facebook banned the four most active ''InfoWars''-related pages for [[hate speech]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/facebook-and-apple-itunes-ban-alex-jones-as-internet-giants-silence-infowars|title=Facebook and Apple iTunes Ban Alex Jones as Internet Giants Silence Infowars|last=Ross|first=Jamie|date=August 6, 2018|work=[[The Daily Beast]]|access-date=August 6, 2018}}</ref>

=== Political manipulation ===
{{See also|State-sponsored Internet propaganda}}
[[File:Berlin_(9163009052).jpg|thumb|right|upright=.8|Graffiti in Berlin of Facebook founder [[Mark Zuckerberg]]; the caption is a reference to [[George Orwell]]'s novel ''[[Nineteen Eighty-Four]]'', December 2008 ]]

As a dominant social-web service with massive outreach, Facebook has been used by identified or unidentified political operatives to affect public opinion. Some of these activities have been done in violation of the platform policies, creating "coordinated inauthentic behavior", support or attacks. These activities can be scripted or [[Troll farm|paid]]. Various such abusive campaign have been revealed in recent years, best known being the [[Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections]]. In 2021, former Facebook analyst within the ''Spam'' and ''Fake Engagement'' teams, [[Sophie Zhang (whistleblower)|Sophie Zhang]], reported more than 25 political subversion operations and criticized the general slow reaction time, oversightless, laissez-faire attitude by Facebook.<ref name="Ex">{{Citation|title=Ex-Facebook employee on the company's dangerous loophole: 'Autocrats don't bother to hide'| date=April 11, 2021 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eYigm8R2ep8 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211219/eYigm8R2ep8 |archive-date=December 19, 2021 |url-status=live|language=en|access-date=April 15, 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name="Wong-2021">{{Cite news|last=Wong|first=Julia Carrie|date=April 12, 2021|title=How Facebook let fake engagement distort global politics: a whistleblower's account|language=en-GB|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2021/apr/12/facebook-fake-engagement-whistleblower-sophie-zhang|access-date=April 15, 2021|issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref name="the Guardian-2021">{{cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2021/apr/12/facebook-loophole-state-backed-manipulation|title=Revealed: the Facebook loophole that lets world leaders deceive and harass their citizens|date=April 12, 2021|website=the Guardian}}</ref>

==== Influence Operations and Coordinated Inauthentic Behavior ====
In 2018, Facebook said that during 2018 they had identified "coordinated inauthentic behavior" in "many Pages, Groups and accounts created to stir up political debate, including in the US, the Middle East, Russia and the UK."<ref>{{cite web|last1=Gleicher|first1=Nathaniel|last2=Rodriguez|first2=Oscar|title=Removing Additional Inauthentic Activity from Facebook|url=https://newsroom.fb.com/news/2018/10/removing-inauthentic-activity/|publisher=Facebook Newsroom|access-date=May 27, 2019|date=October 11, 2018}}</ref>

Campaigns operated by the British intelligence agency unit, called [[Joint Threat Research Intelligence Group]], have broadly fallen into two categories; cyber attacks and propaganda efforts. The propaganda efforts utilize "mass messaging" and the "pushing [of] stories" via social media sites like Facebook.<ref>{{cite web|title=Snowden Docs: British Spies Used Sex and 'Dirty Tricks'|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/investigations/snowden-docs-british-spies-used-sex-dirty-tricks-n23091|work=[[NBC News]]|date=February 7, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Snowden leaks: GCHQ 'attacked Anonymous' hackers|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-26049448|work=[[BBC News]]|date=February 5, 2014}}</ref> Israel's [[Jewish Internet Defense Force]], the [[Chinese Communist Party]]'s [[50 Cent Party]] and Turkey's [[AK Trolls]] also focus their attention on social media platforms like Facebook.<ref>{{cite news|title=China's 'troll factory' targeting Taiwan with disinformation prior to election|url=https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/3568146|work=Taiwan News|date=May 11, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Trolls, bots and shutdowns: This is how Turkey manipulates public opinion|url=https://ahvalnews.com/freedoms/trolls-bots-and-shutdowns-how-turkey-manipulates-public-opinion|work=Ahval|date=November 17, 2017|access-date=May 27, 2019|archive-date=November 11, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111190541/https://ahvalnews.com/freedoms/trolls-bots-and-shutdowns-how-turkey-manipulates-public-opinion}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Jewish Internet Defense Force 'seizes control' of anti-Israel Facebook group|url=https://www.jpost.com/Jewish-World/Jewish-News/Jewish-Internet-Defense-Force-seizes-control-of-anti-Israel-Facebook-group|work=The Jerusalem Post|date=July 29, 2008}}</ref> In July 2018, Samantha Bradshaw, co-author of the report from the [[Oxford Internet Institute]] (OII) at [[Oxford University]], said that "The number of countries where formally organised [[social media manipulation]] occurs has greatly increased, from 28 to 48 countries globally. The majority of growth comes from political parties who spread [[disinformation]] and junk news around election periods."<ref>{{cite news|title=Social media manipulation rising globally, new report warns|url=http://www.ox.ac.uk/news/2018-07-20-social-media-manipulation-rising-globally-new-report-warns|publisher=University of Oxford|date=July 20, 2018}}</ref> In October 2018, ''The Daily Telegraph'' reported that Facebook "banned hundreds of pages and accounts that it says were fraudulently flooding its site with partisan political content – although they came from the United States instead of being associated with [[Russia]]."<ref>{{cite news|title=Facebook: Most political trolls are American, not Russian|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/2018/10/11/facebook-political-trolls-american-not-russian/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/2018/10/11/facebook-political-trolls-american-not-russian/ |archive-date=January 10, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]|date=October 12, 2018}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

In December 2018, ''The Washington Post'' reported that "Facebook has suspended the account of Jonathon Morgan, the chief executive of a top social media research firm" [[New Knowledge]], "after reports that he and others engaged in an operation to spread disinformation" on Facebook and Twitter during the [[2017 United States Senate special election in Alabama]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Facebook suspends five accounts, including that of a social media researcher, for misleading tactics in Alabama election |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2018/12/22/facebook-suspends-five-accounts-including-social-media-researcher-misleading-tactics-alabama-election/ |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=December 22, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Democratic operatives created fake Russian bots designed to link Kremlin to Roy Moore in Alabama race |url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/democratic-operatives-created-fake-russian-bots-in-alabama-race-designed-to-link-kremlin-to-republican-roy-moore |work=[[Fox News]] |date=December 20, 2018}}</ref> In January 2019, Facebook said it has removed 783 Iran-linked accounts, pages and groups for engaging in what it called "coordinated inauthentic behaviour".<ref>{{cite news|title=Facebook Says It Removed 783 Accounts Tied to an Iranian Manipulation Campaign|url=http://fortune.com/2019/01/31/facebook-manipulation-campaign-iran-fake-news/|work=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]|date=January 31, 2019}}</ref> In March 2019, Facebook sued four Chinese firms for selling "fake accounts, likes and followers" to amplify Chinese [[state media]] outlets.<ref>{{Cite news |date=April 20, 2019 |title=China is using Facebook to build a huge audience around the world |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |url=https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2019/04/20/china-is-using-facebook-to-build-a-huge-audience-around-the-world |url-access=subscription |access-date=August 19, 2023 |issn=0013-0613 |quote=Facebook pages usually gain followers when people share posts with their friends. Chinese outlets receive far fewer shares than Western ones do, which implies that they use some other tactic to amass fans. Facebook has already accused Chinese actors of skullduggery. In March it sued four Chinese firms, which it said had sold "fake accounts, likes and followers".}}</ref>

In May 2019, [[Tel Aviv]]-based private intelligence agency [[Archimedes Group]] was banned from Facebook for "coordinated inauthentic behavior" after Facebook found fake users in countries in sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America and Southeast Asia.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-48349671|title=Is Facebook undermining democracy in Africa?|last=Madowo|first=Larry|date=May 24, 2019|access-date=June 8, 2019}}</ref> Facebook investigations revealed that Archimedes had spent some $1.1 million (${{formatprice|{{Inflation|US|1100000|2019}}}} in {{Inflation-year|US}} dollars{{inflation-fn|US}}) on fake ads, paid for in Brazilian reais, Israeli shekels and US dollars.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.smh.com.au/world/middle-east/change-reality-facebook-busts-israel-based-campaign-to-disrupt-elections-20190517-p51oad.html|title='Change reality': Facebook busts Israel-based campaign to disrupt elections|last1=Debre|first1=Isabel|last2=Satter|first2=Raphael|date=May 16, 2019|website=The Sydney Morning Herald|access-date=June 8, 2019}}</ref> Facebook gave examples of Archimedes Group political interference in Nigeria, Senegal, Togo, Angola, Niger and Tunisia.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://newsroom.fb.com/news/2019/05/removing-coordinated-inauthentic-behavior-from-israel/|title=Removing Coordinated Inauthentic Behavior From Israel {{!}} Facebook Newsroom|date=May 16, 2019|access-date=June 8, 2019}}</ref> The Atlantic Council's Digital Forensic Research Lab said in a report that "The tactics employed by Archimedes Group, a private company, closely resemble the types of information warfare tactics often used by governments, and the Kremlin in particular."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/05/16/tech/facebook-takedown-israeli-company/index.html|title=Facebook says Israeli company used fake accounts to target African elections|last1=O'Sullivan|first1=Donie|last2=Gold|first2=Hadas|department=CNN Business|website=CNN|date=May 16, 2019|access-date=June 8, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/facebook-bans-israeli-firm-over-fake-political-activity-11558030115|title=Facebook Bans Israeli Firm Over Fake Political Activity|last=Needleman|first=Sarah E.|date=May 16, 2019|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|access-date=June 8, 2019|issn=0099-9660}}</ref>

On May 23, 2019, Facebook released its Community Standards Enforcement Report highlighting that it has identified several fake accounts through artificial intelligence and human monitoring. In a period of six months, October 2018 – March 2019, the social media website removed a total of 3.39 billion fake accounts. The number of fake accounts was reported to be more than 2.4 billion real people on the platform.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2019/05/23/726353723/facebook-removed-nearly-3-2-billion-fake-accounts-in-last-six-months|title=Facebook Removed Nearly 3.4 Billion Fake Accounts in 6 Months|newspaper=[[NPR]]|date=May 23, 2019|access-date=May 23, 2019|publisher=[[NPR]]|last1=Romo|first1=Vanessa|last2=Held|first2=Amy}}</ref>

In July 2019, Facebook advanced its measures to counter deceptive political propaganda and other abuse of its services. The company removed more than 1,800 accounts and pages that were being operated from Russia, Thailand, Ukraine and Honduras.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-facebook-accounts/facebook-removes-fake-accounts-from-thailand-russia-ukraine-honduras-idUSKCN1UK0KE|title=Facebook removes fake accounts from Thailand, Russia, Ukraine, Honduras|access-date=July 25, 2019|work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> After Russia's invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, it was announced that the internet regulatory committee would block access to Facebook.<ref>{{cite web |date=March 4, 2022 |title=Russia blocks access to Facebook |url=https://techcrunch.com/2022/03/04/russia-blocks-facebook/ |access-date=March 4, 2022 |website=[[TechCrunch]] |language=en-US}}</ref> On October 30, 2019, Facebook deleted several accounts of the employees working at the Israeli [[NSO Group]], stating that the accounts were "deleted for not following our terms". The deletions came after WhatsApp sued the Israeli surveillance firm for targeting 1,400 devices with [[spyware]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://qudsnen.co/facebook-deletes-accounts-of-workers-at-nso-israeli-firm/|title=Facebook deletes accounts of workers at NSO Israeli firm|access-date=November 1, 2019|website=Quds News Network|date=November 2019|archive-date=August 17, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200817171324/https://qudsnen.co/facebook-deletes-accounts-of-workers-at-nso-israeli-firm/}}</ref>

{{anchor|American Edge}}
In 2020, Facebook helped found [[American Edge]], an anti-regulation [[lobbying firm]] to fight anti-trust probes.<ref name="ae">{{Cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2020/05/12/facebook-lobbying-american-edge/ |title=Facebook Helps Launch American Edge, a Dark-Money Advocacy Group for Big Tech |date=May 12, 2020 |access-date=May 12, 2020 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|language=en-US |last=Romm |first=Tony}}</ref> The group runs ads that "fail to mention what legislation concerns them, how those concerns could be fixed, or how the horrors they warn of could actually happen", and do not clearly disclose that they are funded by Facebook.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.brookings.edu/articles/history-repeats-itself-with-big-techs-misleading-advertising/ |access-date=August 26, 2023 |title=History repeats itself with Big Tech's misleading advertising |first=Tom |last=Wheeler |date=June 15, 2022 |publisher=[[Brookings Institution]]}}</ref>

In 2020, the government of Thailand forced Facebook to take down a Facebook group called Royalist Marketplace with one million members following potentially illegal posts shared. The authorities have also threatened Facebook with legal action. In response, Facebook is planning to take legal action against the Thai government for suppression of freedom of expression and violation of human rights.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2020/08/24/tech/facebook-blocks-thailand-group/index.html|title=Facebook prepares legal action against Thai government's order to block group|access-date=August 25, 2020|website=CNN International|date=August 24, 2020 }}</ref> In 2020, during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], Facebook found that troll farms from [[North Macedonia]] and the Philippines pushed coronavirus disinformation. The publisher, which used content from these farms, was banned.<ref name="facebook_ban">{{cite news|last1=Collins|first1=Ben|last2=Zadrozny|first2=Brandy|author-link2=Brandy Zadrozny|date=May 20, 2020|title=Troll farms from North Macedonia and the Philippines pushed coronavirus disinformation on Facebook|work=NBC News|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/tech-news/troll-farms-macedonia-philippines-pushed-coronavirus-disinformation-facebook-n1218376}}</ref>

In the run-up to the [[2020 United States elections]], Eastern European troll farms operated popular Facebook pages showing content related to [[Christianity in the United States|Christians]] and [[African Americans|Blacks]] in America. They included more than 15,000 pages combined and were viewed by 140 million US users per month. This was in part due to how Facebook's algorithm and policies allow unoriginal viral content to be copied and spread in ways that still drive up user engagement. As of September 2021, some of the most popular pages were still active on Facebook despite the company's efforts to take down such content.<ref>{{cite web |title=Troll farms reached 140 million Americans a month on Facebook before 2020 election, internal report shows |url=https://www.technologyreview.com/2021/09/16/1035851/facebook-troll-farms-report-us-2020-election/ |website=MIT Technology Review |language=en}}</ref>

In February 2021, Facebook removed the main page of the Myanmar military, after two protesters were shot and killed during the [[2021 Myanmar protests|anti-coup protests]]. Facebook said that the page breached its guidelines that prohibit the incitement of violence.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-02-21/facebook-removes-main-page-of-myanmar-military/13176760|title=Facebook removes main page of Myanmar military for 'incitement of violence'|access-date=February 21, 2021|website=ABC News|date=February 21, 2021}}</ref> On February 25, Facebook announced to ban all accounts of the Myanmar military, along with the "[[Tatmadaw]]-linked commercial entities". Citing the "exceptionally severe human rights abuses and the clear risk of future military-initiated violence in Myanmar", the tech giant also implemented the move on its subsidiary, [[Instagram]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.france24.com/en/asia-pacific/20210225-facebook-bans-myanmar-military-accounts-from-its-platforms-citing-coup|title=Facebook bans Myanmar military accounts from its platforms, citing coup|access-date=February 25, 2021|website=France 24|date=February 25, 2021}}</ref> In March 2021, ''The Wall Street Journal''{{'s}} editorial board criticized Facebook's decision to fact-check its op-ed titled "We'll Have Herd immunity by April" written by surgeon [[Marty Makary]], calling it "counter-opinion masquerading as [[fact-checking|fact checking]]."<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=March 5, 2021|title=Opinion: Fact-Checking Facebook's Fact Checkers |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/fact-checking-facebooks-fact-checkers-11614987375|access-date=March 7, 2021|issn=0099-9660}}</ref>

Facebook guidelines allow users to call for the death of public figures, they also allow praise of mass killers and 'violent non-state actors' in some situations.<ref>{{cite web |date=March 23, 2021 |title=Facebook guidelines allow for users to call for death of public figures |url=http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2021/mar/23/facebook-guidelines-allow-for-users-to-call-for-death-of-public-figures |access-date=March 23, 2021 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=March 23, 2021|title=Facebook leak underscores strategy to operate in repressive regimes|url=http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2021/mar/23/facebook-leak-underscore-strategy-operate-repressive-regimes|access-date=March 25, 2021|website=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref> In 2021, former Facebook analyst within the ''Spam'' and ''Fake Engagement'' teams, [[Sophie Zhang (whistleblower)|Sophie Zhang]], reported on more than 25 political subversion operations she uncovered while in Facebook, and the general laissez-faire by the private enterprise.<ref name="Ex" /><ref name="Wong-2021" /><ref name="the Guardian-2021" />

In 2021, Facebook was cited as playing a role in the fomenting of the [[2021 United States Capitol attack]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Brewster |first=Thomas |date=February 7, 2021 |title=Sheryl Sandberg Downplayed Facebook's Role In The Capitol Hill Siege—Justice Department Files Tell A Very Different Story |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/thomasbrewster/2021/02/07/sheryl-sandberg-downplayed-facebooks-role-in-the-capitol-hill-siege-justice-department-files-tell-a-very-different-story/ |access-date=March 9, 2022 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Timberg |first1=Craig |last2=Dwoskin |first2=Elizabeth |last3=Albergotti |first3=Reed |date=October 22, 2021 |title=Inside Facebook, Jan. 6 violence fueled anger, regret over missed warning signs |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2021/10/22/jan-6-capitol-riot-facebook/ |access-date=March 9, 2022 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |language=en}}</ref>

==== Russian interference ====
{{See also|Internet Research Agency|Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections}}
In 2018, Special Counsel [[Robert Mueller]] indicted 13 Russian nationals and three Russian organizations for "engaging in operations to interfere with U.S. political and electoral processes, including the 2016 presidential election."<ref>{{cite news|title=Internet Research Agency indicted: Who is the Russian company behind the fake Facebook ads?|url=https://www.foxnews.com/tech/internet-research-agency-indicted-who-is-the-russian-company-behind-the-fake-facebook-ads|work=[[Fox News]]|date=February 16, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=13 Russians Indicted as Mueller Reveals Effort to Aid Trump Campaign|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/16/us/politics/russians-indicted-mueller-election-interference.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180216182422/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/16/us/politics/russians-indicted-mueller-election-interference.html |archive-date=February 16, 2018 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=February 16, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Exposing Russia's Effort to Sow Discord Online: The Internet Research Agency and Advertisements|url=https://intelligence.house.gov/social-media-content/|website=intelligence.house.gov|publisher=Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence|access-date=May 27, 2019|archive-date=January 28, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128044519/https://intelligence.house.gov/social-media-content/}}</ref>

Mueller contacted Facebook subsequently to the company's disclosure that it had sold more than $100,000 (${{formatprice|{{Inflation|US|100000|2016}}}} in {{Inflation-year|US}} dollars{{inflation-fn|US}}) worth of ads to a company ([[Internet Research Agency]], owned by Russian billionaire and businessman [[Yevgeniy Prigozhin]]) with links to the Russian intelligence community before the [[2016 United States presidential election]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/facebook-gave-special-counsel-robert-mueller-more-details-on-russian-ad-buys-than-congress-1505514552|title=Facebook Gave Special Counsel Robert Mueller More Details on Russian Ad Buys Than Congress|last1=Seetharaman|first1=Deepa|date=September 15, 2017|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|access-date=September 15, 2017|last2=Tau|first2=Byron|issn=0099-9660|last3=Harris|first3=Shane}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Facebook sold $100,000 of political ads to fake Russian accounts during 2016 US election|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/facebook-russia-ads-us-election-political-adverts-trump-putin-fake-news-a7933461.html|access-date=May 24, 2019|work=[[The Independent]]|date=September 6, 2017 }}</ref> In September 2017, Facebook's chief security officer [[Alex Stamos]] wrote the company "found approximately $100,000 in ad spending from June 2015 to May 2017 – associated with roughly 3,000 ads – that was connected to about 470 inauthentic accounts and Pages in violation of our policies. Our analysis suggests these accounts and Pages were affiliated with one another and likely operated out of Russia."<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Facebook Says Russian Accounts Bought $100,000 in Ads During the 2016 Election|url=https://time.com/4930532/facebook-russian-accounts-2016-election/|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|date=September 6, 2017|access-date=November 17, 2024|archive-date=February 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209193837/https://time.com/4930532/facebook-russian-accounts-2016-election/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Clinton and Trump campaigns spent $81 million (${{formatprice|{{Inflation|US|81000000|2016}}}} in {{Inflation-year|US}} dollars{{inflation-fn|US}}) on Facebook ads.<ref>{{cite news|title=New Studies Show Pundits Are Wrong About Russian Social-Media Involvement in US Politics|url=https://www.thenation.com/article/russiagate-elections-interference/|work=The Nation|date=December 28, 2018|access-date=June 2, 2019|archive-date=June 3, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603215617/https://www.thenation.com/article/russiagate-elections-interference/}}</ref>

The company pledged full cooperation in [[Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections|Mueller's investigation]], and provided all information about the Russian advertisements.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2017/09/06/facebook-gave-special-counsel-robert-mueller-data-on-russian-ads-report-says.html|title=Facebook gave special counsel Robert Mueller data on Russian ads, report says|last=Castillo|first=Michelle|website=[[CNBC]]|date=September 6, 2017|access-date=September 7, 2017}}</ref> Members of the [[United States House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence|House]] and [[United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence|Senate Intelligence Committees]] have claimed that Facebook had withheld information that could illuminate the Russian propaganda campaign.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/facebooks-openness-on-russia-questioned-by-congressional-investigators/2017/09/18/060e1ee4-9c90-11e7-9083-fbfddf6804c2_story.html|title=Facebook's openness on Russia questioned by congressional investigators|last1=Leonnig|first1=Carol D.|date=September 18, 2017|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=September 19, 2017|last2=Dwoskin|first2=Elizabeth|issn=0190-8286|last3=Timberg|first3=Craig}}</ref> Russian operatives have used Facebook polarize the American public discourses, organizing both [[Black Lives Matter]] rallies<ref>{{cite news|title=Russians trolls organized a protest in the US|url=https://edition.cnn.com/videos/us/2018/06/25/russia-protest-philando-castile-distorting-truth-orig.cnn|work=[[CNN]]|date=June 25, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Did Russian hackers organize Philando Castile protest? Activists say no|url=http://www.startribune.com/local-organizers-doubt-reports-of-russian-ties-to-castile-protest/454368633/|work=[[Star Tribune]]|date=November 1, 2017|archive-date=November 25, 2020|access-date=May 27, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125173146/https://www.startribune.com/local-organizers-doubt-reports-of-russian-ties-to-castile-protest/454368633/|url-status=dead}}</ref> and anti-immigrant rallies on U.S. soil,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/exclusive-russia-used-facebook-events-to-organize-anti-immigrant-rallies-on-us-soil|title=Exclusive: Russia Used Facebook Events to Organize Anti-Immigrant Rallies on U.S. Soil|last1=Collins|first1=Ben|last2=Poulsen|first2=Kevin|last3=Ackerman|first3=Spencer|date=September 12, 2017|work=[[The Daily Beast]]|access-date=September 12, 2017}}</ref> as well as anti-Clinton rallies<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://businessinsider.com/facebook-group-russia-texas-anti-immigrant-rallies-2017-9|title=Shuttered Facebook group that organized anti-Clinton, anti-immigrant rallies across Texas was linked to Russia|work=[[Business Insider]]|access-date=September 14, 2017|archive-date=September 13, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170913202902/https://businessinsider.com/facebook-group-russia-texas-anti-immigrant-rallies-2017-9}}</ref> and rallies both for and against Donald Trump.<ref>"[http://fortune.com/2018/02/17/russian-organized-rallies-election-meddling/ Russians Staged Rallies For and Against Trump to Promote Discord, Indictment Says]". ''[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]''. February 17, 2018.</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/russians-appear-to-use-facebook-to-push-pro-trump-flash-mobs-in-florida|title=Exclusive: Russians Appear to Use Facebook to Push Trump Rallies in 17 U.S. Cities|last1=Collins|first1=Ben|last2=Resnick|first2=Gideon|last3=Poulsen|first3=Kevin|last4=Ackerman|first4=Spencer|date=September 20, 2017|work=[[The Daily Beast]]|access-date=September 20, 2017}}</ref> Facebook ads have also been used to exploit divisions over black political activism and Muslims by simultaneously sending contrary messages to different users based on their political and demographic characteristics in order to sow discord.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/technology/russian-operatives-used-facebook-ads-to-exploit-divisions-over-black-political-activism-and-muslims/2017/09/25/4a011242-a21b-11e7-ade1-76d061d56efa_story.html|title=Russian operatives used Facebook ads to exploit divisions over black political activism and Muslims|last1=Entous|first1=Adam|last2=Timberg|first2=Craig|last3=Dwoskin|first3=Elizabeth|date=September 25, 2017|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=September 25, 2017|issn=0190-8286}}</ref><ref>"[https://money.cnn.com/2017/09/27/media/facebook-black-lives-matter-targeting/index.html Exclusive: Russian-bought Black Lives Matter ad on Facebook targeted Baltimore and Ferguson]". CNN. September 28, 2017.</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/exclusive-russians-impersonated-real-american-muslims-to-stir-chaos-on-facebook-and-instagram|title=Exclusive: Russians Impersonated Real American Muslims to Stir Chaos on Facebook and Instagram|last1=Collins|first1=Ben|last2=Poulsen|first2=Kevin|last3=Ackerman|first3=Spencer|date=September 27, 2017|work=[[The Daily Beast]]|access-date=September 28, 2017}}</ref> Zuckerberg has stated that he regrets having dismissed concerns over Russian interference in the 2016 U.S. presidential election.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2017/09/27/mark-zuckerberg-says-facebook-impact-on-2016-election-went-beyond-ads.html|title=Mark Zuckerberg responds to Trump, regrets he dismissed election concerns|last=Shinal|first=John|date=September 27, 2017|work=[[CNBC]]|access-date=September 27, 2017}}</ref>

Russian-American billionaire [[Yuri Milner]], who befriended Zuckerberg<ref>"[https://www.icij.org/investigations/paradise-papers/kremlin-owned-firms-linked-major-twitter-facebook-investments-icij/ Kremlin-owned Firms Linked to Major Investments in Twitter and Facebook]". ''International Consortium of Investigative Journalists – ICIJ''. November 5, 2017.</ref> between 2009 and 2011, had [[Kremlin]] backing for his investments in Facebook and Twitter.<ref name="Drucker-2017">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/05/world/yuri-milner-facebook-twitter-russia.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171105190211/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/05/world/yuri-milner-facebook-twitter-russia.html |archive-date=November 5, 2017 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Kremlin Cash Behind Billionaire's Twitter and Facebook Investments|last=Drucker|first=Jesse|date=November 5, 2017|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=November 6, 2017|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> In January 2019, Facebook removed 289 pages and 75 coordinated accounts linked to the Russian state-owned news agency [[Sputnik (news agency)|Sputnik]] which had misrepresented themselves as independent news or general interest pages.<ref name="DaFN">{{cite web|title=Disinformation and 'fake news': Final Report|url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201719/cmselect/cmcumeds/1791/179109.htm|website=publications.parliament.uk|publisher=Digital, Culture, Media and Sport Committee – House of Commons|access-date=May 24, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Gleicher|first=Nathaniel|title=Removing Coordinated Inauthentic Behavior from Russia|url=https://newsroom.fb.com/news/2019/01/removing-cib-from-russia/|publisher=Facebook Newsroom|access-date=May 24, 2019|date=January 17, 2019}}</ref> Facebook later identified and removed an additional 1,907 accounts linked to Russia found to be engaging in "coordinated inauthentic behaviour".<ref>{{cite news|last=Cuthbertson|first=Antony|title=Facebook removes thousands more Russian accounts|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/facebook-russia-bots-brexit-account-iran-instagram-a8840256.html|access-date=May 24, 2019|work=[[The Independent]]|date=March 26, 2019 }}</ref> In 2018, a UK [[Department for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport]] (DCMS) select committee report had criticized Facebook for its reluctance to investigate abuse of its platform by the Russian government, and for downplaying the extent of the problem, referring to the company as 'digital gangsters'.<ref>{{cite web|title=Disinformation and 'fake news': Interim Report|url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201719/cmselect/cmcumeds/363/36308.htm|website=publications.parliament.uk|publisher=Digital, Culture, Media and Sport Committee – House of Commons}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Cadwalladr|first=Carole|author-link=Carole Cadwalladr|title=A withering verdict: MPs report on Zuckerberg, Russia and Cambridge Analytica|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/jul/28/dcms-report-fake-news-disinformation-brexit-facebook-russia|access-date=May 24, 2019|work=[[The Observer]]|date=July 28, 2018}}</ref><ref name="the Guardian-2019">{{cite web|date=February 18, 2019|title=Facebook labelled 'digital gangsters' by report on fake news|url=http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2019/feb/18/facebook-fake-news-investigation-report-regulation-privacy-law-dcms|access-date=September 24, 2020|website=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref><blockquote>"Democracy is at risk from the malicious and relentless targeting of citizens with disinformation and personalised 'dark adverts' from unidentifiable sources, delivered through the major social media platforms we use every day," Damian Collins, DCMS Committee Chair<ref name="the Guardian-2019" /></blockquote>In February 2019, [[Glenn Greenwald]] wrote that a cybersecurity company New Knowledge, which is behind one of the [[United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence|Senate reports]] on Russian social media election interference, "was caught just six weeks ago engaging in a massive scam to create fictitious Russian troll accounts on Facebook and Twitter in order to claim that the Kremlin was working to defeat Democratic Senate nominee [[Doug Jones (politician)|Doug Jones]] in Alabama. ''[[The New York Times]]'', when exposing the scam, quoted a New Knowledge report that boasted of its fabrications..."<ref>{{cite news|title=NBC News, to Claim Russia Supports Tulsi Gabbard, Relies on Firm Just Caught Fabricating Russia Data for the Democratic Party|url=https://theintercept.com/2019/02/03/nbc-news-to-claim-russia-supports-tulsi-gabbard-relies-on-firm-just-caught-fabricating-russia-data-for-the-democratic-party/|work=The Intercept|date=February 3, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Secret Experiment in Alabama Senate Race Imitated Russian Tactics|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/19/us/alabama-senate-roy-jones-russia.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181220010545/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/19/us/alabama-senate-roy-jones-russia.html |archive-date=December 20, 2018 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=December 19, 2018}}</ref>

==== Anti-Rohingya propaganda ====
{{See also|Persecution of Muslims in Myanmar}}
In 2018, Facebook took down 536 Facebook pages, 17 Facebook groups, 175 Facebook accounts, and 16 Instagram accounts linked to the [[Myanmar]] military. Collectively these were followed by over 10 million people.<ref>{{cite web|title=Removing Myanmar Military Officials From Facebook|date=August 28, 2018|url=https://newsroom.fb.com/news/2018/08/removing-myanmar-officials/|publisher=Facebook Newsroom|access-date=May 27, 2019 }}</ref> ''The New York Times'' reported that:<ref>{{cite news|last=Mozur|first=Paul|title=A Genocide Incited on Facebook, With Posts From Myanmar's Military|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/15/technology/myanmar-facebook-genocide.html|access-date=May 27, 2019|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=October 15, 2018}}</ref>
{{blockquote|after months of reports about anti-Rohingya propaganda on Facebook, the company acknowledged that it had been too slow to act in Myanmar. By then, more than 700,000 Rohingya had fled the country in a year, in what United Nations officials called "a textbook example of ethnic cleansing".}}

==== Anti-Muslim propaganda and Hindu nationalism in India ====
A 2019 book titled ''The Real Face of Facebook in India'', co-authored by the journalists [[Paranjoy Guha Thakurta]] and Cyril Sam, alleged that Facebook helped enable and benefited from the rise of [[Narendra Modi]]'s [[Hindu nationalism|Hindu nationalist]] [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The Past and Future of Facebook and BJP's Mutually Beneficial Relationship|url=https://thewire.in/politics/bjp-facebook-india-modi|website=The Wire}}</ref> Ankhi Das, Facebook's policy director for India and South and Central Asia, apologized publicly in August 2020 for sharing a Facebook post which called Muslims in India a "degenerate community". She said she shared the post "to reflect my deep belief in celebrating feminism and civic participation".<ref>{{cite web|title=A Facebook Executive Who Shared An Anti-Muslim Post Has Apologized To Employees|url=https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/pranavdixit/facebook-executive-apologies-anti-muslim-post|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426173931/https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/pranavdixit/facebook-executive-apologies-anti-muslim-post|archive-date=April 26, 2023|access-date=September 2, 2020|website=BuzzFeed News|date=August 24, 2020 |language=en}}</ref> She is reported to have prevented action by Facebook against anti-Muslim content<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Ellis-Petersen|first1=Hannah|last2=Rahman|first2=Shaikh Azizur|date=September 1, 2020|title=Facebook faces grilling by MPs in India over anti-Muslim hate speech|language=en-GB|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/sep/01/facebook-faces-grilling-by-mps-in-india-over-anti-muslim-hate-speech|access-date=September 2, 2020|issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref name="The Wire" /> and supported the BJP in internal Facebook messages.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Horwitz|first1=Jeff|last2=Purnell|first2=Newley|date=August 30, 2020|title=Facebook Executive Supported India's Modi, Disparaged Opposition in Internal Messages|language=en-US|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/facebook-executive-supported-indias-modi-disparaged-opposition-in-internal-messages-11598809348|access-date=September 1, 2020|issn=0099-9660}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=New Report Says Facebook's Ankhi Das Supported Modi, Hoped for BJP's Victory|url=https://thewire.in/tech/facebook-ankhi-das-modi-bjp-support-wsj-new-report|access-date=September 1, 2020|website=The Wire}}</ref>

In 2020, Facebook executives overrode their employees' recommendations that the BJP politician [[T. Raja Singh]] should be banned from the site for [[Hate speech laws in India|hate speech]] and rhetoric that could lead to violence. Singh had said on Facebook that [[Rohingya people|Rohingya Muslim immigrants]] should be shot and had threatened to destroy [[mosque]]s. Current and former Facebook employees told ''The Wall Street Journal'' that the decision was part of a pattern of favoritism by Facebook toward the BJP as it seeks more business in India.<ref name="The Wire">{{cite web|title=Watch {{!}} Why Did Facebook Not Remove BJP-Linked Anti-Muslim Hate Posts?|url=https://thewire.in/video/watch-facebook-bjp-hate-posts-wall-street-journal-raja-singh|access-date=September 1, 2020|website=The Wire}}</ref> Facebook also took no action after BJP politicians made posts accusing Muslims of intentionally spreading [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|COVID-19]], an employee said.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Purnell|first1=Newley|last2=Horwitz|first2=Jeff|date=August 14, 2020|title=Facebook's Hate-Speech Rules Collide With Indian Politics|language=en-US|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/facebook-hate-speech-india-politics-muslim-hindu-modi-zuckerberg-11597423346|access-date=August 16, 2020|issn=0099-9660}}</ref>

In 2020, the [[Delhi Legislative Assembly|Delhi Assembly]] began investigating whether Facebook bore blame for the [[2020 Delhi riots|2020 religious riots]] in the city, claiming it had found Facebook "prima facie guilty of a role in the violence".<ref>{{Cite news|author=Staff Reporter|date=August 31, 2020|title=Assembly panel alleges role of Facebook in Delhi riots|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/assembly-panel-alleges-role-of-facebook-in-delhi-riots/article32488223.ece|access-date=September 2, 2020|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Deol|first=Taran|date=August 31, 2020|title=Delhi assembly panel wants Facebook named co-accused in communal riots, hints at 'conspiracy'|url=https://theprint.in/india/governance/delhi-assembly-panel-wants-facebook-named-co-accused-in-communal-riots-hints-at-conspiracy/492793/|access-date=September 2, 2020|website=ThePrint|language=en-US}}</ref> Following a summons by a Delhi Assembly Committee, Facebook India vice-president and managing director [[Ajit Mohan]] moved the Supreme Court,<ref>{{cite web|date=September 22, 2020|title=Facebook India VP moves Supreme Court against Delhi Assembly panel summoning him|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/fb-india-vp-moves-supreme-court-against-delhi-assembly-panel-summoning-him-11600785870396.html|access-date=July 5, 2021|website=mint|language=en}}</ref> which granted him relief and ordered a stay to the summons.<ref>{{Cite news|date=September 23, 2020|title=Delhi riots {{!}} Supreme Court grants relief to Facebook official|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/delhi-riots-no-coercive-action-against-facebook-vp-till-oct-15-over-assembly-panel-summons-says-sc/article32677366.ece|access-date=July 5, 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=September 23, 2020|title=SC orders stay on summons to Facebook India V–P by Delhi Assembly panel on riots|work=ThePrint|url=https://theprint.in/judiciary/sc-orders-stay-on-summons-to-facebook-india-v-p-by-delhi-assembly-panel-on-riots/509050/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Centre backs Facebook in SC row with Delhi Assembly over summons|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/internet/centre-backs-facebook-in-sc-row-with-delhi-assembly-over-summons/articleshow/78684769.cms|access-date=July 5, 2021}}</ref> The Central government later backed the decision, and submitted in the court that Facebook could not be made accountable before any state assembly and the committee formed was unconstitutional.<ref>{{cite web|date=February 18, 2021|title='Facebook, Twitter can't be accountable to state assemblies': Centre to SC|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/facebook-twitter-can-t-be-accountable-to-state-assemblies-government-101613610284320.html|access-date=July 9, 2021|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=[Delhi Riots] Committee formed by Delhi Assembly to probe social media giants' omissions unconstitutional: Centre, Facebook tell Supreme Court|url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/litigation/peace-harmony-committee-constituted-delhi-state-assembly-probe-delhi-riots-unconstitutional-centre-facebook-supreme-court|access-date=July 9, 2021|website=Bar and Bench – Indian Legal news|date=February 2, 2021 |language=en}}</ref> Following a fresh notice by the Delhi Assembly panel in 2021 for failing to appear before it as a witness, Mohan challenged it saying that the 'right to silence' is a virtue in present 'noisy times' and the legislature had no authority to examine him in a law and order case.<ref>{{cite web|title="Expansion Of Power Through Backdoor": Facebook Boss On Delhi Summons|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/facebook-md-ajit-mohan-to-supreme-court-right-to-silence-is-virtue-in-noisy-times-2377893|access-date=July 9, 2021|website=NDTV.com}}</ref> In July 2021, the Supreme Court refused to quash the summons and asked Facebook to appear before the Delhi assembly panel.<ref>{{cite web|date=July 8, 2021|title=Facebook asked to appear before Delhi assembly panel, Supreme Court refuses to quash summons|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/delhi-riots-sc-rejects-facebook-india-vp-ajit-mohan-plea-summons-assembly-committee-7395029/|access-date=July 9, 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

On September 23, 2023, it was reported that Facebook had delayed for about a year when in 2021, it removed a network of accounts ran by India's [[Chinar Corps]] which spread disinformation that would put Kashmiri journalists in danger. The delay and the previously not publicized takedown action were due a fear that its local employees would be targeted by authorities, and that it would hurt business prospects in the country.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Menn |first1=Joseph |last2=Shih |first2=Gerry |date=September 26, 2023 |title=Under India's pressure, Facebook let propaganda and hate speech thrive |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/09/26/india-facebook-propaganda-hate-speech/ |url-access=registration}}</ref>

=== Company governance ===
Early Facebook investor and former Zuckerberg mentor [[Roger McNamee]] described Facebook as having "the most centralized decision-making structure I have ever encountered in a large company."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/29/books/review/roger-mcnamee-zucked.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190129162648/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/29/books/review/roger-mcnamee-zucked.html |archive-date=January 29, 2019 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=An Anti-Facebook Manifesto, by an Early Facebook Investor|first=Tom|last=Bissell|newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=January 29, 2019}}</ref> [[Nathan Schneider]], a professor of media studies at the [[University of Colorado Boulder]] argued in 2018 for transforming Facebook into a [[platform cooperative]] owned and governed by the users.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/its-time-for-mark-zuckerberg-to-give-up-control-of-facebook/|title=It's Time for Mark Zuckerberg to Give Up Control of Facebook|first1=Nathan|last1=Schneider|first2=Harry|last2=Cheadle|date=March 27, 2018 |website=Vice |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103090705/https://www.vice.com/en/article/qvxbgq/its-time-for-mark-zuckerberg-to-give-up-control-of-facebook |archive-date= November 3, 2023 }}</ref>

Facebook co-founder Chris Hughes stated in 2019 that CEO Mark Zuckerberg has too much power, that the company is now a [[monopoly]], and that, as a result, it should be split into multiple smaller companies. He called for the breakup of Facebook in an [[op-ed]] in ''The New York Times''. Hughes says he is concerned that Zuckerberg has surrounded himself with a team that does not challenge him and that as a result, it is the U.S. government's job to hold him accountable and curb his "unchecked power".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnet.com/news/facebook-co-founder-chris-hughes-calls-for-companys-breakup-zuckerberg/|title=Facebook co-founder Chris Hughes calls for company's breakup|first=Shelby|last=Brown|website=CNET |date=May 9, 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230428144947/https://www.cnet.com/tech/tech-industry/facebook-co-founder-chris-hughes-calls-for-companys-breakup-zuckerberg/ |archive-date= April 28, 2023 }}</ref> Hughes also said that "Mark's power is unprecedented and un-American."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/09/opinion/sunday/chris-hughes-facebook-zuckerberg.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190509103054/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/09/opinion/sunday/chris-hughes-facebook-zuckerberg.html |archive-date=May 9, 2019 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=It's Time to Break Up Facebook|first=Chris|last=Hughes|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=May 9, 2019}}</ref> Several U.S. politicians agree with Hughes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnet.com/news/more-politicians-side-with-chris-hughes-and-are-ready-to-split-up-facebook/|title=More politicians side with Facebook co-founder on breaking up company|first=Shelby|last=Brown|website=CNET}}</ref> EU Commissioner for Competition Margrethe Vestager has stated that splitting Facebook should only be done as "a remedy of the very last resort", and that splitting Facebook would not solve Facebook's underlying problems.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnet.com/news/eu-competition-commissioner-facebook-breakup-would-be-last-resort/|title=EU competition commissioner: Facebook breakup would be 'last resort'|first=Katie|last=Collins|website=CNET}}</ref>

===Customer support===
Facebook has been criticized for its lack of human [[customer support]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Stewart |first1=Emily |title=The death of the customer service hotline |url=https://www.vox.com/23571375/no-call-center-phone-number-frontier-facebook |access-date=June 23, 2024 |work=Vox |date=January 26, 2023}}</ref> When users personal and business accounts are breached, many are forced to go through [[small claims court]] to regain access and [[restitution]].<ref>{{cite news |title=How small claims court became Meta's customer service hotline |url=https://www.engadget.com/how-small-claims-court-became-metas-customer-service-hotline-160224479.html |access-date=June 23, 2024 |work=Engadget |date=June 20, 2024}}</ref>

=== Litigation ===
{{Further|Lawsuits involving Meta Platforms}}
The company has been subject to repeated litigation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2016/01/appeals-court-upholds-deal-allowing-kids-images-in-facebook-ads/|title=Appeals court upholds deal allowing kids' images in Facebook ads|last=Farivar|first=Cyrus|date=January 7, 2016|website=Ars Technica|publisher=Condé Nast|access-date=June 3, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-yahoo-facebook-lawsuit-idUSBRE82B18M20120312|title=Yahoo sues Facebook for infringing 10 patents|last1=Levine|first1=Dan|last2=Oreskovic|first2=Alexei|date=March 12, 2012|website=[[Reuters]]|publisher=Thomson Reuters|access-date=June 3, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.recode.net/2017/2/1/14476500/facebook-oculus-zenimax-lawsuit-500-million|title=Facebook lost its Oculus lawsuit and has to pay $500 million|last=Wagner|first=Kurt|date=February 1, 2017|website=[[Recode]]|publisher=[[Vox Media]]|access-date=June 3, 2017|archive-date=April 1, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401183744/https://www.recode.net/2017/2/1/14476500/facebook-oculus-zenimax-lawsuit-500-million|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2016/5/19/11712804/facebook-private-message-scanning-privacy-lawsuit|title=Lawsuit claims Facebook illegally scanned private messages|last=Brandom|first=Rusell|date=May 19, 2016|website=[[The Verge]]|publisher=[[Vox Media]]|access-date=June 3, 2017}}</ref> Its most prominent case addressed allegations that Zuckerberg broke an [[oral contract]] with [[Cameron Winklevoss]], [[Tyler Winklevoss]], and [[Divya Narendra]] to build the [[ConnectU|then-named "HarvardConnection"]] social network in 2004.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2007/jul/25/digitalmedia.usnews|title=Facebook in court over ownership|last=Tryhorn|first=Chris|date=July 25, 2007|website=The Guardian|access-date=June 3, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/TheLaw/story?id=3391856|title=Facebook Founder Accused of Stealing Idea for Site|last=Michels|first=Scott|date=July 20, 2007|website=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]|publisher=[[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]]|access-date=June 3, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/how-mark-zuckerberg-hacked-connectu-2010-3|title=How Mark Zuckerberg Hacked into Rival ConnectU In 2004|last=Carlson|first=Nicholas|date=March 5, 2010|website=Business Insider|publisher=Axel Springer SE|access-date=June 3, 2017}}</ref>

On March 6, 2018, [[BlackBerry Limited|BlackBerry]] sued Facebook and its Instagram and WhatsApp subdivision for ripping off key features of its messaging app.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.foxnews.com/tech/blackberry-to-facebook-you-stole-our-messaging-technology/|title=BlackBerry to Facebook: You stole our messaging technology|date=March 7, 2018|work=[[Fox News]]|access-date=March 8, 2018}}</ref> In October 2018, a Texan woman sued Facebook, claiming she had been recruited into the sex trade at the age of 15 by a man who "friended" her on the social media network. Facebook responded that it works both internally and externally to ban sex traffickers.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-sex-trafficking-facebook-lawsuit/woman-sues-facebook-claims-site-enabled-sex-trafficking-idUSKCN1MD080|title=Woman sues Facebook, claims site enabled sex trafficking|last=Whitcomb|first=Dan|work=[[Reuters]]|access-date=October 4, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-sex-trafficking-facebook-lawsuit/facebook-responding-to-lawsuit-says-sex-trafficking-banned-on-site-idUSKCN1ME038|title=Facebook, responding to lawsuit, says sex trafficking banned on site|last=Whitcomb|first=Dan|work=[[Reuters]]|access-date=October 4, 2018}}</ref>

In 2019, British solicitors representing a [[Almondbury Community School bullying incident|bullied Syrian schoolboy]], sued Facebook over [[Almondbury Community School bullying incident#False claims|false claims]]. They claimed that Facebook protected prominent figures from scrutiny instead of removing content that violates its rules and that the special treatment was financially driven.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/refugee-waterboarded-bullies-sue-facebook-13885978|title=Refugee 'waterboarded' by bullies to sue Facebook over Tommy Robinson claims|last=Jolly|first=Bradley|date=January 21, 2019|work=Mirror}}</ref><ref name="facebookjamalrobinson">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2019/jan/21/bullied-syrian-schoolboy-to-sue-facebook-over-tommy-robinson-claims|title=Bullied Syrian schoolboy to sue Facebook over Tommy Robinson claims|last=Halliday|first=Josh|date=January 21, 2019|work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> The Federal Trade Commission and a coalition of New York state and 47 other state and regional governments filed separate suits against Facebook on December 9, 2020, seeking antitrust action based on its acquisitions of Instagram and WhatsUp among other companies, calling these practices as anticompetitive. The suits also assert that in acquiring these products, they weakened their privacy measures for their users. The suits, besides other fines, seek to unwind the acquisitions from Facebook.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.theverge.com/2020/12/9/22158483/facebook-antitrust-lawsuit-anti-competition-behavior-attorneys-general | title = The FTC is suing Facebook to unwind its acquisitions of Instagram and WhatsApp |first1= Nick | last1= Statt | first2= Russell |last2=Brandom | date = December 9, 2020 | access-date = December 9, 2020 | work = The Verge }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.marketwatch.com/story/facebook-hit-with-antitrust-suit-from-ftc-and-48-states-targeted-at-acquisitions-11607543049 | title = Facebook hit with antitrust suits from FTC, 48 AGs to 'unwind' Instagram, WhatsApp transactions | first = Jon | last = Swartz |date = December 9, 2020 | access-date = December 9, 2020 | work = [[Marketwatch]] }}</ref>

On January 6, 2022, France's data privacy regulatory body [[CNIL]] fined Facebook a 60 million euros for not allowing its internet users an easy refusal of [[HTTP cookie|cookies]] along with [[Google]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Rosemain|first=Mathieu|date=January 6, 2022|title=Google hit with 150 mln euro French fine for cookie breaches|language=en|work=[[Reuters]]|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/france-imposes-fines-facebook-ireland-google-2022-01-06/|access-date=January 6, 2022}}</ref> On December 22, 2022, the Quebec Court of Appeal approved a class-action lawsuit on behalf of Facebook users who claim they were discriminated against because the platform allows advertisers to target both job and housing advertisements based on various factors, including age, gender, and even race.<ref name="Facebook-lawsuit">{{cite news|last =Thompson |first =Elizabeth |title =Class-action lawsuit against Facebook claiming discrimination gets the green light|newspaper =[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]|location =Quebec|language =English |publisher =CBC|date =January 4, 2023|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/facebook-lawsuit-discrimination-ads-1.6702606|access-date =January 10, 2023 }}</ref> The lawsuit centers on the platform's practice of "micro targeting ads", claiming ads are ensured to appear only in the feeds of people who belong to certain targeted groups. Women, for example, would not see ads targeting men, while older generation men would not see an ad aimed at people between 18 and 45.<ref name="Facebook-lawsuit" />

The class action could include thousands of Quebec residents who have been using the platform as early as April 2016, who were seeking jobs or housing during that period.<ref name="Facebook-lawsuit" /> Facebook has 60 days after the court's December 22 ruling to decide to appeal the case to the Supreme Court of Canada. If it does not appeal, the case returns to the Quebec Superior Court.<ref name="Facebook-lawsuit" /> On September 21, 2023, the [[California Courts of Appeal]] ruled that Facebook could be sued for discriminatory advertising under the [[Unruh Civil Rights Act]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Roth |first1=Emma |title=Facebook can be sued over biased ad algorithm, says court |url=https://www.theverge.com/2023/9/25/23889747/facebook-biased-ad-algorithm-aclu-court |access-date=June 23, 2024 |work=The Verge |date=September 25, 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

== Impact ==
[[File:Ad-tech London 2010 (5).JPG|thumb|Facebook at [[ad:tech]] 2010 in London]]

=== Scope ===
A commentator in ''The Washington Post'' noted in 2019 that Facebook constitutes a "massive depository of information that documents both our reactions to events and our evolving customs with a scope and immediacy of which earlier historians could only dream".<ref name=WashPost_20190508 /> Especially for anthropologists, social researchers, and social historians—and subject to proper preservation and curation—the website "will preserve images of our lives that are vastly crisper and more nuanced than any ancestry record in existence".<ref name=WashPost_20190508>{{cite news|last=Gebelhoff|first=Robert|title=Facebook is becoming a vast digital graveyard – and a gift to the future|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2019/05/08/facebook-is-becoming-vast-digital-graveyard-gift-future/|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=May 8, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508220055/https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2019/05/08/facebook-is-becoming-vast-digital-graveyard-gift-future/|archive-date=May 8, 2019|url-status=live|access-date=July 16, 2019 }}</ref>

=== Economy ===
Economists have noted that Facebook offers many non-rivalrous services that benefit as many users as are interested without forcing users to compete with each other. By contrast, most goods are available to a limited number of users. E.g., if one user buys a phone, no other user can buy that phone. Three areas add the most economic impact: platform competition, the market place and user behavior data.<ref>{{cite book|doi=10.1017/CBO9781139060011.003|chapter=The Economics of Internet Markets|title=Advances in Economics and Econometrics|pages=48–75|year=2013|last=Levin|first=Jonathan|s2cid=37187854|isbn=978-1-139-06001-1|url=http://www-siepr.stanford.edu/repec/sip/10-018.pdf|editor1-last=Acemoglu|editor1-first=Daron|editor2-last=Arellano|editor2-first=Manuel|editor3-last=Dekel|editor3-first=Eddie|access-date=September 2, 2020|archive-date=August 8, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808002527/http://www-siepr.stanford.edu/repec/sip/10-018.pdf}}</ref> Facebook began to reduce its carbon impact after Greenpeace attacked it for its long-term reliance on coal and resulting carbon footprint.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.wired.com/2011/12/greenpeace-declares-victory-over-facebook-data-centers/|title=Greenpeace Declares Victory Over Facebook Data Centers|magazine=Wired|date= December 15, 2011|access-date=August 14, 2018}}</ref> In 2021 Facebook announced that their global operations are supported by 100 percent renewable energy and they have reached net zero emissions, a goal set in 2018.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://tech.fb.com/renewable-energy/|title=Achieving our goal: 100% renewable energy for our global operations|date=April 15, 2021|newspaper=Tech at Meta}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.engadget.com/facebook-reaches-renewable-energy-target-094057219.html|title=Facebook reaches its target of using 100 percent renewable energy|website=Engadget|date=April 15, 2021 }}</ref>

Facebook provides a development platform for many [[social-network game|social gaming]], communication, feedback, review, and other applications related to online activities. This platform spawned many businesses and added thousands of jobs to the global economy. [[Zynga Inc.]], a leader in social gaming, is an example of such a business. An [[Econometrics|econometric]] analysis found that Facebook's app development platform added more than 182,000 jobs in the U.S. economy in 2011. The total economic value of the added employment was about $12 billion (${{formatprice|{{Inflation|US|12000000000|2011}}}} in {{Inflation-year|US}} dollars{{inflation-fn|US}}).<ref>{{cite web|title=The Facebook App Economy|date=September 19, 2011|publisher=University of Maryland|url=https://www.rhsmith.umd.edu/files/Documents/Centers/DIGITS/AppEconomyImpact091911.pdf|access-date=June 25, 2017|archive-date=March 1, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200301183356/https://www.rhsmith.umd.edu/files/Documents/Centers/DIGITS/AppEconomyImpact091911.pdf}}</ref>

=== Society ===
{{See also|Social networking service#Social impact|Sociology of the Internet#Social networking and entertainment|Social capital}}
Facebook was one of the first large-scale [[social network]]s. In ''[[The Facebook Effect]]'', [[David Kirkpatrick (author)|David Kirkpatrick]] said that Facebook's structure makes it difficult to replace, because of its "[[network effect]]s". {{As of|2016}}, it was estimated 44% of Americans get news through Facebook.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/internet/facebook-extends-lead-as-news-gateway-study/articleshow/52456528.cms|title=Facebook extends lead as news gateway: Study – The Economic Times|newspaper=The Economic Times|access-date=May 27, 2016|date=May 26, 2016 }}</ref> A study published at [[Frontiers Media]] in 2023 found that there was more polarization of the user-base on Facebook than even far-right social networks like Gab.<ref>{{cite journal | pmc=10390321 | date=2023 | last1=Acampa | first1=S. | last2=Crescentini | first2=N. | last3=Padricelli | first3=G. M. | title=Between alternative and traditional social platforms: The case of gab in exploring the narratives on the pandemic and vaccines | journal=Frontiers in Sociology | volume=8 | article-number=1143263 | doi=10.3389/fsoc.2023.1143263 | pmid=37534329 | doi-access=free }}</ref>

=== Mental and emotional health ===
{{See also|Social media and suicide}}
Studies have associated social networks with positive<ref>{{Cite journal| doi=10.1111/j.1083-6101.2007.00367.x|title = The Benefits of Facebook "Friends:" Social Capital and College Students' Use of Online Social Network Sites| journal=Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication| volume=12| issue=4| pages=1143–1168|year = 2007|last1 = Ellison|first1 = Nicole B.| last2=Steinfield| first2=Charles| last3=Lampe| first3=Cliff| doi-access=free}}</ref> and negative impacts<ref>{{cite web|last=Marche|first=Stephen|title=Is Facebook Making Us Lonely?|url=http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2012/05/is-facebook-making-us-lonely/8930/|work=[[The Atlantic]]|date=May 2012 |access-date=December 3, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531223919/http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2012/05/is-facebook-making-us-lonely/8930/|archive-date= May 31, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|first=Maria|last=Konnikova|title=How Facebook Makes Us Unhappy|url=https://www.newyorker.com/tech/elements/how-facebook-makes-us-unhappy|magazine=[[The New Yorker]]|publisher=Condé Nast|date=September 10, 2013|access-date=December 15, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Grace|last=Dent|title=Social media is full of sad, lonely people pretending they're OK and perfectly fine attention-seekers pretending to be sad|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/facebook-instagram-twitter-social-media-makes-sad-lonely-attention-seekers-a7614396.html|website=The Independent|date=March 6, 2017|access-date=December 15, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|first=Alexandra|last=Sifferlin|title=Why Facebook Makes You Feel Bad About Yourself|url=https://healthland.time.com/2013/01/24/why-facebook-makes-you-feel-bad-about-yourself/|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|date=January 24, 2013|access-date=December 15, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Katherine|last=Hobson|title=Feeling Lonely? Too Much Time On Social Media May Be Why|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/03/06/518362255/feeling-lonely-too-much-time-on-social-media-may-be-why|website=[[NPR]]|date=March 6, 2017|access-date=December 15, 2017}}</ref> on emotional health.

Studies have associated Facebook with feelings of [[envy]], often triggered by vacation and holiday photos. Other triggers include posts by friends about family happiness and images of physical beauty—such feelings leave people dissatisfied with their own lives. A joint study by two German universities discovered that one out of three people were more dissatisfied with their lives after visiting Facebook,<ref>{{cite web|first=Belinda|last=Goldsmith|title=RPT-Is Facebook envy making you miserable?|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/facebook-envy-idUSL6N0AR8D820130122|website=[[Reuters]]|publisher=Thomson Reuters|date=January 22, 2013|access-date=July 13, 2017}}</ref><ref name="CNN studies" /> and another study by [[Utah Valley University]] found that college students felt worse about themselves following an increase in time on Facebook.<ref name="CNN studies">{{cite web|first=Heather|last=Kelly|title=Study: Using Facebook can make you sad|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2013/08/15/tech/social-media/study-facebook-blues/index.html|website=CNN|date=August 15, 2013|access-date=July 13, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Mike|last=Flacy|title=Study: Why Facebook is making people sad|url=https://www.digitaltrends.com/social-media/study-why-facebook-is-making-people-sad/|website=[[Digital Trends]]|date=January 22, 2012|access-date=July 13, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Wendy|last=Sachs|title=Facebook Envy: How Cruising Can Kill Self Esteem|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/wendy-sachs/facebook_b_1262681.html|website=[[HuffPost]]|publisher=[[AOL]]|date=February 8, 2012|access-date=July 13, 2017}}</ref>

Positive effects include signs of "virtual empathy" with online friends and helping introverted persons learn social skills.<ref>{{cite web|first=Ysolt|last=Usigan|title=Facebook makes teens narcissistic, anxious and depressed – but also nice, social and engaged|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/facebook-makes-teens-narcissistic-anxious-and-depressed-but-also-nice-social-and-engaged/|website=CBS News|publisher=[[CBS]]|date=August 29, 2011|access-date=December 15, 2017}}</ref> A 2020 experimental study in the ''American Economic Review'' found that deactivating Facebook led to increased subjective well-being.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Allcott|first1=Hunt|last2=Braghieri|first2=Luca|last3=Eichmeyer|first3=Sarah|last4=Gentzkow|first4=Matthew|date=2020|title=The Welfare Effects of Social Media|journal=American Economic Review|language=en|volume=110|issue=3|pages=629–676|doi=10.1257/aer.20190658|issn=0002-8282|doi-access=free|url=http://www.nber.org/papers/w25514.pdf}}</ref> In a blog post in December 2017, the company highlighted research that has shown "passively consuming" the [[News Feed]], as in reading but not interacting, left users with negative feelings, whereas interacting with messages pointed to improvements in well-being.<ref>{{cite web|first=Casey|last=Newton|title=Facebook says 'passively consuming' the News Feed will make you feel worse about yourself|url=https://www.theverge.com/2017/12/15/16781448/facebook-makes-you-feel-bad-study-research|website=[[The Verge]]|publisher=[[Vox Media]]|date=December 15, 2017|access-date=December 15, 2017}}</ref>

=== Politics ===
{{Broader|Social media in politics}}
{{Further|Social media and political communication in the United States|Social media in the 2016 U.S. Presidential campaign|WhatsApp#Hoaxes and fake news}}

In February 2008, a Facebook group called "One Million Voices Against FARC" organized an event in which hundreds of thousands of [[Colombians]] marched in protest against the [[Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia]] (FARC).<ref>{{cite news|access-date=August 1, 2010|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Americas/2008/0204/p04s02-woam.html|title=Facebook used to target Colombia's FARC with global rally|work=The Christian Science Monitor|location=Boston|date=February 4, 2008|author=Brodzinsky, Sibylla}}</ref> In August 2010, one of [[North Korea]]'s official government websites and the country's official news agency, [[Uriminzokkiri]], joined Facebook.<ref>{{cite news|first=Laura|last=Roberts|title=North Korea joins Facebook|date=August 21, 2010|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/facebook/7957222/North-Korea-joins-Facebook.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/facebook/7957222/North-Korea-joins-Facebook.html |archive-date=January 10, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]|access-date=August 22, 2010|location=London}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

[[File:2011 Egyptian protests Facebook & jan25 card.jpg|thumb|A man during the 2011 Egyptian protests carrying a card saying "Facebook,#jan25, The Egyptian Social Network"]]
During the [[Arab Spring]] many journalists claimed Facebook played a major role in the [[2011 Egyptian revolution]].<ref>{{cite news|author=Sutter, John D.|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2011/TECH/innovation/02/21/egypt.internet.revolution/index.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110221224312/http://edition.cnn.com/2011/TECH/innovation/02/21/egypt.internet.revolution/index.html|archive-date=February 21, 2011|title=The faces of Egypt's 'Revolution 2.0'|work=[[CNN]]|date=February 21, 2011|access-date=June 7, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|last=Hauslohner|first=Abigail|url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2044142,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110125022244/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2044142,00.html|archive-date=January 25, 2011|title=Is Egypt About to Have a Facebook Revolution?|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|location=New York|date=January 24, 2011|access-date=June 7, 2013}}</ref> On January 14, the Facebook page of "We are all Khaled Said" was started by Wael Ghoniem to invite the Egyptian people to "peaceful demonstrations" on January 25. In Tunisia and Egypt, Facebook became the primary tool for connecting protesters and led the Egyptian government to ban it, Twitter and other sites.<ref>{{cite news|author=Kessler, Sarah|url=http://mashable.com/2011/01/26/facebook-blocked-in-egypt/|title=Facebook & Twitter Both Blocked in Egypt|work=Mashable|date=January 26, 2011|access-date=June 7, 2013}}</ref> After 18 days, the uprising forced President [[Hosni Mubarak]] to resign.

