Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Ayush Shetty

2026-05-07T13:23:48Z

BrodieAlfonso45: adding initial post w/ refs

{{Short description|Indian badminton player}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Infobox badminton player
| name = Ayush Shetty
| image = Ayush Shetty Taipei Open 2025.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Shetty at the [[2025 Taipei Open]]
| birth_name =
| country = India
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|2005|05|03}}
| birth_place = [[Karkala]], Karnataka, India
| residence =
| height = 1.95 m
| weight =
| years_active = 2023–present
| handedness = Right
| event = Men's singles
|coach = [[U. Vimal Kumar|Vimal Kumar]] Sagar Chopda
| career_record = 91 wins, 52 losses
| highest_ranking = 18
| date_of_highest_ranking = 14 April 2026
| current_ranking = 18
| date_of_current_ranking = 14 April 2026
| medal_templates =
{{MedalSport | Men's [[badminton]]}}
{{MedalCountry | {{IND}} }}
{{MedalCompetition | [[Thomas Cup]]}}
{{MedalBronze | [[2026 Thomas & Uber Cup|2026 Horsens]] | Men's team }}
{{MedalCompetition | [[Badminton Asia Championships|Asian Championships]] }}
{{MedalSilver | [[2026 Badminton Asia Championships|2026 Ningbo]] | Men's singles }}
{{MedalCompetition | [[BWF World Junior Championships|World Junior Championships]] }}
{{MedalBronze | [[2023 BWF World Junior Championships|2023 Spokane]] | [[2023 BWF World Junior Championships – Boys' singles|Boys' singles]] }}
| bwfbadminton_id = 68322
}}

'''Ayush Shetty''' (born 3 May 2005) is an Indian [[badminton]] player.<ref>{{cite web|title=Players: Ayush Shetty |url=https://bwfbadminton.com/player/68322/ayush-shetty |publisher=[[Badminton World Federation]] }}</ref> He won the bronze medal at the [[2023 BWF World Junior Championships – Boys' singles|2023 World Junior Championships]] in the boys' singles event.<ref name="wjc23">{{cite web |title=BWF World Junior Championships 2023: Ayush Shetty wins bronze medal |url=https://olympics.com/en/news/bwf-world-junior-championships-2023-india-ayush-shetty-bronze-medal |publisher=Olympics |date=8 October 2023 |access-date=8 October 2023}}</ref> He won a silver medal at the [[2026 Badminton Asia Championships#Finals|2026 Asian Championships]].<ref name="ac26">{{cite web |last1=Naswala |first1=Ali Asgar |title=Badminton Asia Championships 2026: Ayush Shetty clinches historic silver medal |url=https://www.olympics.com/en/news/badminton-asia-championships-2026-india-ayush-shetty-final-report |website=Olympics |access-date=12 April 2026 |date=12 April 2026}}</ref>

At the 2026 Badminton Asia Championships in Ningbo, China, Shetty became the first Indian to win a men's singles silver medal at the tournament and the youngest Indian male shuttler to win a medal at the continental championships, at age 20.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-12 |title=Ayush Shetty Vs Shi Yu Qi, Badminton Asia Championships 2026: Indian Prodigy’s Historic Run Ends With Silver |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/sports/badminton/ayush-shetty-vs-shi-yu-qi-match-report-asia-championships-2026-mens-singles-final |access-date=2026-04-21 |website=Outlook India |language=en}}</ref>

== Achievements ==
=== Asian Championships ===
''Men's singles''
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%"
! Year
! Venue
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
! Ref
|- style="background:#ECF2FF"
| align="center" | [[2026 Badminton Asia Championships#Finals|2026]]
| align="left" | Ningbo Olympic Sports Center Gymnasium, [[Ningbo]], China
| align="left" | {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Shi Yuqi]]
| align="left" | 8–21, 10–21
| style="text-align:left; background: white" | [[File:Med 2.png|Silver]] '''Silver'''
| style="text-align:center; background: white" | <ref name="ac26"/>
|}

=== World Junior Championships ===
''Boys' singles''
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;"
! Year
! Venue
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
|- style="background:#98FB98"
| align="center" | [[2023 BWF World Junior Championships – Boys' singles|2023]]
| align="left" | [[The Podium (sports facility)|The Podium]], [[Spokane]], United States
| align="left" | {{flagicon|INA}} [[Alwi Farhan]]
| align="left" | 18–21, 15–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | [[File:Med 3.png|Bronze]] '''Bronze'''
|}

=== World Tour (1 title, 1 runner-up) ===
The BWF World Tour was announced on 19 March 2017 and implemented in 2018.<ref>{{cite web |last=Alleyne |first=Gayle |title=BWF Launches New Events Structure |url=http://bwfbadminton.com/news-single/2017/03/19/bwf-launches-new-event-structure/ |publisher=[[Badminton World Federation]] |date=19 March 2017 |access-date=29 November 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201164159/http://bwfbadminton.com/news-single/2017/03/19/bwf-launches-new-event-structure/ |archive-date=1 December 2017}}</ref> It is a series of elite badminton tournaments sanctioned by the [[Badminton World Federation]]. It is divided into levels of World Tour Finals, Super 1000, Super 750, Super 500, Super 300, and the Tour Super 100.<ref>{{cite web |last=Sukumar |first=Dev |title=Action-Packed Season Ahead! |url=http://bwfworldtour.com/news-single/2018/01/10/action-packed-season-ahead/ |publisher=Badminton World Federation |date=10 January 2018 |access-date=15 January 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180113162925/http://bwfworldtour.com/news-single/2018/01/10/action-packed-season-ahead/ |archive-date=13 January 2018}}</ref>

''Men's singles''
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
! Year
! Tournament
! Level
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
|-
| align="center" | [[2023 Odisha Masters#Finals|2023]]
| align="left" | [[Odisha Masters]]
| align="left" | Super 100
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sathish Karunakaran]]
| align="left" | 18–21, 21–19, 14–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
|-
| align="center" | [[2025 U.S. Open (badminton)#Finals|2025]]
| align="left" | [[U.S. Open Badminton Championships|U.S. Open]]
| align="left" | Super 300
| align="left" | {{flagicon|CAN}} [[Brian Yang (badminton)|Brian Yang]]
| align="left" | 21–18, 21–13
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|}

=== BWF International (2 runners-up) ===

''Men's singles''
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
! Year
! Tournament
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
|- style="background:#D5D5D5"
| align="center" | 2023
| align="left" | [[Bahrain International Series|Bahrain International]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Wang Zhengxing]]
| align="left" | 19–21, 14–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
|- style="background:#D8CEF6"
| align="center" | 2024
| align="left" | [[Dutch Open (badminton)|Dutch Open]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|DEN}} [[Mads Christophersen]]
| align="left" | 10–21, 9–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
|}
: {{Color box|#D8CEF6|border=darkgray}} [[BWF International Challenge]] tournament
: {{Color box|#D5D5D5|border=darkgray}} [[BWF International Series]] tournament
: {{Color box|#E9E9E9|border=darkgray}} [[BWF Future Series]] tournament

=== Junior International (1 title) ===

''Boys' singles''
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
! Year
! Tournament
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
|- style="background:#BDB8AD"
| align="center" | 2021
| align="left" | Denmark Junior International
| align="left" | {{flagicon|INA}} [[Yohanes Saut Marcellyno]]
| align="left" | 21–17, 21–16
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|}
: {{Color box|#AE9C45|border=darkgray}} BWF Junior International Grand Prix tournament
: {{Color box|#C6D4E1|border=darkgray}} BWF Junior International Challenge tournament
: {{Color box|#BDB8AD|border=darkgray}} BWF Junior International Series tournament
: {{Color box|#EBE7E0|border=darkgray}} BWF Junior Future Series tournament

== Performance timeline ==
{{Performance key (badminton)}}

=== Tournaments ===
''Junior events''
{| style='font-size: 90%; text-align:center;' class='wikitable'
! Tournament !! 2022 !! 2023 !! Ref
|-
! colspan=4|Individual
|-
| bgcolor="#ECF2FF"; align="left"|[[BWF World Junior Championships|World Championships]]
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | [[2022 BWF World Junior Championships – Boys' singles|2R]]
| bgcolor=CD7F32 | [[2023 BWF World Junior Championships – Boys' singles|'''B''']]
| <ref name="wjc23"/>
|-
| bgcolor="#ECF2FF"; align="left"|[[Badminton Asia Junior Championships|Asian Championships]]
| style=color:#ccc | NH
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | [[2023 Badminton Asia Junior Championships – Boys' singles|3R]]
|
|-
! colspan=4|Team
|-
| bgcolor="#ECF2FF"; align="left"|[[BWF World Junior Championships|World Championships]]
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | [[2022 BWF World Junior Championships|13th]]
| bgcolor=FFEBCD | [[2023 BWF World Junior Championships – Teams event#1st to 8th quarterfinals|QF]]
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Team India lose to Malaysia in the quarterfinals of Badminton World Junior Championships |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/badminton/bwf-badminton-world-championship-junior-india-lose-to-malaysia-quarterfinaks-indian-shuttlers-news/article67361325.ece |publisher=[[Sportstar]] |date=29 September 2023 |access-date=17 November 2024}}</ref>
|-
| bgcolor="#ECF2FF"; align="left"|[[Badminton Asia Junior Championships|Asian Championships]]
| style=color:#ccc | NH
| bgcolor=FFEBCD | [[2023 Badminton Asia Junior Championships – Teams event|QF]]
|
|}

''Senior events''
{| style='font-size: 90%; text-align:center;' class='wikitable'
! Tournament !! 2026 !! Ref
|-
! colspan=10|Individual
|-
| bgcolor="#ECF2FF"; align="left" | [[Badminton Asia Championships|Asian Championships]]
| bgcolor=silver | [[2026 Badminton Asia Championships|S]]
| <ref name="ac26"/>
|-
! colspan=10|Team
|-
| bgcolor="#ECF2FF"; align="left"|[[Thomas Cup]]
| bgcolor=CD7F32 | [[2026 Thomas & Uber Cup|B]]
|}

===World Tour===
{| style='font-size: 90%; text-align:center;' class='wikitable'
! rowspan="2" | Tournament !! colspan="4" | [[BWF World Tour |World Tour]] !! rowspan="2" | Best !! rowspan="2" | Ref
|-
! [[2023 BWF World Tour|2023]] !! [[2024 BWF World Tour|2024]] !! [[2025 BWF World Tour|2025]] !! [[2026 BWF World Tour|2026]]
|-
| align=left | [[Malaysia Open (badminton)|Malaysia Open]]
| colspan="3" style=color:#ccc | A
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''[[2026 Malaysia Open (badminton)|2R]]'''
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''2R''' ('26)
|
|-
| align=left | [[India Open]]
| colspan="3" style=color:#ccc | A
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''[[2026 India Open|1R]]'''
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''1R''' ('26)
|
|-
| align=left | [[Indonesia Masters]]
| colspan="2" style=color:#ccc | A
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''[[2025 Indonesia Masters|1R]]'''
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''[[2026 Indonesia Masters|1R]]'''
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''1R''' ('25, '26)
|
|-
| align=left | [[Thailand Masters (badminton)|Thailand Masters]]
| colspan="2" style=color:#ccc | A
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''[[2025 Thailand Masters (badminton)|1R]]'''
| style=color:#ccc | A
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''1R''' ('25)
|
|-
| align=left | [[German Open (badminton)|German Open]]
| colspan="2" style=color:#ccc | A
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''[[2025 German Open (badminton)|1R]]'''
| style=color:#ccc | A
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''1R''' ('25)
|
|-
| align=left | [[All England Open]]
| colspan="3" style=color:#ccc | A
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''[[2026 All England Open|1R]]'''
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''1R''' ('26)
|
|-
| align=left | [[Ruichang China Masters]]
| style=color:#ccc | A
| bgcolor=FFEBCD | '''[[2024 Ruichang China Masters|QF]]'''
| colspan="2" style=color:#ccc | A
| bgcolor=FFEBCD | '''QF''' ('24)
| <ref>{{cite web |title=China Masters 2024: Ayush Shetty loses in quarter-finals; India’s campaign ends |url=https://olympics.com/en/news/china-masters-2024-badminton-quarter-final-india-results-ayush-shetty |publisher=Olympics |date=22 March 2024 |access-date=1 November 2024}}</ref>
|-
| align=left | [[Swiss Open (badminton)|Swiss Open]]
| colspan="2" style=color:#ccc | A
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''[[2025 Swiss Open (badminton)|1R]]'''
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''[[2026 Swiss Open (badminton)|1R]]'''
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''1R''' ('25, '26)
|
|-
| align=left | [[Orléans Masters]]
| colspan="2" style=color:#ccc | A
| bgcolor=FFFF00 | '''[[2025 Orléans Masters|SF]]'''
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | [[2026 Orléans Masters|2R]]
| bgcolor=FFFF00 | '''SF''' ('25)
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Badminton: What 19-year-old Ayush Shetty can learn from a tough defeat against Lin Chun Yi at Orleans Masters semifinal |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/badminton/ayush-shetty-can-learn-defeat-to-lin-chun-yi-orleans-masters-9876186/ |publisher=The Indian Express |date=8 March 2025 |access-date=9 March 2025}}</ref>
|-
| align=left | [[Taipei Open (badminton)|Taipei Open]]
| colspan="2" style=color:#ccc | A
| bgcolor=FFFF00 | '''[[2025 Taipei Open|SF]]'''
|
| bgcolor=FFFF00 | '''SF''' ('25)
|
|-
| align=left | [[Thailand Open (badminton)|Thailand Open]]
| style=color:#ccc | A
| 2024; | '''Q2'''
| 2025; | '''Q2'''
|
| bgcolor=F0F8FF | '''Q2''' ('24, '25)
|
|-
| align=left | [[Malaysia Masters]]
| style=color:#ccc | A
| 2024; | Q2
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''[[2025 Malaysia Masters|2R]]'''
|
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''2R''' ('25)
|
|-
| align=left | [[U.S. Open Badminton Championships|U.S. Open]]
| style=color:#ccc | A
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | [[2024 U.S. Open (badminton)|1R]]
| bgcolor=00FF00 | '''[[2025 U.S. Open (badminton)|W]]'''
|
| bgcolor=00FF00 | '''W''' ('25)
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Ayush Shetty wins US Open for India’s first title of 2025 - Hindustan Times |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/badminton/ayush-shetty-wins-us-open-for-india-s-first-title-of-2025-101751305985644.html |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=30 June 2025 |access-date=6 September 2025}}</ref>
|-
| align=left | [[Canada Open]]
| style=color:#ccc | A
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''[[2024 Canada Open|1R]]'''
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''[[2025 Canada Open|1R]]'''
|
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''1R''' ('24, '25)
|
|-
| align=left | [[Macau Open Badminton Championships|Macau Open]]
| style=color:#ccc | NH
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''[[2024 Macau Open (badminton)|2R]]'''
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''[[2025 Macau Open (badminton)|2R]]'''
|
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''2R''' ('24, '25)
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Macau open: Srikanth eases into quarterfinals |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/sports/macau-open-srikanth-eases-into-quarterfinals/ |publisher=The Tribune |date=27 September 2024 |access-date=1 November 2024}}</ref>
|-
| align=left | [[2024 Baoji China Masters|Baoji China Masters]]
| style=color:#ccc | NA
| bgcolor=FFFF00 | '''[[2024 Baoji China Masters|SF]]'''
| style=color:#ccc | A
|
| bgcolor=FFFF00 | '''SF''' ('24)
|
|-
| align=left | [[Hong Kong Open (badminton)|Hong Kong Open]]
| colspan="2" style=color:#ccc | A
| bgcolor=FFEBCD | '''[[2025 Hong Kong Open (badminton)|QF]]'''
|
| bgcolor=FFEBCD | '''QF''' ('25)
|
|-
| align=left | [[China Masters]]
| colspan="2" style=color:#ccc | A
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''[[2025 China Masters|1R]]'''
|
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''1R''' ('25)
|
|-
| align=left | [[Indonesia Masters Super 100]]
| style=color:#ccc | A
| [[2024 Indonesia Masters Super 100 I|{{Tooltip|w/d|Withdrew}}]]
| style=color:#ccc | A
|
|
|
|-
| align=left | [[Korea Open (badminton)|Korea Open]]
| colspan="2" style=color:#ccc | A
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''[[2025 Korea Open (badminton)|1R]]'''
|
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''1R''' ('25)
|
|-
| align=left | [[Arctic Open]]
| colspan="2" style=color:#ccc | A
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''[[2025 Arctic Open|1R]]'''
|
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''1R''' ('25)
|
|-
| align=left | [[Denmark Open]]
| colspan="2" style=color:#ccc | A
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''[[2025 Denmark Open|1R]]'''
|
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''1R''' ('25)
|
|-
| align=left | [[French Open (badminton)|French Open]]
| colspan="2" style=color:#ccc | A
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''[[2025 French Open (badminton)|1R]]'''
|
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''1R''' ('25)
|
|-
| align=left | [[Hylo Open]]
| style=color:#ccc | A
| bgcolor=FFFF00 | '''[[2024 Hylo Open|SF]]'''
| bgcolor=FFEBCD | [[2025 Hylo Open|QF]]
|
| bgcolor=FFFF00 | '''SF''' ('24)
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Malvika Bansod enters women's singles final of Hylo Open, Ayush Shetty crashes out |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/malvika-bansod-enters-womens-singles-final-of-hylo-open-ayush-shetty-crashes-out/article68823811.ece |publisher=The Hindu |date=3 November 2024 |access-date=3 November 2024}}</ref>
|-
| align=left | [[Japan Masters (badminton)|Japan Masters]]
| colspan="2" style=color:#ccc | A
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''[[2025 Japan Masters|1R]]'''
|
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''1R''' ('25)
|
|-
| align=left | [[Syed Modi International Badminton Championships|Syed Modi International]]
| style=color:#ccc | A
| bgcolor=FFEBCD | '''[[2024 Syed Modi International|QF]]'''
| [[2025 Syed Modi International|{{Tooltip|w/d|Withdrew}}]]
|
| bgcolor=FFEBCD | '''QF''' ('24)
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Syed Modi International 2024 badminton: PV Sindhu to play Unnati Hooda in semi-finals, Lakshya Sen also advances |url=https://olympics.com/en/news/syed-modi-india-international-2024-badminton-day-4-report |publisher=Olympics |date=29 November 2024 |access-date=29 November 2024}}</ref>
|-
| align=left | [[Guwahati Masters]]
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | [[2023 Guwahati Masters|3R]]
| bgcolor=FFEBCD | '''[[2024 Guwahati Masters|QF]]'''
| style=color:#ccc | A
|
| bgcolor=FFEBCD | '''QF''' ('24)
|
|-
| align=left | [[Odisha Masters]]
| bgcolor=D8BFD8 | '''[[2023 Odisha Masters|F]]'''
| bgcolor=FFEBCD | [[2024 Odisha Masters|QF]]
| style=color:#ccc | A
|
| bgcolor=D8BFD8 | '''F''' ('23)
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Sathish marks his ascendancy with Odisha Masters title |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/others/sathish-marks-his-ascendancy-with-odisha-masters-title-101702828225944.html |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=17 December 2023 |access-date=1 November 2024}}</ref>
|-
! align=left | Year-end ranking
! 2023; | 111
! 2024; | 48
! 2025; | 32
! 2026; |
! Best; colspan="2" | 27
|}

== Record against opponents ==
Record against Year-end Finals finalists, World Championships semi-finalists, and Olympic quarter-finalists. Accurate as of 11 April 2026.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ayush Shetty Head to Head |url=https://bwfbadminton.com/players/head-to-head/?t1p1=68322|publisher=BWF-Tournament Software |access-date=22 January 2025}}</ref>
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center; font-size:small"
|-
! width="200" | Player
! width="50" | Matches
! width="50" | Win
! width="50" | Lost
! width="50" | {{abbr|Diff.|Difference}}
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Shi Yuqi]]
| 3 || 0 || 3 || bgcolor="#ffddee" | –3
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Chou Tien-chen]]
| 3 || 1 || 2 || bgcolor="#ffddee" | -1
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Srikanth Kidambi]]
| 3 || 2 || 1 || bgcolor="#ccffcc" | +1
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Lakshya Sen]]
| 3 || 0 || 3 || bgcolor="#ffddee" | -3
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|SGP}} [[Loh Kean Yew]]
| 2 || 2 || 0 || bgcolor="#ccffcc" | +2
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Lee Zii Jia]]
| 1 || 1 || 0 || bgcolor="#ccffcc" | +1
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|THA}} [[Kunlavut Vitidsarn]]
| 2 || 1 || 1 || bgcolor="#fffff0" | 0
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|JAP}} [[Kodai Naraoka]]
| 3 || 2 || 1 || bgcolor="#ccffcc" | +1
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|CAN}} [[Victor Lai]]
| 1 || 1 || 0 || bgcolor="#ccffcc" | +1
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Christo Popov]]
| 1 || 0 || 1 || bgcolor="#ffddee" | -1
|-
|}
{{col-end}}

== See also ==
* [[India national badminton team]]
* [[Badminton in India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{sports links}}

{{Badminton in India|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shetty, Ayush}}
[[Category:2005 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male badminton players]]
[[Category:People from Udupi district]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Karnataka]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]

Raj Shamani

2026-05-01T07:13:33Z

BrodieAlfonso45: New The Entry V1

{{Multiple issues|{{Unreliable sources|date=February 2026}}}}
{{Short description|Indian podcaster (born 1997)}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Raj Shamani
| image = Raj Shamani.jpg
| alt = 
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1997|07|29|df=y}}<ref name="TOI">{{cite web |title=Who is Raj Shamani? The Indian podcaster who hosted international names like Bill Gates, Vijay Mallya, and more |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/who-is-raj-shamani-the-indian-podcaster-who-hosted-international-names-like-bill-gates-vijay-mallya-and-more/articleshow/121742198.cms |website=The Times of India |date=10 June 2025}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Indore, Madhya Pradesh]], India
| other_names =
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Podcaster]]|entrepreneur}}
| years_active =
| known_for = Figuring Out with Raj Shamani
| notable_works =
}}

'''Raj Shamani''' (born 29 July 1997)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Soap seller to 15 million followers - The Raj Shamani story |url=https://zeenews.india.com/photos/india/the-soap-seller-from-indore-who-just-interviewed-the-president-of-france-3019002 |access-date=2026-03-07 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref> is an Indian [[Entrepreneurship|entrepreneur]] and [[Podcast|podcaster]]. He is primarily known for hosting the business podcast ''Figuring Out with Raj Shamani.''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-08 |title=Raj Shamani beats Joe Rogan to become India’s no.1 podcaster in Spotify Wrapped 2025; full list inside |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/life/lifestyle-raj-shamani-beats-joe-rogan-to-become-indias-no-1-podcaster-in-spotify-wrapped-2025-full-list-inside-4069811/ |access-date=2026-03-07 |website=The Financial Express |language=en}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Shamani was born in [[Indore]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], into a [[Sindhi people|Sindhi]] family. His father, Suresh Shamani, was involved in textile and chemical trading.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-19 |title=Raj Shamani Net Worth 2026: Income, Business Empire & Success Story |url=https://iconichonors.com/raj-shamani-net-worth/ |access-date=2026-03-07 |language=en-US}}</ref> Following his father’s health issues and a period of financial difficulty, he began assisting in the family business at the age of 16.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2025-06-10 |title=Who is Raj Shamani? The Indian podcaster who hosted international names like Bill Gates, Vijay Mallya, and more |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/who-is-raj-shamani-the-indian-podcaster-who-hosted-international-names-like-bill-gates-vijay-mallya-and-more/articleshow/121742198.cms |access-date=2026-03-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He attended the Emerald Heights International School and later Prestige Institute of Management in Indore.{{Citation needed|date=March 2026}}

==Career==

=== Business activities ===
In 2013, Shamani launched a dishwashing liquid product named "Jadugar Drop."<ref name=":0" /> In 2015, the venture was integrated with his family’s chemical trading business to form Shamani Industries, a manufacturer and distributor of household cleaning products.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2025-12-10 |title=Raj Shamani’s rise as leading podcaster in India: The young, dashing YouTuber behind the hit show ‘Figuring Out’ is also an astute entrepreneur |url=https://www.bhaskarenglish.in/business/news/raj-shamani-becomes-indias-top-podcaster-heres-a-sneak-peek-into-the-influencers-estimated-90-crore-to-100-crore-empire-136624481.html |access-date=2026-03-07 |website=Bhaskar English |language=en}}</ref>

Shamani also co-founded "House of X," a platform designed to help digital creators launch consumer brands, and acts as an angel investor for various Indian startups.<ref name="compromise" /><ref name=":1" />

=== Podcast and media ===
In 2021, he launched his podcast, ''Figuring Out with Raj Shamani'', which focuses on entrepreneurship and personal development.<ref name="compromise">{{cite web |last1=Mukhopadhyay |first1=Sounak |title=Raj Shamani: 'Don't compromise on what you believe is right'; YouTube podcast star on business of content creation |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/trends/raj-shamani-don-t-compromise-on-what-you-believe-youtube-podcast-stars-mantra-for-the-business-of-content-creation-11735645567772.html |website=mint |language=en |date=31 December 2024}}</ref>

In 2024, he was a speaker at the [[National Creators Award]] where he addressed Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]].<ref name="compromise"/>

In June 2025, businessman [[Vijay Mallya]] gave his first public interview in nine years on the podcast. The four-hour episode garnered 20 million views within four days.<ref>{{cite web |title=Vijay Mallya is 'overwhelmed, humbled' as podcast hits 20 million views |url=https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/vijay-mallya-raj-shamani-podcast-views-sbi-bank-fraud-fugitive-kingfisher-125061000226_1.html |website=Business-standard.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Kaul |first1=Vivek |title=Vijay Mallya's 4.3 hour spin job: From king of good times to podcast prince of excuses |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/news/vijay-mallyas-43-hour-spin-job-from-king-of-good-times-to-podcast-prince-of-excuses |website=The News Minute |language=en |date=12 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Raj Shamani opens up about controversial Vijay Mallya podcast, reveals how he approached him: 'Do you know who I am?' |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/raj-shamani-opens-up-about-controversial-vijay-mallya-podcast-reveals-how-he-approached-him-do-you-know-who-i-am/articleshow/122883851.cms |website=The Economic Times |date=24 July 2025}}</ref> Other guests on the podcast have included [[Emmanuel Macron]] and [[Bill Gates]].<ref name=":0" />

== Controversies ==

=== Editing and representation concerns ===
Actor [[Anupam Kher]] publicly criticized Shamani in 2025, alleging that parts of his interview were edited in a way that removed key remarks, leading to questions about authenticity and editorial practices.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-08-23 |title=Anupam Kher calls Raj Shamani ‘fake’ for cutting out his advice on humility: ‘You should always research your guests' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/anupam-kher-calls-raj-shamani-fake-for-cutting-out-his-advice-on-humility-you-should-always-research-your-guests/articleshow/123462030.cms |access-date=2026-04-23 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

=== Podcast guest selection ===
In 2025, Shamani faced backlash after hosting self proclaimed forex trader Umar Punjabi on his podcast, with several viewers alleging that the guest had been involved in scams.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Raj Shamani faces backlash for hosting self-proclaimed millionaire Umar Punjabi on podcast |url=https://www.buzzincontent.com/news/raj-shamani-faces-backlash-for-hosting-self-proclaimed-millionaire-umar-punjabi-on-podcast-10520558 |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=www.buzzincontent.com |language=en}}</ref> He later deleted the podcast. Critics accused Shamani of giving a platform to questionable figures, raising concerns about credibility and responsibility in content creation. Similar criticism had earlier emerged following his interview with [[Vijay Mallya]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=June 11, 2025 |title=Raj Shamani ‘Whitewash’ Memes Go Viral After Vijay Mallya Podcast: Why YouTuber Is Facing Heat |url=https://www.news18.com/viral/raj-shamani-whitewash-memes-go-viral-after-vijay-mallya-podcast-why-youtuber-is-facing-heat-9379160.html |access-date=23 April 2026 |work=News18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Vijay Mallya 'humbled', 'overwhelmed' after podcast goes viral; some users call it 'image laundering' |url=https://www.storyboard18.com/brand-makers/vijay-mallya-humbled-overwhelmed-after-podcast-goes-viral-some-users-call-it-image-laundering-69672.htm |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=www.storyboard18.com |language=en}}</ref> where commentators argued that the platform allowed controversial individuals to present their narratives without sufficient challenge.<ref>{{cite web |title=Raj Shamani 'Whitewash' Memes Go Viral After Vijay Mallya Podcast: Why YouTuber Is Facing Heat |url=https://www.news18.com/viral/raj-shamani-whitewash-memes-go-viral-after-vijay-mallya-podcast-why-youtuber-is-facing-heat-9379160.html |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-06-11 |title=Sonam Raghuvanshi, Voldemort memes erupt after Vijay Mallya’s ‘image-cleansing’ podcast with Raj Shamani |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/trending/memes-erupt-after-fugitive-vijay-mallya-s-image-cleansing-podcast-with-raj-shamani-101749630988206.html |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

=== Legal disputes ===
In 2025, Shamani was involved in a legal matter before the [[Delhi High Court]], where he agreed to edit and remove portions of a podcast episode after concerns were raised about allegedly disparaging claims made during the discussion.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thapliyal |first=Nupur |date=2025-04-08 |title=YouTuber Raj Shamani Agrees Before Delhi High Court To Cut Dr Manjot Marwah's 'Disparaging' Claims On Dettol From His Podcast Video |url=https://www.livelaw.in/high-court/delhi-high-court/delhi-high-court-dettol-defamation-dr-manjot-marwah-rajshamani-podcast-288815 |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=www.livelaw.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Influencers agree to take down content critical of Dettol, Delhi High Court informed |url=https://www.storyboard18.com/digital/influencers-agree-to-take-down-content-critical-of-dettol-delhi-high-court-informed-61877.htm |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=www.storyboard18.com |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shamani, Raj}}
[[Category:1997 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian podcasters]]
[[Category:People from Indore]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian writers]]

Kasi Viswanathar Temple, Tenkasi

2026-04-30T21:48:16Z

BrodieAlfonso45: New Place!

{{Short description|Shiva temple in Tenkasi district, Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox temple
| name = Kasi Viswanathar Temple
| image = The magnificent Kasi Vishwanathat Temple Rajagopuram.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type = India Tamil Nadu
| map_caption = Location in [[Tamil Nadu]]
| coordinates = {{coord|8|57|24|N|77|18|27|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| other_names =
| proper_name =
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Tenkasi district|Tenkasi]]
| location = [[Tenkasi]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = Kasi Viswanathar([[Shiva]])
Ulagamman([[Parvathi]])

| Direction_posture =
| Pushakarani =
| Vimanam =
| Poets =
| Prathyaksham =
| festivals=
| architecture = [[Tamilan architecture]]
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
| creator =
| website =
}}

'''Kasi Viswanathar Temple''' in [[Tenkasi]], a city in [[Tenkasi district]] in the South Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]], is dedicated to the Hindu god [[Shiva]]. Constructed in the Tamil style of architecture, the temple is believed to have been built by Pandyan ruler Parakrama Pandyan during the 13th century, with later additions from [[Madurai Nayaks]]. Shiva is worshipped as Kasi Viswanathar and his consort [[Parvathi]] as Ulagamman.

A granite wall surrounds the temple, enclosing all its shrines. The temple is open from 6 am - 12 pm and 4 - 8:30 pm on all days except during new moon days when it is open the full day. Four daily rituals and three yearly festivals are held at the temple, of which the Maasi Maham festival during the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil]] month of ''Maasi'' (February - March) being the most prominent. The temple is maintained and administered by the Hindu Religious and Endowment Board of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].

==Legend==
As per Hindu legend, a [[Pandya kingdom|Pandya]] king Parakrama Pandyan wanted to construct a temple for Hindu god [[Shiva]] at [[Tenkasi]] and went to [[Varanasi|Kasi]] to bring a [[lingam]], an iconic representation of Shiva in South India. Shiva appeared in his dream and asked him to follow the army of ants. The next day he found that there was an army of ants. The king realised that it was because of the divine intervention that he was prevented from going to Varanasi. He built the temple in the place where the anthill ended.<ref name="history">{{cite web|title=Tenkasi History|publisher=Tenkasi Municipality|url=http://123.63.242.116/tenkasi/abt_Places%20of%20Interest.htm|year=2011|access-date=2012-12-29|archive-date=16 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816014555/http://123.63.242.116/tenkasi/abt_Places%20of%20Interest.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Arulmighu Kasi Viswanatha Temple, Tenkasi|url=http://www.tenkasikasiviswanathaswamytemple.tnhrce.in/history.html|publisher=Administration of Arulmighu Kasi Viswanatha Temple, Tenkasi|access-date=15 August 2017}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Tenkasi Gopuram.jpg|left|200x200px|thumb|Temple Tower]]
Tenkasi was established during the early 13th century CE. There are inscriptions in the temple dated 1384 from the period of King Vira Pandyan mentioning the gift of houses and villages to Brahmanas to recite [[Vedas]] and [[Purana]] in the temple.<ref>{{cite book|title=South Indian Shrines: Illustrated|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NLSGFW1uZboC&q=tenkasi+temple&pg=PA24|page=24|last=Ayyar|first=P. V. Jagadisa|publisher=Asian Educational Service|year=1992|isbn=9788120601512}}</ref> Between 1428 and 1460, a [[Pandya kingdom|Pandya]] king Parakrama Pandyan ruled the southern part of Madurai region, comprising the modern day Tenkasi and it surroundings. There was contrasting dates on the rule of Parakrama Pandyan, with some mentioning the year as 1309, while the inscription in the temple indicating as 1309.<ref>{{cite book|title=History of Tinnevelly|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zjTneAGmatsC&q=tenkasi+temple&pg=PA54|page=54|last=Caldwell|first=Bishop R.|publisher=Asian Educational Services|year=2004|isbn=9788120601611}}</ref> Tenkasi was a part of Madurai region during the 16th century. Madurai became independent from [[Vijayanagar Empire]] in 1559 under the [[Madurai Nayak Dynasty|Nayaks]] and the temple started receiving gifts from the rulers of the dynasty.<ref>{{Citation|last=V.|first=Vriddhagirisan|page=[https://archive.org/details/nayaksoftanjore0000vrid/page/115 115]|title=Nayaks of Tanjore|year=1995|orig-date=1942|publisher=Asian Educational Services|location=New Delhi|isbn=81-206-0996-4|url=https://archive.org/details/nayaksoftanjore0000vrid/page/115}}</ref> The temple had a flat tower till 1967, when a 180-foot artistically built temple tower was initiated and completed in 1990.<ref name="dinamalar"/>

==Architecture==
Tenkasi is built around the Kasi Viswanathar temple. The temple has a seven-tiered [[gopuram]] (temple tower) and has concentric granite walls that enshrines all the shrines in the temple. The temple has a pillared hall from the entrance leading to the flagstaff hall. The sanctum is located axial to the entrance facing east. The image of Kasi Viswanathar in the form of lingam is housed in the sanctum. The images of [[Vinayaka]] and [[Murugan|Subramanya]] are located on either side of the hall leading to the sanctum. The shrine of Ulagamman is located parallel to the sanctum facing East. There are smaller shrines of [[Dakshinamurthy]], Arumugar, [[Durga]], [[Navagraha]]s and [[Nataraja]] in the precinct around the shrines of Kasi Viswanatha and Ulagamman.<ref name="dinamalar"/> The composite columns of [[Virabhadra]] holding sword and horn are found be additions of the Vijayanayagara kings during the early 1500s. Similar columns of Virabhadra are found in [[Adikesava Perumal Temple, Kanyakumari|Adikesava Perumal Temple]] at Thiruvattaru, [[Meenakshi Temple]] at [[Madurai]], [[Nellaiappar Temple]] at [[Tirunelveli]], [[Krishnapuram Venkatachalapathy temple]], [[Ramanathaswamy Temple]] at [[Rameswaram]], [[Soundararajaperumal temple, Thadikombu|Soundararajaperumal temple]] at [[Thadikombu]], [[Srivilliputhur Andal temple]], [[Srivaikuntanathan Permual temple]] at [[Srivaikuntam]], [[Tirupperunturai|Avudayarkovil]], [[Vaishnava Nambi and Thirukurungudivalli Nachiar temple]] at [[Thirukkurungudi]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=Imperial Frontiers: Building Sacred Space in Sixteenth-Century South India|jstor=20619601|last=Branfoot|first=Crispin |journal=The Art Bulletin|volume=90|issue=2|date=1 June 2008|page=186|publisher=College Art Association|doi=10.1080/00043079.2008.10786389|s2cid=154135978}}</ref>

==Festival==
[[File:Tenkasi sivan temple Tower - another view.JPG|200px|thumb|Another view of the temple tower]]
The temple follows Shaivite tradition. The temple priests perform the ''[[puja (Hinduism)|pooja]]'' (rituals) during festivals and on a daily basis. The temple rituals are performed four times a day:

*''Kalasanthi'' at 8:30 a.m.
*''Uchikalam'' at 11:30 a.m.
*''Sayarakshai'' at 5:30 p.m.
*''Aravanai Pooja'' between 8:00 - 9:00 p.m.

There are weekly, monthly and fortnightly rituals performed in the temple. The temple is open from 6am - 12 pm and 4-9:00 pm on all days except during festival days when it is open the full day. There are various festivals celebrated in the temple. The Masi Magam festival during the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil]] month of ''Masi'' (February - march) is the most prominent festival celebrated in the temple. Tirukalyanam festival during ''Aipassi'' (October - November), Moola festival during ''Aavani'' (August - September), [[Navarathri]], Karthikai festival, Thiruvathirai, Thaipusam, Sivarathri, Panguni Uthiram are the other festivals celebrated in the temple.<ref name="dinamalar">{{cite web|title=Sri Kasi Viswanathar temple|url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=826|access-date=2 November 2015|year=2014}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Pandya dynasty}}
{{Famous Shiva temples|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Tenkasi district]]
[[Category:Pandya dynasty]]
[[Category:Pandyan architecture]]
[[Category:Shiva temples in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Shiva temples in Tenkasi district]]

Hakim Rais Unani Medical College and Hospital

2026-04-29T18:47:46Z

BrodieAlfonso45: New Article!

{{Orphan|date=January 2022}}
{{unreferenced|date=April 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Hakim Rais Unani Medical College & Hospital
| type = Private
| motto =
| established = 2010
| founder = Hakim Zafar Ahmad Sadiq
| specialist = Unani Medicine & Surgery
| principal =
| location = Village Makhdoompur, Sambhal-Moradabad Road
| city = [[Sambhal]]
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| postal_code = 244301
| country = [[India]]
| campus = [[Urban area|Urban]]
| nickname = HRUMC&H
| affiliations = [[M. J. P. Rohilkhand University]]
| website = {{URL|www.hrumch.com}}
}}

'''Hakim Rais Unani Medical College and Hospital''' is located in the [[Sambhal]] district. It was established in 2010 and teaches the Unani method of medicine.

== History and Formation ==
Hakim Rais Unani Medical College and Hospital was founded by Hakim Zafar Ahmad Sadiq in 2010 with the vision of spreading the Unani method of Medicine. The college affiliated from Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University, Kanpur (U.P.), but from session 2015–16 college has been affiliated from Mahatma Jyotiba Phule Rohilkhand University, Bareilly (U.P.). The college also recognized by Central Council of Indian Medicine, Ministry of AYUSH, New Delhi.

== Aim and Objects of Unani Education ==
To produce competent Unani graduates of profound scholarship, having deep basis of Unani with modern scientific knowledge, in accordance with Unani fundamentals with extensive practical training so as to become Unani Physician and Surgeon and research worker fully competent to serve in the medical and health services of the country.

==Courses==
Currently the college provides Degree in B.U.M.S. ('''Bachelor of Unani Medicine & Surgery''') (In Arabic Kamil-E-Tib-O- Jarahat).

== About BUMS ==
'''BUMS''' (Bachelor of Unani Medicine and Surgery) is an undergraduate degree programme in the field of Unani medicine and surgery. This degree covers the medical knowledge of the Unani system. To pursue and owe this degree is quite enough to become a doctor (Hakim) in the Unani medical field.

==See also==
*Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Post Graduate College
*[[Government Nizamia Tibbi College]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord|28.6266|78.6297|type:edu_globe:earth_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Colleges in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Hospitals in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Sambhal district]]
[[Category:Unani medicine organisations]]
[[Category:2010 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2010]]

Chaush

2026-04-23T19:31:49Z

BrodieAlfonso45: Stub

{{Short description|Indian Muslim community of Arab origin}}
{{original research|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2015}}

The '''Chaush''' or '''Chaus''' are a community of [[Hadhrami people|Hadhrami]] [[Arab]] descent found in the [[Deccan]] region of India.<ref name="Khalidi">Omar Khalidi, [https://books.google.com/books?id=O_WNqSH4ByQC&pg=PA63 The Arabs of Hadramawt in Hyderabad] in Mediaeval Deccan History, eds Kulkarni, Naeem and de Souza, Popular Prakashan, Bombay, 1996, pg 63</ref>{{fv|date=March 2025}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khader |first=Khatija |date=2021-10-08 |title=Hyderabad’s distinct Chaush community has roots in Yemen |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/telangana/hyderabad-s-distinct-chaush-community-has-roots-yemen-156250 |access-date=2025-07-31 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>

The Chaush or Chaus were brought from Yemen to work in the former [[Hyderabad State]] as military men for the [[Nizam of Hyderabad|Nizam]]s. It is said that especially when it came to safe guarding his family, the [[Mir Osman Ali Khan|7th Nizam]] had absolute trust on these Arab Soldiers.<ref name="TheHindu">[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-downtown/a-home-for-the-chaush-community/article2483556.ece A home for the Chaush community], [[The Hindu]], 25 Sep 2011</ref> They are most concentrated in [[Marathwada]], [[Telangana]] and [[Hyderabad-Karnataka]] regions, and most of their population is concentrated in the neighbourhoods of [[Barkas, Salala,Hyderabad|Barkas]] in [[Hyderabad]], [[:ur:شاشا محلہ|Shasha Mahallah]] in [[Karimnagar]], Al-Tamash in [[Aurangabad]]. They also live in [[Adilabad]], [[Asifabad, Telangana|Asifabad]], [[Kagaznagar, Telangana|Kagaznagar]], [[Nizamabad, Telangana|Nizamabad]], [[Mahbubnagar|Mahabubnagar]] and [[Warangal]].<ref name="TheHindu" />{{fv|date=March 2025}}

==Cuisine==
The Hyderabadi [[haleem]], [[Hyderabadi marag|marag]] (mutton stew), [[murtabak|murtabaq]], [[shorba]], [[harira]], [[Mandi (food)|mandi]], [[kabsa]], [[maqluba]], [[Tas kebab|tas kabab]], [[lukhmi]], [[sheer khurma]], [[Khubani-ka-Meetha|qubani ka meetha]] and [[malida]] have been introduced in Hyderabad by the Chaush or Arabs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2020/feb/19/crossing-culinary-landscapes-exploring-yemeni-cuisine-at-osmania-university-2105278.html|title=Crossing culinary landscapes, exploring Yemeni cuisine at Osmania University}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/mandi-and-the-arabian-connection/article22438127.ece|title=Mandi and the Arabian connection|newspaper=The Hindu|date=13 January 2018|last1=Mohammed|first1=Syed}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Barkas, Hyderabad|Barkas]]
* [[King Kothi, Hyderabad|King Kothi]]
* [[Purani Haveli, Hyderabad|Purani Haveli]]
* [[:ur:شاشا محلہ|Shasha Mahallah]]
* [[Çavuş|Chiaus]]
* [[Hyderabadi Pahalwan]]
* [[Siddi]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Leif Manger,3 [http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/brill/saj/2007/00000035/F0020004/art00003 Hadramis in Hyderabad: From Winners to Losers], [[Asian Journal of Social Science]], Volume 35, Numbers 4–5, 2007, pp. 405–433(29)
* Engseng Ho, [https://books.google.com/books?id=YMcZU0VHdG0C The Graves of Tarim: Genealogy and Mobility across the Indian Ocean], [[University of California Press]], 2006
* Ababu Minda Yimene, [https://books.google.com/books?id=DigPvwHTqJ4C&pg=PA201 An African Indian community in Hyderabad], Cuvillier Verlag, 2004, pg 201
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=gBTbS4eNGp8C Hadhrami Traders, Scholars, and Statesmen in the Indian Ocean:1750s-1960s By-Ulrike Freitag and W. G. Clarence-Smith]

{{Yemeni diaspora}}
{{Indian Muslim}}
{{Social groups of Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Arab diaspora in India]]
[[Category:Arab ethnic groups]]
[[Category:Hadhrami diaspora]]
[[Category:Muhajir communities]]
[[Category:Muslim communities of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Social groups of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Social groups of Telangana]]
[[Category:Hyderabad State Forces]]

V. M. Muralidharan

2026-04-22T00:04:04Z

BrodieAlfonso45: new bio

{{short description|Former Chairman of Ethiraj College for Women}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox person
|name = V. M. Muralidharan
|image =
|image_size =
|caption =
|birth_name =
|birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1959|12|29}}
|birth_place = [[Chennai, India]]
|alma_mater = [[College of Engineering, Guindy]]
|years_active =
|known_for =
|parents =
|spouse = Kalpana Muralidharan
|children = 2
|awards = Lifetime Achievement Award Distinguished Alumnus Award Edupreneur Award Eminent Educationist Award Vocational Excellence Award Literary Excellence Award
|honors =
|website =
}}

'''Vellore Madhavan Muralidharan''', popularly known as '''Mike Muralidharan''', (born 29 December 1959) is an Indian educationist and IT industry veteran. He is the Chairman of [[Ethiraj College for Women]], the Chief Operating Officer of Bahwan CyberTek Group and the Chairman of ALERT NGO. He is a distinguished alumnus of the [[College of Engineering, Guindy]].

He is also an Executive Committee Member at [[Southern Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industry]], Panel Member on the Education Panel, TNSC at [[FICCI]], Charter Member at [[TiE|TiE Chennai]], Member at [[The Chennai Angels]], and Charter Member on the Concordia India Advisory Board of [[Concordia College (New York)]].

==Early life and education==

He went to the [[College of Engineering, Guindy]].<ref name="ceg">{{cite web|url=https://www.aaceg.org/distinguished_alumnu/er-v-m-muralidharan/|title=Distinguished Alumnus Award|date=18 March 2018|publisher=AACEG}}</ref>

==Career==
He was later the Director & President of Precision Techserve.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/home/precision-group-to-invest-rs-10-cr-aims-rs-500-cr-turnover_213025.html|title=Precision Group to invest Rs 10 cr; aims Rs 500 cr turnover|date= 21 April 2005|publisher=Zee News}}</ref> Since 2010, he has been the Chief Operating Officer of Bahwan CyberTek Group, a global software group.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pressreader.com/oman/times-of-oman/20100331/281977488806356|title=Mike Muralidharan joins Bahwan CyberTek as COO|date=31 March 2010|via=[[PressReader]]|work=The Times of Oman}}</ref>

As the Chairman of Ethiraj College Trust, he heads the [[Ethiraj College for Women]], Chennai and the Ethiraj Matriculation Higher Secondary School, Vellore. Earlier, he served as the Chairman of Ethiraj College Trust from 2013 to 2019. Muralidharan, great grandnephew of the founder and first chairman [[V. L. Ethiraj]], became the first member from the founder's family to head the Trust.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ethirajcollege.edu.in/about-college/former-chairman|title=Former Chairmen|publisher=Ethiraj College}}</ref> Prior to being elected as the Chairman in 2013, he served as the Financial Trustee.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.myreality.in/2013/09/mr-v-m-muralidharan-elected-as-chairman.html|title=V. M. Muralidharan elected as Chairman, Ethiraj College - Chennai|date=10 September 2013|publisher=My Reality}}</ref>

He is also the Chairman of ALERT NGO,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://alert.ngo/board-of-trustees-and-advisors/|title=Board of Trustees|publisher=ALERT NGO}}</ref> a member of [[The Chennai Angels]], a Charter Member at [[TiE|TiE Chennai]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thechennaiangels.com/meet-our-angels/|title=Angel Investors|publisher=The Chennai Angels}}</ref>

==Awards and honours==
*2015 - "Edupreneur Award" by Raindropss for his initiatives, commitments, excellence and significant contributions in the field of education.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://raindropss.org/raindropss-edupreneur-awards-2015/|title=Raindropss "Edupreneur Awards 2015"|date=11 September 2015|publisher=Raindropss}}</ref>
*2016 - "Eminent Educationist Award" at the Indo-American Education Summit 2016 in recognition of his excellence in the field of Educational Leadership.<ref name="guindy">{{cite web|url=https://guindytimes.com/articles/a-testimony-for-empowerment-through-education-v-m-muralidharan|title=A Testimony for Empowerment through Education - V. M. Muralidharan|date=7 April 2017|publisher=The Guindy Times}}</ref>
*2017 - "Vocational Excellence Award" by Rotary Club of Chennai Velachery [[Rotary International]] Dist. 3230 in recognition and appreciation of his outstanding contributions to the cause of Women's Literacy.<ref name="guindy"/>
*2018 - "Distinguished Alumnus Award" by the Alumni Association [[College of Engineering, Guindy]] in recognition of his outstanding service to India and elsewhere in the world in the field of Education and Information Technology.<ref name="ceg"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Muralidharan, V.M.}}
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian educators]]
[[Category:Indian academic administrators]]
[[Category:Heads of universities and colleges in India]]
[[Category:Engineers from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:College of Engineering, Guindy alumni]]
[[Category:People from Chennai]]

Mitti Cafe

2026-04-16T04:44:05Z

BrodieAlfonso45: stub

{{Short description|Chain of cafes in India}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Mitti Café
| image =
| type = [[Social enterprise]]
| founded = 2017
| founder = Alina Alam
| focus = Employment and training for adults with disabilities in the hospitality sector
| region_served = [[India]]
| status = Active
}}
'''Mitti Café''' is a chain of cafes that are completely managed by adults with physical, intellectual, and psychiatric disabilities and are present in more than 40 locations across India, including The [[Supreme Court of India]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sah |first=Purnima |date=2023-11-20 |title=Supreme Court sends a message of inclusivity with Mitti Cafe opening on its premises |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/supreme-court-sends-a-message-of-inclusivity-with-mitti-cafe-opening-on-its-premises/article67553564.ece |access-date=2024-02-19 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport]] - Mumbai,<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.ETHospitalityWorld.com |title=Mumbai International Airport welcomes Mitti Café at Terminal 2 - ET HospitalityWorld |url=https://hospitality.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/restaurants/mumbai-international-airport-welcomes-mitti-caf-at-terminal-2/102010159 |access-date=2024-02-19 |website=ETHospitalityWorld.com |language=en}}</ref> [[Kempegowda International Airport]] - Bangalore<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.ETHospitalityWorld.com |title=Mumbai International Airport welcomes Mitti Café at Terminal 2 - ET HospitalityWorld |url=https://hospitality.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/restaurants/mumbai-international-airport-welcomes-mitti-caf-at-terminal-2/102010159 |access-date=2024-02-19 |website=ETHospitalityWorld.com |language=en}}</ref> and corporate Parks such as Mercedes-Benz Research And Development India,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mercedes-Benz R&D India supports country's first food truck operated by Persons with Disabilities |url=https://thecsruniverse.com/articles/mercedes-benz-r-d-india-supports-country-s-first-food-truck-operated-by-persons-with-disabilities |access-date=2024-02-19 |website=The CSR Universe |language=en}}</ref> RMZ Ecoworld - Bengaluru.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ltd |first=Microland Pvt |title=Foundation enables Mitti Café, managed by persons with disabilities - Micr |url=https://www.microland.com/pr/microland-foundation-enables-mitti-cafe |access-date=2024-02-19 |website=Microland |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
Mitti Cafe was founded by [[Alina Alam]] in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Agrawal |first=Palak |date=2021-03-24 |title=This Bengaluru Café Run By Specially-Abled Team Is Breaking Stereotypes, Empowering Lives |url=https://thelogicalindian.com/inclusivity/mitti-cafe-bengaluru-specially-abled-employees-27536 |access-date=2022-03-28 |website=thelogicalindian.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatimes.com/trending/social-relevance/alina-alam-mitti-cafe-interview-546241.html|title=How One Woman Is Helping The Specially-abled Realise Their True Potential Through Honest Work|date=August 15, 2021|website=IndiaTimes}}</ref> Since then, Mitti Café has expanded to 16 operational cafes. MITTI Café focuses on training and employing adults with physical, mental and psychiatric disabilities, especially from economically deprived backgrounds, in the hospitality sector.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-14 |title=Food for thought: India logs rise in cafes for social justice |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/travel/responsible-travel/2021/09/14/food-for-thought-india-logs-rise-in-cafes-for-social-justice/ |access-date=2022-03-28 |website=The National |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Now serving: A cup full of joy |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2019/dec/03/now-serving-a-cup-full-of-joy-2070619.html |access-date=2022-03-28 |website=The New Indian Express|date=3 December 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/bengaluru-match-made-in-heaven-blossomed-in-a-caf/articleshow/79273671.cms|title=Bengaluru: Match made in heaven, blossomed in a café | Bengaluru News - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=20 November 2020 }}</ref>