In [[Bahraini uprising of 2011|a Bahraini uprising]] that started on February 14, 2011, Facebook was utilized by the Bahraini regime and regime loyalists to identify, capture and prosecute citizens involved in the protests. A 20-year-old woman named [[Ayat Al-Qurmezi|Ayat Al Qurmezi]] was identified as a protester using Facebook and imprisoned.<ref>{{cite news|title=Facebook 'used to hunt down Bahrain dissidents'|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/expat/expatnews/8681230/Facebook-used-to-hunt-down-Bahrain-dissidents.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/expat/expatnews/8681230/Facebook-used-to-hunt-down-Bahrain-dissidents.html |archive-date=January 10, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|access-date=September 24, 2015|date=August 4, 2011|last=Agencies|first=Suzi Dixon and }}{{cbignore}}</ref> In 2011, Facebook filed paperwork with the [[Federal Election Commission]] to form a [[political action committee]] under the name ''FB PAC''.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/09/26/facebook-forms-its-own-pac_n_982053.html|title=Facebook forms its own Political Action Committee|date=September 26, 2011|work=[[HuffPost]]|access-date=September 27, 2011|first=Luke|last=Johnson}}</ref> In an email to ''[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]'', a spokesman for Facebook said "Facebook [[Political Action Committee]] will give our employees a way to make their voice heard in the political process by supporting candidates who share our goals of promoting the value of innovation to our economy while giving people the power to share and make the world more open and connected."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://thehill.com/policy/technology/173847-facebook-to-form-its-own-pac-to-back-political-candidates/|title=Facebook to form its own PAC to back political candidates|first=Gautham|last=Nagesh|date=September 26, 2011|work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]|access-date=September 27, 2011|location=Washington DC}}</ref>

During the Syrian civil war, the [[People's Protection Units|YPG]], a libertarian army for [[Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria|Rojava]] recruited westerners through Facebook in its fight against [[ISIL]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Kobani Kurds Use Facebook To Recruit Foreign Fighters in Struggle Against IS |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/islamic-state-ypg-foreign-fighters/26690432.html |work=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty |date=November 13, 2014}}</ref> Dozens joined its ranks. The Facebook page's name "The Lions of Rojava" comes from a Kurdish saying which translates as "A lion is a lion, whether it's a female or a male", reflecting the organization's feminist ideology.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/frontline-isis-real-story-narin-afrini-kurdish-female-lions-terrorising-islamic-front-1470119|title=Frontline Isis: The Real Story of Narin Afrini and the Kurdish Female 'Lions' Terrorising Islamic State|work=International Business Times UK|date=October 15, 2014 }}</ref>

In recent years, Facebook's [[News Feed]] algorithms have been identified as a cause of political polarization, for which it has been criticized.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Quattrociocchi|first1=Walter|last2=Uzzi|first2=Brian|last3=Caldarelli|first3=Guido|last4=Scala|first4=Antonio|last5=Puliga|first5=Michelangelo|last6=Vicario|first6=Michela Del|last7=Zollo|first7=Fabiana|last8=Bessi|first8=Alessandro|title=Users Polarization on Facebook and Youtube|journal=PLOS ONE|date=August 23, 2016|volume=11|issue=8|article-number=e0159641|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0159641|pmid=27551783|pmc=4994967|issn=1932-6203|arxiv=1604.02705|bibcode=2016PLoSO..1159641B |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Solon|first=Olivia|title=Facebook's failure: did fake news and polarized politics get Trump elected?|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/nov/10/facebook-fake-news-election-conspiracy-theories|access-date=May 24, 2019|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=November 10, 2016}}</ref> It has likewise been accused of amplifying the reach of '[[fake news]]' and extreme viewpoints, as when it may have enabled conditions which led to the [[2015 Rohingya refugee crisis]].<ref>{{cite news|title=The country where Facebook posts whipped up hate|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/blogs-trending-45449938|work=[[BBC News]]|access-date=May 24, 2019|date=September 12, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Mozur|first=Paul|title=A Genocide Incited on Facebook, With Posts From Myanmar's Military|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/15/technology/myanmar-facebook-genocide.html|access-date=May 24, 2019|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=October 15, 2018}}</ref> Facebook first played a role in the American political process in January 2008, shortly before the [[New Hampshire primary]]. Facebook teamed up with [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] and [[Saint Anselm College]] to allow users to give live feedback about the "back to back" January 5 Republican and Democratic debates.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/Politics/story?id=3899006&page=1|title=ABC News Joins Forces With Facebook|work=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]|date=December 18, 2007|access-date=March 23, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Doug|last=Minor|url=http://blogs.anselm.edu/blog/2007/11/29/abcdebates/|title=Saint Anselm to Host ABC Debates Jan. 5|publisher=Saint Anselm College blog|date=November 29, 2007|access-date=July 18, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009210810/http://blogs.anselm.edu/blog/2007/11/29/abcdebates/|archive-date=October 9, 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Tahman|last=Bradley|url=http://blogs.abcnews.com/politicalradar/abc_wmur_and_facebook_debates/index.html|title=Republicans Lead off ABC News, WMUR-TV and Facebook Back-To-Back Debates in New Hampshire|publisher=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]|work=Political Radar blog|date=December 12, 2007|access-date=March 23, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511122929/http://blogs.abcnews.com/politicalradar/abc_wmur_and_facebook_debates/index.html|archive-date=May 11, 2011}}</ref> Facebook users took part in debate groups on specific topics, voter registration and message questions.<ref>{{cite web|first=Ezra|last=Callahan|url=http://blog.facebook.com/blog.php?post=8183627130|title=Tune in to the ABC News/Facebook Debates, Tonight 7 pm/6c on ABC|publisher=Facebook Blog|date=January 5, 2008|access-date=March 23, 2010}}</ref>

Over a million people installed the Facebook application "US Politics on Facebook" in order to take part which measured responses to specific comments made by the debating candidates.<ref>{{cite news|first=Russell|last=Goldman|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/story?id=4091460&page=1|title=Facebook Gives Snapshot of Voter Sentiment|work=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]|date=January 5, 2007|access-date=March 23, 2010}}</ref> A poll by [[CBS News]], [[UWIRE]] and ''[[The Chronicle of Higher Education]]'' claimed to illustrate how the "Facebook effect" had affected youthful voters, increasing voting rates, support of political candidates, and general involvement.<ref>{{cite news|first=Michelle|last=Sullivan|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/facebook-effect-mobilizes-youth-vote/|title=Facebook Effect Mobilizes Youth Vote|work=[[CBS News]]|date=November 3, 2008|access-date=March 23, 2010}}</ref> The new social media, such as Facebook and Twitter, connected hundreds of millions of people. By 2008, politicians and interest groups were experimenting with systematic use of social media to spread their message.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Carlisle|first1=Juliet E.|last2=Patton|first2=Robert C.|s2cid=154739808|date=January 1, 2013|title=Is Social Media Changing How We Understand Political Engagement? An Analysis of Facebook and the 2008 Presidential Election|jstor=23612065|journal=Political Research Quarterly|volume=66|issue=4|pages=883–895|doi=10.1177/1065912913482758}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Skogerbø|first1=Eli|last2=Krumsvik|first2=Arne H.|s2cid=145344499|date=May 4, 2015|title=Newspapers, Facebook and Twitter|journal=Journalism Practice|volume=9|issue=3|pages=350–366|doi=10.1080/17512786.2014.950471|hdl=10852/41249 |url=https://www.duo.uio.no/bitstream/10852/41249/3/SkogerboKrumsvik_JP_final.pdf|hdl-access=free}}</ref> By the 2016 election, political advertising to specific groups had become normalized. Facebook offered the most sophisticated targeting and analytics platform.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bossetta|first=Michael|date=March 2018|title=The Digital Architectures of Social Media: Comparing Political Campaigning on Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and Snapchat in the 2016 U.S. Election|journal=Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly|volume=95|issue=2|pages=471–496|doi=10.1177/1077699018763307|arxiv=1904.07333|url=https://curis.ku.dk/portal/da/publications/the-digital-architectures-of-social-media-comparing-political-campaigning-on-facebook-twitter-instagram-and-snapchat-in-the-2016-us-election(38ec7c51-c55d-4902-8066-5b3149619644).html|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[ProPublica]] noted that their system enabled advertisers to direct their pitches to almost 2,300 people who expressed interest in the topics of "Jew hater", "How to burn Jews", or, "History of 'why Jews ruin the world".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.propublica.org/article/facebook-enabled-advertisers-to-reach-jew-haters|title=Facebook Enabled Advertisers to Reach 'Jew Haters' – ProPublica|date=September 14, 2017|website=ProPublica|first1=Julia|last1=Angwin|first2=Madeleine|last2=Varner|first3=Ariana|last3=Tobin|access-date=September 14, 2017}}</ref>

Facebook has used several initiatives to encourage its users to register to vote and vote. An experiment in 2012 involved showing Facebook users pictures of their friends who reported that they had voted; users who were shown the pictures were about 2% more likely to report that they had also voted compared to the [[control group]], which was not encouraged to vote.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Brady|first=Henry E.|date=May 11, 2019|title=The Challenge of Big Data and Data Science|journal=Annual Review of Political Science|language=en|volume=22|issue=1|pages=297–323|doi=10.1146/annurev-polisci-090216-023229| doi-access=free|issn=1094-2939}}</ref> In 2020, Facebook announced the goal of helping four million voters register in the US, saying that it had registered 2.5 million by September.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://about.fb.com/news/2020/09/national-voter-registration-day/| title=Celebrating National Voter Registration Day With a Week of Action| website=Facebook| date=September 21, 2020| access-date=September 24, 2020| first=Naomi| last=Gleit | author-link=Naomi Gleit }}</ref>

The [[Facebook–Cambridge Analytica data scandal|Cambridge Analytica data scandal]] offered another example of the perceived attempt to influence elections.<ref name="Confessore"/><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newsobserver.com/news/business/article205653624.html|title=Facebook bans Trump-affiliated data firm Cambridge Analytica|work=newsobserver|access-date=March 17, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180317234505/https://www.newsobserver.com/news/business/article205653624.html|archive-date=March 17, 2018 }}</ref> ''The Guardian'' claimed that Facebook knew about the security breach for two years, but did nothing to stop it until it became public.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2018/mar/17/data-war-whistleblower-christopher-wylie-faceook-nix-bannon-trump|title='I made Steve Bannon's psychological warfare tool': meet the data war whistleblower|last=Cadwalladr|first=Carole|date=March 18, 2018|work=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=March 18, 2018|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Facebook banned political ads to prevent the manipulation of voters in the US's November's election. Propaganda experts said there are other ways for misinformation to reach voters on social media platforms and blocking political ads will not serve as a proven solution.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.technologyreview.com/2020/09/06/1008192/why-facebooks-political-ad-ban-is-taking-on-the-wrong-problem/|title=Why Facebook's political-ad ban is taking on the wrong problem|access-date=September 6, 2020|website=Technology Review}}</ref>

In March 2024, former US President [[Donald Trump]] said that getting rid of TikTok would allow Facebook, which he called the "enemy of the people", to double its business. He spoke after [[Joe Biden|President Biden]] said he was ready to sign legislation that would require [[TikTok]] owner [[ByteDance]] to sell the video platform or face a ban in the US.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Swint |first=Brian |date=March 11, 2024 |title=Trump Complicates the Story on TikTok. Meta Platforms Stock Is Falling. |url=https://www.barrons.com/articles/kotich-tiktok-trump-congress-c4a48236?mod |access-date=March 12, 2024 |website=Barron's}}</ref>

==== India ====
Ahead of the 2019 general elections in India, Facebook has removed 103 pages, groups and accounts on Facebook and Instagram platforms originating from Pakistan.<ref name=":1" /> Facebook said its investigation found a Pakistani military link, along with a mix of real accounts of ISPR employees, and a network of fake accounts created by them that have been operating military fan pages, general interest pages but were posting content about Indian politics while trying to conceal their identity.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/india/facebook-takes-down-pakistan-military-backed-pages-targeting-india-ahead-of-ls-polls/articleshow/68668722.cms|title=Facebook takes down Pakistan military backed pages targeting India ahead of LS polls|last=Ananth|first=Venkat|date=April 1, 2019|work=The Economic Times|access-date=April 1, 2019}}</ref> Owing to the same reasons, Facebook also removed 687 pages and accounts of Congress because of coordinated inauthentic behavior on the platform.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/facebook-removes-nearly-700-pages-linked-to-congress-ahead-of-polls-2084823.html|title=Facebook Removes Nearly 700 Pages Linked to Congress Ahead of Polls|website=News18|date=April 2019|access-date=April 1, 2019}}</ref>

=== Culture ===
[[File:SF Pride 2014 - Stierch 7.jpg|thumb|Facebook [[parade float]] in [[San Francisco Pride]] 2014]]
Facebook and Zuckerberg have been the subject of music, books, film and television. The 2010 film ''[[The Social Network]]'', directed by [[David Fincher]] and written by [[Aaron Sorkin]], stars [[Jesse Eisenberg]] as Zuckerberg and went on to win three [[Academy Awards]] and four [[Golden Globes]].

In 2008, [[Collins English Dictionary]] declared "Facebook" as its new Word of the Year.<ref>{{cite web|author=Nicole, Kristen|url=http://mashable.com/2007/12/21/facebook-noun-verb-collins-english-dictionary/|title=I Can So "Facebook" You Now (and be {{sic|nolink=y|gramatically|expected=grammatically}} correct)|work= Mashable|date=December 21, 2007|access-date=March 23, 2010}}</ref> In December 2009, the [[New Oxford American Dictionary]] declared its word of the year to be the verb "[[Friending and following|unfriend]]", defined as "To remove someone as a '[[List of Facebook features|friend]]' on a [[social networking]] site such as Facebook".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://content.usatoday.com/communities/ondeadline/post/2009/11/unfriend-is-new-oxford-dictionarys-word-of-the-year-/1|title=Unfriend is New Oxford dictionary's Word of the Year|work=[[USA Today]]|location=Washington DC|access-date=July 12, 2010|date=November 17, 2009}}</ref>

=== Internet.org ===
{{Main|Internet.org}}

In August 2013, Facebook founded [[Internet.org]] in collaboration with six other technology companies to plan and help build affordable Internet access for underdeveloped and developing countries.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://info.internet.org/en/mission/|title=Internet.org|date=August 25, 2015|website=English|access-date=February 14, 2019}}</ref> The service, called Free Basics, includes various low-bandwidth applications such as [[AccuWeather]], [[BabyCenter]], [[BBC News]], [[ESPN]], and [[Bing (search engine)|Bing]].<ref name="TechCrunch">{{cite web |title=Facebook's Internet.org has connected almost 100M to the 'internet' |url=http://techcrunch.com/2018/04/25/internet-org-100-million/ |access-date=May 13, 2019 |website=[[TechCrunch]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/jul/27/facebook-free-basics-developing-markets|title='It's digital colonialism': how Facebook's free internet service has failed its users|last=Solon|first=Olivia|date=July 27, 2017|work=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=May 13, 2019|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> There was severe opposition to Internet.org in India, where the service started in partnership with [[Reliance Communications]] in 2015 was banned a year later by the [[Telecom Regulatory Authority of India]] (TRAI). In 2018, Zuckerberg claimed that "Internet.org efforts have helped almost 100 million people get access to the internet who may not have had it otherwise."<ref name="TechCrunch" />

=== Environment ===
Facebook announced in 2021 that it will make an effort to stop disinformation about climate change. The company will use [[George Mason University]], [[Yale Program on Climate Change Communication]] and [[the University of Cambridge]] as sources of information. The company will expand its information hub on climate to 16 countries. Users in other countries will be directed to the site of the [[United Nations Environment Programme]] for information.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rodriguez |first1=Salvador |title=Facebook will debunk myths about climate change, stepping further into 'arbiter of truth' role |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/02/18/facebook-will-debunk-myths-about-climate-change.html |access-date=February 19, 2021 |publisher=[[CNBC]]|date=February 18, 2021}}</ref>

== See also ==

{{Portal|Companies|Internet}}
{{Div col|colwidth=20em}}
* {{annotated link|Ambient awareness}}
* [[Corporation tax in the Republic of Ireland]]
* {{annotated link|Cyberstalking}}
* {{annotated link|DARPA LifeLog}}
* [[Double Irish arrangement]] – Tax scheme
* {{annotated link|Facebook malware}}
* {{annotated link|Six degrees of separation}}
* {{annotated link|Surveillance capitalism}}
* [[Timeline of social media]]
{{Div col end}}


== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* Halpern, Sue (29 May 2025). [https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2025/05/29/for-the-love-of-money-careless-people-wynn-williams/ "For the Love of Money"] (review of [[Sarah Wynn-Williams]], ''Careless People: A Cautionary Tale of Power, Greed, and Lost Idealism'', Flatiron, 382 pp.). ''[[The New York Review of Books]]''. Vol. LXXII, no. 9. pp. 29–30.

== External links ==
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* {{Official website|https://www.facebook.com/}}

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All About Music (event)

2026-03-12T02:08:34Z

BrooksPrather: Put up some data needs work!

{{Short description|Annual music conference}}
{{Orphan|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox music festival
| name = All About Music
| image = Allaboutmusicfront.jpg
| caption = All About Music in [[Grand Hyatt Mumbai]] in 2024
| status = Active
| frequency = Annually
| venue = [[Grand Hyatt Mumbai]]
| country = [[India]]
| years_active = 2017-present
| last = 6-7 August
| participants = 3,500+
}}

'''All About Music''', abbreviated as '''AAM''', is an annual music conference event held in [[Mumbai|Mumbai, India]]. The parent company of the event is TM Ventures.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-07-20 |title=All About Music: A conference by TM Talent Management in Mumbai - Highonscore {{!}} The Score Magazine |url=https://highonscore.com/music-conference-tm-talent-management-mumbai/ |access-date=2025-03-07 |language=en-GB}}</ref> The event provides a forum for industry professionals, artists, entrepreneurs, and stakeholders from India and around the world to network, exchange ideas, and explore new opportunities in the music industry.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Schwartz |first=Rob |date=2017-09-28 |title=All About Music Conference Brings Together Indian Music Industry |url=https://www.billboard.com/pro/all-about-music-conference-brings-together-indian-music-industry/ |access-date=2025-03-07 |magazine=Billboard |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Background ==
All About Music is typically held at the [[Grand Hyatt Mumbai]] in [[Santacruz, Mumbai|Santacruz]]. Previously, It used to be held at [[Taj Hotels|Taj Lands]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-10-08 |title=Mumbai - Inaugural "All About Music" conference |url=https://mobilium.com/dateline-mumbai-inaugural-all-about-music-conference/ |access-date=2025-03-07 |website=Mobilium Global |language=en}}</ref> The event usually spans three days in early August or September and is organized around a theme that reflects prevailing trends in the music industry.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-08-03 |title=6 reasons why you must attend All About Music conference! - Highonscore {{!}} The Score Magazine |url=https://highonscore.com/6-reasons-attend-all-about-music/ |access-date=2025-03-07 |language=en-GB}}</ref>

The conference features panel discussions, keynote speeches, workshops, and showcases for emerging musicians, along with live performances by various artists. AAM serves as a forum for networking, information exchange, and collaboration among participants from both the global music industry and the Indian market, addressing topics such as emerging technologies, market trends, and industry challenges.<ref>{{Cite web |title=All About Music final day: Veteran Singer Shubha Mudgal, Hanumankind, And Others Bring Down The Curtains On The Mega-Music Conference |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/lifestyle/all-about-music-final-day-veteran-singer-shubha-mudgal-hanumankind-and-others-bring-down-the-curtains-on-the-mega-music-conference |access-date=2025-03-07 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref> Over the years, the event has attracted thousands of attendees, including industry executives, artists, and brand representatives. Previous editions have included speakers and experts such as [[A. R. Rahman]], [[Lisa Mishra]], [[KRSNA (rapper)|KR$NA]], [[Raja Kumari]], [[Amit Trivedi]], and [[Salim–Sulaiman|Salim Merchant]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trivedi |first=Aaryaman |date=2024-08-14 |title=All About Music 2024: A Glimpse into the Future of India's Thriving Music Industry |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/all-about-music-2024-a-glimpse-into-the-future-of-indias-thriving-music-industry/ |access-date=2025-03-07 |website=Rolling Stone India |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-06 |title=All About Music Conference 2024: Day 1 Highlights & Key Events |url=https://www.groovenexus.com/music-fest/all-about-music-conference-2024-day-1/ |access-date=2025-03-07 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== History ==
=== 2017-2022: Inception to Global Music ===
[[File:AllAboutMusic2024.jpg|thumb|AllAboutMusic 2024 in Grand Hyatt, Mumbai]]
From its inception in 2017, All About Music has developed into a business-to-business (B2B) music conference in India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nair |first=Natasha |date=2017-09-15 |title=India's First Annual Inclusive Music Conference - 'All About Music' Is All About To Hit Mumbai |url=https://www.festivalsherpa.com/indias-first-annual-inclusive-music-conference-music-hit-mumbai/ |access-date=2025-03-07 |website=Sherpa Land |language=en-US}}</ref> The first edition established the event as a platform for discussions on innovation, industry growth, and collaboration among artists, professionals, and stakeholders. In 2018, the conference emphasized the role of technology in the music industry, with sessions on digital distribution, streaming platforms, and the impact of social media on artist careers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Music Conference: All About Music |url=https://www.thewildcity.com/news/9003-music-conference-all-about-music |access-date=2025-03-07 |website=www.thewildcity.com |language=en}}</ref>

The 2019 edition focused on the theme "Music in Media," examining the relationship between music and film, television, advertising, and gaming. Industry professionals discussed how these sectors influence audience engagement and artist visibility.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-27 |title=All About Music 2019: A by-the-numbers picture of what data from Indian audio-streaming platforms reveals |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/all-about-music-2019-a-by-the-numbers-picture-of-what-data-from-indian-audio-streaming-platforms-reveals-7409091.html |access-date=2025-03-07 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref> In 2020, the conference transitioned to a virtual format due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Under the theme "Resilience and Reinvention," discussions centered on digital concerts, online music promotion, and evolving revenue models.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-30 |title=From All About Music's virtual 2020 edition, key insights into eight aspects of Indian music industry |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/all-about-music-2020-insights-into-indias-growing-indie-scene-at-countrys-largest-music-convention-8768941.html |access-date=2025-03-07 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref>

As the industry began to recover in 2021, the conference facilitated discussions on collaborations between musicians and filmmakers, providing opportunities for artists to present original compositions for film and sync licensing.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gurbaxani |first=Amit |date=2021-10-14 |title=10 things we learned about India's music industry at All About Music 2021 |url=https://musically.com/2021/10/14/india-music-industry-all-about-music-2021/ |access-date=2025-03-07 |website=Music Ally |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sebastian |first=Alexander |date=2023-09-19 |title=Can't Stop the Music |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/lifestyle/2023/Sep/19/cant-stop-the-music-2616240.html |access-date=2025-03-07 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> In 2022, All About Music expanded its focus to include international perspectives, addressing India's position in the global music industry and strategies for artists and labels to extend their reach beyond domestic markets.<ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=Rolling Stone |date=2022-09-13 |title=All About Music Returns for its Sixth Edition |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/all-about-music-returns-for-its-sixth-edition/ |access-date=2025-03-07 |website=Rolling Stone India |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=cosmic |last2=MCAI |title=The All About Music 2022 Roundup |url=https://mcai.in/blog-detail/the-all-about-music-2022-roundup- |access-date=2025-03-07 |website=mcai.in |language=en}}</ref>

=== 2023: Transitions ===
The 2023 edition of All About Music (AAM) was centered around the theme "Transitions," focusing on emerging trends and developments within the music industry. The conference explored topics such as the impact of artificial intelligence, evolving market dynamics in the post-pandemic landscape, [[music publishing]], understanding your rights, modern-day [[Artists and repertoire|A&R]], effective monetization strategies, and music distribution methods and changing audience behaviors. Emphasizing connections, community, and consolidation, the event encouraged discussions on the future of the [[Indian Music Industry|Indian music industry]] and opportunities for collaboration.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-29 |title=All About Music 2023 Concluded On High Note |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/lifestyle/all-about-music-2023-concluded-on-high-note-10103966 |access-date=2025-03-07 |website=English Jagran |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nucleya, Arivu, MC Stan, Shreya Ghosal & More To Feature At All About Music's 7th Edition |url=https://www.thewildcity.com/news/20359-nucleya-arivu-mc-stan-shreya-ghosal-more-to-feature-at-all-about-music-s-7th-edition |access-date=2025-03-07 |website=www.thewildcity.com |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Allaboutmusicsession.jpg|thumb|An Image from 2024 AllAboutMusic's Session]]
The program included keynote speeches, panel discussions, workshops, and networking sessions, all aligned with the "Transitions" theme. Notable industry figures, including [[Amit Trivedi]], [[Salim–Sulaiman|Salim Merchant]], [[Shekhar Ravjiani|Shekhar Ravjiyani]], MC Stan, [[Ricky Kej]], Raja Kumari, Lucky Ali, [[Sunidhi Chauhan]], Nucleya, Bismil, [[Daler Mehndi]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]] and KR$NA, participated in the conference, sharing their insights and experiences.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-29 |title=All About Music 2023 Concluded On High Note |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/lifestyle/all-about-music-2023-concluded-on-high-note-10103966 |access-date=2025-03-07 |website=English Jagran |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Madan |first=Ankita |title=All About Music's 7th Edition is taking place from 7th-9th of September 2023 at Grand Hyatt Mumbai |url=https://www.afaqs.com/companies/all-about-musics-7th-edition-is-taking-place-from-7th-9th-of-september-2023-at-grand-hyatt-mumbai |access-date=2025-03-07 |website=www.afaqs.com |language=en}}</ref>

=== 2024: Synthesis ===
In 2024, the All About Music (AAM) conference embraced the theme '''"Synthesis: Piece by Piece"''', focusing on embracing change, fostering collaboration, and building a sustainable future for the music industry.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vasanth |first=Kusumitha |date=2024-06-21 |title=A.R.Rahman, Alan Meyerson, Subhash Ghai & more announced as speakers at All About Music Conference 2024 |url=https://theindianmusicdiaries.com/a-r-rahman-alan-meyerson-subhash-ghai-more-announced-as-speakers-at-all-about-music-conference-2024/ |access-date=2025-03-07 |website=theindianmusicdiaries.com |language=en-US}}</ref> The conference featured an impressive lineup of speakers, including renowned composer A.R. Rahman, Grammy-winning sound engineer Alan Meyerson, and veteran filmmaker [[Subhash Ghai]]. AAM 2024 served as a platform for music industry professionals to connect, share knowledge, and explore innovative advancements in the business of music, reflecting the essence of its "Synthesis" theme. In the 2024 Edition, There were over 3,500 attendees present in the event.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trivedi |first=Aaryaman |date=2024-08-14 |title=All About Music 2024: A Glimpse into the Future of India's Thriving Music Industry |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/all-about-music-2024-a-glimpse-into-the-future-of-indias-thriving-music-industry/ |access-date=2025-03-07 |website=Rolling Stone India |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=8th edition of 'All About Music', India's only B2B music conference, begins in Mumbai |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2024/08/06/8th-edition-of-all-about-music-indias-only-b2b-music-conference-begins-in-mumbai.html |access-date=2025-03-07 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref>

=== 2025: Upcoming ===
AllAboutMusic announced their upcoming edition set to happen on 20th to 22nd August 2025. However, the theme of the event hasn't been named yet.

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:Music conferences]]
[[Category:2017 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Music events]]
[[Category:Conferences in India]]
[[Category:Music industry]]

2022 FAO Super Cup

2026-03-11T09:24:14Z

BrooksPrather: Put up new details needs work

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox football tournament season
| title = Super Cup
| year = 2022
| other_titles = FAO Super Cup
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| country = India
| venue = [[Central Rice Research Institute|CRRI Ground]] [[Barabati Stadium]] ([[Cuttack]])
| dates = 11–18 September 2022 (Quarter-finals) 30 June – 2 July 2023 (Semi-finals & Final)
| num_teams = 8
| champions = Rising Star Club
| count = 1
| runner-up = Bidanasi Club
| continentalcup1 =
| continentalcup1 qualifiers =
| matches = 7
| goals = 16
| attendance =
| top goal scorer =
| player =
| prevseason = [[2018 FAO Super Cup|2018]]
| nextseason = [[2023 FAO Super Cup|2023]]
| updated = 2 July 2023
}}

The '''2022 FAO Super Cup''' was the second edition of the [[FAO Super Cup]], the main club [[Single-elimination tournament|knockout]] [[association football|football]] competition of [[Odisha]], India. The competition ran from 11 to 18 September 2022.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=514197814042341&set=pb.100063563807738.-2207520000..|title=FAO Super Cup 2022|work=[[Football Association of Odisha]]|date=1 September 2022|accessdate=1 September 2022}}</ref> The entire tournament took place at one venue i.e. the [[Central Rice Research Institute|CRRI Ground]] in [[Cuttack]].<ref name="Ori">{{cite web|url=http://orisports.com/NewsDetails.aspx?nId=NzM0MA== |title=FAO 1st Dvn League|work=Orisports|date=3 July 2022|accessdate=3 July 2022}}</ref> Due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]], the Super Cup had not been organised since 2018, and hence this edition was only the second edition of the Super Cup, after its inaugural [[2018 FAO Super Cup|2018 edition]]. Rising Star Club became the champions, winning their first title after defeating Bidanasi Club in the final on penalties.

The competition features teams from the Silver, Gold and Diamond competitions of the [[FAO League]], the premier state level football league in Odisha, India.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Parasar|first1=Swapnaneel|title=All you need to know about the football league structure in Odisha|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/odisha-football-league-structure-india/1dbjavwlxvyl71eemry7qv22cb|accessdate=7 July 2022|work=[[Goal (website)|Goal]]|date=25 June 2018}}</ref> The top four teams from the Diamond League, top three from Silver League, and the winners of the Silver League qualify for the tournament.

==Teams==
A total of 8 teams will participate in the competition. From [[FAO League]], the top four teams from the [[2022 FAO League#Diamond|Diamond Division]], three from the [[2022 FAO League#Gold|Gold Division]], and the winner of [[2022 FAO League#Silver|Silver Division]] play-off will qualify for the tournament.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.facebook.com/225325417530085/photos/a.529996197063004.1073741827.225325417530085/1847586815303929/?type=3&theater|title=FAO restructures domestic football|work=[[Football Association of Odisha]]|date=10 May 2018 |accessdate=7 July 2022}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Team
!Qualifying method
!{{Tooltip|App.|Appearance}} {{small|(last)}}
|-
|Sunrise Club
|[[2022 FAO League#Diamond League|2022 FAO Diamond League]] champions
|2nd ([[2018 FAO Super Cup|2018]])
|-
|Radha Raman Club
|[[2022 FAO League#Diamond League|2022 FAO Diamond League]] runners-up
|''1st''
|-
|[[Sports Hostel]]
|[[2022 FAO League#Diamond League|2022 FAO Diamond League]] third place
|2nd ([[2018 FAO Super Cup|2018]])
|-
|Young Utkal Club
|[[2022 FAO League#Diamond League|2022 FAO Diamond League]] fourth place
|''1st''
|-
|Bidanasi Club
|[[2022 FAO League#Gold League|2022 FAO Gold League]] champions
|''1st''
|-
|Rising Star Club
|[[2022 FAO League#Gold League|2022 FAO Gold League]] runners-up
|2nd ([[2018 FAO Super Cup|2018]])
|-
|Jay Durga Club
|[[2022 FAO League#Gold League|2022 FAO Gold League]] third place
|''1st''
|-
|Kishore Club
|[[2022 FAO League#Silver League|2022 FAO Silver League]] champions
|''1st''
|}

===Dates===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!Phase
!Round
!Dates
|-
|rowspan=3|Main Tournament<ref>{{cite news|title=FAO Super Cup Football Tournament 2022|url=http://orisports.com/SheduleDetails.aspx?cId=MjkzMQ==|accessdate=13 September 2022|work=Orisports.com|date=11 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Rising Star Club crowned FAO Super Cup champions|url=https://www.orisports.com/NewsDetails.aspx?nId=NzgwNA==|accessdate=5 July 2023|work=Orisports.com|date=5 July 2023}}</ref>
|Quarter-finals
|11–14 September 2022
|-
|Semi-finals
|30 June 2023
|-
|Final
|2 July 2023
|}

==Quarter-finals==
{{Football box
|date = 11 September 2022
|time =
|team1 = Sunrise Club
|score = 3–1
|report = http://orisports.com/NewsDetails.aspx?nId=NzQxMg==
|team2 = Kishore Club
|goals1 =
*Arpan Lakra {{goal|3}}
*Rahan Bramha {{goal|59}}
*Mahesh Pradhan {{goal|71}}
|goals2 =
*Ankit Behera {{goal|90+1}}
|stadium = [[Central Rice Research Institute|CRRI Ground]], [[Cuttack]]
|attendance =
|referee=
}}
----
{{Football box
|date = 12 September 2022
|time =
|team1 = Radha Raman Club
|score = 0–0
|aet = yes
|report = http://orisports.com/NewsDetails.aspx?nId=NzQxMg==
|team2 = Jay Durga Club
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Central Rice Research Institute|CRRI Ground]], [[Cuttack]]
|attendance =
|referee=
|penalties1 =
|penaltyscore = 3–4
|penalties2 =
}}
----
{{Football box
|date = 13 September 2022
|time =
|team1 = [[Sports Hostel]]
|score = 0–0
|aet = yes
|report = http://orisports.com/NewsDetails.aspx?nId=NzQxMg==
|team2 = Rising Star Club
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Central Rice Research Institute|CRRI Ground]], [[Cuttack]]
|attendance =
|referee=
|penalties1 =
|penaltyscore = 1–3
|penalties2 =
}}
----
{{Football box
|date = 14 September 2022
|time =
|team1 = Young Utkal Club
|score = 0–0
|aet = yes
|report = http://orisports.com/NewsDetails.aspx?nId=NzQxMg==
|team2 = Bidanasi Club
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Central Rice Research Institute|CRRI Ground]], [[Cuttack]]
|attendance =
|referee=
|penalties1 =
|penaltyscore = 3–5
|penalties2 =
}}

==Semi-finals==
{{Football box
|id= Sunrise Club v Rising Star Club
|date = 30 June 2023
|time = 16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = Sunrise Club
|score = 2–3
|report = https://www.orisports.com/NewsDetails.aspx?nId=NzgwNA==
|team2 = Rising Star Club
|goals1 =
*Flinto F. {{goal|53}}
*Samir Kerketta {{goal|84}}
|goals2 =
*Madhu Jani {{goal|63||81}}
*Jitu Muduli {{goal|86}}
|stadium = [[Barabati Stadium]]
|location = [[Cuttack]], [[Odisha]]
|attendance =
|referee=
}}
----
{{Football box
|id= Jay Durga Club v Bidanasi Club
|date = 30 June 2023
|time = 16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = Jay Durga Club
|score = 2–5
|report = https://www.orisports.com/NewsDetails.aspx?nId=NzgwNA==
|team2 = Bidanasi Club
|goals1 =
*Janmo Xess {{goal|63||87}}
|goals2 =
*Rajesh Kumar Nayak {{goal|8||26}}
*Rajesh Nayak {{goal|43||44}}
*Antarjami Naik {{goal|49}}
|stadium = [[Barabati Stadium]]
|location = [[Cuttack]], [[Odisha]]
|attendance =
|referee=
}}

==Final==
{{Football box
|date = 2 July 2023
|time = 16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = Rising Star Club
|score = 0–0
|report = https://www.orisports.com/NewsDetails.aspx?nId=NzgwNA==
|team2 = Bidanasi Club
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Barabati Stadium]]
|location = [[Cuttack]], [[Odisha]]
|attendance =
|referee=
|penaltyscore = 2–0
|penalties1 =
|penalties2 =
}}

==See also==
* [[2023 FAO League]]
* [[2018 FAO Super Cup]]
* [[FAO League]]
* [[FAO Super Cup]]
* [[Odisha Women's League]]
* [[Odisha football team]]
* [[Odisha women's football team]]
* [[Football Association of Odisha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{2022–23 in Indian football}}

[[Category:2022–23 in Indian football]]
[[Category:2022–23 in Asian men's domestic association football cups|FAO Super Cup]]

Rana Beni Madho

2026-03-07T06:19:41Z

BrooksPrather: improve details after review and corrected details

{{Short description|Leader of the Indian rebellion of 1857}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}
'''Rana Beni Madho''' or Beni Madho Baksh Singh Bais was an important leader in the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|Indian rebellion of 1857]] from the [[Awadh|Oudh]] region (in the present-day state of [[Uttar Pradesh]]).<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Singh|first1=MK|title=Revolt of 1857|last2=Singh|first2=Ravi Ranjan|publisher=|year=2021|location=|pages=207–210|language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Pati|first=Biswamoy|title=The 1857 rebellion|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2007|pages=68–69|language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Wolpert|first=Stanley A|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nTwwAQAAIAAJ&q=Beni+madho|title=A New History of India|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2004|page=235|isbn=978-0-19-516677-4|language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Mukherjee|first=Rudrangshu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TiWNAvhoLkkC&dq=beni+madho+1857&pg=PA130|title=Awadh in Revolt, 1857–1858: A Study of Popular Resistance|publisher=[[Permanent Black]]|year=2002|pages=130|isbn=9788178240275|language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Metcalf |first=Thomas R |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ByTWCgAAQBAJ |title=Aftermath of Revolt: India 1857–1970 |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |year=2015 |page=70 |isbn=9781400876648 |language=English}}</ref> He belonged to the [[Bais (Rajput clan)|Bais]] clan of [[Rajput]]s and was the ruler of the Shankarpur estate in modern-day [[Raebareli district|Rae Bareli]], part of the old [[Baiswara]] region in Oudh.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Chakraborty|first=Kaushik|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WH0MAQAAMAAJ&q=Beni+Madho|title=Decolonising the revolt of 1857: : Colonial Order, Rebel Order, Rebel Vision, and the Shakespearean Weltanschauung of the Bengali Babus|publisher=|year=2007|page=178|isbn=9788187891703|language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Stokes|first=Eric|title=The Peasant and the Raj: Studies in Agrarian Society and Peasant Rebellion|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=1978|page=133}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Chanana|first=Priyanka|title=Colonial Remodeling of Land Rights After the Uprising of 1857: Conferment and Resumptions in Baiswara Region|date=2012|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44156269|journal=[[Proceedings of the Indian History Congress]]|publisher=[[Indian History Congress]]|volume=73|pages=737–746|jstor=44156269}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Sharma|first=SL|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jpkBAAAAMAAJ&q=shankarpur+Rajput|title=The Indian Freedom Struggle Centenary, 1857–1957: Souvenir|year=1957|page=152|language=English}}</ref> He led a rebellion against the British forces in 1857.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Jafri|first1=Saiyid Zafar Husain|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2c9312fKPqgC&q=Beni+madho|title=Transformation in Indian History|last2=Asthana|first2=Pratima|publisher=|year=2009|pages=388–390|isbn=9788179752616|language=English}}</ref> His son was married to the granddaughter of another prominent revolutionary leader [[Kunwar Singh]] of [[Jagdishpur estate]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gandhi|first=Rajmohan|title=Revenge and Reconciliation understanding south indian history|publisher=[[Penguin books]]|year=1999|page=133|language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Gandhi|first=Rajmohan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NHeRaW-zDBYC&dq=Beni+madho&pg=PT210|title=A tale of two Revolts – India 1857 and the American Civil War|publisher=[[Penguin India]]|year=2009|pages=|isbn=9788184758252|language=English}}</ref>
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Beni Madho Baksh Singh
| title = Rana of Shankarpur estate Sirmaur Rana Bahadur Diler Jung
| predecessor = Rana Shiv Prasad Singh
| successor = Raghuraj Singh
| death_date = 1859
| death_place = [[Dang District, Nepal|Dang Valley]], [[Nepal]]
| spouse = Rani Chandralekha
| house = [[Bais Rajput]]
| father = Ram Narayan Singh of Jagatpur
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
}}

== Early life==
Rana Beni Madho became [[Rana (title)|Rana]] of Shankarpur estate after the death of Rana Shiv Prasad Singh who had adopted him. He was married to Princess Chandralekha of Kamiar estate and had a brother named Jugraj Singh who also participated in the revolt. He was one of the leaders of the Bais clan of Rajputs in the Baiswara region of South Oudh. He controlled four forts at Shankarpur, Pukbiyan, Bhikha and [[Jagatpur, Raebareli|Jagatpur]]. The Shankarpur Fort owned by him was one of the strongest in Oudh.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Nevill|first=H.R.|url=https://www.indianculture.gov.in/gazettes/rai-bareli-gazetteer-being-valume-xxxix-district-gazetteers-united-provinces-agra-and-oudh|title=Rae Bareli – District Gazetteer United Provinces Agra and Oudh Volume XXXIX|publisher=|year=1905|pages=151|language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Metcalf |first=Thomas R |url=https://archive.org/details/landlandlordsbri0000metc/page/n9/mode/2up?q=Beni+madho |title=Land, landlords and the British Raj: northern India in the nineteenth century |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |year=1979 |pages=178–182|language=English}}</ref> He was a religious man and an ardent devotee of Goddess [[Durga]]. He was given the title of ''Nasim'' by [[Nawab]] [[Wajid Ali Shah]] of Oudh, fighting for the Nawab on many occasions, and also had the title of "''Sirmaur Rana Bahadur Diler Jung".''<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Asthana|first1=Pratima|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2c9312fKPqgC&q=Beni+madho|title=Transformation in Indian History|last2=Jafri|first2=Saiyid Zaheer Hussain|year=2009|page=386|isbn=9788179752616|language=English}}</ref>

== Role in the 1857 rebellion ==
During the revolt of 1857, he was one of the most powerful revolutionary leaders and was appointed as the administrator of the [[Jaunpur district|Jaunpur]] and [[Azamgarh division|Azamgarh]] regions by the newly proclaimed [[Nawab of Awadh]], [[Birjis Qadr|Birjis Qadar]]. This has been established from the proclamation of Birjis Qadar on 17 August 1857 which explains:

<blockquote>
''" As I am fully bent upon populating the land, securing off conveniences for its people and betterment of its inhabitants. I now therefore, decided to exterminate the cruel, ill behaved kaffir ( the unbelieving) Firangis from my hereditary dominion both old and new. Consequently, I have nominated the brave Raja Beni Madho Singh for the administration of the ilagas of Jaunpur and Azamgarh and order that in the obedience to the instructions of the said Raja, you should capture, put to the sword and annihilate the entire group of these perverted unbelievers and make every effort to extirpate them from this country. Considering the said Raja a permanent Amil of this part of the country, you should do your very best for the collection of revenue and betterment of the ryot. You will, consequently, be rewarded with the favours."'' <ref>{{Cite book|last1=Asthana|first1=Pratima|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2c9312fKPqgC&q=Beni+madho|title=Transformation in Indian History|last2=Jafri|first2=Saiyid Zaheer Hussain|year=2009|page=388|isbn=9788179752616|language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Taylor|first=P.J.O|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uituAAAAMAAJ&q=rana+beni+madho|title=A Companion to the 'Indian Mutiny' of 1857|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=1996|pages=43, 45, 267|isbn=978-0-19-563863-9|language=English}}</ref></blockquote>He led one of the largest armies in 1857 numbering around 25,000 troops and 28 guns against the [[Bengal Army|British forces]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Chanana|first=Priyanka|title=Colonial Remodeling of Land Rights After the Uprising of 1857: Conferment and Resumptions in Baiswara Region|date=2012|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44156269|journal=[[Proceedings of the Indian History Congress]]|publisher=[[Indian History Congress]]|volume=73|pages=740|quote=Forsyth wrote to Edmonstone that, 'Benee Madho is having large force estimated at 25000 men and 28 guns, scattered all over Salone district and he is constantly moving about'|jstor=44156269}}</ref> He had a good rapport with his tenants as well as village [[zamindar]]s who remained loyal to him during the rebellion.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Metcalf |first=Thomas R |url=https://archive.org/details/landlandlordsbri0000metc/page/n9/mode/2up?q=Beni+madho |title=Land, landlords and the British Raj: northern India in the nineteenth century |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |year=1979 |pages=183–184|language=English|quote= On Beni Madho's estate, Charles Wingfield noticed, the village Zamindar 'warmly sympathized' with the rebel Taluqdar and "paid him not from fear but from attachment" }}</ref> In one of the sharp encounters that took place at Rae Bareli (then Salon district), the revolutionaries under Beni Madho killed a British officer named Major Gall.

Rana Beni Madho was then pursued by four senior commanders of the British columns — [[Colin Campbell, 1st Baron Clyde|Lord Clyde]], [[Hope Grant]], [[Brigadier (United Kingdom)|Brigadier]] Evelegh (commanding the [[20th Regiment of Foot]]) and [[Alfred Horsford]] (commanding the [[Rifle Brigade (The Prince Consort's Own)|Rifle Brigade]]).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lord Clyde |date=1859-04-12 |title=India|page=3 |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article13023613 |access-date=2023-08-16}}</ref> They cornered him at Dundi Khera ([[Unnao district]]) where his forces fled, reducing his numbers to 12,000.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kavanagh |first=T. Henry Esq. |date=1860 |title=How I Won the Victoria Cross: Chapter 23 |url=https://www.ibiblio.org/britishraj/Kavanagh/chapter23.html |access-date=2023-08-16 |website=www.ibiblio.org}}</ref> However he managed to successfully escape to the north of the [[Ghaghara|Ghaghara river]]. The great revolt in South Oudh formally ended only after he moved out of the Oudh region.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mukherjee |first=Rudrangshu |title=Awadh in Revolt, 1857–1858: A Study of Popular Resistance |publisher=[[Permanent Black]] |year=2007 |pages=136–139, 158 |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Asthana|first1=Pratima|title=Transformation in Indian History|last2=Jafri|first2=Saiyid Zaheer Hussain|year=2009|pages=386–400|language=English}}</ref>

==Death==
He was killed in the fighting against [[Gurkha]]s of [[Nepal]] in late 1859.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mukherjee|first=Rudrangshu|title=Awadh in Revolt, 1857–1858: A Study of Popular Resistance|publisher=[[Permanent Black]]|year=2007|pages=128–131|language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Asthana|first1=Pratima|title=Transformation in Indian History|last2=Jafri|first2=Saiyid Zaheer Hussain|year=2009|pages=386–400|language=English}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:19th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:People from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian revolutionaries]]
[[Category:Revolutionaries of the Indian Rebellion of 1857]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Uttar Pradesh]]

Naukri (1954 film)

2026-03-04T04:09:12Z

BrooksPrather: Redirect page

{{Short description|1954 Indian Hindi-language film by Bimal Roy}}
{{about|the 1954 film|the 1978 Hrishikesh Mukherjee film|Naukri|the Indian employment website|Naukri.com}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = {{Lang|hi-latn|Naukri}}
| image = File:Kishore Kumar and Shiela Ramani in Naukari film.jpg
| caption = A scene of Naukri
| director = [[Bimal Roy]]
| producer = Bimol Roy
| writer = Paul Mahendra
| screenplay = [[Nabendu Ghosh]]
| story = Subodh Basu
| narrator =
| starring = {{ubl|[[Kishore Kumar]]|[[Sheila Ramani]]|[[Achla Sachdev]]|[[Mehmood (actor)|Mehmood]]|[[Kanhaiyalal (actor)|Kanhaiyalal]]|[[Jagdeep]]}}
| music = {{ubl|[[Salil Choudhury]]|[[Shailendra (lyricist)|Shailendra]] (lyrics)}}
| cinematography = Kamal Bose
| editing = [[Hrishikesh Mukherjee]]
| distributor = Bimal Roy Productions
| studio = Mohan Studios
| released = {{film date|df=yes|1954}}
| runtime = 126 mins
| country = India
| language = [[Hindi]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''{{Lang|hi-latn|Naukri}}''' ({{translation}} ''Job'') is a 1954 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[film]] directed by [[Bimal Roy]] for Bimal Roy Productions.<ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen2014">{{cite book|author1=Ashish Rajadhyaksha|author2=Paul Willemen|author3=Professor of Critical Studies Paul Willemen|title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SLkABAAAQBAJ&pg=PT272|access-date=24 February 2015|date=10 July 2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-94318-9|pages=337–}}</ref> The lead actors were [[Kishore Kumar]] and [[Sheila Ramani]]. This film is about the dreams and aspirations of the educated youth getting shattered as they struggle in the city for employment, in the ensuing years after India attained independence. {{Lang|hi-latn|Naukri}} and ''Baap Beti'' (1954) are cited as "sensitive" and "memorable" films from Roy.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}} In {{Lang|hi-latn|Naukri}}, Bimal Roy tackles yet another social problem, this time involving unemployment.<ref name="Mahmood1974">{{cite book|author=Hameeduddin Mahmood|title=The kaleidoscope of Indian cinema|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KP0vAAAAMAAJ|access-date=24 February 2015|year=1974|publisher=Affiliated East-West Press}}</ref> {{Lang|hi-latn|Naukri}} is one of the earliest films where Kishore Kumar first gained prominence. Since his comic persona had not yet fully developed, {{Lang|hi-latn|Naukri}} sees a sincere, sensitive and restrained performance from him.

==Plot==
Ratan Kumar Choudhary ([[Kishore Kumar]]) stays with his widowed mother ([[Achala Sachdev]]) and sick sister, Uma (Noor) in the village. He is waiting for his college results. He dreams about the day when he has a job, a house and can find a good groom for his sister, and look after his mother. He narrates his dreams to his beloved sister in a beautiful song. She smiles happily and joins him in the song.

Ratan passes his BA and leaves for Calcutta where his father's colleague had promised him a job where his father had worked. In Calcutta, he takes up boarding in a lodge where he is neighbor to three other unemployed youths (one of whom is [[Iftekhar]]) in the "Bekar" (unemployed/without work) wing of the lodge. At his father's office, he finds out the manager has given the job to a relative. Ratan doesn't give up and perseveres applying wherever he can.

His sister, suffering from TB, is put on the waiting list at the sanatorium. Meanwhile, in Calcutta, Ratan also finds love with Seema ([[Sheila Ramani]]) who stays in the house in the next compound - much to her father's chagrin, who wants a son-in-law with a good job. Ratan woos her by singing romantically outside his window, and Seema listens from her window. She is attracted. Her father keeps intruding into her room, closing the window, etc. to prevent this romance.

Ratan struggles to get a job but to no avail. One day, even as he gets the news that his sister has been accepted at the sanatorium, he gets a telegram informing of her death. He is shocked and depressed, and his fellow lodgers console him.

One of the other unemployed youths in the lodge, Shankar, goes through similar misfortunes. He tries to kill himself, but Ratan stops him. Shankar gets a job later and is grateful to Ratan.

Ratan finally gets a job in Bombay. He writes a good newsletter to Seema and encloses his appointment letter an envelope. He puts it in her letterbox, to prove he has now got a job. The old man intercepts the letter, but his wife requests him not to open a private letter. The old man, thinking that an unemployed Ratan is wooing his daughter, burns the letter. Seema is unaware of all this. Ratan encounters her and finds out that she did not receive the letter. He confronts her father, who tells him that he burned it. A shocked Ratan tells him that he had an appointment letter in it and that he has a job in Bombay. Her father now changes his attitude and apologizes. Ratan has to leave for Bombay, but he cannot remember the name of the company. Seema's father tells him that the appointment letter that he had must have come in an envelope with the details. When Ratan returns to his apartment, he finds that his man-servant has thrown it away into the garbage can! Ratan now decides that he will just travel to Bombay and search for the company.

Ratan reaches Bombay. He constantly tries to remember the name of the company. As he walks along the various streets of Bombay, there are a bewildering number of company buildings, all looking alike. He keeps asking various locals about a company whose name he cannot remember! A pickpocket ([[Mehmood (actor)|Mehmood]]) and his partner steal his wallet. As Ratan realizes that, he shouts for the police and a crowd gathers. However, the pickpocket has thrown the wallet to his partner who has run away. So the pickpocket claims innocence. The policeman takes both to the police station. The police inspector suspects Ratan, as he has no documents to prove that he has a job. Ratan pleads and cajoles, but to no avail. He is confined to a cell, along with the pickpocket. At night in the cell, he suddenly remembers the name of the company. He spends the whole night without sleep, and when the police inspector arrives in the morning, he eagerly tells him.

Thus, he ultimately makes his way to the company. He tells the officer about the appointment letter. The officer asks him why he's a day late. Ratan narrates his travails. The officer sympathizes but then tells him that the job has been given to another person since he did not turn up the previous day. Ratan breaks down. Seeing his plight, the officer arranges a job for him.

Ratan is a good worker. One day he helps an old colleague who is asked to work overtime by their supervisor. He takes the old man's work on himself. But he makes some mistake. The next day the supervisor fires the old man for the mistake. Ratan takes up the side of the old man, saying it was he who made the mistake. The manager fires him. All his colleagues are agitated, and they assure him that they will cajole the supervisor to take him back.

Meanwhile, Seema runs away from Calcutta to be with Ratan in Bombay. He cannot bring himself to tell her he is jobless. He tries to commit suicide, but Seema stops him and they decide they will face life together. The story ends on a poignant yet hopeful note.

==Cast==

* [[Kishore Kumar]] – Ratan Kumar Choudhary
* [[Sheila Ramani]] – Seema
* [[Kanhaiyalal (actor)|Kanhaiyalal]] – Hari
* [[Achala Sachdev]] – Ratan's Mother
* Noor - Uma (Ratan's Sister)
* Krishnakunar as Poet tenant
* Iftekar as tenant
* Moni Chatterjee as Lodge manager
* S.N. Banerjee as Head clerk in Pioneer Trading
* [[Mehmood (actor)|Mehmood]] – Pickpocketer
* [[Jagdeep]] – Lalu Ustad (Boot Polish Man)

==Crew==
* Director - [[Bimal Roy]]<ref>https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0047271/ imdb cast & crew info {{User-generated source|certain=yes|date=March 2022}}</ref>
* Producer - Bimal Roy
* Story - Subodh Basu
* Screenplay - [[Nabendu Ghosh]]
* Dialogue - Paul Mahendra
* Cinematography - Kamal Bose
* Music - [[Salil Choudhury]]
* Lyrics - [[Shailendra (lyricist)|Shailendra]]
* Editing - [[Hrishikesh Mukherjee]]
* Studio - Mohan Studios

==Music==
[[Salil Chowdhary]], the music director and Roy were not convinced about Kishore Kumar's singing potential at the time, and according to Bharatan, Kumar was taken on reluctantly as a singer.<ref name="Bharatan2010">{{cite book|author=Raju Bharatan|title=A Journey Down Melody Lane|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WnxABAAAQBAJ&pg=PT86|access-date=24 February 2015|date=1 September 2010|publisher=Hay House, Inc|isbn=978-93-81398-05-0|pages=86–}}</ref>

One of the notable songs from the film was "Ek Chhoti Si Naukri Ka Talabgaar Hoon Main",<ref name="Cohan2010">{{cite book|author=Steven Cohan|title=The Sound of Musicals|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fWwdBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA47|access-date=24 February 2015|date=21 October 2010|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-1-84457-579-4|pages=47–}}</ref> sung by Kishore Kumar, Shyam Mitra and Shankar Dasgupta, which reflected the young men's search for jobs. The other songs of note were "Arzi Hamaari Yeh Marzi Hamaari" and "Chhota sa Ghar Hoga", both sung by Kumar.

The lyricist was [[Shailendra (lyricist)|Shailendra]], and the other singers were Shaila Belle, Shankar Dasgupta, Shyam Mitra, Geeta Dutt, and Lata Mangeshkar.<ref name="MySwar">{{cite web |title=Naukri |url=http://myswar.co/album/naukri-1954 |access-date=24 February 2015 |website=myswar.co |publisher=MySwar}}</ref> The harmonica in "Chota sa ghar hoga" was played by the popular Bengali harmonica player "Milon Gupta".<ref name="Milon">{{cite web |title=Interview with Milon Gupta (Bengali with English sub titles) - You tube |publisher=Posted by RamanaRaaga|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MyDdsQZ2Vwg }}</ref>

===Song list===
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!#!!Song!!Singer(s)!!Length
|-
!1
|"Chhota Sa Ghar Hoga"||[[Kishore Kumar]], [[Usha Mangeshkar]]||3:13
|-
!2
|"Ek Chhoti Si Naukri Ka Talabgaar Hoon"||[[Kishore Kumar]], Shankar Dasgupta, [[Shyamal Mitra]]||3:20
|-
!3
|"Arzi Hamaari Yeh Marzi Hamaari"||Kishore Kumar||3:27
|-
!4
|"Jhoome Re Kali Bhanvara Ulajh Gaya"|| [[Geeta Dutt]]||2:47
|-
!5
|"O Man Re Na Gham Kar"||[[Lata Mangeshkar]]||3:28
|}

==Trivia==
In this movie, a live-in relationship has been shown, albeit in different circumstances between Rattan and Seema. This facet was unheard of in those times.{{citation needed|date=March 2019}}

Noor Mahal who plays Ratan's sister in this movie, has appeared in movie [[Anmol Ghadi]] as young Lata.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0047271}}

{{Bimal Roy}}

[[Category:1954 films]]
[[Category:1954 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Bimal Roy]]
[[Category:Films scored by Salil Chowdhury]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:1954 drama films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]

35/100 Just Pass

2026-03-03T21:17:52Z

BrooksPrather: Put up basic data and citations!

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = 35/100 Just Pass
| image = 35-100 Just Pass.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Promotional poster
| native_name = 
| director = Deepak H. T.
| writer = Deepak H. T.
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = Yashwanth Deepak H. T. Santosh
| starring = {{plainlist| Raghu Ramappa
* Vikram Joshi
*Shwetha Murthy
}}
| narrator =
| cinematography = Sandeep Kumar
| editing = Sathya
| music = Pranava N Iyengar
| studio = Kasthuri Nivasa Films
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2010|3|26}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''35/100 Just Pass''''' is a 2010 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[romantic drama film]] directed by Deepak and starring Raghu Ramappa, Vikram Joshi and Shwetha Murthy. The film was released to mixed reviews.

== Plot ==
The film follows four college boys including Shiva and Ankur who are all in love with Preeti.

== Cast ==
*Raghu Ramappa as Shiva
* Vikram Joshi as Ankur
*Shwetha Murthy as Preeti
*Manojava Galgali
*Shankar
*Kiran Kumar

== Production ==
All of the cast and crew except for the director and producer [[Yeshwant]] work in the [[software industry]].<ref name="I"/> The money for the film came from the money the movie team saved up for their houses. The film was delayed after a theatre [[profit sharing]] and rental issue.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://movies.rediff.com/slide-show/2010/mar/25/slide-show-1-south-a-look-at-just-pass.htm|title=Bikinis and campus life to heat up Kannada screens|date=25 March 2010|first=Shruti Indira|last=Lakshminarayana|work=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=26 February 2024|archive-date=18 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718224617/http://movies.rediff.com/slide-show/2010/mar/25/slide-show-1-south-a-look-at-just-pass.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by Pranava N Iyengar.<ref>{{cite web |title=Noorakke Muvaththaidu (35/100) {{!}} Audio Jukebox {{!}} Vikram Joshi {{!}} Shwetha Murthy {{!}} Pranava.N.Iyyangar |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W7RbU79zlhc |website=[[YouTube]] |publisher=Anand Audio Kannada (ಕನ್ನಡ) |access-date=26 February 2024 |language=en |archive-date=26 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226093709/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W7RbU79zlhc |url-status=live }}</ref> The lyrics are written by Swaroop Gururaj and Pranava N Iyengar.{{citation needed|date=June 2024}}
{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Geechi Geechi
| length1 = 3:23
| all_lyrics = Swaroop Gururaj
| extra1 = Abhishek V. Pande, Guru
| title2 = Ee Darigalindu
| length2 = 3:44
| extra2 = Vineeth S, Sangeetha M. R.
| title3 = Ninna Hesarinalli (Aase)
| length3 =
| extra3 = Vaisakh, G. Guru
| title4 = Jeeva Beyyo (Sanne)
| length4 =
| extra4 = Abhijith Savanth
| title5 = Nee Ninthiha
| length5 =
| extra5 = Pradeep
| title6 = Neeraraga
| length6 =
| extra6 = Vaisag G., G. Guru
| title7 = 35/100
| length7 =
| extra7 = Sathish Aaryan, Vijay Urs, Krishna J. V.
| total_length =
}}

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[Rediff.com]]'' rated the film {{Fraction|3|1|2}} out of 5 and wrote that "''35/100... Just Pass'' may not stand out for its 'many boys falling for one girl' story line, but it surely scores above average when it comes to its narrative techniques".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://movies.rediff.com/report/2010/mar/29/south-kannada-movie-review-just-pass.htm|title=Go watch ''Just Pass!''|first=Shruti Indira|last=Lakshminarayana|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=29 March 2010|access-date=26 February 2024|archive-date=14 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214090725/http://movies.rediff.com/report/2010/mar/29/south-kannada-movie-review-just-pass.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]'' wrote that "Since the film is made in a limited budget and has been shot with a digital camera, technically it has many loop holes. Though the film is realistic in its presentation, lack of technical content has diluted the impact. But the director has managed to convey the message".<ref name="I">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaforums.com/article/35100-just-pass-a-good-watch-kannada-movie-review_17440|title='35/100 - Just Pass' a good watch (Kannada Movie Review)|agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]|work=India Forums|date=28 March 2010|last=Joshi|first=Manoj|access-date=26 February 2024|archive-date=14 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214090726/https://www.indiaforums.com/article/35100-just-pass-a-good-watch-kannada-movie-review_17440|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from ''Indiaglitz'' rated the film {{fraction|3|1|2}} out of 10 and wrote that "There is some unconventional style but on the whole it is not convincing. Director Deepak should know that realistic approach in the narration without any intriguing moment and entertaining values the film cannot fill the cash registers".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/35100-just-pass-telugu-movie-review-10759|title=35/100 Just Pass Review|date=27 March 2010|work=Indiaglitz|access-date=26 February 2024|archive-date=14 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214090804/https://www.indiaglitz.com/35100-just-pass-telugu-movie-review-10759|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|13729914}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:35/100 Just Pass}}
[[Category:2010 films]]
[[Category:2010 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2010 Indian films]]
[[Category:2010 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]

Vivaha Bhojanambu (1988 film)

2026-03-03T20:19:06Z

BrooksPrather: made entry

{{Short description|1988 film by Jandhyala}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Vivaha Bhojanambu
| image = Vivaaha Bhojanambu.png
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| screenplay = Jandhyala
| story = Aadi Vishnu
| producer = Jandhyala [[Jaya Krishna]]
| director = [[Jandhyala]]
| starring = [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]] [[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]] [[Ashwini (actress)|Ashwini]]
| music = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| cinematography = [[Vijay C. Kumar]]
| editing = [[Gautam Raju]]
| studio = J. J. Movies
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1988|5|5}}
| runtime = 142 mins
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Vivaha Bhojanambu''''' ({{translation|Wedding feast}}) is a 1988 [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[romantic comedy film]] directed by [[Jandhyala]], who also co-produced the film with [[Jayakrishna]]. The film stars [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]], [[Ashwini (actress)|Ashwini]], and [[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]] in the lead roles, with music composed by [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vivaha Bojanambu (1988) |url=https://indiancine.ma/ADIM/info |access-date=2025-01-06 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>

The title of the film is inspired by a popular song from the 1957 film ''[[Mayabazar]]'', with the original song and its video being featured during the credits.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Narasimham |first=M. L. |date=29 June 2001 |title=End of a comedy era |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/2001/06/29/stories/0929022g.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150604045757/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/2001/06/29/stories/0929022g.htm |archive-date=4 June 2015 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> ''Vivaha Bhojanambu'' was a commercial success. The film is particularly noted for its comedy scenes, which feature [[Suthi Veerabhadra Rao|Sutti Veerabhadra Rao]] and [[Brahmanandam]], contributing to its lasting popularity in [[Telugu cinema]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2014-06-18 |title=పదకొండున్నరకి లంచ్ ఎందుకు చేయించారో అప్పుడర్థమైంది... |url=https://www.sakshi.com/news/movies/jandhyala-a-heartful-director-says-rajendra-prasad-140731 |website=[[Sakshi (newspaper)|Sakshi]] |language=te}}</ref> Notably, Brahmanandam later included ''Vivaha Bhojanambu'' among the top 11 films in his career.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=8 January 2008 |title=AP Film critics association felicitates Brahmanandam - Telugu cinema function |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/filmcritics-brahmanandam.html |access-date=2022-02-01 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref>

==Plot==
Seetarama Rao is a misogynist who leads an organisation against women, forming associations called Stri Dwesha Samajam (Women Haters Association) and Bharya Bhaditula Sangam (Victims of Wife Association). His actions attract the attention of Head Constable Nippu Appala Swamy, who seeks to understand the reasons behind his behaviour. The story then unfolds in a flashback, revealing the events of Seetarama Rao’s past.

Seetarama Rao and his younger brother Krishna were raised by their brother-in-law Vasu and sister Subhadra. Throughout his childhood, Seetarama Rao is portrayed as naive and often mocked by others. His life takes a turn when he is saved from quicksand by a beautiful girl named Lavanya. He becomes infatuated with her and tries multiple ways to win her love, but Lavanya’s [[Parallel and cross cousins|cross-cousin]], Subba Rao, who also desires her, threatens him.

During an awkward encounter, Lavanya publicly slaps Seetarama Rao, causing him to feel ashamed. However, she later sends him a letter explaining that Subba Rao was forcing her into marriage and that she truly loved Seetarama Rao. Upon learning this, Seetarama Rao sets out to find Lavanya, but she humiliates and expels him. This marks the turning point in his journey.

Meanwhile, Vasu Rao and Subhadra arrive and meet Lavanya, who reveals the truth. To protect Seetarama Rao from Subba Rao, Lavanya had previously humiliated and expelled him. Now, Lavanya decides to win back Seetarama Rao's love. To do so, she moves into his neighborhood and starts an organisation aimed at opposing him.

Meanwhile, Krishna falls in love with Lavanya’s sister, Vasundhara, and Seetarama Rao’s loyal follower, Kailasam, becomes infatuated with Vasu’s mute sister, Jyothi. The situation escalates when Krishna elopes with Vasundhara and attempts suicide, but they are rescued by Appala Swamy. Eventually, Subba Rao exposes the truth to Seetarama Rao, who is filled with remorse and contemplates suicide. However, the film concludes on a positive note with the marriages of the three couples, bringing the story to a happy end.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]] as Seetarama Rao
*[[Ashwini (actress)|Ashwini]] as Lavanya
*[[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]] as Vasu Rao
*[[Suthi Veerabhadra Rao]] as Lingam
*[[Suthi Velu]] as Head Constable Nippu Appalaswamy
*[[Brahmanandam]] as Kavi
*[[Subhalekha Sudhakar]] as Kailasam
*[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] as Inspector
*[[Harish Kumar (actor)|Harish]] as Krishna
*Vidya Sagar as Subba Rao
*Bhimaraju as [[Lord Hanuman]]
*[[Gundu Hanumantha Rao]] as Constable 111
*[[Ashok Kumar (Telugu actor)|Ashok Kumar]] as Priest
*[[Potti Prasad]] as Simhachalam
*Satti Babu as Lecturer
*Dham as Thief
*[[Rama Prabha]] as Durga
*[[Rajyalakshmi]] as Subhadra
*[[Rajitha]] as Jyothi
*Ratnasagar as Kaveri
*[[Pavala Syamala]] as Syamala
*Haritha as Vasundhara
{{colend}}

==Production==
The film was shot extensively in [[Visakhapatnam]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]. Rajendra Prasad appeared as a woman for the first time in this film.<ref name=":0" />

==Music==
{{Infobox album
| name = Vivaaha Bhojanambu
| type = film
| artist = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1988
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length = 22:14
| label = AVM Audio
| producer = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| prev_title = [[Chinnodu Peddodu]]
| prev_year = 1988
| next_title = Neeku Naaku Pellanta
| next_year = 1988
}}

Music for the film was composed by [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]. Audio soundtrack was released on AVM Audio Company.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vivaha Bhojanambu |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/vivaha-bhojanambu/iNB0HCk98nU_ |website=Jio Saavn}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!S. No.!!Song title !!Lyrics !!Singers !!length
|-
|1
|"Vivahle Nasinchali"
|[[Jonnavithhula Ramalingeswara Rao|Jonnavithhula]]
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|4:27
|-
|2
|"Jum Tanana"
|[[Vennelakanti]]
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[S. P. B. Charan|SP Charan]]
|4:18
|-
|3
|"Prema"
|Vennelakanti
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[S. P. Sailaja]]
|4:28
|-
|4
|"Amma Thalli Priya"
|[[Veturi]]
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
|4:44
|-
|5
|"Seetarama Swamy"
|Mullapudi Sastry
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[S. Janaki]]
|4:17
|}

==Reception==
Griddaluri Gopalrao of ''[[Zamin Ryot]]'' in his review dated 13 May 1988 criticized the film for its lack of novelty, while also adding that the performances of Rajendra Prasad and others were not their best.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Gopalrao|first=Griddaluru|date=13 May 1988|title=వివాహ భోజనం కాదు చౌకబారు ప్లేటు భోజనం|language=te|trans-title=Not a wedding feast but a budget plate meal|page=9|work=[[Zamin Ryot]]|url=http://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/1988/May/13-may-1988.pdf}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt0250104}}

{{Jandhyala Subramanya Sastry}}

[[Category:1988 films]]
[[Category:1988 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1988 comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Jandhyala]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]

Etela Rajender

2026-03-01T00:09:33Z

BrooksPrather: Article updated with improved flow

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{family name hatnote|Etela|lang=Telugu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Etela Rajender
| image = Etela Rajendera.jpg
| caption = Rajender in 2023
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| constituency = [[Malkajgiri Lok Sabha constituency|Malkajgiri]]
| term_start = 4 June 2024
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Revanth Reddy]]
| successor =
| office1 = [[Second K. Chandrashekar Rao ministry|Minister of Health, Medical and Family Welfare]] [[Government of Telangana]]
| term_start1 = 12 February 2019
| term_end1 = 1 May 2021
| governor1 = * [[E. S. L. Narasimhan]]
* [[Tamilisai Soundararajan]]
| 1blankname1 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata1 = [[K. Chandrashekar Rao]]
| predecessor1 = [[C. Laxma Reddy]]
| successor1 = [[T. Harish Rao]]
| office2 = [[First K. Chandrashekar Rao ministry|Minister of Finance & Planning, Small Savings, State Lotteries, Consumer Affairs, Legal Meteorology and Civil Supplies]] [[Government of Telangana]]
| term_start2 = 2 June 2014
| term_end2 = 12 December 2018
| governor2 = [[E. S. L. Narasimhan]]
| 1blankname2 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata2 = [[K. Chandrashekar Rao]]
| predecessor2 = ''Office established''
| successor2 = [[T. Harish Rao]]
| office3 = [[Telangana Legislative Assembly|Member of Legislative Assembly, Telangana]]
| constituency3 = [[Huzurabad Assembly constituency|Huzurabad]]
| term_start3 = 2 June 2014
| predecessor3 = ''Telangana Assembly created''
| term_end3 = 7 December 2023
| successor3 = [[Kaushik Reddy]]
| office4 = [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Member of Legislative Assembly, Andhra Pradesh]]
| term_start5 = 16 May 2009
| term_end5 = 16 May 2014
| predecessor5 = ''Constituency established''
| successor5 = ''Telangana Assembly created''
| constituency5 = [[Huzurabad (Assembly constituency)|Huzurabad]]
| constituency6 = [[Kamalapur, Andhra Pradesh Assembly constituency|Kamalapur]]
| term_start6 = 11 May 2004
| predecessor6 = [[Muddasani Damodar Reddy]]
| term_end6 = 16 May 2009
| successor6 = ''Constituency dissolved''
| alma_mater = [[Osmania University]] (B.Sc)
| otherparty = [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]] (2003–2021)
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (since 2021)
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1964|3|20}}
| birth_place = [[Kamalapur, Hanamkonda district|Kamalapur]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] (now in [[Telangana]]), India
| spouse = Jamuna
| children = 2
}}

'''Etela Rajender''' (born 20 March 1964) is an Indian politician from [[Telangana]] serving as the [[Member of Parliament (India)|Member of Parliament]] from [[Malkajgiri Lok Sabha constituency]]. He previously served as the first Finance Minister of Telangana from 2014 to 2018 and as the Health Minister of Telangana from 2019 to 2021. He is a member of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] since 2021.