During the Covid-19 pandemic, Mitti Cafe served over 2 million meals to the poor and vulnerable communities and homeless groups.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-08 |title=Mitti Cafe's team of adults with disability serving meals to the needy |url=https://financialsamachar.com/mitti-cafes-team-of-adults-with-disability-serving-meals-to-the-needy/ |access-date=2022-03-28 |website=Financial Samachar |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=How Karnataka's Mitti Cafe served over 6 lakh meals to the homeless during COVID-19 lockdown |url=https://www.edexlive.com/beinspired/2021/jan/20/how-karnatakas-mitti-cafe-served-over-6-lakh-meals-to-the-homeless-during-covid-19-lockdown-17442.html |access-date=2022-03-28 |website=Edex Live |date=20 January 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

Mitti Cafe has won several awards<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/three-chosen-for-ncpedp-mindtree-helen-keller-awards-2019/article29986082.ece|title=Three chosen for NCPEDP-Mindtree Helen Keller Awards 2019|newspaper=The Hindu |date=November 15, 2019|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.griffith.edu.au/2020/04/29/griffith-indian-innovators-program-participant-recognised-by-forbes-for-creating-a-journey-of-hope/|title=Griffith Indian Innovators program participant recognised by Forbes for creating a journey of hope|website=news.griffith.edu.au|date=29 April 2020 }}</ref> including BMW Group Intercultural Innovation Award,<ref>{{Cite web |title=BMW Group Intercultural Innovation Award won by Indian NGO - MITTI Social Initiative Foundation |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/business/bmw-group-intercultural-innovation-award-won-by-indian-ngo-mitti-social-initiative-foundation20211120120703/ |access-date=2022-03-28 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref> SIF-Deutsche Bank's Made for Good Award,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Two resilient social enterprises receive funding boost from the Singapore International Foundation and Deutsche Bank |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/business/two-resilient-social-enterprises-receive-funding-boost-from-the-singapore-international-foundation-and-deutsche-bank20211119103159/ |access-date=2022-03-28 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref> and Bumble Grant.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/bengalurus-mitti-cafe-wins-bumble-grant-program-2020/article31796133.ece|title=Bengaluru's Mitti Cafe wins Bumble Grant Program 2020|first=Sweta|last=Akundi|newspaper=The Hindu |date=June 10, 2020|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Food- and drink-related organizations]]
[[Category:2017 establishments in India]]

{{Business-org-stub}}

Rajkumar Pori

2026-04-11T20:38:49Z

BrodieAlfonso45: New Initial Bio W/ Infobox

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Rajkumar Pori
| office = Member of the [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2022
| predecessor = [[Mukesh Singh Koli]]
| term_end =
| successor =
| country = India
| party = [[Bhartiya Janata Party]]
}}
'''Rajkumar Pori''' (born 1971) is an Indian politician. He is a member of the [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]] as a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], representing [[Pauri Assembly constituency]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajkumar Pori in Uttarakhand Assembly Elections 2022 |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2022/uttarakhand/rajkumar-pori-pauri-candidate-s28a037c01/ |access-date=2023-05-31 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Election Commission of India |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2022/ConstituencywiseS2837.htm?ac=37 |access-date=2023-05-31 |website=results.eci.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajkumar Pori |url=https://prsindia.org/mlatrack/rajkumar-pori |access-date=2023-05-31 |website=PRS Legislative Research |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Electoral performance ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Election !! Constituency !! colspan="2"|Party !! Result !! Votes % !! Opposition Candidate !! colspan="2"|Opposition Party !! Opposition vote %|| Ref
|-
|[[2022 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2022]]||[[Pauri Assembly constituency|Pauri]]||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||{{Won}}||52.60%||Naval Kishor||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||40.93%||<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2022 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2022/Form20/form20_2022.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615102703/https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2022/Form20/form20_2022.htm|archive-date=15 June 2022}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://ukvidhansabha.uk.gov.in/dpages/present-members Present members of the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pori, Rajkumar}}
[[Category:Uttarakhand MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttarakhand]]

{{Uttarakhand-BJP-politician-stub}}

Amarsing Tisso

2026-04-07T00:54:14Z

BrodieAlfonso45: adding a details needs work

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Amarsing Tisso
| office1 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| constituency1 = [[Diphu Lok Sabha constituency|Diphu]]
| term_start1 = 2024
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| occupation = [[Politician]]
}}
'''Amarsing Tisso''' is an Indian politician who was elected to the [[Lok Sabha]] from [[Diphu Lok Sabha constituency]] in the [[2024 Indian general election]]s.<ref name="eci">{{Cite web |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S036.htm |title=Election Commission of India |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=results.eci.gov.in |access-date=5 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections/assam/diphu/candidateshow/amarsing-tisso-2547 |title=Amarsing Tisso, Bharatiya Janata Party Representative for Diphu (ST), Assam |newspaper=[[Times of India]] |access-date=6 June 2024}}</ref> He is a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref name="eci"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/lok-sabha-election-2024/story/diphu-assam-lok-sabha-election-results-2024-live-updates-chunav-parinam-news-in-hindi-1957430-2024-06-04 |title=Diphu, Assam Lok Sabha Election Results 2024 Highlights |date=4 June 2024 |publisher=[[Aaj Tak]] |access-date=6 June 2024}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Politics}}
*[[18th Lok Sabha]]
*[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
*[[Diphu Lok Sabha constituency]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Bharatiya Janata Party}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tisso, Amarsing}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Assam]]
[[Category:People from Assam]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]

{{Assam-BJP-politician-stub}}

Duarte de Meneses

2026-04-04T16:28:38Z

BrodieAlfonso45: New - done

{{Short description|Portuguese nobleman}}
{{for|his grandfather|Duarte de Meneses, 3rd Count of Viana}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Duarte de Meneses
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = Goa vecchia, museo archeologico, ritratti dei governatori portoghesi, 05 Duarte de Menezes, 1522-27.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| order =
| office = [[List of governors of Portuguese India|Governor of India]]
| term_start = 1522
| term_end = 1524
| monarch = [[John III of Portugal|John III]]
| predecessor = [[Diogo Lopes de Sequeira]]
| successor = [[Vasco da Gama]]
| birth_date = Before 1488
| birth_place = [[Kingdom of Portugal|Portugal]]
| death_date = After 1539
| death_place = [[Lisbon]], Portugal
| citizenship =
| party =
| other_party = 
| spouse = Filipa de Noronha
| partner = 
| relations =
| children = João de Meneses Pedro de Meneses Fernando de Meneses Joana de Meneses Inácia de Meneses Brites de Meneses
| alma_mater =
| occupation =
| profession =
| cabinet =
| committees =
| portfolio =
| signature =
| signature_alt = 
| nickname =
| allegiance = [[Portuguese Empire]]
| branch =
| rank =
| unit =
| commands =
| battles = [[Moroccan–Portuguese conflicts]]
| awards =
| military_blank1 =
| military_data1 =
| military_blank2 =
| military_data2 =
| military_blank3 =
| military_data3 =
| military_blank4 =
| military_data4 =
| military_blank5 =
| military_data5 =
}}

[[Dom (honorific)|Dom]] '''Duarte de Meneses''' (sometimes ''de Meneses'') (before 1488 – after 1539) was a 16th-century Portuguese nobleman and colonial administrator, [[List of governors of Tangier|Governor]] of [[Tangier]] from 1508 to 1521 and 1536 to 1539, and [[List of governors of Portuguese India|Governor]] of [[Portuguese India|India]] from 1522 to 1524.

== Background ==

D. Duarte de Meneses was the eldest son of the powerful noble D. [[João de Meneses, 1st Count of Tarouca|João de Meneses]], 1st [[Count of Tarouca]] and [[Prior of Crato]], and his wife D. Joana de Vilhena. He was named after his renowned grandfather, [[Duarte de Menezes, 3rd Count of Viana]], captain of [[Alcácer-Ceguer]].

== Tangier ==

In 1508, Duarte de Meneses succeeded his father as [[List of colonial heads of Tangier|Portuguese captain]] of [[Tangier]], a function he had already been effectively performing in his father's name since 1507.<ref name=":0" /> He carved out a formidable reputation as a military leader in numerous engagements around Tangier.<ref>Subrahmanyam, p. 287</ref>

== India ==

In 1521, D. Duarte de Meneses was named by King [[Manuel I of Portugal]] as the next [[List of colonial heads of Portuguese India|governor]] of [[Portuguese India]], succeeding [[Diogo Lopes de Sequeira]]. Duarte de Menezes left Lisbon in April, 1521, with an [[Portuguese India Armadas|armada]] of 11 [[carrack]]s destined for India. He was accompanied by his brother D. [[Luís de Menezes]], who captained one of the ships. On the outgoing leg, Menezes's armada was joined by a squadron of four ships, commanded by [[Martim Afonso de Mello]], destined for China.<ref>Quintella, p. 361–62</ref> Menezes's armada arrived in [[Goa]] at the end of August, 1521. He assumed office in early 1522, upon the departure of his predecessor.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}

D. Duarte de Meneses tenure as governor was considered disastrous. Accused of corruption, he was arrested by his successor, [[Vasco da Gama]], in 1524, and sent back to Portugal.<ref name="Subrahmanyam, p. 346">Subrahmanyam, p. 346</ref> He was imprisoned for nearly seven years in the castle of [[Torres Vedras]], before being finally released by the intercession of powerful friends<ref name="Subrahmanyam, p. 346"/> including D. [[António de Ataíde]], Count of Castanheira.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=The career and legend of Vasco da Gama|last=Subrahmanyam, Sanjay.|date=1997|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0-521-47072-2|location=Cambridge|page=287|oclc=34990029}}</ref>

== Tangier again ==

The rehabilitation of Duarte de Meneses was sufficiently complete that in October 1536, he managed to be appointed to his old post as [[List of colonial heads of Tangier|governor]] of [[Tangier]]. He held that post until January, 1539, when he handed over the government to his son, D. [[João de Meneses]].{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}

Duarte de Meneses lived out the remainder of his days in Portugal.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

*''História de Tânger durante la dominacion portuguesa'', by D. Fernando de Menezes, conde de la Ericeira, etc. traduccion del R. P. Buanaventura Diaz, O.F.M., Misionero del Vicariato apostólico de Marruecos. Lisboa Occidental. Imprenta Ferreiriana. 1732.
* Ignacio da Costa Quintella (1839) ''Annaes da Marinha Portugueza'', Vol. 1, Lisbon: Academia Real das Sciencias.
*''The career and legend of Vasco da Gama'', Sanjay Subrahmahnyam, Cambridge University Press, 1997.

== External links ==
* [http://www.geneall.net/P/per_page.php?id=12802 genealogy of D. Duarte de Menezes] at geneall.com
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=tSz8lqqFckwC&dq=Duarte+de+Menezes&pg=PA199 The Rise of Portuguese Power in India (1497–1550), p. 199]

{{s-start}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Diogo Lopes de Sequeira]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of colonial heads of Portuguese India|Governor of Portuguese India]]|years=1522–1524}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Vasco da Gama]]}}
{{s-end}}
{{Portuguese Governors and Viceroys of India|state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Menezes, Duarte De}}
[[Category:Maritime history of Portugal]]
[[Category:Viceroys of Portuguese India]]
[[Category:Portuguese nobility]]
[[Category:15th-century births]]
[[Category:16th-century deaths]]
[[Category:Governors of Tangier]]
[[Category:Portuguese expatriates in Portuguese India]]

Perambalur Lok Sabha constituency

2026-03-29T08:31:58Z

BrodieAlfonso45: made new bio added tags

{{About|the parliamentary constituency of Tamil Nadu, India||Perambalur (disambiguation)}}
{{Short description|Parliamentary constituency in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Perambalur
| map_image = perambalur lok sabha constituency.png
| map_caption = Perambalur constituency, post-2008 delimitation
| established = 1952
| reservation =
| party = {{Party index link|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
| mp = [[Arun Nehru (Tamil Nadu politician)|Arun Nehru]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election in Tamil Nadu|2024]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| assembly_cons = [[Kulithalai (State Assembly Constituency)|Kulithalai]] [[Lalgudi (State Assembly Constituency)|Lalgudi]] [[Manachanallur (State Assembly Constituency)|Manachanallur]] [[Musiri (State Assembly Constituency)|Musiri]] [[Thuraiyur (State Assembly Constituency)|Thuraiyur]] [[Perambalur (State Assembly Constituency)|Perambalur]]
| electors = 13,91,011<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf GE 2009 Statistical Report: Constituency Wise Detailed Result]</ref>
}}'''[[Perambalur]]''' is a [[Lok Sabha]] constituency in [[Tamil Nadu]]. Its Tamil Nadu Parliamentary Constituency number is 25 of 39.

==Assembly segments==

=== 2009–present ===
Perambalur Lok Sabha constituency is composed of the following assembly segments:<ref name="delimitation2008">{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
! width="50px" style="font-size:75%" |Constituency number
! width="200px" |Name
! width="100px" style="font-size:75%" |Reserved for ([[Dalit|SC]]/[[Adivasi|ST]]/None)
! width="150px" |District
! colspan="2"|Party
! colspan="2"|2024 Lead
|-
|137.
| [[Kulithalai Assembly constituency|Kulithalai]]
|None
|[[Karur District|Karur]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=6}}
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=6}}
|-
|143.
|[[Lalgudi Assembly constituency|Lalgudi]]
|None
| rowspan="4" |[[Tiruchirapalli District|Tiruchirappalli]]
|-
|144.
|[[Manachanallur Assembly constituency|Manachanallur]]
|None
|-
|145.
|[[Musiri Assembly constituency|Musiri]]
|None
|-
|146.
|[[Thuraiyur Assembly constituency|Thuraiyur]]
|SC
|-
|147.
| [[Perambalur Assembly constituency|Perambalur]]
|SC
|[[Perambalur District|Perambalur]]
|}

=== Before 2009 ===
Perambalur Lok Sabha constituency is composed of the following assembly segments:<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf
|title = List of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies
|access-date = 2008-10-11
|work = Tamil Nadu
|publisher = Election Commission of India
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060504185928/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf
|archive-date = 2006-05-04
}}</ref>
#[[Uppiliapuram Assembly constituency|Uppiliapuram (ST)]] (defunct)
#[[Perambalur Assembly constituency|Perambalur (SC)]]
#[[Varahur Assembly constituency|Varahur (SC)]] (defunct)
#[[Ariyalur Assembly constituency|Ariyalur]] (moved to Chidambaram)
#[[Andimadam Assembly constituency|Andimadam]] (defunct)
#[[Jayankondam Assembly constituency|Jayankondam]] (moved to Chidambaram)

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" width="40%"
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Year
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Winner
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" colspan=2|Party
|----
|1951
|[[V. Boorarangaswami Padayatchi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Tamil Nadu Toilers' Party}}
|----
|1957
|[[M. Palaniyandi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|----
|1962
|[[Era Seziyan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=3}}
|----
|1967
| rowspan="2" |[[A. Durairasu]]
|----
|1971
|----
|1977
|[[A. Asokraj]]
|{{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|----
|1980
|[[K. B. S. Mani]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|----
|1984
|[[S. Thanga raju|S. Thanga Raju]]
|{{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=3}}
|----
|1989
| rowspan="2" |[[A. Asokraj]]
|----
|1991
|----
|1996
|[[A. Raja]]
|{{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|----
|1998
|[[P. Raja rethinam]]
|{{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|----
|1999
| rowspan="2" |[[A. Raja]]
|{{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=3}}
|----
|2004
|----
|2009
|[[Napoleon (actor)|D. Napoleon]]
|----
|2014
|[[R. P. Marutharajaa]]
|{{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
|2019
|[[T. R. Paarivendhar]]<ref>{{cite web|title=General elections to the 17th Lok Sabha, 2019 - List of members elected|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/10277-general-election-to-the-17th-lok-sabha-2019-list-of-members-elected/|page=26|format=PDF|publisher=Election Commission of India|date=25 May 2019|access-date=2 June 2019|location=New Delhi}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Indhiya Jananayaga Katchi}}
|-
|2024
|[[Arun Nehru (Tamil Nadu politician)|Arun Nehru]]
|{{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|}

== Election results ==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of Winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=

{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2024|2024]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|53.42}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2019|2019]]|{{party color|Indhiya Jananayaga Katchi}}|62.45}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2014|2014]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|45.40}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2009|2009]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|48.08}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2004|2004]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|55.12}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1999|1999]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|48.58}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1998|1998]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|53.37}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1996|1996]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|59.19}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1991|1991]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|58.92}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1989|1989]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|53.41}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1984|1984]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|63.57}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1980|1980]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}|58.89}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1977|1977]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|68.62}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1971|1971]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|56.75}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1967|1967]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|53.97}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1962|1962]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|55.90}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1957|1957]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|48.75}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1951|1951]]|{{party color|Tamil Nadu Toilers' Party}}|37.34}}
}}

=== General Elections 2024===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Indian general election]]: Perambalur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Arun Nehru (Tamil Nadu politician)|Arun Nehru]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes=603,209 |percentage=53.42% |change= {{decrease}}9.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. D. Chandramohan|party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes= 214,102|percentage=18.96% |change= {{decrease}}6.63}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[T. R. Paarivendhar]] |party=Indhiya Jananayaga Katchi |votes=161,866 |percentage= 14.33%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate= R Thenmozhi|party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes= 113,092 |percentage=10.02% |change= {{increase}}5.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the above |party=None of the above |votes=10,322 |percentage=0.91% |change={{decrease}}0.08 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=389,107 |percentage=34.46% |change=- }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,129,226 |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = |change =}}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 2019===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Indian general election]]: Perambalur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[T. R. Paarivendhar|Dr. T. R. Paarivendhar]]<ref name=":0" group="N">[[Indhiya Jananayaga Katchi|IJK]] contested one seat in DMK's Rising Sun party symbol, therefore he will be considered as DMK party candidates officially by ECI affidavit</ref> |party=Indhiya Jananayaga Katchi|votes=6,83,697 |percentage=62.45% |change=37.96% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[N. R. Sivapathy]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,80,179 |percentage=25.59% |change=-19.80% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Shanthi |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=53,545 |percentage=4.89% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[M. Rajasekharan]] |party=Independent politician |votes=45,591 |percentage=4.16% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the above |party=None of the above |votes=11,325 |percentage=1.03% |change=-0.10% }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,03,518 |percentage=36.86% |change=15.96% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,94,754 |percentage=79.26% |change= -0.63% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 13,91,853 |change =8.27% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indhiya Jananayaga Katchi |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 17.06% }}
{{Election box end}}
<references group="N" />

===General Elections 2014===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Indian general election]]: Perambalur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[R. P. Marutharajaa]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=4,62,693 |percentage=45.40% |change=6.68% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Seemanur Prabu |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,49,645 |percentage=24.49% |change=-23.58% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[T. R. Paarivendhar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,38,887 |percentage=23.44% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[M. Rajasekharan]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=31,998 |percentage=3.14% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the above |party=None of the above |votes=11,605 |percentage=1.14% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Ramar Yadav |party=Tamil Nadu Makkal Congress |votes=6,324 |percentage=0.62% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,13,048 |percentage=20.90% |change=11.55% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,19,221 |percentage=80.25% |change= 0.22% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 12,85,576 |change =22.55% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -2.68% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 2009===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Indian general election]]: Perambalur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Napoleon (actor)| D. Napoleon]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,98,742 |percentage=48.08% |change=-7.04% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. K. Balasubramanian |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,21,138 |percentage=38.72% |change=5.29% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kamaraj Durai |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=74,317 |percentage=8.96% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=G. Selvaraj |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=5,014 |percentage=0.60% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=77,604 |percentage=9.36% |change=-12.33% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,29,410 |percentage=79.33% |change= 8.33% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,49,033 |change =4.95% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -7.04% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 2004===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2004 Indian general election]]: Perambalur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[A. Raja]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,89,708 |percentage=55.12% |change=6.53% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[M. Sundaram|Dr. M. Sundaram]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,36,375 |percentage=33.43% |change=-5.15% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=V. Ganesan |party=Janata Dal (United) |votes=47,041 |percentage=6.65% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Jaisankar |party=Independent politician |votes=15,935 |percentage=2.25% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. M. Thatchanamoorthy |party=Janata Party |votes=7,470 |percentage=1.06% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Jayaraman |party=Independent politician |votes=6,995 |percentage=0.99% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Subramanian |party=Independent politician |votes=3,504 |percentage=0.50% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,53,333 |percentage=21.69% |change=11.69% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,07,028 |percentage=70.63% |change= 5.34% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,99,508 |change =-6.09% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 6.53% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1999===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1999 Indian general election]]: Perambalur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[A. Raja]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,30,675 |percentage=48.58% |change=-10.60% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Raja Rethinam |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,62,624 |percentage=38.59% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=D. Periyasamy |party=Tamil Maanila Congress |votes=85,209 |percentage=12.52% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=68,051 |percentage=10.00% |change=0.54% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,80,615 |percentage=65.40% |change= -8.10% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,64,321 |change =3.82% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -10.60% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1998===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1998 Indian general election]]: Perambalur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Raja Rethinam |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,41,118 |percentage=53.37% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[A. Raja]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,80,682 |percentage=43.91% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. V. Subramanian |party=Indian National Congress |votes=16,579 |percentage=2.59% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=60,436 |percentage=9.45% |change=-22.32% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,39,200 |percentage=64.56% |change= -8.94% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,25,125 |change =4.39% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -5.82% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1996===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Indian general election]]: Perambalur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[A. Raja]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,99,079 |percentage=59.19% |change=30.86% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. V. Subramanian |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,84,832 |percentage=27.41% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Durairajan |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=53,782 |percentage=7.98% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Moorthy |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=7,778 |percentage=1.15% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Pitchaimuthu |party=Independent politician |votes=5,278 |percentage=0.78% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Ganapathi |party=Independent politician |votes=4,475 |percentage=0.66% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Dhanasekaran |party=Independent politician |votes=4,323 |percentage=0.64% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Singaram |party=Independent politician |votes=3,858 |percentage=0.57% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Kannapiran |party=Independent politician |votes=3,464 |percentage=0.51% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Kalyanasundaram |party=Independent politician |votes=3,181 |percentage=0.47% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,14,247 |percentage=31.77% |change=1.18% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,74,280 |percentage=73.50% |change= 2.81% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,81,968 |change =5.12% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 0.27% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1991===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Indian general election]]: Perambalur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[A. Asokraj]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,75,430 |percentage=58.92% |change=5.50% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. V. Ramaswamy |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=1,80,480 |percentage=28.32% |change=-4.75% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=J. Sivagnanamani |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=77,831 |percentage=12.21% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Singaram |party=Independent politician |votes=3,463 |percentage=0.54% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,94,950 |percentage=30.59% |change=10.25% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,37,204 |percentage=70.69% |change= -1.56% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,34,168 |change =-0.79% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 5.50% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1989===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Indian general election]]: Perambalur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[A. Asokraj]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,57,565 |percentage=53.41% |change=-10.16% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Panovai Karuthazhan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,21,389 |percentage=33.07% |change=-2.79% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[B. John Pandian]] |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=83,933 |percentage=12.54% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Kandasamy |party=Independent politician |votes=3,127 |percentage=0.47% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,36,176 |percentage=20.34% |change=-7.36% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,69,413 |percentage=72.25% |change= -4.79% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,41,568 |change =26.86% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -10.16% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1984===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Indian general election]]: Perambalur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Thangaraju |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,50,549 |percentage=63.57% |change=25.34% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=C. Thiyagarajan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=1,97,780 |percentage=35.87% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sathiya Devaraj |party=Independent politician |votes=3,103 |percentage=0.56% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,52,769 |percentage=27.70% |change=7.05% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,51,432 |percentage=77.04% |change= 6.42% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 7,42,190 |change =6.93% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress (I) |swing= 4.68% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1980===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Indian general election]]: Perambalur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[K. B. S. Mani]] |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes=2,82,767 |percentage=58.89% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Thangaraju |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=1,83,595 |percentage=38.24% |change=-30.39% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Kumaravel |party=Independent politician |votes=4,812 |percentage=1.00% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Ayya Kannu |party=Independent politician |votes=4,012 |percentage=0.84% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Karmeham |party=Independent politician |votes=3,504 |percentage=0.73% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=99,172 |percentage=20.65% |change=-17.24% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=4,80,175 |percentage=70.61% |change= -1.69% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 6,94,116 |change =3.28% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress (I) |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -9.73% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1977===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Indian general election]]: Perambalur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[A. Asokraj]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,26,046 |percentage=68.62% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=J. S. Raju |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=1,46,019 |percentage=30.73% |change=-26.02% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Mahalingam |party=Independent politician |votes=3,072 |percentage=0.65% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,80,027 |percentage=37.89% |change=24.38% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=4,75,137 |percentage=72.31% |change= -7.00% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 6,72,075 |change =13.74% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 11.87% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1971===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Indian general election]]: Perambalur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[A. Durairasu]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,58,724 |percentage=56.75% |change=2.78% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Ayya Kannu |party=Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes=1,97,155 |percentage=43.25% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=61,569 |percentage=13.51% |change=5.57% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=4,55,879 |percentage=79.31% |change= -2.37% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 5,90,866 |change =9.86% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 2.78% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1967===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Indian general election]]: Perambalur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[A. Durairasu]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,29,941 |percentage=53.97% |change=-1.93% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. K. Ramaswamy |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,96,113 |percentage=46.03% |change=6.52% }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=33,828 |percentage=7.94% |change=-8.45% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=4,26,054 |percentage=81.69% |change= 7.99% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 5,37,811 |change =13.60% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -1.93% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1962===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Indian general election]]: Perambalur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Era Sezhiyan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=1,88,926 |percentage=55.90% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[M. Palaniyandi]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,33,536 |percentage=39.51% |change=-9.24% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Danarajau |party=Independent politician |votes=15,539 |percentage=4.60% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=55,390 |percentage=16.39% |change=-11.94% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=3,38,001 |percentage=73.70% |change= 21.55% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 4,73,412 |change =6.98% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 7.15% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1957===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1957 Indian general election]]: Perambalur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[M. Palaniyandi]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,12,497 |percentage=48.75% |change=19.77% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=V. Boovaraghaswamy Padayachi |party=Independent politician |votes=47,133 |percentage=20.42% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mannar Mannan |party=Independent politician |votes=43,983 |percentage=19.06% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Raja Chidambaram |party=Independent politician |votes=27,165 |percentage=11.77% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=65,364 |percentage=28.32% |change=19.96% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=2,30,778 |percentage=52.15% |change= -10.73% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 4,42,543 |change =23.20% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Tamil Nadu Toilers' Party |swing= 11.41% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1951===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1951–52 Indian general election]]: Perambalur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=V. Boovaraghaswamy Padayachi |party=Tamil Nadu Toilers' Party |votes=84,332 |percentage=37.34% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Krishnaswami Reddiar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=65,443 |percentage=28.98% |change=28.98% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hajee Abdul Kadir Jamali |party=Independent politician |votes=39,565 |percentage=17.52% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Rajachidambara Reddiar |party=Independent politician |votes=36,518 |percentage=16.17% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=18,889 |percentage=8.36% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=2,25,858 |percentage=62.87% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,59,221 |change =0.00% }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Tamil Nadu Toilers' Party |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Perambalur]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
* {{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |title=Statistical reports of Lok Sabha elections |access-date=July 8, 2010 |publisher=Election Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |archive-date=October 5, 2010 }}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20190408180450/https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/tamilnadu/perambalur/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_dates.html Perambalur lok sabha constituency election 2019 date and schedule]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}