Rajender represented [[Kamalapur, Andhra Pradesh Assembly constituency|Kamalapur Assembly constituency]] from 2004 to 2010 and [[Huzurabad Assembly constituency]] from 2010 to 2023 in the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] and [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]]. He was a member of the [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]] (TRS) party until 2021, when he joined [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100128083014/http://www.hindu.com/2010/01/23/stories/2010012356860300.htm ‘Government trying to crush Telangana movement’ - ANDHRA PRADESH]. ''The Hindu'' (2010-01-23). Retrieved on 2016-01-13.</ref><ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/portfolios-of-the-council-of-ministers-in-telangana/article6075327.ece Portfolios of the Council of Ministers in Telangana]. ''The Hindu'' (2014-06-02). Retrieved on 2016-01-13.</ref>

==Political career==
Rajender joined TRS in 2003.<ref>{{Cite news|date=12 June 2021|title=Sacked Telangana Minister Eatala Rajender Resigns as TRS MLA, Likely to Join BJP|work=News18|url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/sacked-telangana-minister-eatala-rajender-resigns-as-trs-mla-likely-to-join-bjp-3838478.html|access-date=12 June 2021}}</ref> He is recognised as a student leader with a left-wing ideology.<ref name=":0" />

He was elected as the [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] (MLA) from Kamalapur Assembly constituency in the [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]. He defeated the incumbent MLA [[Muddasani Damodar Reddy]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|last=K. M.|first=Dayashankar|date=2 April 2014|title=Etela faces stiff competition|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/etela-faces-stiff-competition/article5859501.ece|url-status=live|access-date=7 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140710061003/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/etela-faces-stiff-competition/article5859501.ece|archive-date=10 July 2014|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He served as the TRS floor leader in the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110811035033/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-11-30/hyderabad/28103239_1_k-chandrasekhar-rao-siddipet-trs KCR's Telangana drama shifts to jail]. ''Times of India'' (2009-11-30). Retrieved on 2016-01-13.</ref> He resigned as the MLA in 2008 and was re-elected as an MLA from the same constituency in the 2008 by-election.<ref name=":5"/><ref>{{Cite news|last=Mohammed|first=Siddique|date=1 June 2008|title=Andhra bypolls: TRS suffers shocking defeat|work=[[Rediff News]]|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2008/jun/01trs.htm|url-status=live|access-date=7 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210213220634/https://www.rediff.com/news/2008/jun/01trs.htm|archive-date=13 February 2021}}</ref>

In 2009, the Kamalapur constituency was merged with Huzurabad Assembly constituency. He contested the [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from Huzurabad constituency and won. In 2010 he resigned as the MLA and won the by-election.<ref name=":5"/>

When Telangana state was established in 2014, he was appointed the Finance Minister of Telangana in the [[first K. Chandrashekar Rao ministry]], and served until 2018.<ref>{{Cite news|date=14 November 2014|title=Eatala Rajender justifies budgetary allocations|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/eatala-rajender-justifies-budgetary-allocations/article6600242.ece|url-status=live|access-date=14 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505191010/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/eatala-rajender-justifies-budgetary-allocations/article6600242.ece|archive-date=5 May 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

He contested the [[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]] and was re-elected as the MLA from Huzurabad constituency. In 2019, he took oath as the Minister of Health for Telangana.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Rahul|first=N.|date=19 February 2019|title=Ten new Ministers sworn in|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/ten-new-ministers-sworn-in/article26314787.ece|url-status=live|access-date=1 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501095548/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/ten-new-ministers-sworn-in/article26314787.ece|archive-date=1 May 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> As part of the 2018 election's declaration of assets by contestants, he has furnished {{INRConvert|42.41|c|year=2018}} in assets and was the richest among other ministers.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|date=21 November 2018|title=Worth over Rs 3 billion, meet the richest candidate in Telangana polls 2018|work=[[Business Standard]]|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/elections/worth-over-rs-3-billion-meet-the-richest-candidate-in-telangana-polls-2018-118112100618_1.html|access-date=17 June 2021}}</ref>

In May 2021, Rajender, along with his followers and Jamuna Hatcheries, faced allegations of land encroachments in Achampet and Hakimpet villages in [[Medak district]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite news|date=14 June 2021|title=Former Telangana Health Minister Etela Rajender Joins BJP|work=Outlook|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-former-telangana-health-minister-etela-rajender-likely-to-join-bjp-today/385130|access-date=14 June 2021}}</ref> His [[Ministry (government department)|ministerial portfolio]] was removed and he was subsequently dismissed from the [[Cabinet (government)|state cabinet]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|date=1 May 2021|title=Telangana CM KCR Takes Away Health Minister's Portfolio Over Land Grabbing Allegations|work=News18|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/telangana-cm-kcr-order-probe-into-land-grabbing-allegations-against-cabinet-minister-etela-rajender-3693809.html|access-date=14 June 2021}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Telangana: Eatala Rajender dropped from State Cabinet|url=https://telanganatoday.com/telangana-eatala-rajender-dropped-from-state-cabinet|url-status=dead|access-date=2021-05-03|website=Telangana Today|language=en-US|archive-date=3 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503093246/https://telanganatoday.com/telangana-eatala-rajender-dropped-from-state-cabinet}}</ref> Subsequently, on 4 June, he resigned from TRS.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|date=4 June 2021|title=Former Telangana minister Etela Rajender resigns from TRS, likely to join BJP|work=The Indian Express|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/hyderabad/former-telangana-minister-etela-rajender-resigns-from-trs-likely-to-join-bjp-7343970/|access-date=4 June 2021}}</ref> On 12 June, he resigned as MLA.<ref>{{Cite news|date=12 June 2021|title=Former TRS minister Etela Rajender resigns as MLA, set to join BJP|work=Business Standard|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/former-trs-minister-etela-rajender-resigns-as-mla-set-to-join-bjp-121061200446_1.html|access-date=12 June 2021}}</ref>

On 14 June 2021, Rajender joined the BJP in the presence of BJP leaders [[Dharmendra Pradhan]] and [[G. Kishan Reddy]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=14 June 2021|title=Former Telangana minister Etela Rajender joins BJP|work=The Indian Express|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/etela-rajender-bjp-trs-telangana-7357969/|access-date=14 June 2021}}</ref><ref name=":4" /> He has also resigned as the president of Nampally Exhibition Society, which he held since 2014.<ref>{{Cite news|date=16 June 2021|title=Etela Rajender Quits Another Key Post|work=Sakshi|url=https://english.sakshi.com/news/telangana/etela-rajendar-quits-another-key-post-137142|access-date=17 June 2021}}</ref> He contested the by-election held later that year and won as the MLA.<ref>{{Cite news|last=P.|first=Sridhar|date=2 November 2021|title=Eatala wins Huzurabad for BJP|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/eatala-wins-huzurabad-for-bjp/article37312495.ece|url-status=live|access-date=7 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211118191940/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/eatala-wins-huzurabad-for-bjp/article37312495.ece|archive-date=18 November 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

In [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2023 assembly elections]], he contested from [[Huzurabad Assembly constituency|Huzurabad]] and [[Gajwel Assembly constituency|Gazwel]] as BJP candidate and lost in both places to BRS candidates.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Telangana election result: KCR wins from Gajwel constituency, loses in Kamareddy |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/telangana-assembly-polls-2023/story/kcr-wins-telangana-polls-from-gajwel-2471543-2023-12-03 |date=2023-12-03 |publisher=[[India Today]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Huzurabad Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: BRS's Kaushik Reddy Padi defeats BJP's Eatala Rajendar with 16873 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/huzurabad-assembly-election-results-2023-live-2470943-2023-12-03 |date=2023-12-04 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref> In [[2024 Indian general election|2024 Loksabha elections]] he contested from [[Malkajgiri Lok Sabha constituency|Malkajgiri]] and won as MP with a huge margin of 3,91,475 votes against Congress's Patnam Sunitha Mahender Reddy.<ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Malkajgiri">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Malkajgiri |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S297.htm |access-date=18 June 2024 |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618172459/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S297.htm |archive-date=18 June 2024}}</ref><ref name="Party changers {{!}} Shifting hues">{{cite news |date=13 July 2024 |title=Party changers {{!}} Shifting hues |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-party-changers-shifting-hues-2565842-2024-07-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250302190555/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-party-changers-shifting-hues-2565842-2024-07-13 |archive-date=2 March 2025 |access-date=22 March 2025 |publisher=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

Etela Rajender topped with raising 80 questions as Lok Sabha member from Telangana in participating in debates during the Parliament sessions between 24 June 2024 to 4 April 2025.<ref name="Chamala Tops TG MPs in Attendance, Etala Leads in Questions">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Chamala Tops TG MPs in Attendance, Etala Leads in Questions |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/southern-states/telangana/chamala-tops-tg-mps-in-attendance-etala-leads-in-questions-1873277 |access-date=17 April 2025 |work= |publisher=Deccan Chronicle |date=16 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250417144942/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/southern-states/telangana/chamala-tops-tg-mps-in-attendance-etala-leads-in-questions-1873277 |archive-date=17 April 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Legislative Assembly Elections ===
{| class="sortable wikitable"
! Year
! Constituency
! colspan=2|Party
! Votes
! %
! Opponent
! colspan=2|Opponent Party
! Opponent Votes
! %
! Result
! Margin
! %
|-
! rowspan=2|[[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| [[Gajwel Assembly constituency|Gajwel]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
| 66,653
| 28.68
| [[Kalvakuntla Chandrashekhar Rao|K Chandrashekhar Rao]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi|rowspan=2}}
| 111,684
| 48.05
| {{no2|Lost}}
| -45,031
| -19.37
|-
| [[Huzurabad Assembly constituency|Huzurabad]]
| 63,460
| 30.32
| [[Kaushik Reddy]]
| 80,333
| 38.38
| {{no2|Lost}}
| -16,873
| -8.06
|-
! 2021
| [[Huzurabad Assembly constituency|Huzurabad ''(by-election)'']]
| 107,022
| 51.96
| [[Gellu Srinivas Yadav]]
| {{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
| 83,167
| 40.38
| {{yes2|Won}}
| +23,855
| +11.58
|-
! [[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
| rowspan="2"|[[Huzurabad Assembly constituency|Huzurabad]]
| {{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi|rowspan=6}}
| 104,840
| 59.34
| [[Kaushik Reddy]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
| 61,121
| 34.60
| {{yes2|Won}}
| +43,719
| +24.74
|-
! [[2014 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| 95,315
| 58.76
| Kethiri Sudarshan Reddy
| 38,278
| 23.60
| {{yes2|Won}}
| +57,037
| +35.16
|-
! 2010
| [[Huzurabad Assembly constituency|Huzurabad ''(by-election)'']]
| 93,026
| 67.36
| [[Muddasani Damodar Reddy]]
| {{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
| 13,799
| 9.99
| {{yes2|Won}}
| +79,227
| +57.37
|-
! [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| [[Huzurabad Assembly constituency|Huzurabad]]
| 56,752
| 38.82
| V Krishna Mohan Rao
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 41,717
| 28.54
| {{yes2|Won}}
| +15,035
| +10.28
|-
! 2008
| [[Kamalapur, Andhra Pradesh Assembly constituency|Kamalapur ''(by-election)'']]
| 54,092
| 44.53
| rowspan="2"|[[Muddasani Damodar Reddy]]
| {{Party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=2}}
| 31,808
| 26.18
| {{yes2|Won}}
| +22,284
| +18.35
|-
! [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| [[Kamalapur, Andhra Pradesh Assembly constituency|Kamalapur]]
| 68,393
| 52.40
| 48,774
| 37.37
| {{yes2|Won}}
| +19,619
| +15.03
|}

=== Member of parliament ===
{| class="sortable wikitable"
! Year
! Constituency
! colspan=2|Party
! Votes
! %
! Opponent
! colspan=2|Opponent Party
! Opponent Votes
! %
! Result
! Margin
! %
|-
! [[2024 Indian general election in Telangana|2024]]
| [[Malkajgiri Lok Sabha constituency|Malkajgiri]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 991,042
| 51.25
| Patnam Sunitha Mahender Reddy
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 599,567
| 31.00
| {{yes2|Won}}
| +391,475
| +20.25
|-
|}

== Personal life ==
Etela was born on 20 March 1964 into a [[Mudiraju]] family in [[Kamalapur, Hanamkonda district|Kamalapur, Hanumakonda]] district of present-day [[Telangana]]. His father, Sri Mallaiah ( or Pedda Mallaiah ) , was a respected figure who passed away in August 2022. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Member's Profile - Telangana-Legislature: SRI EATALA RAJENDER|url=https://www.telanganalegislature.org.in/web/legislative-assembly/members-information?p_auth=qQTnF2A8&p_p_id=AssemblyMemberInfo_WAR_TGportlet&p_p_lifecycle=1&p_p_state=normal&p_p_mode=view&p_p_col_id=column-1&p_p_col_count=1&_AssemblyMemberInfo_WAR_TGportlet_const_id=31&_AssemblyMemberInfo_WAR_TGportlet_javax.portlet.action=getMemberDetails&_AssemblyMemberInfo_WAR_TGportlet_mem_id=1426&_AssemblyMemberInfo_WAR_TGportlet_term_id=14|access-date=2021-06-16|website=[[Telangana Legislature]]|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624195713/https://www.telanganalegislature.org.in/web/legislative-assembly/members-information?p_auth=qQTnF2A8&p_p_id=AssemblyMemberInfo_WAR_TGportlet&p_p_lifecycle=1&p_p_state=normal&p_p_mode=view&p_p_col_id=column-1&p_p_col_count=1&_AssemblyMemberInfo_WAR_TGportlet_const_id=31&_AssemblyMemberInfo_WAR_TGportlet_javax.portlet.action=getMemberDetails&_AssemblyMemberInfo_WAR_TGportlet_mem_id=1426&_AssemblyMemberInfo_WAR_TGportlet_term_id=14|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last=K|first=Sammaiah|date=20 March 2021|title=Eatala Rajender Birthday Special: ఉద్యమకారుడి నుంచి రాష్ట్ర మంత్రివరకు.. ప్రజానేత ప్రస్థానం - Minister Eatala Rajender Birthday|url=https://tv9telugu.com/politics/ts-minister-eatala-rajender-birthday-celebrations-special-440421.html|access-date=12 June 2021|website=TV9 Telugu|language=te}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> He has studied B.Sc. from [[Osmania University]] in 1984.<ref name=":3" /> He married Jamuna, who owns Jamuna Hatcheries. They have two children, Nithin Rajender (son) and Neeta Rajender (daughter) . <ref>{{Cite news|date=30 May 2021|title=Seemandhra rulers better than KCR: Etela wife Jamuna!|work=Telugu360|url=https://www.telugu360.com/seemandhra-rulers-better-than-kcr-etela-wife-jamuna/|access-date=4 June 2021}}</ref> .<ref>{{Cite news|date=19 June 2017|title=Etela Rajender's non-veg feast invitation for OU students faces flak|work=The Hans India|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Telangana/2017-06-19/Etela-Rajenders-non-veg-feast-invitation-for-OU-students-faces-flak/307373|access-date=4 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Bandari|first=Pawan Kumar|date=15 November 2019|title=Telangana CM KCR, governor and ministers attends Etela Rajender's daughter's marriage in Hyderabad|work=The Hans India|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/telangana/telangana-cm-kcr-governor-and-ministers-attends-etela-rajenders-daughters-marriage-in-hyderabad-581488|access-date=4 June 2021}}</ref>

{{Clear}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Cabinet of K Chandrashekar Rao}}
{{Bharatiya Janata Party}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajender, Etela}}
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Telangana MLAs 2014–2018]]
[[Category:Bharat Rashtra Samithi politicians]]
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]
[[Category:People from Medak]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Telangana]]
[[Category:Telangana MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2004–2009]]
[[Category:People from Karimnagar district]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Telangana]]
[[Category:Osmania University alumni]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Health ministers of Telangana]]

The Colour of Darkness

2026-02-18T22:17:42Z

BrooksPrather: slightly expanded information based on references additionally

{{COI|date=March 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = The Colour of Darkness
| image = The Colour of Darkness poster.jpg
| director = Girish Makwana
| producer = Lorraine Grigg
| writer = Girish Makwana
| starring = Vidya Makan, Sahil Saluja
| music = Girish Makwana
| cinematography = Randev Bhaduri, Alex Power, Fabio Capodivento
| editing = Ken Khan
| released = {{Film date|2016|08|21|IFFM|2017|05|19|Australia|2017|10|13|India|df=y}}
| language = English
| budget =
}}
'''''The Colour of Darkness''''' is a 2016 film written and directed by Girish Makwana, focusing on the [[Violence against Indians in Australia controversy|2009 attacks on Indian students in Melbourne]] and the [[caste system in India]].

The film premiered at the [[Indian Film Festival of Melbourne]] (IFFM) on 21 August 2016.<ref>Jabbal, Preeti (25 August 2016). "[http://www.indianlink.com.au//girl-power-at-iffm/ Girl power at IFFM]" Indian Link</ref>

==Plot==
An Australian-Indian journalist, Maria (Vidya Makan), is investigating an attack on an Indian student in Melbourne, and subsequently meets Giriraj (Sahil Saluja) and embarks on a journey through the social history of Indian and modern Australian society.

==Cast==
* Vidya Makan as Maria
* Sahil Saluja as Giriraj
* Sanjeet Pahil as Jaydeep
* [[Derryn Hinch]] as Petre McCallum
* Michelle Celebicanin as Sherley O'Neill
* Ashrut Khatter as Srinivas
* Meeraj Shah as Nikunj Verma
* Davini Malcolm as Margaret
* Russell Williamson as Steve
* Mukesh Meckwan as Kanti

==Production==
According to Makwana, he got the initial idea of the story during a phone conversation with his father around the time of 2009 attacks on Indian students in [[Melbourne]]. His father's experiences of discrimination in India gave Makwana an idea to connect two tales and two countries.

The film was shot in Melbourne and Gujarat.

The film was inspired by Makwana's family's experience with the caste system of India, with his family being [[Untouchability|untouchable]]s in Gujarat.

===Casting===
Makwana auditioned almost three hundred actresses before casting Vidhya Makan as Maria. The process took about two and half years.

In Indian cast, Makwana used local people as well theatre artists from India for authenticity.

Makwana recruited Pragyan Patra to sing for the film after seeing her sing on the reality show "[[Voice of India]]." According to Patra, she initially auditioned for Makwana via a [[WhatsApp]] recording.<ref>"{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20181119070311/https://odishasuntimes.com/heres-how-odisha-singer-pragya-patra-auditioned-for-an-australian-movie-song/ Here's how Odisha singer Pragya Patra auditioned for an Australian movie song...]}}". Odisha Sun Times Bureau Bhubaneswar</ref>

Then-Australian senator Derryn Hinch was recruited to play a politician in the film.<ref>Byrne, Fiona (20 August 2016). "[http://www.heraldsun.com.au//entertainment//confidential//gossip-queen-the-boss-not-performing-at-the-grand-final-jobe-watson-offered-job-by-hugh-jackman-and-more//news-story//fc436bf1345e8d1511acbc951fd15933/ Gossip Queen: The Boss not performing at the Grand Final, Jobe Watson offered job by Hugh Jackman and more]". Herald Sun</ref>

===Development===
To find a location which gave the feel of real Indian village during the 1960s, producers Lorraine and Girish scouted locations for six months before settling down to shoot in the inner rural area of Kheda for purposes of authenticity.

The film was edited at Media Network Corporation Film Studios in New Zealand by Ken Khan and Post Produced by Prashanth Gunasekaran.

==Release==
The film premiered on 21 August 2016 at the Indian Film Festival in Melbourne, Australia.<ref>"[http://westender.com.au//new-film-crosses-cultural-divide/ NEW FILM CROSSES THE CULTURAL DIVIDE]". Westender. Theatre release all over Australia. 20 May 2017.</ref> It was later screened at the 15th [[Dhaka International Film Festival]] in January 2017.

===Censorship in India===
Initially, to be released in India in May 2017, the film's Indian release had to be delayed several months due to disagreements with the [[Central Board of Film Certification]] in India. The Board insisted on several changes such as removing the word achhoot (untouchable), and cutting a dialogue which described India as the "most racist country in the world."

About the censorship, Makwana commented "The fact is that untouchability (achhoot) is a part of our history and is still prevalent and it seems strange that a movie which explores caste discrimination has been asked to beep the word. I am only showing what exists.<ref>" R, Smitha (12 October 2017). "[http://www.dnaindia.com//ahmedabad//report-nrg-s-film-on-caste-divides-told-to-bleep-out-achhoot-2552263/ NRG's film on caste divides told to bleep out 'achhoot']". DNA India.</ref>

The film was finally released in India on 13 October 2017.

==Music==
The film's director and writer, Girish Makwana, composed all the film's music, utilising a real string orchestra to record the music. The film's official sound track contains six tracks.

{{Track listing
|extra_column = Artist
|headline = The Colour of Darkness
| all_writing = Girish Makwana
|title1 = Naina(Duet)
|extra1 = Madhu Madhabi Roy & Pratik Gawshinde
|length1 = 6:36
|title2 = O Piya
|extra2 = Pragya Patra
|length2 = 4:11
|title3 = Ab Pal Beete Na
|extra3 = Madhu Madhabi Roy
|length3 = 3:49
|title4 = Naina(Female)
|extra4 = Madhu Madhabi Roy
|length4 = 6:36
|title5 = Jara Thumka
|extra5 = Kanchan Kiran Mishra
|length5 = 5:12
|title6 = Naina(Male)
|extra6 = Pratik Gawshinde
|length6 = 6:36
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* '''The Colour of Darkness’ raises vital issues:''' http://www.southasiatimes.com.au/news/?p=7706
* '''Girish Makwana's ‘Colour of Darkness’ nominated for the Ozzies:'''http://www.southasiatimes.com.au/news/?p=7688

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|5717184}}
*Nayak, Shivali (3 October 2016). "[http://www.australiaplus.com//international//explore-and-experience//girish-makwana-explores-racism-from-australia-india-perspective//7861184/ Girish Makwana's film explores racism from an Australia-India perspective]". Australia plus.
*"[http://www.dhakafilmfestival.org//the-colour-of-darkness/ The Colour of Darkness]". Dhaka International Film Festival.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Colour Of Darkness, The}}
[[Category:2016 films]]
[[Category:Australian drama films]]
[[Category:2016 drama films]]
[[Category:2016 English-language films]]
[[Category:English-language drama films]]

Khambana Kao Phaba (painting)

2026-01-31T21:03:00Z

BrooksPrather: further enhance formatting per sources and added references

{{Short description|2001 Manipuri oil painting by M Betombi Singh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox artwork
| title = Khambana Kao Phaba
| painting_alignment =
| other_language_1 = English
| other_title_1 = Khamba capturing the bull{{efn|The [[Meitei language]] term for "[[bull]]" is "Kao" itself.}}
| other_language_2 =
| other_title_2 =
| image = Khambana Kao Phaba (A Meitei canvas painting by M Betombi Singh and Gopal Sharma).jpeg
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption = "Khambana Kao Phaba", the Meitei canvas painting by M Betombi Singh and Gopal Sharma
| artist = M Betombi Singh and Gopal Sharma<ref name=IGRMS>{{Cite web |title=IGRMS News (July-September 2019) |url=http://igrms.gov.in/sites/default/files/NL_2019%20-%20III%20-%20Jully_Sep_1.pdf |website=[[Indira Gandhi Rashtriya Manav Sangrahalaya]]}}</ref>
| year = {{start date|2001}} 
| completion_date = 
| catalogue =
| medium = [[Oil]] and [[Canvas]]
| movement =
| subject = [[Khuman Khamba]] and [[Kao (bull)|Kao bull]]
| height_metric = 
| width_metric =
| length_metric =
| diameter_metric =
| height_imperial = 
| width_imperial =
| length_imperial =
| diameter_imperial =
| dimensions =
| dimensions_ref =
| metric_unit = cm 
| imperial_unit = in 
| weight =
| designation =
| condition = Preserved
| museum = [[Indira Gandhi Rashtriya Manav Sangrahalaya]]
| city = [[Bhopal]]
| coordinates = 
| owner = [[Indira Gandhi Rashtriya Manav Sangrahalaya]]
| accession = [[Indira Gandhi Rashtriya Manav Sangrahalaya]]
| preceded_by = 
| followed_by = 
| module =
| website = 
}}
The {{langnf|mni|'''Khambana Kao Phaba'''|[[Khuman Khamba|Khamba]] capturing [[Kao (bull)|Kao bull]]}} is a 2001 [[Oil painting|oil canvas painting]] by [[Manipuri people|Manipuri]] artists, ''M. Betombi Singh'' and ''Gopal Sharma''.<ref name=IGRMS /> The painting shows the capture of powerful [[Kao (bull)|Kao bull]] by hero [[Khuman Khamba|Khamba]]. It is one of the most well known museum series "Exhibit of the Month" of the [[Indira Gandhi Rashtriya Manav Sangrahalaya]] in India. It was exhibited for a whole month of July, 2019.<ref name="Pioneer">{{cite web|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2019/state-editions/---khambana-kao-phaba----on-display-at-igrms.html|title='Khambana Kao Phaba' on display at IGRMS|first=The|last=Pioneer|website=[[The Pioneer (India)|The Pioneer]]|access-date=16 September 2022|archive-date=19 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210919105704/https://www.dailypioneer.com/2019/state-editions/---khambana-kao-phaba----on-display-at-igrms.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="thenortheasttoday.com">{{cite web|url=https://thenortheasttoday.com/states/manipur/khambana-kao-phaba-manipuri-traditional-painting-on-display/cid2521532.htm|title='Khambana Kao Phaba' Manipuri Traditional painting on display|date=24 July 2019|website=thenortheasttoday.com|access-date=16 September 2022|archive-date=16 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220216142047/https://thenortheasttoday.com/states/manipur/khambana-kao-phaba-manipuri-traditional-painting-on-display/cid2521532.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/traditional-manipuri-painting-khambana-kao-phaba-on-display/articleshow/70308200.cms|title=Traditional Manipuri painting 'Khambana Kao Phaba' on display|first=Shuchita|last=Jha |date=20 July 2019|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref name="Traditional Manipuri painting 'Kham">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/traditional-manipuri-painting-khambana-kao-phaba-on-display/articleshow/70357154.cms|title=Traditional Manipuri painting 'Khambana Kao Phaba' on display - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=24 July 2019 }}</ref>

== Title and subject ==
The painting shows an epic legend of [[Moirang|Ancient Moirang]] Kingdom. [[:simple:Nongban|Angom Nongban Kongyamba]], the villain, was jealous of [[Khuman Khamba]], the hero. So, he set a death-trap of Khamba. The hero was asked to capture the giant bull. But Kongyamba's dream of Khamba being killed by the bull was not fulfilled.
Khamba knew the secrecy of the bull. The bull was once the head of Khamba's father's cattle herd. During the capture, Khamba whispered his father's name to the bull's ear. He also showed a silk rope to the bull. The bull recognised Khamba. So, the wild beast was tamed.<ref name="Pioneer"/><ref name="thenortheasttoday.com"/><ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com"/><ref name="Traditional Manipuri painting 'Kham"/>

== History ==
The artwork was painted by late artist M Betombi Singh in the [[:simple:Sana Konung|Sana Konung]] Palace in [[Imphal]], [[Manipur]]. The artist was 93 years old when he completed the artwork. In 2001, the painting was registered into the permanent collection of the [[Indira Gandhi Rashtriya Manav Sangrahalaya]] Museum. After that, the artwork was visited by many well known people including RK Chaturvedi, AS&FA, [[Ministry of Culture (India)|Union Ministry of Culture of India]]. The painting was kept in Veeth Sankul indoor exhibitions and library of the museum.<ref name="Pioneer"/><ref name="thenortheasttoday.com"/><ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com"/><ref name="Traditional Manipuri painting 'Kham"/>

== Exhibition ==
In July 2019, the painting was introduced as the "Exhibit of the Month" of the Indira Gandhi Rashtriya Manav Sangrahalaya by RK Chaturvedi, AS&FA, [[Ministry of Culture (India)|Union Ministry of Culture of India]]. The exhibition was curated by Nongmaithem Sakamacha. Sakamacha was the Museum Associate of Indira Gandhi Rashtriya Manav Sangrahalaya, [[Bhopal]], India.<ref name="Pioneer"/><ref name="thenortheasttoday.com"/><ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com"/><ref name="Traditional Manipuri painting 'Kham"/>

== Other paintings ==
<gallery>
File:Manmohan Singh being presented a memento by the Governor of Manipur, Dr. S.S. Sidhu at the foundation stone laying ceremony of three projects the National Academy of Sports.jpg|[[Manmohan Singh]], the then [[prime minister of India]], being presented a memento of a painting depicting [[Khuman Khamba]] capturing the ''"Kao"'' bull, by Dr. [[Shivinder Singh Sidhu]], the then [[Governor of Manipur]] and [[Okram Ibobi Singh]], the then [[Chief Minister of Manipur]], on the occasion of the foundation stone laying ceremony of three projects, [[National Sports University|National Academy of Sports]], [[Convention Center]] and [[Manipur Institute of Technology]], in the [[Kangla]] in [[Manipur]] on the 2nd of December, 2006
File:Khamba and Thoibi (The Capture of the Wild Bull).jpg|''"Khamba and Thoibi (The Capture of the Wild Bull)"''
</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[Poubi Lai]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Cite web|url=http://www.manipur.org/news/2019/07/20/traditional-manipuri-painting-khambana-kao-phaba-on-display-times-of-india/|title=Traditional Manipuri painting 'Khambana Kao Phaba' on display|website=manipur.org|date=20 July 2019 }}

[[Category:Paintings of bullfighting]]
[[Category:Paintings of cattle]]
[[Category:Epic cycles of incarnations]]
[[Category:Meitei culture]]
[[Category:Meitei folklore in popular culture]]
[[Category:Meitei mythology in popular culture]]
[[Category:2000s paintings]]
[[Category:21st-century paintings]]
[[Category:Indian paintings]]

Hooghly Jail

2026-01-29T13:42:03Z

BrooksPrather: made a entry nd citations

{{Short description|Jail in West Bengal}}
{{Infobox prison
| name = Hooghly Jail
| image_map =
| map_size =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal
| pushpin_relief =
| pushpin_mapsize =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| pushpin_label = Hooghly Jail
| map_dot_mark =
| location = Hugli-Chuchura
| coordinates =
| status = Operational
| classification = District Correctional Home
| capacity =
| population =
| population_as_of =
| opened = 1817
| closed =
| former_name =
| managed_by = Government of West Bengal
| city = Hugli-Chuchura
| county = Hooghly district
| state = West Bengal
| country = India
| prisoners = Kazi Nazrul Islam (briefly)
}}
'''Hooghly Jail''' or the '''Hooghly District Correctional Home''', is a prison and itself a heritage building situated at [[Hugli-Chuchura]] in the [[India|Indian]] state of [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Heritage Commission, West Bengal|url=https://wbhc.in/home/place_list/NWU0MjQ3Yjc0OWEzYmI2NGVkZmZjMzZlZGIwZjc5YjEwYzdlN2ZkMDc0NmQ3YTE4ZGI4YzQwNjU5NmI3M2IxMjhiY2JiNGUzYzRlY2FjNzg1ZjBhYzg3MDZhNzMyZWVkZjdlNmEwYjYxZDViYWFhZjBlOWVjZTdmZDFlNGUyZmRJMmNnNG1IQm1reFl5S3hmNktFbTl4dXBKWjBNT055Q2oxb3Z5WG5FVDA4PQ== |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220314/https://wbhc.in/home/place_list/NWU0MjQ3Yjc0OWEzYmI2NGVkZmZjMzZlZGIwZjc5YjEwYzdlN2ZkMDc0NmQ3YTE4ZGI4YzQwNjU5NmI3M2IxMjhiY2JiNGUzYzRlY2FjNzg1ZjBhYzg3MDZhNzMyZWVkZjdlNmEwYjYxZDViYWFhZjBlOWVjZTdmZDFlNGUyZmRJMmNnNG1IQm1reFl5S3hmNktFbTl4dXBKWjBNT055Q2oxb3Z5WG5FVDA4PQ== |archive-date=2022-03-14 |url-status=live|access-date=2022-02-13|website=wbhc.in}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Hooghly district Correctional Home at Hooghly- Chinsurah 08.jpg|thumb|Hooghly Jail]]
This is one of the oldest prison center of West Bengal since [[East India Company rule]]. The jail was founded in 1817 beside the [[Hooghly River]]. Primarily the jail building was a private doweling house of a native Indian and the ration system of the jail was introduced in 1836.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Toynbee|first=George|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ygY3AQAAMAAJ&dq=hooghly+jail&pg=PA58|title=A Sketch of the Administration of the Hooghly District from 1795 to 1845: With Some Account of the Early English, Portuguese, Dutch, French and Danish Settlements|date=1888|publisher=Bengal Secretatiat Press|language=en}}</ref> During the British rule, political prisoners were kept here in solitary confinement. [[Kazi Nazrul Islam]], the [[Bengalis|Bengali]] revolutionary poet was incarcerated in a solitary cell of this jail 14 April 1923 to 17 June 1923.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Official Website of West Bengal Correctional Services, India – History Heritage|url=http://wbcorrectionalservices.gov.in/history_heritage04.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190429144000/http://wbcorrectionalservices.gov.in/history_heritage04.html |archive-date=2019-04-29 |url-status=live|access-date=2022-02-13|website=wbcorrectionalservices.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=tni|date=2015-08-31|title=HOOGHLY JAIL CLASH & FIRE: CONCERN ABOUT POET KAZI NAZRUL'S HERITAGE CELL|url=https://timesofnorth.in/2015/08/31/hooghly-jail-clash-fire-concern-about-poet-kazi-nazruls-heritage-cell/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220314/https://timesofnorth.in/2015/08/31/hooghly-jail-clash-fire-concern-about-poet-kazi-nazruls-heritage-cell/ |archive-date=2022-03-14 |url-status=live|access-date=2022-02-13|website=timesofnorth.IN|language=en-US}}{{cbignore}}</ref> He wrote a few patriotic poems while he was imprisoned at Hooghly Jail.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Muzaffar Ahmad|title=Kazi Nazrul Islam: Smritikotha|publisher=National Book Agency|year=2009|location=Kolkata|pages=171|language=Bengali}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=জেলের সেই দিন আর কবিতার দুপুর |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/editorial/kazi-nazrul-islam-was-in-berhampur-central-jail-in-his-last-lap-of-captivity-1.1095034 |access-date=9 September 2025}}</ref>

==External links==
{{commons category-inline}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{coord missing|West Bengal}}

[[Category:Prisons in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Law enforcement in West Bengal]]
[[Category:1817 establishments in British India]]
[[Category:Prisons completed in the 1810s]]

Chaudhry Aamir Sultan Cheema

2026-01-23T06:29:49Z

BrooksPrather: Refined content and updated sections

{{short description|Pakistani politician (born 1962)|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Chaudhry Aamir Sultan Cheema
| honorific-suffix =

| office = Provincial Minister of Punjab for Irrigation and Power
| term_start = 2003
| term_end = 2008
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[Parvez Elahi]]

| office2 = Provincial Minister of Punjab for Livestock and Dairy Development
| term_start2 = 1990
| term_end2 = 1993
| 1blankname2 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata2 = [[Ghulam Haider Wyne]]

| office3 = Member of the [[National Assembly of Pakistan]]
| term_start3 = 20 February 2019
| term_end3 = 4 November 2022
| constituency3 = [[NA-91 (Sargodha-IV)]]
| office4 = Member of the [[Provincial Assembly of the Punjab]]
| term_start4 = 1 June 2013
| term_end4 = 31 May 2018
| term_start5 = 9 April 2008
| term_end5 = 20 March 2013
| nationality = Pakistani
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1962|5|1|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Sargodha]], [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], [[Pakistan]]
| father = [[Anwar Ali Cheema]]
| spouse = [[Tanzila Aamir Cheema]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Ex-bureaucrats join politics |url=https://nation.com.pk/14-Mar-2017/ex-bureaucrats-join-politics |accessdate=14 August 2018 |work=The Nation |date=13 March 2017}}</ref>
| children = [[Muhammad Muneeb Sultan Cheema]]

| constituency1 =
| term_start6 = 25 November 2002
| term_end6 = 17 November 2007
| term_start7 = 18 February 1997
| term_end7 = 12 October 1999
| constituency7 = PP-28 (Sargodha-V)
| constituency4 = PP-32 (Sargodha-V)
| constituency5 = PP-32 (Sargodha-V)
| constituency6 = PP-32 (Sargodha-V)
| term_start8 = 5 November 1990
| term_end8 = 28 June 1993
| constituency8 = PP-28 (Sargodha-V)
| party =
| otherparty = [[Pakistan Muslim League (Q)|PML(Q)]] (2002-2018) [[Pakistan Muslim League (N)|PMLN]] (1993-2002) [[Islami Jamhoori Ittehad|IJI]] (1988-1993) [[Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf|PTI]] (2018-2023)
}}

'''Chaudhry Aamir Sultan Cheema''' ({{langx|ur|{{Nq|چوہدری عامر سُلطان چیمہ}}}}) is a [[Pakistani]] politician who was a member of the [[National Assembly of Pakistan]] from February 2019 until November 2022. Previously he was a Member of the [[Provincial Assembly of Punjab]], between 1988 and May 2018. He is the son of [[Anwar Ali Cheema]], a former Federal Minister of Industries and Production.

His son, [[Muhammad Muneeb Sultan Cheema]], was a member of the [[Provincial Assembly of Punjab]] from August 2018 to January 2023.

==Early life and education==
He was born on 1 May 1962 in [[Sargodha]] to [[Anwar Ali Cheema]].<ref name="pap">{{cite web|title=Punjab Assembly|url=http://www.pap.gov.pk/index.php/members/profile/en/20/888|website=www.pap.gov.pk|accessdate=15 January 2018|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619235728/http://www.pap.gov.pk/index.php/members/profile/en/20/888|archivedate=19 June 2017}}</ref>

He did his early education from Atchison College. He graduated in 1986 from Government College, Sargodha and has a degree of Bachelor of Arts.<ref name="pap" />

==Political career==

He was elected to the [[Provincial Assembly of the Punjab]] as a candidate of [[Islami Jamhoori Ittehad]] (IJI) from Constituency PP-28 (Sargodha) in the [[1988 Pakistani general election]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Previous Assemblies|url=http://www.pap.gov.pk/uploads/previous_members/L-1988-1990.shtml|website=www.pap.gov.pk|accessdate=28 February 2018|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170614204958/http://www.pap.gov.pk/uploads/previous_members/L-1988-1990.shtml|archivedate=14 June 2017}}</ref>

He was re-elected to the Provincial Assembly of Punjab from Constituency PP-28 (Sargodha) in the [[1990 Pakistani general election]]. He was inducted into the provincial Punjab cabinet of Chief Minister [[Ghulam Haider Wyne]] and was made Provincial Minister of Punjab for Livestock and Dairy Development.<ref>{{cite web|title=Previous Assemblies|url=http://www.pap.gov.pk/uploads/previous_members/L-1990-1993.shtml|website=www.pap.gov.pk|accessdate=28 February 2018|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170614213749/http://www.pap.gov.pk/uploads/previous_members/L-1990-1993.shtml|archivedate=14 June 2017}}</ref>

He was re-elected to the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab as a candidate of [[Pakistan Muslim League (N)]] (PML-N) from Constituency PP-28 (Sargodha) in the [[1997 Pakistani general election]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Previous Assemblies|url=http://www.pap.gov.pk/uploads/previous_members/L-1997-1999.shtml|website=www.pap.gov.pk|accessdate=28 February 2018|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170615005144/http://www.pap.gov.pk/uploads/previous_members/L-1997-1999.shtml|archivedate=15 June 2017}}</ref>

He was re-elected to the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab as a candidate of [[Pakistan Muslim League (Q)]] (PML-Q) from Constituency PP-32 (Sarghoda-V) in the [[2002 Pakistani general election]]. He received 47,007 votes and defeated Naveed Akram, a candidate of [[Pakistan Peoples Party]] (PPP).<ref>{{cite web|title=2002 election result|url=https://www.ecp.gov.pk/ge/ge2002vol2.pdf|publisher=ECP|accessdate=28 February 2018|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126141507/https://www.ecp.gov.pk/ge/ge2002vol2.pdf|archivedate=26 January 2018}}</ref> In January 2003, he was inducted into the provincial Punjab cabinet of Chief Minister [[Chaudhry Pervaiz Elahi]] and was made Provincial Minister of Punjab for Irrigation and Power.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Hanif|first1=Intikhab|title=25-member Punjab cabinet takes oath|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/76011|accessdate=2 April 2018|work=DAWN.COM|date=4 January 2003}}</ref>

He was re-elected to the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab as a candidate of PML-Q from Constituency PP-32 (Sarghoda-V) in the [[2008 Pakistani general election]]. He received 48,522 votes and defeated Mian Muhammad Khalid Kalyar, a candidate of PPP.<ref>{{cite web|title=2008 election result|url=https://www.ecp.gov.pk/Documents/General%20Elections%202008/Report,%20General%20Election%202008,%20Vol-II.pdf|publisher=ECP|accessdate=28 February 2018|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180105060230/https://ecp.gov.pk/Documents/General%20Elections%202008/Report,%20General%20Election%202008,%20Vol-II.pdf|archivedate=5 January 2018}}</ref>

He was re-elected to the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab as a candidate of PML-Q from Constituency PP-32 (Sargodha-V) in the [[2013 Pakistani general election]].<ref>{{cite news|title=List of winners of Punjab Assembly seats|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/429935|accessdate=18 January 2018|work=The News|date=13 May 2013|language=en|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180116081102/https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/429935|archivedate=16 January 2018}}</ref> He received 55,358 votes and defeated Malik Shoaib Awan, a candidate of PML-N.<ref>{{cite web |title=2013 election result |url=https://ecp.gov.pk/Documents/General%20Elections%202013%20report/Election%20Report%202013%20Volume-II.pdf |publisher=ECP |accessdate=4 July 2018 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180526173608/https://ecp.gov.pk/Documents/General%20Elections%202013%20report/Election%20Report%202013%20Volume-II.pdf |archivedate=26 May 2018 }}</ref>

In April 2018, he announced to quit PML-Q and join [[Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf]] (PTI).<ref>{{cite news|last1=Correspondent|first1=The Newspaper's|title=PTI to end poverty, make Pakistan a welfare state: Imran|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1403975/pti-to-end-poverty-make-pakistan-a-welfare-state-imran|accessdate=26 April 2018|work=DAWN.COM|date=26 April 2018}}</ref>

He was elected to the [[National Assembly of Pakistan]] as a candidate of PTI from Constituency [[NA-91 (Sargodha-IV)]] in by-election held in February 2019.<ref>{{cite news |title=PTI's Sultan wins NA-91 after repolling |url=https://nation.com.pk/03-Feb-2019/pti-s-sultan-wins-na-91-after-repolling |accessdate=4 February 2019 |work=The Nation |date=3 February 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="samaa-2019-02-02">{{cite news|url=https://www.samaa.tv/news/2019/02/re-polling-underway-in-sargodhas-na-91/ |title= PTI's Aamir Sultan Cheema emerges victorious after re-polling in Sargodha's NA-91|date=February 2, 2019 |publisher=Samaa Digital}}</ref>

He is a member of the National Assembly Standing Committees on Energy and Government Assurances.

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cheema, Aamir Sultan}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Punjab MPAs 2013–2018]]
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:Punjab MPAs 1988–1990]]
[[Category:Punjab MPAs 1990–1993]]
[[Category:Punjab MPAs 1997–1999]]
[[Category:Punjab MPAs 2002–2007]]
[[Category:Punjab MPAs 2008–2013]]
[[Category:Pakistan Muslim League (N) MPAs (Punjab)]]
[[Category:Pakistan Muslim League (Q) MPAs (Punjab)]]
[[Category:Pakistani MNAs 2018–2023]]

First Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy ministry

2026-01-22T15:24:02Z

BrooksPrather: Stub

{{Short description|Andhra Pradesh Council of Ministers headed by Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy (2004–2009)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox government cabinet
| cabinet_type = Ministry
| cabinet_number = 22nd
| jurisdiction = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| flag = Emblem of Andhra Pradesh before 2014.svg
| flag_border =
| incumbent =
| image = Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy in Delhi on 10 December 2008 (cropped).jpg
| image_size =125
| caption = [[Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy]]
| date_formed = 14 May 2004
| date_dissolved = 20 May 2009
| government_head = [[Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy]]
| government_head_history =
| state_head = [[Surjit Singh Barnala]] [[Sushilkumar Shinde]] [[Rameshwar Thakur]] [[N. D. Tiwari]]
| members_number =
| former_members_number =
| total_number =
| political_parties = {{Color box|{{party color|United Progressive Alliance }}|border=darkgray}} '''[[United Progressive Alliance]]'''
* {{Color box|{{party color|Indian National Congress }}|border=darkgray}} [[Indian National Congress]]
* {{Color box|{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}|border=darkgray}} [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
| legislature_status = [[Majority government|Majority]]
| opposition_cabinet =
| opposition_party = {{Color box|{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}|border=darkgray}} [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| opposition_leader = [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]] ({{small|[[List of leaders of the opposition in the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Leader of the opposition]]}})
| election = [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| last_election = [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
| legislature_term = 5 years
| budget =
| advice_and_consent1 =
| advice_and_consent2 =

| incoming_formation =
| outgoing_formation =
| previous = [[Second N. Chandrababu Naidu ministry]]
| successor = [[Second Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy ministry]]
|flag_width=125|state_head_title=[[List of governors of Andhra Pradesh|Governor]]|government_head_title=[[List of chief ministers of Andhra Pradesh|Chief Minister]]}}

The '''First Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy ministry''' (or also known as '''22nd''' '''ministry of Andhra Pradesh''') of the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]] was formed on 14 May 2004 headed by [[Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy]] as the [[List of chief ministers of Andhra Pradesh|Chief Minister]] following the [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Joji |first=K |date=June 2014 |title=DR.Y.S.RAJASEKHAR REDDY AS CHIEF MINISTER OF ANDHRA PRADESH, INDIA |url=https://ijmer.s3-ap-southeast-1.amazonaws.com/pdf/volume3-issue6(4)-2014/7.pdf |journal=International Journal of Multidisciplinary Educational Research |volume=3 |pages=1}}</ref> 24 member ministry was formed on 22 May 2004.<ref>{{Cite web |title=AP: 24 ministers in YSR's team |url=https://www.rediff.com/election/2004/may/22ap.htm |access-date=2022-05-20 |website=www.rediff.com}}</ref>

The [[Andhra Pradesh Council of Ministers|council of ministry]] was initially formed with 25 members including the chief minister. Later expanded on 26 April 2007 with 17 members taking the total number of members in the council to 41.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Andhra Pradesh cabinet expanded |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/andhra-pradesh-cabinet-expanded/articleshow/1957298.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2022-05-22}}</ref>

==Background==
Prior to 2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly elections a pre-poll alliance was formed by the [[Indian National Congress]], [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]], [[Communist Party of India]] and [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] to contest in the elections against the sole incumbent contender [[Telugu Desam Party]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/states/story/20040607-ys-rajasekhara-reddy-sworn-chief-minister-andhra-pradesh-order-sops-farmers-789753-2004-06-06|title=Andhra Pradesh CM Y.S. Rajasekhara Reddy orders free power to state farmers|website=India Today}}</ref> The pre-poll alliance succeeded in forming a new government in the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy formed a council of ministers consisting of 24 members initially and later expanding it twice once to induct the alliance partner TRS into the cabinet and several other members.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-01-27 |title=Council of Ministers |url=http://www.portal.ap.gov.in/Government/Lists/Council%20of%20Ministers/AllItems.aspx |access-date=2022-05-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090127020505/http://www.portal.ap.gov.in/Government/Lists/Council%20of%20Ministers/AllItems.aspx |archive-date=27 January 2009 }}</ref> Pre-poll partner TRS joined the government with six ministers and quit the government later citing differences due to the [[Telangana movement|Telangana issue]] with the Indian National Congress.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2004-06-16 |title=TRS to join YSR govt, finally |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/trs-to-join-ysr-govt-finally/articleshow/741509.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-02-15 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2005-07-05 |title=All but one TRS ministers quit YSR government |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/all-but-one-trs-ministers-quit-ysr-government/142614/ |access-date=2023-02-15 |website=The Financial Express |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hyderabad |first=Syed Amin Jafri in |title=Another TRS minister resigns from YSR Cabinet |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2005/jul/13trs.htm |access-date=2023-02-15 |website=Rediff |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://english.sakshi.com/news/2018/05/14/dr-ysr-became-ap-cm-this-day-in-2004 |title=Dr YSR Became AP CM This Day in 2004 |date=14 May 2018 |access-date=9 November 2022 |archive-date=22 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240622143727/http://english.sakshi.com/news/2018/05/14/dr-ysr-became-ap-cm-this-day-in-2004 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hyderabad |first=Syed Amin Jafri in |title=TRS members join Andhra Pradesh cabinet |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2004/jun/23ap.htm |access-date=2023-02-15 |website=Rediff |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2004-05-25 |title=TRS may join YSR cabinet |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/trs-may-join-ysr-cabinet/articleshow/696581.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-02-15 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Council of Ministers ==

{{Col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
;Key
* {{note label|RES|RES|RES}} Resigned from office
{{col-end}}
{| class ="wikitable"
|-
! rowspan=2 |Portfolio
! rowspan=2 |Minister
! rowspan=2 |Constituency
! colspan=2 |Tenure
! rowspan=2 colspan="2" scope="col" |Party
|-style="text-align: center;"
!Took office
!Left office
|-style="text-align: center;"
!colspan=7 |'''[[List of chief ministers of Andhra Pradesh|Chief Minister]]'''
|-style="text-align: center;"
|General Administration, Law & Order and ''Other Portfolios not allocated to a Minister.''
|'''[[Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy]]'''
|[[Pulivendla Assembly constituency|Pulivendla]]
|14 May 2004
|20 May 2009
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-style="text-align: center;"
!colspan=7 |'''Cabinet Ministers'''
|-style="text-align: center;"
|Higher Education
|'''[[Dharmapuri Srinivas]]'''
|[[Nizamabad Urban Assembly constituency|Nizamabad]]
|14 May 2004
|20 May 2009
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-style="text-align: center;"
|Home affairs, Jails, Fire services, NCC, Sainik Welfare, Film Development Corporation and Cinematography
|'''[[Satyanarayana Rao|M. Satyanarayana Rao]]'''
| [[Karimnagar Assembly constituency|Karimnagar]]
|14 May 2004
|20 May 2009
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-style="text-align: center;"
|Municipal Administration and Urban Development
|'''[[Koneru Ranga Rao]]'''
|[[Tiruvuru Assembly constituency|Tiruvuru]]
|14 May 2004
|20 May 2009
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-style="text-align: center;"
|Forests, Environment, Science & Technology
|'''[[Satrucharla Vijaya Rama Raju]]'''
|[[Parvathipuram Assembly constituency|Parvathipuram]]
|14 May 2004
|20 May 2009
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-style="text-align: center;"
|Housing, Weaker Section Housing Program, AP Cooperative Housing Societies Federation and Housing Board
|'''[[Botcha Satyanarayana]]'''
|[[Cheepurupalli Assembly constituency|Cheepurupalli]]
|14 May 2004
|20 May 2009
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-style="text-align: center;"
|Commercial Taxes
|'''[[Konathala Ramakrishna]]'''
|[[Anakapalle Assembly constituency|Anakapalle]]
|14 May 2004
|20 May 2009
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-style="text-align: center;"
|Finance, Planning, Small Savings, Lotteries and Legislative Affairs
|'''[[Konijeti Rosaiah]]'''
|[[Chirala Assembly constituency|Chirala]]
|14 May 2004
|20 May 2009
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-style="text-align: center;"
|Transport
|'''[[Kanna Lakshminarayana]]'''
|[[Pedakurapadu Assembly constituency|Pedakurapadu]]
|14 May 2004
|20 May 2009
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-style="text-align: center;"
|Revenue, Relief & Rehabilitation and Urban Land Ceiling
|'''[[Dharmana Prasada Rao]]'''
|[[Narasannapeta Assembly constituency|Narasannapeta]]
|14 May 2004
|20 May 2009
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-style="text-align: center;"
|Panchayat Raj
|'''[[J. C. Diwakar Reddy]]'''
|[[Tadpatri Assembly constituency|Tadipatri]]
|14 May 2004
|20 May 2009
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-style="text-align: center;"
|Agriculture, Agriculture Technology Mission, Horticulture, Seiculture, Rainshadow Area Development
|'''[[Raghu Veera Reddy]]'''
|[[Madakasira Assembly constituency|Madakasira]]
|14 May 2004
|20 May 2009
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-style="text-align: center;"
|Energy, Coal, Minorities Welfare, Wakf, Urdu Academy
|'''[[Mohammed Ali Shabbir]]'''
| [[Kamareddy Assembly constituency|Kamareddy]]
|14 May 2004
|20 May 2009
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-style="text-align: center;"
|Home, Jails, Fire Service, Sainik Welfare, Printing & Stationery
|'''[[Kunduru Jana Reddy]]'''
| [[Nagarjuna Sagar Assembly constituency|Nagarjuna Sagar]]
|14 May 2004
|20 May 2009
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-style="text-align: center;"
|Major & Medium Irrigation
|'''[[Ponnala Lakshmaiah]]'''
| [[Jangaon Assembly constituency|Jangaon]]
|14 May 2004
|20 May 2009
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-style="text-align: center;"
|Major Industries, Sugar,Commerce & Export Promotion
|'''[[J. Geeta Reddy]]'''
| [[Gajwel Assembly constituency|Gajwel]]
|14 May 2004
|20 May 2009
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-style="text-align: center;"
|Small Scale Industries, Khadi & Village Industries Board
|'''Gollapalli Surya Rao'''
|Allavaram
|14 May 2004
|20 May 2009
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-style="text-align: center;"
|Rural Water Supply
|'''Pinnamaneni Venkateswara Rao'''
|Mudinepalli
|14 May 2004
|20 May 2009
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-style="text-align: center;"
|Excise and Prohibition
|'''[[Jakkampudi Rammohan Rao]]'''
|Kadiam
|14 May 2004
|20 May 2009
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-style="text-align: center;"
|Women Development & Child Welfare, Disabled Welfare and Juvenile Welfare
|'''[[Nedurumalli Rajya Lakshmi]]'''
|[[Venkatagiri Assembly constituency|Venkatagiri]]
|14 May 2004
|20 May 2009
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-style="text-align: center;"
|Marketing and Warehousing
|'''M. Mareppa'''
|[[Alur Assembly constituency|Alur]]
|14 May 2004
|20 May 2009
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-style="text-align: center;"
|Mines & Geology, Handlooms & Textiles, Spinning Mills
|'''[[Sabitha Indra Reddy]]'''
| [[Chevella Assembly constituency|Chevella]]
|14 May 2004
|20 May 2009
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-style="text-align: center;"
|Cooperation
|'''[[Mohammed Fareeduddin]]'''
| [[Zahirabad Assembly constituency|Zahirabad]]
|14 May 2004
|20 May 2009
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-style="text-align: center;"
|Labour & Employment, Factories & Boilers
|'''[[Gaddam Vinod Kumar]]'''
| [[Chennur Assembly constituency|Chennur]]
|14 May 2004
|20 May 2009
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-style="text-align: center;"
|Tribal Welfare,Remote and Interior Areas Development
|'''D. S. Redya Naik'''
| [[Dornakal Assembly constituency|Dornakal (ST)]]
|14 May 2004
|20 May 2009
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-style="text-align: center;"
|
|'''[[Nayani Narasimha Reddy]]'''
|[[Musheerabad Assembly constituency|Musheerabad]]
|23 June 2004
|4 July 2005 {{ref|RES|RES|RES}}
|{{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi|shortname=TRS}}
|-style="text-align: center;"
|
|'''[[T. Harish Rao]]'''
|[[Siddipet Assembly constituency|Siddipet]]
|23 June 2004
|4 July 2005 {{ref|RES|RES|RES}}
| {{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi|shortname=TRS}}
|-style="text-align: center;"
|
|'''A. Chandra Shekar'''
|[[Vikarabad Assembly constituency|Vikarabad]]
|23 June 2004
|4 July 2005 {{ref|RES|RES|RES}}
| {{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi|shortname=TRS}}
|-style="text-align: center;"
|
|'''G. Vijayarama Rao'''
|[[Ghanpur Station Assembly constituency|Ghanpur (Station)]]
|23 June 2004
|4 July 2005 {{ref|RES|RES|RES}}
| {{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi|shortname=TRS}}
|-style="text-align: center;"
|
|'''[[V. Lakshmikantha Rao|Voditela Lakshmikantha Rao]]'''
|[[Huzurabad Assembly constituency|Huzurabad]]
|23 June 2004
|4 July 2005 {{ref|RES|RES|RES}}
| {{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi|shortname=TRS}}
|-style="text-align: center;"
|Transport
|'''[[Sanigaram Santosh Reddy]]'''
|[[Armur Assembly constituency|Armur]]
|23 June 2004
|13 July 2005 {{ref|RES|RES|RES}}
| {{Party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi|shortname=TRS}}
|-style="text-align: center;"
|Medical Education & Health Insurance
|'''[[Galla Aruna Kumari]]'''
|[[Chandragiri Assembly constituency|Chandragiri]]
|26 April 2007
|20 May 2009
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-style="text-align: center;"
|Animal Husbandry, Dairy Development, Veterinary University, Fisheries
|'''[[Mandali Buddha Prasad]]'''
|[[Avanigadda Assembly constituency|Avanigadda]]
|26 April 2007
|20 May 2009
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-style="text-align: center;"
|Health & Family Welfare
|'''Sambani Chandrasekhar'''
| [[Palair Assembly constituency|Palair]]
|26 April 2007
|20 May 2009
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-style="text-align: center;"
|Law & Courts, Technical Education and Industrial Training Institutes
|'''R. Changa Reddy'''
|[[Nagari Assembly constituency|Nagari]]
|26 April 2007
|20 May 2009
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-style="text-align: center;"
|Rural Development, NREGP, Self Help Groups
|'''[[G. Chinna Reddy]]'''
| [[Wanaparthy Assembly constituency|Wanaparthy]]
|26 April 2007
|20 May 2009
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-style="text-align: center;"
|School Education, Govt. Examinations, SCERT, Text Book Press, Residential Schools Society, Hyderabad Public School
|'''[[Damodar Raja Narasimha]]'''
| [[Andole Assembly constituency|Andole (SC)]]
|26 April 2007
|20 May 2009
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-style="text-align: center;"
|Information Technology & Communications, Youth Services and Sports
|'''[[Komatireddy Venkat Reddy]]'''
| [[Nalgonda Assembly constituency|Nalgonda]]
|26 April 2007
|20 May 2009
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-style="text-align: center;"
|Sarva Siksha Abhiyan, DPEP, Adult Education, Open Schools, Public Libraries, Jawahar Bal Bhavan, Mahila Samata Society, State Institute of Education Technology
|'''M. Hanumantha Rao'''
|[[Mangalagiri Assembly constituency|Mangalagiri]]
|26 April 2007
|20 May 2009
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-style="text-align: center;"
|BC Welfare
|'''[[Mukesh Goud]]'''
|[[Maharajgunj]]
|26 April 2007
|20 May 2009
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-style="text-align: center;"
|Roads & Buildings
|'''[[T. Jeevan Reddy]]'''
| [[Jagtial Assembly constituency|Jagtial]]
|26 April 2007
|20 May 2009
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-style="text-align: center;"
|Information& Public Relation, Cinematography, Tourism, Culture, Archaeology and Museums, Archives
|'''[[Anam Ramanarayana Reddy]]'''
|[[Rapur Assembly constituency|Rapur]]
|26 April 2007
|20 May 2009
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-style="text-align: center;"
|Endowments, Stamps & Registration
|'''J. Ratnakar Rao'''
|Buggaram
|26 April 2007
|20 May 2009
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-style="text-align: center;"
|Social Welfare
|'''[[Pilli Subhash Chandra Bose]]'''
|[[Ramachandrapuram Assembly constituency|Ramachandrapuram]]
|26 April 2007
|20 May 2009
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-style="text-align: center;"
|Food,Civil Supplies, Legal Metrology,Consumer Affairs
|'''K. Venkata Krishna Reddy'''
|[[Narasaraopet Assembly constituency|Narasaraopet]]
|26 April 2007
|20 May 2009
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-style="text-align: center;"
|Infrastructure & Investment, Ports, Airports, Natural Gas
|'''[[Mopidevi Venkataramana]]'''
| Kuchinapudi
|26 April 2007
|20 May 2009
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-style="text-align: center;"
|Vaidya Vidhana Parishad and Hospital Services
|'''[[Vanama Venkateshwara Rao]]'''
|[[Kothagudem Assembly constituency|Kothagudem]]
|26 April 2007
|20 May 2009
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-style="text-align: center;"
|Minor Irrigation, APIDC, Lift Irrigation, AP Water Resource Dev Corporation, WALAMTARI, Ground Water Development
|'''[[Maganti Venkateswara Rao]]'''
|[[Denduluru Assembly constituency|Denduluru]]
|26 April 2007
|20 May 2009
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

== See also ==
* [[Andhra Pradesh Council of Ministers]]
* [[Second N. Chandrababu Naidu ministry]]
* [[Second Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy ministry]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Andhra Pradesh ministries|Rajasekhara I]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress state ministries of Andhra Pradesh|Rajasekhara I]]
[[Category:2004 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian ministries established in 2004|Rajasekhara I]]
[[Category:Indian ministries disestablished in 2009|Rajasekhara I]]

List of leaders of the opposition in the Bihar Legislative Council

2026-01-13T00:40:22Z

BrooksPrather: started stub.

{{Short description|Bihar Vidhan Parishad Vipaksha Neta}}
{{For|Legislative Assembly|List of leaders of the opposition in the Bihar Legislative Assembly}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox political post
| post = Leader of the Opposition
| body = [[Bihar Legislative Council]]
| insignia = Bihar Government Banner.png
| insigniasize =
| insigniacaption = Seal of Bihar Government
| image = Rabri Devi presenting a cheque for Rs. 10 crore on behalf of the State Government to the Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh for the Prime Minister's National Relief Fund, in New Delhi on January 04, 2005 (cropped).jpg
| imagesize =
| incumbent = [[Rabri Devi]]
| incumbentsince = 16 February 2024
| style =
| termlength = 5 years No renewable limit
| appointer = Chair of Bihar Legislative Council
| nominator = Members of Official Opposition
| member_of = [[Bihar Legislative Council]]
| seat = [[Bihar Legislative Council|Vidhan Parishad]]
| deputy =
| residence =
| formation =
| succession =
| salary =
| inaugural =
| website =
}}

The '''leader of the opposition''' is the politician who leads the official opposition in the [[Bihar Legislative Council]]. The incumbent leader of opposition in the upper house of state legislature is [[Rabri Devi]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-09-25 |title=Navigation |url=http://www.biharvidhanparishad.gov.in/Members/GangaParsad.htm |access-date= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090925180138/http://www.biharvidhanparishad.gov.in/Members/GangaParsad.htm |archive-date=25 September 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bihar: Vijay Kumar Sinha named Leader of Opposition in Assembly |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/bihar-vijay-kumar-sinha-named-leader-of-opposition-in-assembly |access-date= |website=Free Press Journal |language=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=BJP to sit in Opposition in Bihar assembly |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/patna/bjp-to-sit-in-opposition-in-bihar-assembly/story-SGape0826XWIGPN2HWll3N.html |access-date= |website=Hindustan Times |language=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date= |title=Rabri Devi becomes opposition leader in Bihar legislative council |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/rabri-devi-becomes-opposition-leader-in-bihar-legislative-council/articleshow/64137284.cms |access-date= |issn=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Former Bihar Chief Minister Rabri Devi gets recognition as Leader of Opposition in Legislative Council |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/former-bihar-chief-minister-rabri-devi-gets-recognition-as-leader-of-opposition-in-legislative-council-2453501.html |access-date= |website=Zee News |language=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-03-18 |title=Ghulam Gaus is leader of Opp in council |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/ghulam-gaus-is-leader-of-opp-in-council/articleshow/7736440.cms |access-date= |issn=}}</ref>

== Leaders of the opposition ==
{{incomplete list|date=February 2023}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!No
!Portrait
!Name
!Constituency
! colspan="3" |Term of office
![[Chief Minister of Bihar|Chief Minister]]
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|
|[[File:Ganga Prasad in July 2018 (portrait).JPG|100x100px]]
|[[Ganga Prasad Chaurasia]]
|MLA's
|20 November 2000
|5 March 2005
|{{Ayd|20 november 2000|5 march 2005}}
|[[Rabri Devi]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|-
|
|
|[[Ghulam Ghaus (Indian politician)|Ghulam Ghaus]]
|MLA's
|18 March 2011
|19 June 2013
|{{Ayd|18 march 2011|19 june 2013}}
| rowspan="9" |[[Nitish Kumar]]
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}" |
|-
|
|[[File:The_Leader_of_Opposition,_Bihar,_Shri_Sushil_Kumar_Modi_in_New_Delhi_on_January_08_(cropped2).jpg|82x82px]]
|[[Sushil Modi]]
|MLA's
|19 June 2013
|27 July 2017
|{{Ayd|19 june 2013|27 july 2017}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|-
| colspan="4" |'''''Vacant since no opposition party had 10% seats'''''<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=RJD's Rabri Devi fails to get Opposition leader status in Bihar legislative council |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/rjd-s-rabri-devi-fails-to-get-opposition-leader-status-in-bihar-legislative-council/story-qn1m16vDbiiVHzSn5AaJ7K.html |access-date= |website=Hindustan Times |language=}}</ref>
|27 July 2017
|12 May 2018
|{{Ayd|27 july 2017|12 may 2018}}
| colspan="2" |''N/A''
|-
|
|[[File:Rabri_Devi_(cropped).jpg|94x94px]]
|[[Rabri Devi]]
|MLA's
|12 May 2018
|23 June 2020
|{{Ayd|12 may 2018|23 june 2020}}
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}" |
|-
| colspan="4" |'''''Vacant since no opposition party had 10% seats'''''<ref>{{Cite news |date= |title=Bihar: Rabri Devi all set to lose opposition leader position in Upper House |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/bihar-rabri-devi-all-set-to-lose-opposition-leader-position-in-upper-house/articleshow/76536278.cms |access-date= |issn=}}</ref>
|23 June 2020
|11 April 2022
|{{Ayd|23 june 2020|9 august 2022}}
| colspan="2" |''N/A''
|-
|
|[[File:Rabri_Devi_(cropped).jpg|94x94px]]
|[[Rabri Devi]]
|MLA's
|11 April 2022
|9 August 2022
|{{Ayd|11 april 2022|9 august 2022}}
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}" |
|-
|
|[[File:Samrat Chaudhary, Vijay Sinha, Prem Kumar (cropped).jpg|104x104px]]
|[[Samrat Chaudhary]]
|MLA's
|24 August 2022
|20 August 2023
|{{Ayd|24 august 2022|20 august 2023}}
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|-
|
|[[File:Hari sahni.jpg|75x75px]]
|[[Hari Sahni]]
|MLA's
|20 August 2023
|16 February 2024
|{{Ayd|20 august 2023|16 February 2024}}
|-
|
|[[File:Rabri_Devi_(cropped).jpg|94x94px]]
|[[Rabri Devi]]
|MLA's
|16 February 2024
|''incumbent''
|{{Ayd|16 February 2024}}
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}" |
|}
== Statistics ==
{{empty section|date=December 2025}}
== References ==

<references />

{{Current Indian opposition leaders}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Leaders of the opposition in the Bihar Legislative Council| ]]
[[Category:Bihar-related lists]]
[[Category:Bihar Legislative Council]]
[[Category:Lists of leaders of the opposition of Indian states and territories|Bihar ]]

Amisha Rawat

2026-01-05T22:12:06Z

BrooksPrather: Put up first info and citations!