{{coord|11.23|N|78.88|E|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Perambalur (Lok Sabha Constituency)}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Tamil Nadu]]

Afghanistan

2026-03-26T23:22:20Z

BrodieAlfonso45: quick updated details further and improved wording

{{Short description|Country in Central and South Asia}}
{{about|the country}}
{{redirect|Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan|the group|Taliban|the state that existed from 1996 to 2001|Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001)}}
{{pp-move}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use American English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan
| common_name = Afghanistan
| native_name = {{unbulleted list|{{native name|ps|د افغانستان اسلامي امارت|italic=no}} {{small|{{transliteration|ps|Də Afğānistān Islāmi Imārat}}}}|{{native name|prs|امارت اسلامی افغانستان|italic=no}} {{small|{{transliteration|prs|Imārat-i Islāmī-yi Afğānistān}}}}}}
| image_flag = Flag of Taliban.svg
| flag_caption = Flag
| image_coat = Arms of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan.svg
| alt_coat = Coat of Arms of the Islamic Emirate<ref>{{cite web |url=http://law.acku.edu.af/fa/download/file/fa/12686/77746 |title=Document 77746 |access-date=17 September 2021 |archive-date=3 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603201955/http://law.acku.edu.af/fa/download/file/fa/12686/77746 }}</ref>
| symbol_type = [[Emblem of Afghanistan|Emblem]]
| national_motto = {{lang|ar|لَا إِلهَ إِلَّا اللَّهُ، مُحَمَّدٌ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ}} ([[Classical Arabic|Arabic]]) {{transliteration|ar|Lā ʾilāha ʾillā llāh, Muhammadun rasūlu llāh}} 
"There is no god but [[God in Islam|God]]; [[Muhammad in Islam|Muhammad]] is the [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|messenger]] of God." (''[[Shahada]]'')
| national_anthem = {{lang|ps|دا د باتورانو کور}} ([[Pashto]]) ''{{transliteration|ps|Dā Də Bātorāno Kor}}'' "[[This Is the Home of the Brave|This is the Home of the Brave]]"<ref>{{cite news |last=Tharoor |first=Ishaan |date=19 June 2013 |title=The Taliban's Qatar Office: Are Prospects for Peace Already Doomed? |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |url=https://world.time.com/2013/06/19/the-talibans-qatar-office-are-prospects-for-peace-already-doomed/ |access-date=19 August 2021 |issn=0040-781X |archive-date=19 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819021327/https://world.time.com/2013/06/19/the-talibans-qatar-office-are-prospects-for-peace-already-doomed/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>RZEPKA, MARCIN. "HOW TO BUILD A NATION WITH WORDS. THE NEW NATIONAL ANTHEM OF AFGHANISTAN." In Proceedings of the Ninth Conference of the European Society for Central Asian Studies, p. 318. Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2009.</ref>{{center| }}
| image_map = {{switcher|[[File:Afghanistan (orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]|Show globe|[[File:Afghanistan - Location Map (2013) - AFG - UNOCHA.svg|frameless]]|Show map of Afghanistan}}
| map_width = 250px
| capital = [[Kabul]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|34|31|N|69|11|E|region:AF_source:geonames|display=inline,title}}<ref>[{{geonameslink|gnid=1149361|name=islamic-republic-of-afghanistan}} Islamic Republic of Afghanistan] in [{{geonamesabout}} Geonames.org (CC BY)]</ref>
| largest_city = Kabul
| official_languages = {{hlist|[[Pashto]]|[[Dari]]}}
| ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list
| 42% [[Pashtun]]
| 27% [[Tajiks|Tajik]]
| {{figure space}}9% [[Hazaras|Hazara]]
| {{figure space}}9% [[Uzbeks|Uzbek]]
| {{figure space}}4% [[Aimaq people|Aimaq]]
| {{figure space}}3% [[Turkmen people|Turkmen]]
| {{figure space}}2% [[Baloch people|Baloch]]
| {{figure space}}4% [[Ethnic groups in Afghanistan|other]]
}}
| ethnic_groups_ref = {{efn|The last census in Afghanistan was conducted in 1979, and was itself incomplete. Due to the [[Afghan conflict|ongoing conflict]] in the country, no official census has been conducted since.<ref name="Population Matters" />}}<ref name="reliefweb.int">{{cite web |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/afghanistan/afghan-ethnic-groups-brief-investigation |via=ReliefWeb |publisher= NATO CFC |title=Afghan Ethnic Groups: A Brief Investigation |date=14 August 2011 |access-date=18 September 2021 |archive-date=18 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918053054/https://reliefweb.int/report/afghanistan/afghan-ethnic-groups-brief-investigation |url-status=live }}</ref>
| ethnic_groups_year = 2010, unofficial estimates
| religion = {{Tree list}}
* 99.9% [[Islam in Afghanistan|Islam]]
** 89.1% [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] ([[State religion|official]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Afghanistan Country focus |url=https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2022_01_EASO_COI_Report_Afghanistan_Country_focus.pdf |publisher=[[European Union Agency for Asylum]] |access-date=22 February 2025 |date=January 2022 |archive-date=20 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250220064020/https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2022_01_EASO_COI_Report_Afghanistan_Country_focus.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Kawa |first1=Amin |title=Taliban's Opposition to Islamic Sects; Nadeem: "All Afghans Are Followers of the Hanafi Denomination" |url=https://8am.media/eng/talibans-opposition-to-islamic-sects-nadeem-all-afghans-are-followers-of-the-hanafi-denomination/ |access-date=22 February 2025 |work=Hasht e Subh Daily |date=18 December 2023 |archive-date=11 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250311091632/https://8am.media/eng/talibans-opposition-to-islamic-sects-nadeem-all-afghans-are-followers-of-the-hanafi-denomination/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Siddique |first1=Abubakar |last2=Khosrow |first2=Mansour |title=Afghanistan's Shi'ite Minority Suffers 'Systematic Discrimination' Under Taliban Rule |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/afghanistan-taliban-shiite-persecution-discrimination/32507042.html |access-date=22 February 2025 |work=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]] |date=17 July 2023 |archive-date=8 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250208172253/https://www.rferl.org/a/afghanistan-taliban-shiite-persecution-discrimination/32507042.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
** 10.8% [[Shia Islam in Afghanistan|Shia]]
* 0.1% [[Religion in Afghanistan|other]]
{{Tree list/end}}
| religion_year = 2020
| religion_ref = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Afghanistan |url=https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/national-profiles?u=1c |access-date=9 February 2025 |website=[[The Association of Religion Data Archives]] |language=en-gb |archive-date=7 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250207004650/https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/national-profiles?u=1c |url-status=live }}</ref>
| demonym = [[Afghans|Afghan]]{{Efn|Other demonyms that have been used are Afghani,<ref>Dictionary.com. [[The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language]], Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. [http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/afghani Reference.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303185738/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/afghani |date=3 March 2016 }} (Retrieved 13 November 2007).</ref> Afghanese and Afghanistani (see [[Afghans]] for further details)<ref>Dictionary.com. [[WordNet]] 3.0. [[Princeton University]]. [http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/afghanistani Reference.com] (Retrieved 13 November 2007). {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328102257/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/afghanistani |date=28 March 2014}}</ref>|name="Demonym"|group="Note"}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Constitution of Afghanistan|url=https://www.afghanembassy.us/about-afghanistan/constitution/|year=2004|access-date=16 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160920112856/http://www.afghanembassy.us/about-afghanistan/constitution/|archive-date=20 September 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Afghan {{!}} meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary |publisher=the Cambridge English Dictionary |isbn=978-1-107-66015-1 |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/afghan |access-date=27 March 2020 |archive-date=3 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303180827/https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/afghan |url-status=live }}</ref>
| government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] totalitarian<ref>
*{{cite journal |last1=Sakhi |first1=Nilofar |title=The Taliban Takeover in Afghanistan and Security Paradox |journal=[[Journal of Asian Security and International Affairs]] |date=December 2022 |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=383–401 |doi=10.1177/23477970221130882 |s2cid=253945821 |quote=Afghanistan is now controlled by a militant group that operates out of a totalitarian ideology. |issn = 2347-7970}}
*{{cite web |last1=Madadi |first1=Sayed |title=Dysfunctional centralization and growing fragility under Taliban rule |url=https://www.mei.edu/publications/dysfunctional-centralization-and-growing-fragility-under-taliban-rule |website=[[Middle East Institute]] |access-date=28 November 2022 |date=6 September 2022 |quote=In other words, the centralized political and governance institutions of the former republic were unaccountable enough that they now comfortably accommodate the totalitarian objectives of the Taliban without giving the people any chance to resist peacefully. |archive-date=28 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128205909/https://www.mei.edu/publications/dysfunctional-centralization-and-growing-fragility-under-taliban-rule |url-status=live }}
*{{cite web |last1=Sadr |first1=Omar |title=Afghanistan's Public Intellectuals Fail to Denounce the Taliban |url=https://www.fairobserver.com/region/central_south_asia/omar-sadr-afghanistan-taliban-rule-totalitarianism-human-rights-news-2441/ |website=Fair Observer |access-date=28 November 2022 |date=23 March 2022 |quote=The Taliban government currently installed in Afghanistan is not simply another dictatorship. By all standards, it is a totalitarian regime. |archive-date=23 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220323115118/https://www.fairobserver.com/region/central_south_asia/omar-sadr-afghanistan-taliban-rule-totalitarianism-human-rights-news-2441/ |url-status=live }}
*{{cite web |title=Dismantlement of the Taliban regime is the only way forward for Afghanistan |url=https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/southasiasource/dismantlement-of-the-taliban-regime-is-the-only-way-forward-for-afghanistan/ |website=[[Atlantic Council]] |access-date=28 November 2022 |date=8 September 2022 |quote=As with any other ideological movement, the Taliban's Islamic government is transformative and totalitarian in nature. |archive-date=28 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128205911/https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/southasiasource/dismantlement-of-the-taliban-regime-is-the-only-way-forward-for-afghanistan/ |url-status=live }}
*{{cite web |last=Akbari |first=Farkhondeh |title=The Risks Facing Hazaras in Taliban-ruled Afghanistan |url=https://extremism.gwu.edu/risks-facing-hazaras-taliban-ruled-afghanistan |website=[[George Washington University]] |access-date=28 November 2022 |date=7 March 2022 |quote=In the Taliban's totalitarian Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, there is no meaningful political inclusivity or representation for Hazaras at any level. |archive-date=14 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114164914/https://extremism.gwu.edu/risks-facing-hazaras-taliban-ruled-afghanistan }}</ref> [[theocratic]] Islamic [[emirate]]<ref>
*{{cite news |last=Bezhan |first=Frud |title=Key Figures In The Taliban's New Theocratic Government |url=https://gandhara.rferl.org/a/afghanistan-taliban-government-figures/31448372.html |access-date=6 February 2022 |work=[[Radio Farda]] |publisher=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]] |date=7 September 2021 |archive-date=6 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220206103928/https://gandhara.rferl.org/a/afghanistan-taliban-government-figures/31448372.html |url-status=live }}
*{{cite news |last=George |first=Susannah |title=Inside the Taliban campaign to forge a religious emirate |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/interactive/2023/afghanistan-taliban-islamic-law-rights/ |access-date=19 February 2023 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=18 February 2023 |archive-date=18 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218082415/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/interactive/2023/afghanistan-taliban-islamic-law-rights/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| leader_title1 = [[Supreme Leader of Afghanistan|Supreme Leader]]
| leader_name1 = {{nowrap|[[Hibatullah Akhundzada]]}}
| leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of Afghanistan|Prime Minister]]
| leader_name2 = [[Hasan Akhund]]
| leader_title3 = [[Chief Justice of Afghanistan|Chief Justice]]
| leader_name3 = [[Abdul Hakim Haqqani]]
| legislature = None{{efn|Afghanistan is a pure [[autocracy]], with all law ultimately originating from the supreme leader.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kraemer |first1=Thomas |title=Afghanistan dispatch: Taliban leaders issue new orders on law-making process, enforcement of court orders from previous government |url=https://www.jurist.org/news/2022/11/afghanistan-dispatch-taliban-leaders-issue-new-orders-on-law-making-process-enforcement-of-court-orders-from-previous-government/ |access-date=1 May 2023 |work=[[JURIST]] |date=27 November 2022 |archive-date=17 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117233605/https://www.jurist.org/news/2022/11/afghanistan-dispatch-taliban-leaders-issue-new-orders-on-law-making-process-enforcement-of-court-orders-from-previous-government/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Dawi |first1=Akmal |title=Unseen Taliban Leader Wields Godlike Powers in Afghanistan |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/unseen-taliban-leader-wields-godlike-powers-in-afghanistan-/7026112.html |access-date=1 May 2023 |publisher=[[Voice of America]] |date=28 March 2023 |archive-date=13 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413041049/https://www.voanews.com/a/unseen-taliban-leader-wields-godlike-powers-in-afghanistan-/7026112.html |url-status=live }}</ref> There is an advisory [[Leadership Council of Afghanistan|Leadership Council]], which is not a legislature as it has no power to pass laws.}}
| sovereignty_type = [[History of Afghanistan|Formation]]
| established_event1 = [[Hotak dynasty|Hotak Emirate]]
| established_date1 = 21 April 1709
| established_event2 = {{nowrap|[[Durrani Empire]]}}
| established_date2 = June 1747
| established_event3 = [[Emirate of Afghanistan|Barakzai Emirate]]
| established_date3 = 1823
| established_event4 = [[Herat campaign of 1862–1863|Unification]]
| established_date4 = [[Herat campaign of 1862–1863|27 May 1863]]
| established_event5 = [[Third Anglo-Afghan War|Independence]]
| established_date5 = [[Afghan Independence Day|19 August 1919]]
| established_event6 = [[Kingdom of Afghanistan|Kingdom]]
| established_date6 = 9 June 1926
| established_event7 = [[Republic of Afghanistan (1973–1978)|Republic]]
| established_date7 = [[1973 Afghan coup d'état|17 July 1973]]
| established_event8 = [[Democratic Republic of Afghanistan|Democratic Republic]]
| established_date8 = [[Saur Revolution|30 April 1978]]
| established_event9 = [[Islamic State of Afghanistan|Islamic State]]
| established_date9 = 28 April 1992
| established_event10 = [[Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001)|Islamic Emirate]]
| established_date10 = 27 September 1996
| established_event11 = {{nowrap|[[Islamic Republic of Afghanistan|Islamic Republic]]}}
| established_date11 = 26 January 2004
| established_event12 = [[Fall of Kabul (2021)|Restoration of Islamic Emirate]]
| established_date12 = 15 August 2021
| area_km2 = 652,864<ref>Central Statistics Office Afghanistan</ref>
| area_rank = 40th
| area_sq_mi = 252,072
| percent_water = negligible
| population_estimate = 35–50 million{{efn|name=pop_note}}
| population_estimate_year = mid-2024/2025
| population_estimate_rank = 36th
| population_density_km2 = {{#expr: 42045000/652867 round 0}}
| population_density_sq_mi = {{#expr: 42045000/252072 round 0}}
| population_density_rank =
| GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $91.668 billion<ref name="IMFWEO.AF">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/October/weo-report?c=512,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2022&ey=2029&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2024 Edition. (Afghanistan) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=www.imf.org |date=22 October 2024 |access-date=27 December 2024 |archive-date=23 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123210657/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/October/weo-report?c=512,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2022&ey=2029&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| GDP_PPP_year = 2023
| GDP_PPP_rank =
| GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $2,174<ref name="IMFWEO.AF"/>
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 179th
| GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $17.329 billion<ref name="IMFWEO.AF"/>
| GDP_nominal_year = 2023
| GDP_nominal_rank =
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $411<ref name="IMFWEO.AF"/>
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 190th
| HDI = 0.496
| HDI_year = 2023
| HDI_change = increase
| HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web|url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2025|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=2025|access-date=11 May 2025|archive-date=6 May 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
| HDI_rank = 181st
| currency = [[Afghan afghani|Afghani]] ({{lang|prs|افغانى}})
| currency_code = AFN
| time_zone = [[Afghanistan Time]]
| utc_offset = +4:30<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timeanddate.com/time/time-zones-interesting.html|title=Half Hour and 45-Minute Time Zones|website=timeanddate.com|access-date=23 December 2022|archive-date=15 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215203607/https://www.timeanddate.com/time/time-zones-interesting.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
| drives_on = right
| cctld = [[.af]]
| today =
}}
'''Afghanistan''',{{efn|{{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-Afghanistan.ogg|æ|f|ˈ|ɡ|æ|n|ᵻ|s|t|æ|n|,_|æ|f|ˈ|ɡ|ɑː|n|ᵻ|s|t|ɑː|n}}{{bulleted list|{{langx|ps|افغانستان|Afğānistān}} {{IPA|ps|ʔaʊ.ɣɑ.nis.tɑn/ʔap.ɣɑ.nis.tɑn|}}|{{langx|prs|افغانستان|Afğānistān}} {{IPA|prs|ʔäv.ɣɑː.nɪs.t̪ʰɑ́ːn/ʔäf.ɣɑː.nɪs.t̪ʰɑ́ːn|}}}}}} officially the '''Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan''',{{efn|{{bulleted list|{{langx|ps|د افغانستان اسلامي امارت}} {{IPA|ps|d̪ə ʔaʊ.ɣɑ.nis.tɑn/ʔap.ɣɑ.nis.tɑn ʔis.lɑ.mi ʔi.mɑ.ɾat̪|}}|{{langx|prs|امارت اسلامی افغانستان}} {{IPA|prs|ʔɪ.mɑː.ɾä.t̪ʰɪ ʔɪs.lɑː.mi.jɪ ʔäf.ɣɑː.nɪs.t̪ʰɑ́ːn/ʔäv.ɣɑː.nɪs.t̪ʰɑ́ːn|}}}}}} is a [[landlocked country]] located at the crossroads of [[Central Asia|Central]] and [[South Asia]]. It is bordered by [[Pakistan]] to the [[Durand Line|east and south]],{{efn|The [[Government of India]] regards Afghanistan as a bordering country, as it considers all of [[Kashmir]] to be part of India. However, this is [[Kashmir conflict|disputed]], and the region bordering Afghanistan is administered by Pakistan as [[Gilgit-Baltistan]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Ministry of Home Affairs (Department of Border Management) |url=https://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/BMIntro-1011.pdf|access-date=1 September 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150317182910/https://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/BMIntro-1011.pdf|archive-date=17 March 2015}}</ref>}} [[Iran]] to the [[Afghanistan–Iran border|west]], [[Turkmenistan]] to the [[Afghanistan–Turkmenistan border|northwest]], [[Uzbekistan]] to the [[Afghanistan–Uzbekistan border|north]], [[Tajikistan]] to the [[Afghanistan–Tajikistan border|northeast]], and [[China]] to the [[Afghanistan–China border|northeast and east]]. Occupying {{convert|652864|km2|sqmi|sp=us}} of land, the country is predominantly mountainous with plains [[Afghan Turkestan|in the north]] and [[Sistan Basin|the southwest]], which are separated by the [[Hindu Kush]] mountain range. [[Kabul]] is the country's capital and largest city. [[Demographics of Afghanistan|Afghanistan's population]] is estimated to be between 35 and 50 million.{{efn| The last census was conducted in 1979. Sources disagree about the current population:
* The Afghani [[National Statistics and Information Authority]] gives an estimate of 35,695,527 for 2024.<ref name="NSIA pop">{{cite web |url = https://nsia.gov.af/library |title = Library |website = nsia.gov.af |access-date = 23 January 2025 |archive-date = 23 March 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220323031521/https://nsia.gov.af/library }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = https://drive.google.com/file/d/1PWzeE5zCoqwHfht-16xVkHejlgW9Wbeb/view |title = Estimated Population of Afghanistan 2024–25 |website = [[National Statistics and Information Authority]] |access-date = 23 January 2025 |archive-date = 10 March 2025 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20250310210058/https://drive.google.com/file/d/1PWzeE5zCoqwHfht-16xVkHejlgW9Wbeb/view |url-status = live }}</ref>
* The [[Encyclopædia Britannica]] gives an estimate of 36,432,000 for 2025.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.britannica.com/place/Afghanistan |title = Afghanistan |website = www.britannica.com |access-date = 25 January 2025 |archive-date = 11 November 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211111113403/https://www.britannica.com/place/Afghanistan |url-status = live }}</ref>
* The BBC gives a figure of 38.3 million for 2023.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-12011352 |title = Afghanistan country profile |date = 15 August 2023 |website = bbc.com |access-date = 23 January 2025 |archive-date = 29 July 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180729053750/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-12011352 |url-status = live }}</ref>
* The CIA gives an estimate of 40,121,552 for 2024.<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Afghanistan|access-date = 6 January 2025}}</ref>
* The UN gives an estimate of 42,045,000 for 2024.<ref name="UN pop">{{cite web |url = https://population.un.org/wpp/assets/Files/WPP2024_Summary-of-Results.pdf |title = World Population Prospects 2024 Summary of Results |at = p61 |website = un.org |access-date = 6 January 2025 |archive-date = 13 January 2025 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20250113211520/https://population.un.org/wpp/assets/Files/WPP2024_Summary-of-Results.pdf |url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = https://population.un.org/wpp/assets/Files/WPP2024_Data_Sources.pdf |title = World Population Prospects 2024 Data Sources |at = p11 |website = un.org |access-date = 6 January 2025 |archive-date = 30 April 2025 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20250430112910/https://population.un.org/wpp/assets/Files/WPP2024_Data_Sources.pdf |url-status = live }}</ref>
* The US Census Bureau provides an estimate of 49,552,566 for 2025.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.census.gov/popclock/world/af |title = Afghanistan |website = nsia.gov.af |access-date = 23 January 2025 |archive-date = 25 January 2025 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20250125102210/https://www.census.gov/popclock/world/af |url-status = live }}</ref>
All figures are mid-year.|name=pop_note}}

[[Ancient history of Afghanistan|Human habitation in Afghanistan]] dates to the [[Middle Paleolithic]] era. Popularly referred to as the [[graveyard of empires]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pillalamarri |first=Akhilesh |title=Why Is Afghanistan the 'Graveyard of Empires'? |url=https://thediplomat.com/2017/06/why-is-afghanistan-the-graveyard-of-empires/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811170328/https://thediplomat.com/2017/06/why-is-afghanistan-the-graveyard-of-empires/ |archive-date=11 August 2021 |access-date=25 February 2022 |website=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]}}</ref> the land [[Invasions of Afghanistan|has witnessed numerous military campaigns]], including those by the [[Persian empire|Persians]], [[Alexander the Great]], the [[Maurya Empire]], [[Muslim conquests of Afghanistan|Arab Muslims]], the [[Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire|Mongols]], the [[European influence in Afghanistan#The Great Game|British]], the [[Soviet–Afghan War|Soviet Union]], and [[War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)|a US-led coalition]]. Afghanistan also served as the source from which the [[Greco-Bactrian Kingdom|Greco-Bactrians]] and the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]], among others, rose to form major empires.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gl.iit.edu/govdocs/afghanistan/PreIslamic.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011103002246/http://www.gl.iit.edu/govdocs/afghanistan/PreIslamic.html |archive-date=3 November 2001|title=The Pre-Islamic Period |work=Afghanistan Country Study |publisher=Illinois Institute of Technology |first=Luke |last=Griffin |date=14 January 2002 |access-date=14 October 2010}}</ref> Because of the various conquests and periods in both the [[Greater Iran|Iranian]] and [[Greater India|Indian]] cultural spheres,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cush |first1=Denise |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kzPgCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA200 |title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism |last2=Robinson |first2=Catherine |last3=York |first3=Michael |publisher=Routledge |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-135-18979-2 |page=200}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The remarkable rugs of war, Drill Hall Gallery|date=30 July 2021|work=The Australian|url=https://theaustralian.com.au/arts/review/the-remarkable-rugs-of-war-drill-hall-gallery/news-story/49fb932f8be798b1641425be98e4e0db|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122182853/https://theaustralian.com.au/arts/review/the-remarkable-rugs-of-war-drill-hall-gallery/news-story/49fb932f8be798b1641425be98e4e0db|archive-date=22 November 2021|access-date=22 November 2021|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> the area was a center for [[Zoroastrianism]], [[Buddhism]], [[Hinduism]], and later [[Islam]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.redlandsdailyfacts.com/2021/09/15/professing-faith-religious-traditions-in-afghanistan-are-diverse/|title=Professing Faith: Religious traditions in Afghanistan are diverse|date=16 September 2021|access-date=1 November 2021|archive-date=6 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006122528/https://www.redlandsdailyfacts.com/2021/09/15/professing-faith-religious-traditions-in-afghanistan-are-diverse/|url-status=live}}</ref> The modern state of Afghanistan began with the [[Durrani Empire]] in the 18th century under [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Afghanistan: the land that forgot time|date=26 October 2001|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/oct/26/afghanistan.terrorism11|access-date=14 December 2021|archive-date=14 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211214155028/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/oct/26/afghanistan.terrorism11|url-status=live}}</ref> although [[Dost Mohammad Khan]] is sometimes considered to be the founder of the first [[Emirate of Afghanistan|modern Afghan state]].<ref>{{Cite web|year=1995|title=DŌST MOḤAMMAD KHAN|url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/dost-mohammad-khan|access-date=8 February 2023|website=Encyclopaedia Iranica|archive-date=29 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429181100/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/dost-mohammad-khan|url-status=live}}</ref> Afghanistan became a [[buffer state]] in the [[Great Game]] between the [[British Empire]] and the [[Russian Empire]]. From [[British Raj|India]], the British attempted to subjugate Afghanistan but were repelled in the [[First Anglo-Afghan War]]; the [[Second Anglo-Afghan War]] saw a British victory. Following the [[Third Anglo-Afghan War]] in 1919, Afghanistan became free of foreign political hegemony, and emerged as the independent [[Kingdom of Afghanistan]] in 1926. This monarchy lasted almost half a century, until [[Mohammed Zahir Shah|Zahir Shah]] was [[1973 Afghan coup d'état|overthrown in 1973]], following which the [[Republic of Afghanistan (1973–1978)|Republic of Afghanistan]] was established.