{{Short description|Indian para athlete}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| nationality =
| sport = [[Paralympic athletics]]
|disability =
|disability_class =
| event =
| club =
| coach =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2003|5|20|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Rudraprayag]], [[Uttarakhand]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| retired=
| height =
| weight =
| pb =
| medaltemplates =
}}

'''Amisha Rawat''' (born 20 May 2003) is an Indian para athlete from Uttarakhand.<ref>https://olympics.com/en/paris-2024-paralympics/entries/para-athletics/all-npc/women-s-shot-put---f46</ref> She competes in the shot put F46 category. She qualified to represent [[India at the 2024 Summer Paralympics]] at [[Paris]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sportstar |first=Team |date=2024-08-14 |title=India at Paris Paralympics 2024: Complete list of 84 athletes at Paralympic Games |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/olympics/paris-paralympics-2024/news/paris-2024-india-paralympics-contingent-full-list-of-84-indian-athletes-qualified-sports-ministry-paralympic-games-news/article68512627.ece |access-date=2024-08-18 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-27 |title=India at Paris Paralympics: Athletes, history, flag bearers, schedule, medal hopefuls |url=https://www.firstpost.com/sports/india-paris-paralympics-2024-athletes-history-flag-bearers-schedule-medals-13808740.html |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-26 |title=India at Paralympics 2024: All you need to know |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/india-at-paralympics-2024-all-you-need-to-know-9534294/ |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Rawat is from Rudraprayag, Uttarakhand.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-08-27 |title=JNU's Amisha Rawat overcomes financial obstacles to qualify for Paris Paralympics |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/paralympics/story/jnu-amisha-rawat-financial-obstacles-qualify-paris-paralympics-2588981-2024-08-27 |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> She is born without a hand below her elbow. Her physical education teacher, Anil Kandwal, introduced her to para athletics and she took part in the Uttarakhand State Para Championship. She is doing her under graduation studies at Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Rawat won two gold medals in her first event at the Uttarakhand State Para Athletics Championships where she took part in 100m and 200m run.<ref name=":0" /> Later, she shifted to throws. In 2022, in her first international even at the Grand Prix of Switzerland, she won a bronze medal in javelin throw.<ref name=":0" /> Later, she represented India at the [[2022 Asian Para Games]] at [[Hangzhou, China|Huangzhou, China]].<ref name="thebridge">{{cite web|url=https://thebridge.in/asian-para-games/full-list-303-indian-para-athletes-44423|author=Deepanshu Jain|website=thebridge.in|title=Asian Para Games 2023: Full list of Indian para-athletes|date=17 October 2023 |access-date=2024-08-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Northlines |date=2024-08-18 |title=Paris2024 Paralympics {{!}} Indians who have Qualified – Full list |url=https://thenorthlines.com/paris2024-paralympics-indians-who-have-qualified-full-list/ |access-date=2024-08-18 |website=Northlines |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rawat, Amisha}}
[[Category:2003 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2024 Summer Paralympics]]
[[Category:Paralympic athletes for India]]
[[Category:Indian women shot putters]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]

Shaheen Bagh protest

2026-01-05T04:42:51Z

BrooksPrather: made a details

{{Short description|2019–20 sit-in protest in Delhi, India}}
{{pp-semi-indef}}
{{good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}{{Infobox protest
|place=[[Shaheen Bagh]], Delhi, India
|coordinates = {{coord|28|32|34|N|77|18|09|E|region:IN_type_event|display=inline,title}}
|partof=[[Citizenship Amendment Act protests]]
|image=Shaheen Bagh women protesters 15 Jan 2020.jpg
|caption=Shaheen Bagh women protesters blocking a major road (Road 13A GD Birla Marg, Shaheen Bagh - Kalindi Kunj area) in New Delhi
|date={{Unbulleted list||15 December 2019 – 24 March 2020<ref>{{cite news |title=Shaheen Bagh's 101-day protest: Timeline of sit-in against CAA |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/citizenship-amendment-act-caa-protests-delhi-up-6307305/ |access-date=19 March 2021 |work=The Indian Express |date=24 March 2020}}</ref><ref name="100days">{{cite news |last1=Bhasin |first1=Swati |title=Shaheen Bagh Anti-CAA Protesters Removed Amid Delhi Lockdown |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/delhis-shaheen-bagh-heart-of-anti-caa-protests-cleared-after-101-days-amid-lockdown-over-coronavirus-2199558 |access-date=24 March 2020 |work=NDTV |date=24 March 2020 |archive-date=24 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324023836/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/delhis-shaheen-bagh-heart-of-anti-caa-protests-cleared-after-101-days-amid-lockdown-over-coronavirus-2199558 |url-status=live }}</ref>|({{Age in years and days|month1=12|day1=14|year1=2019|month2=3|day2=24|year2=2020}})}}
|causes=Passage of the [[Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019]] and the following [[2019 Jamia Millia Islamia attack|police intervention at Jamia Millia Islamia]]
|status= Halted for [[lockdown]] related to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]]. Protest did not resume. On 7 October 2020, the Supreme Court judged that Shaheen Bagh type protests, which occupy public places indefinitely, are not allowed.
|goals= To roll back [[Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019]] (CAA) and prevent implementation of [[National Register of Citizens]] (NRC) and [[National Register of Citizens#Difference from National Population Register|National Population Register]] (NPR)
|leadfigures1=''Non-centralized leadership'' {{Efn|One of the media coordinators of the protest, Qazi Emad.<ref>{{cite news |title=Shaheen Bagh protesters will have to follow ban on gathering over coronavirus: Kejriwal |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/shaheen-bagh-protesters-will-have-to-follow-ban-on-gathering-over-coronavirus-kejriwal/story-CYhB1EkHCAknZI7Wddg8VP.html |access-date=19 March 2020 |agency=Hindustan Times |date=16 March 2020 |archive-date=19 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200319075849/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/shaheen-bagh-protesters-will-have-to-follow-ban-on-gathering-over-coronavirus-kejriwal/story-CYhB1EkHCAknZI7Wddg8VP.html |url-status=live }}</ref> One of the national conveners of the protest, Shoaib Jamai.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Gupta|first=Chahak|date=15 July 2020|title=Where are Shaheen Bagh's protesters now?|url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2020/07/15/where-are-shaheen-baghs-protesters-now|access-date=2021-03-15|website=Newslaundry}}</ref>}}
|methods=[[Sit-in]], [[Demonstration (political)|demonstrations]], [[civil disobedience]], [[hunger strike]], [[public lecture]], [[public debate]], art ([[graffiti]], [[poster]], [[scale model]], [[Political poetry|poetry]], [[storytelling]], [[street performance]], [[puppetry]])
|fined=
|arrests= 10 {{Efn|On 24 March 2020 Delhi Police detained 6 women and 3 men from the Shaheen Bagh protest site following [[COVID-19 lockdown in India|precautionary restrictions on movement related to the pandemic]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=24 March 2021|title=Shaheen Bagh protest site cleared by police as Delhi goes under coronavirus lockdown|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/delhi-lockdown-coronavirus-shaheen-bagh-protest-cleared-1658927-2020-03-24|access-date=2021-03-15|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> On 30 March 2020 three of the men arrested were released under certain conditions such as reporting to the Shaheen Bagh Police station once a week.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=30 March 2020|title=Covid-19: Delhi court grants bail to three Shaheen Bagh protestors accused of defying lockdown|url=https://scroll.in/latest/957675/covid-19-delhi-court-grants-bail-to-three-shaheen-bagh-protestors-accused-of-defying-lockdown|access-date=2021-03-15|website=Scroll.in|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=2020-03-30|title=Delhi Court grants bail to three Shaheen Bagh protesters|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/delhi-court-grants-bail-to-three-shaheen-bagh-protesters/article31203508.ece|access-date=2021-03-15|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In another incident a man was arrested for supporting the Shaheen Bagh protest online; he was granted bail after 5 months.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kakvi|first=Kashif|date=2020-12-07|title=MP: Man spends 5 months in prison for forwarding a WhatsApp post in support of Shaheen Bagh protest|url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/india/mp-man-spends-5-months-in-prison-for-forwarding-a-whatsapp-post-in-support-of-shaheen-bagh-protest|access-date=2021-03-15|website=National Herald|language=en}}</ref>}}
|injuries= 1
|fatalities= 0 {{Efn|A four month old child died; it was reported that the child caught a cold after having been exposed to the winter chill as the mother was attending the outdoor protest.<ref>{{cite news |title=Infant dies after catching cold at Shaheen Bagh, mother to return for anti-CAA protest |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/infant-dies-after-catching-cold-at-shaheen-bagh-mother-to-return-for-anti-caa-protest-1642975-2020-02-03 |access-date=16 February 2020 |work=The India Today |date=3 February 2020 |archive-date=3 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203191813/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/infant-dies-after-catching-cold-at-shaheen-bagh-mother-to-return-for-anti-caa-protest-1642975-2020-02-03 |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
|result=Unsuccessful|latitude=|map_type=India Delhi#India|title=Shaheen Bagh protest}}
A [[Nonviolent resistance|peaceful]] [[sit-in]] [[Citizenship Amendment Act protests|protest]] in [[Delhi]], India, began on 15 December 2019 and lasted until 24 March 2020. The protest was led by women who blocked a major road{{Efn|Road No 13-A, Shaheen Bagh (GD Birla Marg) - Mathura Road - Kalindi Kunj - Shaheen Bagh stretch is a border point that connects New Delhi to Noida and Faridabad.|name=|group=}} at [[Shaheen Bagh]] using non-violent resistance [[24/7 service|24×7]].<ref name=":0"/><ref name="Art of resistance"/><ref name=":9"/> Mainly consisting of Muslim women, the protest began in response to the passage of the [[Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019|Citizenship (Amendment) Act]] (CAA) on 11 December 2019 and the ensuing [[2019 Jamia Millia Islamia attack|police intervention against students at Jamia Millia Islamia]] who were opposing the Amendment. Protesters agitated against the citizenship issues of the CAA, [[National Register of Citizens]] (NRC) and [[National Population Register]] (NPR), in addition to police brutality, unemployment, and poverty, and for women's safety. The [[Delhi Police]] barricaded major roads in and around the area, affecting more than 100,000 vehicles a day and adding hours to some journeys. Following the [[North East Delhi riots]], police presence in the area temporarily increased with over 1000 personnel being assigned to Shaheen Bagh. After the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|COVID-19 outbreak in India]] and subsequent government-enforced restrictions the protest continued for several days in a more controlled manner. Following the complete [[COVID-19 lockdown in India|lockdown]] imposed in Delhi on 23 March 2020, the remaining protesters were arrested or forcefully removed from the site by the Delhi Police.

The barricaded and tented venue drew large crowds with tens of thousands of protesters participating. Some days saw over 150,000 people at the venue. The protest inspired similar copycat protests across the country, such as those in [[Gaya, India|Gaya]], [[Kolkata]], [[Prayagraj]], [[Mumbai]] and [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]].<ref name="Ameen"/><ref name="Doulatramani"/> The [[Leaderless resistance|leaderless protest]] was generally against the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) government. The blockade became a campaign issue in the [[2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly election]]s, especially for the BJP. BJP's campaign was negative towards the Shaheen Bagh protests with a number of campaigners making controversial statements such as {{Lang|hi|goli maaro}} (Shoot them). Some BJP campaigners promised to immediately remove the blockade after being voted into power and were accused by their opponents of prolonging the demonstration to agitate voters. BJP won an extra six seats as compared to the previous election while the [[Aam Aadmi Party]] retained a clear majority with 62 seats.

A number of petitions were filed to stop the blockade. The [[Delhi High Court]] refused to hear the first two pleas and on 14 January 2020 declared the blockade to be a police matter. The Delhi Police said that they would not use force to end the blockade. A third petition highlighted the difficulty faced by students with upcoming [[board examination]]s. The matter reached the [[Supreme Court of India]], which appointed three mediators to initiate conversations with the protesters regarding shifting to a location which wouldn't block a public place. In response to the batch of petitions filed against the protestors, the Supreme Court of India stated on 7 October 2020 that the "indefinite" occupation of public space for protest or expressing dissent was not acceptable.

One of the Shaheen Bagh protestors, 82-year old [[Bilkis Dadi|Bilkis]],<ref name="Lakhani"/> was listed in ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine's [[Time 100|100 most influential people of 2020]], [[100 Women (BBC)|BBC's 100 Women]] and was also named as the 'Women of the Year' in the 2021 edition of [[The 500 Most Influential Muslims|The Muslim 500]]. Delhi Police labelled [[Sharjeel Imam]] as one of the 'masterminds' of the protest. While the protest was praised for a number of reasons some commentators called it a failure with regard to the main goal of revoking CAA.

== Background ==
[[Women in India]] have been at the forefront of some of the largest and most successful resistance movements in the country such as the [[Chipko movement|Chipko Movement]] of 1973, the anti-nuclear protests in Tamil Nadu in 1980; protests following the [[Bhopal gas leak]] and the movement to [[Narmada Bachao Andolan|save the Narmada river]].<ref name=":28">{{Cite magazine|last=Nilanjana|first=Bhowmick|date=15 January 2021|title=How Women Have Changed India Through Political Protests|url=https://time.com/5765702/india-protests-women/|access-date=2021-03-19|magazine=Time}}</ref>

=== Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019 ===
{{quote box
| width = 225px
| bgcolor = #c6dbf7
| align = right
| quote = "By insinuating that we don't know anything about CAA or NRC, Modi thinks he can diminish our protest. But we are aware, we have read the Act. We also know what the constitution says."
| source = — Ghazala, 22, Shaheen Bagh protester<ref name="qz"/>
}}
[[File:No NPR CAA NRC graffiti Shaheen Bagh protests New Delhi 8 Jan 2020.jpg|thumb|220x220px|alt=Graffito of NPR-CAA-NRC in spray paint|No NPR CAA NRC graffiti at Shaheen Bagh]]

On 12 December 2019, the [[President of India]] gave assent to the [[Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019]] (CAA) following its passage in both houses of the [[Parliament of India|parliament]] on 11 and 12 December. CAA amends the [[Indian nationality law|Citizenship Act of 1955]] to grant a swifter path to Indian citizenship under the assumption of [[religious persecution]] to any individual belonging to the specific religious minorities of [[Hindus]], [[Sikhs]], [[Buddhist]]s, [[Jain]]s, [[Parsis]] and [[Christians]] from [[Afghanistan]], [[Bangladesh]] and [[Pakistan]], for those who entered India on or before 31 December 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|date=11 December 2020|title=Parliament passes the Citizenship (Amendment) Bill 2019|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1596059|access-date=9 October 2020|website=Press Information Bureau, Government of India|archive-date=14 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201014095314/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1596059|url-status=live}}</ref> However, the Act does not mention Muslims and does not offer eligibility benefits to Muslim immigrants or immigrants belonging to other religions or from other countries,<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Jaffrelot|first1=Christophe|author-link=Christophe Jaffrelot|last2=Laliwala|first2=Sharik|date=2019-12-12|title=Citizenship law, proposed nation-wide NRC will revise conception of group rights in India|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/redefining-the-republic-citizenship-amendment-bill-6162526/|access-date=2020-10-09|website=The Indian Express|language=en|quote=Indeed, the CAB would only apply to undocumented Hindus, Sikhs, [...] would become "refugees" whereas Muslims and members of other minorities, or atheists, would remain illegal.|archive-date=27 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227230644/https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/redefining-the-republic-citizenship-amendment-bill-6162526/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="MSNCAB">{{Cite web|last=Dowerah|first=Simantik|date=11 December 2019|title=Rajya Sabha passes Citizenship Amendment Bill: What is a Hindu and why are Myanmar, Nepal, Bhutan, Sri Lanka left out of CAB?|url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/newsindia/rajya-sabha-passes-citizenship-amendment-bill-what-is-a-hindu-and-why-are-myanmar-nepal-bhutan-sri-lanka-left-out-of-cab/ar-AAK0NL1|access-date=16 December 2019|website=MSN|publisher=Firstpost|archive-date=16 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216121648/http://www.msn.com/en-in/news/newsindia/rajya-sabha-passes-citizenship-amendment-bill-what-is-a-hindu-and-why-are-myanmar-nepal-bhutan-sri-lanka-left-out-of-cab/ar-AAK0NL1|url-status=live}}</ref> such as [[Sri Lankan Tamils in India|Sri Lankan Tamil refugees]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shaji |first1=K.A |title=CAA: Sri Lankan Tamil Refugees Say The New Law Has Killed Their Hopes Of Citizenship |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.in/entry/citizenship-amendment-act-sri-lankan-tamil-refugees_in_5dff246ce4b05b08bab6aff2 |access-date=28 December 2019 |work=The Huffington Post |date=23 December 2019 |archive-date=24 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191224164100/https://www.huffingtonpost.in/entry/citizenship-amendment-act-sri-lankan-tamil-refugees_in_5dff246ce4b05b08bab6aff2 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=28 December 2019|title=Missing from India's citizenship law: 100,000 Sri Lankan refugees|work=Malay Mail|agency=Thomson Reuters Foundation|url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/life/2019/12/28/missing-from-indias-citizenship-law-100000-sri-lankan-refugees/1822780|access-date=28 December 2019|archive-date=28 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228141212/https://www.malaymail.com/news/life/2019/12/28/missing-from-indias-citizenship-law-100000-sri-lankan-refugees/1822780|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Rohingya]] Muslim and Hindu refugees from [[Myanmar]], and [[Tibetan refugees in India|Buddhist refugees]] from Tibet.<ref name="WPCitizenship2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/12/13/indias-new-law-may-leave-millions-muslims-without-citizenship/|title=India's new law may leave millions of Muslims without citizenship|last1=Chaudhry|first1=Suparna|date=13 December 2019|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=18 December 2019|archive-date=16 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216141007/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/12/13/indias-new-law-may-leave-millions-muslims-without-citizenship/|url-status=live}}</ref> It is also alleged that the [[National Register of Citizens]] (NRC), which the government planned to implement for the country in 2021, could be used to deprive Muslims of Indian citizenship.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/protests-continue-tamil-nadu-against-caa-nrc-1630224-2019-12-20|title=Protests continue in Tamil Nadu against CAA, NRC|first1=Akshaya|last1=Nath|date=December 20, 2019|website=India Today|access-date=22 December 2019|archive-date=9 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200109235639/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/protests-continue-tamil-nadu-against-caa-nrc-1630224-2019-12-20|url-status=live}}</ref> The CAA–NRC issue also ignited protest against the economic crisis and economic disparities.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Chandra|first1=Abhimanyu|date=23 December 2019|title=All Modi-Shah are doing, not just CAA and NRC, is to polarise on communal lines: Yashwant Sinha|url=https://caravanmagazine.in/policy/all-modi-shah-are-doing-not-just-caa-and-nrc-is-to-polarise-on-communal-lines-yashwant-sinha|access-date=2020-01-15|website=The Caravan|archive-date=15 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115235554/https://caravanmagazine.in/policy/all-modi-shah-are-doing-not-just-caa-and-nrc-is-to-polarise-on-communal-lines-yashwant-sinha|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Shaheenbagheconomy1" /> Women's safety, rising cost of commodities, increasing unemployment and poverty also acted as catalysts for the protest.<ref name="Shaheenbagheconomy1">{{cite news|last=Venugopal|first=Vasudha|date=4 February 2020|title=Not bothered who wins Delhi elections, say Shaheen Bagh protesters|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/delhi/not-bothered-by-delhi-results-say-shaheen-bagh-protesters/articleshow/73921690.cms?from=mdr|access-date=5 February 2020|archive-date=26 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226230849/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/delhi/not-bothered-by-delhi-results-say-shaheen-bagh-protesters/articleshow/73921690.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Pal |first1=Sumedha |title=Delhi Elections: At Shaheen Bagh, Youths Erect 'Unemployment Mirror of India' |url=https://www.newsclick.in/delhi-elections-shaheen-bagh-youths-erect-unemployment-mirror-india%E2%80%99 |access-date=5 February 2020 |work=Newsclick.in |date=4 February 2020 |archive-date=5 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205162739/https://www.newsclick.in/delhi-elections-shaheen-bagh-youths-erect-unemployment-mirror-india%E2%80%99 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Shaheen Bagh ===
Scholars Kiran Bhatia and [[Radhika Gajjala]] have noted that "the location of this (Shaheen Bagh) site is critical for the anti-CAA protests for several reasons".{{Sfn|Bhatia|Gajjala|2020|p=6287}} Shaheen Bagh is located in Jamia Nagar, [[South East Delhi district|South East Delhi]], an area with a large population of Muslims from diverse backgrounds; daily labourers to rich businessmen.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Farooqi|first=Farah|date=20 January 2020|title=To better understand the Shaheen Bagh protest, we must understand the locality itself|url=https://caravanmagazine.in/politics/shaheen-bagh-locality-caa-protest|access-date=2021-03-16|website=The Caravan|language=en}}</ref>{{Sfn|Bhatia|Gajjala|2020|p=6287}} The [[Jamia Millia Islamia]] University is located nearby and getting admitted is an aspiration for students and teachers alike.{{Sfn|Bhatia|Gajjala|2020|p=6287}} Further the university has a number of community programmes in the area.{{Sfn|Bhatia|Gajjala|2020|p=6287}} So when the [[2019 Jamia Millia Islamia attack|police stormed the campus]] of the primarily Muslim university on 15 December 2019 resulting in injuries to 200 student protestors, Shaheen Bagh came out in support.<ref name="SlaterErupt" />{{Sfn|Bhatia|Gajjala|2020|p=6287}}

== The protest ==
[[File:Anti CAA NRC Shaheen Bagh New Delhi.jpg|thumb|220px|right|alt=Protesters in the freezing night of December|Protesters under a makeshift tent at the site during a night in December 2019.]]

The Shaheen Bagh protest was launched on 15 December 2019, when 10 to 15 local women began to blockade Kalindi Kunj Road (Road 13A<ref name="SarfarazVacate" />), a six-lane highway bordering the Muslim-dominated neighbourhood of Shaheen Bagh in southeast Delhi. More locals joined and it became a continuous [[sit-in]] protest.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|date=4 January 2020|title=Shaheen Bagh: The women occupying Delhi street against citizenship law - 'I don't want to die proving I am Indian'|work=BBC|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-50902909|url-status=live|access-date=2020-01-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200108140153/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-50902909|archive-date=8 January 2020|quote=They first came out on the night of 15 December - when a protest by students of Delhi's Jamia Millia Islamia university ended in clashes with the police.}}</ref><ref name=":9" /><ref>{{Cite news|author=Staff Reporter|date=2019-12-29|title=Shaheen Bagh residents brave the cold as anti-CAA stir enters Day 15|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/shaheen-bagh-residents-brave-the-cold-as-anti-caa-stir-enters-day-15/article30422794.ece|url-status=live|access-date=2020-01-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113064806/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/shaheen-bagh-residents-brave-the-cold-as-anti-caa-stir-enters-day-15/article30422794.ece|archive-date=13 January 2020|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Many of the women were [[hijab]]- and [[burqa]]-wearing Muslim homemakers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/01/shaheen-bagh-protesters-vow-fight-seek-rollback-caa-law-200115032939000.html|title=Shaheen Bagh protesters pledge to fight, seek rollback of CAA law|last1=Kuchay|first1=Bilal|date=15 January 2020|website=Al Jazeera|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115085553/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/01/shaheen-bagh-protesters-vow-fight-seek-rollback-caa-law-200115032939000.html|archive-date=15 January 2020|access-date=2020-01-15}}</ref> Elderly women also joined the protest.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Badhwar|first1=Natasha|date=17 January 2020|title=Speaking truth to power, in Shaheen Bagh and beyond|work=The Livemint|url=https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/features/speaking-truth-to-power-in-shaheen-bagh-and-beyond-11579260128955.html|access-date=23 January 2020|archive-date=18 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200118144654/https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/features/speaking-truth-to-power-in-shaheen-bagh-and-beyond-11579260128955.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Petersen |first1=Hannah Ellis |last2=Azizur Rahman |first2=Shaikh |title='Modi is afraid': women take lead in India's citizenship protests |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jan/21/modi-is-afraid-women-take-lead-in-indias-citizenship-protests |access-date=23 January 2020 |work=The Guardian |date=21 January 2020 |archive-date=22 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200122155954/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jan/21/modi-is-afraid-women-take-lead-in-indias-citizenship-protests |url-status=live }}</ref> Children and newborn babies were brought by their parents.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Salam |first1=Ziya Us |title=CAA protests: Making it count in Delhi |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/the-nation/article30544019.ece |access-date=4 February 2020 |work=The [[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] |publisher=The Hindu |date=31 January 2020 |archive-date=3 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203193315/https://frontline.thehindu.com/the-nation/article30544019.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Saaliq|first=Sheikh|date=2020-01-24|title=Muslim women occupy streets in India against citizenship law|url=https://apnews.com/article/f8c8893317519f8d3d6a9671b510ff49|access-date=2020-10-09|website=AP NEWS|archive-date=30 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230032429/https://apnews.com/article/f8c8893317519f8d3d6a9671b510ff49|url-status=live}}</ref> The protesters were supported and coordinated by more than a hundred volunteers, including students and professionals from Delhi. These volunteers organized themselves around different tasks: setting up makeshift stages, shelters and bedding; providing food, water, medicine, and access to toilet facilities; installing CCTV cameras and bringing in outside speakers.<ref>{{cite news|date=24 December 2019|title=The volunteers of Shaheen Bagh|work=The Telegraph (Calcutta)|agency=Reuters|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/the-volunteers-of-shaheen-bagh/cid/1730063|access-date=8 February 2020|archive-date=14 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210314140249/https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/the-volunteers-of-shaheen-bagh/cid/1730063|url-status=live}}</ref> Within 10 days, the peaceful protest had grown to cover nearly {{Convert|1|km|mi}} of the highway, supported by donations.<ref name="ReutersHow">{{cite news|date=25 December 2019|title=Shaheen Bagh sit-in: How Muslim women have taken the lead at Delhi CAA protest|work=India Today|publisher=[[Living Media|Living Media India]]|agency=Reuters|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/biryani-bankers-and-burqas-inside-a-sit-in-protest-on-an-indian-highway-1631297-2019-12-25|url-status=live|access-date=8 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210314140222/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/biryani-bankers-and-burqas-inside-a-sit-in-protest-on-an-indian-highway-1631297-2019-12-25|archive-date=14 March 2021|quote=...a nearly 1-kilometre (half mile) stretch of a wide, six-lane highway...}}</ref> On 2 January 2020, some volunteers including [[Sharjeel Imam]] withdrew and urged to stop the protest, fearing that its message could be hijacked by political parties with the approach of the [[2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi election]], which they felt could "tarnish the image of the movement" and raise the risk of violence.<ref name="SarfarazVacate">{{cite news |last1=Sarfaraz |first1=Kainat |title=Shaheen Bagh protest organiser calls it off, can't get people to vacate |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/parties-hijacking-shaheen-bagh-protest-says-lead-organiser-calls-it-off/story-2IyPjvbChcMMaRyFdyv0tK.html |access-date=8 February 2020 |work=The Hindustan Times |date=2 January 2020 |archive-date=7 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200107065830/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/parties-hijacking-shaheen-bagh-protest-says-lead-organiser-calls-it-off/story-2IyPjvbChcMMaRyFdyv0tK.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-01-28|title=From IIT-B to JNU to Shaheen Bagh: Who is Sharjeel Imam?|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/from-iit-b-to-jnu-to-shaheen-bagh-who-is-sharjeel-imam/story-qXNYIAkvxTlxXA3DlQHjKL.html|access-date=2021-03-17|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> However, the protesters immediately made it clear through social media that they would continue.<ref>{{cite news |title=Organiser 'Calls Off' Shaheen Bagh Anti-CAA Protest, Locals Continue Dharna |url=https://thewire.in/rights/shaheen-bagh-anti-caa-protest |access-date=8 February 2020 |work=The Wire |date=2 January 2020 |archive-date=13 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113061800/https://thewire.in/rights/shaheen-bagh-anti-caa-protest |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:ShaheenBaghProtest 26thJan2020 71stRepublicDay.jpeg|thumb|200px|left|alt=Huge crowd at Shaheen Bagh Protest|Shaheen Bagh Protest on 26 January 2020, celebrating the 71st [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day of India]].]]
With crowds attending in the thousands, the protest became one of the longest sit-in protests of this magnitude against CAA, also inspiring other similar protests across the country.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web|last=PTI|date=26 December 2019|title=Unfazed by cold, 200 women stage sit-in at Shaheen Bagh, police seek to end protest|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/unfazed-by-cold-200-women-stage-sit-in-at-shaheen-bagh-police-seek-to-end-protest-1631797-2019-12-26|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191226183717/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/unfazed-by-cold-200-women-stage-sit-in-at-shaheen-bagh-police-seek-to-end-protest-1631797-2019-12-26|archive-date=26 December 2019|access-date=2020-01-13|website=India Today|language=en|quote=Lakhs of protestors have been protesting at Delhi’s Shaheen Bagh for almost a week now.}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web|date=20 December 2019|title=Watch {{!}} Women, Homemakers Lead Protests Against CAA at Delhi's Shaheen Bagh|url=https://thewire.in/rights/watch-women-homemakers-lead-protests-against-caa-at-delhis-shaheen-bagh|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200112102246/https://thewire.in/rights/watch-women-homemakers-lead-protests-against-caa-at-delhis-shaheen-bagh|archive-date=12 January 2020|access-date=2020-01-13|website=The Wire}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Vincent|first1=Pheroz|date=13 January 2020|title=Shaheen soldiers on|work=The Telegraph (Calcutta)|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/shaheen-bagh-protest-soldiers-on/cid/1735318|url-status=live|access-date=10 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226043252/https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/shaheen-bagh-protest-soldiers-on/cid/1735318|archive-date=26 February 2020}}</ref> Its stages became prominent platforms to voice issues from which to voice issues and the protest gained support from Punjab farmers.<ref>{{cite news|date=15 January 2020|title=Sikh Farmers from Punjab Join as Anti-CAA, NRC Stir at Shaheen Bagh Enters Second Month|work=News18|agency=PTI|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/sikh-farmers-from-punjab-join-as-anti-caa-nrc-stir-at-shaheen-bagh-enters-second-month-2459455.html|access-date=5 February 2020|archive-date=5 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205152221/https://www.news18.com/news/india/sikh-farmers-from-punjab-join-as-anti-caa-nrc-stir-at-shaheen-bagh-enters-second-month-2459455.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Kamal|first=Neel|date=4 February 2020|title=Mansa farmers join Shaheen Bagh stir|work=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/amritsar/mansa-farmers-join-shaheen-bagh-stir-more-from-sangrur-to-go-today/articleshow/73922471.cms|access-date=5 February 2020|archive-date=4 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200204131233/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/amritsar/mansa-farmers-join-shaheen-bagh-stir-more-from-sangrur-to-go-today/articleshow/73922471.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> A number of protestors cited the Jamia Milia Islamia attack.<ref name="SlaterErupt">{{cite news|last1=Slater|first1=Joanna|last2=Masih|first2=Niha|date=17 December 2019|title=Protests erupt across India against new citizenship law after police storm university campus|newspaper=Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/protests-erupt-across-india-against-new-citizenship-law-after-police-storm-university-campus/2019/12/16/9ebbeae6-1ff0-11ea-b034-de7dc2b5199b_story.html|access-date=16 December 2019|archive-date=16 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216155532/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/protests-erupt-across-india-against-new-citizenship-law-after-police-storm-university-campus/2019/12/16/9ebbeae6-1ff0-11ea-b034-de7dc2b5199b_story.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The protesters also supported unions opposing the government's "anti-labour" policies.<ref>{{Cite web|title=CAA protest enters 27th day at Jamia, Shaheen Bagh|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2020/jan/09/caa-protest-enters-27th-day-at-jamia-shaheen-bagh--2087091.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113072601/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2020/jan/09/caa-protest-enters-27th-day-at-jamia-shaheen-bagh--2087091.html|archive-date=13 January 2020|access-date=2020-01-13|website=The New Indian Express|date=9 January 2020 }}</ref> [[CNN]] reported that a woman named Bahro Nisa quit her job to continue full-time protest, saying "They tried to stifle the voices of our children [...] as mothers, we decided to stand up".<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Swati|first1=Gupta|last2=Manveena|first2=Suri|last3=Julia|first3=Hollingsworth|date=15 January 2020|title=The women who have occupied a New Delhi street for a month|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/01/14/asia/shaheen-bagh-muslim-intl-hnk/index.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115095341/https://www.cnn.com/2020/01/14/asia/shaheen-bagh-muslim-intl-hnk/index.html|archive-date=15 January 2020|access-date=2020-01-15|website=CNN}}</ref> An article in ''[[Business Standard]]'' called the protest "A new kind of ''[[satyagraha]]''", noting how a girl was allowed to express her doubts on stage by explaining her dilemma of supporting the CAA while understanding its dangers.<ref name=":11">{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/shaheen-bagh-a-new-kind-of-satyagraha-with-a-fresh-grammar-of-protest-120011601102_1.html|title=Shaheen Bagh: A new kind of 'satyagraha' with a fresh grammar of protest|last1=Datta|first1=Pradip Kumar|date=2020-01-16|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2020-01-18|archive-date=18 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200118014659/https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/shaheen-bagh-a-new-kind-of-satyagraha-with-a-fresh-grammar-of-protest-120011601102_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 31 December 2019, thousands of camping protestors sang the [[Indian national anthem]] at midnight,<ref name="qz">{{Cite web|url=https://qz.com/india/1778891/delhis-shaheen-bagh-women-keep-indias-caa-nrc-protest-alive/|title=At a women-led protest site in India, Muslims navigate identity, hope, and despair|last1=Kapur|first1=Manavi|date=3 January 2020|website=Quartz India|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113061756/https://qz.com/india/1778891/delhis-shaheen-bagh-women-keep-indias-caa-nrc-protest-alive/|archive-date=13 January 2020|access-date=2020-01-13}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last1=Abbas|first1=Zafar|date=2019-12-31|title=Celebrities, activists join protesters at Shaheen Bagh to celebrate New Year|url=http://www.millenniumpost.in/delhi/celebrities-activists-join-protesters-at-shaheen-bagh-to-celebrate-new-year-393726|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113061800/http://www.millenniumpost.in/delhi/celebrities-activists-join-protesters-at-shaheen-bagh-to-celebrate-new-year-393726|archive-date=13 January 2020|access-date=2020-01-13|website=Millennium Post|language=en}}</ref> on what was reportedly Delhi's second-coldest night in the previous 100 years.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last1=Bakshi|first1=Asmita|date=2020-01-02|title=Portraits of resilience: the new year in Shaheen Bagh|url=https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/features/portraits-of-resilience-the-new-year-in-shaheen-bagh-11577952208794.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113064807/https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/features/portraits-of-resilience-the-new-year-in-shaheen-bagh-11577952208794.html|archive-date=13 January 2020|access-date=2020-01-13|website=Livemint|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/delhi-news/protesters-usher-in-new-year-2020-at-delhis-shaheen-bagh-with-national-anthem-2157039|title=Protesters Usher In New Year At Delhi's Shaheen Bagh With National Anthem|last1=Dwivedi|first1=Sukirti|date=1 January 2020|editor-last=Achom|editor-first=Debanish|website=NDTV|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200102195537/https://www.ndtv.com/delhi-news/protesters-usher-in-new-year-2020-at-delhis-shaheen-bagh-with-national-anthem-2157039|archive-date=2 January 2020|access-date=2020-01-13}}</ref> The protest had one of its largest crowds on 12 January 2020; TIME reported over 150,000.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/biggest-crowd-at-shaheen-bagh-since-protest-began-4-weeks-ago/story-GamD6VlWuKa36kuxIWMLHI.html|title=Biggest crowd at Shaheen Bagh since protest began 4 weeks ago|last1=Sarfaraz|first1=Kainat|date=2020-01-13|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113084540/https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/biggest-crowd-at-shaheen-bagh-since-protest-began-4-weeks-ago/story-GamD6VlWuKa36kuxIWMLHI.html|archive-date=13 January 2020|access-date=2020-01-13}}</ref><ref name=":28" /> On 26 January, the 71st [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day of India]], over 100,000 people assembled at the protest site.<ref>{{cite news |title=Amid Anti-CAA Protests, Thousands Join Flag Hoisting At Shaheen Bagh on Republic Day |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z1_kkY8P92s |access-date=3 February 2020 |work=The Quint |date=26 January 2020 |archive-date=14 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210314140511/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z1_kkY8P92s |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Gandhiok|first=Jasjeev|date=27 January 2020|title=Away from Rajpath, Shaheen Bagh 'celebrates the Republic'|work=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/away-from-rajpath-shaheen-bagh-celebrates-the-republic/articleshow/73647291.cms|access-date=3 February 2020|archive-date=27 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127020737/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/away-from-rajpath-shaheen-bagh-celebrates-the-republic/articleshow/73647291.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The flag was hoisted by three local elderly women who became known as "Shaheen Bagh ''dadis''" ("[[Grandparent|grandmother]]" in Urdu) during the protest and by the mother of [[Suicide of Rohith Vemula|Rohith Vemula]].<ref>{{cite news |title=CAA protesters celebrate Republic Day all across India in their own unique way |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/caa-protests-republicday-india-shaheenbagh-kerala-1640391-2020-01-27 |access-date=3 February 2020 |work=The India Today |date=27 January 2020 |archive-date=3 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203224344/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/caa-protests-republicday-india-shaheenbagh-kerala-1640391-2020-01-27 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=In Photos: Republic Day at Shaheen Bagh |url=https://thewire.in/rights/in-photos-republic-day-at-shaheen-bagh |access-date=3 February 2020 |work=The Wire |date=27 January 2020 |archive-date=3 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203224341/https://thewire.in/rights/in-photos-republic-day-at-shaheen-bagh |url-status=live }}</ref> This included [[Bilkis Dadi|Bilquis]], Asma and Sarwari.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2020-01-26|title=Thousands of anti-CAA protesters celebrate 71st Republic Day at Delhi's Shaheen Bagh, unfurl tricolour|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/north-and-central/thousands-of-anti-caa-protesters-celebrate-71st-republic-day-at-delhis-shaheen-bagh-unfurl-tricolour-798345.html|access-date=2021-03-17|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Kuchay|first=Bilal|date=2020-01-26|title='Fight for India's soul': Protests mark Republic Day celebrations|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/01/india-soul-protests-mark-republic-day-celebrations-200126140155387.html|access-date=2020-01-26|website=AlJazeera|language=en-US|archive-date=27 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127055830/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/01/india-soul-protests-mark-republic-day-celebrations-200126140155387.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The protesters extended an invitation to the Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] to come and celebrate the Valentine's Day with heart-shaped cardboard banners.<ref>{{Cite web|date=14 February 2020|title=Shaheen Bagh Protesters' Valentine's Day Invitation To PM Narendra Modi|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/shaheen-bagh-protesters-valentines-day-invitation-to-pm-narendra-modi-2179978|access-date=2020-10-09|website=NDTV|archive-date=19 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200719182456/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/shaheen-bagh-protesters-valentines-day-invitation-to-pm-narendra-modi-2179978|url-status=live}}</ref> A small health camp was also set up beside the camped protesters. Doctors and nurses along with medical students from different medical institutes and hospitals joined as volunteers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/at-shaheen-bagh-anti-caa-stir-protesters-brave-biting-cold-24x7/story-gtSvJGXOycR6kq8tJ7kxwN.html|title=At Shaheen Bagh anti-CAA stir, protesters brave biting cold 24x7|date=2020-12-29|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2020-01-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113133807/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/at-shaheen-bagh-anti-caa-stir-protesters-brave-biting-cold-24x7/story-gtSvJGXOycR6kq8tJ7kxwN.html|archive-date=13 January 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="humansOfShaheenbagh" /> A group of Sikh farmers also came and set up a ''langer'' (free community kitchen) in the area.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/sikh-farmers-from-punjab-come-to-cheer-shaheen-bagh-women-cook-langar-2164508|title=Sikh Farmers From Punjab Come To Cheer Shaheen Bagh Women, Cook Langar|last1=Rawat|first1=Gargi|date=15 January 2020|editor-last=Sanyal|editor-first=Anindita|website=NDTV|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115135957/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/sikh-farmers-from-punjab-come-to-cheer-shaheen-bagh-women-cook-langar-2164508|archive-date=15 January 2020|access-date=2020-01-15}}</ref>
{{OSM Location map
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| caption = Interactive map of locations of the Shaheen Bagh protest.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lalwani |first1=Vijayta |title=The road that opened near Shaheen Bagh had been blocked by Delhi police, not protestors |url=https://scroll.in/article/954072/the-road-that-opened-near-shaheen-bagh-had-been-blocked-by-delhi-police |access-date=11 February 2021 |work=The Scroll |date=24 February 2020 |archive-date=29 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129133656/https://scroll.in/article/954072/the-road-that-opened-near-shaheen-bagh-had-been-blocked-by-delhi-police |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Paras |title=Shaheen Bagh road closure: Cops have their reasons |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/shaheen-bagh-road-closure-cops-have-their-reasons/articleshow/74232949.cms |access-date=11 February 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=21 February 2020 |archive-date=23 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200223082200/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/shaheen-bagh-road-closure-cops-have-their-reasons/articleshow/74232949.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Pan and zoom the map and click on points for more details and images.{{flatlist|
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The barricaded area was visited by numerous politicians such as [[Indian National Congress]] leaders [[Mani Shankar Aiyar]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/mani-shankar-aiyar-addresses-protestors-at-shaheen-bagh-makes-contentious-remarks/articleshow/73262003.cms|title=Mani Shankar Aiyar addresses protestors at Shaheen Bagh, makes contentious remarks|date=15 January 2020|website=The Times of India|language=en|agency=ANI|access-date=2020-01-15}}</ref> and [[Shashi Tharoor]];<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|date=13 January 2020|agency=PTI|title=Anti-CAA stir: Inter-faith prayer to uphold values of Preamble as Shaheen Bagh protest nears month|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2020/jan/13/anti-caa-stir-inter-faith-prayer-to-uphold-values-of-preamble-as-shaheen-bagh-protest-nears-month-2088707.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113064809/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2020/jan/13/anti-caa-stir-inter-faith-prayer-to-uphold-values-of-preamble-as-shaheen-bagh-protest-nears-month-2088707.html|archive-date=13 January 2020|access-date=2020-01-13|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> social activists [[Chandrashekhar Azad Ravan|Chandrashekhar Azad]],<ref>{{cite news|last1=Shukla|first1=Saurabh|date=23 January 2020|title="Women Fighting For India": Chandrashekhar Azad's Message At Shaheen Bagh|work=NDTV|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/women-fighting-for-india-chandrashekhar-azads-message-at-shaheen-bagh-2168200|access-date=23 January 2020|archive-date=22 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200122234249/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/women-fighting-for-india-chandrashekhar-azads-message-at-shaheen-bagh-2168200|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Umar Khalid]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-14|editor-last=Singh|editor-first=Prashasti|title=Former JNU student Umar Khalid arrested in connection with North-East Delhi riots|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/umar-khalid-/story-lj2XPxkP50PNZ10oHIlACI.html|access-date=2021-03-17|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> and [[Jignesh Mevani|Jigesh Mevani]];<ref name=":1" /> and celebrities such as [[Mohammed Zeeshan Ayyub]].<ref name=":2" /> On 14 February 2020, filmmaker [[Anurag Kashyap]] visited Shaheen Bagh and delivered a speech.<ref name="kashyap">{{cite news |title=Shaheen Bagh Protesters Pay Homage to Pulwama Martyrs, Anurag Kashyap Chips In |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/shaheen-bagh-protesters-pay-homage-to-pulwama-martyrs-anurag-kashyap-chips-in-2501579.html |access-date=14 February 2020 |work=The News18 |date=14 February 2020 |archive-date=15 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215170914/https://www.news18.com/news/india/shaheen-bagh-protesters-pay-homage-to-pulwama-martyrs-anurag-kashyap-chips-in-2501579.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Shaheen Bagh too pays homage to the Pulwama martyrs |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u0u3ucNqJhk |access-date=14 February 2020 |work=The NDTV India |publisher=YouTube |date=14 February 2020 |archive-date=8 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200408213540/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u0u3ucNqJhk&gl=US&hl=en |url-status=live }}</ref> On the same day, the anniversary of the [[2019 Pulwama attack]], the protestors paid homage to the 40 [[Central Reserve Police Force]] personnel martyred in the attack, a suicide bombing attack by terrorists.<ref>{{cite news |title=Shaheen Bagh protestors pay tribute to Pulwama martyrs |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v6jgBRsGils |access-date=14 February 2020 |work=The Times Now |publisher=YouTube |date=14 February 2020 |archive-date=25 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200325150011/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v6jgBRsGils&gl=US&hl=en |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Shaheen Bagh protestors pay homage to Pulwama martyrs, Anurag Kashyap chips in |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/shaheen-bagh-protestors-pay-homage-to-pulwama-martyrs-anurag-kashyap-chips-in/1734737 |access-date=14 February 2020 |work=The Outlook |date=14 February 2020 |archive-date=2 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200302164119/https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/shaheen-bagh-protestors-pay-homage-to-pulwama-martyrs-anurag-kashyap-chips-in/1734737 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Union Home Minister [[Amit Shah]] sent an open invitation for talks to the elderly Shaheen Bagh protestors.<ref>{{Cite web|date=17 February 2020|title=Is Amit Shah scared of Shaheen Bagh Dadis?|url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/flick-past/is-amit-shah-scared-of-shaheen-bagh-dadis|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200719173822/https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/flick-past/is-amit-shah-scared-of-shaheen-bagh-dadis|archive-date=19 July 2020|access-date=22 August 2020|website=National Herald}}</ref> However, a crowd of protestors who marched towards the Union Minister's residence for talks was stopped by the [[Delhi Police]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=16 February 2020|agency=ANI|title=Shaheen Bagh protesters march to meet Amit Shah, stopped by police|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/shaheen-bagh-protesters-march-to-meet-amit-shah-stopped-by-police/articleshow/74161816.cms|access-date=2020-10-09|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=8 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200908024234/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/shaheen-bagh-protesters-march-to-meet-amit-shah-stopped-by-police/articleshow/74161816.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

Some protesters kept a [[hunger strike]]. Zainul Abidin, a 29-year-old social activist and businessman from Jamia Nagar, had been on hunger strike since the protest started on 15 December 2019 and continued it into 2020.<ref name="hunger strike">{{cite news |last1=Kaur |first1=Pawanjyot |last2=Dhoundiyal |first2=Brijmohan |title=Meet the Anti-CAA Protesters On Hunger Strike at Shaheen Bagh |url=https://thewire.in/rights/watch-meet-the-anti-caa-protesters-on-hunger-strike-at-shaheen-bagh |access-date=10 February 2020 |work=The WIre |date=15 January 2020 |archive-date=27 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200227011506/https://thewire.in/rights/watch-meet-the-anti-caa-protesters-on-hunger-strike-at-shaheen-bagh |url-status=live }}</ref> 50-year-old social activist Mehroneesha began a hunger strike on 1 January 2020.<ref name="hunger strike"/> Both stated that they were motivated by police brutality on the students of JMI along with perceived injustices of CAA-NRC.<ref>{{cite news |title=Meet the Two Protestors on Hunger Strike Against CAA |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NEQIxzKSEgY |access-date=10 February 2020 |work=The Wire |publisher=YouTube |date=14 January 2020 |archive-date=14 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210314140521/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NEQIxzKSEgY |url-status=live }}</ref> Abidin stated concern for his two sisters who were studying in Jamia, as police reportedly entered the toilets of the institute and beat the female students.<ref>{{cite news |title=Jamia ground report: Police entered mosque, beat up imam and me, claims former armyman |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/jamia-ground-report-police-entered-mosque-beat-up-imam-and-me-claims-former-armyman-1628843-2019-12-17 |access-date=10 February 2020 |work=The India Today |date=17 December 2019 |archive-date=27 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200227115327/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/jamia-ground-report-police-entered-mosque-beat-up-imam-and-me-claims-former-armyman-1628843-2019-12-17 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='Cops Entered Bathrooms, Libraries and Beat up Girls': Jamia Students Recount Sunday Night Horror |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/cops-entered-bathrooms-libraries-and-beat-up-girls-jamia-students-recount-sunday-night-horror-2425629.html |access-date=10 February 2020 |work=The News18 |date=16 December 2019 |archive-date=25 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125165928/https://www.news18.com/news/india/cops-entered-bathrooms-libraries-and-beat-up-girls-jamia-students-recount-sunday-night-horror-2425629.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Abidin was hospitalised and ended a 42-day hunger strike on 26 January 2020.<ref>{{cite news|date=26 January 2020|title=Delhi Congress President Subhash Chopra meets man on hunger strike at Shaheen Bagh|work=The Business Standard|agency=ANI|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/delhi-congress-president-subhash-chopra-meets-man-on-hunger-strike-at-shaheen-bagh-120012600063_1.html|url-status=live|access-date=10 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200126132017/https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/delhi-congress-president-subhash-chopra-meets-man-on-hunger-strike-at-shaheen-bagh-120012600063_1.html|archive-date=26 January 2020}}</ref>{{clear}}

== Protest art ==
{{Multiple image
| image1 = 35 feet high map of India made from 2.5 tons of iron by Pawan Shukla & Veer Chandra.jpg
| image2 = Name of those killed in anti-caa protests on an India Gate artwork at Shaheen Bagh 11 Jan 2020.jpg
| image3 = TankFacingBoatof HumDekhenge.jpeg
| image4 = Fatima Sheikh Savitribai Phule temporary library at a bus stop at Shaheen Bagh protest.jpg
| image5 = Cropped visual of wall art at Shaheen Bagh protests 7 Feb 2020 (cropped).jpg
| total_width = 450
| perrow = 2/2
| footer = {{bulleted list
| Top left: A photo wall by JMI students; in background, an iron welded map of India built by protestors inscribed with a rejection of CAA-NRC-NPR
| Top right: [[India Gate]] mockup with [[Citizenship Amendment Act protests#Casualties|names of those killed in anti-CAA protests]]
| Bottom left: Art depicting state oppression
| Bottom right: A bus stop converted into a library named after [[Fatima Sheikh]] and [[Savitribai Phule]]
| Bottom: A mural at Shaheen Bagh made during the protests. Visible— [[Preamble to the Constitution of India|words from the Preamble]], crescent moon symbolism, (transl.) long live revolution for love, [[Constitution of India]], Shaheen Bagh's dadis (grandmothers), [[Shaheen falcon]], [[Flag of India|India's tricolours]] (saffron, white, green), (transl.) brave, proud and free woman text; [[Doves as symbols|peace and freedom sybolism]]
}}
| align =
| direction = horizontal
}}
Shaheen Bagh protestors and volunteers utilized [[protest art]] extensively.<ref name="Art of resistance" /> The protest area was covered in murals, [[graffiti]], posters and banners.<ref name="Art of resistance">{{Cite web|last1=Venkataramakrishnan|first1=Rohan|date=1 January 2020|title=The Art of Resistance: Ringing in the new year with CAA protesters at Delhi's Shaheen Bagh|url=https://scroll.in/article/948440/the-art-of-resistance-ringing-in-the-new-year-with-anti-caa-protesters-at-shaheen-bagh|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200106094833/https://scroll.in/article/948440/the-art-of-resistance-ringing-in-the-new-year-with-anti-caa-protesters-at-shaheen-bagh|archive-date=6 January 2020|access-date=2020-01-13|website=Scroll.in|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/features/the-old-guard-meet-the-elderly-protesters-of-zakir-nagar-and-shaheen-bagh-11578659942897.html|title=The old guard: meet the elderly protesters of Zakir Nagar and Shaheen Bagh|last1=Bakshi|first1=Asmita|date=2020-01-10|website=Livemint|language=en|access-date=2020-01-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113064808/https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/features/the-old-guard-meet-the-elderly-protesters-of-zakir-nagar-and-shaheen-bagh-11578659942897.html|archive-date=13 January 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> A number of [[scale model]]s were installed, including one of a [[Detention centres in Assam|detention camp]], symbolically depicting those used as a consequence of the [[National Register of Citizens for Assam|NRC in Assam]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mukhaerjee |first1=Paroma |title=Shaheen Bagh's revolution highway |url=https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/features/shaheen-bagh-s-revolution-highway-11580373131891.html |access-date=4 February 2020 |work=The Live Mint |date=30 January 2020 |archive-date=4 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200204001851/https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/features/shaheen-bagh-s-revolution-highway-11580373131891.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=NRC and story of how Assam got detention centres for foreigners |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/nrc-story-how-assam-got-detention-centres-for-foreigners-1631835-2019-12-27 |access-date=4 February 2020 |work=The India Today |date=27 December 2019 |archive-date=27 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227070631/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/nrc-story-how-assam-got-detention-centres-for-foreigners-1631835-2019-12-27 |url-status=live }}</ref> A miniature replica of [[India Gate]] bore the [[Citizenship Amendment Act protests#Casualties|names of those killed during the anti-CAA protests]] across India. Protestors built a {{convert|40|ft|m|0|order=flip|adj=mid|-high}} iron welded structure in the shape of India, painted with the message {{Lang|hi|Hum Bharat ke log CAA-NPR-NRC nahi maante}} (We the people of India reject CAA-NPR-NRC).<ref>{{Cite web|last=Abbas|first=Zafar|date=2020-01-17|title=35 feet 'Giant India map' comes up at Shaheen Bagh|url=http://www.millenniumpost.in/delhi/35-feet-giant-india-map-comes-up-at-shaheen-bagh-396178|access-date=2021-03-20|website=Millennium Post|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/the-colourful-dissent-when-shaheen-bagh-jamia-become-a-canvas-for-protest-6223028/|title=The colourful dissent: When Shaheen Bagh, Jamia become a canvas for protest|last1=Beg|first1=Sahil M|date=18 January 2020|website=The Indian Express|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-18|archive-date=18 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200118133231/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/the-colourful-dissent-when-shaheen-bagh-jamia-become-a-canvas-for-protest-6223028/|url-status=live}}</ref> Hundreds of paper boats with the words of ''[[Hum Dekhenge]]'' (We will witness), a poem of resistance, were arranged as a heart and dwarfed by a tank representing state oppression.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kataria |first1=Meenu |title=Different Faiths, One Voice: How Shaheen Bagh Protests Captured India's True Spirit Of 'Oneness' |url=https://www.scoopwhoop.com/news/shaheen-bagh-protests-captured-indias-true-spirit/ |access-date=4 February 2020 |work=The Scoop Whoop |date=13 January 2020 |archive-date=4 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200204003416/https://www.scoopwhoop.com/news/shaheen-bagh-protests-captured-indias-true-spirit/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="humansOfShaheenbagh"/> Posters proclaimed that the protesters were a bouquet, and not the [[Nelumbo nucifera|lotus]], the symbol of the ruling [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref name=":17">{{Cite web|last1=|first1=|date=23 January 2020|title=The Art of Resistance: Delhi's Shaheen Bagh has turned into an open air art gallery|url=https://scroll.in/article/950720/the-art-of-resistance-delhis-shaheen-bagh-has-turned-into-an-open-air-art-gallery|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200126060924/https://scroll.in/article/950720/the-art-of-resistance-delhis-shaheen-bagh-has-turned-into-an-open-air-art-gallery|archive-date=26 January 2020|access-date=2020-01-26|website=Scroll.in}}</ref>

Volunteers contributing to this [[outsider art]] included students from [[Delhi University]], JMI, [[Jadavpur University]] and [[University of Hyderabad]]. A reading area called "Read for Revolution" had been set up with hundreds of crowd-sourced books as well as writing materials,<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|last1=Ajmal|first1=Anam|date=11 January 2020|title=Delhi: Shaheen Bagh juniors draw attention to CAA|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/shaheen-bagh-juniors-draw-attention-to-caa/articleshow/73196513.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200112211859/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/shaheen-bagh-juniors-draw-attention-to-caa/articleshow/73196513.cms|archive-date=12 January 2020|access-date=2020-01-13|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thecitizen.in/index.php/en/NewsDetail/index/7/18148/Shaheen-Bagh-Kids-and-Jamia-Students-Make-Space-for-Art-Reading-and-Revolution|title=Shaheen Bagh Kids and Jamia Students Make Space for Art, Reading and Revolution|last1=Thakur|first1=Jyoti|date=11 January 2020|website=The Citizen|language=en-US|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113064823/https://www.thecitizen.in//index.php/en/newsdetail/index/7/18148/shaheen-bagh-kids-and-jamia-students-make-space-for-art-reading-and-revolution|archive-date=13 January 2020|access-date=2020-01-13}}</ref> drawing allusions to the JMI attack in which police forced themselves into the university's library and assaulted those inside.<ref name=":11" /> On 17 January, a bus stop was converted into a library named after [[Fatima Sheikh]] and [[Savitribai Phule]], which provided material on the country's constitution, revolution, racism, fascism, oppression and various social issues.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ameen |first1=Furquan |title=The Library at Shaheen Bagh |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/delhi/the-fatima-sheikh-savitribai-phule-library-has-been-set-up-at-shaheen-bagh-on-17-january-2020-the-fourth-death-anniversary-of-rohith-vemula/cid/1737477 |access-date=23 January 2020 |work=The Telegraph (Cacutta) |date=20 January 2020 |archive-date=21 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200121114953/https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/delhi/the-fatima-sheikh-savitribai-phule-library-has-been-set-up-at-shaheen-bagh-on-17-january-2020-the-fourth-death-anniversary-of-rohith-vemula/cid/1737477 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Speeches, lectures and ''[[Urdu poetry|shayari]]'' poetry readings took place.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Chakrabarti|first1=Samrat|date=31 December 2019|title=Shaheen Bagh Heralds a New Year With Songs of Azaadi|url=https://thewire.in/rights/delhi-shaheen-bagh-anti-caa-protest|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200101131334/https://thewire.in/rights/delhi-shaheen-bagh-anti-caa-protest|archive-date=1 January 2020|access-date=2020-01-13|website=The Wire}}</ref> Lines of poetry and ''[[nazm]]'' of revolutionary poets such as [[Faiz Ahmad Faiz]], [[Pash]], [[Habib Jalib]], [[Muhammad Iqbal]] and [[Ramdhari Singh Dinkar]] were recited.<ref name=":3" /> Inter-faith prayers were held.<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite web|last1=Roy|first1=Divyanshu Dutta|date=13 January 2020|title=Massive Crowd, Multi-Faith Prayer At CAA Protest In Delhi's Shaheen Bagh|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/multi-faith-prayer-in-delhi-as-shaheen-baghs-caa-protest-nears-week-5-2162911|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113064809/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/multi-faith-prayer-in-delhi-as-shaheen-baghs-caa-protest-nears-week-5-2162911|archive-date=13 January 2020|access-date=2020-01-13|website=NDTV}}</ref> Scriptures from the [[Bhagavad Gita|Geeta]], the [[Bible]], and the [[Quran]] were read, and [[Gurbani]] was held.<ref name=":4" /> Many street peddlers came to the site, including balloon vendors and ''chaatwallas'' (people cooking [[chaat]] from carts), giving the area a "lightness of festivity".<ref name=":11" /> Nearby eating establishments in Shaheen Bagh saw an influx of people with an increase in political conversations.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Ramani|first1=Priya|date=2020-01-30|title=Adda and lemon tea at Shaheen Bagh|url=https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/features/adda-and-lemon-tea-at-shaheen-bagh-11580364841235.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200130094523/https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/features/adda-and-lemon-tea-at-shaheen-bagh-11580364841235.html|archive-date=30 January 2020|access-date=2020-01-30|website=Livemint|language=en}}</ref>

At the main protest tent in Shaheen Bagh, between 2 and 8 February 2020, a musical and cultural event called 'Artists Against Communalism' was held in solidarity with anti-CAA protest. Performers included [[Shubha Mudgal]], [[T. M. Krishna]], [[Madan Gopal Singh]], [[Prateek Kuhad]] and [[Anushka Manchanda]],<ref name="artists at Shaheenbagh">{{cite news|last1=Das|first1=Aritry|date=7 February 2020|title=Shubha Mudgal To Rapper Sumit Roy: When A Common Cause Makes Them Perform At Shaheen Bagh|work=The Outlook India|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-subha-mudgal-to-rapper-sumit-roy-when-a-common-cause-make-them-perform-at-shaheen-bagh/346916|url-status=live|access-date=9 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200208201639/https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-subha-mudgal-to-rapper-sumit-roy-when-a-common-cause-make-them-perform-at-shaheen-bagh/346916|archive-date=8 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=6 February 2020|title=Prateek Kuhad and many other artists perform in Shaheen Bagh in solidarity with anti-CAA protest|work=The National Herald (India)|url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/india/prateek-kuhad-and-many-other-artists-perform-in-shaheen-bagh-in-solidarity-with-anti-caa-protest|url-status=live|access-date=9 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200301170957/https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/india/prateek-kuhad-and-many-other-artists-perform-in-shaheen-bagh-in-solidarity-with-anti-caa-protest|archive-date=1 March 2020}}</ref> and musical groups [[Advaita (band)|Advaita]], [[Peter Cat Recording Co.]] and [[Music of Rajasthan|Rajasthani folk]] troupe Kutle Khan.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Stars and Artists Line Up for Spontaneous Festival at Shaheen Bagh|url=https://thewire.in/rights/stars-artists-caa-protest-shaheen-bagh-festival|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200204111552/https://thewire.in/rights/stars-artists-caa-protest-shaheen-bagh-festival|archive-date=4 February 2020|access-date=2020-02-04|website=The Wire}}</ref><ref name="PrateekKuhad">{{Cite web|title=Prateek Kuhad Singing at the Shaheen Bagh Protest was Solidarity, Not a Free Concert|url=https://www.news18.com/news/buzz/prateek-kuhad-singing-at-the-shaheen-bagh-protest-was-solidarity-not-a-free-concert-2489065.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200206124337/https://www.news18.com/news/buzz/prateek-kuhad-singing-at-the-shaheen-bagh-protest-was-solidarity-not-a-free-concert-2489065.html|archive-date=6 February 2020|access-date=2020-02-06|website=News18|date=6 February 2020 }}</ref> Mudgal performed the song "''Hamari Khwaishon ka Naam Inquilab Hain''" (My dream is my revolution) and "''Main nahin janta, main nahin manta''" (I refuse to acknowledge, I refuse to accept) by [[Habib Jalib]].<ref name="artists at Shaheenbagh" /><ref>{{cite news|date=7 February 2020|title=Watch: Singer Shubha Mudgal joins CAA protest at Shaheen Bagh, sings Habib Jalib's 'Dastur'|work=The Scroll|url=https://scroll.in/video/952416/watch-singer-shubha-mudgal-joins-caa-protest-at-shaheen-bagh-sings-habib-jalibs-dastur|url-status=live|access-date=9 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200208193159/https://scroll.in/video/952416/watch-singer-shubha-mudgal-joins-caa-protest-at-shaheen-bagh-sings-habib-jalibs-dastur|archive-date=8 February 2020}}</ref> Rapper Sumit Roy performed his viral rap music "''Poorna Swaraj''" (Complete freedom) and poet Amir Aziz recited "''Main Inkaar Karta Hoon''" (I refuse).<ref name="artists at Shaheenbagh" />
{{clear}}

== Children at the protest ==
[[File:Children protesting with candle agaginst the CAA-NRC.jpeg|thumb|210x210px|left|alt=Children and Graffiti protest at Shaheen Bagh|Children at Shaheen Bagh protest around artwork holding candles]]
From the first day, children were present alongside parents who participated in the protest.<ref>{{cite news|last=Sarfaraz|first=Kainat|date=1 January 2020|title=Tea, biryani, national anthem: How anti-CAA protesters in Shaheen Bagh welcomed 2020|work=The Hindustan Times|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/shaheen-bagh-protesters-usher-in-new-year-with-national-anthem-bharat-mata-ki-jai/story-u1ZnXuMayQdulRgdbDX1mM.html|url-status=live|access-date=22 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114192353/https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/shaheen-bagh-protesters-usher-in-new-year-with-national-anthem-bharat-mata-ki-jai/story-u1ZnXuMayQdulRgdbDX1mM.html|archive-date=14 January 2020}}</ref> Most of these children would visit school in the morning before joining their parents at the protest site, which became an art space for many children. They would express their thoughts and join in the protest through [[storytelling]], poetry, [[puppetry]], singing and painting.<ref>{{cite news|date=13 January 2020|title=Shaheen Bagh protests in pictures: Graffiti, demonstrations on display against Citizenship Act, NRC|work=India TV|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/shaheen-bagh-protests-pictures-citizenship-act-nrc-delhi-graffiti-demonstrations-578986|access-date=22 January 2020|archive-date=13 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113091909/https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/shaheen-bagh-protests-pictures-citizenship-act-nrc-delhi-graffiti-demonstrations-578986|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Purkait |first1=Aishik |title=In Shaheen Bagh, Children Paint Their Protest while Mothers Hold Dharna |url=https://in.makers.yahoo.com/shaheen-bagh-children-paint-protest-mothers-hold-sitdown-dharna-030626940.html |access-date=22 January 2020 |work=Makers India |date=22 January 2020 |archive-date=14 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210314140248/https://in.makers.yahoo.com/shaheen-bagh-children-paint-protest-mothers-hold-sitdown-dharna-030626940.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Student and teacher volunteers engaged the local children in reading, painting and singing, and held informal reading lessons.<ref name="humansOfShaheenbagh">{{cite news|date=14 January 2020|title=Behind Shaheen Bagh's Women, An Army of Students, Doctors & Locals|work=The Quint|publisher=YouTube|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ih_yQxpSIwA&t=315s|access-date=14 February 2020|archive-date=14 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210314140443/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ih_yQxpSIwA&t=315s|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=10 February 2020|title=How Shaheen Bagh is teaching its children|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/how-shaheen-bagh-is-teaching-its-children/articleshow/74051835.cms|access-date=2021-03-18|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Dressed up children at the Shaheen Bagh protests and a random person taking a selfie while others also take photographs.jpg|thumb|200px|right|alt=Children at Shaheen Bagh protests|Children at the Shaheen Bagh protests dressed in tricolour]]
Children drew about issues such as the [[2019–20 Australian bushfire season|Australian wildfires]] and other things such as [[Deepika Padukone]], [[Spider-Man]] and [[Disney Princess]]es.<ref name=":5" /> Some of the children would go to the stage with slogans such as "Hum kagaz nahin dikhayenge" (we won't show our papers).<ref name=":5" /> One of the most common pictures drawn by the children was that of the [[national flag]].<ref name=":5" /> ''[[Scroll.in]]'' called the area an "open air art gallery".<ref name=":17" />