Since the late 1970s, Afghanistan's history has been dominated by extensive warfare, including [[Afghan conflict|coups, invasions, insurgencies, and civil wars]]. The conflict began in 1978 when [[Saur Revolution|a communist revolution]] established a [[Democratic Republic of Afghanistan|socialist state]] (itself a response to the dictatorship established following a [[1973 Afghan coup d'état|coup d'état in 1973]]), and subsequent infighting prompted the [[Soviet invasion of Afghanistan|Soviet Union to invade Afghanistan]] in 1979. The [[Afghan mujahideen|''mujahideen'']] won against the Soviets in the [[Soviet–Afghan War]], leading to the [[Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan|Soviets' withdrawal in 1989]]. The ensuing [[Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)|civil war]] overthrew the socialist republic and established the [[Islamic State of Afghanistan]] through the [[Peshawar Accord]], which could not remain in force and resulted in a [[Afghan Civil War (1992–1996)|second civil war]] between ''mujahideen'' factions in 1992. The [[Taliban]] controlled most of the country by 1996, but their [[Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001)|Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan]] received little international recognition before its overthrow in the 2001 [[United States invasion of Afghanistan|US invasion of Afghanistan]]. The Taliban returned to power in 2021 after [[Fall of Kabul (2021)|capturing Kabul]], ending the [[War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)|2001–2021 war]]. The Taliban government is [[Recognition of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan|widely unrecognized]]{{efn|{{As of|2025|July}}, [[Russia]] remains the only UN member state to have extended diplomatic recognition to the Taliban government.<ref>{{cite web |title=Russia becomes first country to recognise Taliban government of Afghanistan |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/russia-becomes-first-country-recognise-taliban-government-afghanistan-2025-07-03/ |website=Reuters |access-date=3 July 2025}}</ref>}} by the international community due to reported violations of [[human rights in Afghanistan]], particularly regarding the rights of [[women in Afghanistan]] and the [[treatment of women by the Taliban]].

Afghanistan is rich in natural resources, including [[lithium]], iron, [[zinc]], and copper. It is the second-largest producer of [[cannabis resin]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Morocco seizes over 840 kg of cannabis – Xinhua {{!}} English.news.cn |url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-08/06/c_138288434.htm |access-date=18 October 2022 |agency=Xinhua News Agency |archive-date=18 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221018002746/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-08/06/c_138288434.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>{{Obsolete source|Applies to the period 2009–2014|date=October 2025}} and third largest of both [[saffron]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Afghanistan's Saffron on Media {{!}} AfGOV |url=https://www.mail.gov.af/en/afghanistan%E2%80%99s-saffron-media |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=mail.gov.af |archive-date=8 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408010552/https://www.mail.gov.af/en/afghanistan%E2%80%99s-saffron-media }}</ref> and [[Cashmere wool|cashmere]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Taliban Takeover Puts Afghanistan's Cashmere, Silk Industries at Risk |url=https://www.businessoffashion.com/news/global-markets/taliban-takeover-puts-afghanistans-cashmere-silk-industries-at-risk/ |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=The Business of Fashion |date=25 August 2021|archive-date=18 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221018002748/https://www.businessoffashion.com/news/global-markets/taliban-takeover-puts-afghanistans-cashmere-silk-industries-at-risk/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The country is a member of the [[South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation]] and a founding member of the [[Organization of Islamic Cooperation]]. Due to the effects of war in recent decades, the country has dealt with high levels of terrorism, [[Poverty in Afghanistan|poverty]], and child malnutrition. Afghanistan remains among the world's [[Least developed country|least developed countries]], ranking 182nd on the [[Human Development Index]]. Afghanistan's gross domestic product (GDP) is $81 billion by [[purchasing power parity]] and $20.1 billion by nominal values. Per capita, its GDP is among the lowest of any country {{As of|2020|lc=y}}.

== Etymology ==
{{Main|Name of Afghanistan}}

Some scholars suggest that the [[Root (linguistics)|root]] name [[Afghan (ethnonym)|''Afghān'']] is derived from the [[Sanskrit]] word ''[[Aśvaka]]n'', which was the name used for ancient inhabitants of the [[Hindu Kush]].<ref>
*"The name Afghan has evidently been derived from Asvakan, the Assakenoi of Arrian... " (Megasthenes and Arrian, p 180. See also: Alexander's Invasion of India, p 38; J.W. McCrindle).
*"Even the name Afghan is Aryan being derived from Asvakayana, an important clan of the Asvakas or horsemen who must have derived this title from their handling of celebrated breeds of horses" (See: Imprints of Indian Thought and Culture Abroad, p 124, Vivekananda Kendra Prakashan).
*Cf: "Their name (Afghan) means "cavalier" being derived from the [[Sanskrit]], ''Asva'', or ''Asvaka'', a horse, and shows that their country must have been noted in ancient times, as it is at the present day, for its superior breed of horses. Asvaka was an important tribe settled north to Kabul river, which offered a gallant resistance but ineffectual resistance to the arms of Alexander." (''Scottish Geographical Magazine'', 1999, p. 275, Royal Scottish Geographical Society)
*"Afghans are Assakani of the [[Greeks]]; this word being the [[Sanskrit]] [[Ashvaka]] meaning 'horsemen'." (''Sva'', 1915, p. 113, Christopher Molesworth Birdwood)
*Cf: "The name represents Sanskrit Asvaka in the sense of a ''cavalier'', and this reappears scarcely modified in the Assakani or Assakeni of the historians of the expedition of [[Alexander the Great|Alexander]]" (Hobson-Jobson: ''A Glossary of Colloquial [[Anglo-Indian]] words and phrases, and of kindred terms, etymological''. Henry Yule, A. D. Burnell).</ref> ''Aśvakan'' literally means "horsemen", "horse breeders", or "[[cavalry]]men" (from ''[[aśva]]'', the [[Sanskrit]] and [[Avestan]] words for "horse").<ref>{{cite book |title=Ancient India |first=Ramesh Chandra |last=Majumdar |author-link=Ramesh Chandra Majumdar |edition=Reprinted |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1977 |orig-date=1952 |isbn=978-8-12080-436-4 |page=99 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XNxiN5tzKOgC&pg=PA99}}</ref>

Historically, the ethnonym ''Afghān'' was used to refer to ethnic [[Pashtuns]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |author=Ch. M. Kieffer |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/afgan-in-current-political-usage-any-citizen-of-afghanistan-whatever-his-ethnic-tribal-or-religious-affiliation |title=Afghan |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica |edition=online |publisher=Columbia University |date=15 December 1983|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131116233835/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/afgan-in-current-political-usage-any-citizen-of-afghanistan-whatever-his-ethnic-tribal-or-religious-affiliation |archive-date=16 November 2013}}</ref> The Arabic and Persian form of the name, ''Afġān'', was first attested in the 10th-century geography book ''[[Hudud al-'Alam]]''.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Afghans|last1=Vogelsang|first1=Willem|year=2002|publisher=Wiley Blackwell|isbn=0-631-19841-5|page=18|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9kfJ6MlMsJQC&pg=PA18|access-date=6 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190709112010/https://books.google.com/books?id=9kfJ6MlMsJQC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA18|archive-date=9 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The last part of the name, "''[[-stan]]''", is a Persian suffix meaning "place of". Therefore, "Afghanistan" translates to "land of the Afghans", or "land of the Pashtuns" in a historical sense. According to the third edition of the ''[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]]'':<ref>{{EI3|last=Nölle-Karimi|first=Christine|title=Afghanistan until 1747|url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/*-COM_24776|year=2020}}</ref>
{{blockquote|The name Afghanistan (Afghānistān, land of the Afghans / Pashtuns, ''afāghina'', sing. ''afghān'') can be traced to the early eighth/fourteenth century, when it designated the easternmost part of the [[Kartid]] realm. This name was later used for certain regions in the [[Safavid Iran|Ṣafavid]] and [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] empires that were inhabited by Afghans. While based on a state-supporting elite of [[Durrani|Abdālī / Durrānī]] Afghans, the [[Durrani Empire|Sadūzāʾī Durrānī polity]] that came into being in 1160 / 1747 was not called Afghanistan in its own day. The name became a state designation only during the colonial intervention of the nineteenth century.}}

The term "Afghanistan" was officially used in 1855, when the British recognized [[Dost Mohammad Khan]] as king of [[Emirate of Afghanistan|Afghanistan]].{{sfn|Lee|2019|p=317}}

== History ==
{{Main|History of Afghanistan}}

=== Prehistory and antiquity ===
{{Main|Ancient history of Afghanistan}}
{{See also|Hindu and Buddhist heritage of Afghanistan}}
[[File:Nomads in Badghis Province.jpg|thumb|left|Tents of Afghan [[nomad]]s in the northern [[Badghis Province]]. Early peasant farming villages came into existence about 7,000 years ago.]]

Excavations of prehistoric sites suggest that humans were living in what is now Afghanistan at least 50,000 years ago, and that farming communities in the area were among the earliest in the world. An important site of early historical activities, many believe that Afghanistan compares to [[Egypt]] in the historical value of its archaeological sites.<ref name="JFS">{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://encarta.msn.com/text_761569370___42/Afghanistan.html |title=Afghanistan – John Ford Shroder, University of Nebraska |publisher=Encarta |access-date=19 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040717092902/http://encarta.msn.com/text_761569370___42/Afghanistan.html |archive-date=17 July 2004 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1881896-1,00.html |title=Afghanistan: A Treasure Trove for Archaeologists |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] | date=26 February 2009 |access-date=13 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130726153721/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C1881896-1%2C00.html |archive-date=26 July 2013 }}</ref> Artifacts typical of the [[Paleolithic]], [[Mesolithic]], [[Neolithic]], [[Bronze Age|Bronze]], and [[Iron Age]]s have been found in Afghanistan. Urban civilization is believed to have begun as early as 3000 BCE, and the early city of [[Mundigak]] (near [[Kandahar]] in the south of the country) was a center of the [[Helmand culture]]. More recent findings established that the [[Indus Valley Civilization]] stretched up towards modern-day Afghanistan. An Indus Valley site has been found on the [[Oxus River]] at [[Shortugai]] in northern Afghanistan.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Ancient Indus: Urbanism, Economy, and Society|page=1|author=Rita Wright|date=2009|publisher=Cambridge University Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gAgFPQAACAAJ|isbn=978-0-521-57652-9|access-date=11 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160628065355/https://books.google.com/books?id=gAgFPQAACAAJ|archive-date=28 June 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Kenoyer, Jonathan Mark (1998). Ancient cities of the Indus Valley Civilisation. pp.96</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-xjGtwAACAAJ|title=Notes on Shortugai: An Harappan Site in Northern Afghanistan|publisher=Centre for the Study of the Civilization of Central Asia|author=Louis Depree|year=1981}}</ref>

After 2000 BCE successive waves of semi-nomadic people from Central Asia began moving south into Afghanistan; among them were many [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]-speaking [[Indo-Iranians]]. These tribes later migrated further into South Asia, Western Asia, and toward Europe via the area north of the [[Caspian Sea]]. The region at the time was referred to as [[Ariana]].<ref name="JFS" /><ref>Bryant, Edwin F. (2001) ''The quest for the origins of Vedic culture: the Indo-Aryan migration debate'' [[Oxford University Press]], {{ISBN|978-0-19-513777-4}}.</ref> By the middle of the 6th century BCE, the Achaemenids overthrew the [[Medes]] and incorporated [[Arachosia]], [[Aria (satrapy)|Aria]], and [[Bactria]] within its eastern boundaries. An [[Epigraphy|inscription]] on the tombstone of [[Darius I of Persia]] mentions the [[Kabulistan|Kabul Valley]] in a list of the 29 countries that he had conquered.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gandhara.com.au/afghan_table.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026002053/http://www.gandhara.com.au/afghan_table.html |url-status=usurped |archive-date=26 October 2012 |title=Chronological History of Afghanistan – the cradle of Gandharan civilisation |publisher=Gandhara.com.au |date=15 February 1989 |access-date=26 February 2026}}</ref> The region of [[Arachosia]], around Kandahar in modern-day southern Afghanistan, used to be primarily Zoroastrian and played a key role in the transfer of the Avesta to [[Persis|Persia]] and is thus considered by some to be the "second homeland of Zoroastrianism".<ref name="Gnoli-1989">{{Cite book|last=Gnoli|first=Gherado|title=The Idea of Iran, an Essay on its Origin|publisher=Istituto italiano per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente|year=1989|page=133|quote=... he would have drawn inspiration from a ireligious policy which intended to counteract the Median Magi's influence and transfer the 'Avesta-Schule' from Arachosia to Persia: thus the Avesta would have arrived in Persia through Arachosia in the 6th century B.C. [...] Although ... Arachosia would have been only a second fatherland for Zoroastrianism, a significant role should still be attributed to this south-eastern region in the history of the Zoroastrian tradition.}}</ref><ref name="Gnoli-1989a">{{Cite book|last=Gnoli|first=Gherado|title=The Idea of Iran, an essay on its Origin|publisher=Istituto italiano per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente|year=1989|page=133|quote=linguistic data [...] prove the presence of the Zoroastrian tradition in Arachosia both in the Achaemenian age, in the last quarter of the 6th century, and in the Seleucid age.}}</ref><ref name="ARACHOSIA – Encyclopaedia Iranica">{{Cite web|title=ARACHOSIA – Encyclopaedia Iranica|url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/arachosia|access-date=19 February 2021|website=iranicaonline.org|archive-date=23 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523120936/https://iranicaonline.org/articles/arachosia|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:ScythianBelt.jpg|thumb|A "Bactrian gold" [[Scythian]] belt depicting [[Dionysus]], from [[Tillya Tepe]] in the ancient region of [[Bactria]]]]

[[Alexander the Great]] and his Macedonian forces arrived in Afghanistan in 330 BCE after defeating [[Darius III of Persia]] a year earlier in the [[Battle of Gaugamela]]. Following Alexander's brief occupation, the successor state of the [[Seleucid Empire]] controlled the region until 305 BCE, when they gave much of it to the [[Maurya Empire]] as part of an alliance treaty. The Mauryans controlled the area south of the [[Hindu Kush]] until they were overthrown in about 185 BCE. Their decline began 60 years after [[Ashoka]]'s rule ended, leading to the [[Hellenistic]] reconquest by the [[Greco-Bactrians]]. Much of it soon broke away and became part of the [[Indo-Greek Kingdom]]. They were defeated and expelled by the [[Indo-Scythians]] in the late 2nd century BCE.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Afghanistan.pdf |title=Country Profile: Afghanistan |publisher=[[Library of Congress Country Studies]] on Afghanistan | date=August 2008 |access-date=10 October 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408085103/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Afghanistan.pdf |archive-date=8 April 2014}}</ref>{{sfn|Runion|2007|page=44}} The [[Silk Road]] appeared during the first century BCE, and Afghanistan flourished with trade, with routes to China, India, Persia, and north to the cities of [[Bukhara]], [[Samarkand]], and [[Khiva]] in present-day Uzbekistan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://unama.unmissions.org/afghanistan-and-silk-road-land-heart-world-trade-bijan-omrani|title='Afghanistan and the Silk Road: The land at the heart of world trade' by Bijan Omrani|date=8 March 2010|website=UNAMA|access-date=17 June 2020|archive-date=16 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816022140/https://unama.unmissions.org/afghanistan-and-silk-road-land-heart-world-trade-bijan-omrani|url-status=live}}</ref> Goods and ideas were exchanged at this center point, such as Chinese silk, Persian silver and Roman gold, while the region of present Afghanistan was mining and trading [[lapis lazuli]] stones<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.unesco.org/silkroad/countries-alongside-silk-road-routes/afghanistan|title=Afghanistan – Silk Roads Programme|publisher=[[UNESCO]]|access-date=17 June 2020|archive-date=18 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210618032829/https://en.unesco.org/silkroad/countries-alongside-silk-road-routes/afghanistan|url-status=live}}</ref> mainly from the [[Badakhshan]] region.

During the first century BCE, the [[Parthian Empire]] subjugated the region but lost it to their [[Indo-Parthian]] vassals. In the mid-to-late first century CE the vast [[Kushan Empire]], centered in Afghanistan, became great patrons of Buddhist culture, making [[Buddhism]] flourish throughout the region. The Kushans were overthrown by the [[Sassanids]] in the 3rd century CE, though the [[Indo-Sassanids]] continued to rule at least parts of the region. They were followed by the [[Kidarite]]s who, in turn, was replaced by the [[Hephthalites]]. They were replaced by the [[Turk Shahi]] in the 7th century. The Buddhist Turk Shahi of Kabul was replaced by a Hindu dynasty before the Saffarids conquered the area in 870; this Hindu dynasty was called [[Hindu Shahi]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Wink|first=André|title=Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam 7Th-11th Centuries|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g2m7_R5P2oAC&pg=PA125|year=2002|publisher=BRILL|isbn=0-391-04173-8|page=125|access-date=11 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191201142728/https://books.google.com/books?id=g2m7_R5P2oAC&pg=PA125|archive-date=1 December 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Much of the northeastern and southern areas of the country remained dominated by [[Buddhist]] culture.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.alamahabibi.com/English%20Articles/Afghan_and_Afghanistan.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081023100306/http://www.alamahabibi.com/English%20Articles/Afghan_and_Afghanistan.htm|archive-date=23 October 2008 |title=Afghan and Afghanistan |work=[[Abdul Hai Habibi]]|publisher=alamahabibi.com|year=1969|access-date=17 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Charles Higham|title=Encyclopedia of Ancient Asian Civilizations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H1c1UIEVH9gC&pg=PA141|year=2014|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-0996-1|page=141}}</ref>

=== Medieval period ===
{{Main|Muslim conquests of Afghanistan|Mongol campaigns in Central Asia|Ghaznavid campaigns in India}}
[[File:Ghurid Empire according to Schwartzberg Atlas, p.147.png|thumb|right|The [[Ghurid dynasty|Ghurids]] originated from [[Ghor Province]] in central Afghanistan.]]

[[Arab]] [[Muslim]]s brought Islam to [[Herat]] and [[Zaranj]] in 642 CE and began spreading eastward; some of the native inhabitants they encountered accepted it while others revolted. Before the [[Islamic conquest of Afghanistan|arrival of Islam]], the region used to be home to various beliefs and cults, often resulting in [[Syncretism]] between the dominant religions<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Weber|first1=Olivier|url=|title=Eternal Afghanistan|last2=Unesco|date=2002|publisher=Chêne|isbn=978-92-3-103850-1|quote=Gradually there emerged a fabulous syncretism between the Hellenistic world and the Buddhist universe}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Grenet|first=Grenet|title=Zoroastriansm among the Kushans|year=2016}}</ref> such as [[Zoroastrianism]],<ref name="Gnoli-1989"/><ref name="Gnoli-1989a"/><ref name="ARACHOSIA – Encyclopaedia Iranica"/> Buddhism or [[Greco-Buddhism]], [[Ancient Iranian religion]]s,<ref name="Allen">{{Cite book|last=Allen|first=Charles|url=|title=The Search For Shangri-La: A Journey into Tibetan History|date=5 November 2015|publisher=Little, Brown Book Group|isbn=978-0-349-14218-0|quote=With Aurmuzd, Sroshard, Narasa and Mihr, we are on safer ground because all are Zoroastrian deities: Aurmuzd is the supreme god of light, Ahura Mazda; and Mihr, the sun god, is linked with the Iranian Mithra. Exactly the same non-Buddhist[...]}}</ref> [[Hinduism]], Christianity,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Gorder|first1=A. Christian Van|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FeHAxxEpe-cC&q=nestorian+christians+Afghanistan&pg=PA34|title=Christianity in Persia and the Status of Non-muslims in Iran|date=2010|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-7391-3609-6}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Kennedy|first1=Hugh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pk7BS9XC10QC&q=Zaranj+christians+Afghanistan&pg=PT127|title=The Great Arab Conquests: How the Spread of Islam Changed the World We Live In|date=9 December 2010|publisher=Orion|isbn=978-0-297-86559-9|quote=.. when the patriarch at Ctesiphon had to broker a compromise that left one bishop at the capital Zaranj and another further east at Bust, now in southern Afghanistan. A Christian text composed in about 850 also records a monastery of ...}}</ref> and Judaism.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Yossef|first1=Noam Bar'am-Ben|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wVMwAAAAYAAJ&q=Judaism+in+Afghanistan+ghor|title=Brides and Betrothals: Jewish Wedding Rituals in Afghanistan|date=1998|publisher=Israel Museum|isbn=978-965-278-223-6|quote=The Jews of Afghanistan According to tradition, the first Jews reached ... in Hebrew script found in the Tang - e Azao Valley in the Ghor region ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Ende|first1=Werner|title=Islam in the World Today: A Handbook of Politics, Religion, Culture, and Society|last2=Steinbach|first2=Udo|date=15 April 2010|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=978-0-8014-6489-8|page=257|quote=At the time of the first Muslim advances, numerous local natural religions were competing with Buddhism, Zoroastrianism, and Hinduism in the territory of modern Afghanistan.}}</ref> An exemplification of the syncretism in the region would be that people were patrons of Buddhism but still worshipped local Iranian gods such as [[Ahura Mazda]], [[Nana (Kushan goddess)|Lady Nana]], [[Anahita]] or [[Mithra|Mihr (Mithra)]] and portrayed [[Greek mythology|Greek gods]] as protectors of Buddha.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Adrych|first1=Philippa|url=|title=Images of Mithra|last2=coins)|first2=Robert Bracey (Writer on|last3=Dalglish|first3=Dominic|last4=Lenk|first4=Stefanie|last5=Wood|first5=Rachel|date=2017|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-879253-6|quote=The Rabatak inscription includes Miiro amongst a list of gods: Nana, Ahura Mazda, and Narasa. All of these gods likely had images dedicated at the Bagolaggo, presumably alongside statues of Kanishka}}</ref><ref name="Allen"/><ref>{{Cite book|last=Allen|first=Charles|url=|title=The Search For Shangri-La: A Journey into Tibetan History|date=5 November 2015|publisher=Little, Brown Book Group|isbn=978-0-349-14218-0|quote=The two most important deities are goddesses: one is the lady Nana', daughter of the moon god and sister of the sun god, the Kushan form of Anahita, Zoroastrian goddess of fertility}}</ref> The [[Zunbils]] and Kabul Shahi were first conquered in 870 CE by the [[Saffarid dynasty|Saffarid]] Muslims of Zaranj. Later, the [[Samanids]] extended their Islamic influence south of the Hindu Kush. The [[Ghaznavids]] rose to power in the 10th century.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://persian.packhum.org/persian/pf?file=80201012&ct=98 |title=A.—The Hindu Kings of Kábul |work=Sir H. M. Elliot |publisher=[[Packard Humanities Institute]] |location=London |date=1867–1877 |access-date=18 September 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408220905/http://persian.packhum.org/persian/pf?file=80201012&ct=98 |archive-date=8 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://persian.packhum.org/persian/pf?file=16301012&ct=16 |title=The Geographical Part of the NUZHAT-AL-QULUB |author =Hamd-Allah Mustawfi of Qazwin |work=Translated by Guy Le Strange |publisher=[[Packard Humanities Institute]] |year=1340 |access-date=19 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130726144951/http://persian.packhum.org/persian/pf?file=16301012&ct=16 |archive-date=26 July 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://persian.packhum.org/persian/pf?file=80201012&ct=100 |title=A.—The Hindu Kings of Kábul (p.3) |work=Sir H. M. Elliot |publisher=[[Packard Humanities Institute]] |location=London |date=1867–1877 |access-date=18 September 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130726133107/http://persian.packhum.org/persian/pf?file=80201012&ct=100 |archive-date=26 July 2013}}</ref>

By the 11th century, [[Mahmud of Ghazni]] had defeated the remaining Hindu rulers and effectively [[Islamized]] the wider region,{{sfn|Ewans|2002|page=22–23}} with the exception of [[Kafiristan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nuristan.info/Nuristani/Nuristanis1.html|title=Richard Strand's Nuristân Site: Peoples and Languages of Nuristan|author=Richard F. Strand|date=31 December 2005|work=nuristan.info|author-link=Richard Strand|access-date=2 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401180243/http://nuristan.info/Nuristani/Nuristanis1.html|archive-date=1 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Mahmud made [[Ghazni]] into an important city and patronized intellectuals such as the historian [[al-Biruni]] and the poet [[Ferdowsi]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Afghanistan: A Country Study|date=1986|publisher=Foreign Area Studies, The American University|editor1=Richard Nyrop|editor2=Donald Seekins|page=10}}</ref> The [[Ghaznavid dynasty]] was [[Siege of Lahore (1186)|overthrown by the Ghurids in 1186]], whose architectural achievements included the remote [[Minaret of Jam]]. The Ghurids controlled Afghanistan for less than a century before being conquered by the [[Khwarazmian dynasty]] in 1215.{{sfn|Ewans|2002|page=23}}

[[File:Genghis Khan empire-en.svg|thumb|upright=1.2|[[Mongol invasions and conquests]]]]

In 1219 CE, [[Genghis Khan]] and his [[Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire|Mongol army overran the region]]. His troops are said to have annihilated the Khwarazmian cities of Herat and [[Balkh]] as well as [[Siege of Bamyan|Bamyan]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://faculty.washington.edu/modelski/CAWC.htm |title=Central Asian world cities |publisher=Faculty.washington.edu |date=29 September 2007 |access-date=6 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723185841/https://faculty.washington.edu/modelski/CAWC.htm |archive-date=23 July 2013}}</ref> The destruction caused by the Mongols forced many locals to return to an agrarian rural society.<ref>{{cite news |last=Page |first=Susan |url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2009-02-17-afghanistan-forces_N.htm |title=Obama's war: Deploying 17,000 raises stakes in Afghanistan |work=[[USA Today]] |date=18 February 2009 |access-date=19 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513040037/http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2009-02-17-afghanistan-forces_N.htm |archive-date=13 May 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> Mongol rule continued with the [[Ilkhanate]] in the northwest while the [[Khalji dynasty]] administered the Afghan tribal areas south of the Hindu Kush until the invasion of [[Timur]] (aka Tamerlane), who established the [[Timurid Empire]] in 1370. Under the rule of [[Shah Rukh]], the city of Herat<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dale |first=Stephen Frederic |year=1998 |title=The Legacy of the Timurids |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=43–58 |doi=10.1017/S1356186300016424 |jstor=25183465 |s2cid=154120015 |issn=1356-1863 }}</ref> served as the focal point of the [[Timurid Renaissance]], whose glory matched [[Florence]] of the [[Italian Renaissance]] as the center of a cultural rebirth.<ref>Periods of World History: A Latin American Perspective – Page 129</ref><ref>The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia – Page 465</ref>

In the early 16th century [[Babur]] arrived from [[Ferghana]] and captured Kabul from the [[Arghun dynasty]].{{sfn|Barfield|2012|pp=92–93}} Babur would go on to conquer the Afghan [[Lodi dynasty]] who had ruled the Delhi Sultanate in the [[First Battle of Panipat]].{{sfn|Barfield|2012|pp=75}} Between the 16th and 18th century, the Uzbek [[Khanate of Bukhara]], Iranian [[Safavids]], and Indian [[Mughals]] ruled parts of the territory.{{sfn|Dupree|1997|pp=319, 321}} During the medieval period, the northwestern area of Afghanistan was referred to by the regional name [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]], which was commonly used up to the 19th century among natives to describe their country.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ziaeDwAAQBAJ&q=elphinstone+khorasan&pg=PA128|title=Mountstuart Elphinstone in South Asia: Pioneer of British Colonial Rule|first=Shah Mahmoud|last=Hanifi|date=15 July 2019|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-091440-0}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cJQ3AAAAIAAJ |chapter=Khurasan |title=The Encyclopaedia of Islam |page=55 |quote=In pre-Islamic and early Islamic times, the term "Khurassan" frequently had a much wider denotation, covering also parts of what are now Soviet Central Asia and Afghanistan |publisher=Brill |year=2009 |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-date=25 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225074807/https://books.google.com/books?id=cJQ3AAAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Travels in Asia and Africa, 1325–1354 |last1=Ibn Battuta |edition=reprint, illustrated |year=2004 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-34473-9 |page=416 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zKqn_CWTxYEC&pg=PA180|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170416132656/https://books.google.com/books?id=zKqn_CWTxYEC&pg=PA180 |archive-date=16 April 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=http://persian.packhum.org/persian/pf?file=80201016&ct=199 |title=The History of India |volume=6 |chapter=Chapter 200: Translation of the Introduction to Firishta's History |page=8 |access-date=22 August 2010 |author=Muhammad Qasim Hindu Shah |others=Sir H. M. Elliot |publisher=Packard Humanities Institute |location=London |year=1560|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130726121158/http://persian.packhum.org/persian/pf?file=80201016&ct=199 |archive-date=26 July 2013 |author-link=Firishta}}</ref>

=== Hotak dynasty ===
{{Main|Hotak dynasty}}
[[File:Mapofthehotaks1728.png|thumb|upright=1.2|Map of the Hotak Empire at its height in 1728, disputed between [[Hussain Hotak]] (centered in Kandahar) and [[Ashraf Hotak]] (centered in Isfahan)]]

In 1709, [[Mirwais Hotak]], a local [[Ghilzai]] tribal leader, successfully rebelled against the Safavids. He defeated [[Gurgin Khan]], the Georgian governor of Kandahar under the Safavids, and established his own kingdom.<ref name="Browne">{{cite web|url=http://persian.packhum.org/persian/main?url=pf%3Ffile%3D90001014%26ct%3D29 |title=A Literary History of Persia, Volume 4: Modern Times (1500–1924), Chapter IV. An Outline of the History Of Persia During The Last Two Centuries (A.D. 1722–1922) |author=Edward G. Browne |publisher=[[Packard Humanities Institute]] |access-date=9 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130726142425/http://persian.packhum.org/persian/main?url=pf%3Ffile%3D90001014&ct=29 |archive-date=26 July 2013 }}</ref> Mirwais died in 1715, and was succeeded by his brother [[Abdul Aziz Hotak|Abdul Aziz]], who was soon killed by Mirwais's son [[Mahmud Hotak|Mahmud]] for possibly planning to sign a peace with the Safavids. Mahmud led the Afghan army in 1722 to the Persian capital of [[Isfahan]], and captured the city after the [[Battle of Gulnabad]] and proclaimed himself King of Persia.<ref name="Browne" /> The Afghan dynasty was ousted from Persia by [[Nader Shah]] after the 1729 [[Battle of Damghan (1729)|Battle of Damghan]].

In 1738, Nader Shah and his [[Afsharid dynasty|forces]] captured Kandahar in the [[siege of Kandahar]], the last Hotak stronghold, from Shah [[Hussain Hotak]]. Soon after, the Persian and Afghan forces [[Nader Shah's invasion of India|invaded India]], Nader Shah had plundered Delhi, alongside his 16-year-old commander, [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]] who had assisted him on these campaigns. Nader Shah was assassinated in 1747.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/10162/Ahmad-Shah-Durrani |title=Ahmad Shah Durrani |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online |access-date=9 September 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404104909/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/10162/Ahmad-Shah-Durrani |archive-date=4 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1857/afghanistan/index.htm |title=Afghanistan |access-date=25 August 2010 |author =Friedrich Engels |work=[[Andy Blunden]] |publisher=The New American Cyclopaedia, Vol. I |year=1857|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427034439/http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1857/afghanistan/index.htm |archive-date=27 April 2014 |author-link=Friedrich Engels}}</ref>

=== Durrani Empire ===
{{Main|Durrani Empire}}
{{See also|Ahmad Shah Durrani}}

Ahmad Shah had launched two campaigns into Khorasan, 1750–1751 and 1754–1755.<ref>{{cite book|last=Noelle-Karimi|first=Christine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kdl9oAEACAAJ|title=The Pearl in Its Midst: Herat and the Mapping of Khurasan (15th–19th Centuries)|date=2014|publisher=Austrian Academy of Sciences Press|isbn=978-3-7001-7202-4|archive-date=7 June 2025|access-date=15 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250607005907/https://books.google.com/books?id=Kdl9oAEACAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Portrait of Ahmad-Shah Durrani. Mughal miniature. ca. 1757, Bibliothèque nationale de France.jpg|thumb|left|Portrait of [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]], {{Circa|1757}}]]

=== Barakzai dynasty and British wars ===
{{Further|Dost Mohammad Khan|Herat (1793–1863)|Maimana Khanate|Principality of Kandahar|European influence in Afghanistan|Anglo-Afghan Wars|Durand Line|Afghan Civil War (1928–1929)}}
[[File:Map of Afghanistan March 1839.png|thumb|300px|Map of Afghanistan ([[Emirate of Afghanistan|Emirate]]) and surrounding nations in 1839, during the [[First Anglo-Afghan War]]. [[Dost Mohammad Khan]]'s realm can be seen as the Emirate of Kabul, with the [[Principality of Qandahar]] and the [[Emirate of Herat]] seen as well.]]

By the early 19th century, the Afghan empire was under threat from the [[Qajar dynasty|Persians]] in the west and the [[Sikh Empire]] in the east. [[Fateh Khan Barakzai|Fateh Khan]], leader of the [[Barakzai dynasty|Barakzai tribe]], installed many of his brothers in positions of power throughout the empire. Fateh Khan was [[Torture and Execution of Fateh Khan Barakzai|brutally murdered]] in 1818 by [[Mahmud Shah Durrani|Mahmud Shah]]. As a result, the brothers of Fateh Khan and the [[Barakzai]] tribe rebelled, and a civil war brewed. During this turbulent period, Afghanistan fractured into many states, including the [[Principality of Qandahar]], [[Herat (1793–1863)|Emirate of Herat]], [[Kunduz Khanate|Khanate of Qunduz]], [[Maimana Khanate]], and numerous other warring polities. The most prominent state was the [[Emirate of Afghanistan|Emirate of Kabul]], ruled by [[Dost Mohammad Khan]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Afghanistan: A Military History from Alexander the Great to the War against the Taliban |last=Tanner |first=Stephen |year=2009 |publisher=Da Capo Press |isbn=978-0-306-81826-4 |url={{Google books |plainurl=yes |id=J3pUS_-uD-oC |page=126}} |page=126}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Lee|first=Jonathan L.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kSWDDwAAQBAJ|title=Afghanistan: A History from 1260 to the Present|date=15 January 2019|publisher=Reaktion Books|isbn=978-1-78914-010-1|archive-date=12 January 2025|access-date=24 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250112125810/https://books.google.com/books?id=kSWDDwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Wazir Akbar Khan|Akbar Khan]] and the Afghan army failed to capture the [[Jamrud Fort]] from the [[Sikh Khalsa Army]], but killed Sikh commander [[Hari Singh Nalwa]], thus ending the [[Afghan-Sikh Wars]].<ref>{{cite book |title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia: Development in contrast: from the sixteenth to the mid-nineteenth century |last=Chahryar |first=Adle |year=2003 |publisher=UNESCO |isbn=978-92-3-103876-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AzG5llo3YCMC&pg=PA296|page=296}}</ref>

[[File:Afghan foot soldiers in 1841.jpg|thumb|[[Pashtun tribes|Afghan tribesmen]] in 1841, painted by British officer [[James Rattray]]]]

In 1893, Abdur Rahman signed an agreement in which the ethnic Pashtun and [[Baloch people|Baloch]] territories were divided by the [[Durand Line]], which forms the modern-day border between Pakistan and Afghanistan. [[Shia Islam in Afghanistan|Shia]]-dominated [[Hazarajat]] and pagan [[Kafiristan]] remained politically independent until being [[Muslim conquests of Afghanistan|conquered]] by Abdur Rahman Khan in 1891–1896. He was known as the "Iron Amir" for his features and his ruthless methods against tribes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/afghanistan/afghan-women-hope-more-gains-under-new-administration|title=Afghan Women Hope for More Gains Under New Administration – Afghanistan|website=ReliefWeb|date=22 October 2014|access-date=14 June 2020|archive-date=22 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210822163517/https://reliefweb.int/report/afghanistan/afghan-women-hope-more-gains-under-new-administration|url-status=live}}</ref> He died in 1901, succeeded by his son, [[Habibullah Khan]].{{blockquote|How can a small power like Afghanistan, which is like a goat between these lions [Britain and Russia] or a grain of wheat between two strong millstones of the grinding mill, stand in the midway of the stones without being ground to dust?|author=[[Abdur Rahman Khan]], the "Iron Amir", in 1900<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://countrystudies.us/afghanistan/2.htm|title=Afghanistan – HISTORY|website=Country Studies US|access-date=25 February 2023|archive-date=25 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225072910/https://countrystudies.us/afghanistan/2.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=REwmr2bFYfkC&pg=PA2 |title=Afghanistan: The Soviet Invasion in Perspective |isbn=978-0-8179-8213-3 |last1=Arnold |first1=Anthony |date=June 1985 |publisher=Hoover Press}}</ref>}}

During the [[First World War]], when Afghanistan was neutral, Habibullah Khan was met by officials of the [[Central Powers]] in the [[Niedermayer–Hentig Expedition]]. They called on Afghanistan to declare full independence from the United Kingdom, join them and attack British India, as part of the [[Hindu–German Conspiracy]]. The effort to bring Afghanistan into the Central Powers failed, but it sparked discontent among the population about maintaining neutrality with the British. Habibullah was assassinated in February 1919, and [[Amanullah Khan]] eventually assumed power. A staunch supporter of the 1915–1916 expeditions, Amanullah Khan invaded British India, beginning the [[Third Anglo-Afghan War]], and entering British India via the [[Khyber Pass]].<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Afghanistan in the Great War|first=Christopher|last=Wyatt|date=2 September 2015|journal=Asian Affairs|volume=46|issue=3|pages=387–410|doi=10.1080/03068374.2015.1081001|s2cid = 159788830}}</ref>

[[File:King Amanullah standing.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Amanullah Khan]] proclaimed himself [[King of Afghanistan]] in June 1926.]]

Following the end of the Third Anglo-Afghan War and the signing of the [[Anglo-Afghan Treaty of 1919|Treaty of Rawalpindi]] on 19 August 1919, [[Emir of Afghanistan|Emir]] Amanullah Khan declared the [[Emirate of Afghanistan]] a [[sovereign state|sovereign]] and fully [[independent state]]. He moved to end his country's traditional isolation by establishing diplomatic relations with the international community, particularly with the [[Soviet Union]] and the [[Weimar Republic]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pj8DIT_bva0C&pg=PA42|title=The Origins of Conflict in Afghanistan|first=Jeffery J.|last=Roberts|date=14 June 2003|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-275-97878-5}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title='Drang Nach Osten' Continued? Germany and Afghanistan during the Weimar Republic|last=Nicosia |first= Francis R.|year=1997|journal=Journal of Contemporary History|volume=32|issue=2|pages=235–257|doi = 10.1177/002200949703200207|jstor = 261243|s2cid = 160565967}}</ref> He proclaimed himself [[King of Afghanistan]] on 9 June 1926, forming the [[Kingdom of Afghanistan]]. He introduced several reforms intended to modernize his nation. A key force behind these reforms was [[Mahmud Tarzi]], an ardent supporter of the education of women. He fought for Article 68 of Afghanistan's 1923 [[constitution of Afghanistan|constitution]], which implemented compulsory elementary education. [[Slavery]] was abolished in 1923.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia | year = 1976| volume = 25| encyclopedia = [[Encyclopedia Americana]]|publisher=Americana Corporation | page = 24 |title=Afghanistan }}</ref> King Amanullah's wife, [[Soraya Tarzi|Queen Soraya]], was an important figure during this period in the fight for women's education and against their oppression.<ref>{{Cite news|date=10 September 2020|title=Queen Soraya of Afghanistan: A woman ahead of her time|url=https://arab.news/5hdva|access-date=3 July 2021|website=Arab News|archive-date=30 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210830214955/https://www.arabnews.com/node/1732666/world|url-status=live}}</ref>

Some of the reforms, such as the abolition of the traditional [[burqa]] for women and the opening of co-educational schools, alienated many tribal and religious leaders, leading to the [[Afghan Civil War (1928–1929)]]. King Amanullah abdicated in January 1929, and soon after Kabul fell to [[Saqqawists|Saqqawist]] forces led by [[Habibullah Kalakani]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A4_jAAAAMAAJ|title=Kabul under siege: Fayz Muhammad's account of the 1929 Uprising|last1=Muḥammad|first1=Fayz̤|last2=McChesney|first2=R. D.|date=1999|publisher=Markus Wiener Publishers|isbn=978-1-55876-154-4|pages=39, 40|access-date=15 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404143046/https://books.google.nl/books?id=A4_jAAAAMAAJ|archive-date=4 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Mohammad Nadir Shah]], Amanullah's cousin, defeated and killed Kalakani in October 1929, and was declared King Nadir Shah.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A4_jAAAAMAAJ|title=Kabul under siege: Fayz Muhammad's account of the 1929 Uprising|last1=Muḥammad|first1=Fayz̤|last2=McChesney|first2=R. D.|date=1999|publisher=Markus Wiener Publishers|isbn=978-1-55876-154-4|pages=275, 276|access-date=15 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404143046/https://books.google.nl/books?id=A4_jAAAAMAAJ|archive-date=4 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> He abandoned the reforms of King Amanullah in favor of a more gradual approach to modernization, but was assassinated in 1933 by [[Abdul Khaliq Hazara (assassin)|Abdul Khaliq]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Culture and customs of Afghanistan |last1=Hafizullah |first1=Emadi |year=2005 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=0-313-33089-1 |page=35 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bY8ck6iktikC&pg=PA35 |access-date=31 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170225052702/https://books.google.com/books?id=bY8ck6iktikC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA35 |archive-date=25 February 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Mohammed Zahir Shah succeeded to the throne and reigned as king from 1933 to 1973. During the [[Afghan tribal revolts of 1944–1947|tribal revolts of 1944–1947]], King Zahir's reign was challenged by [[Zadran (Pashtun tribe)|Zadran]], [[Safi (tribe)|Safi]], [[Mangal (Pashtun tribe)|Mangal]], and [[Wazir (Pashtun tribe)|Wazir]] tribesmen led by [[Mazrak Zadran]], [[Salemai]], and [[Faqir of Ipi]], among others – many of whom were [[Amanullah loyalism|Amanullah loyalists]]. Afghanistan joined the [[League of Nations]] in 1934. In the 1930s, the country experienced significant development of roads, infrastructure, the founding of a [[Da Afghanistan Bank|national bank]], and increased education. Road links in the north played a large part in a growing cotton and textile industry.<ref name="Eur2002"/> The country built close relationships with the [[Axis powers]], with [[Nazi Germany]] having the largest share in Afghan development at the time.<ref>{{cite book|author=Anthony Hyman|title=Afghanistan under Soviet Domination, 1964–91|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nvO-DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA46|date=27 July 2016|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-349-21948-3|page=46}}</ref>

[[File:Portrait of King Zahir Shah of Afghanistan in 1963.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Mohammed Zahir Shah|King Zahir]], the last reigning monarch of Afghanistan, who reigned from 1933 until 1973]]

Until 1946, King Zahir ruled with the assistance of his uncle, who held the post of [[Prime Minister of Afghanistan|prime minister]] and continued the policies of Nadir Shah. Another uncle, [[Shah Mahmud Khan]], became prime minister in 1946 and experimented with allowing greater political freedom. He was replaced in 1953 by [[Mohammed Daoud Khan]], a Pashtun nationalist who sought the creation of a [[Pashtunistan]], leading to highly tense relations with Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/1103837.html|title=Afghanistan: History Of 1973 Coup Sheds Light On Relations With Pakistan|access-date=6 July 2019|date=18 July 2003|publisher=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|author=Ron Synovitz|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626230602/https://www.rferl.org/a/1103837.html|archive-date=26 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Daoud Khan pressed for social modernization reforms and sought a closer relationship with the Soviet Union. Afterward, the [[1964 Constitution of Afghanistan|1964 constitution]] was formed, and the first non-royal prime minister was sworn in.<ref name="Eur2002">{{cite book|author=Eur|title=The Far East and Australasia 2003|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LclscNCTz9oC&pg=PA62|year=2002|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-1-85743-133-9|page=62}}</ref>

Zahir Shah, like his father Nadir Shah, had a policy of maintaining national independence while pursuing gradual modernization, creating nationalist feeling, and improving relations with the United Kingdom. Afghanistan was neither a participant in [[World War II]] nor aligned with either power bloc in the [[Cold War]]. However, it was a beneficiary of the latter rivalry as both the Soviet Union and the United States vied for influence by building Afghanistan's main highways, airports, and other vital infrastructure. On a per capita basis, Afghanistan received more Soviet [[development aid]] than any other country. In 1973, while the King was in Italy, Daoud Khan launched a [[1973 Afghan coup|bloodless coup]] and became the first [[president of Afghanistan]], abolishing the monarchy.

=== Democratic Republic and Soviet War ===
{{Main|Democratic Republic of Afghanistan|Soviet–Afghan War|Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)}}

{{Further|History of Afghanistan (1978–1992)}}
[[File:Afgan1987 Gardez UAZ469.jpg|thumb|Soviet troops in [[Gardez]], Afghanistan, in 1987]]

In April 1978, the communist [[People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan]] (PDPA) seized power in a bloody coup d'état against then-President [[Mohammed Daoud Khan]], in what is called the [[Saur Revolution]]. The PDPA declared the establishment of the [[Democratic Republic of Afghanistan]], with its first leader named as [[People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan|People's Democratic Party]] General Secretary [[Nur Muhammad Taraki]].{{sfn|Ewans|2002|page=186–88}} This would trigger a series of events that would dramatically turn Afghanistan from a peaceful (albeit poor and secluded) country to a hotbed of conflict and terrorism.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U0FvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PR16|title=Afghanistan War: A Documentary and Reference Guide|first=Ryan|last=Wadle|date=1 October 2018|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-4408-5747-8}}</ref> The PDPA initiated various social, symbolic, and land distribution reforms that provoked strong opposition, while also brutally oppressing political dissidents. This caused unrest and quickly expanded into a state of [[Afghan conflict|civil war]] by 1979, waged by guerrilla ''[[mujahideen]]'' (and smaller [[Maoist]] guerrillas) against regime forces countrywide. It quickly turned into a [[proxy war]] as the Pakistani government provided these rebels with covert training centers, the United States [[Operation Cyclone|supported]] them through Pakistan's [[Inter-Services Intelligence]] (ISI),<ref>{{cite book |last=Meher |first=Jagmohan |title=America's Afghanistan War: The Success that Failed |publisher=Gyan Books |year=2004 |pages=68–69, 94 |isbn=978-81-7835-262-6}}</ref> and the Soviet Union sent thousands of military advisers to support the PDPA regime.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hussain |first=Rizwan |title=Pakistan and the Emergence of Islamic Militancy in Afghanistan |publisher=Ashgate Publishing |year=2005 |pages=108–109 |isbn=978-0-7546-4434-7}}</ref> Meanwhile, there was increasingly hostile friction between the competing factions of the PDPA – the dominant [[Khalq]] and the more moderate [[Parcham]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Afghanistan: A Modern History|publisher=[[I.B.Tauris]]|year=2005|isbn=978-1-85043-857-1|last=Rasanayagam |first= Angelo|page=[https://archive.org/details/afghanistan00ange/page/73 73]|url=https://archive.org/details/afghanistan00ange|url-access=registration|access-date=31 May 2019}}</ref>

In October 1979, PDPA General Secretary Taraki was assassinated in an internal coup orchestrated by then-prime minister [[Hafizullah Amin]], who became the new general secretary of the PDPA. The situation in the country deteriorated under Amin, and thousands of people went missing.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/83854.stm|title=Afghanistan: 20 years of bloodshed|publisher=[[BBC News]]|date=26 April 1998|access-date=4 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190217184807/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/83854.stm|archive-date=17 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Displeased with Amin's government, the [[Soviet Armed Forces|Soviet Army]] invaded the country in December 1979, heading for Kabul and killing Amin.{{sfn|Barfield|2012|page=234}} A Soviet-organized regime, led by Parcham's [[Babrak Karmal]] but inclusive of both factions (Parcham and Khalq), filled the vacuum. Soviet troops in more substantial numbers were deployed to stabilize Afghanistan under Karmal, marking the beginning of the [[Soviet–Afghan War]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Kalinovsky |first=Artemy M. |title=A Long Goodbye: The Soviet Withdrawal from Afghanistan |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2011 |pages=25–28 |isbn=978-0-674-05866-8}}</ref> Lasting nine years, the war caused the deaths of between 562,000<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Lacina|first1=Bethany|last2=Gleditsch|first2=Nils Petter|url=http://www.bethanylacina.com/LacinaGleditsch_newdata.pdf|title=Monitoring Trends in Global Combat: A New Dataset of Battle Deaths|journal=European Journal of Population|volume=21|issue=2–3|year=2005|page=154|doi=10.1007/s10680-005-6851-6|s2cid=14344770|access-date=1 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006175909/http://www.bethanylacina.com/LacinaGleditsch_newdata.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2014|url-status=usurped}}</ref> and 2 million Afghans,{{efn|Attributed to multiple sources: <ref>{{cite book|url=http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft7b69p12h;brand=ucpress|title=The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response, 1979–1982|last=Kakar|first=Mohammed|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-20893-3|quote=The Afghans are among the latest victims of genocide by a superpower. Large numbers of Afghans were killed to suppress resistance to the army of the Soviet Union, which wished to vindicate its client regime and realize its goal in Afghanistan.|date=3 March 1997|access-date=7 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106175142/http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft7b69p12h;brand=ucpress|archive-date=6 January 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I2chrSJCW54C&pg=PA129|title=The Widening Circle of Genocide|last=Klass|first=Rosanne|publisher=Transaction Publishers|year=1994|isbn=978-1-4128-3965-5|page=129|quote=During the intervening fourteen years of Communist rule, an estimated 1.5 to 2 million Afghan civilians were killed by Soviet forces and their proxies- the four Communist regimes in Kabul, and the East Germans, Bulgarians, Czechs, Cubans, Palestinians, Indians and others who assisted them. These were not battle casualties or the unavoidable civilian victims of warfare. Soviet and local Communist forces seldom attacked the scattered guerilla bands of the Afghan Resistance except, in a few strategic locales like the Panjsher valley. Instead they deliberately targeted the civilian population, primarily in the rural areas.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.paulbogdanor.com/left/afghan/genocide.pdf|title=Genocide and the Soviet Occupation of Afghanistan|last1=Reisman|first1=W. Michael|last2=Norchi|first2=Charles H.|access-date=7 January 2017|quote=According to widely reported accounts, substantial programmes of depopulation have been conducted in these Afghan provinces: Ghazni, Nagarhar, Lagham, Qandahar, Zabul, Badakhshan, Lowgar, Paktia, Paktika and Kunar...There is considerable evidence that genocide has been committed against the Afghan people by the combined forces of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan and the Soviet Union.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161026182528/http://www.paulbogdanor.com/left/afghan/genocide.pdf|archive-date=26 October 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/afghanistansendl00good|url-access=registration|title=Afghanistan's Endless War: State Failure, Regional Politics, and the Rise of the Taliban|last=Goodson|first=Larry P.|publisher=University of Washington Press|year=2001|isbn=978-0-295-98050-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/afghanistansendl00good/page/5 5]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vYUzL1qhltA |title=Soldiers of God: Cold War (Part 1/5) |publisher=[[CNN]]|year=1998 |access-date=11 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130708042702/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vYUzL1qhltA&feature=related |archive-date=8 July 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>[[UNICEF]], [http://www.unicef.org/graca/mines.htm Land-mines: A deadly inheritance] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130805102916/http://www.unicef.org/graca/mines.htm | date=5 August 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/Landmines-in-Afghanistan-A-Decades-Old-Danger-06143/ |title=Landmines in Afghanistan: A Decades Old Danger |publisher=Defenseindustrydaily.com | date=1 February 2010 |access-date=6 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140111130437/http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/Landmines-in-Afghanistan-A-Decades-Old-Danger-06143/ |archive-date=11 January 2014 }}</ref>}} and displaced about 6 million people who subsequently fled Afghanistan, mainly to Pakistan and Iran.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/prm/releases/onepagers/202635.htm |title=Refugee Admissions Program for Near East and South Asia |publisher=Bureau of Population, Refugees, and Migration |access-date=29 December 2013 |archive-date=28 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028213336/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/prm/releases/onepagers/202635.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Heavy air bombardment destroyed many countryside villages, millions of [[landmine]]s were planted,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/1051546.html|title=Afghanistan: Land Mines From Afghan-Soviet War Leave Bitter Legacy (Part 2)|website=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty|last1=Recknagel|first1=Charles|access-date=13 June 2020|archive-date=14 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814144505/https://www.rferl.org/a/1051546.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and some cities such as Herat and Kandahar were also damaged from bombardment. After the [[Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan|Soviet withdrawal]], another [[Afghan Civil War (1989-92)|civil war ensued]] until the communist regime under PDPA leader [[Mohammad Najibullah]] collapsed in 1992.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/world/A0856490.html |title=Afghanistan: History – ''Columbia Encyclopedia'' |publisher=Infoplease.com | date=11 September 2001 |access-date=19 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120810051626/http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/world/A0856490.html |archive-date=10 August 2012 }}</ref><ref>[https://www.prio.org/utility/Download.ashx?x=228 'Mujahidin vs. Communists: Revisiting the battles of Jalalabad and Khost] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180802084503/https://www.prio.org/utility/Download.ashx?x=228 |date=2 August 2018 }}. By Anne Stenersen: a Paper presented at the conference ''COIN in Afghanistan: From Mughals to the Americans'', Peace Research Institute Oslo (PRIO), 12–13 February 2012. Retrieved 1 February 2018.</ref>{{sfn|Barfield|2012|pp=239, 244}}