On 21 January 2020, the [[National Commission for Protection of Child Rights]], the top children's-rights body of India, asked authorities to provide counselling for children present at the protests.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web|date=21 January 2020|agency=PTI|title=Delhi Lieutenant Governor Meets Shaheen Bagh Protesters, Calls For Peace|url=https://www.ndtv.com/delhi-news/anil-baijal-delhi-lieutenant-governor-visits-shaheen-bagh-requests-end-to-protest-2167635|access-date=2020-01-22|website=NDTV|archive-date=21 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200121204738/https://www.ndtv.com/delhi-news/anil-baijal-delhi-lieutenant-governor-visits-shaheen-bagh-requests-end-to-protest-2167635|url-status=live}}</ref> A complaint was received by the children's-rights body that the children had been misinformed by their parents about the CAA and [[National Register of Citizens#Detention Centres|detention centers]].<ref name=":16">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/caa-protest-shaheen-bagh-ncpcr-flags-shaheen-bagh-protest-over-mental-trauma-to-children-2167855|title=Rights Body Flags Shaheen Bagh Protest Over "Mental Trauma" To Children|last1=Roy|first1=Divyanshu Dutta|date=22 January 2020|website=NDTV|access-date=2020-01-22|archive-date=22 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200122102142/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/caa-protest-shaheen-bagh-ncpcr-flags-shaheen-bagh-protest-over-mental-trauma-to-children-2167855|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/on-eve-of-sc-hearing-shaheen-bagh-women-fast-write-postcards-to-cji/articleshow/73509525.cms|title=On eve of SC hearing, Shaheen Bagh women fast, write postcards to CJI|last1=Venugopal|first1=Vasudha|date=2020-01-22|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2020-01-24|archive-date=14 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210314140227/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/on-eve-of-sc-hearing-shaheen-bagh-women-fast-write-postcards-to-cji/articleshow/73509525.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Some of these children were seen in viral videos of the protests shouting slogans. The [[District magistrate|District Magistrate]] of South East Delhi was informed of "mental trauma" the children may have undergone due to this.<ref name=":16" /> After an infant died at the protests the Supreme Court questioned the Union and state governments as to why a four-month year old child was at the protest.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theprint.in/opinion/supreme-court-must-stay-out-of-shaheen-bagh-it-cant-care-for-a-child-more-than-the-parents/362867/|title=Supreme Court can't care for Shaheen Bagh children more than the parents|last1=Pai|first1=Nitin|date=2020-02-11|website=ThePrint|language=en-US|access-date=2020-03-05|archive-date=20 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200420195844/https://theprint.in/opinion/supreme-court-must-stay-out-of-shaheen-bagh-it-cant-care-for-a-child-more-than-the-parents/362867/|url-status=live}}</ref> Shaheen Bagh put out a statement in this regard, "To say that a child is too immature to feel their oppression is to belittle and reduce oppression as something that can be felt only by those who understand its nuances".<ref>{{Cite web|date=10 February 2020|title=Shaheen Bagh Infant Death: SC Takes Cognisance; Issues Notices to Centre, Police|url=https://thewire.in/law/shaheen-bagh-sc-takes-cognisance-of-infants-death-issues-notices-to-centre-delhi|access-date=2021-03-18|website=The Wire}}</ref> Earlier, [[West Bengal]] BJP chief [[Dilip Ghosh (politician)|Dilip Ghosh]] had expressed his surprise related to why nobody had died at the protest site till then considering that elderly women and children were protesting under difficult conditions.<ref>{{cite web|date=28 January 2020|title='Wonder why no one is dying at Shaheen Bagh': Bengal BJP chief Dilip Ghosh|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/wonder-why-no-one-is-dying-at-shaheen-bagh-bengal-bjp-chief-dilip-ghosh/story-7VZkPkd9TGZvwSibf3hmhN.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201007121320/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/wonder-why-no-one-is-dying-at-shaheen-bagh-bengal-bjp-chief-dilip-ghosh/story-7VZkPkd9TGZvwSibf3hmhN.html|archive-date=7 October 2020|access-date=13 March 2021|website=Hindustan Times|publisher=}}</ref>

==Efforts to remove blockade==
[[Counter-protest]]s against the Shaheen Bagh blockade were held with many locals wanting the roads to reopen.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/protest-against-shaheen-bagh-anti-caa-protests-locals-want-stir-to-end-in-48-hrs-1636299-2020-01-13|title=Protest against Shaheen Bagh Anti CAA protests, locals want stir to end in 48 hrs|last1=Yadav|first1=Ankit|date=13 January 2020|website=India Today|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113064807/https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/protest-against-shaheen-bagh-anti-caa-protests-locals-want-stir-to-end-in-48-hrs-1636299-2020-01-13|archive-date=13 January 2020|access-date=2020-01-13|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|date=2 February 2020|agency=PTI|title=Protesters Chanting 'Jai Shri Ram' Stage Demonstration Near Shaheen Bagh|url=https://thewire.in/rights/anti-shaheen-bagh-protest|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210314140230/https://thewire.in/rights/anti-shaheen-bagh-protest|archive-date=14 March 2021|access-date=2020-02-04|website=The Wire}}</ref> The [[Delhi High Court]] refused a plea on shifting the protesters from Shaheen Bagh.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/hc-turns-down-plea-on-shifting-protesters-from-shaheen-bagh-1635649-2020-01-10|title=HC turns down plea on shifting protesters from Shaheen Bagh|date=10 January 2020|website=India Today|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200111193957/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/hc-turns-down-plea-on-shifting-protesters-from-shaheen-bagh-1635649-2020-01-10|archive-date=11 January 2020|access-date=2020-01-13}}</ref> Another petition was filed by advocate Amit Sahni "seeking directions to withdraw the closure of Shaheen Bagh stretch" and give Delhi Police the required assistance in addressing the issue.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|last1=Tripathi|first1=Karan|date=2020-01-13|title=Shaheen Bagh Protests: Plea In Delhi HC Seeks Reopening Of Stretch Closed Due To Anti-CAA Stir|url=https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/shaheen-bagh-protests-plea-in-delhi-hc-seeks-reopening-of-stretch-closed-due-to-anti-caa-stir-151572|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113093729/https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/shaheen-bagh-protests-plea-in-delhi-hc-seeks-reopening-of-stretch-closed-due-to-anti-caa-stir-151572|archive-date=13 January 2020|access-date=2020-01-13|website=Live Law|language=en}}</ref> The blocked road affected more than 100,000 vehicles per day,<ref name=":6" /> including around 1,800 trucks which are being diverted to other border points.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/shaheen-bagh-takes-toll-on-other-border-points/articleshow/73281531.cms|title=Delhi: Shaheen Bagh takes toll on other border points|last1=Paras|first1=Singh|date=16 January 2020|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2020-01-16|archive-date=14 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210314140301/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/shaheen-bagh-takes-toll-on-other-border-points/articleshow/73281531.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> On 14 January 2020, the Delhi High Court stated that it was a traffic matter to be dealt with by the police according to the larger public interest.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/delhi-high-court-kalindi-kunj-shaheen-bagh-caa-protests-6215713/|title=Shaheen Bagh protest: HC asks Delhi Police to review traffic restrictions|date=14 January 2020|website=The Indian Express|language=en-US|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114102212/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/delhi-high-court-kalindi-kunj-shaheen-bagh-caa-protests-6215713/|archive-date=14 January 2020|access-date=2020-01-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/kalindi-kunj-shaheen-bagh-road-delhi-hc-disposes-of-plea-directs-police-to-manage-traffic-1636666-2020-01-14|title=Delhi HC directs police to look into restrictions on Kalindi Kunj-Shaheen Bagh stretch|date=14 January 2020|website=India Today|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114100414/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/kalindi-kunj-shaheen-bagh-road-delhi-hc-disposes-of-plea-directs-police-to-manage-traffic-1636666-2020-01-14|archive-date=14 January 2020|access-date=2020-01-14}}</ref> The Delhi Police then stated that they would look into the restrictions caused by the protesters, which affect tens of thousands of commuters daily.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/delhi-hc-directs-police-to-look-into-restrictions-on-shaheen-bagh-stretch/story-CGL1CHksxWgPrrA5rZVjcP.html|title=Delhi HC directs police to look into restrictions on Shaheen Bagh stretch|date=14 January 2014|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114094531/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/delhi-hc-directs-police-to-look-into-restrictions-on-shaheen-bagh-stretch/story-CGL1CHksxWgPrrA5rZVjcP.html|archive-date=14 January 2020|access-date=2020-01-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/delhi-high-court-dismisses-plea-seeking-to-open-kalindi-kunj-shaheen-bagh-stretch-says-polices-responsibility-to-manage-traffic-7902431.html|title=Delhi High Court dismisses plea seeking to open Kalindi Kunj-Shaheen Bagh stretch, says police's responsibility to manage traffic|date=14 January 2020|website=Firstpost|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114101021/https://www.firstpost.com/india/delhi-high-court-dismisses-plea-seeking-to-open-kalindi-kunj-shaheen-bagh-stretch-says-polices-responsibility-to-manage-traffic-7902431.html|archive-date=14 January 2020|access-date=2020-01-14}}</ref> Delhi Police made a statement saying that they "won't use force to evict protesters from Shaheen Bagh" and would use "persuasion".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/shaheen-bagh-protest-caa-delhi-cops-told-to-use-persuasion-to-end-shaheen-bagh-blockade-sources-2163970|title=Delhi Cops Told To Use "Persuasion" To End Shaheen Bagh Blockade: Sources|last1=Sharma|first1=Neeta|date=14 January 2020|website=NDTV|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114153640/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/shaheen-bagh-protest-caa-delhi-cops-told-to-use-persuasion-to-end-shaheen-bagh-blockade-sources-2163970|archive-date=14 January 2020|access-date=2020-01-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/won-t-use-force-to-evict-protestors-from-shaheen-bagh-delhi-police-after-court-order-1636836-2020-01-14|title=Won't use force to evict protestors from Shaheen Bagh: Delhi Police after court order|last1=Pandey|first1=Munish Chandra|date=14 January 2020|website=India Today|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114153620/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/won-t-use-force-to-evict-protestors-from-shaheen-bagh-delhi-police-after-court-order-1636836-2020-01-14|archive-date=14 January 2020|access-date=2020-01-14}}</ref> Talks between the protesters and the police failed and the protesters refused to move.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/talks-between-delhi-police-and-anti-caa-protestors-at-shaheen-bagh-fail-women-refuse-to-move-1637540-2020-01-16|title=Talks between Delhi Police and anti-CAA protesters at Shaheen Bagh fail, women refuse to move|last1=Sharma|first1=Milan|date=16 January 2020|website=India Today|language=en|access-date=2020-01-18|archive-date=17 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200117204832/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/talks-between-delhi-police-and-anti-caa-protestors-at-shaheen-bagh-fail-women-refuse-to-move-1637540-2020-01-16|url-status=live}}</ref> The leaderless nature of the protests made it difficult to take any action.<ref name=":11" />[[File:A huge art installation at the site of the Shaheen Bagh protests made by protesters 17 Jan 2020.jpg|thumb|200px|left|alt=A huge art installation at the site of the Shaheen Bagh protests made by protesters 17 Jan 2020|The protest site on GD Birla Marg]]

Delhi BJP chief [[Manoj Tiwari (Delhi politician)|Manoj Tiwari]] made a video appeal to the protesters to end the demonstration, noting that the road closure resulted in tens of thousands "completing a 25-minute journey in two-three hours", while stating that the CAA was not against any religion.<ref>{{Cite web|date=15 January 2020|editor-last=Bhasin|editor-first=Swati|title=Delhi BJP's Manoj Tiwari's Video Appeal To CAA Protesters At Shaheen Bagh|url=https://www.ndtv.com/delhi-news/citizenship-amendment-act-delhi-bjp-chief-manoj-tiwaris-video-appeal-to-caa-protesters-at-shaheen-ba-2164254|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115135626/https://www.ndtv.com/delhi-news/citizenship-amendment-act-delhi-bjp-chief-manoj-tiwaris-video-appeal-to-caa-protesters-at-shaheen-ba-2164254|archive-date=15 January 2020|access-date=2020-01-15|website=NDTV}}</ref> Protesters responded that they would not budge until CAA is scrapped, but that they will help ease traffic,<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|last1=Khan|first1=Fatima|date=2020-01-14|title=Will help ease traffic but won't move, say Delhi's Shaheen Bagh CAA protesters after HC order|url=https://theprint.in/india/will-help-ease-traffic-but-wont-move-says-delhis-shaheen-bagh-after-hc-order-to-police/349525/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115051237/https://theprint.in/india/will-help-ease-traffic-but-wont-move-says-delhis-shaheen-bagh-after-hc-order-to-police/349525/|archive-date=15 January 2020|access-date=2020-01-15|website=ThePrint|language=en-US}}</ref> and said that they have opened the blockade for ambulances and would do so for school buses.<ref name=":8" /> There were various misleading claims by the media related to the protest. One of such claim was that the Delhi High Court ordered police to clear the protest site.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Daniyal|first1=Shoaib|title=Fact Check: Delhi High Court did not order police to clear Shaheen Bagh protest|url=https://scroll.in/article/949890/fact-check-delhi-high-court-did-not-order-police-to-clear-shaheen-bagh-protest|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114193826/https://scroll.in/article/949890/fact-check-delhi-high-court-did-not-order-police-to-clear-shaheen-bagh-protest|archive-date=14 January 2020|access-date=2020-01-15|website=Scroll.in|date=14 January 2020 |language=en-US}}</ref> ''[[The Times of India]]'' debunked a viral video which claimed there was a failed police crackdown at Shaheen Bagh; the video was from a CAA protest in East Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Times Fact Check|date=17 January 2020|title=FACT CHECK: No police 'crackdown' at Shaheen Bagh protest site|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/times-fact-check/news/fact-check-no-police-crackdown-at-shaheen-bagh-protest-site/articleshow/73321976.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210314140229/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/times-fact-check/news/fact-check-no-police-crackdown-at-shaheen-bagh-protest-site/articleshow/73321976.cms|archive-date=14 March 2021|access-date=2020-01-18|website=The Times of India}}</ref>

On 18 January, another petition was filed on behalf of the [[Sarita Vihar]] [[resident welfare association]] (RWA) for opening the road, with concerns regarding the upcoming student [[board exams]] in February and March. The High Court accordingly directed the police to look into the reasons for the closure.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/delhi-hc-directs-police-to-look-into-kalindi-kunj-shaheen-bagh-blockage-causing-difficulty-for-students/articleshow/73352202.cms|title=Delhi HC directs police to look into Kalindi Kunj-Shaheen Bagh blockage causing difficulty for students|date=2020-01-18|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2020-01-19|agency=ANI|archive-date=5 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205083528/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/delhi-hc-directs-police-to-look-into-kalindi-kunj-shaheen-bagh-blockage-causing-difficulty-for-students/articleshow/73352202.cms|url-status=dead}}</ref> On 21 January, Baijal met a group of eight protesters who submitted a memorandum of demands.<ref name=":14" /> On 1 February, Union Minister [[Ravi Shankar Prasad]] said that the [[Narendra Modi Government|Narendra Modi government]] was ready to negotiate in a structured manner.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/centre-ready-to-talk-to-shaheen-bagh-protesters-but-in-a-structured-form-ravi-shankar-prasad/articleshow/73833484.cms|title=Ravi Shankar Prasad: Centre ready to talk to Shaheen Bagh protesters but in a structured form|last=PTI|date=1 February 2020|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2020-02-03|archive-date=3 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203144914/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/centre-ready-to-talk-to-shaheen-bagh-protesters-but-in-a-structured-form-ravi-shankar-prasad/articleshow/73833484.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thewire.in/government/shaheen-bagh-ravi-shankar-prasad|title=Talks With Shaheen Bagh Protesters Must Be in Structured Form: Ravi Shankar Prasad|website=The Wire|access-date=2020-02-03}}</ref>

Commentators noted that the Shaheen Bagh was allowed to continue for as long as it did as it benefited the regime. [[Pratap Bhanu Mehta]] noted that, "In Delhi, the protests were allowed to continue in Shaheen Bagh, not because the government was soft. It thought it could use the protest as pretext to consolidate majoritarian sentiment: Look at these minorities blocking roads and standing against Hindu rights, went the refrain."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/delhi-violence-riots-police-caa-npr-6288323/|title=The Delhi darkness: Our rulers want an India that thrives on cruelty, fear, division, violence|last1=Mehta|first1=Pratap Bhanu|date=2020-02-29|website=The Indian Express|language=en-US|access-date=2020-03-06|archive-date=3 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200303075514/https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/delhi-violence-riots-police-caa-npr-6288323/|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Police blockades ===
[[File:Shaheen Bagh protest barricades overview annotated OSM.png|thumb|300x300px|Shaheen Bagh protest site and surrounding barricades.<ref name="Singh">{{Cite web|last=Singh|first=Paras|date=21 February 2020|title=Shaheen Bagh road closure: Cops have their reasons|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/shaheen-bagh-road-closure-cops-have-their-reasons/articleshow/74232949.cms|access-date=2021-03-21|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Police blockade">{{cite news|last1=Lalwani|first1=Vijayta|date=10 February 2020|title=Why have Delhi and UP Police blocked alternative routes around Shaheen Bagh?|work=The Scroll.in|url=https://scroll.in/article/952617/why-have-delhi-and-up-police-blocked-alternative-routes-around-shaheen-bagh|url-status=live|access-date=10 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200210174645/https://scroll.in/article/952617/why-have-delhi-and-up-police-blocked-alternative-routes-around-shaheen-bagh|archive-date=10 February 2020}}</ref>]]
''[[Scroll.in]]'' reported that the effect on [[traffic congestion]] was not merely due to the closure of GD Birla Marg where the protest site was, but also because two other connecting routes had been barricaded by Delhi and [[Uttar Pradesh Police|Uttar Pradesh (UP) police]].<ref name="Police blockade" /> Further, ''[[The Quint]]'' reported that while the protest occupied a small stretch of GD Birla Marg, police blocked both the whole road.<ref>{{cite news |title=Traffic Inconvenience Vs Human Rights: Why Shaheen Bagh Must Stand |url=https://www.thequint.com/neon/hot-take/why-shaheen-bagh-protest-cant-stop-for-traffic-problems |access-date=15 February 2020 |work=The Quint |date=17 January 2020 |archive-date=15 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215152048/https://www.thequint.com/neon/hot-take/why-shaheen-bagh-protest-cant-stop-for-traffic-problems |url-status=live }}</ref> Delhi Police called these restrictions "a security measure" explaining that as the main carriageways were blocked, the smaller connecting roads would not be able to handle the additional traffic, hence barricading them too became a compulsion.<ref name="Singh"/> As Delhi Police placed barricades at entry point near [[Kalindi Kunj metro station]] blocking the entry of commuters from Noida into Delhi, UP Police did the same, in effect causing the closure of the six lane bridge.<ref name="Police blockade"/> Delhi Police also blocked the entry of Khadar–Kalindi Kunj Road which connects Jamia Nagar and Noida to [[Faridabad]].<ref name="Police blockade"/> Following the [[North East Delhi riots]], police barricading and presence in the area increased with over ten companies (1000 personnel) being deployed.<ref name=":18">{{Cite web|last1=Das|first1=Shaswati|date=2020-03-01|title=Heavy security, Section 144 in Delhi's Shaheen Bagh after northeast violence|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/heavy-security-section-144-in-delhi-s-shaheen-bagh-after-northeast-violence-11583061575169.html|access-date=2020-03-05|website=Livemint|language=en|archive-date=14 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200314135648/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/heavy-security-section-144-in-delhi-s-shaheen-bagh-after-northeast-violence-11583061575169.html|url-status=live}}</ref>[[File:Graffiti on police barricades no nrc caa road blocked for protesters who have been sitting for over three weeks in background New Delhi 7 Jan 2020.jpg|thumb|300x300px|alt=No CAA-NRC painted on police barricades|Police barricades blocking the carriage ways of GD Birla Marg]]

=== Petitions to the Supreme Court ===
A plea was filed to the [[Supreme Court of India]] requesting supervision to prevent any violence.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/plea-in-sc-over-traffic-blockade-in-delhi-s-shaheen-bagh/story-t4y0HTc0LVdfT9rdcqWxBJ.html|title=Plea in Supreme Court over traffic blockade in Delhi's Shaheen Bagh|date=2020-01-20|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|via=Press Trust of India|access-date=2020-01-23|archive-date=21 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200121184627/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/plea-in-sc-over-traffic-blockade-in-delhi-s-shaheen-bagh/story-t4y0HTc0LVdfT9rdcqWxBJ.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The plea sought removal of the demonstration, citing that no one can be allowed to occupy a public road for a peaceful protest for an indefinite period such that others face inconvenience.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rajagopal |first1=Krishnadas |title=SC to hear pleas against protest at Shaheen Bagh on February 10 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sc-to-hear-pleas-against-protest-at-shaheen-bagh-on-february-10/article30759512.ece |access-date=10 February 2020 |work=The Hindu |date=7 February 2020 |archive-date=9 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200209230205/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sc-to-hear-pleas-against-protest-at-shaheen-bagh-on-february-10/article30759512.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> Another petition to the Supreme Court was filed on 4 February 2020, by BJP leader [[Nand Kishore Garg]], and sought an urgent hearing.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/bjp-leader-seeks-urgent-sc-hearing-for-removal-of-shaheen-bagh-protesters/article30733062.ece|title=BJP leader seeks urgent SC hearing for removal of Shaheen Bagh protesters|last=PTI|website=The Hindu BusinessLine|date=4 February 2020 |language=en|access-date=2020-02-04|archive-date=4 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200204111554/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/bjp-leader-seeks-urgent-sc-hearing-for-removal-of-shaheen-bagh-protesters/article30733062.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> On 7 February, the Supreme Court postponed the hearing until after the [[2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi elections]], scheduled for 8 February, so as not to influence the outcome.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/petition-to-remove-shaheen-bagh-protesters-to-be-heard-on-monday-after-delhi-election-says-supreme-c-2176390|title='Cat Out Of Bag': Top Court To Hear Shaheen Bagh Case After Delhi Polls|last1=Vaidyanathan|first1=A|date=7 February 2020|editor-last=Srinivasan|editor-first=Chandrashekar|website=NDTV|access-date=2020-02-07|archive-date=7 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200207075916/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/petition-to-remove-shaheen-bagh-protesters-to-be-heard-on-monday-after-delhi-election-says-supreme-c-2176390|url-status=live}}</ref> On 10 February, in its first hearing, the Court drew the attention of the protesters to the inconvenience caused over months of disruption. The court argued whether protests can be held in common areas indefinitely or if an area should be designated for protests, and considered the consequences of such protests held in public areas everywhere.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rajagopal |first1=Krishnadas |title=Shaheen Bagh closure: There cannot be indefinite protest in common area, says SC |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/shaheen-bagh-closure-there-cannot-be-indefinite-protest-in-common-area-says-sc/article30782154.ece?homepage=true |access-date=10 February 2020 |work=The Hindu |date=10 February 2010 |archive-date=8 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200308125059/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/shaheen-bagh-closure-there-cannot-be-indefinite-protest-in-common-area-says-sc/article30782154.ece?homepage=true |url-status=live }}</ref> However, the Court issued notices to the Central Government, the Delhi Government and the Delhi Police, stating that people have the "right to protest" though this couldn't be for "an indefinite period in a common area". The Court did not give any interim order and wanted to hear from the protesters.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Vaidyanathan|first1=A|last2=Ghosh|first2=Deepshikha|date=10 February 2020|title=Can't Block Public Road Indefinitely: Top Court On Shaheen Bagh Protest|work=NDTV|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/shaheen-bagh-supreme-court-notice-to-centre-delhi-police-says-protests-cant-go-on-for-indefinite-per-2177755|access-date=10 February 2020|archive-date=10 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200210083940/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/shaheen-bagh-supreme-court-notice-to-centre-delhi-police-says-protests-cant-go-on-for-indefinite-per-2177755|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 17 February, the Supreme Court heard the plea which framed the matter as an issue of protests on public roads. Two interlocutors were chosen for engagement in dialogues with the protesters by the bench of justices [[Sanjay Kishan Kaul|S.K. Kaul]] and [[K. M. Joseph]] and the hearing was scheduled for 24 February 2020. The two interlocutors were senior advocates [[Sanjay Hegde]] and Sadhna Ramchandran.<ref name="India Today SC interlocutors">{{cite news |last1=Pallwal |first1=Aishwarya |title=Shaheen Bagh kayam rahe, only here to talk about roads: Sadhana Ramachandran on Day 4 of mediation |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/shaheen-bagh-supreme-court-appointed-interlocutors-day-4-mediation-talks-sadhana-ramachandran-1648957-2020-02-22 |access-date=25 February 2020 |work=The India Today |date=22 February 2020 |archive-date=25 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200225014015/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/shaheen-bagh-supreme-court-appointed-interlocutors-day-4-mediation-talks-sadhana-ramachandran-1648957-2020-02-22 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Court also advised the interlocutors that they could seek assistance of former [[Chief Information Commissioner of India]], [[Wajahat Habibullah]], who filed an affidavit in the Court on the blockade.<ref>{{cite news |title=Shaheen Bagh mediator tells SC protest peaceful, police block roads |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/shaheen-bagh-interlocutor-sc-protest-peaceful-police-block-roads-1649193-2020-02-23 |access-date=25 February 2020 |work=The India Today |date=23 February 2020 |archive-date=25 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200225014019/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/shaheen-bagh-interlocutor-sc-protest-peaceful-police-block-roads-1649193-2020-02-23 |url-status=live }}</ref> Habibullah in his affidavit stated that the precautionary blockade by police around the protest site was the cause for the traffic inconveniences, not the protestors.<ref>{{cite news |title=Delhi Police, Not Protestors, to Blame for Traffic Around Shaheen Bagh: Ex CIC Tells SC |url=https://thewire.in/government/shaheen-bagh-traffic-delhi-police-wajahat-habibullah |access-date=25 February 2020 |work=The Wire |date=23 February 2020 |archive-date=24 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200224151819/https://thewire.in/government/shaheen-bagh-traffic-delhi-police-wajahat-habibullah |url-status=live }}</ref> Hegde and Ramachandran examined the area and had several talk sessions with the protesters. On 24 February 2020, the interlocutors submitted the [[Under seal|sealed cover]] report to the court.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mahajan |first1=Shruti |title=Shaheen Bagh Protests: Interlocutors hand over report to Supreme Court in sealed cover |url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/litigation/shaheen-bagh-protests-interlocutors-hand-over-report-to-supreme-court-in-sealed-cover |access-date=25 February 2020 |work=The Bar and Bench |date=24 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Supreme Court: Interlocutors Submit 'Sealed Cover' Report on Shaheen Bagh Protest |url=https://thewire.in/law/supreme-court-interlocutors-submit-sealed-cover-report-on-shaheen-bagh-protest |access-date=25 February 2020 |work=The Wire |date=24 February 2020 |archive-date=25 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200225014015/https://thewire.in/law/supreme-court-interlocutors-submit-sealed-cover-report-on-shaheen-bagh-protest |url-status=live }}</ref> The bench received the report to examine the situation and scheduled the hearing for 26 February 2020.<ref>{{cite news |title=Interlocutors file sealed report in Supreme Court after talks with Shaheen Bagh protesters |url=https://theprint.in/india/interlocutors-file-sealed-report-in-supreme-court-after-talks-with-shaheen-bagh-protesters/370168/ |access-date=25 February 2020 |work=The Print |date=24 February 2020 |archive-date=25 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200225014020/https://theprint.in/india/interlocutors-file-sealed-report-in-supreme-court-after-talks-with-shaheen-bagh-protesters/370168/ |url-status=live }}</ref> However, the Court postponed the hearing, following the [[North East Delhi riots]] which happened between 23 and 26 February 2020.<ref>{{cite news |title=SC to hear Shaheen Bagh matter on March 23 |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/sc-to-hear-shaheen-bagh-matter-on-march-23-120022600406_1.html |access-date=27 February 2020 |work=ANI |publisher=The Livemint |date=26 February 2020 |archive-date=27 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200227004758/https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/sc-to-hear-shaheen-bagh-matter-on-march-23-120022600406_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The second round of talks between the interlocutors and the protesters took place on 5 March 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theprint.in/india/round-two-of-shaheen-bagh-talks-begin-interlocutors-play-holi-card-for-positive-solution/375192/|title=Round two of Shaheen Bagh talks begin, interlocutors play Holi card for 'positive solution'|last1=Roy|first1=Debayan|date=2020-03-04|website=ThePrint|language=en-US|access-date=2020-03-05|archive-date=28 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200328213630/https://theprint.in/india/round-two-of-shaheen-bagh-talks-begin-interlocutors-play-holi-card-for-positive-solution/375192/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=2020-03-04|title=Give Holi gift in advance to India: SC mediators to Shaheen Bagh protestors|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/give-holi-gift-in-advance-to-india-sc-mediators-to-shaheen-bagh-protestors-120030400182_1.html|access-date=2021-03-18}}</ref> As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic the protests were conducted in a more controlled manner and were subsequently cleared by the police with minimal force on 24 March.<ref name=":25" /><ref name=":26" /> The interlocutors came out came out with a statement requesting both parties, the government and the protestors, not to see the situation as "win or lose"; they emphasized that everyone's attention should be on the pandemic.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Tripathi|first=Ashish|date=2020-03-25|title=Shaheen Bagh: SC-appointed interlocutors advise restraints|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/north-and-central/shaheen-bagh-sc-appointed-interlocutors-advise-restraints-817349.html|access-date=2021-03-18|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref>

== Defamation attempts and fake news ==
The legitimacy of the protests were questioned in a number of ways. Media houses like ''[[Republic TV]]'' and ''[[OpIndia]],'' considered as [[right-wing media]], repeatedly questioned the number of protestors at the venue and showcased the protest site only when there were minimal protestors.<ref name=":27">{{Cite web|last1=Fayaz|first1=Omer|last2=Amin|first2=Rayees|date=11 March 2020|title=How Rightwing Media Outlets' Obsession with Shaheen Bagh Led to False Reporting|url=https://thewire.in/media/rightwing-media-channels-shaheen-bagh|access-date=2021-03-18|website=The Wire|quote=The mainstream media has run extensive campaigns to defame the protests...}}</ref> This kind of reportage and social media depiction resulted in protestors at Shaheen Bagh saying, "Let us pledge that we don’t speak to the state-sponsored media who instead of reporting the truth serve the interests of the regime."<ref name=":27" />

=== Kashmiri Pandits' and Sikhs ===
{{quote box |width=250px |bgcolor=#c6dbf7 |align=right |quote="We feel the pain of Kashmiri Pandits who left everything back in Kashmir and ran. We the people of Shaheen Bagh stand in solidarity with them in their agony."|source=— A 40-year-old female protester at Shaheen Bagh.<ref name="kashmiri pandit shaheen bagh">{{cite news |last1=Mir |first1=Shoaib |title=Kashmiri Pandits Join Resistance Celebrations at Shaheen Bagh |url=https://www.thecitizen.in/index.php/en/NewsDetail/index/9/18193/-Kashmiri-Pandits-Join-Resistance-Celebrations-at-Shaheen-Bagh |access-date=21 January 2020 |work=The Citizen |date=20 January 2020 |archive-date=21 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200121004145/https://www.thecitizen.in/index.php/en/NewsDetail/index/9/18193/-Kashmiri-Pandits-Join-Resistance-Celebrations-at-Shaheen-Bagh |url-status=live }}</ref>}}The protestors confronted fake news spread about them. When misinformation was spread on the social media claiming that the Shaheen Bagh protestors would celebrate the deaths of [[Kashmiri Hindus]] on 19 January, the anniversary of the [[exodus of Kashmiri Hindus]], the protestors rejected the claims.<ref>{{cite news |title=January 19 event has nothing to do with Kashmiri Pandit exodus: Shaheen Bagh protestors |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/january-19-event-has-nothing-to-do-with-kashmiri-pandit-exodus-shaheen-bagh-protestors-1638144-2020-01-18 |access-date=21 January 2020 |work=The India Today |date=18 January 2020}}</ref><ref name="kashmiri pandit shaheen bagh" /> The protestors went on to invite Kashmiri Hindus to speak at the gathering, including [[M. K. Raina]], and also observed a two-minute silence in solidarity.<ref name="Support to Kashmiri Pandit">{{cite news|last1=Ashraf|first1=Asad|date=19 January 2020|title=Shaheen Bagh protesters express solidarity with Kashmiri Pandits on exodus day|work=The India Today|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/kashmiri-pandits-exodusday-migration-refugees-1638294-2020-01-19|access-date=21 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=20 January 2020|title=Shaheen Bagh Observes 2-minute Silence for Kashmiri Pandits in Solidarity Show|work=The News18|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/shaheen-bagh-observes-2-minute-silence-for-kashmiri-pandits-in-solidarity-show-2464813.html|url-status=live|access-date=21 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200121134347/https://www.news18.com/news/india/shaheen-bagh-observes-2-minute-silence-for-kashmiri-pandits-in-solidarity-show-2464813.html|archive-date=21 January 2020}}</ref>

Media houses were also required to fact check reports related to Sikhs at Shaheen Bagh.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Deodia|first=Arjun|date=15 February 2020|title=Fact Check: This video of a Sikh procession has nothing to do with Shaheen Bagh|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/fact-check/story/sikh-procession-shaheen-bagh-delhi-viral-sultanpur-lodhi-punjab-1646876-2020-02-15|access-date=2021-03-19|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> In March 2020, when the [[Kabul gurdwara attack]] took place in which 25 Sikh worshippers were killed, BJP leaders like [[Kapil Mishra]] tweeted on 25 March, "The Sikhs were providing free Biryani to Muslims protesting against CAA in Shaheen Bagh. Look what they did to them in Afghanistan".<ref>{{Cite web|last=Grewal|first=Kairvy|date=2020-03-26|title='Not your pawn' — Kapil Mishra's Kabul attack tweet doesn't go down well with Sikhs|url=https://theprint.in/india/not-your-pawn-kapil-mishras-kabul-attack-tweet-doesnt-go-down-well-with-sikhs/389047/|access-date=2021-03-19|website=ThePrint|language=en-US}}</ref> Following this some women of Shaheen Bagh posted a solidarity note on their Twitter account: "We, the women of #ShaheenBaghs all over India, strongly condemn the brutal terrorist attack on the Gurudwara in Kabul [...]".<ref>{{Cite tweet|number=1243533884601458688|user=Shaheenbaghoff1|title=We, the women of #ShaheenBaghs all over India, strongly condemn the brutal terrorist attack on the Gurudwara in Kabul. We stand in strong solidarity with our #Sikh sisters and brothers who have been a shining beacon of hope in hard times across country, race, caste and creed.}}</ref>

=== Paid protest allegations ===
[[File:Shaheen Bagh protests blocking a major road in New Delhi for 28 days Visual from 11 Jan 2020.jpg|thumb|213x213px|left|alt=A poster of Shaheenbagh protest describing not to give money to any protesters or volunteer to join the protest|A poster at the protest reads: No Cash, No [[Paytm]], No Account.]]
As the protest entered January, the BJP and its online supporters made claims that protesters were being paid. A doctored poster stating "fix rate Rs 500" went viral on social media platforms on 18 January 2020. This claim was debunked when independent website ''The Logical Indian'' released a [[Fact-checking|fact check]] article on the same posters. The article unearthed the veracity of the real poster which says, "CAA wapas lo, NRC wapas lo" (English: Roll back CAA and NRC).<ref>{{cite news|date=20 January 2020|title=Fact Check: Poster From Shaheen Bagh Protest Wrongly Claims Protestors Paid Rs 500 Per Day|work=The Logical Indian|editor-last=Gautam|editor-first=Prateek|url=https://thelogicalindian.com/fact-check/shaheen-bagh-protest-anti-caa-nrc-muslim-women-poster-fake-news-19373|url-status=live|access-date=21 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200121133813/https://thelogicalindian.com/fact-check/shaheen-bagh-protest-anti-caa-nrc-muslim-women-poster-fake-news-19373|archive-date=21 January 2020}}</ref> On 15 January, Amit Malviya, BJP leader and head of IT cell, tweeted a video which claimed that the women protesters had been paid {{INR|500 to 700|link=yes}} to sit-in.<ref>{{cite news |title=BJP IT cell chief claims Shaheen Bagh protesters paid Rs 500/day |url=https://www.siasat.com/bjp-it-cell-chief-claims-shaheen-bagh-protesters-paid-rs-500-day-1794465/ |access-date=21 January 2020 |work=The Siasat Daily |date=16 January 2020 |archive-date=17 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200117143455/https://www.siasat.com/bjp-it-cell-chief-claims-shaheen-bagh-protesters-paid-rs-500-day-1794465/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The protest's official Twitter account released a statement and denied the claim.<ref name=":15" /> Posters at the site asked participants to not accept any amount of money and to not bribe anyone to participate.<ref>{{cite news|date=19 January 2020|title="No Cash, No Paytm" Posters At Shaheen Bagh To Refute Claims Of Paid Protests|work=NDTV|agency=IANS|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/no-cash-no-paytm-posters-in-shaheen-bagh-to-refute-claims-of-paid-protests-2166212|url-status=live|access-date=21 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200119132818/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/no-cash-no-paytm-posters-in-shaheen-bagh-to-refute-claims-of-paid-protests-2166212|archive-date=19 January 2020}}</ref> On 4 February 2020, ''[[Alt News]]'' and ''[[Newslaundry]]'' jointly released a [[Fact-checking#Detecting fake news|fact-check]]ing article in which the veracity of the video was debunked.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Patel |first1=Jignesh |last2=Tiwari |first2=Ayush |title=Truth about "sting" claiming Shaheen Bagh women were paid Rs 500: Alt News-Newslaundry joint investigation |url=https://www.altnews.in/truth-about-sting-claiming-shaheen-bagh-women-were-paid-rs-500-alt-news-newslaundry-joint-investigation/ |access-date=5 February 2020 |work=[[AltNews.in]] |date=4 February 2020 |archive-date=5 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205164753/https://www.altnews.in/truth-about-sting-claiming-shaheen-bagh-women-were-paid-rs-500-alt-news-newslaundry-joint-investigation/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Patel |first1=Jignesh |last2=Tiwari |first2=Ayush |title=The truth about Amit Malviya's Shaheen Bagh exposé: An Alt News and Newslaundry investigation |url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2020/02/04/the-truth-about-amit-malviyas-shaheen-bagh-expos-an-alt-news-and-newslaundry-investigation |access-date=5 February 2020 |work=The Newslaundry |date=4 February 2020 |archive-date=5 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205163209/https://www.newslaundry.com/2020/02/04/the-truth-about-amit-malviyas-shaheen-bagh-expos-an-alt-news-and-newslaundry-investigation |url-status=live }}</ref>{{quote box |width=250px |bgcolor=#c6dbf7 |align=right |quote="We are not here to take Rs 500 rather we are here to protect our 500 years which our ancestors have dedicated for India."|source=— Asharfi, a 63-year-old protester.<ref>{{cite news |title=Not for Rs 500, we are here to protect our 500 yrs: Shaheen Bagh |url=https://www.siasat.com/caa-nrc-no-cash-no-paytm-posters-shaheen-bagh-1797445/ |access-date=21 January 2020 |work=The Siasat Daily |date=19 January 2020 |archive-date=20 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200120165534/https://www.siasat.com/caa-nrc-no-cash-no-paytm-posters-shaheen-bagh-1797445/ |url-status=live }}</ref>}}

Two protesters sent a [[Defamation#India|defamation notice]] to Malviya which demanded an apology and {{INRConvert|1|c|lk=on|year=2020}} in damages from the BJP IT cell chief.<ref name=":15">{{cite news |title=Shaheen Bagh Women Send Defamation Notice to BJP IT Cell Chief |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/shaheen-bagh-women-protesters-send-defamation-notice-to-bjp-it-cell-chief-amit-malviya-false-allegations-paid-to-sit |access-date=21 January 2020 |work=The Quint |date=21 January 2020 |archive-date=22 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200122133815/https://www.thequint.com/news/india/shaheen-bagh-women-protesters-send-defamation-notice-to-bjp-it-cell-chief-amit-malviya-false-allegations-paid-to-sit |url-status=live }}</ref> The notice stated that the addressees, "have not only played a fraud on the general public but have also attempted to bring disrepute to the protesters".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/shaheen-bagh-women-send-defamation-notice-to-bjp-it-cell-chief-amit-malviya-over-paid-protest-charge-1638598-2020-01-20|title=Shaheen Bagh women send defamation notice to BJP IT cell chief Amit Malviya over paid protest charge|date=20 January 2020|website=India Today|language=en|access-date=2020-01-22|archive-date=21 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200121190323/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/shaheen-bagh-women-send-defamation-notice-to-bjp-it-cell-chief-amit-malviya-over-paid-protest-charge-1638598-2020-01-20|url-status=live}}</ref> Notices had also been sent to ''[[Republic TV]]'', ''[[Zee News]]'', ''[[Times Now]]'', ''[[TV18]]'' and ''[[News Nation]]'' with the same allegations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/shaheen-bagh-women-protesters-send-defamation-notice-to-bjp-it-cell-chief-amit-malviya-false-allegations-paid-to-sit|title=Shaheen Bagh Women Send Notice to BJP IT Cell Chief, 5 TV Channels|date=2020-01-21|website=The Quint|language=en|access-date=2020-01-22|archive-date=22 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200122133815/https://www.thequint.com/news/india/shaheen-bagh-women-protesters-send-defamation-notice-to-bjp-it-cell-chief-amit-malviya-false-allegations-paid-to-sit|url-status=live}}</ref>{{clear}}

== Inspiration for other similar protests ==
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|caption=Location of some Shaheen Bagh inspired protests.<ref name=":OtherShaheenBaghs">{{cite news |title=Rise of the other Shaheen Baghs: How 'Shaheen Baghs' have cropped up all over India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/rise-of-the-other-shaheen-baghs/articleshow/73514765.cms |access-date=19 March 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=12 February 2021|others=Inputs by Ardhra Nair, Shoeb Khan, Jaideep Deogharia, Aditi Singh, Sarfaraz Ahmed, Dipawali Mitra, Abhinav Malhotra, Rajiv Mani, Sheezan Nezami Pics: Aditya Waikul, Kamalendu Bhadra, Ranjit Deshmukh, Arvind Sharma, A H Zaidi, & Agencies |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319041106/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/rise-of-the-other-shaheen-baghs/articleshow/73514765.cms |archive-date=19 March 2021}}</ref> Some locations like Delhi, Pune and Ranchi have Shaheen Bagh inspired protests in multiple locations.<ref name=":OtherShaheenBaghs" /> (Map is not exhaustive.) The Ministry of Home Affairs stated that in January and February 2020, the number of "unauthorised" protest sites increased from 9 to 291.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sharp upsurge in Shaheen Bagh model; 291 protest sites emerge across India in 60 days: MHA to states |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/sharp-upsurge-in-shaheen-bagh-model-291-protest-sites-emerge-across-india-in-60-days-mha-to-states/562131 |access-date=18 March 2021 |work=Times Now |date=7 March 2020 |quote=a sensitive note issued by the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) to states, detailing a sharp surge in the protests sites on the model of Delhi’s Shaheen Bagh across the country. As per the advisory, a jump from nine to 291 unauthorised protest sites was reported in just 60 days.}}</ref>}}
{{multiple image
| width = 150
| image1 = Shaheen Bagh - Pune Camp 01.jpg
| image2 = Shaheen Bagh - Pune Camp 02.jpg
| image3 = Shaheen Bagh - Pune Camp 03.jpg
| footer = Shaheen Bagh protests against CAA, NRC and NPR in Pune on 22 Jan 2020
}}
The Shaheen Bagh protest inspired several other similar protests in big cities around India. On 7 January 2020, female residents of [[Park Circus]], Kolkata, gathered at Park Circus Maidan to voice their dissent against the CAA. It became one of the most organised protests against CAA-NRC.<ref name="Doulatramani">{{cite news |last1=Doulatramani |first1=Chandni |title=Shaheen Bagh inspires a women-led CAA protest in Kolkata's Park Circus |url=https://caravanmagazine.in/politics/kolkata-caa-protest-park-circus-women |access-date=19 January 2020 |work=The Caravan |date=14 January 2020 |archive-date=16 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200116145708/https://caravanmagazine.in/politics/kolkata-caa-protest-park-circus-women |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Ghatak |first1=Anchita |title=At Kolkata's Park Circus, Another Women's Sit-In Protest Keeps the Struggle Going |url=https://thewire.in/rights/kolkata-park-circus-anti-caa-protest-women |access-date=19 January 2020 |work=The WIre |date=15 January 2020 |archive-date=16 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200116072217/https://thewire.in/rights/kolkata-park-circus-anti-caa-protest-women |url-status=live }}</ref> On request from the protesters, the [[Government of West Bengal|West Bengal state government]] provided them with tents, bio-toilets, running water and lights so their protest could run continuously.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kolkata: Park Circus protesters get bio-toilets, running water |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/park-circus-protesters-get-bio-toilets-running-water/articleshow/73340756.cms |access-date=19 January 2020 |work=The Times of India |date=18 January 2020}}</ref> Former Union Minister [[P. Chidambaram]] visited the protest and conducted a workshop there on CAA and NRC. Social activist [[Yogendra Yadav]] and singer [[Kabir Suman]] also visited to extend their support to the protesters.<ref>{{cite news |title=Park Circus protest site Chidambaram's first port of call in Kolkata |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/park-circus-protest-site-chidambaram-s-first-port-of-call-in-kolkata/story-FVoUqpuEKrVdsjT3k7ISYP.html |access-date=19 January 2020 |work=The Hindustan Times |date=18 January 2020 |archive-date=18 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200118172916/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/park-circus-protest-site-chidambaram-s-first-port-of-call-in-kolkata/story-FVoUqpuEKrVdsjT3k7ISYP.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 11 January, an all-women sit-in protest started outside Konark Mall in Kondhwa, [[Pune]], organized by Kul Jamaat-e-Tanzeem, an umbrella body of several organisations. This protest started with a few participants, growing to 500–600 protesters by 19 January. According to a protester the movement was to save the constitution and the country. Candle light vigils, human chains and speeches were part of the protest. The venue had banners with slogans such as "Tumhari Lathi Se Tej Hamari Awaaz Hai" (English: Our voice is louder than your batons) and "India Needs Education, Jobs, Not CAA, NRC, NPR".<ref name="19 Jan Pune Shaheen">{{cite news|date=19 January 2020|title=Pune 'Shaheen Bagh in Kondhwa' anti-CAA protest enters ninth day|work=The New Indian Express|agency=PTI|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/jan/19/pune-shaheen-bagh-in-kondhwa-anti-caa-protest-enters-ninth-day-2091592.html|access-date=17 October 2020|archive-date=20 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200120124944/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/jan/19/pune-shaheen-bagh-in-kondhwa-anti-caa-protest-enters-ninth-day-2091592.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 12 January, a group of women started a CAA sit-in demonstration in Patna's Sabzibagh.<ref name="Hafizee"/> Over the following three days, people of all ages gathered to join them in the protest.<ref name="Hafizee">{{cite news|last=Hafizee|first=Moniza|date=15 January 2020|title=Slogans of Shaheen Bagh Echo at Patna's Sabzibagh|work=The Wire|url=https://thewire.in/women/shaheen-bagh-patna-sabzibagh-caa-protests|url-status=live|access-date=19 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200117213353/https://thewire.in/women/shaheen-bagh-patna-sabzibagh-caa-protests|archive-date=17 January 2020}}</ref> Also on 12 January, inspired by the women of Shaheen Bagh, groups of ten women began sit-in protests at the Mansoor Ali Park of Roshan Bagh, Allahabad.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jafri |first1=Abdul |title=CAA-NRC: Shaheen Bagh-Inspired Protests Spread to Allahabad Via Kanpur |url=https://www.newsclick.in/CAA-NRC-Shaheen-Bagh-Inspired-Protests-Spread-Allahabad-Kanpur |access-date=19 January 2020 |work=The news Click |date=13 January 2020 |archive-date=14 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114174627/https://www.newsclick.in/CAA-NRC-Shaheen-Bagh-Inspired-Protests-Spread-Allahabad-Kanpur |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Anti-CAA stir: Women continue protest on sixth day, offer Friday prayers |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/anti-caa-stir-women-continue-protest-on-sixth-day-offer-friday-prayers/story-jCaU1PUenopo0JsWplKWWO.html |access-date=19 January 2020 |work=The Hindustan Times |date=17 January 2020 |archive-date=17 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200117210727/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/anti-caa-stir-women-continue-protest-on-sixth-day-offer-friday-prayers/story-jCaU1PUenopo0JsWplKWWO.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Over the next few days, thousands of women, students, and others sat through the rain and cold to join the resistance against the CAA–NRC through slogans, speeches and poems.<ref>{{cite news|date=17 January 2020|title=Anti CAA protest: Prayagraj's Mansoor Ali becomes delhi's Shaheen bagh Park|work=United News of India|url=http://www.uniindia.com/anti-caa-protests-prayagraj-s-mansoor-ali-park-becomes-delhi-s-shaheen-bagh/north/news/1856557.html|access-date=19 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Protest continues at Roshan Bagh area of Allahabad against CAA, NRC |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/protest-continues-at-roshan-bagh-area-of-allahabad-against-caa-nrc/articleshow/73359660.cms |access-date=19 January 2020 |work=The Times of India |date=18 January 2020 |archive-date=30 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200130233047/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/protest-continues-at-roshan-bagh-area-of-allahabad-against-caa-nrc/articleshow/73359660.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Allahabad Police]] served notices to around 30 people in the protest.<ref>{{Cite web|date=25 January 2020|title=Cold no bar for protesters at Roshan Bagh|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/cold-no-bar-for-protesters-at-roshan-bagh/articleshow/73593589.cms|access-date=2020-01-29|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=30 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200130231325/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/cold-no-bar-for-protesters-at-roshan-bagh/articleshow/73593589.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last1=Jafri|first1=Abdul Alim|last2=Doulatramani|first2=Chandni|last3=Goswamy|first3=Ruchika|date=23 January 2020|title=Shaheen Bagh-Inspired Protests Spread Across the Country|url=http://janataweekly.org/shaheen-bagh-inspired-protests-spread-across-the-country/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200129130546/http://janataweekly.org/shaheen-bagh-inspired-protests-spread-across-the-country/|archive-date=29 January 2020|access-date=2020-01-29|website=Janata Weekly|language=en-US}}</ref>

Similar protests were held at Kanpur's [[Chaman Ganj, Kanpur|Chaman Ganj]], Gaya's Shanti Bagh,<ref name="Ameen">{{cite news |last1=Ameen |first1=Faruqh |title=Shaheen Bagh inspires many protests across the country |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/shaheen-bagh-inspires-many-protests-across-the-country/cid/1736089 |access-date=19 January 2020 |work=The Telegraph Calcutta |date=15 January 2020 |archive-date=16 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200116050448/https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/shaheen-bagh-inspires-many-protests-across-the-country/cid/1736089 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Sameer |title=CAA-NRC: Gaya's Shanti Bagh turns into mini Shaheen Bagh |url=https://www.siasat.com/caa-nrc-gayas-shanti-bagh-turns-mini-shaheen-bagh-1791735/ |access-date=19 January 2020 |work=The Siasat Daily |date=13 January 2020 |archive-date=14 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114170442/https://www.siasat.com/caa-nrc-gayas-shanti-bagh-turns-mini-shaheen-bagh-1791735/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Kota, Rajasthan|Kota]]'s Eidgah ground,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/jaipur/how-can-kota-women-be-behind-say-protesters-after-launching-shaheen-bagh-like-protest-in-city/story-vgy6BhajL1KkwKGVhkf8eL.html|title='How can Kota women be behind?' say protesters after launching Shaheen Bagh-like protest in city|date=2020-01-15|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2020-01-18|archive-date=16 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200116020525/https://www.hindustantimes.com/jaipur/how-can-kota-women-be-behind-say-protesters-after-launching-shaheen-bagh-like-protest-in-city/story-vgy6BhajL1KkwKGVhkf8eL.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Lucknow's [[Husainabad Clock Tower|Clock Tower]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Awasthi |first1=Puja |title=Lucknow's 'Shaheen Bagh': Women start sit-in against CAA at iconic clock tower |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2020/01/18/lucknow-shaheen-bagh-women-start-sit-in-against-caa-at-iconic-clock-tower.html |access-date=21 January 2020 |work=The Week |date=18 January 2020 |archive-date=14 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210314140855/https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2020/01/18/lucknow-shaheen-bagh-women-start-sit-in-against-caa-at-iconic-clock-tower.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[Fraser Town, Bangalore|Fraser Town]] in Bangalore.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/bengaluru-taking-queue-from-shaheen-bagh-women-hold-24-hour-protest-at-frazer-town-6232999/|title=Bengaluru: Taking cue from Shaheen Bagh, women hold 24-hour protest at Frazer Town|last1=Arakal|first1=Ralph Alex|date=2020-01-24|website=The Indian Express|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-24|archive-date=24 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200124110922/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/bengaluru-taking-queue-from-shaheen-bagh-women-hold-24-hour-protest-at-frazer-town-6232999/|url-status=live}}</ref> Inspired by the Shaheen Bagh protest, a large anti-CAA-NRC-NPR protest started in Mumbai on 17 January. Around 10,000 women gathered in the evening at the YMCA ground in [[Agripada]], Mumbai to protest. The protest was organised by NGO collective Mumbai Citizen Quorum.<ref name="MumProtestYMCA">{{cite news |last1=Iyer |first1=Rudrika |title=Mumbai: 10,000 women lend their voice to anti-CAA protest |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/mumbai-10000-women-lend-their-voice-to-anti-caa-protest/articleshow/73350759.cms |access-date=19 January 2020 |work=The Times of India |date=18 January 2020 |archive-date=20 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200120083805/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/mumbai-10000-women-lend-their-voice-to-anti-caa-protest/articleshow/73350759.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Inspired by Shaheen Bagh, women hold a massive anti-CAA protest at Mumbai's YMCA ground |url=https://indianexpress.com/photos/india-news/inspired-by-shaheen-bagh-women-hold-a-massive-anti-caa-protest-at-mumbais-ymca-ground-6222721/2/ |access-date=19 January 2020 |work=The Indian Express |date=18 January 2020 |archive-date=14 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210314140902/https://indianexpress.com/photos/india-news/inspired-by-shaheen-bagh-women-hold-a-massive-anti-caa-protest-at-mumbais-ymca-ground-6222721/2/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":19">{{Cite web|last1=Sinha|first1=Ankita|date=2020-03-04|title='Won't Allow Delhi-Like Violence': New Mumbai Police Commissioner|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/mumbai-police-commissioner-param-bir-singh-takes-over|access-date=2020-03-05|website=The Quint|language=en|archive-date=5 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200305163244/https://www.thequint.com/news/india/mumbai-police-commissioner-param-bir-singh-takes-over|url-status=live}}</ref> On 20 January, an indefinite sit-in protest started at [[Parbhani]], called "Parbhani bhi ek Shaheen Bagh", which was organised by Samvidhan Bachao Tahrik.<ref>{{cite news|date=22 January 2020|title=CAA protests continued at Parbhani on 2nd day|work=[[Lokmat]]|url=https://www.lokmat.com/parabhani/parbhani-protests-against-caa-next-day/|access-date=9 October 2020|archive-date=24 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200124204606/https://www.lokmat.com/parabhani/parbhani-protests-against-caa-next-day/amp/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="inquilab.com">{{cite news|date=24 January 2020|title=Shaheen Bagh style protest also begins in Parbhani|work=Inquilab|url=https://www.inquilab.com/news/articles/shaheen-bagh-style-protest-also-begins-in-parbhani-11351|access-date=25 January 2020|archive-date=24 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200124205503/https://www.inquilab.com/news/articles/shaheen-bagh-style-protest-also-begins-in-parbhani-11351|url-status=live}}</ref> Protests were also held in Bilal Bagh, Bangalore, Karnataka;<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-03-16|title=Bengaluru: Coronavirus can't stop us, say Bilal Bagh protesters|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/city/bengaluru-coronavirus-can-t-stop-us-say-bilal-bagh-protesters-814124.html|access-date=2020-03-16|website=Deccan Herald|language=en|archive-date=14 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210314140849/https://www.deccanherald.com/city/bengaluru-coronavirus-can-t-stop-us-say-bilal-bagh-protesters-814124.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Nagpada]], Mumbai, Maharashtra;<ref>{{Cite web|date=8 February 2020|agency=PTI|title=Case Registered Against Anti-CAA Protesters In Mumbai|url=https://www.ndtv.com/mumbai-news/case-registered-against-anti-caa-protesters-in-mumbai-2177254|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200209130137/https://www.ndtv.com/mumbai-news/case-registered-against-anti-caa-protesters-in-mumbai-2177254|archive-date=9 February 2020|access-date=2020-02-09|website=NDTV}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last1=Shantha|first1=Sukanya|date=11 February 2020|title=Police's Stern Response Fails to Dampen the Spirit of Women in Mumbai Bagh|url=https://thewire.in/rights/mumbai-bagh-protest-police|access-date=2020-03-05|website=The Wire|archive-date=12 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200212175000/https://thewire.in/rights/mumbai-bagh-protest-police|url-status=live}}</ref> Anaj Mandi, [[Malerkotla]], Punjab;<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ghazali|first1=Mohammed|last2=Dey|first2=Stela|date=20 February 2020|title=Punjab's Biggest Anti-Citizenship Law Protest Held In Malerkotla|work=The NDTV|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/punjabs-biggest-anti-citizenship-law-protest-held-in-malerkotla-2182815|access-date=21 February 2020|archive-date=21 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200221045211/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/punjabs-biggest-anti-citizenship-law-protest-held-in-malerkotla-2182815|url-status=live}}</ref> Haj House, [[Ranchi]], Jharkhand;<ref>{{cite news|date=19 February 2020|title=Unhindered, Ranchi's 'Shaheen Bagh' completes 1 month|work=The Pioneer|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2020/state-editions/unhindered--ranchi---s----shaheen-bagh----completes-1-month.html|access-date=21 February 2020|archive-date=5 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200305145701/https://www.dailypioneer.com/2020/state-editions/unhindered--ranchi---s----shaheen-bagh----completes-1-month.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Kumar|first1=Raj|date=4 February 2020|title=Panic at Jharkhand's Shaheen Bagh|work=The Telegraph (Calcutta)|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/panic-at-jharkhands-shaheen-bagh/cid/1742003|access-date=21 February 2020|archive-date=14 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210314140904/https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/panic-at-jharkhands-shaheen-bagh/cid/1742003|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-03-21|title=Two months on, Ranchi's 'Shaheen Bagh' stir suspended till April 5|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/two-months-on-ranchi-s-saheen-bagh-stir-suspended-till-april-5/story-iySb1fqguqmnKCgE4dUtgJ.html|access-date=2020-10-09|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-date=24 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324205041/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/two-months-on-ranchi-s-saheen-bagh-stir-suspended-till-april-5/story-iySb1fqguqmnKCgE4dUtgJ.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Idgah ground, [[Deoband]], Uttar Pradesh;<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Shantha|first1=Sukanya|date=6 February 2020|title='There Is No Going Back': Women Lead Shaheen Bagh-Style Protest in UP's Deoband|url=https://thewire.in/rights/anti-caa-protest-up-deoband|access-date=2020-02-06|website=The Wire|archive-date=6 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200206125148/https://thewire.in/rights/anti-caa-protest-up-deoband|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Old Washermanpet]], Chennai, Tamil Nadu;<ref>{{cite news|last1=Naig|first1=Udhav|date=17 February 2020|title=Shaheen Bagh-style anti-CAA protest enters day 3 in Chennai|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/shaheen-bagh-style-stirenters-day-3-in-chennai/article30837618.ece|access-date=21 February 2020|archive-date=17 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217180729/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/shaheen-bagh-style-stirenters-day-3-in-chennai/article30837618.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last1=Subramanian|first1=Lakshmi|date=18 March 2020|others=Web Desk|title=Shaheen Bagh of Chennai 'temporarily' calls off protests amid coronavirus outbreak|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2020/03/18/shaheen-bagh-of-chennai-calls-off-protest-temporarily-due-to-coronavirus-outbreak.html|access-date=2020-03-21|website=The Week|language=en|archive-date=18 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318111353/https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2020/03/18/shaheen-bagh-of-chennai-calls-off-protest-temporarily-due-to-coronavirus-outbreak.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and Jaffrabad, Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web|date=9 March 2020|title=Women From Across Country Pledge Support To Shaheen Bagh Protesters|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/women-from-across-country-pledge-support-to-shaheen-bagh-protesters-2192017|access-date=2020-03-09|website=NDTV|archive-date=9 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200309122127/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/women-from-across-country-pledge-support-to-shaheen-bagh-protesters-2192017|url-status=live}}</ref>

== 2020 Delhi Assembly elections ==
The blockade at Shaheen Bagh became a campaign issue for the [[2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Legislative Assembly election]], held on 8 February 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/delhi-polls-bjp-doesnt-want-to-open-shaheen-bagh-route-its-doing-dirty-politics-over-this-issue-says-arvind-kejriwal/articleshow/73660231.cms|title=Delhi elections 2020: BJP doesn't want to open Shaheen Bagh route, it's doing dirty politics over this issue, says Arvind Kejriwal|date=27 January 2020|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2020-01-28|archive-date=28 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200128092408/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/delhi-polls-bjp-doesnt-want-to-open-shaheen-bagh-route-its-doing-dirty-politics-over-this-issue-says-arvind-kejriwal/articleshow/73660231.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The BJP focused on a negative portrayal of Shaheen Bagh while [[Aam Aadmi Party]] (AAP) mostly stayed clear of the protests and focused on good governance.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sharma|first=Ayan|date=12 February 2020|title='Dawn of a new era in Indian politics': A day of jubilation at AAP's office in Delhi|url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2020/02/12/the-dawn-of-a-new-era-in-indian-politics-a-day-of-jubilation-at-the-aap-office-in-delhi|access-date=2021-03-19|website=Newslaundry}}</ref> In relation to the Shaheen Bagh and CAA protests, Prime Minister Modi of the ruling BJP said on 3 February 2020,<ref>{{Cite web|date=3 February 2020|title=Anti-CAA protests in Shaheen Bagh, Jamia, Seelampur not coincidental, designed to harm harmony: PM|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/anticaa-protests-in-shaheen-bagh-jamia-seelampur-not-coincidental--designed-to-harm-harmony-pm/1725088|access-date=2021-03-19|website=Outlook India}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|text=The people of Delhi are quiet and they are angry watching this vote bank politics [...] If the strength of those plotting a conspiracy increases, then another road or lane will be blocked. We can't leave Delhi to such anarchy. Only people of Delhi can stop this. Every vote given to the BJP can do this [...] Be it Seelampur, Jamia (Nagar) or Shaheen Bagh, for the last several days, there have been protests over the Citizenship (Amendment) Act. Are these protests coincidental. No, this is not coincidental, it is an experiment...}}

Chief Minister of Delhi [[Arvind Kejriwal]] of the AAP and Home Minister of India [[Amit Shah]] of the BJP criticized each other over their positions on the protest. On 27 January, during an election rally, Shah asked Kejriwal whether "he is with the people of Shaheen Bagh or not" as some AAP party members had publicly sided with the protesters. Kejriwal accused the BJP of using "dirty politics" by prolonging the road closures to cause a public backlash against the protesters.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/gloves-off-cm-arvind-kejriwal-and-amit-shah-attack-each-other-over-shaheen-bagh/articleshow/73678913.cms|title=Gloves off, CM Arvind Kejriwal and Amit Shah attack each other over Shaheen Bagh|last1=Mishra|first1=Alok KN|date=28 January 2020|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2020-01-28|archive-date=28 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200128041142/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/gloves-off-cm-arvind-kejriwal-and-amit-shah-attack-each-other-over-shaheen-bagh/articleshow/73678913.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Amit Shah dares Kejriwal to visit Shaheen Bagh, asserts Modi govt will not spare anti-nationals |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/national-politics/amit-shah-dares-kejriwal-to-visit-shaheen-bagh-asserts-modi-govt-will-not-spare-anti-nationals-798830.html |access-date=28 January 2020 |work=The Deccan Herald |date=28 January 2020 |archive-date=28 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200128093351/https://www.deccanherald.com/national/national-politics/amit-shah-dares-kejriwal-to-visit-shaheen-bagh-asserts-modi-govt-will-not-spare-anti-nationals-798830.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Union Law Minister [[Ravi Shankar Prasad]] (BJP) said that Shaheen Bagh was offering a platform for the "anti-India" gangs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/delhi-assembly-polls-2020/story/can-shaheen-bagh-swing-delhi-assembly-election-1640845-2020-01-28|title=Can Shaheen Bagh swing Delhi Assembly election?|last1=Dutta|first1=Prabhash K.|date=28 January 2020|website=India Today|language=en|access-date=2020-01-28|archive-date=28 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200128124814/https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/delhi-assembly-polls-2020/story/can-shaheen-bagh-swing-delhi-assembly-election-1640845-2020-01-28|url-status=live}}</ref> Several BJP leaders and politicians made hate speeches against the protesters, including [[Yogi Adityanath]], [[Anurag Thakur]] and [[Parvesh Verma]].<ref>{{cite news|date=1 February 2020|title=Man fires two rounds in air in Shaheen Bagh area; taken into custody.|work=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/man-fires-bullets-in-shaheen-bagh-area/articleshow/73843412.cms|url-status=live|access-date=1 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200201160027/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/man-fires-bullets-in-shaheen-bagh-area/articleshow/73843412.cms|archive-date=1 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Sebastian|first1=Meryl|date=28 January 2020|title=Anurag Thakur On 'Goli Maro' Chants At Poll Rally: 'People Reacted. What Can I Do?|work=The Huffington Post|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.in/entry/anurag-thakur-goli-maro-chants-at-delhi-election-rally_in_5e2f9a7bc5b68f86c8cd03b5|access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref>

{{Multiple image
| image1 = 2015 Delhi Legislative Assembly election result with Okhla marked.png
| image2 = 2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly election result with Okhla marked.png
| caption1 = Results of the [[2015 Delhi Legislative Assembly election]]
| caption2 = Results of the [[2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly election]]
| footer = Green represents AAP. Orange represents BJP. [[Okhla (Delhi Assembly constituency)]] and Shaheen Bagh represented by the red dot.
}}