The Soviet–Afghan War had drastic social effects on Afghanistan. The militarization of society led to heavily armed police, private bodyguards, openly armed civil defense groups, and the like becoming the norm in Afghanistan for decades thereafter.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Archived Version|url=http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/6891/1/Aqab_Mehmood_Malik_Strategic_%26_Nuclear_Studies_2015_NDU_19.05.2016.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200909110438/http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/6891/1/Aqab_Mehmood_Malik_Strategic_%26_Nuclear_Studies_2015_NDU_19.05.2016.pdf|archive-date=9 September 2020|website=prr.hec.gov.pk}}</ref> The traditional power structure had shifted from the clergy, community elders, intelligentsia, and military in favor of powerful [[warlords]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft7b69p12h;chunk.id=0;doc.view=print|title=Afghanistan|website=publishing.cdlib.org|access-date=25 August 2021|archive-date=21 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121200011/https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft7b69p12h;chunk.id=0;doc.view=print|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Post–Cold War conflict ===
{{See also|Afghan Civil War (1992–1996)|Afghan Civil War (1996–2001)|Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001)|Northern Alliance}}
[[File:War in Afganistan (1992–2001).png|thumb|upright=1.5|Development of the civil war from 1992 to late 2001]]

Another civil war broke out after the [[Peshawar Accords|creation]] of a dysfunctional coalition [[Islamic State of Afghanistan|government]] between leaders of various ''mujahideen'' factions. Amid a state of anarchy and factional infighting,<ref>{{cite book |last=Saikal |first=Amin |title=Modern Afghanistan: A History of Struggle and Survival |date=13 November 2004 |publisher=I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd., London New York |isbn=978-1-85043-437-5 |edition=2006 1st |page=352 |author-link=Amin Saikal}}</ref><ref name="Human Rights Watch-2005">{{cite web |url=https://www.hrw.org/en/reports/2005/07/06/blood-stained-hands |title=Blood-Stained Hands, Past Atrocities in Kabul and Afghanistan's Legacy of Impunity |date=7 July 2005 |publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091212081418/http://www.hrw.org/en/reports/2005/07/06/blood-stained-hands |archive-date=12 December 2009}}</ref><ref>GUTMAN, Roy (2008): How We Missed the Story: Osama bin Laden, the Taliban and the Hijacking of Afghanistan, Endowment of the United States Institute of Peace, 1st ed., Washington D.C.</ref> various ''mujahideen'' factions committed widespread rape, murder, and extortion,<ref name="Human Rights Watch-2005" /><ref>{{cite web |year=2005 |url=http://www.afghanistanjusticeproject.org/warcrimesandcrimesagainsthumanity19782001.pdf |title=Casting Shadows: War Crimes and Crimes against Humanity: 1978–2001 |publisher=Afghanistan Justice Project |access-date=16 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004221455/http://www.afghanistanjusticeproject.org/warcrimesandcrimesagainsthumanity19782001.pdf |archive-date=4 October 2013 }}</ref><ref name="Human Rights Watch-1998">{{cite web |url=https://www.hrw.org/reports98/afghan/Afrepor0-01.htm#P81_13959 |title=Afghanistan: The massacre in Mazar-i Sharif. (Chapter II: Background) |publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]]| date=November 1998| access-date=16 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081102042606/http://www.hrw.org/reports98/afghan/Afrepor0-01.htm |archive-date=2 November 2008}}</ref> while Kabul was heavily bombarded and partially destroyed by the fighting.<ref name="Human Rights Watch-1998" /> Several failed reconciliations and alliances occurred between different leaders.<ref>{{cite web |year=2005 |url=http://www.afghanistanjusticeproject.org/warcrimesandcrimesagainsthumanity19782001.pdf |page=63|title=Casting Shadows: War Crimes and Crimes against Humanity: 1978–2001 |publisher=Afghanistan Justice Project |access-date=16 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004221455/http://www.afghanistanjusticeproject.org/warcrimesandcrimesagainsthumanity19782001.pdf |archive-date=4 October 2013 }}</ref> The [[Taliban]] emerged in September 1994 as a movement and militia of students (''talib'') from Islamic [[Madrassas in Pakistan|madrassas (schools) in Pakistan]],<ref name="Human Rights Watch-1998" /><ref>Matinuddin, Kamal, ''The Taliban Phenomenon, Afghanistan 1994–1997'', [[Oxford University Press]], (1999), pp. 25–26</ref> who soon had military support from Pakistan.<ref name="George Washington University">{{cite web |year=2007 |url=http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB227/index.htm#17 |title=Documents Detail Years of Pakistani Support for Taliban, Extremists |publisher=[[George Washington University]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203002159/http://www2.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB227/index.htm |archive-date=3 December 2013 }}</ref>

Taking control of Kandahar city that year,<ref name="Human Rights Watch-1998" /> they conquered more territories until finally driving out the government of [[Burhanuddin Rabbani|Rabbani]] from Kabul in 1996,<ref>{{cite report |ref={{sfnRef|Chronology of Events|1997}} |title=Afghanistan: Chronology of Events January 1995 – February 1997 |date=February 1997 |publisher=Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada |url=https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/eoir/legacy/2014/01/16/Af_chronology_1995-.pdf |access-date=28 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012061437/https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/eoir/legacy/2014/01/16/Af_chronology_1995-.pdf |archive-date=12 October 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Coll, ''Ghost Wars'' (New York: Penguin, 2005), 14.</ref> where they established an [[Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001)|emirate]].<ref>[https://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/cs/profiles/Afghanistan.pdf Country profile: Afghanistan (published August 2008)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625161206/https://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/cs/profiles/Afghanistan.pdf |date=25 June 2018 }}(page 3). Library of Congress. Retrieved 13 February 2018.</ref> The Taliban were condemned internationally for the harsh enforcement of their interpretation of Islamic [[sharia]] law, which resulted in the brutal treatment of many Afghans, especially [[Taliban treatment of women|women]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Skain|first=Rosemarie|title=The women of Afghanistan under the Taliban|year=2002|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0-7864-1090-3|page=41}}</ref><ref>* {{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2001-nov-18-mn-5602-story.html |date=18 November 2001 |author1=James Gerstenzan |author2=Lisa Getter |title=Laura Bush Addresses State of Afghan Women |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |access-date=14 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010184219/http://articles.latimes.com/2001/nov/18/news/mn-5602 |archive-date=10 October 2012 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/wnet/wideangle/uncategorized/a-woman-among-warlords-womens-rights-in-the-taliban-and-post-taliban-eras/66/ |date=11 September 2007 |title=Women's Rights in the Taliban and Post-Taliban Eras |work=A Woman Among Warlords |publisher=[[PBS]] |access-date=14 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130114011223/http://www.pbs.org/wnet/wideangle/episodes/a-woman-among-warlords/womens-rights-in-the-taliban-and-post-taliban-eras/66/ |archive-date=14 January 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> During their rule, the Taliban and their allies committed massacres against Afghan civilians, denied UN food supplies to starving civilians, and conducted a policy of [[scorched earth]], burning vast areas of fertile land and destroying tens of thousands of homes.{{efn|Attributed to multiple sources: <ref>{{cite book|last=Rashid|first=Ahmed|title=Taliban: Islam, Oil and the New Great Game in Central Asia|year=2002|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=978-1-86064-830-4|page=253}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/2001/10/12/taliban-massacres-outlined-for-un/|title=Taliban massacres outlined for UN|date=October 2001|work=Chicago Tribune|first=Edward A|last=Gargan|access-date=24 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110916074935/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2001-10-12/news/0110120312_1_taliban-fighters-massacres-in-recent-years-mullah-mohammed-omar|archive-date=16 September 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.papillonsartpalace.com/massacre.htm |title=Confidential UN report details mass killings of civilian villagers |access-date=12 October 2001 |work=Newsday |year=2001 |publisher=newsday.org |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021118162327/http://www.papillonsartpalace.com/massacre.htm |archive-date=18 November 2002 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=NewsLibrary&p_multi=APAB&d_place=APAB&p_theme=newslibrary2&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0F8B4F98500EA0F8&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM |agency=[[Associated Press]]|title=U.N. says Taliban starving hungry people for military agenda |date=7 January 1998 |access-date=7 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913121938/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=NewsLibrary&p_multi=APAB&d_place=APAB&p_theme=newslibrary2&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0F8B4F98500EA0F8&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM |archive-date=13 September 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Goodson|first=Larry P.|title=Afghanistan's Endless War: State Failure, Regional Politics and the Rise of the Taliban|url=https://archive.org/details/afghanistansendl00good|url-access=registration|year=2002|publisher=University of Washington Press|isbn=978-0-295-98111-6|page=[https://archive.org/details/afghanistansendl00good/page/121 121]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/programs/morning/features/2002/aug/afghanistan/ |publisher=[[NPR]]|title=Re-Creating Afghanistan: Returning to Istalif |date=1 August 2002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023072254/http://www.npr.org/programs/morning/features/2002/aug/afghanistan/ |archive-date=23 October 2013}}</ref>}}

[[Battle of Kabul (1992–1996)|After the fall of Kabul]] to the Taliban, [[Ahmad Shah Massoud]] and [[Abdul Rashid Dostum]] formed the [[Northern Alliance]], later joined by others, to resist the Taliban. Dostum's forces were defeated by the Taliban during the [[Battles of Mazar-i-Sharif (1997–1998)|Battles of Mazar-i-Sharif]] in 1997 and 1998; Pakistan's Chief of Army Staff, [[Pervez Musharraf]], began sending thousands of Pakistani militants to help the Taliban defeat the Northern Alliance.{{efn|Attributed to multiple sources: <ref>{{cite book |last=Marcela Grad |title=Massoud: An Intimate Portrait of the Legendary Afghan Leader |edition=1 March 2009 |page=310 |publisher=Webster University Press }}</ref><ref name="George Washington University" /><ref>{{cite web |year=2010 |url=http://www.historycommons.org/entity.jsp?entity=ahmed_shah_massoud |title=Ahmed Shah Massoud |publisher=[[History Commons]] |access-date=16 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125130822/http://www.historycommons.org/entity.jsp?entity=ahmed_shah_massoud |archive-date=25 January 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Maley |first=William |title=The Afghanistan wars |year=2009 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-0-230-21313-5 |page=288}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/afghanistan/1340244/Afghanistan-resistance-leader-feared-dead-in-blast.html |title=Afghanistan resistance leader feared dead in blast |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|location=London | date=11 September 2001 |first=Ahmed |last=Rashid|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131108225950/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/afghanistan/1340244/Afghanistan-resistance-leader-feared-dead-in-blast.html |archive-date=8 November 2013 }}</ref>}} By 2000, the Northern Alliance only controlled 10% of the territory, cornered in the northeast. On 9 September 2001, Massoud was assassinated by two Arab [[suicide attack]]ers in [[Panjshir Valley]]. Around 400,000 Afghans died in internal conflicts between 1990 and 2001.<ref>"[https://www.csmonitor.com/2001/0920/p1s3-wosc.html/(page)/4 Life under Taliban cuts two ways]". ''[[The Christian Science Monitor|CSM]]''. 20 September 2001 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233031/http://www.csmonitor.com/2001/0920/p1s3-wosc.html/(page)/4 | date=30 December 2013 }}</ref>

=== US invasion and the Islamic Republic ===
{{further|War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)|Islamic Republic of Afghanistan|Taliban insurgency|Fall of Kabul (2021)}}
In October 2001, the [[United States invasion of Afghanistan|United States invaded Afghanistan]] to remove the Taliban from power after they refused to hand over [[Osama bin Laden]], the prime suspect of the [[September 11 attacks]], who was a "guest" of the Taliban and was operating his [[al-Qaeda]] network in Afghanistan.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Grugy2txSvc |title=Brigade 055 |publisher=CNN|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130729101159/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Grugy2txSvc|archive-date=29 July 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Rory McCarthy |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/oct/17/afghanistan.terrorism11 |title=New offer on Bin Laden |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] | date= 17 October 2001|access-date=17 July 2012 |location=London|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130628053351/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2001/oct/17/afghanistan.terrorism11|archive-date=28 June 2013}}</ref><ref>[https://edition.cnn.com/2017/08/21/politics/trump-afghanistan-pakistan-india/index.html 'Trump calls out Pakistan, India as he pledges to 'fight to win' in Afghanistan]. CNN, 24 August 2017. Retrieved 1 September 2017.</ref> The majority of Afghans supported the American invasion.<ref>{{cite web|date=30 January 2006|title=WPO Poll: Afghan Public Overwhelmingly Rejects al-Qaeda, Taliban|url=http://drum.lib.umd.edu/bitstream/handle/1903/10127/Afghanistan_Jan06_art2.pdf;jsessionid=51A568EB80A658471A265A1D06EF8ADB?sequence=3|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170102172723/http://drum.lib.umd.edu/bitstream/handle/1903/10127/Afghanistan_Jan06_art2.pdf;jsessionid=51A568EB80A658471A265A1D06EF8ADB?sequence=3|archive-date=2 January 2017|access-date=2 January 2017|website=[[University of Maryland Libraries]]|quote=Equally large percentages endorse the US military presence in Afghanistan. Eighty-three percent said they have a favorable view of "the US military forces in our country" (39% very favorable). Just 17% have an unfavorable view.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=29 January 2015|title=Afghan Futures: A National Public Opinion Survey|url=http://acsor-surveys.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Afghan-Futures-Wave-6-Analysis_FINAL-v2.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329093740/http://acsor-surveys.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Afghan-Futures-Wave-6-Analysis_FINAL-v2.pdf|archive-date=29 March 2017|access-date=2 January 2017|website=[[Afghan Center for Socio-economic and Opinion Research]]|page=4|quote=Seventy-seven percent support the presence of U.S. forces; 67 percent say the same of NATO/ISAF forces more generally. Despite the country's travails, eight in 10 say it was a good thing for the United States to oust the Taliban in 2001. And much more blame either the Taliban or al Qaeda for the country's violence, 53 percent, than blame the United States, 12 percent. The latter is about half what it was in 2012, coinciding with a sharp reduction in the U.S. deployment.}}</ref> During the initial invasion, US and UK forces bombed al-Qaeda training camps, and later, in cooperation with the Northern Alliance, the Taliban regime came to an end.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/10/08/world/nation-challenged-attack-us-britain-strike-afghanistan-aiming-bases-terrorist.html |title=A Nation challenged: The attack; U.S. and Britain strike Afghanistan, aiming at bases and terrorist camps; Bush warns 'Taliban will pay a price' |last=Tyler |first=Patrick | date=8 October 2001 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=28 February 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411134316/http://www.nytimes.com/2001/10/08/world/nation-challenged-attack-us-britain-strike-afghanistan-aiming-bases-terrorist.html |archive-date=11 April 2014 }}</ref>

[[File:Inbound Choppers in Afghanistan 2008.jpg|thumb|US troops and [[Boeing CH-47 Chinook|Chinooks]] in Afghanistan, 2008]]

In December 2001, after the Taliban government was overthrown, the [[Afghan Interim Administration]] under [[Hamid Karzai]] was formed. The [[International Security Assistance Force]] (ISAF) was established by the [[United Nations Security Council]] to assist the [[Presidency of Hamid Karzai|Karzai administration]] and provide basic security.<ref>{{UN document |docid=S-RES-1386(2001) |type=Resolution|body=Security Council|year=2001|resolution_number=1386 |access-date=21 September 2007| date=31 May 2001}} – ([[s:United Nations Security Council Resolution 1386|UNSCR 1386]])</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://nato.usmission.gov/ |title=United States Mission to Afghanistan|publisher=Nato.usmission.gov|access-date=14 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101021065112/http://nato.usmission.gov/ |archive-date=21 October 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> By this time, after two decades of war as well as an acute [[famine]] at the time, Afghanistan had one of the highest [[infant mortality|infant]] and child mortality rates in the world, the lowest life expectancy, much of the population suffered from hunger and malnutrition,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://merip.org/2001/09/afghanistans-refugee-crisis/|title=Afghanistan's Refugee Crisis|date=24 September 2001|website=MERIP|access-date=16 June 2020|archive-date=16 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200616143702/https://merip.org/2001/09/afghanistans-refugee-crisis/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/what-we-do/news-stories/research/afghanistan-civilians-risk|title=Afghanistan: Civilians at Risk|website=Doctors Without Borders – USA|access-date=16 June 2020|archive-date=16 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200616134107/https://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/what-we-do/news-stories/research/afghanistan-civilians-risk|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://monthlyreview.org/2001/11/01/limbs-of-no-body/|website=Monthly Review|title=Limbs of No Body: The World's Indifference to the Afghan Tragedy|first=Mohsen|last=Makhmalbaf|date=1 November 2001|access-date=16 June 2020|archive-date=7 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110407231857/https://monthlyreview.org/2001/11/01/limbs-of-no-body/|url-status=live}}</ref> and infrastructure was in ruins.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.returntohope.com/inDepth/RebuildingAfghanistan#intro|title=Rebuilding Afghanistan|website=Return to Hope|access-date=16 June 2020|archive-date=14 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814144505/http://www.returntohope.com/inDepth/RebuildingAfghanistan#intro|url-status=live}}</ref> Many foreign donors started providing aid and assistance to rebuild the war-torn country.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/asiapcf/east/01/15/japan.aid.gen/index.html?related|title=Japan aid offer to 'broke' Afghanistan|date=15 January 2002|publisher=CNN|access-date=16 June 2020|archive-date=19 November 2002|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021119080524/https://edition.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/asiapcf/east/01/15/japan.aid.gen/index.html?related|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://web.stanford.edu/class/intnlrel193/readings/week6/afghan.html|title=Rebuilding Afghanistan: The U.S. Role|website=Stanford University|access-date=16 June 2020|archive-date=20 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140820000226/https://web.stanford.edu/class/intnlrel193/readings/week6/afghan.html|url-status=live}}</ref> As coalition troops entered Afghanistan to help the [[Reconstruction in Afghanistan|rebuilding process]],<ref>{{cite web|first=Julie|last=Fossler|url=http://afghanistan.usaid.gov/en/index.aspx|title=USAID Afghanistan|publisher=[[USAID]]|access-date=14 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101017104214/http://afghanistan.usaid.gov/en/Index.aspx|archive-date=17 October 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.afghanistan.gc.ca/canada-afghanistan/news-nouvelles/2010/2010_07_09.aspx?lang=eng |title=Canada's Engagement in Afghanistan: Backgrounder |publisher=Afghanistan.gc.ca |date=9 July 2010|access-date=14 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101215180833/http://www.afghanistan.gc.ca/canada-afghanistan/news-nouvelles/2010/2010_07_09.aspx|archive-date=15 December 2010}}</ref> the [[Taliban insurgency|Taliban began an insurgency]] to regain control. Afghanistan remained one of the poorest countries in the world because of a lack of foreign investment, [[Corruption in Afghanistan|government corruption]], and the Taliban insurgency.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Video/video?id=5484891&tab=9482931&section=8865284&page=1|publisher=ABC News|location=United States |access-date=28 September 2010|title=Pakistan Accused of Helping Taliban| date=31 July 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131221050959/http://abcnews.go.com/Video/video?id=5484891&tab=9482931&section=8865284&page=1 |archive-date=21 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/afghanistan/7910687/Wikileaks-Pakistan-accused-of-helping-Taliban-in-Afghanistan-attacks.html|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|access-date=28 September 2010|title=Wikileaks: Pakistan accused of helping Taliban in Afghanistan attacks | date=26 July 2010|location=London|first1=Rob|last1=Crilly|first2=Alex |last2=Spillius|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140129073942/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/afghanistan/7910687/Wikileaks-Pakistan-accused-of-helping-Taliban-in-Afghanistan-attacks.html|archive-date=29 January 2014}}</ref>

The Afghan government was able to establish some democratic structures, adopting a constitution in 2004 with the name [[Islamic Republic of Afghanistan]]. Attempts were made, often with the support of foreign donor countries, to improve the country's economy, healthcare, education, transport, and agriculture. ISAF forces also began to train the [[Afghan National Security Forces]]. Following 2002, nearly five million [[Afghan diaspora|Afghans]] were repatriated.<ref>{{cite book|author=Howard Adelman|title=Protracted Displacement in Asia: No Place to Call Home|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oLYFDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT167|date=15 April 2016|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-317-07407-6|page=167}}</ref> The number of NATO troops present in Afghanistan peaked at 140,000 in 2011,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-11371138|title=The foreign troops left in Afghanistan|publisher=BBC News|date=15 October 2015|access-date=13 June 2020|archive-date=19 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819084124/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-11371138|url-status=live}}</ref> dropping to approximately 16,000 in 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forces.net/operations/afghanistan/how-many-troops-are-currently-afghanistan|title=How Many Troops Are Currently in Afghanistan?|author=((18 May 2018 at 11:38 am))|website=Forces Network|date=18 May 2018|access-date=13 June 2020|archive-date=16 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200316023620/https://www.forces.net/operations/afghanistan/how-many-troops-are-currently-afghanistan|url-status=live}}</ref> In September 2014, [[Ashraf Ghani]] became president after the [[2014 Afghan presidential election]], in which, for the first time in Afghanistan's history, power was democratically transferred.<ref>{{cite news|title=Huge security as Afghan presidential election looms|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-26880022|publisher=BBC News|date=4 April 2014|access-date=21 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181021190735/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-26880022|archive-date=21 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Afghanistan votes in historic presidential election|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-26893972|publisher=BBC News|date=5 April 2014|access-date=21 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181021152941/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-26893972|archive-date=21 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Harooni |first1=Mirwais |last2=Shalizi |first2=Hamid |date=4 April 2014 |title=Landmark Afghanistan Presidential Election Held Under Shadow of Violence |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/04/04/landmark-afghan-election-_n_5095143.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303225603/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/04/04/landmark-afghan-election-_n_5095143.html |archive-date=3 March 2016 |access-date=21 October 2018 |newspaper=[[HuffPost]] |agency=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> On 28 December 2014, NATO formally ended ISAF combat operations and transferred full security responsibility to the Afghan government. The NATO-led [[Resolute Support Mission|Operation Resolute Support]] was formed the same day as a successor to ISAF.<ref>{{cite news|title=U.S. formally ends the war in Afghanistan|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/america-formally-ends-the-war-in-afghanistan/|access-date=28 December 2014|agency=[[Associated Press]]|issue=online|publisher=CBA News|date=28 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228152651/http://www.cbsnews.com/news/america-formally-ends-the-war-in-afghanistan/|archive-date=28 December 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Nato ends combat operations in Afghanistan|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/dec/28/nato-ends-afghanistan-combat-operations-after-13-years|access-date=11 January 2015|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|date=28 December 2014|location=Kabul|author=Sune Engel Rasmussen in Kabul|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102134349/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/dec/28/nato-ends-afghanistan-combat-operations-after-13-years|archive-date=2 January 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Thousands of NATO troops remained in the country to train and advise Afghan government forces<ref>{{cite web|title=U.S. formally ends the war in Afghanistan|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/america-formally-ends-the-war-in-afghanistan/|publisher=[[CBS News]]|date=28 December 2014 |access-date=12 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228152651/http://www.cbsnews.com/news/america-formally-ends-the-war-in-afghanistan/|archive-date=28 December 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> and continue their fight against the Taliban.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.soufangroup.com/tsg-intelbrief-afghanistan-16-0/|title=TSG IntelBrief: Afghanistan 16.0|website=The Soufan Group|access-date=27 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180809184149/http://www.soufangroup.com/tsg-intelbrief-afghanistan-16-0/|archive-date=9 August 2018}}</ref> A report titled ''Body Count'' concluded that 106,000–170,000 civilians had been killed as a result of the fighting in Afghanistan at the hands of all parties to the conflict.<ref>
* [http://www.ippnw.de/commonFiles/pdfs/Frieden/Body_Count_first_international_edition_2015_final.pdf "Body Count – Casualty Figures after 10 Years of the 'War on Terror' – Iraq Afghanistan Pakistan"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150430175027/http://www.ippnw.de/commonFiles/pdfs/Frieden/Body_Count_first_international_edition_2015_final.pdf |date=30 April 2015 }} (PDF), by [[IPPNW]], [[Physicians for Global Survival|PGS]] and [[Physicians for Social Responsibility|PSR]], First international edition (March 2015)
* {{cite news |author=Gabriela Motroc |url=http://www.australiannationalreview.com/war-terror-reportedly-killed-13-million-people-decade/ |title=U.S. War on Terror has reportedly killed 1.3 million people in a decade |work=Australian National Review |date=7 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505004045/http://www.australiannationalreview.com/war-terror-reportedly-killed-13-million-people-decade/ |archive-date=5 May 2015 }}
* {{cite news |url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/national/30-Mar-2015/220-000-killed-in-us-war-in-afghanistan-80-000-in-pakistan-report |title=220,000 killed in US war in Afghanistan 80,000 in Pakistan: report |work=[[Daily Times (Pakistan)|Daily Times]] |date=30 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505055409/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/national/30-Mar-2015/220-000-killed-in-us-war-in-afghanistan-80-000-in-pakistan-report |archive-date=5 May 2015 }}
</ref>