AAP won with 62 out of the 70 seats.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Delhi Election Results Highlights: AAP sweeps polls with 62 seats|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/delhi/delhi-election-result-2020-live-vote-counting-updates/articleshow/74073761.cms|access-date=2021-03-19}}</ref> The AAP did lose six seats to BJP. One of the factors for this was referenced to the Shaheen Bagh protests.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sharma|first=Ayan|date=17 February 2020|title=Why AAP lost six of its 2015 seats to BJP|url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2020/02/17/why-aap-lost-six-of-its-2015-seats-to-bjp|access-date=2021-03-19|website=Newslaundry}}</ref> However, Shaheen Bagh did not have the impact on the elections that the BJP wanted and the party won much fewer seats than expected. Amit Shah said that this may be due to certain statements made during the election campaigning.<ref>{{Cite web|date=14 February 2020|editor-last=Sanyal|editor-first=Anindita|title=Statements Like "Goli Maaro" Shouldn't Have Been Made: Amit Shah On Delhi Loss|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/after-bjps-delhi-defeat-amit-shah-says-statements-like-goli-maaro-should-not-have-been-made-press-tr-2179778|access-date=2021-03-19|website=NDTV}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Sardesai|first=Shreyas|date=2020-02-13|title=Delhi Assembly elections: Shaheen Bagh had resonance but not impact, BJP overestimated gains|url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/delhi-elections-shaheen-bagh-bjp-aap-6265100/|access-date=2021-03-19|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> In [[Okhla (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Okhla]], the constituency of Delhi in which the Shaheen Bagh protest was occurring, voters reelected its Muslim leader and AAP candidate [[Amanatullah Khan]] with a clear majority of 66% of the total votes.<ref>{{Cite web|date=11 February 2020|title=Shaheen Bagh impact: AAP's Amanatullah Khan wins Okhla constituency by 71,800 votes|url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/politics/delhi-election-2020-results-aaps-amanatullah-khan-on-way-to-a-landslide-win-in-okhla-constituency-5271001.htm|access-date=2021-03-19|website=cnbctv18|language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Threats to the protesters ===
BJP MP [[Parvesh Verma]] (BJP) made hateful and abusive comments about the Shaheen Bagh protesters, and claimed that they would be cleared within an hour of the election results being declared on 11 February.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Dwivedi|first1=Sukirti|date=28 January 2020|editor-last=Roy|editor-first=Divyanshu Dutta|title="They Will Rape, Kill": Delhi BJP MP's Shocker On Shaheen Bagh Protesters|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/delhi-election-2020-parvesh-sahib-singh-verma-says-no-shaheen-bagh-protesters-mosques-on-state-land-2170674|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200128060539/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/delhi-election-2020-parvesh-sahib-singh-verma-says-no-shaheen-bagh-protesters-mosques-on-state-land-2170674|archive-date=28 January 2020|access-date=2020-01-28|website=NDTV}}</ref> Verma was later penalised by the [[Election Commission of India|Election Commission]] and BJP for his comments.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-01-29|title=MPs penalised for comments on peaceful protesters|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-51276867|url-status=live|access-date=2020-01-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200130130559/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-51276867|archive-date=30 January 2020}}</ref> Several other BJP leaders made statements regarding removal of the protesters from Shaheen Bagh. One said that a "surgical strike" would be conducted on the protesters.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Udayakumar|first1=Ganesh Radha|date=30 January 2020|title=BJP's Tajinder Bagga warns Shaheen Bagh of surgical strike on Feb 11|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/delhi-assembly-polls-2020/story/tajinder-bagga-bjp-on-shaheen-bagh-1641578-2020-01-30|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200130133539/https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/delhi-assembly-polls-2020/story/tajinder-bagga-bjp-on-shaheen-bagh-1641578-2020-01-30|archive-date=30 January 2020|access-date=2020-01-30|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> [[Hindu Sena]] stated that they would remove all "Shaheen Bagh Jihadis" at 11 am on 2 February.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Pandey|first1=Tanushree|date=29 January 2020|title=Shaheen Bagh 'Jihadis' inciting division of India, will remove them on Feb 2: Hindu Sena|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/shaheen-bagh-anti-caa-protest-hindu-sena-chief-1641418-2020-01-29|access-date=2020-01-30|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> This plan was cancelled after consultations with the Delhi Police.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2 February 2020|title=Hindu Sena Calls Off Plan to Unleash Violence on Shaheen Bagh Protesters|url=https://thewire.in/rights/hindu-sena-shaheen-bagh-protersters|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203061136/https://thewire.in/rights/hindu-sena-shaheen-bagh-protersters|archive-date=3 February 2020|access-date=2020-02-03|website=The Wire}}</ref>

On 28 January 2020, an armed man entered the Shaheen Bagh protest site, climbed the stage, and threatened people to stop the agitation; he was later overpowered by protesters.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/armed-man-threatens-shaheen-bagh-protesters-overpowered/article30676177.ece|title=Armed man threatens Shaheen Bagh protesters, overpowered|date=28 January 2020|work=The Hindu|access-date=1 February 2020|archive-date=29 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200129154905/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/armed-man-threatens-shaheen-bagh-protesters-overpowered/article30676177.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> On 1 February, a [[Hindutva|Hindu fundamentalist]] entered the barricaded area and fired a gun three times into the air near the stage. He shouted the slogan ''[[Jai Shri Ram]]'' and said no one other than Hindus will have a say in this country;<ref name="IT_Shooter">{{cite news|last1=Ojha|first1=Arvind|title=Shaheen Bagh shooter Kapil Gurjar joins BJP|language=en|work=India Today|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/kapil-gurjar-who-opened-fire-at-shaheen-bagh-protest-site-joins-bjp-1754565-2020-12-30|url-status=live|access-date=30 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230112801/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/kapil-gurjar-who-opened-fire-at-shaheen-bagh-protest-site-joins-bjp-1754565-2020-12-30|archive-date=30 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://scroll.in/video/951843/i-am-kapil-gujjar-listen-to-the-man-who-fired-a-gun-at-shaheen-bagh-explain-his-reason|title='I am Kapil Gujjar': Listen to the man who fired a gun at Shaheen Bagh explain his reason|date=1 February 2020|work=The Scroll|access-date=1 February 2020|archive-date=1 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200201143929/https://scroll.in/video/951843/i-am-kapil-gujjar-listen-to-the-man-who-fired-a-gun-at-shaheen-bagh-explain-his-reason|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-man-opens-fire-near-shaheen-bagh-protest-site/346608|title='...Sirf Hinduon Ki Chalegi': Man Opens Fire Near Shaheen Bagh Protest Site|date=1 February 2020|work=The Outlook India|access-date=1 February 2020|publisher=The India Today|archive-date=1 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200201153448/https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-man-opens-fire-near-shaheen-bagh-protest-site/346608|url-status=live}}</ref> he was taken into police custody and later released on bail.<ref name="Mint Shooter">{{cite news|date=7 March 2020|title=Shaheen Bagh shooter Kapil Gujjar released on bail|language=en|work=Mint|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/shaheen-bagh-shooter-kapil-gujjar-released-on-bail-11583597201231.html|url-status=live|access-date=30 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103095810/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/shaheen-bagh-shooter-kapil-gujjar-released-on-bail-11583597201231.html|archive-date=3 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=शाहीन बाग में गोली चलाने वाले कपिल गुर्जर का ढोल-नगाड़ों से हुआ स्वागत, देखिए VIDEO |url=https://khabar.ndtv.com/news/india/kapil-bainsla-aka-kapil-gurjar-welcome-video-viral-shaheen-bagh-caa-protest-2191788 |access-date=30 December 2020 |work=NDTVIndia |archive-date=12 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200312023250/https://khabar.ndtv.com/news/india/kapil-bainsla-aka-kapil-gurjar-welcome-video-viral-shaheen-bagh-caa-protest-2191788 |url-status=live }}</ref> The incident happened two days after a Hindu fundamentalist shot and injured a student protester in the presence of police near Jamia Millia Islamia.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/shots-fired-at-delhis-shaheen-bagh-days-after-jamia-shooting-man-taken-into-custody-2482733.html|title=Man Opens Fire in Delhi's Shaheen Bagh 2 Days After Jamia Shooting, Shouts 'Only Hindus Will Rule'|date=1 February 2020|work=The News18|access-date=1 February 2020|archive-date=1 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200201153458/https://www.news18.com/news/india/shots-fired-at-delhis-shaheen-bagh-days-after-jamia-shooting-man-taken-into-custody-2482733.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/in-2nd-incident-man-opens-fire-in-shaheen-bagh-detained/1723624|title=In 2nd incident, man opens fire in Shaheen Bagh; detained|date=1 February 2020|work=The Outlook India|access-date=1 February 2020|publisher=The India Today|archive-date=1 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200201153526/https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/in-2nd-incident-man-opens-fire-in-shaheen-bagh-detained/1723624|url-status=live}}</ref> The alleged perpetrator of the Jamia incident had made various threatening and hateful social media posts, including one in which he threatened to convert "Shaheen Bagh into Jallianwala Bagh", the [[Jallianwala Bagh massacre|site of a massacre]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://in.news.yahoo.com/gunman-behind-jamia-shooting-123730614.html|title=Who is the gunman behind Jamia shooting?|date=30 January 2020|work=Yahoo|access-date=1 February 2020|archive-date=1 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200201153429/https://in.news.yahoo.com/gunman-behind-jamia-shooting-123730614.html|url-status=live}}</ref> On 2 February 2020, the Election Commission of India transferred the then deputy commissioner of police for [[South East Delhi district|South East Delhi]], citing the multiple shooting incidents in the Jamia area, which was an election polling area.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/ec-transfers-dcp-south-east-chinmoy-biswal-after-jamia-shaheen-bagh-firing-incidents-1642642-2020-02-02|title=EC transfers Delhi Police DCP Chinmoy Biswal after Jamia, Shaheen Bagh firing incidents|date=2 February 2020|work=The India Today|access-date=2 February 2020|archive-date=2 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200202163506/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/ec-transfers-dcp-south-east-chinmoy-biswal-after-jamia-shaheen-bagh-firing-incidents-1642642-2020-02-02|url-status=live}}</ref> Amit Shah made a statement after the elections in which he said that some remarks in relation to Shaheen Bagh such as "goli maaro" and "India vs Pakistan" should not have been made.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-02-14|title=Goli maaro, India-Pak: Such talk may have hurt BJP in Delhi, says Amit Shah|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/amit-shah-bjp-delhi-elections-2020-loss-6267154/|access-date=2021-03-19|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

== Impact of coronavirus pandemic ==
Following the spread of the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|coronavirus in India]] in 2020 the women at Shaheen Bagh were provided with masks and sanitisers.<ref name=":20">{{Cite web|date=17 March 2020|editor-last=Sanyal|editor-first=Anindita|title=Curb On Gatherings Over Coronavirus Applies To Shaheen Bagh, Arvind Kejriwal Clarifies|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/coronavirus-outbreak-curb-on-gatherings-over-coronavirus-applies-to-shaheen-bagh-delhi-chief-ministe-2195819|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200317145606/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/coronavirus-outbreak-curb-on-gatherings-over-coronavirus-applies-to-shaheen-bagh-delhi-chief-ministe-2195819|archive-date=17 March 2020|access-date=2020-03-17|work=NDTV}}</ref> However, the Chief Minister of Delhi made it clear that restrictions were in place in Delhi as per the [[Epidemic Diseases Act, 1897]] and this applied to protests too. Schools, colleges, malls, weekly markets, cinema halls and gatherings of more than 50 people had been banned in Delhi.<ref name=":20" /> The Chief Minister made it clear that those who did not comply with the Act would be punished.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-51907173|title=Why coronavirus may halt months-long India protest|date=2020-03-16|work=BBC News|access-date=2020-03-17|language=en-GB|archive-date=16 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200316162903/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-51907173|url-status=live}}</ref> In response to this the coordinators stated that "the order of shut down has come for entertainment services, while Shaheen Bagh is agitation and fight for survival" and that only a Supreme Court order could get them to move; it was a choice between protesting for their rights versus civic responsibility.<ref name=":25">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/shaheen-bagh-protesters-to-be-removed-as-coronavirus-precautionary-measure/article31089679.ece|title=Shaheen Bagh protesters to be removed as precautionary measure|last1=Awasthi|first1=Prashasti|date=17 March 2020|publisher=The Hindu|work=The Businessline|language=en|access-date=2020-03-17|archive-date=18 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318155516/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/shaheen-bagh-protesters-to-be-removed-as-coronavirus-precautionary-measure/article31089679.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Choudhury|first=Soumyabrata|date=7 December 2020|title=What did the pandemic and the lockdown mean for the idea of Shaheen Bagh?|url=https://scroll.in/article/980175/what-did-the-pandemic-and-the-lockdown-mean-for-the-idea-of-shaheen-bagh|access-date=2021-03-22|website=Scroll.in|language=en-US}}</ref> As a precautionary measure the protesters planned for a "controlled gathering".<ref name="HT SBagh 1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/shaheen-bagh-protest-on-despite-health-risk/story-myJmOAhQItEqxh73i0XSiI.html|title=Shaheen Bagh protest on despite health risk|date=2020-03-14|work=The Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2020-03-17|archive-date=17 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200317185132/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/shaheen-bagh-protest-on-despite-health-risk/story-myJmOAhQItEqxh73i0XSiI.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

The protest followed the "[[Janata Curfew]]", announced by the Prime Minister on 22 March 2020,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/4-hour-cap-kids-and-elderly-barred-no-mics-coronavirus-tweaks-to-shaheen-bagh-protests-2545191.html|title=4-Hour Cap, Kids and Elderly Barred, No Mics: Coronavirus Tweaks to Shaheen Bagh Protests|date=21 March 2020|website=News18|access-date=2020-03-21|archive-date=21 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200321073426/https://www.news18.com/news/india/4-hour-cap-kids-and-elderly-barred-no-mics-coronavirus-tweaks-to-shaheen-bagh-protests-2545191.html|url-status=live}}</ref> by reducing the number of protesters to 5 and symbolically leaving behind cots and sandals by other protesters at the site in solidarity.<ref name="SB corona outbreak">{{cite news |title=As Shaheen Bagh Sticks to 5 Protester Limit, Vigilante Attacks Site With Petrol Bomb |url=https://thewire.in/communalism/petrol-bomb-shaheen-bagh-janata-curfew |work=The Wire |access-date=24 March 2020 |date=22 March 2020 |archive-date=24 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324034326/https://thewire.in/communalism/petrol-bomb-shaheen-bagh-janata-curfew |url-status=live }}</ref> However, a complete [[lockdown]] was imposed in Delhi by Chief Minister Arvind Kejriwal from 23 to 31 March 2020, following which the protesters were removed by the Delhi police on 24 March 2020, 101 days after the start of the protest.<ref name="100days"/><ref name=":26">{{cite web|date=24 March 2020|title=Shaheen Bagh: Coronavirus clears long-running India citizenship protest|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-52015464|access-date=26 March 2020|website=BBC|archive-date=26 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200326171051/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-52015464|url-status=live}}</ref> The police arrested the remaining few protesters who were present there as they refused to leave the site.<ref name="100days"/><ref>{{cite news|last=Venugopal|first=Vasudha|date=25 March 2020|title=Delhi lockdown: Anti-CAA protesters removed from Shaheen Bagh, other places|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/coronavirus-lockdown-delhi-police-vacate-protesters-at-shaheen-bagh/articleshow/74785253.cms|access-date=26 March 2020|website=Economic Times|archive-date=8 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200408183200/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/coronavirus-lockdown-delhi-police-vacate-protesters-at-shaheen-bagh/articleshow/74785253.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2021, when Delhi was facing the second wave of the Covid-19 pandemic and hospitals were in dire need of oxygen, this epicentre of anti-CAA protests saw a new transformation — welding Shops in the area turned into free oxygen cylinder distribution and refilling centres.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Trehan |first1=Anuj |title=Welding Shops In Shaheen Bagh Turn Into Free Oxygen Cylinder Distribution & Refilling Centres! |url=https://www.whatshot.in/delhi-ncr/welding-shops-in-shaheen-bagh-turn-into-free-oxygen-cylinder-distribution--refilling-centres-c-29287 |website=Whatshot |publisher=Times Internet Limited |access-date=1 May 2021}}</ref>

== Aftermath ==
[[File:Artwork at the Shaheen Bagh protests.jpg|thumb|340x340px|Artwork at Shaheen Bagh during the protests. Representation of the Shaheen Bagh dadi's (grandmothers) and the Shaheen falcon.]]

=== Protest site ===
Following the removal of protestors on 24 March 2020, the government also removed the art installations and painted the graffiti white.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Khan|first=Fatima|date=2020-03-24|title=Art installations at Shaheen Bagh, Jamia removed by Delhi Police, graffiti painted white|url=https://theprint.in/india/art-installations-at-shaheen-bagh-jamia-removed-by-delhi-police-graffiti-painted-white/387086/|access-date=2021-03-19|website=ThePrint|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2020-03-24|title=Police Remove Jamia Graffiti, Twitter Reminds Them of 'Priorities'|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/jamia-graffiti-art-shaheen-bagh-anti-caa-protest-removed-reactions|access-date=2021-03-19|website=TheQuint|language=en}}</ref> On 9 October 2020, ''Indian Express'' reported that the only remains at the protest site were some graffiti and posters (missed by the government).<ref name=":24">{{Cite web|last=Baruah|first=Sukrita|date=2020-10-09|title=At Shaheen Bagh, graffiti only sign of protest that spread across the country|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/watching-sc-judgment-from-ground-zero-at-shaheen-bagh-graffiti-only-sign-of-protest-6716599/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011175615/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/watching-sc-judgment-from-ground-zero-at-shaheen-bagh-graffiti-only-sign-of-protest-6716599/|archive-date=11 October 2020|access-date=2020-10-09|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> Some of the shops that had been shut as a result of the protests followed by COVID-19 were open. Numerous remain closed.<ref name=":23">{{Cite web|last=Lama|first=Prawesh|date=2020-12-17|title=An uneasy calm in Shaheen Bagh, one year after protest|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/an-uneasy-calm-in-shaheen-bagh-one-year-after-protest/story-ICbGQmdhTarXDLa8PbekiN.html|access-date=2021-03-19|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> Regular police patrols are present in the area. During the [[2020–2021 Indian farmers' protest|2020–2021 farmers protest]] police presence significantly increased in the area, a local explained, "No government wants a repeat of what happened last year".<ref name=":23" />

=== Attainment of goals ===
One of the goals of Shaheen Bagh was to get CAA revoked. In this aspect they were not successful.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kothari|first=Urvish|date=2020-03-24|title=Shaheen Bagh couldn't get CAA revoked. But Gandhi's satyagraha didn't meet its goal either|url=https://theprint.in/opinion/shaheen-bagh-couldnt-get-caa-revoked-but-gandhis-satyagraha-didnt-meet-its-goal-either/382848/|access-date=2021-03-19|website=ThePrint|language=en-US}}</ref> Indian political scientist [[Sanjay Kumar (professor)|Sanjay Kumar]] commented that "the fact that women, children and families came together for a cause was unique. It was an example of how protests can be undertaken if people are committed". However he went on to say "It did not achieve anything".<ref name=":23" /> [[Mohammed Ayoob]] wrote on 3 February 2020 that while the protestors had successfully stood up against the government narrative it was "time for the Shaheen Bagh protests to end".<ref>{{Cite news|last=Ayoob|first=Mohammed|date=2020-02-03|title=It's time for the Shaheen Bagh protests to end|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/its-time-for-the-shaheen-bagh-protests-to-end/article30720669.ece|access-date=2021-03-19|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> [[Pratap Bhanu Mehta]] wrote on 10 March 2020 that the Shaheen Bagh protestors had reached a "strategic (a) dead end" and that at best, the Shaheen Bagh movement is a "curiosity"— "The anti-CAA protests gave us the poetry to resist. But the hard plumbing of an alternative politics is yet to be worked out".<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mehta|first=Pratap Bhanu|date=2020-03-10|title=Anti-CAA protests gave us poetry to resist, but hard plumbing of alternative politics yet to be worked out|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/citizenship-amendment-act-caa-protests-delhi-up-6307305/|access-date=2021-03-19|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> An editorial from ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' said that the protests would "go down as historic" but added, "Now, find other ways to dissent".<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-02-12|title=End the protest at Shaheen Bagh {{!}} HT Editorial|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/editorials/end-the-protest-at-shaheen-bagh-ht-editorial/story-VXeJJPVrsIyUME5sdKbhmM.html|access-date=2021-03-19|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

=== Protestors ===
[[Bilkis Dadi]], one of the Shaheen Bagh protestors, was included by [[Time (magazine)|Time magazine]] in its list of "The [[100 Most Influential People]] of 2020".<ref name="Lakhani">{{Cite web|last=Lakhani|first=Somya|date=2020-09-27|title=Explained: Who is Bilkis, the Shaheen Bagh dadi in Time's list of most influential people of 2020?|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/who-is-bilkis-the-shaheeb-bagh-dadi-listed-among-times-most-influential-people-of-2020-6607454/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201010113723/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/who-is-bilkis-the-shaheeb-bagh-dadi-listed-among-times-most-influential-people-of-2020-6607454/|archive-date=10 October 2020|access-date=2020-10-09|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> In a statement to ''[[The Indian Express|Indian Express]]'' in October 2020, she said "Nobody here talks about the protest or is willing to talk about it anymore. They’re scared."<ref name=":24" /> On 23 November 2020, Bilkis was also listed in [[100 Women (BBC)|BBC's 100 Women]] list.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-11-23|title=BBC 100 Women 2020: Who is on the list this year?|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-55042935|url-status=live|access-date=2020-11-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129102233/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-55042935|archive-date=29 November 2020}}</ref> She went on to be listed as the 'Woman of the Year' in the 2021 edition of [[The 500 Most Influential Muslims|The Muslim 500]]— "Starting a simple Gandhian sit-in protest on a road in her locality of Shaheen Bagh in Delhi, she managed to bring the world’s attention to the latest signpost in India’s slide into Hindutva, 'majoritarianism', 'Hindu nationalism' or 'fascism, Hindu style'."<ref>{{Cite book|last=|first=|url=https://themuslim500.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/TheMuslim500-2021_Edition-low_res_20201028.pdf|title=The Muslim 500: The World's 500 Most Influential Muslim 2021|website=Muslim 500|year=2013|publisher=The Royal Islamic Strategic Studies Centre, Jordan|isbn=9789957635565|type=pdf|access-date=18 January 2021}}</ref> [[Karuna Nundy]] tweeted "Dadi' Bilkis Bano's and her reclamation of the Constitution in Shaheen Bagh was one of the most inspiring acts this year."<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-09-24|title=Shaheen Bagh: India celebrates grandmother on Time magazine's icon list|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-54276129|access-date=2021-03-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet|number=1308727149029855233|user=karunanundy|title='Dadi' Bilkis Bano's and her reclamation of the Constitution in Shaheen Bagh was one of the most inspiring acts this year.|author=Karuna Nundy|date=23 September 2020}}</ref>

Around August 2020, some people associated with the Shaheen Bagh protest joined BJP.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Shukla|first=Saurabh|date=17 August 2020|editor-last=Sanyal|editor-first=Anindita|title=As Shaheen Bagh Activists Join BJP, Arvind Kejriwal's Party Alleges Plot|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/delhis-shaheen-bagh-unit-joins-bjp-arvind-kejriwals-party-alleges-plot-2280846|access-date=2021-03-19|website=NDTV}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=16 August 2020|agency=ANI|title=Shaheen Bagh social activist Shahzad Ali joins BJP|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/shaheen-bagh-social-activist-shahzad-ali-joins-bjp/articleshow/77574802.cms|access-date=2021-03-19|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> On 30 December, the Hindu fundamentalist shooter, who was temporarily detained for firing at the Shaheen Bagh protest site, officially joined the Bharatiya Janata Party.<ref name="IT_Shooter" /><ref name="Mint Shooter" /> After a few hours when the news of his joining the party broke out, he was expelled from the party.<ref name="IT_fired">{{cite news|last1=Ojha|first1=Arvind|date=30 December 2020|title=Shaheen Bagh shooter Kapil Gurjar expelled from BJP hours after joining|language=en|work=India Today|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/shaheen-bagh-shooter-kapil-gurjar-expelled-from-bjp-hours-after-joining-1754594-2020-12-30|url-status=live|access-date=30 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230125003/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/shaheen-bagh-shooter-kapil-gurjar-expelled-from-bjp-hours-after-joining-1754594-2020-12-30|archive-date=30 December 2020}}</ref> [[Sharjeel Imam]] was considered as one of the 'masterminds' of the protest by Delhi Police.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Khan|first=Aamir|date=23 September 2020|title=Sharjeel Imam mastermind of Shaheen Bagh stir: Delhi Police|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/sharjeel-mastermind-of-shaheen-bagh-stir-police/articleshow/78264902.cms|access-date=2021-03-19|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Menon|first=Aditya|date=2020-01-28|title=Sharjeel Imam Surrenders in Bihar: Is He A Terrorist or Scapegoat?|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/politics/jnu-student-sharjeel-imam-shaheen-bagh-speech-sedition-caa-protest|access-date=2021-03-19|website=TheQuint|language=en}}</ref>

=== Supreme Court ===
In response to a petition filed in February in the Supreme Court seeking lifting of the blockade due to the Shaheen Bagh protests, Justices [[Sanjay Kishan Kaul]], [[Aniruddha Bose]] and [[Krishna Murari]] concluded on 7 October 2020 that "such kind of occupation of public ways, whether at the site in question or anywhere else for protests is not acceptable and the administration ought to take action to keep the areas clear of encroachments or obstructions".<ref name=":21">{{Cite web|last=Venkatesan|first=V|date=8 October 2020|title=Supreme Court's Shaheen Bagh Judgment Will Lead to Fresh Curbs on Right of Peaceful Protest|url=https://thewire.in/law/supreme-court-shaheen-bagh-judgment-fresh-cubs-right-of-peaceful-protest|access-date=2020-10-09|website=The Wire|archive-date=13 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201013161520/https://thewire.in/law/supreme-court-shaheen-bagh-judgment-fresh-cubs-right-of-peaceful-protest|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":22">{{Cite web|last1=Bindra|first1=Japnam|last2=Khanna|first2=Pretika|date=2020-10-08|title='Indefinite occupation of public ways for protests unacceptable'|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/-indefinite-occupation-of-public-ways-for-protests-unacceptable-11602119445389.html|access-date=2020-10-09|website=mint|language=en}}</ref> The Supreme Court stated on a batch of petitions against Shaheen Bagh that "indefinite" occupation of public space for protest or expressing dissent was not acceptable.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Vaidyanathan|first=A|date=7 October 2020|editor-last=Bhasin|editor-first=Swati|title=Occupying Public Places Like Shaheen Bagh Not Acceptable: Supreme Court|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/shaheen-bagh-public-places-cannot-be-occupied-indefinitely-supreme-court-on-petitions-on-shaheen-bagh-protests-2306304|access-date=2020-10-09|website=NDTV|archive-date=9 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009182755/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/shaheen-bagh-public-places-cannot-be-occupied-indefinitely-supreme-court-on-petitions-on-shaheen-bagh-protests-2306304|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Krishnan|first=Murali|date=2020-10-07|title=Occupying public place for protests not acceptable: Supreme Court on petitions on Shaheen Bagh protests|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/public-places-cannot-be-occupied-indefinitely-supreme-court-on-petitions-on-shaheen-bagh-protests/story-BTyccB3Ef98KSuRIsHooyM.html|access-date=2020-10-09|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-date=10 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201010040321/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/public-places-cannot-be-occupied-indefinitely-supreme-court-on-petitions-on-shaheen-bagh-protests/story-BTyccB3Ef98KSuRIsHooyM.html|url-status=live}}</ref> A review petition was dismissed by the court in February 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=13 February 2021|title='Right to protest cannot be anytime, anywhere': SC dismisses review petition of Shaheen Bagh verdict|url=https://scroll.in/latest/986796/right-to-protest-cannot-be-anytime-anywhere-sc-dismisses-review-petition-of-shaheen-bagh-verdict|access-date=2021-03-19|website=Scroll.in|language=en-US}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|India|Politics|Law|History|Freedom of speech|Society}}
* [[Chipko movement|Chipko Movement]]
*[[Irom Chanu Sharmila]]
* [[2020 Women's March]]
* [[Yellow vests movement]]
* [[No NRC movement]]

== Footnotes ==
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===

* {{Cite journal|last1=Bhatia|first1=Kiran Vinod|last2=Gajjala|first2=Radhika|date=2020|others=Emily Edwards, Sarah Ford, Oladoyin Abiona, and Olayombo Tejumade Raji-Oyelade|title=Examining Anti-CAA Protests at Shaheen Bagh: Muslim Women and Politics of the Hindu India|url=https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/viewFile/16015/3300|journal=[[International Journal of Communication]]|volume=14|pages=6286–6303}}

== Further reading ==

=== Books ===

* {{cite book|author=Salam|title=Shaheen Bagh: From a Protest to a Movement|first=Ziya Us|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xwf2DwAAQBAJ|date=30 August 2020|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=978-93-90077-94-6|location=|pages=|format=e-book}}
* {{cite book|author=|title=Shaheen Bagh and the Idea of India: Writings on a Movement for Justice, Liberty and Equality|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PPrlzQEACAAJ|date=August 2020|publisher=[[Speaking Tiger Books]]|isbn=978-93-89958-17-1|editor-last=Mustafa|editor-first=Seema|format=e-book}}
* {{cite book|author=Khan|title=Shaheen Bagh Hoon Mein|first=Ishrat|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=USPXDwAAQBAJ|date=17 March 2020|publisher=BlueRose Publishers|id=GGKEY:0QT69536CCR|format=e-book}}
*{{Cite book|last=Khan|first=Nabiya|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sOf1DwAAQBAJ|title=Inquilab: A Decade of Protest|publisher=Harper Collins|year=2020|isbn=9789353579708|chapter=The Women of Shaheen Bagh}}

=== Journal ===

* {{Cite journal|last=Rai|first=Shirin M|date=2020|title=Shaheen Bagh, Citizens and Citizenship|url=https://journals.warwick.ac.uk/index.php/feministdissent/article/view/768|journal=Feminist Dissent|publisher=University of Warwick|volume=5|pages=265–274|doi=10.31273/fd.n5.2020.768|issn=2398-4139|doi-access=free}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Ahmed|first=Hilal|date=2020|title=Researching India's Muslims: Identities, methods, politics|url=https://www.csds.in/uploads/custom_files/1608272632_Researching%20India%E2%80%99s%20Muslims.pdf|journal=[[HAU: Journal of Ethnographic Theory]]|volume=10|issue=3|pages=776–785|doi=10.1086/711892|s2cid=224901192}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Ghosh|first=Adrija|date=22 July 2020|title=Art as Resistance in Shaheen Bagh|url=http://www.forumjournal.org/article/view/4485|journal=FORUM: University of Edinburgh Postgraduate Journal of Culture & the Arts|volume=Spring 2020|issue=30|doi=10.2218/forum.30.4485|doi-access=free}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Farooqi|first=Irfanullah|date=25 January 2020|title=Citizenship as Participation: Muslim Women Protestors of Shaheen Bagh|url=https://www.epw.in/journal/2020/4/commentary/citizenship-participation.html|journal=[[Economic and Political Weekly]]|volume=55|issue=4|url-access=subscription}}
*{{Cite journal|last=Roy|first=Suddhabrata Deb|date=17 November 2020|title=Locating Gramsci in Delhi's Shaheen Bagh: Perspectives on the iconic women's protest in India|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0309816820971119|journal=[[Capital & Class]]|volume=45|issue=2|pages=183–189|doi=10.1177/0309816820971119|s2cid=228865552|via=SAGE Journals|url-access=subscription}}

=== Judiciary ===

* ''[https://api.sci.gov.in/supremecourt/2020/2418/2418_2020_36_1501_24294_Judgement_07-Oct-2020.pdf Amit Sahni v Commissioner of Police & Others].'' Civil Appeal No. 3282 OF 2020. Supreme Court of India. [https://api.sci.gov.in/supremecourt/2020/2418/2418_2020_36_1501_24294_Judgement_07-Oct-2020.pdf Archived] on 9 October 2020

=== Articles ===
* Ajaz Ashraf (5 January 2020). [https://www.newsclick.in/if-you-have-not-been-there-yet-go-shaheen-bagh-now "If You Have Not Been There Yet, Go to Shaheen Bagh Now"]. ''The NewsClick''
* Srimati Ghosal (13 January 2020). [https://www.thequint.com/voices/women/muslim-women-resistance-protest-shaheen-bagh-delhi-park-circus-kolkata-anti-caa-nrc "Women, Mainly Muslims, Aren't Voiceless. CAA-NRC Protest Is Proof"]. ''The Quint''
*[[Yogendra Yadav]] (15 January 2020). [https://theprint.in/opinion/shaheen-bagh-jamia-jnu-protests-show-indian-women-are-far-better-leaders-than-we-admit/349781/ "Shaheen Bagh, Jamia, JNU protests show Indian women are far better leaders than we admit"]. ''ThePrint''
* Fareeha Iftikhar (24 January 2020). [https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/shaheen-bagh-living-up-to-its-name-says-man-who-christened-the-colony/story-PFsIKrwerxyiEx4sCTOYHP.html "Shaheen Bagh living up to its name, says man who christened the colony"]. ''Hindustan Times''
* Manisha Pande (26 January 2020). [https://www.newslaundry.com/2020/01/26/shaheen-bagh-and-the-spiralling-hostility-against-godi-media "Shaheen Bagh and the spiralling hostility against 'Godi Media{{'"}}]. ''The Newslaundry''
*[[Umar Khalid]] (28 January 2020). [https://theprint.in/opinion/shaheen-bagh-not-local-protest-india-tahrir-taksim-square-umar-khalid/355346/ Shaheen Bagh not just a local protest, it’s India’s Tahrir, Taksim Square]. ''ThePrint''
* Gayeti Singh (29 Jan 2020). [https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/meet-artists-resisting-india-citizenship-law-200128065459553.html "Meet the artists resisting India's new citizenship law"]. ''Al Jazeera''
*[[Elizabeth Puranam]] (3 February 2020). [https://www.aljazeera.com/blogs/asia/2020/02/shaheen-bagh-important-moment-india-history-200203055724548.html "Why Shaheen Bagh protests are an important moment in India's history"]. ''Al Jazeera''
* Satish Misra (4 February 2020). [https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/taking-a-close-look-at-shaheen-bagh-61045/ "Taking a close look at Shaheen Bagh"]. ''Observer Research Foundation''
* Juhi Tyagi (8 February 2020). [https://scroll.in/article/952219/lessons-from-shaheen-bagh-road-blockades-as-a-form-of-protest-are-here-to-stay "Lessons from Shaheen Bagh: Road blockades as a form of protest are here to stay"]. ''Scroll.in''
* Pradip Kumar Datta (12 February 2020). [https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/the-victory-of-the-shaheen-bagh-women/article30796356.ece "The victory of the Shaheen Bagh women"]. ''The Hindu''
*Parvathi Benu (4 March 2020) [https://www.edexlive.com/news/2020/mar/04/sree-sankara-universitys-aisf-unit-brings-out-shaheen-bagh-a-magazine-against-caa-10506.html "Sree Sankaracharya University students bring out crowd-sourced newsletter called 'Shaheen Bagh'"]. ''The New Indian Express''

==Photographs==
*{{commons category-inline|Shaheen Bagh protests}}
{{Citizenship Amendment Act protests|state=expanded}}

[[Category:2019 protests]]
[[Category:2020 protests]]
[[Category:December 2019 in India]]
[[Category:January 2020 in India]]
[[Category:Protests in India]]
[[Category:Citizenship Amendment Act protests]]
[[Category:Indian women activists]]
[[Category:Indian nonviolence advocates]]
[[Category:2010s in Delhi]]
[[Category:2020s in Delhi]]
[[Category:Women's protests]]
[[Category:2019 in women's history]]
[[Category:2020 in women's history]]

Parveen Kaur (Indian actress)

2025-12-31T00:24:09Z

BrooksPrather: done

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{Notability|date=February 2025}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2017}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Parveen Kaur
| image =
| caption =
| | birth_place = Mumbai
| years_active = 2014-present
| occupation = Acting
}}

{{confused|text=[[Parveen Kaur (Canadian actress)]] from NBC's ''Manifest''}}

'''Parveen Kaur''' is an Indian actress born in [[Mumbai]] who graduated from Sathaye College.

Kaur has been part of shows including: Ishq Unplugged, [[Chakravartin Ashoka Samrat]], [[Humko Tumse Ho Gaya Hai Pyaar Kya Karein]], [[Yeh Hai Mohabbatein]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/why-vidya-balan-is-seeing-a-psychiatrist-769871|title= Why Vidya Balan is Seeing a 'Psychiatrist'|publisher= Ndtv.com |date=8 June 2015 }}</ref> [[Kasam Tere Pyaar Ki]], [[Balika Vadhu]] and many more. Kaur has also appeared in several films and [[TV commercials]] including: Amazon’s Apni Dukan, Franklin Templeton, Rajdhani Daal, [[Kurkure]], and Reliance Free.

== Filmography ==

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2014
| ''[[Satrangi Sasural]]''
| Diya's Mother
|-
| ''[[Kumkum Bhagya]]''
| Wife of Abhishek's colleague
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2015
| ''[[Yeh Hai Mohabbatein]]''
| Dr. Aditi
|-
| ''[[Humko Tumse Ho Gaya Hai Pyaar Kya Karein]]''
| Rajni
|-
| ''[[Chakravartin Ashoka Samrat]]''
| Kasturi
|-
| ''[[Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah]]''
| Nalini's mother
|-
| ''[[Balika Vadhu]]''
| Teacher
|-
| rowspan="10" | 2016
| ''[[Meri Aashiqui Tum Se Hi]]''
| Shikhar's aunty
|-
| ''[[Mastaangi - One Love Story Two Lifetimes]]''
| Psychologist
|-
| ''[[Kasam Tere Pyaar Ki]]''
| Savitri Malhotra
|-
| ''[[Kavach (TV series)|Kavach... Kaali Shaktiyon Se]]''
| Vishaal's mother
|-
| ''[[Pardes Mein Hai Mera Dil]]''
| Amit's mother
|-
| ''[[Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya (TV series)|Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya]]''
| Harpreet
|-
| ''Ishq Unplugged''
| Sweety
|-
| ''[[CID (Indian TV series)|CID]]''
| Various
|-
| ''[[Crime Patrol (TV series)|Crime Patrol]]''
| Various
|-
| ''[[Savdhaan India]]''
| Various
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2017
| ''[[TV, Biwi aur Main]]''
| Kushal's mother
|-
| ''[[Kundali Bhagya]]''
| Mrs. Ahuja
|-
| 2018–2019
| ''[[Ladies Special]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/actor-parveen-kaur-takes-a-bihari-crash-course-from-chhavvi-pandey/articleshow/67025472.cms|title= Actor Parveen Kaur takes a Bihari crash course from Chhavvi Pandey |publisher= Times of India |date=10 December 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/i-m-yet-to-get-my-due-parveen-kaur-118122800044_1.html|title= I'm yet to get my due: Parveen Kaur |publisher= Business Standard |date=28 December 2018 }}</ref>
| Rachana Kashyap
|}

===Films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Chinar Daastaan-E-Ishq]]''
| Aziz Cinema Khan's Wife
|-
| 2016
| [[Airlift (film)|''Airlift'']]
| Ashok's Wife/Amirta Katyal's friend
|-
| 2016
| [[Fan (2016 film)|''Fan'']]
| Train passenger
|-
| 2016
| ''Bhabhipedia''
| Bhabi
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Parveen Kaur (Indian actress)}}
*{{IMDb name|id=8719360|name=Parveen Kaur}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kaur, Parveen}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian soap opera actresses]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{India-tv-actor-stub}}

Bagasara taluka

2025-12-12T03:44:04Z

BrooksPrather: Put up initial post and citations!

{{Short description|Taluka in Gujarat, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bagasara taluka
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[List of talukas of Gujarat|Taluka]] of [[Gujarat]]
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Bagasara]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Gujarat, India
| coordinates = {{coord|21.483333|N|70.95|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Gujarat]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Amreli district|Amreli]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 83054
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =<ref>{{Cite web |title=District wise Statistics {{!}} NITI Aayog, (National Institution for Transforming India), Government of India |url=http://164.100.94.191/niti/best-practices/district-wise-statistics |access-date=2023-01-05 |website=164.100.94.191}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = +91-079
| registration_plate = GJ
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 =
| blank2_name_sec1 = Civic agency
| blank2_info_sec1 =
| website = {{Official URL}}
| footnotes =
| mapframe = yes
| map_caption =
| population_blank1 = 956 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| population_blank1_title = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| population_blank2 = 70.6%
| population_blank2_title = Literacy
}}

'''Bagasara Taluka''' is a geographical subdivision located in the [[Amreli district]] of the state of [[Gujarat, India]]. It is situated in the western part of the country and falls within the [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra region]]. [[Bagasara]] is the headquarters of the Taluka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Taluka {{!}} District Amreli, Government of Gujarat {{!}} India |url=https://amreli.nic.in/tehsil/ |access-date=2023-08-29 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>https://amrelidp.gujarat.gov.in/gu/taluka/Bagasara/History</ref>

== History ==
During the medieval period, Bagasara Taluka became a part of the larger socio-political landscape of [[Gujarat Sultanate]]. The strategic location of the region facilitated trade routes connecting the western coast to the hinterlands. The rise of various local rulers and dynasties further shaped the history of the taluka, leaving behind architectural remnants and cultural influences that are still palpable.Bagasara was conquered in about 1525 by Vala Mancha Bhaiya of Devgam Devli. Vala Mancha was succeeded by his son Bhaiya, from whom the Bagasara Kathis are called Bhaiyani. There are many dawoodi bohras in the city. During British period, the town belonged to the Vala Kathis and is the seat of [[Kathiawar Agency]] ''thana''.<ref name="bg">{{cite book|title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Kathiawar (Public Domain text)|url=https://archive.org/details/1884GazetteerByBombayPresidencyVol8Kathiawar349D|year=1884|publisher=Printed at the Government Central Press, Bombay|volume=VIII|pages=373}}</ref>

== Geography ==
Bagasara Taluka is a geographical subdivision located in the [[Amreli district]] of the Indian state of [[Gujarat]]. Situated within the western reaches of India, Bagasara Taluka is characterized by its diverse landscape, encompassing various natural features and landforms. Its geographical coordinates range approximately from 21.9706° N latitude to 71.7543° E longitude.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gujarat |first=India Director of Census Operations |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Id4_AAAAMAAJ&q=Bagasara+taluka |title=District Census Handbook: Amreli (3 pt.) |date=1972 |language=en}}</ref>

The taluka is characterized by its undulating terrain, which ranges from plains to low hills. The region's elevation varies, providing a picturesque panorama of valleys and plateaus interspersed with gentle slopes. This diverse topography plays a pivotal role in shaping the local climatic patterns and agricultural practices.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IhsoAQAAIAAJ&q=Bagasara+taluka |title=Encyclopaedia of Cities and Towns in India: Gujarat |date=2008 |publisher=Gyan Publishing House |isbn=978-81-212-0981-6 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Climate ===
{{Weather box
| location = Amreli (1981–2010, extremes 1973–2012)
| metric first = yes
| single line = yes
| width = auto
| Jan record high C = 36.6
| Feb record high C = 39.0
| Mar record high C = 43.6
| Apr record high C = 45.6
| May record high C = 46.2
| Jun record high C = 45.6
| Jul record high C = 39.1
| Aug record high C = 38.6
| Sep record high C = 40.1
| Oct record high C = 42.1
| Nov record high C = 38.2
| Dec record high C = 36.6
| year record high C = 46.2
| Jan high C = 29.6
| Feb high C = 32.1
| Mar high C = 36.5
| Apr high C = 40.1
| May high C = 40.6
| Jun high C = 37.2
| Jul high C = 32.6
| Aug high C = 31.1
| Sep high C = 33.0
| Oct high C = 35.2
| Nov high C = 33.1
| Dec high C = 30.7
| year high C = 34.3
| Jan low C = 11.5
| Feb low C = 14.0
| Mar low C = 18.7
| Apr low C = 22.6
| May low C = 25.2
| Jun low C = 26.3
| Jul low C = 25.1
| Aug low C = 24.2
| Sep low C = 23.2
| Oct low C = 21.0
| Nov low C = 16.5
| Dec low C = 12.7
| year low C = 20.1
| Jan record low C = 1.6
| Feb record low C = 3.5
| Mar record low C = 9.1
| Apr record low C = 14.1
| May record low C = 18.0
| Jun record low C = 20.6
| Jul record low C = 21.4
| Aug record low C = 21.1
| Sep record low C = 18.1
| Oct record low C = 14.4
| Nov record low C = 9.1
| Dec record low C = 4.1
| year record low C = 1.6
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 0.0
| Feb rain mm = 0.0
| Mar rain mm = 0.0
| Apr rain mm = 1.5
| May rain mm = 7.2
| Jun rain mm = 98.0
| Jul rain mm = 205.3
| Aug rain mm = 128.5
| Sep rain mm = 97.4
| Oct rain mm = 17.5
| Nov rain mm = 6.2
| Dec rain mm = 0.0
| year rain mm = 561.8
| Jan rain days = 0.0
| Feb rain days = 0.0
| Mar rain days = 0.0
| Apr rain days = 0.1
| May rain days = 0.7
| Jun rain days = 4.2
| Jul rain days = 8.9
| Aug rain days = 7.0
| Sep rain days = 4.3
| Oct rain days = 1.0
| Nov rain days = 0.4
| Dec rain days = 0.0
| year rain days = 26.6
| time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| Jan humidity = 27
| Feb humidity = 21
| Mar humidity = 20
| Apr humidity = 19
| May humidity = 27
| Jun humidity = 52
| Jul humidity = 68
| Aug humidity = 72
| Sep humidity = 62
| Oct humidity = 39
| Nov humidity = 32
| Dec humidity = 29
| year humidity = 39
| source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref name=IMDnormals>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205040301/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| title = Station: Amreli Climatological Table 1981–2010
| work = Climatological Normals 1981–2010
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = January 2015
| pages = 43–44
| access-date = 28 September 2020}}</ref><ref name=IMDextremes>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| title = Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = December 2016
| page = M48
| access-date = 28 September 2020}}</ref>
}}

== Economy ==
Agriculture forms the major part of the economy in Bagasara Taluka.<ref name="auto">{{Cite journal |last1=Gohil |first1=P. J. |last2=Savaliya |first2=S. G. |last3=Bharadiya |first3=A. M. |title=Farmer First Programme: An Effective Extension Approach for Dissemination of Sustainable Cotton Production Technologies |date=2022-11-25 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.56572/gjoee.2022.si.0004 |journal=Gujarat Journal of Extension Education |volume=2022 |issue=1 |pages=15–18 |doi=10.56572/gjoee.2022.si.0004 |s2cid=254339108 |issn=2322-0678|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mathukia |first1=R. K. |last2=Savalia |first2=S. G. |last3=Chovatia |first3=P. K. |title=Crop Diversification and Intensification Approach Under Farmer First Programme |date=2022-11-25 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.56572/gjoee.2022.si.0017 |journal=Gujarat Journal of Extension Education |volume=2022 |issue=1 |pages=88–90 |doi=10.56572/gjoee.2022.si.0017 |s2cid=254350821 |issn=2322-0678|doi-access=free }}</ref> The fertile soil and adequate water resources foster the cultivation of a variety of crops, including groundnuts, cotton, [[Millet|millets]], and [[Pulse|pulses]].<ref name="auto"/> The taluka is well known in [[gold plating]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Handicraft {{!}} District Amreli, Government of Gujarat {{!}} India |url=https://amreli.nic.in/handicraft/ |access-date=2023-08-29 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Administrative divisions ==
[[File:Amreli Gujarat map.svg|thumb|Bagsara taluka in [[Amreli district]]]]

There are 34 villages in this taluka and 34 gram panchayats are included.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bagasara Taluka Population Amreli, Gujarat, List of Villages & Towns in Bagasara Taluka |url=https://www.censusindia2011.com/gujarat/amreli/bagasara-population.html |access-date=2023-08-29 |website=Censusindia2011.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Village & Panchayats {{!}} District Amreli, Government of Gujarat {{!}} India |url=https://amreli.nic.in/village-panchayats/ |access-date=2023-08-29 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Villages in Bagasara Taluka |url=https://amrelidp.gujarat.gov.in/en/village-list |website=amrelidp.gujarat.gov.in}}</ref><ref>https://amrelidp.gujarat.gov.in/gu/taluka/Bagasara/Taluka-General-Outline</ref>

{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
* Adpur
* Bagasara
* Balapur
* Charan pipali
* Deri Pipaliya
* Ghantiyan
* Hadala
* Halariya
* Haliyad Juni
* Haliyad Navi
* Hamapur
* Hulariya
* Jamka
* Janjariya Juna
* Janjariya Nava
* Jethiavadar
* Kadaya
* Kagdad
* Khari
* Khijadiya
* Manekvada
* Mavjinjva
* Munjiasar Mota
* Munjiasar Nana
* Natvarnagar
* Pipaliya Nava
* Pithadiya
* Rafala
* Samadhiyala
* Sanaliya
* Shilana
* Vaghaniya Juna
* Vaghaniya Nava
{{Div col end}}
==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|https://amrelidp.gujarat.gov.in/en/Home}}
* {{OSM relation|9659202}}
* {{Google maps|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Bagasara/data=!4m7!3m6!1s0x39587628b649ba41:0x5e8ff8664a7f1529!8m2!3d21.4860846!4d70.9547956!16s%2Fg%2F11pz1bkmzy!19sChIJQbpJtih2WDkRKRV_Smb4j14?authuser=0&hl=en&rclk=1}}

{{Amreli district}}

[[Category:Talukas of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Amreli district]]

Guwahati Masters

2025-12-11T03:10:12Z

BrooksPrather: made basic post more to come

{{Short description|Annual badminton tournament in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox badminton tournament
| Name = Guwahati Masters
| Last = 2025 Guwahati Masters
| Last alias = 2025 Guwahati Masters
| Current =
| Current alias =
| Logo = Guwahati Masters logo.png
| Logo size =
| Bar Color = #A6E287
| Founded = {{start date and age|2023}}
| Editions = 3 (2025)
| City = [[Guwahati]]
| Country = India
| Venue = Sarju Sarai Indoor Sports Complex
| Circuit = Super 100
| Men Draw = 48S / 32D
| Men Current = [[Sanskar Saraswat]] ''(singles)'' [[Kang Khai Xing]] [[Aaron Tai]] ''(doubles)''
| Men Most S = 1, ''all winners''
| Men Most D = 1, ''all winners''
| Women Draw = 32S / 32D
| Women Current = [[Tung Ciou-tong]] ''(singles)'' [[Isyana Syahira Meida]] [[Rinjani Kwinnara Nastine]] ''(doubles)''
| Women Most S = 1, ''all winners''
| Women Most D = 2 [[Tanisha Crasto]] [[Ashwini Ponnappa]]
| Mixed Draw = 32
| Mixed Current = [[Marwan Faza]] [[Aisyah Pranata]]
| Mixed Most M = 1, ''all winners''
| Mixed Most F = 1, ''all winners''
| Prize Money = [[United States dollar|US$]]110,000 (2025)
| Web site = https://www.badmintonindia.org/
| Notes =
}}
The '''Guwahati Masters''' is an annual [[badminton]] tournament held in [[India]]. The tournament is a part of the [[BWF World Tour]] tournaments and is leveled in [[BWF Tour Super 100|'''BWF Tour Super 100''']].<ref>{{cite web|title=Prospectus Guwahati Masters 2023|url=https://extranet.bwf.sport/docs/events/4862/docs/India%20Super100_Guwahati_Draft%20Prospectus_UPDATED%2026Oct.pdf|publisher=[[Badminton World Federation]] |access-date=9 December 2023}}</ref> The inaugural edition was held in [[2023 Guwahati Masters|2023]] at the Saru Sajai Indoor Sports Complex in [[Guwahati]], [[Assam]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Guwahati hosting first ever Super 100 Badminton Tournament |url=https://tripurachronicle.in/sports-news/guwahati-hosting-first-ever-super-100-badminton-tournament/ |work=Tripura Chronicle |date=5 December 2023 }}</ref>

== Locations ==
Below is the cities that have hosted the tournament.
*[[Guwahati]]: 2023–2026

<section begin=map />{{Location map+ |India |width=600
|float=left |caption=Locations of Guwahati Masters host cities|places=
{{Location map~ |India |lat=26.172222 |long=91.745833 |label=[[Guwahati|2023–2026]] |label_width=100 |position=right}}
}}<section end=map />
{{Clear}}

== Winners ==
{| class=wikitable style="font-size:90%;"
! Year
! Men's singles
! Women's singles
! Men's doubles
! Women's doubles
! Mixed doubles
! Ref
|-
|[[2023 Guwahati Masters|2023]]
|{{flagicon|INA}} [[Yohanes Saut Marcellyno]]
|{{flagicon|THA}} [[Lalinrat Chaiwan]]
|{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Choong Hon Jian]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Muhammad Haikal]]
|rowspan="2"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Tanisha Crasto]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ashwini Ponnappa]]
|{{flagicon|SGP}} [[Terry Hee]] {{flagicon|SGP}} [[Jessica Tan (badminton)|Jessica Tan]]
|<ref>{{cite web |title=YONEX-SUNRISE Guwahati Masters 2023 winners |url=https://bwf.tournamentsoftware.com/sport/winners.aspx?id=b2309b69-9d99-416c-94f3-99a5c6d14723 |publisher=BWF-Tournament Software |access-date=23 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Nag |first=Utathya |title=Guwahati Masters 2023 badminton: Ashwini Ponnappa-Tanisha Crasto win second title |url=https://olympics.com/en/news/guwahati-masters-2023-badminton-final-results-india-winners-list |publisher=International Olympic Committee |date=10 December 2023 |access-date=9 December 2024}}</ref>
|-
|[[2024 Guwahati Masters|2024]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sathish Karunakaran]]
|{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Cai Yanyan]]
|{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Chia Wei Jie]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Lwi Sheng Hao]]
|{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Zhang Hanyu (badminton)|Zhang Hanyu]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Bao Lijing]]
|<ref>{{cite web |title=YONEX-SUNRISE Guwahati Masters 2024 winners |url=https://bwf.tournamentsoftware.com/sport/winners.aspx?id=F48D3E8E-B6B1-464E-87F4-1C2AC6C2201C |publisher=BWF-Tournament Software |access-date=23 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Lall Seal |first=Arnab |title=Ashwini-Tanisha, Sathish claim Guwahati Masters titles |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/ashwini-ponnappa-and-tanisha-crasto-win-guwahati-masters-badminton-titles/articleshow/116111651.cms |publisher=The Times of India |date=8 December 2024 |access-date=9 December 2024}}</ref>
|-
|[[2025 Guwahati Masters|2025]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sanskar Saraswat]]
|{{flagicon|TPE}} [[Tung Ciou-tong]]
|{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Kang Khai Xing]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Aaron Tai]]
|{{flagicon|INA}} [[Isyana Syahira Meida]] {{flagicon|INA}} [[Rinjani Kwinnara Nastine]]
|{{flagicon|INA}} [[Marwan Faza]] {{flagicon|INA}} [[Aisyah Pranata]]
|<ref>{{cite web |title= 2025 Guwahati Masters winners |url=https://bwfbadminton.com/tournament/5266/yonex-sunrise-guwahati-masters-2025|publisher=BWF-Tournament Software |access-date=7 December 2025}}</ref>
|}

== Performance by nations==
{{updated|the [[2025 Guwahati Masters|2025 edition]]}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! Pos. !! Nation!! MS!! WS!! MD!! WD!! XD !! Total
|-
| 1
| align="left" style="border: 3px solid red" | '''{{bd|IND}}'''
| 2 || || || 2 || || '''4'''
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2
| align="left" | {{bd|INA}}
| 1 || || || 1 || 1 || '''3'''
|-
| align="left" | {{bd|MAS}}
| || || 3 || || || '''3'''
|-
| 4
| align="left" | {{bd|CHN}}
|
| 1
|
|
| 1
| '''2'''
|-
| rowspan="3" | 5
| align="left" | {{nowrap|{{bd|TPE}}}}
|
| 1
|
|
|
| '''1'''
|-
| align="left" | {{nowrap|{{bd|SIN}}}}
|
|
|
|
| 1
| '''1'''
|-
| align="left" | {{bd|THA}}
|
| 1
|
|
|
| '''1'''
|-
! colspan="2" | Total
! 3
! 3
! 3
! 3
! 3
! 15
|}

==See also==
*[[India Open (badminton)|India Open]]
*[[Syed Modi International Badminton Championships]]
*[[Hyderabad Open (badminton)|Hyderabad Open]] ''(Defunct)''
*[[Odisha Masters]]
*[[India International Challenge]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Guwahati Masters}}
{{BWF World Tour}}
{{Badminton in India}}
{{Badminton competitions}}

[[Category:Guwahati Masters| ]]
[[Category:Badminton tournaments in India]]
[[Category:2023 establishments in Assam]]
[[Category:Recurring sporting events established in 2023]]

Vempalli Gangadhar

2025-11-30T20:42:32Z

BrooksPrather: improve page for accuracy and added references

{{Short description|Researcher, poet, and writer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{BLP sources|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox writer 
| name=Vempalli Gangadhar
| image=Dr. Vempalli Gangadhar profile.jpg
| birth_date=
| birth_place=
| death_date=
| death_place=
| occupation=Writer, poet, researcher
| nationality=[[India]]n
| period=Present
| genre=
| subject=
| movement=
| influences=
| signature=
| website={{URL|http://vempalligangadhar.com}}
}}
'''Vempalli Gangadhar''' is a writer from [[Kadapa district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He has been awarded [[Sahitya Akademi]]'s [[Yuva Puraskar]] for 2011 for his short-story collection "Molakala Punnami".<ref>[[The Hindu]]'s [http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/vempalli-bags-sahitya-akademi-yuva-puraskar/article2898309.ece article] on Vempalle Gangadhar winning Sahitya Akademi's Yuva Puraskar</ref>
[[File:Dr Vempalli Gangadhar.jpg|thumb|Dr Vempalli Gangadhar, with his Sahitya Akademi Award.]]

Gangadhar, recipient of Central Sahitya Academy's first Yuva Puraskar, had been a guest of the President in Rashtrapathi Bhavan from 8 to 26 September 2014.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/kadapa-writer-felicitated/article6451920.ece | title= Kadapa writer felicitated | date=27 September 2014 | newspaper=The Hindu | access-date=14 June 2019 }}</ref>

==Writings==

===''Molakala Punnami''===
Gangadhar's award-winning book ''[[Molakala Punnami]]'' is a collection of 13 short-stories. It was published in 2006 and is woven around the plight of farmers. [[Gunturu Seshendra Sarma]], a Telugu poet, has written the foreword for the book.<ref name="Vempalli">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/vempalli-bags-sahitya-akademi-yuva-puraskar/article2898309.ece|title=Vempalli bags Sahitya Akademi Yuva Puraskar|work=The Hindu|date=15 February 2012 |access-date=8 March 2014}}</ref>

===Other works===
Gangadhar, a doctorate holder from the [[Sri Venkateswara University]], has ten books to his name so far. He has also won an award for a previous work. His ''Mynapu Bommalu'' won the American Telugu Association award. The book is about sex workers.<ref name=Vempalli/>

===Published books===
* ''Gangamma Poolu '' (15 Stories) గంగమ్మ పూలు (కథా సంపుటి ) November, 2024
* ''Depamanu'' ([[Telugu literature|Telugu Literature]] Articles) దీపమాను(సాహిత్య వ్యాసాలు) June 2020
* ''Matti porala madhya maha charithra'' (History articles) మట్టి పొరల మధ్య మహా చరిత్ర (చరిత్ర వ్యాసాలు) June 2020
* ''C.P.Brown series of Letters'' సి.పి. బ్రౌన్ కు మనమేం చేశాం? (సంపాదకత్వం) (book editor) May 2020
* ''Urenium palle'' (Novel) (యురేనియం పల్లె) July 2019
* ''Erra chandanam Dari lo Tamila Kulilu'' (Red Sanders Tamil woodcutters) (ఎర్రచందనం దారిలో తమిళకూలీలు) May 2019
* ''Anathapuram Charithra'' అనంత పురం చరిత్ర (సంపాదకత్వం) (book editor) January 2017
* ''Ravana Vahanam Kathalu'' (Ravana Vahanam - 25 stories) రావణ వాహనం కథలు December 2015
* ''Paapagni kathalu'' (Stories of the Paapagni River - 30 Stories) పాపాఘ్ని కథలు June 2015
* ''Nenu Chusina shantinekethan'' నేను చూసిన శాంతినికేతన్ (పర్యటన)(Travelogue) January 2015
* ''Toli telugu shasanam'' (The first Telugu stone inscription) తొలి తెలుగు శాసనం December 2013
* ''Greeshma Bhoomi Kathalu'' (Stories of the summer land - 13 Stories) గ్రీష్మ భూమి కథలు November 2013
* ''Nela digina vaana'' (The rain that landed on earth - Novel) నేల దిగిన వాన March 2013
* ''Devarashila'' (The divine rock - 12 Stories) దేవరశిల November 2008
* ''Hiranya rajyam'' (The kingdom of Hirnya - Rayalaseema factionism history) హిరణ్య రాజ్యం August 2008
* ''Pune prayanam'' (The journey to Pune - Trafficking of Women) పూణే ప్రయాణం June 2007
* ''Molakala punnami'' (The full moon of sprouts - 13 Stories) మొలకల పున్నమి April 2006; second edition April 2012
* ''Kadapa Vibhavam'' కడప వైభవం-కడప చరిత్ర (సంపాదకత్వం)(book editor) 2004
* ''Kathanam'' (narration - essays book) కథనం November 2002

=== Novels===
* ''Nela digina vaana'' నేల దిగిన వాన (The rain that landed on earth)
* ''Urenium palle'' యురేనియం పల్లె (Novel)

=== Short stories===
* ''Agra Tonga - [https://www.sukatha.com/stories/story?a=gangadhar&n=agratonga&t=1499949084000 ఆగ్రా టాంగా]'' (What is to be really seen in Agra?)
* ''Hamsa Nattu - [https://www.sukatha.com/stories/story?a=gangadhar&n=hamsanattu&t=1500801949000 హంస నత్తు]'' (We finally reach where we are destined to reach)
* ''Edari Oda - [https://www.sukatha.com/stories/story?a=gangadhar&n=edarioda&t=1501253672000 ఎడారి ఓడ]'' (What is wrong when done with greed can be right when done in need)

==Awards==
* A.P. cultural council Award in literary criticism 1999
* A.P.cultural council Award in media writing 2001
* A.P.cultural council Award in play writing 2003
* Cuddapah district kadapothsavalu souvenir co-ordinatior Award 2003
* Republic day district best writer Award 2003
* Katha – New Delhi, Telugu story National Award 2003
* Republic day District best story writer Award 2004
* Cuddapah District kadapothsavalu souvenir co-ordinator Award 2004
* ATA (American Telugu Association) Story Award 2004
* Cuddapah District kadapothsavalu Souvenir co-ordinator Award 2005
* Republic day district best media writer Award 2005
* Kadapa 200 years festival publicity co-ordinator Award 2007
* Vipula – Telugu magazine story Award 2007
* R.S. Krishna Murthy foundation Award 2007
* Teja news weekly first Telugu story Award 2008
* Gurajada appa rao Sahithi Puraskaram 2008
* Sahithya netram Telugu Story Award 2008
* Vishala Sahiti’ B.S. Ramulu Katha Puraskaram 2009
* Hasan fathima Sahiti puraskaram (prakasam dist) 2010
* Acharya Diwakarla Venkata avadhani centenary Puraskar: 2011
* Sahitya Academi yuva Puraskar ; 2011
* World Telugu Conference – Sahiti Puraskar: 2012
* Bangalore Literature Festival Telugu story award ; 2013
* [[Ampasayya Naveen]] Navala puraskaram ; 2013
* Ravuri Bhardwaja sahiti puraskaram ;2014
* Dr Vasireddy sestha Devi katha puraskaram ;2014
* Dhrbhaka Subramanyam sahitya puraskaram ;2015
* [[Andhra Kesari (film)|Andhra Kesari]] yuva jana cheythanya puraskaram ;2015

==Seminars==
* Kendra Sahithya Academi Seminar (Tirupathi) 2010
* Kendra Sahithya Academi Seminar (Dharwad) 2011
* Kendra Sahithya Academi Writers Travel Grant Prog. 27 April to 7 May 2011
* Rashtapati Bhavan -in residence programme; 8 to 26 September 2014

==References==
{{commons category|Vempalli Gangadhar}}
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gangadhar, Vempalli}}
[[Category:Telugu writers]]
[[Category:Sri Venkateswara University alumni]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Yuva Puraskar]]

Agni-I

2025-11-25T05:23:51Z

BrooksPrather: update citations for consistency

{{Short description|Indian short-range ballistic missile}}
{{Infobox weapon
|is_missile=yes
|name=''Agni-I''
|image=Agni-I missile test on 13 July 2012 (cropped).jpg
|image_size=300
|caption=Agni-I during a test flight on 13 July 2012
|origin= [[India]]
|type=Short Range Ballistic Missile<ref name=CSIS>{{cite web|url=https://missilethreat.csis.org/missile/agni-1/|title=Agni-1|website=CSIS Missile Threat|quote=The Agni-I is an Indian short-range ballistic missile (SRBM) with a range of 700 km}}</ref>
|used_by= [[Strategic Forces Command]]
|designer=[[Defence Research and Development Organisation]]
|manufacturer=[[Bharat Dynamics Limited]]
|unit_cost={{INRConvert|25|c}} to {{INRConvert|35|c}}<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1040830/asp/nation/story_3694401.asp | title = Technical tune to Agni test before talks | access-date = 2007-12-13 | publisher = The Telegraph | location=Calcutta, India | date=30 August 2004| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071211004418/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1040830/asp/nation/story_3694401.asp| archive-date= 11 December 2007 | url-status= dead}}</ref>
|production_date=
|service=1979<ref name=hindu20040705>{{cite news|last1=Dikshit|first1=Sandeep|title=Army's missile group to maintain Agni A-1|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2004/07/05/stories/2004070502981000.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150204112450/http://www.thehindu.com/2004/07/05/stories/2004070502981000.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 February 2015|access-date=4 February 2015|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=5 July 2004}}</ref>—present
|propellant= [[Solid fuel]]
|engine=[[Single stage rocket|Single stage]] [[Composite material|composite]] [[rocket motor]]<ref name="rediff.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/report/a-brand-new-agni-missile-pakistan-should-be-wary-of/20161219.htm|title=A brand new Agni missile Pakistan should be wary of|website=Rediff|language=en|access-date=2019-09-22}}</ref>
|weight=12,000 kg<ref name=express715859>{{cite news|title=India successfully test-fires Agni I ballistic missile|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/india-successfully-testfires-agni-i-ballist/715859/|access-date=19 October 2011|newspaper=Indian Express|date=Nov 25, 2010}}</ref><ref name=toi28376198 /><ref name=AsianTribune />
|number=70 (2017 est.)<ref>[https://www.nasic.af.mil/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=F2VLcKSmCTE%3d&portalid=19 Ballistic and cruise missile threat]</ref>|length=15 m<ref name=express715859 /><ref name=toi28376198 /><ref name=AsianTribune />
|diameter=1.0 m<ref name=toi28376198 /><ref name=AsianTribune />
|wingspan=
|variants=
|speed=2.5 km/s (9000 km/h)<ref name=toi28376198>{{cite news|title=India test-fires nuclear-capable Agni-I missile|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-test-fires-nuclear-capable-Agni-I-missile/articleshow/6986753.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104013732/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-11-25/india/28262189_1_wheeler-s-island-nuclear-capable-agni|url-status=live|archive-date=November 4, 2012|access-date=19 October 2011|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=Nov 25, 2010}}</ref>
|vehicle_range=700–1,200 km <ref name=express715859 /><ref name=toi28376198 />
|ceiling= 370 km<ref name=AsianTribune>{{cite news|title=India successfully test-fired Agni-I |url=http://www.asiantribune.com/news/2004/07/05/india-successfully-test-fired-agni-i |access-date=20 October 2011 |newspaper=Asian Tribune |date=5 July 2004 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531123718/http://www.asiantribune.com/news/2004/07/05/india-successfully-test-fired-agni-i |archive-date=31 May 2012 }}</ref>
|altitude=
|filling= Conventional [[high explosive]]-unitary, penetration, [[cluster munition]], [[Incendiary device|incendiary]], [[thermobaric]], [[strategic nuclear weapon]]
|filling_weight={{convert|1000|kg|lb|abbr=on}} - {{convert|2500|kg|lb|abbr=on}}<ref>[http://www.nti.org/media/pdfs/design_characteristics_of_india_ballistic_cruise_missiles.pdf?_=1415821730 Design characteristics of India ballistic cruise missiles]</ref>
|guidance= '''Mid-course:''' [[Ring laser gyroscope|RLG]]-[[Inertial navigation system|INS]] + multi-[[GNSS]] '''Terminal:''' Radar scene matching
|detonation=
|accuracy=25 m [[Circular error probable|CEP]]<ref name=missilethreat>{{cite web|url=http://www.missilethreat.com/missilesoftheworld/id.8/missile_detail.asp |title=Agni-1 |publisher=MissileThreat |access-date=2012-12-04 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018152154/http://www.missilethreat.com/missilesoftheworld/id.8/missile_detail.asp |archive-date=2012-10-18 }}</ref>
|launch_platform=8 × 8 [[Tatra (company)|Tatra]] [[transporter erector launcher]]/rail mobile<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://missilethreat.csis.org/missile/agni-1/|title=Agni-1|website=Missile Threat|language=en-US|access-date=2019-09-22}}</ref>
}}

'''Agni-I''' ({{Lit|[[Agni|Fire]]}}) is a [[short-range ballistic missile]]<ref name=CSIS /> that was developed by [[DRDO]] of India in the [[Integrated Guided Missile Development Program]]. It is a single-stage missile that was developed after the [[Kargil War]] to fill the gap between the {{Convert|250|km|mile|adj=on|abbr=in}} range of the [[Prithvi (missile)#Prithvi II|Prithvi-II missile]] and the {{Convert|2500|km|miles|abbr=in|adj=on}} range of the [[Agni-II]]. It was first launched from a road mobile launcher at Integrated Test Range (ITR), [[Wheeler Island, India|Wheeler Island]], on 25 January 2002.<ref name=frontline20020202>{{cite news|last1=T. S. Subramanian|title=The significance of Agni-I|access-date=3 February 2015|work=Frontline|url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1903/19031300.htm|date=2 February 2002}}</ref> Less than 75 launchers are deployed.<ref name=nasic-20170601>{{cite report |page=21 |url=https://www.nasic.af.mil/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=F2VLcKSmCTE%3d&portalid=19 |title=Ballistic and Cruise Missile Threat |id=NASIC-1031-0985-17 |publisher=Defense Intelligence Ballistic Missile Analysis Committee |date=June 2017 |access-date=16 July 2017}}</ref>

==History and development==
Agni-I was first tested at the Interim Test Range in [[Chandipur, Orissa|Chandipur]] at 7:17AM on 22 May 1989,<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Dilip|first1=Bobb|last2=Menon|first2=Amarnath K.|date=15 June 1989|title=Agni: India successfully launches its first Intermediate Range Ballistic Missile|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/special-report/story/19890615-agni-india-successfully-launches-its-first-intermediate-range-ballistic-missile-816170-1989-06-15|url-status=live|access-date=2021-11-29|website=India Today|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029071245/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/special-report/story/19890615-agni-india-successfully-launches-its-first-intermediate-range-ballistic-missile-816170-1989-06-15 |archive-date=2021-10-29 }}</ref> and is capable of carrying a conventional payload of 1,000 kg (2,200 lb) or a [[nuclear weapon|nuclear]] warhead. Agni missiles consist of one (short range) or two [[multistage rocket|stages]] (intermediate range). These are rail and road mobile and powered by solid [[rocket fuel|propellant]]s.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Army |first1=Technology |title=Agni Ballistic Missile System |url=https://www.army-technology.com/projects/agniballisticmissile/ |website=army-technology |publisher=Verdict Media Limited |access-date=22 September 2019}}</ref>

The Agni I has a range of 700–1,200 km.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://missilethreat.csis.org/country/india/|title=Missiles of India|website=Missile Threat|language=en-US|access-date=2020-02-15}}</ref> They are claimed to be a part of the "[[Minimum credible deterrence]]".

Agni-I is a single stage, [[Solid-fuel rocket|solid fuel]], road and rail mobile, [[Short-range ballistic missile]] (SRBM). The need for the Agni-I was felt after the [[Kargil war]] with Pakistan. It took [[DRDO]] 15 months to develop the Agni-I after having completed [[Agni-II]] development.<ref name=THINDU>{{cite news|title=Agni-I a success|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/article3634634.ece|access-date=28 July 2012|newspaper=The Hindu|location=Chennai, India|first=T.S.|last=Subramanian|date=13 July 2012}}</ref> It is propelled by solid fuel. Maneuvering RV body-lift aerodynamics give it the ability to correct trajectory errors and reduce thermal stresses. The MRV has a velocity correction package to correct launch trajectory variances. Some Agni RV versions use a set of solid fueled thruster cartridges of predetermined impulse, allowing the onboard guidance controller to trim velocity, using discrete combination of impulse quanta along the desired spatial orientation. The {{convert|15|m|ft|adj=mid|-tall}} Agni-I missile, weighing about 12 tonnes, is capable of carrying both conventional as well as nuclear warheads of 1,000 kg.<ref name=toi28376198 /><ref name=AsianTribune />

==Replacement==
{{Main|Agni-P}}
[[Defence Research and Development Organisation|DRDO]] is now developing an upgraded two stage variant called [[Agni-P|Agni-1P]] by borrowing the newer technologies from [[Agni-IV]] and [[Agni-V]] platform to increase accuracy and reliability.<ref name="rediff.com"/> On 28 June 2021, DRDO successfully test fired Agni-1P from [[Abdul Kalam Island|Abdul Kalam island]]. This is a two-stage solid fuel missile that can be stored in canister and transported through road and rail. It is a new class of missile in Agni Series launched by DRDO which is half the weight of [[Agni-III]] and carries newly developed guidance package and population system covering a distance of 1000–2000 km.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Gupta|first=Shishir|date=2021-06-28|title=India successfully test-fires Agni P, a new missile in Agni series|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-successfully-test-fires-agni-p-a-new-missile-in-agni-series-101624863307818.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-06-28|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628074214/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-successfully-test-fires-agni-p-a-new-missile-in-agni-series-101624863307818.html |archive-date=2021-06-28 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Rout|first=Hemant Kumar|date=2021-06-28|title=India test fires new generation nuclear capable Agni-Prime missile off Odisha coast|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/jun/28/india-test-fires-new-generation-nuclear-capable-agni-prime-missile-off-odisha-coast-2322550.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-06-28|website=The New Indian Express|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628071325/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/jun/28/india-test-fires-new-generation-nuclear-capable-agni-prime-missile-off-odisha-coast-2322550.html |archive-date=2021-06-28 }}</ref>

==Operational history==
[[Image:Agni missile range.svg|thumb|right|250px|Agni missile range.]]
[[Indian Army]] regularly conducts user trials of the missile mainly to train the user team to launch the missile. The tests are normally conducted by the [[Strategic Forces Command]] (SFC) with logistic support from [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] (DRDO).<ref name=hinduDec2011>{{cite news|title=Strategic Forces Command test fires Agni|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article2677069.ece?homepage=true|access-date=1 December 2011|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=December 1, 2011|location=Chennai, India|first=T S|last=Subramanian}}</ref><ref name="india_def">{{cite web|url=http://www.india-defence.com/reports-1820|title=Agni 1 Missile Test Fired, Part of Army User Trials-India Defence Dated:25 Nov 2010 |publisher=India-defence.com |access-date=2012-12-04}}</ref><ref name="Successful test-firing of Agni-I">{{cite news|title=Successful test-firing of Agni-I|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/760973/successful-test-firing-agni-i.html|access-date=13 July 2012|newspaper=Deccan Herald|date=13 July 2012}}</ref> Such User trials were carried out multiple times since 2018, with the first one being on October 5, 2007, from [[Wheeler Island, India|Wheelers' Island]] and the latest one being on November 27, 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/agni-i-nuclear-capable-missile-test-fired-successfully-in-odisha-274621-2015-11-27|title = Agni-I nuclear-capable missile testfired successfully in Odisha | date=27 November 2015 }}</ref> Another successful user trial was conducted on March 14, 2016, from launch pad-4 of the Integrated Test Range (ITR) at Abdul Kalam Island.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/tech/india-successfully-test-fires-agni-i-ballistic-missile-3-3018004.html|title=India successfully test-fires Agni-I ballistic missile|website=IBNLive|access-date=2016-03-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/india-successfully-testfired-agnii-ballistic-missile-1457941471-1|title=India successfully test-fired Agni-I ballistic missile|website=Jagranjosh.com|access-date=2016-03-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314233047/http://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/india-successfully-testfired-agnii-ballistic-missile-1457941471-1|archive-date=2016-03-14|url-status=dead}}</ref> Multiple successful user trials of the missile have been conducted on 22 November 2016 and 6 February 2018 by the SFC.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.news18.com/news/india/india-successfully-tests-nuclear-capable-agni-i-ballistic-missile-1314397.html|title=India Successfully Test-fires N-capable Agni-I Ballistic Missile|date=2016-11-22|newspaper=News18|access-date=2016-11-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/nuclear-capable-agni-i-missile-test-fired-successfully/article22665930.ece|title=Agni-I missile with nuclear weapon carrying capability flight-tested successfully|last=Ians|date=2018-02-06|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-02-06|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

On 17 July 2025, Agni-I was again tested as part of a periodic routine trial by SFC. Though this is not the first instance that the SFC conducted trials of two nuclear-capable missiles — Agni-1 and [[Prithvi (missile)#Prithvi II|Prithvi-2]] — on the same day.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Successful test-firing of Prithvi-II & Agni-I Ballistic Missiles |date=2025-07-17 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2145662 |access-date=2025-07-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-07-18 |title=India tests nuclear-capable Agni-1 & Prithvi-2 ballistic missiles |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-tests-nuclear-capable-agni-1-prithvi-2-ballistic-missiles/articleshow/122720740.cms |access-date=2025-07-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Operators==
Agni-I is used by the 334 Missile Group at Secunderabad,<ref name=missilethreat /> under the [[Strategic Forces Command]] (SFC) of the [[Indian Army]],<ref name=express715859 /><ref name=toi28376198 /><ref name=hinduDec2011/>

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Rocketry|Nuclear technology}}
*[[BrahMos]]
*[[List of missiles]]
*[[Agni-P]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070410130240/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/MISSILES/Agni.html Bharat-Rakshak Agni strategic missile Section]

{{Indian missiles}}
{{Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)}}

[[Category:Ballistic missiles of India]]
[[Category:Intermediate-range ballistic missiles]]
[[Category:Nuclear missiles of India]]
[[Category:Military equipment introduced in the 2000s]]

Narcondam Island

2025-10-30T10:09:22Z

BrooksPrather:

{{Short description|Island in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox islands
| name = Narcondam Island
| native_name =
| native_name_link =
| native_name_lang =
| sobriquet =
| image_name = Narcondam I- locale.png
| image_size =
| image_caption = Outline map of the [[Andaman Islands]], with the location of Narcondam Island highlighted (red circle).
| image_alt =
| map = India Andaman and Nicobar Islands#Bay of Bengal
| map_caption = Location in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands and in the Bay of Bengal
| coordinates = {{coord|13.45|N|94.27|E|region:IN-AN_type:isle_dim:50000_source:GNS-enwiki|display=inline,title}}
| etymology =
| location = [[Bay of Bengal]]
| archipelago = [[Andaman Islands]]
| waterbody = [[Indian Ocean]]
| total_islands = 1
| major_islands = {{hlist|Narcondam}}
| area_km2 = 7.6
| area_footnotes = <ref name="cit">{{cite web|url=http://andssw1.and.nic.in/ecostat/basicstatPDF2013_14/1.Demogrpahy.pdf|title=Islandwise Area and Population - 2011 Census|publisher=Government of Andaman|access-date=22 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170828015509/http://andssw1.and.nic.in/ecostat/basicstatPDF2013_14/1.Demogrpahy.pdf|archive-date=28 August 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| rank =
| length_km = 4
| width_km = 3.0
| coastline_km = 12.22
| elevation_m = 710
| elevation_footnotes = <ref>{{cite enroute|173|2017|274}}</ref>
| highest_mount =
| country = {{IND}}
| country_admin_divisions_title = [[List of districts in India#Andaman and Nicobar (AN)|District]]
| country_admin_divisions = [[North and Middle Andaman district|North and Middle Andaman]]
| country_admin_divisions_title_1 = [[Island group]]
| country_admin_divisions_1 = [[Andaman Islands]]
| country_admin_divisions_title_2 = Island sub-group
| country_admin_divisions_2 = [[East Volcano Islands]]
| country_admin_divisions_title_3 = [[Tehsils of India|Tehsil]]
| country_admin_divisions_3 = [[Diglipur|Diglipur Tehsil]]
| country_largest_city = Narcondam Police Station
| country_largest_city_population = 16
| population = 16
| population_as_of = 2016
| population_footnotes =
| population_rank =
| population_rank_max =
| density_km2 = 2.1
| density_rank =
| density_footnotes =
| ethnic_groups = [[Hindu]], [[Andamanese people|Andamanese]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| timezone1_DST =
| utc_offset1_DST =
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 744202<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.india-codes.com/pincodes/a-n-islands-pin-code |title=A&N Islands - Pincodes |date=2016-09-22 |accessdate=2016-09-22 |url-status=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140323224041/http://www.india-codes.com/pincodes/a-n-islands-pin-code |archivedate=2014-03-23 }}</ref>
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 031927 <ref>[http://allcodesindia.in/stdcode/andaman+and+nicobar.php code]</ref>
| website = {{URL|http://www.and.nic.in/}}
| iso_code_type = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|ISO code]]
| iso_code = IN-AN-00<ref>Registration Plate Numbers added to ISO Code</ref>
|additional_info = {{Infobox|child=yes
| label2 = Literacy | data2 = 84.4%
| label3 = Avg. summer temperature| data3 ={{convert|30.2|°C|°F}}
| label4 = Avg. winter temperature| data4 ={{convert|23.0|°C|°F}}
| label5 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]| data5 =1.2[[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| label7 = Census Code| data7 = 35.639.0004
| label8 = Official Languages| data8 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[English language|English]]
}}
}}
{{Infobox mountain
| name = Narcondam mountain
| elevation_m = 710
| elevation_ref =
| prominence =
| listing =
| location = [[Andaman Islands]], [[India]]
| type = [[Stratovolcano]]
| age =
| last_eruption = Unknown
}}

'''Narcondam''', India's easternmost island, is a small [[volcano|volcanic]] island located in the northern [[Andaman Sea]]. The island's peak rises to 710 m [[above mean sea level]], and it is formed of [[andesite]]. It is part of the [[Andaman Islands]], the main body of which lie approximately {{convert|74|km|0|abbr=on}} to the west. The island is part of the [[India]]n [[union territory]] of [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]. The island is small, covering an area of approximately 7.6 square kilometres.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Yahya, H. S. A. |author2=Zarri, A. A. |year=2002|title=Status, ecology and behaviour of Narcondam Hornbill (''Aceros narcondami'') in Narcondam Island, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India|journal=J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. |volume=99|issue=3|pages=434–445}}</ref> It was classified as an [[active volcano]] by the [[Geological Survey of India]].

==Etymology==
The name Narcondam could have been derived from the Tamil word ''naraka-kundram (நரககுன்றம்)'',<ref>{{Cite journal
| volume = s5-7
| issue = 42
| pages = 441–456
| last = Washington
| first = H. S.
| title = The lavas of Barren Island and Narcondam
| journal = American Journal of Science
| date = 1924-06-01
| doi=10.2475/ajs.s5-7.42.441
| bibcode = 1924AmJS....7..441W
}}</ref> meaning "a pit of Hell," although this may be the result of confusion between it and [[Barren Island (Andaman Islands)|Barren Island]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=0600-001 |title=Narcondum |accessdate=2010-04-21 |publisher=The National Museum of Natural History |archive-date=5 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210405015451/http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=0600-001 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==History==
Until 1986 [[Burma]] claimed sovereignty over the island. This claim was given up on reaching agreement with India on the delimitation of the [[maritime boundary]] between the two nations in the Andaman Sea, the Coco channel and the Bay of Bengal.<ref>Charney, Jonathan I. & Alexander, Lewis M.; ''International maritime boundaries, Volumes 2-3''; American Society of International Law, Report 6-3, pg. 1329-1336; Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1998</ref>
<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=Vl3GWhO8RSUC&dq=Narcondam+Island+(Police+post)&pg=PA145 Book]</ref>
A [[lighthouse]] was established on the slopes of Narcondam in 1983.
<ref name="light">{{cite web|url=http://www.dgll.nic.in/LightHouse.aspx?Consent_id=215&Module_id=16&LocationId=10&LangId=1|publisher=www.dgll.nic.in|title=Government of India, Directorate General of Lighthouses and Lightships.|accessdate=2016-10-18}}</ref>

==Geography and geology==
The island lies {{convert|256|km|0|abbr=on}} northeast from [[Port Blair]]. Further to the south west (approximately {{convert|150|km|0|abbr=on}}) lies the [[active volcano]] island of [[Barren Island (Andaman Islands)|Barren Island]]. Narcondam Island is about {{convert|260|km|abbr=on}} miles from [[Burma]], and is almost {{convert|1300|km|abbr=on}} miles from [[Vishakhapatnam]] (part of the mainland of [[India]]). It belongs to the [[East Volcano Islands]]. The island is small, having an area of {{convert|7.63|km2|abbr=on}}.

The island is largely forested. The island is formed from a volcano, which had not known to have been active in recent times, until on 8 June 2005 there were reports of "mud and smoke" being ejected from the volcano. The [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake]] is thought to have caused magma to move underground and may be related to the current activity. If the reports were accurate this would alter the scientific status of Narcondam to [[active volcano|active]].
Narcondam Island holds the easternmost point of the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]].

===Narcondam Mountain===
Narcondam Island's volcanic mountain, at 710 meters is the second tallest point in the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]], the first being [[Saddle Peak (Andaman Islands)|Saddle Peak]], [[North Andaman Island]] at 752 meters.

==Administration==
Narcondam Island belongs to the [[North and Middle Andaman district|North and Middle Andaman]] administrative [[Districts of India|district]],<ref name="census">{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-VillageDirectory/Directory/short_code_rural_35.pdf|title=Village Code Directory: Andaman & Nicobar Islands|publisher=Census of India|accessdate=16 January 2011}}</ref> and is part of [[Diglipur]] [[Tehsils of India|Taluk]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://andssw1.and.nic.in/ecostat/basicstatPDF2013_14/1.Demogrpahy.pdf |title=Tehsils |access-date=22 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170828015509/http://andssw1.and.nic.in/ecostat/basicstatPDF2013_14/1.Demogrpahy.pdf |archive-date=28 August 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The village is near the [[Police]] station.

==Transportation==
Narcondam Island is accessible through ships that run from Diglipur. A helicopter facility is also available.

== Demographics ==
There is only one village.
According to the [[2011 census of India]], the Island has one household. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged six and below) is 100%.<ref name="census_2011">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3500_PART_B_DCHB_ANDAMAN%20&%20NICOBAR%20ISLANDS.pdf |title=District Census Handbook - Andaman & Nicobar Islands |work=[[2011 Census of India]] |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Andaman & Nicobar Islands |accessdate=2015-07-21 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150801173328/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3500_PART_B_DCHB_ANDAMAN%20%26%20NICOBAR%20ISLANDS.pdf |archivedate=2015-08-01 }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Demographics (2011 census)<ref name="census_2011"/>
! !! Total !! Male !! Female
|-
| Population || 16|| 16|| 0
|-
| Children aged below 6 years || 0|| 0|| 0
|-
| [[Scheduled caste]] || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| [[Scheduled tribe]] || 16|| 16|| 0
|-
| Literates || 16|| 16|| 0
|-
| Workers (all) || 16|| 16|| 0
|-
| Main workers (total) || 16|| 16|| 0
|}
The 16 residents (all supervisory police personnel) are all living in a single household on the northeast corner.
They harvest coconuts and bananas on a small plantation near the post.

==Tourism==

=== Scuba diving at Narcondam ===
The waters surrounding Narcondam Island are a diving destination. Narcondam's prime dive sites include rocky ridges and steep slopes like Chimneys, Ooh La La and Lighthouse Reef, where massive barrel sponges, huge [[Octocorallia|gorgonian fans]] and lush soft corals thrive. Fish life can include Napoleon wrasse, ''[[bumphead parrotfish]]'' and mantas, as well as occasional [[Whitetip reef shark|whitetip]] and [[gray reef shark]]s. Another special place is HQ Pinnacle, where a submerged rock formation acts as a magnet for dogtooth tuna and hundreds of bigeye trevally. For a more tranquil setting, several bays around the island offer gently sloping terrain populated with fields of hard corals and colorful reef fish.

The island is very remote and diving is accessible only via a live-aboard.

==Fauna==
[[File:Narcondam hornbill.jpg|thumb|right|A Narcondam hornbill]]

About 25-32 bird species, both resident and migratory, have been recorded from the island. Of these, the most famous is the [[Narcondam hornbill]] (''Rhyticeros narcondami''), a threatened [[hornbill]] that is [[Endemism|endemic]] to the island. The closest living relative of the bird is the [[Blyth's hornbill]] (''Rhyticeros plicatus''). It has the smallest range of any Asian hornbill and only has a population of between 300 and 650 individuals, but still has a stable population.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=International)|first=BirdLife International (BirdLife|date=2020-08-20|title=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Rhyticeros narcondami|url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/en|access-date=2021-05-04|website=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species}}</ref>

As Narcondam is a small volcanic island, not connected to any significant land mass, terrestrial [[Mammal|mammalian]] fauna is of low diversity. However, the [[Small flying fox|island flying fox]] (''Pteropus hypomelanus'') and [[Sikkim rat]] (''Rattus andamanensis'') are the most common native mammals on this island. An unidentified small bat was also seen on a survey.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=Raman|first1=T. R. Shankar|last2=Mudappa|first2=Divya|last3=Khan|first3=Tasneem|last4=Mistry|first4=Umeed|last5=Saxena|first5=Ajai|last6=Varma|first6=Kalyan|last7=Ekka|first7=Naveen|last8=Lenin|first8=Janaki|last9=Whitaker|first9=Romulus|date=2013|title=An expedition to Narcondam: observations of marine and terrestrial fauna including the island-endemic hornbill|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24097967|journal=Current Science|volume=105|issue=3|pages=346–360|jstor=24097967|issn=0011-3891}}</ref> [[Introduced species|Introduced]] [[goat]]s (''Capra aegagrus hircus''''')''' and [[cat]]s (''Felis catus'') were formerly present on the island, threatening native fauna, but almost all of them have since been removed.<ref name=":0" /> In 2020, a new species of ''[[Crocidura]]'' [[shrew]] was discovered on the island, which was described in 2021 as the [[Narcondam shrew]] (''Crocidura narcondamica''). It and the Narcondam hornbill are presently the only two known [[Endemism|endemic]] fauna of the island.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kamalakannan|first1=Manokaran|last2=Sivaperuman|first2=Chandrakasan|last3=Kundu|first3=Shantanu|last4=Gokulakrishnan|first4=Govindarasu|last5=Venkatraman|first5=Chinnadurai|last6=Chandra|first6=Kailash|date=2021-05-03|title=Discovery of a new mammal species (Soricidae: Eulipotyphla) from Narcondam volcanic island, India|journal=Scientific Reports|language=en|volume=11|issue=1|pages=9416|doi=10.1038/s41598-021-88859-4|pmid=33941819|pmc=8093265|issn=2045-2322|doi-access=free|bibcode=2021NatSR..11.9416K }}</ref>

There are several species of reptile on the island. The most common reptile on the island is the [[Sphenomorphus maculatus|spotted forest skink]] (''Sphenomorphus maculatus''), which closely resembles populations of the species from [[northeast India]]. [[Eutropis tytleri|Tytler's skink]] (''Eutropis tytleri''), a large [[skink]] endemic to the Andamans, is also common on the island, with the Narcondam variants being slightly smaller than those on the main Andamans. The [[Andaman Islands day gecko]] (''Phelsuma andamanensis''), [[Cyrtodactylus rubidus|Andaman bent-toed gecko]] (''Cyrtodactylus rubidus''), [[Andaman giant gecko]] (''Gekko verrauxi''), and [[Cnemaspis andersonii|Anderson's day gecko]] (''Cnemaspis andersonii''), which are all [[gecko]] species endemic to the Andaman-[[Coco Islands|Coco]] island chain, have also been found on Narcondam. The [[Asian water monitor|Andaman water monitor]] (''Varanus salvator andamanensis'') is the only large predator on the island and preys on the Narcondam hornbill, especially its young. The [[Chrysopelea paradisi|paradise flying snake]] (''Chrysopelea ornata'') has been reported from the island in past surveys. The [[blue-lipped sea krait]] (''Laticauda laticaudata'') is seen in the waters around Narcondam Island.<ref name=":1" />

===Narcondam Island Wildlife Sanctuary===
Narcondam Island Wildlife Sanctuary is notified as a protected reserve by the government of India. It is also listed on the [[UNESCO]]'s tentative [[Lists of World Heritage Sites]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5914/|title=Narcondam Island|publisher=}}</ref> The island was notified as a sanctuary to protect and monitor the Narcondam hornbill.

==Flora==
Narcondam Island is almost entirely covered with [[Tropical Evergreen forests of India|evergreen and moist deciduous forest]]. Grassy slopes dominate the southern and southeast aspects of the hill ([[BirdLife International]] 2001). The island is covered with tropical evergreen forest, semi-evergreen forest, moist deciduous forest, littoral forest and [[Mangrove|mangrove forest]] (Pande et al. 1991). The island bears old, dead and decaying trees, interlaced with thorny creepers and luxuriantly flowering tall trees (Yahya and Zarri 2002a). The flora on the higher reaches of the hill is mostly evergreen and consists of ''[[Dipterocarpus]]'', ''[[Sideroxylon]]'' and ''[[Ficus]]'' trees. However, some deciduous species such as ''[[Bombax |Bombax insigne]]'' are also present. The vegetation towards the summit is mostly Moist Evergreen with several epiphytes. The lower hills following the shoreline have both deciduous and evergreen trees such as ''[[Terminalia catappa]]'', ''[[Terminalia bialata|T. bialata]]'' and ''[[Caryota mitis]]''. The shoreline has some [[introduced species]] such as [[coconut]] and [[banana]].

==Facilities==

===Radar station===
The [[Indian Coast Guard]] proposed the construction of a coastal surveillance radar installation on [[Narcondam Island]] and had requested for the release of 0.64 ha of forest area for the purpose. This was turned down by the MOEF of UPA govt as it would endanger the population of endemic hornbills while other alternative sites existed for the siting of the radar.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.downtoearth.org.in/content/moef-says-no-radar-installation-narcondam-hornbill-habitat |title=MoEF says no to radar installation in Narcondam hornbill habitat |last1=Shrivastava |first1=Kumar Sambhav |date=6 September 2012 |website=Down To Earth |publisher=Centre for Science & Environment, India |accessdate=31 May 2013 |archive-date=2 July 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130702113636/http://www.downtoearth.org.in/content/moef-says-no-radar-installation-narcondam-hornbill-habitat |url-status=dead }}</ref>
As of 10 June 2014, MOEF has given clearance for the Radar station. Union minister for environment and forests, [[Prakash Javadekar]] gave the approval.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/environment/developmental-issues/green-nod-for-radar-station-at-narcondam-in-andamans/articleshow/36411949.cms|title=Green nod for radar station at Narcondam in Andamans|work=The Economic Times}}</ref> However, the plan was subsequently modified and as of 2020, no radar installation has been built on the island.<ref name=":0" />

==Image gallery==
<gallery widths=180>
File:Narcondam island.jpg|Narcondam island south view
File:Narcondam_1885.jpg|Topography of the island
</gallery>

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Islands}}
; Exclusive economic zones
* [[Exclusive economic zone of India]]
* [[Exclusive economic zone of Indonesia]]
* [[Exclusive economic zone of Malaysia]]
* [[Exclusive economic zone of Thailand]]
* [[India–Myanmar barrier#Look-East Connectivity|India's Look-East Connectivity projects]]
* [[Sabang, Indonesia|Sabang strategic port development]], India-Indonesia project
* [[Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Transport Project|Sittwe Port]], India-Myanmar project
* [[Dawei Port Project]] in Myanmar

; Extreme points
* [[Indira Point]], India's southernmost point of Andaman Nicobar Islands group
* [[Rondo Island]], Indonesia's northernmost island is closest to Indira Point
* [[Landfall Island]], India's northernmost island of Andaman Nicobar Islands group
* [[Coco Islands]], Myanmar's islands in Andaman sea just north of India's Prearis Island
* [[Extreme points of India]]
* [[Extreme points of Indonesia]]
* [[Outline of Myanmar#Extreme|Extreme points of Myanmar]]
* [[Extreme points of Bangladesh]]
* [[Geography of Thailand#Extreme|Extreme points of Thailand]]
* [[Borders of India]]

; Other topics
* [[List of volcanoes in India]]
* [[List of endangered animals in India]]
* [[List of World Heritage Sites in India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Narcondam Island}}
{{Wikivoyage|Narcondam Island}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050728121303/http://www.gsi.gov.in/mudvol.htm Geological Survey of India]
* {{cite gvp|vn=260001|name=Narcondum}}
* [http://www.volcanolive.com/narcondum.html Volcano live]
* [http://www.volcanodiscovery.com/volcano-tours/657.html Volcano discovery]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050311160355/http://www.indiadaily.com/breaking_news/19210.asp India daily]
* [http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=0600-001 Global Volcanism Program] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210405015451/http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=0600-001 |date=5 April 2021 }}

{{North and Middle Andaman district |state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Narcondam Island}}
[[Category:Islands of North and Middle Andaman district]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in North and Middle Andaman district]]
[[Category:Volcanoes of India]]
[[Category:Volcanoes of the Indian Ocean]]
[[Category:Active volcanoes]]
[[Category:Important Bird Areas of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
[[Category:Populated places in India]]
[[Category:Islands of India]]
[[Category:Islands of the Bay of Bengal]]
[[Category:World Heritage Tentative List for India]]

Vastupala

2025-10-01T02:03:25Z

BrooksPrather: made pg

{{short description|13th century Vaghela prime minister}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Vastupāl
| image = 
| alt = 
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date = 1240 CE
| death_place = [[Ankevalia]] (now in [[Gujarat]], India)
| occupation = Minister in [[Vaghela dynasty|Vaghela]] court
| spouse = Lalitādevī, Sokhukādevī
| issue = Jayantasiṃha
| mother = Kumāradevī
| father = Aśvarājā
| family =
}}

'''Vastupāla''' (died 1240 CE) was a prime minister of the [[Vaghela dynasty|Vāghelā]] king Vīradhavala and his successor Vīsaladeva, who ruled in what is now the [[Gujarat]] region of India, in the early 13th century. Although he served in an administrative and military capacity, he was also a patron of art, literature and public works. He, together with his brother Tejapāla,{{efn-ua|Also spelled Tejaḥpāla in some inscriptions.}} assisted in the restoration of peace in the kingdom, and served in a number of campaigns against [[Lata (region)|Lāṭa]], [[Godhra|Godraha]], [[Kutch district|Kutch]] and the [[Delhi Sultanate]]. The brothers were instrumental in the construction of the [[Dilwara Temples|Luniga-vasahi temple on Mount Abu]] and the [[Girnar Jain temples|Vastupala-vihara on Girnar]].

==Ancestry and family==
Vastupala and his brother Tejapala were born to a Pragavata, or [[Porwad]] as they are known today, Jain family in Anahilavada Patan (modern day [[Patan, Gujarat]]).{{snf|Sandesara|1953|p=26}}{{sfn|Laughlin|2011|p=298}}<ref name=":GVK">{{Cite book|title=ગુજરાતી વિશ્વકોશ|last=Shukla|first=Jaykumar R.|publisher=Gujarati Vishwakosh Trust|year=1990|editor-last=Thaker|editor-first=Dhirubhai|editor-link=Dhirubhai Thaker|volume=XIX|location=[[Ahmedabad]]|pages=619–620|trans-title=Gujarati Encyclopedia|language=gu|oclc=552367205}}</ref> Vijayasenasuri, a Jain monk of Nagendra [[Gaccha|Gachchha]], was their clan [[guru]].<ref name=":0" /> Extensive information on their ancestry has been drawn from literary works and inscriptions:{{snf|Sandesara|1953|p=26}} in ''Naranarayanananda'', Vastupala referred to Chandapa as his ancestor and this descent has been expanded upon in ''Prabandha-kosha'' and ''Puratana-prabandha-sangraha''.

Chandapa was a minister, probably in the [[Chaulukya]] court, where his son Chandaprasada also served as a minister. Jaishree, Chandaprasada's wife, bore him two sons, Sura and Soma, who became a jewel keeper to the Chaulukya ruler, [[Jayasimha Siddharaja]]. Soma's wife, Sita, bore him one son, Ashwaraja (or Asharaja).<ref name=":0" />{{snf|Sandesara|1953|p=26}}{{efn-ua|No other sources mention these ancestors, who probably held ministerial ranks, but likely did not wield the same influence as Vastupala and Tejapala.{{sfn|Laughlin|2011|p=299}}}} Later in life, Ashwaraja became a minister and married Kumaradevi, a daughter of Abhu, a Pragvata [[vanika]] and a ''dandapati'' (commander-in-chief) by profession.{{snf|Sandesara|1953|p=26}}<ref name="Srinivasachariar1989">{{cite book|last=Srinivasachariar|first=M.|title=History of Classical Sanskrit Literature: Being an Elaborate Account of All Branches of Classical Sanskrit Literature, with Full Epigraphical and Archaeological Notes and References, an Introduction Dealing with Language, Philology, and Chronology, and Index of Authors & Works|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4dVRvVyHaiQC&pg=PA202|year=1989|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0284-1|pages=200–202}}</ref> Kumaradevi was apparently{{efn-ua|This was first noted by [[Merutunga]] and also mentioned in three [[Old Gujarati]] poems titled ''Vastupala-Rasa'' by Laksmisagara, Parshwachandra and Meruvijaya. ''Puratana-prabandha-sangraha'' also mentions that she was a child widow. Old Gujarati texts also mention that this widow remarriage split the Pragavatas into two branches: ''Vriddha-shakha'' ('old' or 'superior' branch, modern Visa branch) and ''Laghu-shaka'' ('new' or 'inferior' branch, modern Dasa branch).{{sfn|Laughlin|2011|p=299}}}} a widow when she married Ashwaraja{{snf|Sandesara|1953|p=26}};{{sfn|Laughlin|2011|p=299}} however, this has been disputed.{{efn-ua|C. D. Dalal and M. D. Desai argue that it does not appear in any contemporary sources and was added by later authors.{{snf|Sandesara|1953|p=26}} [[Bhogilal Sandesara|Sandesara]] rebuts that contemporary writers may have avoided writing information that was deemed critical but later writers would not feel the same compunction.{{snf|Sandesara|1953|pp=26–27}}}}{{sfn|Laughlin|2011|p=299}}

The couple had eleven children — seven daughters: Jalhu (or Bhau or Jalu), Mau, Sau, Dhanadevi, Sohaga, Vaijuka (or Tejuka) and Padmaladevi; and four sons: Luniga, Malladeva, Vastupala and Tejapala. Luniga died in childhood while Malladeva died after fathering a son, Purnasimha.{{snf|Sandesara|1953|p=27}}<ref name=":0" />

==Early life==
[[File:Tejpala and Anupamadevi.jpg|thumb|Idols of Tejapala and Anupamadevi in a niche at Manoranjan Parshwanath Jain Temple (Mota Derasar) at [[Mehsana]], Gujarat, India]]
Very little is known about the early life of Vastupala or his brother. Even less is known about Vastupala's date of birth,{{snf|Sandesara|1953|p=27}} although the ''Vasantavilāsa'' mentions 1163 CE as the year of birth.{{snf|Sandesara|1953|p=27}} An undated inscription (now housed in the [[Watson Museum]], [[Rajkot]]) mentions that the brothers made a pilgrimage to [[Mount Shatrunjaya]] with their father Aśvarājā in VS 1249 (1193 CE), presumably during their childhood.{{snf|Sandesara|1953|p=27}} They lived in Sumhalaka, a town granted to their father as a reward for his service to the king of Chaulukya.{{snf|Sandesara|1953|pp=27–28}}{{sfn|Laughlin|2011|p=299-300}} Their father visited many pilgrim sites with their mother Kumāradevī and built several public utilities, such as lakes, tanks, wells, and temples. After the death of their father, they lived in Mandali or Mandalika (modern day [[Mandal, Gujarat|Mandal]]) with their mother, probably until her death.{{snf|Sandesara|1953|pp=27–28}}

Vastupala was married to Lalita and Vayajalladevi (or Sokhuka or Saukhyalata). Tejapala was married to Anupama and Suhavadevi (also spelled Suhadadevi). Anupama was a daughter of Dharaniga, a counselor to the brothers, and his wife Tribhuvanadevi.{{snf|Sandesara|1953|p=27}}<ref name=":GVK" />

==Career==
According to ''Kirti-kaumudi'', the ''Vasanta-vilasa'', the ''Prabandha-kosha'', and the ''Prabandha-chintamani'', the brothers travelled to the Vaghela capital at Dhavalakka (modern day [[Dholka]]). There, they were introduced by [[Someshvara (13th-century poet)|Someshvara]] to king Viradhavala who subsequently appointed them. Other sources, such as the ''Sukrita-sankirtana'', ''Vastupala-Tejapala-Prashasti'' and ''Sukrita-kirti-kallolini'', state that the brothers served the Chaulukya king [[Bhima II]] who dispatched them to Viradhavala. This is confirmed by writings by Vastupala himself, who wrote in the ''Naranarayanananda'' that he was in the service of Bhima II prior to his departure for Dhavalakka. The date when he began his service in the Chaulukya court is not known but they were certainly appointed at Dhavalakka in VS 1276 (1220 CE).{{snf|Sandesara|1953|p=28}} Vastupala and Tejapala traveled to Dhavalakka at a time when they were in such poverty that their other brother, Luniga, was unable to donate an image of [[Tirthankara|Jina]] to the Vimala-vasahi temple on Mount Abu before his death. Vastupala and Tejapala are said to have miraculously acquired wealth through the blessings of Shrimata, the patron deity of Abu and using this wealth, they commissioned a temple, Luniga-vasahi, dedicated to Luniga.{{sfn|Laughlin|2011|p=299}}

===Administrative career===
Vastupala was made a governor of Sthambhatirtha (now [[Khambhat]]), then an important port town, while Tejapala was made a minister at Dhavalakka.<ref name=":GVK" />{{snf|Sandesara|1953|p=29}}<ref name="Sen1999">{{cite book|author=Sailendra Nath Sen|title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&pg=PA327|year=1999|publisher=New Age International|isbn=978-81-224-1198-0|page=327}}</ref> During his tenure, he enacted reforms to the administration and increased state revenue. He also instituted measures against corruption and piracy. The ''Vastupala-charita'' mentions punishments being meted out to a wealthy Muslim trader from [[Khambhat|Stambhatirtha]], various corrupt officials, citizens,{{snf|Sandesara|1953|p=29}} and village headmen. Particular examples include the fining of the village heads of around five hundred villages in the region for irregularities, as well as the administrators of Vardhamanapur (modern day [[Wadhwan]]) and Gohilavati.

===Military career===
The ''Prabandha''s mention that Vastupala participated in 63 battles, although few of these are discussed. They mention his involvement in the military activities of Viradhavala, and state that he captured Vamanasthali (modern day [[Vanthali]]) from Samgana and Chamunda, brothers of Viradhavala's wife Jayataladevi.{{snf|Sandesara|1953|pp=30–31}}

The brothers also attacked [[Bhadreshwar]], ruled by Bhimasimha of the [[Parihar (clan)|Pratihara]] clan, in [[Kutch]] but were unsuccessful and ultimately concluded a peace treaty with him. Vastupala and Viradhavala were defeated by the three warriors from [[Marwar]]; Samantapala, Anandapala and Trilokasimha; who had supported Bhimasimha. Tejapala commanded an army against Ghughula, a chief of Godraha (modern day [[Godhra]]), and successfully captured him. Tejapala had him imprisoned within a wooden cage until he committed suicide by biting his tongue.{{snf|Sandesara|1953|p=31}}

Sadik,{{efn-ua|Sadik is also mentioned as Said, Saiyad or Syed}} a Muslim merchant, rejected the authority of Vastupala and induced Sankha (Sangramsimha),<ref name=":GVK" /> a ruler of [[Lata (region)|Lata]] (now [[South Gujarat]]) to attack Stambhatirtha. Vastupala suffered a number of early defeats but he later received support from Mahechaka (although the ''Prabandha-chintamani'' states that it was Lunapala). After a fierce battle at Vatakupa near Stambhatirtha, Shankha retreated or was killed.{{snf|Sandesara|1953|pp=29–30}} Sadik was captured and put to death. Viradhavala ordered the confiscation his property, absorbing it into the state treasury. Vastupala received some part of his wealth.{{snf|Sandesara|1953|p=36}}

The people of Stambhatirtha celebrated the victory by organising a festival in the temple of Goddess Ekallavira which lay outside the town. Vastupala attended the festival, and paid the homage to the goddess. The battle must have fought before he handed over administration of Stambhatirtha to his son, Jaitrasimha or Jayantastmha, in VS 1279 (1223 CE).<ref name=":GVK" />{{snf|Sandesara|1953|pp=29–30}} Harihara's ''Sankha-Parabhava-Vyayoga'' is a historical play dramatizing this battle.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=B.|first=E.|date=1967|title=Review of Śaṅkha-Parābhava-Vyāyoga|journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society|volume=87|issue=2|pages=215|doi=10.2307/597462|jstor=597462}}</ref>

During the reign of Viradhavala, the [[Delhi Sultanate|Sultan of Delhi]] Mojdin{{efn-ua|Based on chronology, the Sultan is identified as [[Iltutmish]] ({{reign|1211 CE|1236 CE}}).}} attacked [[Gurjaradesa]], an event that was dramatised in ''Hammira-mada-mardana'', a Sanskrit play by Jaysimha Suri. The ''Prabandhka-kosha'' describes the Delhi army being forced to retreat after being encircled by Dharavarsha of Chandravati from the north, and Vastupala from the south, leaving the army trapped in a mountain pass near Arbuda (modern day [[Mount Abu]]).<ref name=":GVK" />{{snf|Sandesara|1953|p=31}}<ref name="Sen1988">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HyhuAAAAMAAJ|title=Sources of the History of India|author=Siba Pada Sen|publisher=Institute of Historical Studies|year=1988|pages=192–194}}</ref>

In another action against the Delhi Sultanate, Vastupala secretly hired pirates to rob the mother of the Sultan{{snf|Sandesara|1953|pp=31–32}} when she was to board a ship, possibly at Stambhatirtha, taking her on a [[hajj|pilgrimage]] to [[Mecca]]. The captain of the ship approached Vastupala who received the Sultan's mother with respect and returned the booty. Upon her return from Mecca, she presented Vastupala to the Sultan, who began friendly relations with Viradhavala. Vastupala was received with honour by Viradhavala for successfully safeguarding his realm from the predations of the Delhi Sultanate. Copied manuscripts of ''Hammira-mada-mardana'' are dated to around 1230 CE (VS 1286) and Vastupala had begun his career in 1220 CE (VS 1276) so this event is likely to have occurred between these two dates. These manuscripts are preserved in Jain library of [[Jaisalmer]].{{snf|Sandesara|1953|pp=31–32}}

==Death==
Vastupala died in 1240 CE (VS 1296),<ref name=":GVK" /> not long after Viradhavala, who died in 1238 CE and was succeeded by his younger brother Visaladeva. The date of Vastupala's death is mentioned by his contemporary, Balachandra, who wrote in ''Vasanta-vilasa'' that his death fell on the fifth day of the bright half of [[Magha (month)|Magha]] month VS 1296, corresponding to 1 January 1240 CE. The year VS 1296 is also mentioned in a palm leaf manuscript. However, ''Prabandha-kosha'' and ''Vastupala-charita'' both note VS 1298 (1242 CE) as the year of his death. The Abu inscription, dated to the third day of the bright of [[Vaishakha]] month VS 1296 (12 April 1240 CE), mentions Tejapala as a ''Mahamatya'' (minister), a position he could only have ascended to following the death of Vastupala, so 1240 CE is considered as a true date of his death.<ref name="Harrak1992"/>{{snf|Sandesara|1953|pp=32–33}}

The ''Prabandha''s mention that he died due to fever in a village Arkapalita (now [[Ankevalia]] in [[Gujarat]]), on his last pilgrimage to Mount Shatrunjaya, but this is not mentioned in ''Vasanta-vilasa''.{{snf|Sandesara|1953|p=33}}

The ''Vividha-tirtha-kalpa'' and ''Prabandha-kosha'' mention that Vastupala lost his ministerial authority to [[Nagar Brahmin|Nagara Brahmin]] Nagada. Two different stories are mentioned: One stating that Visaladeva was angered because Vastupala had declared the punishment to his maternal uncle for insulting a Jain monk. Another states that Visaladeva decided to punish Vastupala when he found that some of state revenues were used for the temple constructions. In both the stories, Someshvara saved Vastupala from punishment. This is counter to other sources that mention Visaladeva being dissatisfied with Vastupala but did not make any mention of a loss of ministerial authority.{{snf|Sandesara|1953|p=33}} The Abu inscription, dated to the 3rd day of the bright half of the Magha month VS 1296 (26 April 1240 CE), suggests that Tejapala succeeded him as minister so the king must not have removed him as a minister.{{snf|Sandesara|1953|p=33}} Tejapala's son Lunasimha is mentioned as a governor of Bhrigukachcha (modern day [[Bharuch]]) in a colophon of a palm-leaf manuscript dated VS 1296 (1242 CE).{{snf|Sandesara|1953|p=34}} Tejapala is mentioned as a minister (''mahamatya'') in a manuscript of ''[[Ācārāṅga Sūtra]]'' dated to VS 1303 (1247 CE).{{snf|Sandesara|1953|p=34}} The ''Vastupala-charita'' mentions that Tejapala died ten years after the death of Vastupala, so he may have died in VS 1306 (1250 CE), VS 1308 (1252 CE) or VS 1304 (1248 CE).{{snf|Sandesara|1953|p=34}} Nagada is first mentioned as a minister in VS 1310 (1254 CE) so Tejapala must have died between 1247 CE and 1254 CE.{{snf|Sandesara|1953|p=34}}<ref name="GVK2">{{Cite book|title=ગુજરાતી વિશ્વકોશ|last=Shastri|first=Hariprasad|publisher=Gujarati Vishwakosh Trust, Ahmedabad|year=1990|editor-last=Thaker|editor-first=Dhirubhai|editor-link=Dhirubhai Thaker|volume=VII|location=[[Ahmedabad]]|trans-title=Gujarati Encyclopedia|language=gu|page=699}}</ref>

==Cultural activities==
===Pilgrimages===
[[File:Palitana, Shatrunjaya, Adishwar Temple (9721034826).jpg|thumb| Adinatha Temple on [[Mount Shatrunjaya]]|left]]
Vastupala made thirteen pilgrimages to [[Mount Shatrunjaya]] and [[Girnar Jain temples|Girnar]]. In addition to his childhood visits with his father in 1193 CE and 1194 CE, he led five annual ''sangha''s (pilgrim caravans) to Shatrunjaya and Girnar between 1221 and 1237 CE as well as annual pilgrimages with his family to Shatrunjaya between 1227 and 1233 CE. His pilgrimage in 1221 CE is mentioned repeatedly in Girnar inscriptions and in contemporary works such as the ''Kirti-kaumudi'', ''Sukrita-sankirtana'' and ''Dharmabhyudaya''. He died during his 1240 CE pilgrimage, which is described in ''Vasanta-vilasa.''{{snf|Sandesara|1953|p=35}}

===Construction activities===
[[File:Dilwara Temple - Luna Vasahi.jpg|thumb|Interior of the [[Dilwara Temples|Luniga-vasahi temple]] on Mount Abu]]
[[File:Girnar Jain temple - Vastupala Vihara.jpg|thumb|[[Girnar Jain temples|Vastupala-Vihara]] on Girnar hill]]
[[File:Vastupala Vihara Jain temple on Girnar hill.jpg|thumb|Vastupala-Vihara in 1876]]
Vastupala was a philanthropist and commissioned the construction of numerous monuments and public utilities such as temples, rest-houses, wells, hospitals and tanks. Contemporary sources, such as ''Sukrita-sankirtana'', mention about fifty construction works. The number of his works increased considerably in later works of Rajashekhara Suri, Jinaharsha and Jinaprabha, although the number maybe exaggerated. Rajashekhara Suri mentioned that his charity extended from Shri Shaila in the south to [[Kedarnath|Kedara]] in the north and [[Prabhas Patan|Prabhasa]] in the west to Banaras in the east. Apart from building numerous Jain temples, he also built Brahmashalas, [[Matha]]s, Shiva temples as well as mosques.{{snf|Sandesara|1953|pp=35–36}}<ref name=":GVK" />

More than fifty temples were commissioned by Vastupala and Tejapala in addition to a large number of renovations and image installations. Vastupala commissioned the construction of ''Indra-mandapa'' and six other temples on Shatrunjaya hill, the Adinatha temple at [[Dholka]], Ashtapada-prasada at [[Prabhas Patan|Prabhas]], Vastupala-vihara and [[Parshwanatha]] temple on [[Girnar]]. The Girnar temples were built in 1232 CE.{{snf|Sandesara|1953|p=37}} His brother, Tejapala, commissioned the construction of Asharaja-vihara at Tejalapur, Patan and [[Junagadh]] in memory of his father. He also commissioned the Neminath Temple at Dholka, Adinath Temple at Prabhas, as well as temples at [[Tharad]], [[Ahmedabad|Karnavati]], [[Godhra]], Shatrunjaya, Girnar, [[Pavagadh]], [[Navsari]] among others. In memory of his mother Kumaradevi, he had temples built at Khambhat and Dabhoi.<ref name="Dhaky1961">{{cite journal|first=Madhusudan A.|last=Dhaky|author-link=Madhusudan Dhaky|year=1961|editor-last=Deva|editor-first=Krishna|title=The Chronology of the Solanki Temples of Gujarat|url=http://vmis.in/Resources/digital_publication_popup?id=136#page/44|journal=Journal of the Madhya Pradesh Itihas Parishad|publisher=Madhya Pradesh Itihas Parishad|location=[[Bhopal]]|volume=3|pages=66–69, 81–82}}</ref> Vastupala built a temple dedicated to [[Mahavira]], an Upashraya (prayer house for monks) and excavated a tank at Padaliptapura (modern day [[Palitana]]). He also built large tanks at Arakapalita and Suryapura, two statues at the temple dedicated to Mahavira at [[Modhera]], and Shakunika-vihara at [[Bharuch]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Granoff|first=Phyllis|date=1994|title=Patrons, Overlords and Artisans: Some Comments on the Intricacies of Religious Donations in Medieval Jainism|journal=Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute|volume=54/55|pages=269–291|jstor=42930475}}</ref>

The [[Dilwara Temples|Luniga-vasahi temple]] dedicated to [[Neminatha]] was built on [[Mount Abu]] by Tejapala in memory of his elder brother Luniga in 1231 CE.{{snf|Sandesara|1953|p=37}}{{efn-ua|The inscription states that it was built for spiritual progress of Tejapala's wife Anupama and his son Lunasimha.}} There are about thirty inscriptions mentioning additions to the temples and his family members.{{sfn|Laughlin|2011|p=300}} The ''Prabandha''s state that the Luniga-vasahi cost twelve crores and fifty-three lakhs while the Girnar temples cost eighteen crores and ninety-six lakhs, although these figures may be an exaggerated.{{snf|Sandesara|1953|pp=37–38}}{{sfn|Laughlin|2011|p=300}} Of the temples built by the brothers, only a few survive such as Vastupala-vihara at Girnar (1231 CE), Neminath Temple at Abu and the temple at Prabhas.<ref name="Dhaky1961" />

Born into an aristocratic family, the brothers were quite wealthy and were patrons of many public works. The ''Prabandha''s contain numerous stories of their wealth, some of which read like folktales while others are contemporaneous accounts. One account tells of the brothers seeking to bury part of their wealth, worth one [[lakh]], near the village of Hadalaka (modern Hadala near [[Dhandhuka]]). However, upon excavation, they discovered a large treasure. Anupama, wife of Tejapala, counselled Vastupala to keep it on the peaks of the mountains so it may not fall in the hands of others, as it fell to theirs. The brothers had the Jain temples of [[Girnar]] and [[Dilwara Temples|Mount Abu]] built and led pilgrimages there.{{snf|Sandesara|1953|p=36}} Her advice proved sound and these are the only surviving public works built by the brothers.{{snf|Sandesara|1953|p=36}}{{efn-ua|Three pillars with inscriptions are recovered from Patan. Two of them are now reused in Kalika Mata Temple while one is in private museum.}}

===Patronage===
Vastupala was a patron to many poets and scholars, earning him nickname ''Laghu Bhojaraja'' or Junior [[Bhoja]].{{snf|Sandesara|1953|p=38}}<ref name="Srinivasachariar1989" /> His patronage of poetry is described in the ''Prabandha-kosha'', ''Vastupala-charita'', ''Puratana-prabandha-samgraha'' and ''Upadesha-tarangini''.{{snf|Sandesara|1953|p=38}} He was a tolerant of other faiths which led him to be patron to Jain as well as non-Jain poets and scholars as well, including Someshvara, Harihara, Arisimha and Nanaka. He also made a donation of 10000 drammas (coins) to the Shiva temple of Prabhas.{{snf|Sandesara|1953|pp=38–39}}<ref name="Srinivasachariar1989" /><ref name=":GVK" />

Many literary works were commissioned at his request such as the ''Katha-ratnakara'' of Narachandra Suri and the'' Alankara-mahodadhi'' of Narendraprabha Suri.{{snf|Sandesara|1953|p=39}}<ref name="Srinivasachariar1989" /> He had made a copy of ''Dharmabhyudaya Mahakavya'' of [[Udayaprabha Suri]], a pupil of Vijayasena Suri. This copied manuscript, dated VS 1290 (1234 CE), has been stored in the Jain library of Khambhat.{{snf|Sandesara|1953|p=39}}

===Literary works===
He was an expert poet having studied [[Nyaya]], [[Vyakarana]] (grammar) and Sahitya (literature), as well as [[Jain philosophy]] under Narachandra, and was eulogised in the works of others.{{snf|Sandesara|1953|p=40}} He had received titles of 'Kavi-kunjara', 'Saraswati-kantha-bharana' (Ornament of the goddess of knowledge [[Saraswati]]'s neck), 'Kavi-chakravarti' ([[Chakravartin|universal king]] of poetry) and 'Kurchala-saraswati' (Saraswati with a beard) for his literary capabilities.<ref name=":GVK" />{{snf|Sandesara|1953|pp=39–40}}

Harihara, Someshvara and other poets gave him a poetic name, Vasantapala, and Balachandra named his biographical work, ''Vasanta-vilasa''. Vastuapala wrote ''Naranarayanananda'' and noted in its conclusion that his first poem was a hymn praising [[Adinatha]] in the temple on the Shatrunjaya hills.{{snf|Sandesara|1953|p=40}} This hymn is ''Adinatha Stotra'', or ''Ishwara-manoratha-maya Stotra'', and consists of twelve verses.<ref name="Srinivasachariar1989" />{{snf|Sandesara|1953|pp=40, 138}} Another of his Stotra, ''Nemistava'', contains ten verses, eight dedicated to [[Neminatha]] and two to himself.{{snf|Sandesara|1953|p=138}} ''Ambika Stotra'' is dedicated to [[Ambika (goddess)|Ambika]], the presiding goddess of Neminatha and the [[Kuldevi|family goddess]] of Pragavata, his clan. It has ten verses, eight of which praise Ambika, the ninth contains blessings for the devotee and the tenth is reserved for himself.{{snf|Sandesara|1953|p=139}} He wrote a short ten verse devotional, ''Aradhana'', which would be his last composition. ''Prabandha-kosha'' notes that the first verse of it, "Na Kritam Sukritam Kinchit", was spoken by him on his death-bed.{{snf|Sandesara|1953|p=40}}{{snf|Sandesara|1953|p=139}} ''Aradhana'' is also mentioned in the ''Puratana-prabandha-samgraha'' and the ''Prabandha-chintamani''.{{snf|Sandesara|1953|p=40}}{{snf|Sandesara|1953|p=139}}

Vastupala was considered an expert in composing Sanskrit ''sukti''s (stray poetry),{{snf|Sandesara|1953|p=40}} drawing praise from Someshvara and Udayaprabha.{{snf|Sandesara|1953|p=41}} A number of his works appear in anthologies written by others. ''[[Suktimuktavali|Sukti-muktavali]]'', a 13th-century anthology commissioned by the [[Seuna (Yadava) dynasty|Yadava]] general Jalhana, contains four of his verses as does the ''[[Sharngadhara-paddhati]]'' written by Sharangdhara of [[Sambhar Lake Town|Shakambhari]].{{snf|Sandesara|1953|p=41}}<ref name="Srinivasachariar1989" />

His ''Naranarayanananda'' is a long poem describing the friendship between [[Krishna]] and [[Arjuna]], their walk and talks in the gardens of Raivataka ([[Girnar]]), and the later abduction of Krishna's sister [[Subhadra]] by Arjuna.<ref name="Srinivasachariar1989" /> The subject is taken from [[Vana Parva|Vanaparva]] of ''[[Mahabharata]]''.{{snf|Sandesara|1953|p=107}} It consists of 16 cantos with 794 verses.<ref name="Srinivasachariar1989" />{{snf|Sandesara|1953|p=107}} He mentioned his pilgrimages at the end of the poem so it must have been written after 1221 CE, the year of his first major pilgrimage.{{snf|Sandesara|1953|p=41}} Parts of the poem were quoted by others, such as ''Kavya-kalpalata'' of Amarachandra, who drew one verse, and Jalhana who included the sixth verse from the first canto in his ''Sukti-muktavali''.{{snf|Sandesara|1953|p=108}}

==Sources of information==
A large number of literary sources and inscriptions give information on the life and works of Vastupala and his brother Tejapala.

===Literary sources===
====Contemporary literary sources====

The last [[canto]] of ''Naranarayanananda'', written by Vastupala himself, gives some information on him and his family.{{snf|Sandesara|1953|p=23}} Other biographical works, such as ''Kirti-kaumudi'' and ''Surathotsava'', both written by Someshvara, and ''Sukrita-sankirtana'', by Arisimha, were written during Vastupula's lifetime while Balachandra's ''Vasanta-vilasa'' was written soon after his death.{{snf|Sandesara|1953|p=23}} ''Surathotsava'' is a mythological historical allegory but it does give information on the [[Chaulukya]] king [[Bhima II]], whom Vastupala first served; ''Dharmabhyudaya'' mentions his pilgrimages; and Jayasimha's play ''Hammira-mada-mardana'' (1220–1230 CE) discusses his military career and his strategy in dealing with the invasion from Delhi.{{snf|Sandesara|1953|p=23}}<ref name=":0" /> The [[Apabhramsa]] poems – ''Revanatagiri Rasu'' by Vijayasena and ''Abu Rasa'' (1233 CE) by Pahlanputra – mention his pilgrimage to [[Girnar]] and the construction of the temple on [[Mount Abu]] respectively.{{snf|Sandesara|1953|p=23}} Jinabhadra's ''Prabandhavali'', the oldest [[prabandha]], speaks of events during Vastupala's life and has helped solve chronological inconsistencies.{{snf|Sandesara|1953|pp=23–24}} Narendraprabha's ''Vastupala-[[prashasti]]'', Narachandra's ''Vastupala-prashasti'', and Udayaprabha's ''Vastupala-stuti'' mention his activities.{{snf|Sandesara|1953|p=24}}

====Later literary sources====
[[Merutunga]]'s ''[[Prabandha-Chintamani]]'' (1305 CE); Rajashekhara's ''[[Prabandha Kosha|Prabandha-kosha]]'' (1349 CE); and ''[[Puratana Prabandha Sangraha|Puratana-prabandha-sangraha]]'', a collection of ''[[prabandha]]''s from 13th to 15th century; are important sources.<ref name=":0" />{{snf|Sandesara|1953|p=24}} Jinaprabha's ''[[Vividha Tirtha Kalpa|Vividha-tirtha-kalpa]]'' (1333 CE) is also noteworthy. Jinaharsha's ''Vastupala-charita'' is an authentic biography of Vastupala with very few exaggerations.{{snf|Sandesara|1953|p=24}} Ratnamandiragani's ''Upadesha-tarangini'' (1461 CE), Subhashilagani's ''Prabandha-panchasati'' / ''Kathakosha'' (1453 CE), and Somadharma's ''Upadesha-saptati'' (1447 CE) note the cultural activities of Vastupala. [[Old Gujarati]] poems include ''Vastupla-Tejapala-Rasa'' and other ''[[Rasa (literary form)|Rasa]]''s by Hiranada (1428 CE), Lakshmisagara (after 1452 CE), Parshwachandra (1541 CE), Samayasundara (1626 CE), and Meruvijaya (1665 CE).{{snf|Sandesara|1953|p=24}}<ref name="Harrak1992">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vkZtAAAAMAAJ|title=Contacts Between Cultures: South Asia|last=Harrak|first=Amir|publisher=Edwin Mellen Press|year=1992|isbn=978-0-7734-9202-8|pages=271–274}}</ref>

===Epigraphic sources===

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[[File:Inscription of the Vastupala-vihara on Mount Girnar.jpg|thumb|Inscriptions of the Vastupala-Vihara on Mount [[Girnar]]]]
A large number of inscriptions of Vastupala and Tejapala, some short while others are very long,{{snf|Sandesara|1953|p=24}} are available. Most of these inscriptions are in the [[Girnar]] range ([[Vikram Samvat|VS]]{{efn-ua|The luni-solar Vikram Samvat calendar is 56.7 years ahead of the solar Gregorian calendar. For example, the year VS 2074 began in 2017 CE and ended in 2018 CE.}} 1288, VS 1289, VS 1293) and Abu (VS 1278, VS 1287, VS 1288, VS 1290, VS 1293, VS 1296) while a few are at the Taranga hills (VS 1285), ''Vaidyanatha-prashsti'' of [[Dabhoi]] (1255 CE) by Someshvara, [[Patan, Gujarat|Patan]], Sherisa (VS 1285, near [[Ahmedabad]]), Khambhat (VS 1281), Nagara (VS 1292, near Khambhat), Ganesar (VS 1291, near Dholka), Dhammani (1296, Sirohi) and Nava Sanghpur (near [[Vijapur]]). The majority of such inscriptions are found in temples.{{snf|Sandesara|1953|p=25}}{{sfn|Dhaky|2010|p=99}} Jinaprabha's ''Sukrita-kirti-kallolini'' (1231 CE) and Jayasimha's ''Vastupala-Tejapala-Prashsti'' are known from the manuscripts but these inscriptions have not survived.{{snf|Sandesara|1953|p=26}} All these inscriptions are contemporary or near-contemporary.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Diskalkar|first=D. B.|date=1928|title=Some Unpublished Inscriptions of Vastupala|jstor=44027988|journal=Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute|volume=9|issue=2/4|pages=171–182}}{{Subscription required}}</ref>{{snf|Sandesara|1953|p=25}}<ref>{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.283964|title=Vasantavilasamahakavya of Balachandra Suri|last=Dalal|first=Chimanlal D.|publisher=Central Library, [[Baroda State]]|year=1917|location=[[Baroda]]|pages=x–xi|chapter=Introduction}}</ref>

==Notes and references==
===Notes===
{{notelist-ua}}

===References===
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
{{ref begin}}
* {{Cite book|title=સાહિત્ય, શિલ્પ અને સ્થાપત્યમાં ગિરનાર|last=Dhaky|first=M. A.|publisher=Lalbhai Dalpatbhai Institute of Indology|year=2010|isbn=978-81-85857-30-5|editor-last=Shah|editor-first=Jitendra B.|series=L. D. Series: 148 (Sambodhi-Puratatva-Visheshank-2)|location=Ahmedabad|trans-title=Girnar in Literature, Sculptures and Architecture|author-link=Madhusudan Dhaky|chapter=વસ્તુપાલ-તેજપાલની કીર્તનાત્મક પ્રવૃત્તિઓ|trans-chapter=Building Activities of Vastupala-Tejapala|language=gu|pages=98–116}}
* {{cite book|editor-first1=Phyllis|editor-last1=Granoff|editor-first2=Koichi|editor-last2=Shinohara|last1=Laughlin|first1=Jack C.|chapter=Portraiture and Jain Sacred Place: The Patronage of Ministers Vastupala and Tejahpala|title=Pilgrims, Patrons, and Place: Localizing Sanctity in Asian Religions|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PbY1K4hyCuoC|date=1 November 2011|publisher=UBC Press|isbn=978-0-7748-4219-8|pages=297–331}}
* {{Cite book|title=Literary Circle Of Mahāmātya Vastupāla And Its Contribution To Sanskrit Literature|publisher=Sindhi Jain Shastra Sikshapith, [[Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan]]|year=1953|last=Sandesara|first=Bhogilal J.|author-link=Bhogilal Sandesara|series=Shri Bahadur Singh Sindhi Memoir|volume=3|location=[[Bombay]]|pages=23–139}}
{{ref end}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1240 deaths]]
[[Category:Date of birth uncertain]]
[[Category:Gujarati people]]
[[Category:13th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:13th-century Indian Jain writers]]
[[Category:13th-century Jain poets]]
[[Category:Medieval Indian Jain poets]]
[[Category:13th-century Indian writers]]

Bharati Krishna Tirtha

2025-09-25T18:20:11Z

BrooksPrather: quick update

{{Short description|Indian mathematician (1884–1960)}}
{{EngvarB|date=May 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}

{{Infobox religious biography
| name = Swami Bharati Krishna Tirtha
| monastic_name = Svami Bharati Krsna Tirtha
| honorific-prefix = His Holiness
| honorific-suffix = Maharaj
| title = '[[His Holiness]]'[[Jagadguru]] [[Shankaracharya]]
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| philosophy = [[Advaita Vedanta]]
| lineage = [[Dashanami Sampradaya]]
| temple = [[Govardhan Math|Govardhana Pitha]]
| other_name =
| nationality = Indian
| birth_name = Venkataraman Shastri
| native_name_lang = Tamil
| birth_date = 14 March 1884
| birth_place = [[Tirunelveli]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date = 2 February 1960
| death_place =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| alma_mater = [[University of Madras]]
| location =
| period =
| consecration =
| predecessor = Jagadguru Shankaracharya Svami Madhusudana Tirtha of [[Govardhan Math|Puri]]
| reason =
| rank =
| teacher = Jagadguru Shankaracharya [[Sachchidananda Shivabhinava Narasimha Bharati]] of [[Sringeri Sharada Peetham|Sringeri]]
| reincarnation_of =
| students = Jagadguru Shankaracharya [[Chandrashekhara Bharati III]] of [[Sringeri Sharada Peetham|Sringeri]]
| works = ''[[Vedic Mathematics (book)|Vedic Mathematics]]''
| initiation = [[Sannyasa]]
| initiation_date = 4 July 1919
| initiation_place = [[Varanasi]]
| initiator = Jagadguru Shankaracharya Swami Trivikrama Tirtha of [[Dwarka Sharada Peetham|Dwarka]]
| ordination = [[Sannyasa]]
| previous_post = Jagadguru Sankaracarya of [[Dwarka Sharada Peetham|Dwarka]]
| present_post =
| post = 143rd Jagadguru Sankaracarya of [[Govardhan Math|Puri]]
| successor =
| website =
| background = Orange
}}

'''''Saraswati'' P. Venkataraman Sastri ([[IAST]]: P. Veṅkatarāmaṇ Śāstrī)''', hieratically titled '''''H.H. [[Jagadguru]]''''' '''''[[Shankaracharya]]'' Swami Bharatikrishna Tirtha''' ([[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]: Jagadguru Śaṅkarācārya Svāmī Bhāratīkṛṣṇa Tīrtha) (1884–1960), was [[Shankaracharya]] and officiating pontiff of [[Dwarka Sharada Peetham|Dwaraka Math]], and then the 143rd [[Shankaracharya]] and supreme pontiff of [[Govardhana matha|Govardhana Math]] in [[Puri]] in the Indian state of [[Odisha]], from 1925 through 1960. He is particularly known for his book ''[[Vedic Mathematics (book)|Vedic Mathematics]]'',<ref>{{cite news|title=Understanding ancient Indian mathematics|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/article2747006.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|date=26 December 2011|location=India}}</ref> being the first Sankaracarya in history to visit the [[Western world|West]], and for his connection with nationalist aspirations, thus earning him the title 'Father of the Vedic Mathematics'.

==Early life==

Venkataraman Shastri ([[IAST]]: Veṅkatarāmaṇ Śāstrī) was born on 14 March 1884 to a [[Tamil Brahmin]] family. His father P. Narasimha Shastri was a [[tehsildar]] at [[Tirunelveli]] in [[Madras Presidency]], who later became the Deputy Collector of the Presidency. His uncle [[C. Chandrasekhara Sastri]] was the Principal and Professor of English and Sanskritat the [[Maharajah's College|Maharaja's College]] in [[Vizianagaram]], while his great-grandfather Justice [[C. V. Runganada Sastri]] was a judge in the [[Madras High Court]].<ref>Manjula Trivedi, "My Beloved Gurudeva", a dedication to Bharatikrishna, in Bharatikrishna's ''Vedic Mathematics'', p. i.</ref> His cousins Dewan Bahadur [[Sir C. V. Kumaraswami Sastri]] and Dewan Bahadur [[Viswanatha Sastri]] were also justices of the High Court. Other cousins and cousins-in-law included [[Sir C.P. Ramaswami Iyer]], [[C. R. Pattabhiraman]], [[M. R. Srinivasan]], and [[C. V. Ranganathan]].

==Education==

Venkataraman joined the National College in [[Trichinopoly]]. After this, he moved to the Church Missionary Society College and eventually the Hindu College, both in [[Tirunelveli]]. Venkataraman passed his matriculation examination from [[Madras University]] in January 1899, where he also finished first.<ref>Manjula Trivedi, page i.</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">Manjula Trivedi, p. ii.</ref>

Although Venkataraman always performed well in subjects such as mathematics, sciences and humanities, he was also proficient in languages and particularly skillful in [[Sanskrit]]. According to his own testimonials, Sanskrit and oratory were his favourite subjects. Due to his knowledge of the language, he was conferred the title "Saraswati" at the age of 16 by the Madras Sanskrit Association in July 1899. At about that time, Venkataraman was profoundly influenced by his Sanskrit [[guru]] Vedam Venkatrai Shastri.<ref>Manjula Trivedi, pages i-ii.</ref>

Venkataraman passed the [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]] examination in 1902. He then appeared for the [[Master's degree|M.A.]] examination for the American College of Sciences in [[Rochester, New York]] from the [[Bombay]] centre in 1903. He also contributed to [[W. T. Stead]]'s ''[[Review of Reviews]]'' on diverse topics in religion and science. During his college days, he also wrote extensively on history, sociology, philosophy, politics, and literature.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

==Early public life==

Venkataraman worked under [[Gopal Krishna Gokhale]] in 1905 for the National Education Movement and the South African Indian problems. However, his inclination towards [[Hindu studies]] led him to study the [[History of India|ancient Indian]] holy scripture [[Adhyatma Upanishad|Adhyātma]]-Vidyā. In 1908, he joined the [[Sringeri Matha]] in [[Mysore]] to study under Swami Satchidananda Sivabhinava Nrisimha Bharati ([[IAST]]: [[Sri Sacchidananda Shivabhinava Nrusimha Bharati|Svāmī Saccidānandaśivābhinavanṛsiṁha Bhāratī]], the Sankaracarya of [[Sringeri]]. However, his spiritual practice was interrupted when he was pressured by [[Indian nationalism|nationalist]] leaders to head the newly-started National College at [[Rajamahendri|Rajamahendry]]. Prof. Venkataraman Shastri taught at the college for three years. But in 1911, he suddenly left the college to go back to Sringeri Math.<ref>Manjula Trivedi, p. iii.</ref>

==Spiritual path==

Returning to Sringeri, Venkataraman spent the next eight years studying Advaita Vedanta and Sastra (scripture) under Jagadguru Sankaracarya Satcitananda Sivabhinava Nrisimha Bharati.

During those years, the Jagadguru initiated Venkatraman into yogic practices. Venkataraman also practiced meditation, ''Brahma-sadhana'' and ''[[Yoga|Yoga-sādhāna]]'', in the nearby forests. He is said to have attained [[Moksha|self-realisation]] during his years at Sringeri Math. He would leave society and practice meditation in seclusion for many days. During those eight years, he also taught [[Sanskrit]] and philosophy at local schools and [[ashram]]s. He delivered a series of sixteen lectures on [[Adi Shankara]]'s philosophy at Shankar Institute of Philosophy, Amalner (Khandesh). During that time, he also lectured as a guest professor at institutions in [[Mumbai]], [[Pune]] and [[Khandesh]].<ref name="ReferenceB">Manjula Trivedi, p. iii</ref>

===Initiation into Sannyasa===

After Venkataraman's eight-year practice and study of Vedanta, he was initiated into [[sannyasa]], in the Tirtha sub-order of the [[Dashanami Sampradaya]], in [[Varanasi]] by Jagadguru [[Shankaracharya]] ([[IAST]]: Jagadguru Śaṅkarācārya) Swami Trivikrama Tirtha ([[IAST]]: Svāmī Trivikrāma Tīrtha) of [[Dwarka Sharada Peetham]] in [[Dwarka]] on July 4, 1919, receiving the name "Swami Bharatikrishna Tirtha".<ref name="ReferenceB"/>

===Shankaracharya of Govardhana Matha===

The Sankaracarya of [[Govardhana matha|Govardhana Math]], Swami Madhusudhana Tirtha, was in failing health and was greatly impressed with Bharatikrishna. Madhusudana requested Bharatikrishna to succeed him at Govardhana Matha. Bharatikrishna declined the offer. In 1925, however, Madhusudhana's health worsened and Bharatikrishna was compelled to accept the Govardhana gaddi (chair). In 1925, Bharatikrishna assumed the pontificate of [[Govardhan Math|Govardhana Math]]. He installed [[Swaroopanand Saraswati|Swami Swarupananda Saraswati]] as the new Sankaracarya of [[Dwarka Sharada Peetham]].<ref name="ReferenceC">Manjula Trivedi, p. iv.</ref>

==Politics==

In 1921, Bharatikrishna was one of the seven people arrested in what became known as the "Karachi case". [[Mohammad Ali Jouhar]], [[Shaukat Ali (politician)|Shaukat Ali]], [[Saifuddin Kitchlew]], Maulana Hussain Ahmed, Pir Ghulam Mujaddid, Maulana Nisar Ahmed, and Bharatikrishna were charged with preaching in favor of a fatwa issued by the Muslim religious heads of India advocating all Muslims to not cooperate with the government. While Bharatikrishna was eventually acquitted, the other six, who were all Muslim, were sentenced to two years imprisonment.<ref>{{cite book|title=South Asian Studies|date=1978|publisher=South Asia Institute, University of Heidelberg, Delhi Branch|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kg5uAAAAMAAJ&q=Bharati+Krishna+Tirtha|language=en|pages=416, 417}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Prasad|first1=Rajendra|title=Autobiography (PB)|date=1946|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=9780143068815|page=136|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3FdeGtdlinoC&pg=PA136|language=en}}</ref>

==Jagadguru Shankaracharya==

As Shankaracharya of Govardhana Matha, Bharatikrishna toured several countries in thirty-five years to promote Dharma and Indian culture.<ref name="ReferenceC"/> He wrote a number of treatises and books on religion, science, mathematics, world peace, and social issues. In 1953, at Nagpur, he founded the Sri Vishwa Punarnirmana Sangha (World Reconstruction Association). The administrative board initially consisted of Bharatikrishna's disciples and supporters, then later included distinguished personalities. The Chief Justice of India, Justice B. P. Sinha, served as its President. Dr. [[C. D. Deshmukh]], the ex-[[Minister of Finance (India)|Finance Minister of India]] and ex-Chairman of the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] served as Vice-President.<ref>Manjula Trivedi, pp. v-vi.</ref>

In February 1958, Bharatikrishna went to Britain and the United States to speak on Vedanta, staying for three months in Los Angeles, California. This was the first trip outside India by a Sankaracarya. The tour was sponsored by the [[Self-Realization Fellowship]], the yoga society founded by [[Paramahansa Yogananda]].<ref>Manjula Trivedi, p. vi.</ref> At that time, [[Albert Rudolph]], or "Rudi", reportedly became one of Bharatikrishna's students.

Bharatikrishna also attended various national and international conferences on yoga and on religion. He served as Sankaracarya of Govardhana Matha until his death in 1960.

In 1965, a Chair of Vedic Studies was founded at [[Banaras Hindu University]] by Arvind N. Mafatlal, a generous Mumbai business magnate and devotee of Bharatikrishna.<ref>Publication announcement by N.H. Bhagwati, Vice-Chancellor, Banaras Hindu University, March 27, 1965, after title page, ''Vedic Mathematics''</ref>

==Vedic Mathematics==

Bharatikrishna's book, ''[[Bharati Krishna Tirtha's Vedic mathematics|Vedic Mathematics]]'', is a list of sixteen terse ''[[sūtra]]s'', or "[[aphorism]]s", discussing strategies for [[mental math|mental calculation]]. Bharatikrishna claimed that he found the sūtras after years of studying the [[Vedas]], a set of sacred ancient Hindu scriptures.<ref>Agrawala, V. S. (1992). General Editor's note. Vedic Mathematics (pp. v-viii) Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited.</ref><ref>[http://www.tifr.res.in/~vahia/dani-vmsm.pdf Myths and reality : On ‘Vedic mathematics’]. S.G. Dani. School of Mathematics, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research. Frontline, 22 October and 5 November 1993.</ref><ref>[http://www.openthemagazine.com/article/art-culture/the-fraud-of-vedic-maths The Fraud of Vedic Maths]. Hartosh Singh Bal. Open Magazine. 14 August 2010.</ref>

==Notes==

{{reflist}}

==References==

* Trivedi, Manjula, ''My Beloved Gurudeva'', Sri Vishwa Punarnirmana Sangha, [[Nagpur]] (1965).
* Svāmī Bhāratī Kṛṣṇa Tīrtha, ''Vedic Mathematics'', Motilal Banarsidass, [[Delhi]] (1992). {{ISBN|81-208-0164-4}}

==External links==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070504052911/http://vedicmathsindia.org/father_of_vedic_math.htm A Pictorial Biography of Bharti Krishna Tirthaji Maharaja, includes Historic Pictures and Newspaper Article]
* {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050409014349/http://www.bespokewear.com/vm/aboutbkt.php |date=9 April 2005 |title=A biography of Sri Bharati Krishna Tirthaji (1884–1960) }}
* {{cite web | author =Puroshattam D. Chidgupkar and Mangesh T. Karad | title =The Implementation of Vedic Algorithm in Digital Signal Processing | publisher =Global Journal of Engineering Education | year =2004 | url =http://www.wiete.com.au/journals/GJEE/Publish/vol8no2/Chidgupkar.pdf }}
* S.G. Dani. [http://www.math.tifr.res.in/~dani/vmss.pdf "Vedic Mathematics": a dubious pursuit].

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Swami Bharati Krishna Tirtha}}
[[Category:Shankaracharyas]]
[[Category:20th-century Hindu religious leaders]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:1884 births]]
[[Category:1960 deaths]]

Alu Kurumba language

2025-09-08T13:46:46Z

BrooksPrather:

{{Short description|Southern Dravidian language of India}}
{{Infobox language
|name = Alu Kurumba
|nativename = {{lang|xua|ஆலுக் குறும்பா}}
|states = [[India]]
|region = [[Tamil Nadu]]
|speakers = 2,400
|date = 2019
|ref = e25
|familycolor = Dravidian
|fam2 = Southern
|fam3 = [[South Dravidian languages|Southern I]]
|fam4 = Tamil–[[Kannada dialects|Kannada]]
|fam5 = [[Kannada dialects|Badaga–Kannada]]
|fam6 = Kannadoid
|iso3=xua
|glotto=aluk1238
|glottorefname=Alu Kurumba
}}

'''Alu Kurumba''' ({{ipa|xua|aːlu kurumbɐ|ipa}}), also known as '''Hal Kurumba''' or alternatively '''Pal Kurumba''', is a [[Southern Dravidian languages|Southern]] [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian language]] of the [[Tamil–Kannada language|Tamil–Kannada]] subgroup spoken by the [[Kurumba (tribe)|Alu Kurumba]] tribal people.{{Citation needed|date=January 2023|reason="Alu Kurumba" is not mentioned on the Kuruba page at all.}} It is often considered to constitute a dialect of [[Kannada Language|Kannada]]; however, Ethnologue classifies it as a separate language. Alu Kurumba speakers are situated on the [[Nilgiri Hills]] cross-border area between [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Karnataka]].

==See also==
*[[Betta Kurumba language]]
*[[Jennu Kurumba language]]
*[[Dravidian languages]]
*[[List of languages by number of native speakers in India]]
*[[Languages of South Asia]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Dravidian languages}}
{{Languages of Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Tamil languages]]
[[Category:Languages of Kerala]]
[[Category:Dravidian languages]]

Santacruz–Chembur Link Road

2025-08-28T02:29:55Z

BrooksPrather: made a info

{{Short description|Major artery in Mumbai}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox road
|country=IND
|name=Santacruz–Chembur Link Road (SCLR)
|marker_image=
|map={{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-width=290|frame-height=200|zoom=13|frame-align=center|type=line|id=Q17088663|stroke-width=3|title=Santacruz–Chembur Link Road}}
|map_custom=yes
|map_notes=Santacruz–Chembur Link Road marked in Red on Mumbai area map
|image=SCLR Double decker flyover.jpg
|image_notes =Aerial view of Santacruz–Chembur Link Road
|length_mi=
|length_km=6.45
|length_round=
|length_ref=
|established=18 April 2014 10 February 2023 (extension flyover)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.timesnownews.com/mumbai/mumbai-modi-likely-to-inaugurate-santacruz-chembur-link-road-extension-bridge-kurar-underpass-on-feb-10-article-97728478 | title=Mumbai: PM Modi likely to inaugurate Santacruz Chembur Link Road Extension bridge, Kurar underpass on Feb 10 | date=8 February 2023 }}</ref>
|established_by=[[Maharashtra State Road Development Corporation]]
|direction_a= West
|terminus_a= [[Western Express Highway]], [[Santacruz, Mumbai|Santacruz]]
|junction=CST Road in Santacruz (East) [[Lal Bahadur Shastri Marg|LBS Road]] in Kurla (West)
|direction_b=East
|terminus_b=[[Eastern Express Highway]], [[Tilak Nagar (Mumbai)|Tilak Nagar]], [[Chembur]]
|states=[[Maharashtra]]
|districts=[[Mumbai Suburban district|Mumbai Suburban]]
|cities=[[Mumbai]]
|maint=[[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]]
}}

The '''Santacruz–Chembur Link Road''', shortened to '''SCLR''', is a {{convert|6.45|km|mi|adj=mid|-long}} [[arterial road]] in [[Mumbai]], connecting the Western Express Highway (WEH) in [[Santacruz, Mumbai|Santacruz]] with the Eastern Express Highway (EEH) in [[Chembur]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/MMRDA-hikes-contract-values/889784/|title=MMRDA hikes contract values|date=20 December 2011|access-date=17 May 2012|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/santacruzchembur-link-road-expected-to-commission-soon/1233257 |title=Santacruz-Chembur Link Road expected to commission soon |work=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]|date=2014-03-13 |access-date=2014-04-01}}</ref> It contains the city's first and India's second [[Stack interchange|double-decker]] [[Overpass|flyover]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/india-s-first-double-decker-flyover-becomes-operational-in-mumbai-114041900067_1.html |title=India's first double-decker flyover becomes operational in Mumbai|work=Business Standard|date=19 April 2014|access-date=2015-12-30|agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref> The six-lane road was constructed as part of the [[World Bank]]-funded [[Mumbai Urban Transport Project]] (MUTP) at a cost of {{INRConvert|454|c}}.<ref name="expressindia">[https://archive.today/20130122170028/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/santacruzchembur-link-road-project-cost-jumps-278/975520/ Express India]. Express India. Retrieved 16 July 2013.</ref> The World Bank withdrew funding midway through the project due to repeated delays, and the second phase was financed by the [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority]] (MMRDA) with its own funds.

The SCLR was severely delayed, taking more than 11 years for the work to be completed. Groundwork for the road, originally slated to start in 2003, did not get underway until 2007. The project missed 12 deadlines since the original deadline of November 2004. The SCLR was termed an "engineering marvel" by the [[National Geographic Society]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-citizens-committee-photograph-incomplete-work-of-mumbai-roads-1596928 |title=Citizens committee photograph incomplete work of Mumbai roads |work=[[Daily News and Analysis|DNA]] |date=2011-10-10 |access-date=2014-04-02}}</ref><ref name="hindustantimes1">{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/roads-to-nowhere/article1-444774.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407094838/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/roads-to-nowhere/article1-444774.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 April 2014 |title=Roads to nowhere |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=2009-08-19 |access-date=2014-04-02}}</ref> and was described by the World Bank as the "world's most delayed road project".<ref name="mid-day1">{{cite web |url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/rs-428-cr-link-road-in-mumbai-ready-but-netas-stall-opening/15199087 |title=Rs 428-cr link road in Mumbai ready, but netas stall opening |work=[[Mid-Day]] |date=2014-04-02 |access-date=2014-04-02}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web |url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/cities/rs-428-crore-link-road-in-mumbai-ready-but-netas-stall-opening-503336?curl=1396437308 |title=Rs 428-crore link road in Mumbai ready, but netas stall opening |publisher=[[NDTV]] |date=2014-04-02 |access-date=2014-04-02}}</ref>

A portion of the SCLR, the 560 m [[Kurla]]–[[Santacruz, Mumbai#Kalina|Kalina]] flyover over [[Lal Bahadur Shastri Marg|LBS Marg]], was opened to the public on 10 August 2012. The SCLR was opened to the public on 18 April 2014.

==History==
===Background===
Wilbur Smith and Associates were commissioned in mid-1962 to study and make recommendations on transportation issues in [[Greater Mumbai]]. Their report, filed with the [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]] on 19 December 1963, proposed the construction of several link roads to improve east–west connectivity in the city. Among the projects proposed was a 4-lane road linking Santacruz in the west with Chembur in the east.<ref>{{cite news|title=The man who saw tomorrow...|url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/mumbai/others/The-man-who-saw-tomorrow--/articleshow/16111678.cms|access-date=31 March 2014|newspaper=[[Mumbai Mirror]]|date=22 March 2011|location=Mumbai}}</ref>

The [[Mumbai Urban Transport Project]] (MUTP) was initiated in 2002 to study and propose solutions to Mumbai's transportation issues.<ref name="maharashtra1">{{cite web |url=http://www.mmrda.maharashtra.gov.in/mumbai-urban-transport-project1 |title=Mumbai Urban Transport Project |publisher=MMRDA |access-date=2014-10-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223200937/http://www.mmrda.maharashtra.gov.in/mumbai-urban-transport-project1 |archive-date=23 February 2014}}</ref> The SCLR, along with the widening and improvement of the [[Jogeshwari–Vikhroli Link Road]] (JVLR), was one of two east–west road corridor projects implemented under the first phase of the MUTP,<ref name="Resettlement Plan">{{cite web |title=Resettlement implementation plan for the Santacruz Chembur Link Road. Vol. 7 of India–Mumbai Urban Transport Project : resettlement action plan. |url=http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2006/05/6885450/india-mumbai-urban-transport-project-resettlement-action-plan-vol-7-11-resettlement-implementation-plan-santacruz-chembur-link-road |publisher=World Bank |access-date=31 March 2014 |author=Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority (MMRDA) |location=Mumbai |date=May 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140331144850/http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2006/05/6885450/india-mumbai-urban-transport-project-resettlement-action-plan-vol-7-11-resettlement-implementation-plan-santacruz-chembur-link-road |archive-date=31 March 2014 }}{{PD-notice}}</ref> and were intended to ease commutation problems and act as links between Mumbai's Eastern and Western Suburbs.<ref name="MSRDC">{{cite web|url=http://www.msrdc.org/Site/completedProjects/jogeshwariVikroli.aspx |title=Jogeshwari-Vikhroli Link Road Under M.U.T.P |publisher=MSRDC |date=2003-07-17 |access-date=2014-04-02}}</ref>

Prior to the SCLR's opening, commuters traveling from the [[Western Suburbs (Mumbai)|Western Suburbs]] towards the [[Eastern Suburbs (Mumbai)|Eastern Suburbs]] or [[Navi Mumbai]] had to take the JVLR, the [[Andheri]]-[[Kurla]] Road or a detour from [[Sion, Mumbai|Sion]] to reach [[Chembur]]. During peak hours, this would take 90 minutes to 2 hours. After the SCLR opened, travel time between Santacruz and Chembur reduced to 17 minutes. The SCLR is an important arterial road connecting the Western and Eastern Express Highways. The SCLR is expected to significantly decongest the EEH and the WEH, and ease traffic congestion at the Amar Mahal Junction, [[Vakola]], Kalanagar Junction, Sion and [[Kurla]].<ref name="mid-day1"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/poll-vault-metro-scruz-chembur-road-to-open-in-april/15193055 |title=Poll Vault: Metro, S'cruz-Chembur road to open in April? |work=[[Mid-day]] |date=2014-03-30 |access-date=2014-04-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Santa-Cruz-Chembur-road-to-make-Kalanagar-tunnel-plan-redundant/articleshow/28910480.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140120052600/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2014-01-17/mumbai/46300299_1_sclr-kalanagar-junction-western-express-highway |url-status=live |archive-date=2014-01-20 |title=Santa Cruz-Chembur road to make Kalanagar tunnel plan redundant |date=2014-01-17 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2014-04-01}}</ref> It will also decrease traffic congestion on roads in Santacruz, Kalanagar, Dharavi, Sion and Chembur.<ref name="dnaindia1">{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-delayed-sclr-project-cost-stands-at-rs-450-crore-1972252 |title=Delayed SCLR project cost stands at Rs 450 crore |work=[[Daily News and Analysis|DNA]] |date=2014-03-26 |access-date=2014-04-01}}</ref> ''[[The Times of India]]'' reported that commuters can save {{INR}} 50–60 on [[auto rickshaw]] and taxi fares (at April 2014 rates) when traveling between the Eastern and Western Suburbs via the SCLR.

===Land acquisition and rehabilitation===
Government land measuring 10,705.51 square metres belonging to the MHADA, the BMC, the Railways, and the Kurla Dairy, was transferred for use in the project. However, additional acquisition of private land was necessary to implement the project, and approximately 1091.90 square metres of private land was acquired for the same.<ref name="Resettlement Plan"/>

The total land required for Phase II of the project for up to 45.7 m width of ROW was 1,34,358 sq m. Out of which the 88,200 sq. m of the land for the existing 30 m width of ROW was acquired by the Public Works Department (PWD) and handed over to the BMC. Between 30 and 45.7 m width of ROW, 46,158 sq. m land was required, of which, about 5,596 sq.m of land was in the possession of the BMC (2,047 sq m.) and the government (3,549 sq m). Land acquisition for the SCLR project was carried out by the BMC. As a result of Phase II of the project, a total 434 structures were affected out of which 235 were residential, 193 commercial and 6 residential-cum-commercial. In addition to this there were 5 other structures affected which consisted of one balwadi, one newspaper library, one post office, a structure on private land, and one Bank.<ref name="MMRDA1">{{cite web |title=Executive Summary, Resettlement Implementation for Santa Cruz Chembur Link Road (SCLR) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407063028/http://202.54.119.40/docs/Executive_summary_SCLR.doc |archive-date=7 April 2014 |url=http://202.54.119.40/docs/Executive_summary_SCLR.doc |url-status=dead |access-date=30 March 2017}}{{PD-notice}}</ref>

A total of 3167 structures would be impacted—2575 residential, 540 commercial, 33 residential-cum-commercial, and 19 community/religious structures. As of 30 April 2006, a total of 2591 structures had been resettled—2418 residential, 145 commercial, 26 residential-cum-commercial, and 2 religious/community structures.<ref name="Resettlement Plan"/> People impacted by the project were resettled at a resettlement site in Mankhurd, which is about 7 km from the location of affected structures at SCLR phase-II. The Mankhurd resettlement site had a total of 3,256 residential tenements and 720 commercial tenements.<ref name="MMRDA1"/>

===Construction===
[[File:SCLR location map.jpg|thumb|450px|SCLR location map.]]
[[File:Chembur Santracruz link road under construction in Amar Mahal1.JPG|thumb|300px|The SCLR under construction in Amar Mahal.]]
[[File:Chembur Santracruz link road under construction in Amar Mahal.JPG|thumb|300px|The SCLR under construction in Amar Mahal.]]
The SCLR was commissioned in 2003 under the World Bank-funded MUTP, and was originally scheduled to be completed by November 2004.<ref name="mid-day1"/> The SCLR and JVLR projects were initially entrusted to the Public Works Department (PWD). Responsibility for the project was later transferred to the [[Maharashtra State Road Development Corporation]] (MSRDC), and the [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority]] (MMRDA) was appointed as the nodal agency.<ref name="MSRDC"/> The SCLR project was implemented in two phases. The first phase was executed by the MSRDC and the second phase was executed by the [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]] (BMC). Phase I comprises the {{convert|3.45|km|mi|adj=mid|-long}} section<ref name="Resettlement Plan"/> from the east end of the 6-lane Mithi River Bridge up to the Amar Mahal Junction of the Eastern Express Highway.<ref name="msrdc1">{{cite web |url=https://www.msrdc.org/Site/onGoingProjects/santacruzChembur.aspx |title=Santacruz Chembur Link Road |publisher=MSRDC |access-date=2014-04-01}}</ref> Phase II consists of the 3 km section from the WEH to the Mithi River.<ref name="Resettlement Plan"/> Phase I was funded by the World Bank, while Phase II was financed by the MMRDA with its own funds.<ref name="worldbank1">{{cite web |title=Bank Management Response to Request for Inspection Panel Review of the India–Mumbai Urban Transport Project|url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTINSPECTIONPANEL/Resources/MumbaiManagementResponse.pdf|publisher=World Bank|access-date=1 April 2014|pages=8–13}}{{PD-notice}}</ref>

Section 1 and 2 were contracted to Patel Engineering Ltd and Gammon India Ltd. respectively. The Louis Berger Group Inc. served as Project Management Consultants for both sections.<ref name="msrdc1"/> The contract for civil work for Section 1, [[Sign-on and sign-off|signed on]] 29 September 2003, had a value of {{INR}} 33.81 crore (US$7.514 million).<ref name="worldbank1"/>

Construction of the SCLR was contracted to Patel Engineering Ltd and Gammon India Ltd. for {{INR}} 35 crore and {{INR}} 79.9 crore respectively. Gammon was awarded nearly 75% of the total civil work on the project.<ref name="indianexpress1">{{cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/mmrda-hikes-contract-values/ |title=MMRDA hikes contract values |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=2011-12-20 |access-date=2014-04-01}}</ref> The Louis Berger Group Inc. served as Project Management Consultants.<ref name="msrdc1"/> The notices to proceed with work (or work orders) for section 1 and 2 were issued on 29 September 2003 and 10 May 2004.<ref name="msrdc1"/> However, the project was severely delayed.<ref name="dnaindia1"/> The MMRDA later hiked the values of both contracts by 15% to keep up with cost escalation caused by delays. Patel Engineering briefly halted construction on the project for several months in 2011, asking for another hike in contract value. The MMRDA agreed to hike both contract values by 30-35%, and Patel Engineering resumed work in January 2012. As of April 2011, Gammon had already spent {{INR}} 113.1 crore,<ref name="indianexpress1"/> and Louis Berger had reportedly spent nearly five times the original amount.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/jvlr-and-sclr-costs-hit-the-roof-due-to-delays/861213/1 |title=JVLR and SCLR costs hit the roof due to delays |work=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]] |date=2011-10-18 |access-date=2014-04-01 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140330221216/http://www.financialexpress.com/news/jvlr-and-sclr-costs-hit-the-roof-due-to-delays/861213/1 |archive-date=30 March 2014}}</ref>

===Other work===
In September 2013, the MMRDA invited agencies to prepare a Detailed Project Report (DPR) for three proposed bridges.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.asianage.com/mumbai/37-months-skywalk-still-delayed-652 |title=37 months on, skywalk still delayed |work=[[The Asian Age]] |date=23 September 2013 |access-date=2014-04-01 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130927110501/http://www.asianage.com/mumbai/37-months-skywalk-still-delayed-652 |archive-date=27 September 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The first flyover is planned from Bandra-Kurla Link Road to CST Junction in Kurla, and the second will be from Mumbai University junction in Kalina to CST Road.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/mmrda-to-build-two-flyovers-near-cst-bridge/1162861/ |title=MMRDA to build two flyovers near CST Bridge |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=2013-09-01 |access-date=2014-04-01}}</ref> The third DPR concerns the remodelling of the existing CST Bridge. After remodelling, the {{convert|40|m|ft|adj=mid|-long}} and 30 m wide bridge would be 100 m long and will 45 m wide.<ref>{{cite news |agency=Press Trust of India |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-08-31/news/41642220_1_mmrda-metropolitan-region-development-authority-bridges |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202144520/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-08-31/news/41642220_1_mmrda-metropolitan-region-development-authority-bridges |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 February 2014 |title=MMRDA to build two new bridges in Mumbai |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=2013-08-31 |access-date=2014-04-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/mmrda-to-build-two-new-bridges-in-mumbai-113083100776_1.html |title=MMRDA to build two new bridges in Mumbai |work=Business Standard |date=2013-08-31 |access-date=2014-04-01 |agency=Press Trust of India }}</ref>

===Delay===
Although, the groundwork for the link road was originally planned to commence in September 2003, it began only in 2007.<ref name="mid-day1"/><ref name="autogenerated1"/> The SCLR was severely delayed, taking more than 11 years for the work to be completed.<ref name = "afternoondc1"/> The project missed 12 deadlines since the original deadline of November 2004. Following this, 11 other deadlines have been fixed and missed for the project: September 2006, December 2008, December 2009, June 2010, June and December 2011, December 2012, March 2013, October 2013, December 2013 and 31 March 2014.<ref name="mid-day1"/><ref name="autogenerated1"/> The cost of constructing the SCLR was originally estimated as {{INR}} 114.96 [[crore]] in 2003. This was revised to {{INR}} 254.76 crore in August 2011. According to the reply from the MMRDA to a [[Right to Information Act|Right to Information]] (RTI) request filed by RTI activist Anil Galgali, the latest estimated project cost is {{INRConvert|454|c}}, an escalation of 391.30%.<ref name="dnaindia1"/>

Thousands of displaced residents had to be relocated, leading to delays.<ref name="dnaindia1"/><ref name="FPJ1">{{cite web |url=http://freepressjournal.in/vital-link-road-project-in-limbo/ |title=Vital Link Road Project in Limbo |work=[[Free Press Journal]] |date=26 March 2014 |access-date=2014-04-01 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140330231939/http://freepressjournal.in/vital-link-road-project-in-limbo/ |archive-date=30 March 2014}}</ref> The World Bank initially provided loans to the project, but later withdrew.<ref name="dnaindia1"/> Roberto Zagha, India head of the World Bank, called it the "world's most delayed road project".<ref name="mid-day1"/><ref name="autogenerated1"/> An MMRDA official defended the delay in the project stating, "It was huge project ... We had to resettle more than 3,500 project-affected people. There were also issues will relocation of a religious structure, and a politician's interference, too, did not help. It is easy to lay the blame, but the work was challenging. We also had to face several court cases. We have learnt many lessons from this project."<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Will-Santa-Cruz-Chembur-Link-Road-meet-weekend-deadline/articleshow/33834678.cms |title=Will Santa Cruz-Chembur Link Road meet weekend deadline? - Times of India |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=2014-04-17 |access-date=2015-12-30}}</ref>

A major delay occurred in getting clearance from [[Central Railway zone|Central Railway]] (CR) to construct a 50.9-metre bridge over the [[Central line (Mumbai Suburban Railway)|Central Line]]. Despite receiving the request in 2007, CR took 5 years and asked for 4 changes in design before finally approving construction in July 2012. The approval came with the rider that MMRDA could only start construction in October 2012, after the monsoon.<ref>[http://www.indianexpress.com/news/finally-railway-nod-for-taking-link-road-over-kurla-tracks/973890/0 Finally, railway nod for taking link road over Kurla tracks]. Indian Express (13 July 2012). Retrieved 16 July 2013.</ref> A railway official defended CR stating, "MMRDA blamed us for the delay. But the design of the road overbridge across the tracks was such that it would not have got the commissioner of railway safety's approval. The consultants should have thought about this long ago. We had also given blanket approval to launch girders more than a year ago. But the girder-launching work was carried out six months ago as they did not arrive from Punjab at the site, where, too, no preparations were made."<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com"/> The MMRDA also faced challenges launching the 14 girders, each weighing 140 tonne, as they could only carry out work for 3 hours at night to avoid affecting rail traffic. All girders were launched in 21 days.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/City/Mumbai/Santa-Cruz-Chembur-Link-Road-finally-opened/articleshow/33922511.cms |title=Mumbai's fastest east–west link road finally opened - Times of India |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=2014-04-19 |access-date=2015-12-30}}</ref> According to Jitendra Gupta of the Citizens' Transport Committee, "There is no accountability and coordination among the government agencies involved. We had met the railway chief engineer in charge of the project around four years ago and were told that he had 200 proposals like the SCLR to examine because of his wide jurisdiction. He said he couldn't make an exception for the SCLR and speed up clearances."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/santacruzchembur-link-road-project-cost-jumps-278-/975520/0 |title=Santacruz-Chembur Link Road project cost jumps 278% |work=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]] |date=2012-07-17 |access-date=2014-04-02 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140402084149/http://www.financialexpress.com/news/santacruzchembur-link-road-project-cost-jumps-278-/975520/0 |archive-date=2 April 2014}}</ref>

===Opening===
A portion of the SCLR, the 560 m [[Kurla]]-[[Santacruz, Mumbai#Kalina|Kalina]] flyover over [[Lal Bahadur Shastri Marg|LBS Marg]], was opened to the public on 10 August 2012.<ref>[https://archive.today/20130126212919/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-08/mumbai/33099826_1_flyover-work-subhash-nage-sclr New flyover to link Kalina, Kurla from Friday]. ''The Times of India''. (8 August 2012). Retrieved 16 July 2013.</ref>

According to the reply from the MMRDA on 24 March 2014 to an RTI request filed by RTI activist Anil Galgali, construction work on the SCLR was complete on the sections from the Mithi river to Ghazinagar, Kurla (W), and from Ghazinagar, Kurla (W) to Rahul Nagar, Tilak Nagar. However, the section from Rahul Nagar to Eastern Express Highway via Amar Mahal flyover was incomplete. MMRDA Executive Engineer M.A. Wani noted that part of the delay was caused by a change in the specification for a girder from concrete to steel. The decision was approved by executive committee of MMRDA in its meeting held on 11 January 2012.<ref name = "afternoondc1">{{cite web |url=http://www.afternoondc.in/city-news/threefold-rise-in-cost/article_106035 |title=Threefold rise in cost! |work=Afternoondc |date=26 March 2014 |access-date=2014-04-02}}</ref><ref name="FPJ1"/>

The MMRDA issued a press note on 13 April stating that the SCLR was complete.<ref name="mid-day2">{{cite web|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/santacruz-chembur-link-road-will-be-opened-to-traffic-this-week/15228095 |title=Finally, Santacruz-Chembur Link Road will be opened to traffic this week |work=[[Mid-Day]] |date=14 April 2014 |access-date=2014-04-16}}</ref><ref name="freepressjournal1">{{cite web |url=http://freepressjournal.in/sclr-to-be-thrown-open-to-the-public-this-week/ |title=SCLR to be thrown open to the public this week |work=[[Free Press Journal]] |date=14 April 2014 |access-date=2014-04-16 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416175524/http://freepressjournal.in/sclr-to-be-thrown-open-to-the-public-this-week/ |archive-date=16 April 2014}}</ref> Bitumen work was pending at the Chembur end, apart from which streetlights had also not been installed on the entire length of road.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-santacruz-chembur-link-road-to-open-later-this-week-1978021 |title=Santa Cruz–Chembur link road to open later this week |work=[[Daily News and Analysis|DNA]] |date=2013-10-22 |access-date=2014-04-16}}</ref> The approach road to the landing at Nehru Nagar had also not been completed, and road medians were still being placed at the Chembur end.<ref name="ReferenceB">{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Yet-to-be-opened-but-motorists-use-Santa-Cruz-Chembur-Link-Road/articleshow/33791518.cms |title=Yet to be opened, but motorists use Santa Cruz-Chembur Link Road - Times of India |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=2014-04-15 |access-date=2015-12-30}}</ref> The Opposition alleged that the project saw delays due to the government's "inefficiency" and was being opened ahead of elections as a "pre-poll stunt".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ndtv.com/elections/article/election-2014/world-s-most-delayed-road-opens-days-before-elections-in-mumbai-510512 |title='World's most delayed road' opens days before elections in Mumbai |publisher=[[NDTV]] |access-date=2015-12-30}}</ref> Mumbai [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] President [[Ashish Shelar]] wrote a letter to the [[Election Commission of India|Election Commission]] on 14 April, calling the SCLR opening a "publicity stunt" and opposing the inauguration stating that the Congress party would "reap undue credit for it".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/bjp-writes-to-ec-over-mumbai-flyover-inauguration/article5911392.ece |title=BJP writes to EC over Mumbai flyover inauguration |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=2014-03-31 |access-date=2014-04-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.asianage.com/mumbai/bjp-write-ec-over-sclr-opening-301 |title=BJP to write to EC over SCLR opening |work=[[The Asian Age]] |date=14 April 2014 |access-date=2014-04-16 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416174957/http://www.asianage.com/mumbai/bjp-write-ec-over-sclr-opening-301 |archive-date=16 April 2014 }}</ref> RTI activist G.R. Vora and Action for Good Governance and Networking in India activist Shyama Kulkarni both questioned why the opening took place so close to the election.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/City/Mumbai/Poll-code-keeps-fanfare-out-of-SCLR-inauguration-in-Mumbai/articleshow/33922574.cms |title=Poll code keeps fanfare out of SCLR inauguration in Mumbai - Times of India |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=2014-04-19 |access-date=2015-12-30}}</ref>

The media reported that some motorists used the SCLR on 15 April, even though it had not been officially opened.<ref name="ReferenceB"/> ''DNA'' reported that the traffic on the road was mostly bikers and private cars.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-eager-motorists-test-sclr-before-official-opening-1978738 |title=Eager motorists test SCLR before official opening|work=[[Daily News and Analysis|DNA]] |date=2014-04-16 |access-date=2015-12-30}}</ref>

The SCLR was inaugurated by MMRDA officials at 8:15 am [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] on 18 April 2014.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> Unlike most projects in India, the SCLR was opened without fanfare, and no politicians were present at the opening, as the code of conduct for the 2014 general elections was in force at the time.<ref name="ReferenceC">{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Santa-Cruz-Chembur-Link-Road-thrown-open-to-motorists/articleshow/33896583.cms |title=Santa Cruz-Chembur Link Road thrown open to motorists - Times of India |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=2014-04-18 |access-date=2015-12-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Santa-Cruz-Chembur-Link-Rd-is-complete-will-open-today/articleshow/33873583.cms |title=Santa Cruz-Chembur Link Rd is complete, will open today - Times of India |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=2014-04-17 |access-date=2015-12-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/cities/santa-cruz-chembur-link-road-opens-in-mumbai-will-drastically-reduce-travel-time-510156 |title=Santa Cruz-Chembur Link Road opens in Mumbai; will drastically reduce travel time |publisher=[[NDTV]] |date=2014-04-18 |access-date=2015-12-30}}</ref> Traffic was sparse on opening day, which officials believe was because it was a public holiday due to [[Good Friday]].<ref name="dnaindia.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-sclr-finally-opens-to-public-sees-less-traffic-due-to-good-friday-1979863 |title=SCLR finally opens to public, sees less traffic due to Good Friday |work=[[Daily News and Analysis|DNA]] |date=2014-04-19 |access-date=2015-12-30}}</ref> Inadequate signage meant some motorists had to ask for directions.<ref name="mid-day.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/santacruz-chembur-link-road-lack-of-signage-confuses-motorists-on-day1/15239088 |title=Santacruz-Chembur Link Road: Lack of signage confuses motorists on Day 1 |date=19 April 2014 |publisher=[[Mid-day]] |access-date=2015-12-30}}</ref> MMRDA officials installed additional signboards by 21 April, but they failed to improve the situation because they were too small.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/where-is-the-santacruz-chembur-link-road/15245051 |title=Where is the Santacruz-Chembur Link Road? |date=22 April 2014 |publisher=[[Mid-day]] |access-date=2015-12-30}}</ref>

According to then [[Deputy Commissioner of Police (India)|DCP]] (traffic) Pratap Dighovkar, about 22,000 vehicles used the SCLR on opening day.<ref>[http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/mumbai/no-traffic-congestion-on-sclr-opening-day/article1-1209891.aspx] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502225928/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/mumbai/no-traffic-congestion-on-sclr-opening-day/article1-1209891.aspx|date=2 May 2014}}</ref> Traffic remained skeletal on the second day as well.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Day-2-Traffic-remains-sparse-on-Santa-Cruz-Chembur-Link-Road/articleshow/33970601.cms|title=Day 2: Traffic remains sparse on Santa Cruz-Chembur Link Road | Mumbai News - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=19 April 2014 }}</ref> More than 50,000 vehicles used the road on the third day.<ref name="indiatimes1">{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Acid-test-for-Santa-Cruz-Chembur-Link-Road/articleshow/34015657.cms |title=Acid test for Santa Cruz-Chembur Link Road - Times of India |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=2014-04-21 |access-date=2015-12-30}}</ref> Increased traffic caused jams on the third day, mainly due to a Congress election rally at BKC.<ref name="indiatimes1"/> On 28 April, a Monday, the first working day since the road opened,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-20-times-more-traffic-on-santa-cruz-chembur-link-road-since-friday-1980735 |title=20 times more traffic on Santa Cruz-Chembur Link Road since Friday & Updates at Daily News & Analysis |work=[[Daily News and Analysis|DNA]] |date=2014-04-22 |access-date=2015-12-30}}</ref> an estimated 55,000-60,000 vehicles travelled on the SCLR. Heavy congestion was reported on certain stretches of the road, particularly on Hans Bhugra and Mohammad Raza Road junctions in Santacruz (E). Mumbai Traffic Police officers stated that Mohammad Raza Road needs to be widened as it is a main feeder to SCLR.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Santa-Cruz-Chembur-Link-Road-fails-acid-test-traffic-jams-on-approach-roads/articleshow/34066712.cms |title=Santa Cruz-Chembur Link Road fails acid test, traffic jams on approach roads - Times of India |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=2014-04-22 |access-date=2015-12-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/santacruz-chembur-link-road-fails-first-peak-hour-traffic-test/ |title=Santacruz-Chembur Link Road fails first peak-hour traffic test |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=2014-04-22 |access-date=2015-12-30}}</ref>

Joint commissioner of traffic B.K. Upadhyay noted that the MMRDA had failed to complete widening of feeder routes before completion of the project.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://freepressjournal.in/traffic-police-chief-blames-mmrda-for-jams/ |title=Traffic police chief blames MMRDA for jams | Free Press Journal |publisher=[[Free Press Journal]] |date=2014-04-23 |access-date=2015-12-30 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160121105252/http://www.freepressjournal.in/traffic-police-chief-blames-mmrda-for-jams |archive-date=21 January 2016}}</ref> The Citizen Transport Forum carried out an audit of the SCLR on the third day after opening, and identified seven major bottlenecks along the road.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/mumbai/civic/Seven-reasons-why-traffic-is-slowing-to-a-crawl-on-SCLR/articleshow/34033640.cms |title=Seven reasons why traffic is slowing to a crawl on SCLR |work=[[Mumbai Mirror]] |date=2014-04-21 |access-date=2015-12-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://freepressjournal.in/seven-bottlenecks-identified-on-sclr/ |title=Seven bottlenecks identified on SCLR | Free Press Journal |publisher=[[Free Press Journal]] |date=2014-04-21 |access-date=2015-12-30 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160121105252/http://www.freepressjournal.in/seven-bottlenecks-identified-on-sclr |archive-date=21 January 2016}}</ref> Upadhyay told the ''[[Mumbai Mirror]]'' on 29 April that these issues could be fixed by widening the roads and installing traffic lights. However, he noted that an eighth problem, at Mohammed Raza Chowk, where traffic from BKC Road and the SCLR merge, accounted for 90% of the jams. He felt that the situation could be improved by installing traffic signals at the junction, but even that would not resolve the entire problem.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/mumbai/others/We-can-fix-all-SCLR-issues-except-the-biggest-one/articleshow/34084306.cms|title = 'We can fix all SCLR issues (Except the biggest one)'|website=[[Mumbai Mirror]]}}</ref>

[[BEST Transport division|BEST]] began operating buses on the SCLR for the first time from 2 May 2014.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Take-a-bus-ride-on-SCLR-from-today/articleshow/34493679.cms|title = Take a bus ride on SCLR from today | Mumbai News - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=2 May 2014 }}</ref>

==Route description==
The SCLR is 6.45 km long and 45.7 metres wide.<ref name="maharashtra1"/> The SCLR has three flyovers:<ref name="dnaindia.com"/> CST Road flyover (the main flyover spanning a total length of 3.45 km),<ref name="dnaindia2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-india-s-first-double-decker-flyover-opens-in-mumbai-1979744|title=India's first double-decker flyover opens in Mumbai|date=18 April 2014}}</ref><ref name="ibnlive.in.com">{{cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/indias-first-doubledecker-flyover-opens-in-mumbai/466028-3-237.html |title=India's first double-decker flyover opens in Mumbai - IBNLive |website=ibnlive.in.com |access-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419065140/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/indias-first-doubledecker-flyover-opens-in-mumbai/466028-3-237.html |archive-date=19 April 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> the 560-metre Kurla-Kalina flyover above LBS Marg, and the double-decker flyover (combined length of 1.8 km) crossing over the Central and Harbour Line tracks at Tilak Nagar.<ref name="ReferenceC"/><ref name="ibnlive.in.com"/><ref name="dnaindia2"/> The SCLR also has two arms—one for Lokmaniya Tilak Terminus and the other one for Kurla Dairy.<ref name="maharashtra1"/> The {{convert|1096|m|ft|adj=mid|-long}} Amar Mahal junction flyover connects the SCLR with the EEH.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Santacruz-Chembur-Link-Road-to-open-from-April-18/articleshow/33864388.cms|title = Santacruz-Chembur Link Road: Santacruz-Chembur Link Road to open from April 18 | Mumbai News - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=17 April 2014 }}</ref> The flyover is 17 metres wide. The S-shaped steel girder is 92 metres long and 8.5 metres in width, and its actual cost is {{INR}} 59.51-76.41 crore.<ref name="afternoondc1" /> Access to the road is available from CST Road, Amar Mahal Junction, Nehru Nagar and [[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus]].

There are a total of six-seven signals on the entire road, which were installed based on the suggestions of the [[Mumbai Traffic Police]].<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

{| class="wikitable"
! Stretch<ref name="Resettlement Plan"/> !! Length (km) !! Details of existing road !! Details of road constructed for SCLR
|-
! style="text-align:center;" colspan="4"| '''Phase I (3.45 km section from Mithi River to EEH)'''
|-
| Mithi River–LBS Marg || 0.650 || 4-lane concrete road || 10-lane concrete road + Flyover + Slip roads
|-
| LBS Marg–Old Agra Road
|| 0.250
|| 4-lane (intermediate) concrete
|| Flyover + slip roads (4 Lane + 6 Lane)
|-
| Old Agra Road–Buddha Colony
|| 0.205
|| 2-lane concrete road
|| 10 lane concrete + replacement of existing steel bridge
|-
|| Buddha Colony–LTT
|| 1.095
|| Virgin land
|| 6 lane concrete road + 6 lane RoB + Viaduct
|-
| LTT–Tansa Pipeline
|| 0.300
|| 2-lane road
|| Viaduct
|-
| Tansa Pipeline–Rahul Nagar
|| 0.650
|| Virgin land
|| Viaduct + 6 lane concrete road
|-
| Rahul Nagar–Amar Mahal Junction
|| 0.300
|| One side carriageway
|| 10-lane split carriageway
|-
! style="text-align:center;" colspan="4"| '''LTT Arm'''
|-
| S.G. Barve Marg Junction–Kurla Dairy
|| 0.380
|| 4 lane road
|| 4lane + footpath + median
|-
| Kurla Dairy–LTT junction
|| 0.420
|| Virgin land
|| 4 lane ROB + approaches
|-
! style="text-align:center;" colspan="4"| '''Phase II (3 km section from the WEH to the Mithi River)'''
|}

==See also==
{{commons category|Santa Cruz – Chembur Link Road}}
*[[Jogeshwari–Vikhroli Link Road]]

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Santacruz-Chembur Link Road}}
[[Category:Roads in Mumbai]]
[[Category:2014 establishments in Maharashtra]]

Palnadu

2025-08-13T12:51:44Z

BrooksPrather:

{{Short description|Region of Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Palnadu
| settlement_type = Region and District
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = Andhra Pradesh
| established_title = District Formation
| established_date = 4 April 2022
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = Narasaraopet
| area_total_km2 = 7301.23
| population_total = 2,041,723
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = 280
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = Telugu
| timezone1 = IST
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
}}

'''Palnadu''' is a district located in the Indian state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It was carved out of [[Guntur district]] and became a separate administrative unit on 4 April 2022 as part of the state's reorganisation. [[Narasaraopet]] serves as the district headquarters.<ref name="district">{{cite web |title=District Abstract – Palnadu |url=https://palnadu.ap.gov.in/about-district/ |publisher=Palnadu District Official Website, Government of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=30 June 2025}}</ref>

== History ==

Palnadu is historically significant as the site of the [[Battle of Palnadu]], which took place in the 12th century between rival factions of the Haihaya dynasty. The conflict is noted in regional folklore and literature, including the ''Palnati Vira Charitra''.<ref name="asianethnology">{{cite journal |title=The Epic of Palnadu: A Study and Translation |url=https://asianethnology.org/article/1512/download |journal=Asian Ethnology |access-date=30 June 2025}}</ref>

== Geography ==
The district is located in western Andhra Pradesh and features a mix of low hills, rocky terrain, and agricultural plains. It has deposits of minerals such as limestone and granite, particularly in the [[Macherla]] and Dachepalli areas. The [[Krishna River]] and its canal systems provide irrigation to much of the region.<ref name="district" />

== Demographics ==
According to data adapted from the [[2011 Census of India]], the district has a population of approximately 2,041,723.

=== Population statistics ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Metric !! Total !! Male !! Female !! Notes
|-
| Population || 2,041,723 || 1,024,016 || 1,017,707 || Sex ratio of 994 females per 1,000 males<ref name="census">{{cite web |title=District Census Handbook – Guntur (Part B) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/147/download/238/DH_2011_2817_PART_B_DCHB_GUNTUR.pdf|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |date=2011 |access-date=30 June 2025}}</ref>
|-
| Urban || 458,551 || - || - || About 22.5% of the population lives in urban areas<ref name="palnadu-demography">{{cite web |title=Demography |url=https://palnadu.ap.gov.in/demography/ |publisher=Palnadu District Official Website, Government of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=30 June 2025}}</ref>
|-
| Rural || 1,583,172 || - || - || The remaining 77.5% live in rural areas<ref name="palnadu-demography">{{cite web |title=Demography |url=https://palnadu.ap.gov.in/demography/ |publisher=Palnadu District Official Website, Government of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=30 June 2025}}</ref>
|-
| Households || ~523,000 || - || - || Estimated count<ref name="palnadu-demography">{{cite web |title=Demography |url=https://palnadu.ap.gov.in/demography/ |publisher=Palnadu District Official Website, Government of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=30 June 2025}}</ref>
|-
| Literacy (age 7+) || 1,085,913 || - || - || Literacy rate is roughly 59%<ref name="census" />
|-
| Scheduled Castes || 375,554 || - || - || 18.39% of the population<ref name="census" />
|-
| Scheduled Tribes || 142,944 || - || - || 7.00% of the population<ref name="census" />
|-
| Density || - || - || - || Around 280 people per square kilometre<ref name="census" />
|-
| Languages || - || - || - || Telugu (87.12%), Urdu (9.9%), Lambadi (2.4%)<ref name="language">{{cite web |title=Population by Mother Tongue - Andhra Pradesh |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10193/download/13305/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2800.XLSX |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |date=2011 |access-date=30 June 2025}}</ref>
|}

The population is mostly rural, with agriculture being the primary source of livelihood. Telugu is the most widely spoken language, followed by Urdu and Lambadi in certain areas.<ref name="language">{{cite web |title=Population by Mother Tongue - Andhra Pradesh |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10193/download/13305/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2800.XLSX |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |date=2011 |access-date=30 June 2025}}</ref>

== Culture ==

The district has religious and cultural sites of significance. [[Amaravathi]] is a site of religious importance for both Hindu and Buddhist communities. The Amareswara Temple attracts devotees during [[Maha Shivaratri]], while the nearby [[Amaravati Stupa]] and Dhyana Buddha statue represent the area's Buddhist heritage.<ref name="aptourism">{{cite web |title=Andhra Pradesh Tourism – Palnadu Region |url=https://palnadu.ap.gov.in/culture-tourism/ |publisher=Palnadu District Official Website, Government of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=30 June 2025}}</ref><ref name="AndhraPortal">{{cite web |last=Murthy |first=N.D. |title=Amaravati – The City, its Art & its Architecture |url=https://andhraportal.org/amaravati-the-city-its-art-its-architecture/ |website=Andhra Portal |date=14 August 2015 |access-date=23 July 2025}}</ref>

Other notable locations include the hill shrine of [[Kotappakonda]], which hosts the annual Tirunalla festival. Traditional martial arts such as ''[[Karra Samu|karra-samu]]'' (staff fighting) and ''kathi-samu'' (swordplay) are performed during some rural festivals.<ref>{{cite web |title=Andhra Pradesh Tourism – Palnadu Region |url=https://palnadu.ap.gov.in/religious-tourism/ |publisher=Palnadu District Official Website, Government of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=30 June 2025}}</ref><ref name="TOIKarraSamu">{{cite news |last=Unknown |first= |title=Andhra Pradesh: Karra Samu Championship 2024 held in Guntur |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/andhra-pradesh-karra-samu-championship-2024-held-in-guntur/articleshow/114088170.cms |newspaper=The Times of India |date=9 October 2024 |access-date=23 July 2025}}</ref>

== Economy ==

Agriculture forms the basis of the district's economy. Main crops include cotton, chillies, tobacco, and paddy. Irrigation is largely sourced from the Krishna River. Mining, particularly of limestone and granite, is present in mandals such as Dachepalli and Macherla.<ref name="palnadu-economy">{{cite web |title=Economy |url=https://palnadu.ap.gov.in/economy/ |publisher=Palnadu District Official Website, Government of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=30 June 2025}}</ref>

== Transportation ==
=== Road ===

Palnadu is served by [[National Highway 167A (India)|National Highway 167A]] and other state highways. The Vadarevu-Piduguralla stretch (approximately 85 km) has been upgraded to four lanes at a cost of ₹1,064 crore to improve port access and local connectivity.<ref name="nie1">{{cite news |last=Annam |first=Bandhavi |title=NH projects gain momentum in Guntur |work=The New Indian Express |date=16 January 2025 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2025/Jan/16/nh-projects-gain-momentum-in-guntur |access-date=30 June 2025}}</ref>

In addition, the Kondamodu-Perecherla section (~49.9 km) has received ₹881.6 crore for a four-lane expansion, with work initiated in 2025.<ref name="nie2">{{cite news |title=Kondamodu‑Perecherla NH project works begin in Andhra Pradesh |work=The New Indian Express |date=8 May 2025 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2025/May/08/kondamodu-perecherla-nh-project-works-begin-in-andhra-pradesh |access-date=30 June 2025}}</ref>

The broader [[Guntur]]-[[Hyderabad]] corridor, which passes through Palnadu, has also been upgraded with a ₹881 crore investment.<ref name="toi">{{cite news |title=Guntur‑Hyd NH set for 4‑lane upgrade |work=The Times of India |date=8 May 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/guntur-hyd-nh-set-for-4-lane-upgrade/articleshow/121006031.cms |access-date=30 June 2025}}</ref>

=== Rail ===

The district is served by the Guntur-Guntakal railway line. The [[Palnadu Express]] connects Guntur with Vikarabad in [[Telangana]], passing through key towns in the district.<ref name="train">{{cite web |title=Palnadu Express Now Accessible to All |url=https://www.southcentralrailway.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,5,268&dcd=2738&did=15504920184031A86B4DBF85F20F6A18B16DD398E764A.web103 |publisher=South Central Railway, Government of India |date=March 2019 |access-date=30 June 2025}}</ref>

== Tourism ==
Palnadu offers several natural and cultural attractions:
* '''Kotappakonda''' - A famous hill temple dedicated to Lord Shiva
* '''Amaravati''' - Known for its ancient Buddhist heritage and Shiva temple.<ref name="aptourism"/>
* '''Kondaveedu Fort''' - A historic 13th-century hill fort
* '''Ethipothala Falls''' - A picturesque waterfall near Macherla
* '''Guttikonda Bilam''' - A sacred cave site visited by pilgrims and trekkers

== See also ==
* [[Battle of Palnadu]]
* [[Palnadu Express]]
* [[Kondaveedu Fort]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Andhra Pradesh}}
[[Category:Sub regions of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Coastal Andhra]]

Sri Bharati Tirtha

2025-07-15T12:58:48Z

BrooksPrather: created redirect

#REDIRECT [[Sringeri Sharada Peetham]]

LEAD School

2025-06-25T01:50:48Z

BrooksPrather: made new article v1

{{Short description|Indian school edtech company}}
{{Orphan|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox company
| name = LEAD School
| logo =
| logo_caption =
| logo_upright = 
| logo_alt =
| type = [[Privately held company|Private]]
| industry = [[Educational technology]]
| founded = 2012
| founders = Sumeet Mehta Smita Deorah
| hq_location_city = [[Mumbai]]
| hq_location_country = [[India]]
| area_served = India
| key_people =
| products =
| owner = 
| num_employees = 1123<ref>{{cite web |title=LEAD School profile at Tracxn |url=https://tracxn.com/d/companies/lead-school/__oe2fP0y2p5mZsRCJMPA-zjkY8OB81N8chnQAbwrkRSM |website=tracxn.com |access-date=10 June 2025 |date=14 May 2025}}</ref>
| num_employees_year = May, 2025
| parent =
| website = {{URL|leadschool.in}}
}}

'''LEAD School''' is an Indian school [[edtech]] company headquartered in [[Mumbai, India]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Paul |first1=Binu |title=Mumbai-based Lead School has become India's sixth edtech unicorn after Byju's, Unacademy, Eruditus, UpGrad and Vedantu. |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/corporate/story/weekly-rundown-lead-school-becomes-indias-6th-edtech-unicorn-fintech-startups-draw-large-bucks-319198-2022-01-15 |website=www.businesstoday.in |access-date=10 June 2025 |date=15 January 2022 }}</ref> The company operates in [[India]]'s [[Education in India|education sector]], delivering a learning system that includes curriculum, teacher training and technology-based resources to private schools.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Anand |first1=Aditya |title=Hybrid learning essential for reopening of schools |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/hybrid-learning-essential-for-reopening-of-schools/article31791369.ece |website=www.thehindu.com |publisher=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=10 June 2025 |date=10 June 2020}}</ref> LEAD School was founded in 2012 by Sumeet Mehta and Smita Deorah and is currently serving more than 3.5 million students across India.<ref name="fi1">{{cite web |last1=Arakali |first1=Harichandran |title=Lesson Plan: Inside LEAD School's strategy for quality education in small-town India |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/take-one-big-story-of-the-day/lesson-plan-inside-lead-schools-strategy-for-quality-education-in-smalltown-india/81039/1 |work=[[Forbes India]] |access-date=10 June 2025 |date=7 November 2022}}</ref>

==History==
LEAD School was established in 2012 by Sumeet Mehta and Smita Deorah, who sought to address educational disparities in India’s budget private schools.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bhargava |first1=Anjuli |title=How EdTech Firm LEAD Schools Plans To Make A Mark In India's Vast Education Sector |url=https://www.thecore.in/technology/edtech-firm-lead-schools |website=www.thecore.in |access-date=10 June 2025 |date=1 August 2023}}</ref> In 2012, they opened Shantiniketan English School in Areri, a village 35 kilometers from [[Ahmedabad, Gujarat]], starting with 14 students. Over the next few years, four additional schools were set up in small towns across [[Maharashtra]] and [[Gujarat]]. By 2017, the focus shifted from operating these schools to partnering with existing ones, a change prompted by the scale of India’s affordable private school network, estimated at over 400,000 institutions.<ref>{{cite web |title=How School Edtech Platform LEAD Is Driving The Learning Outcomes Of 2,000+ Affordable Private Schools |url=https://inc42.com/startups/school-edtech-platform-lead-is-driving-learning-outcomes-of-schools/ |website=inc42.com |access-date=10 June 2025 |date=24 December 2021}}</ref>

In 2017, LEAD School raised INR 10 crore in a Series A funding round led by Elevar Equity, its initial external investor.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Arakali |first1=Harichandran |title=Innovating pedagogy for inclusion at LEAD School |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/leadership/smita-deorah-innovating-pedagogy-for-inclusion-at-lead-school/81967/1 |work=[[Forbes India]] |access-date=10 June 2025 |date=16 December 2022}}</ref> In 2019, the name changed from "LEAD Powered Schools" to "LEAD School," and technologies like teacher tablets and smart classrooms were added to its offerings. Additional funding occurred in 2020, with INR 210 crore raised in a Series C round led by WestBridge Capital.<ref>{{cite web |last1= |first1= |title=LEAD School raises $30 million |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/lead-school-raises-30-million/article34413146.ece |website=www.thehindu.com |access-date=10 June 2025 |date=26 April 2021}}</ref> In January 2022, a Series E round brought in $100 million, resulting in a valuation of $1.1 billion. This valuation classified LEAD School as a unicorn, a term for a privately held company valued at $1 billion or more, placing it among other Indian edtech companies that had reached this threshold earlier.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Singh |first1=Manish |title=India's LEAD School becomes unicorn with fresh $100M in funding |url=https://techcrunch.com/2022/01/12/lead-school-india-unicorn/ |website=techcrunch.com |publisher=[[TechCrunch]] |access-date=10 June 2025 |date=12 January 2022}}</ref> The round, led by WestBridge Capital with GSV Ventures participating, followed a Series D round of $30 million from nine months prior.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bhalla |first1=Tarush |title=EdTech startup LEAD School raises $30 million in Series D round |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/start-ups/edtech-startup-lead-school-raises-30-million-in-series-d-round-11619436792968.html |website=www.livemint.com |access-date=10 June 2025 |date=26 April 2021}}</ref>

In 2023, LEAD School also acquired [[Pearson plc|Pearson India]]’s K-12 business, increasing its network by 6,000 schools.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mukul |first1=Pranav |title=Edtech unicorn Lead to acquire Pearson's India K-12 business |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/startups/edtech-unicorn-lead-school-to-acquire-pearsons-india-k-12-business/articleshow/96794140.cms?from=mdr |website=economictimes.indiatimes.com |access-date=10 June 2025 |date=11 January 2023 }}</ref> During the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], the company provided digital resources to schools from 2020 to 2021, an initiative noted by industry observers for supporting remote learning during nationwide school closures.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Verma |first1=Mansi |title=Edtech unicorn LEAD narrows losses, revenue nearly doubles in FY23 |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/startup/edtech-unicorn-lead-narrows-losses-revenue-nearly-doubles-in-fy23-11112891.html |website=www.moneycontrol.com |access-date=10 June 2025 |date=7 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Tyagi |first1=Gaurav |title=How LEAD School scaled revenues 2X during COVID hit FY21|url=https://entrackr.com/2021/10/how-lead-school-scaled-revenues-3-2x-during-covid-hit-fy21/ |website=entrackr.com |access-date=10 June 2025 |date= 11 October 2021}}</ref> Its system has incorporated elements aligned with the [[National Education Policy 2020]], such as coding skills, since its early years, and later included aspects of the National Curriculum Framework 2023.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bhatia |first1=Vinita |title=LEAD Partners With Rajasthan Government For Quality Education |url=https://www.outlookbusiness.com/sector/ed-tech/lead-partners-with-rajasthan-government-for-quality-education-news-9323 |website=www.outlookbusiness.com |access-date=10 June 2025 |date=6 September 2023}}</ref>

==Educational model==

LEAD School operates an integrated learning system covering pre-primary to Grade 10. The system uses offline as well as digital classrooms equipped with smart boards, integrates AI-driven tools for personalised learning and includes regular evaluations and data analysis to monitor student progress.<ref name="fi1" /> Teacher training is part of the approach, with ongoing professional development provided to educators. The system targets schools with limited resources.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Raghavan |first1=Ranjani |title=LEAD's Sumeet Mehta has a lesson for founders: Ditch that Plan B |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/leads-sumeet-mehta-has-a-lesson-for-founders-ditch-that-plan-b-11720102793286.html |website=www.livemint.com |publisher=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |access-date=10 June 2025 |date=5 July 2024}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://leadschool.in/ Official website]

[[Category:Education in India]]
[[Category:Educational technology companies]]
[[Category:2012 establishments in India]]