[[File:2021 Taliban Offensive.png|thumb|A map of Afghanistan showing the [[2021 Taliban offensive]] ]]
On 19 February 2020, the [[United States–Taliban deal]] was made in Qatar. The deal was one of the critical events that caused the collapse of the Afghan National Security Forces (ANSF);<ref>{{cite news|last=Borger|first=Julian|title=US withdrawal triggered catastrophic defeat of Afghan forces, damning watchdog report finds|date=18 May 2022|access-date=19 May 2022|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/may/18/afghanistan-us-withdrawal-defeat-watchdog-report-sigar|work=[[The Guardian]]|archive-date=21 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521122933/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/may/18/afghanistan-us-withdrawal-defeat-watchdog-report-sigar|url-status=live}}</ref> following the signing of the deal, the US dramatically reduced the number of air attacks and deprived the ANSF of a critical edge in fighting the [[Taliban insurgency]], leading to the Taliban takeover of Kabul.<ref>{{cite news|title=US withdrawal prompted collapse of Afghan army: Report|date=18 May 2022|access-date=19 May 2022|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/5/18/us-withdrawal-prompted-collapse-of-afghan-army-report|publisher=[[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]]|archive-date=20 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220620140206/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/5/18/us-withdrawal-prompted-collapse-of-afghan-army-report|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Second Taliban era ===
{{Further|Aftermath of the Afghanistan War (2001–2021)}}

NATO Secretary General [[Jens Stoltenberg]] announced on 14 April 2021 that the alliance had agreed to start [[2020–2021 US troop withdrawal from Afghanistan|withdrawing its troops from Afghanistan]] by 1 May.<ref>{{cite news |title=NATO to Cut Forces in Afghanistan, Match US Withdrawal |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/usa_nato-cut-forces-afghanistan-match-us-withdrawal/6204555.html |work=[[VOA News]] |date=14 April 2021 |access-date=26 July 2021 |archive-date=15 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415000426/https://www.voanews.com/usa/nato-cut-forces-afghanistan-match-us-withdrawal |url-status=live }}</ref> Soon after NATO troops began withdrawing, the Taliban launched an [[2021 Taliban offensive|offensive against the Afghan government]] and quickly advanced in front of collapsing Afghan government forces.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Robertson |first1=Nic |title=Afghanistan is disintegrating fast as Biden's troop withdrawal continues |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/06/24/asia/afghanistan-taliban-offensive-intl-cmd/index.html |publisher=CNN |date=24 June 2021 |access-date=26 July 2021 |archive-date=9 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709190124/https://edition.cnn.com/2021/06/24/asia/afghanistan-taliban-offensive-intl-cmd/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Afghanistan stunned by scale and speed of security forces' collapse |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jul/13/afghanistan-stunned-by-scale-and-speed-of-security-forces-collapse |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=13 July 2021 |access-date=26 July 2021 |archive-date=15 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815063215/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jul/13/afghanistan-stunned-by-scale-and-speed-of-security-forces-collapse |url-status=live }}</ref> The Taliban [[Fall of Kabul (2021)|captured the capital city of Kabul]] on 15 August 2021, after regaining control over a vast majority of Afghanistan.<ref>{{cite journal |date=November 2021 |editor1-last=Cruickshank |editor1-first=Paul |editor2-last=Hummel |editor2-first=Kristina |title=An Assessment of Taliban Rule at Three Months |url=https://ctc.usma.edu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/CTC-SENTINEL-092021.pdf |url-status=live |journal=[[CTC Sentinel]] |location=West Point, New York |publisher=[[Combating Terrorism Center]] |volume=14 |issue=9 |pages=1–14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129104726/https://ctc.usma.edu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/CTC-SENTINEL-092021.pdf |archive-date=29 November 2021 |access-date=29 November 2021 |author-last=Watkins |author-first=Andrew H.}}</ref> Several foreign diplomats and Afghan government officials, including President Ashraf Ghani,<ref>{{cite news |title=President Ashraf Ghani Flees Afghanistan, Taliban Take Over Kabul: Report |work=NDTV.com |url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/taliban-enter-afghan-capital-kabul-news-agency-afp-2510885 |url-status=live |access-date=15 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815081516/https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/taliban-enter-afghan-capital-kabul-news-agency-afp-2510885 |archive-date=15 August 2021}}</ref> were evacuated from the country, with many Afghan civilians attempting to flee along with them.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Afghan government's collapse is a humiliation for the US and Joe Biden |url=https://www.newstatesman.com/world/asia/2021/08/afghan-government-s-collapse-humiliation-us-and-joe-biden |access-date=15 August 2021 |work=[[New Statesman]] |date=15 August 2021 |archive-date=16 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816164152/https://www.newstatesman.com/world/asia/2021/08/afghan-government-s-collapse-humiliation-us-and-joe-biden |url-status=live }}</ref> On 17 August, first vice president [[Amrullah Saleh]] proclaimed himself caretaker president and announced the formation of an [[National Resistance Front of Afghanistan|anti-Taliban front]] with a reported 6,000+ troops<ref>{{cite web|title=Operations|url=https://www.nrfafg.org/operations|access-date=21 August 2021|website=The National Resistance Front: Fighting for a Free Afghanistan|publisher=National Resistance Front of Afghanistan|archive-date=6 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906001614/https://www.nrfafg.org/operations}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Anti-Taliban forces say they've taken three districts in Afghanistan's north|date=21 August 2021|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/anti-taliban-forces-say-theyve-taken-three-districts-afghanistans-north-2021-08-21/|work=Reuters|access-date=21 August 2021|archive-date=23 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823164227/https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/anti-taliban-forces-say-theyve-taken-three-districts-afghanistans-north-2021-08-21/|url-status=live}}</ref> in the [[Panjshir Valley]], along with [[Ahmad Massoud]].<ref>{{cite web|title=An anti-Taliban front forming in Panjshir? Ex top spy Saleh, son of 'Lion of Panjshir' meet at citadel|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2021/08/17/an-anti-taliban-front-forming-in-panjshir-ex-top-spy-saleh-son-of-lion-of-panjshir-meet-at-citadel.html|access-date=17 August 2021|website=The Week|archive-date=17 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817065524/https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2021/08/17/an-anti-taliban-front-forming-in-panjshir-ex-top-spy-saleh-son-of-lion-of-panjshir-meet-at-citadel.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=17 August 2021|title=Afghan Vice President Saleh Declares Himself Caretaker President; Reaches Out To Leaders for Support|url=https://www.news18.com/news/world/afghan-vice-president-saleh-declares-himself-caretaker-president-reaches-out-to-leaders-for-support-4097117.html|access-date=17 August 2021|website=News18|archive-date=17 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817224511/https://www.news18.com/news/world/afghan-vice-president-saleh-declares-himself-caretaker-president-reaches-out-to-leaders-for-support-4097117.html|url-status=live}}</ref> However, by 6 September, the Taliban had taken control of most of [[Panjshir Province]], with resistance fighters retreating to the mountains.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/5b4b7b58-1edf-4510-ad15-813487f3c80e |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/5b4b7b58-1edf-4510-ad15-813487f3c80e |archive-date=10 December 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Taliban says it has captured last Afghan region of resistance|last1=Kazmin|first1=Amy|last2=Findlay|first2=Stephanie|last3=Bokhari|first3=Farhan|work=[[Financial Times]]|date=6 September 2021|access-date=6 September 2021}}</ref> Clashes in the valley ceased in mid-September.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/17/world/asia/panjshir-resistance-taliban-massoud.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/17/world/asia/panjshir-resistance-taliban-massoud.html |archive-date=28 December 2021 |url-access=limited |title=In Panjshir, Few Signs of an Active Resistance, or Any Fight at All |newspaper=The New York Times |date=17 September 2021 |last1=Huylebroek |first1=Jim |last2=Blue |first2=Victor J.}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

According to the [[Costs of War Project]], 176,000 people were killed in the conflict, including 46,319 civilians, between 2001 and 2021.<ref>{{cite web|title=Human and Budgetary Costs to Date of the U.S. War in Afghanistan, 2001–2022 {{!}} Figures {{!}} Costs of War|url=https://watson.brown.edu/costsofwar/figures/2021/human-and-budgetary-costs-date-us-war-afghanistan-2001-2022|access-date=1 September 2021|website=The Costs of War|archive-date=6 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906010357/https://watson.brown.edu/costsofwar/figures/2021/human-and-budgetary-costs-date-us-war-afghanistan-2001-2022|url-status=live}}</ref> According to the [[Uppsala Conflict Data Program]], at least 212,191 people were killed in the conflict.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ucdp.uu.se/country/700|title=UCDP – Uppsala Conflict Data Program|website=ucdp.uu.se|access-date=25 December 2022|archive-date=19 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819054652/https://www.ucdp.uu.se/country/700|url-status=live}}</ref> Though the state of war in the country ended in 2021, armed conflict persists in some regions<ref>{{cite web |title=One year later, Austin acknowledges lasting questions over Afghanistan war's end |url=https://www.stripes.com/theaters/us/2022-08-30/lasting-questions-afghanistan-withdrawal-7156882.html |access-date=1 October 2022 |website=Stars and Stripes |archive-date=1 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001113942/https://www.stripes.com/theaters/us/2022-08-30/lasting-questions-afghanistan-withdrawal-7156882.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=9 March 2022 |title=Karzai says while the war has ended, unity has not yet been achieved {{!}} Ariana News |url=https://www.ariananews.af/karzai-says-while-the-war-has-ended-unity-has-not-yet-been-achieved/ |access-date=1 October 2022 |website=ariananews.af|archive-date=1 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001113942/https://www.ariananews.af/karzai-says-while-the-war-has-ended-unity-has-not-yet-been-achieved/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=26 January 2022 |title=Briefing by Special Representative Deborah Lyons to the Security Council |url=https://unama.unmissions.org/briefing-special-representative-deborah-lyons-security-council-10 |access-date=1 October 2022 |website=UNAMA|archive-date=4 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004064300/https://unama.unmissions.org/briefing-special-representative-deborah-lyons-security-council-10 |url-status=live }}</ref> amid [[Islamic State–Taliban conflict|fighting between the Taliban and the local branch of the Islamic State]], as well as an anti-Taliban [[Republican insurgency in Afghanistan|Republican insurgency]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Hamid Karzai stays on in Afghanistan — hoping for the best, but unable to leave|publisher=[[NPR]] |url=https://www.npr.org/2022/08/08/1115674232/afghanistan-taliban-hamid-karzai-us-withdrawal |access-date=15 October 2022 |archive-date=19 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119174316/https://www.npr.org/2022/08/08/1115674232/afghanistan-taliban-hamid-karzai-us-withdrawal |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Taliban Humvee in Kabul, August 2021 (cropped).png|thumb|left|Taliban fighters in Kabul on a captured [[Humvee]] following the [[Fall of Kabul (2021)|2021 fall of Kabul]]]]

The Taliban government is led by [[Head of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan|supreme leader]] [[Hibatullah Akhundzada]]<ref>{{cite news|last=Zucchino|first=David|date=1 September 2021|title=Shifting to Governing, Taliban Will Name Supreme Afghan Leader|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/01/world/asia/afghanistan-taliban-government-leader.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/01/world/asia/afghanistan-taliban-government-leader.html |archive-date=28 December 2021 |url-access=limited|access-date=6 September 2021|issn=0362-4331}}{{cbignore}}</ref> and acting prime minister [[Hasan Akhund]], who took office on 7 September 2021.<ref>{{cite news |title=گروه طالبان حکومت جدید خود را با رهبری ملا حسن اخوند اعلام کرد |publisher=BBC News فارسی |url=https://www.bbc.com/persian/afghanistan-58477769 |access-date=8 October 2021 |archive-date=7 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907202525/https://www.bbc.com/persian/afghanistan-58477769 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=7 September 2021|title=Taliban announce new government for Afghanistan|publisher=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-58479750|access-date=9 September 2021|archive-date=7 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907212403/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-58479750|url-status=live}}</ref> Akhund is one of the four founders of the Taliban<ref>{{cite news|title=Profile: Who is Afghanistan's new caretaker prime minister?|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2319144/profile-who-is-afghanistans-new-caretaker-prime-minister|newspaper=The Express Tribune|date=8 September 2021|access-date=8 October 2021|archive-date=8 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908140526/https://tribune.com.pk/story/2319144/profile-who-is-afghanistans-new-caretaker-prime-minister|url-status=live}}</ref> and was a deputy prime minister of the previous emirate; his appointment was seen as a compromise between moderates and hardliners.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-58479750|title=Hardliners get key posts in new Taliban government|publisher=BBC News|date=7 September 2021|access-date=9 September 2021|archive-date=7 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907212403/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-58479750|url-status=live}}</ref> A [[Cabinet of Afghanistan|new, all-male cabinet]] was formed, which included [[Abdul Hakim Haqqani]] as minister of justice.<ref>{{cite news |title=Taliban Announces Head of State, Acting Ministers |date=7 September 2021 |newspaper=[[TOLOnews]] |url=https://tolonews.com/afghanistan-174556 |access-date=7 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907182414/https://tolonews.com/afghanistan-174556 |archive-date=7 September 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Taliban Name Their Deputy Ministers, Doubling Down On An All-Male Team |date=21 September 2021 |publisher=[[NPR]] |url=https://www.npr.org/2021/09/21/1039232797/taliban-women-all-male-government-cabinet-ministers |access-date=8 October 2021 |archive-date=10 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211010123846/https://www.npr.org/2021/09/21/1039232797/taliban-women-all-male-government-cabinet-ministers |url-status=live }}</ref> On 20 September 2021, [[Secretary-General of the United Nations|United Nations Secretary-General]] [[António Guterres]] received a letter from acting [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Afghanistan)|minister of foreign affairs]] [[Amir Khan Muttaqi]] to formally claim Afghanistan's seat as a member state for their official spokesman in [[Doha]], [[Suhail Shaheen]]. The United Nations did not recognize the previous Taliban government and chose to work with the then government-in-exile instead.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2021/9/24/who-will-speak-for-afghanistan-at-the-united-nations|title=Who will speak for Afghanistan at the United Nations?|publisher=[[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]]|date=26 September 2021|access-date=8 October 2021|archive-date=14 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211014060240/https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2021/9/24/who-will-speak-for-afghanistan-at-the-united-nations|url-status=live}}</ref>

Western nations suspended most of their humanitarian aid to Afghanistan following the Taliban's August 2021 takeover of the country; the [[World Bank]] and [[International Monetary Fund]] also halted their payments.<ref>{{cite news |title=China urges World Bank, IMF to help Afghanistan |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/world/news/china-urges-world-bank-imf-to-help-afghanistan-20211028 |work=News24 |date=28 October 2021 |access-date=12 November 2021 |archive-date=2 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220602222034/https://www.news24.com/news24/world/news/china-urges-world-bank-imf-to-help-afghanistan-20211028 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Afghanistan: Can the Taliban avert a food crisis without foreign aid? |url=https://www.dw.com/en/afghanistan-can-the-taliban-avert-a-food-crisis-without-foreign-aid/a-59790464 |publisher=Deutsche Welle |date=11 November 2021 |access-date=12 November 2021 |archive-date=26 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226203615/http://www.dw.com/en/afghanistan-can-the-taliban-avert-a-food-crisis-without-foreign-aid/a-59790464 |url-status=live }}</ref> More than half of Afghanistan's 39 million people faced an acute [[Food security|food shortage]] in October 2021.<ref>{{cite news |title='Countdown to catastrophe': half of Afghans face hunger this winter – UN |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2021/oct/25/countdown-to-catastrophe-half-of-afghans-face-hunger-this-winter-un |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=25 October 2021 |access-date=12 November 2021 |archive-date=9 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220609005548/https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2021/oct/25/countdown-to-catastrophe-half-of-afghans-face-hunger-this-winter-un |url-status=live }}</ref> Human Rights Watch reported on 11 November 2021 that Afghanistan was facing widespread [[famine]] due to an economic and banking crisis.<ref>{{cite news |title=Afghanistan Facing Famine: UN, World Bank, US Should Adjust Sanctions, Economic Policies |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/11/11/afghanistan-facing-famine |publisher=Human Rights Watch |date=11 November 2021 |access-date=12 November 2021 |archive-date=12 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512115310/https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/11/11/afghanistan-facing-famine |url-status=live }}</ref>

The Taliban initially significantly tackled corruption, improving on the [[Corruption Perceptions Index|corruption perceptions index]] from 174th to 150th out of 180 countries from 2021 to 2022,<ref name=":0" /> but dropping to 162nd in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 January 2024 |title=2023 Corruption Perceptions Index: Explore the results |url=https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi/2023 |access-date=30 December 2024 |website=Transparency.org |language=en |archive-date=4 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204001659/https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi/2023 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Taliban have also reportedly reduced bribery and extortion in public service areas.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |date=31 January 2023 |title=Can the Taliban Tackle Corruption in Afghanistan? |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/can-the-taliban-tackle-corruption-in-afghanistan-/6942205.html |access-date=16 August 2023 |website=VOA |quote=Taliban-ruled Afghanistan is ranked 150th, a remarkable status upgrade from its 174th ranking in 2021. In 2011, at the height of U.S. military and developmental engagement in Afghanistan, the country was ranked 180th, next to North Korea and Somalia. |archive-date=16 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816235333/https://www.voanews.com/a/can-the-taliban-tackle-corruption-in-afghanistan-/6942205.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Iran vs Afghanistan.jpg|thumb|A Taliban official with Iranian Foreign Minister [[Hossein Amir-Abdollahian]] in 2023]]
At the same time, the human rights situation in the country has deteriorated.<ref>{{cite web |title=Taliban blasted for 'shocking oppression' of women |website=Arab News |date=12 September 2023 |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2372216/world |access-date=13 September 2023 |archive-date=12 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230912213450/https://www.arabnews.com/node/2372216/world |url-status=live }}</ref> Following the 2001 invasion, more than 5.7 million refugees returned to Afghanistan;<ref>Afghan Refugees, Costs of War, {{cite web |url=http://costsofwar.org/article/afghan-refugees |title=Afghan Refugees | Costs of War |access-date=5 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310001659/http://costsofwar.org/article/afghan-refugees |archive-date=10 March 2013}}, 2012</ref> however, in 2021, 2.6 million Afghans remained refugees, primarily in Iran and Pakistan, and another 4 million were internally displaced.<ref>{{cite web |title=In numbers: Life in Afghanistan after America leaves |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-57767067 |publisher=BBC News |date=13 July 2021 |access-date=15 July 2021 |archive-date=23 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823133602/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-57767067 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In October 2023, the Pakistani government ordered the [[expulsion of Afghans from Pakistan]].<ref>{{cite news |title='What's wrong?': The silence of Pakistanis on expulsion of Afghan refugees |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/22/whats-wrong-the-silence-of-pakistanis-on-expulsion-of-afghan-refugees |publisher=Al Jazeera |date=22 November 2023 |access-date=26 January 2024 |archive-date=26 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126111459/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/22/whats-wrong-the-silence-of-pakistanis-on-expulsion-of-afghan-refugees |url-status=live }}</ref> Iran also decided to deport [[Afghans in Iran|Afghan]] nationals back to Afghanistan.<ref>{{cite news |title=Afghans Banned From 16 Provinces In Iran As Forced Exodus Continues |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/iran-afghans-banned-provinces/32713320.html |publisher=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty |date=4 December 2023 |access-date=26 January 2024 |archive-date=26 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126112954/https://www.rferl.org/a/iran-afghans-banned-provinces/32713320.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Taliban authorities condemned the deportations of Afghans as an "inhuman act".<ref>{{cite news |title=Taliban: Iran Deports Almost 350,000 Afghans Within 3 Months |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/taliban-iran-deports-almost-350-000-afghans-within-3-months/7392705.html |work=VOA News |date=11 December 2023 |access-date=26 January 2024 |archive-date=26 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126101758/https://www.voanews.com/a/taliban-iran-deports-almost-350-000-afghans-within-3-months/7392705.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Afghanistan faced a humanitarian crisis in late 2023.<ref>{{cite news |title=Over 1 mn Afghan children facing severe malnutrition, says WHO chief |url=https://www.business-standard.com/world-news/over-1-mn-afghan-children-facing-severe-malnutrition-says-who-chief-123122200080_1.html |work=Business Standard |date=22 December 2023 |access-date=26 January 2024 |archive-date=1 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240101131416/https://www.business-standard.com/world-news/over-1-mn-afghan-children-facing-severe-malnutrition-says-who-chief-123122200080_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 10 November 2024, Afghanistan's Foreign Ministry confirmed that Taliban representatives would attend the [[2024 United Nations Climate Change Conference]], marking the first time the country participated since the Taliban's return to power in 2021. Afghanistan had been barred from previous summits due to the lack of global recognition of the Taliban regime.<ref>{{cite news |title=Afghanistan's Taliban send delegation to COP climate summit |date=10 November 2024 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/afghanistans-taliban-send-delegation-to-cop-climate-summit/a-70746139 |website=DW News |access-date=11 November 2024 |archive-date=11 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241111055530/https://www.dw.com/en/afghanistans-taliban-send-delegation-to-cop-climate-summit/a-70746139 |url-status=live }}</ref> In May 2025, Iran ordered the [[2025 Afghan deportation from Iran|mass deportation of an estimated 4 million Afghan migrants and refugees]].<ref>{{cite news |title='They threw us out like garbage': Iran rushes deportation of 4 million Afghans before deadline |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2025/jul/07/iran-rushes-deportation-4-million-afghans-deadline-women-repression |work=The Guardian |date=7 July 2025}}</ref>

== Geography ==
{{Main|Geography of Afghanistan}}
{{Map of Afghanistan}}
Afghanistan is located in Southern-Central Asia.<ref>* {{cite web |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/ofr-97-470/OF97-470C/asiaGmap.html |title=U.S. maps |publisher=Pubs.usgs.gov |access-date=19 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225134851/http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/ofr-97-470/OF97-470C/asiaGmap.html |archive-date=25 December 2013 }}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/region/sar |title=South Asia: Data, Projects, and Research |access-date=2 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150301035209/http://www.worldbank.org/en/region/sar |archive-date=1 March 2015 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite web |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/ofr-97-470/OF97-470C/asiaGmap.html |title=Maps Showing Geology, Oil and Gas Fields and Geological Provinces of South Asia (Includes Afghanistan) |access-date=2 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225134851/http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/ofr-97-470/OF97-470C/asiaGmap.html |archive-date=25 December 2013 }}
* {{cite web |url=http://jsis.washington.edu/advise/catalog/soasia-b.html |title=University of Washington Jackson School of International Studies: The South Asia Center |access-date=2 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402100846/http://jsis.washington.edu/advise/catalog/soasia-b.html |archive-date=2 April 2015 }}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.maxwell.syr.edu/moynihan/programs/sac/ |title=Syracruse University: The South Asia Center |date=26 March 2013 |access-date=2 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150326065054/http://www.maxwell.syr.edu/moynihan/programs/sac/ |archive-date=26 March 2015 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.ii.umich.edu/csas |title=Center for South Asian Studies (CSAS) |website= U-M LSA |access-date=2 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071211204817/http://www.ii.umich.edu/csas/ |archive-date=11 December 2007 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://millenniumindicators.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm#asia |title=Composition of macro geographical (continental) regions, geographical sub-regions, and selected economic and other groupings |publisher=[[UNdata]] | date=26 April 2011 |access-date=13 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713041240/http://millenniumindicators.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm |archive-date=13 July 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/7798/Afghanistan |title=Afghanistan |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=17 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100225235842/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/7798/Afghanistan |archive-date=25 February 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Tan |first1=Anjelica |title=A new strategy for Central Asia |url=https://thehill.com/opinion/international/483511-a-new-strategy-for-central-asia |work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] |date=18 February 2020 |quote=, as Afghan President Ashraf Ghani has noted, Afghanistan is itself a Central Asian country. |access-date=28 March 2020 |archive-date=16 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816055841/https://thehill.com/opinion/international/483511-a-new-strategy-for-central-asia |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Afghanistan {{!}} meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary |publisher=Cambridge University |isbn=978-1-107-61950-0 |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/afghanistan |access-date=28 March 2020 |archive-date=6 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191006145913/https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/afghanistan |url-status=live }}</ref> The region centered in Afghanistan is considered the "crossroads of Asia",<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GB-JV2eOr2UC&pg=PA257|title=Early Buddhist Transmission and Trade Networks: Mobility and Exchange Within and Beyond the Northwestern Borderlands of South Asia|first=Jason|last=Neelis|date=19 November 2010|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-18159-5}}</ref> and the country has had the nickname Heart of Asia.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cemml.colostate.edu/cultural/09476/afgh01.html |title=Afghanistan: Cultural Crossroad at the Heart of Asia |access-date=17 June 2020 |archive-date=30 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200830013605/https://www.cemml.colostate.edu/cultural/09476/afgh01.html }}</ref> The renowned [[Urdu]] poet [[Allama Iqbal]] once wrote about the country:

{{Blockquote|Asia is a body of water and earth, of which the Afghan nation is the heart. From its discord, the discord of Asia; and from its accord, the accord of Asia.}}

At over {{convert|652864|km2|abbr=on}},<ref>{{cite web|title=Land area (sq. km) |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/AG.LND.TOTL.K2 |work=World Development Indicators |publisher=World Bank |access-date=13 October 2011 |year=2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029185313/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/AG.LND.TOTL.K2 |archive-date=29 October 2013 }}</ref> Afghanistan is the world's [[List of countries and dependencies by area|41st largest country]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2147.html#af |title=CIA Factbook – Area: 41 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency | date=26 November 1991 |access-date=4 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140131115000/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2147.html |archive-date=31 January 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is slightly bigger than France and smaller than Myanmar, and about the size of Texas in the United States. There is no coastline, as Afghanistan is [[landlocked]]. Afghanistan shares its longest land border (the [[Durand Line]]) with Pakistan to the east and south, followed by borders with Tajikistan to the northeast, Iran to the west, Turkmenistan to the north-west, Uzbekistan to the north, and China to the far northeast; India claims a border with Afghanistan through Pakistani-administered [[Kashmir]].<ref>[https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/BMIntro-1011.pdf "International Land Border."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308124901/https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/BMIntro-1011.pdf |date=8 March 2021 }} India Ministry of Home Affairs. Retrieved 13 November 2021.</ref> Clockwise from south-west, Afghanistan shares borders with the [[Sistan and Baluchestan Province]], South Khorasan Province, and [[Razavi Khorasan Province]] of Iran; [[Ahal Region]], [[Mary Region]], and [[Lebap Region]] of Turkmenistan; [[Surxondaryo Region]] of Uzbekistan; [[Khatlon Region]] and [[Gorno-Badakhshan|Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region]] of Tajikistan; [[Xinjiang|Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region]] of China; and the [[Gilgit-Baltistan|Gilgit-Baltistan territory]], [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province]], and [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan province]] of Pakistan.<ref>{{cite book|author=Cary Gladstone|title=Afghanistan Revisited|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aH_KCWVB6W0C&pg=PA121|year=2001|publisher=Nova Publishers|isbn=978-1-59033-421-8|page=121}}</ref>

[[File:FrontLines Environment Photo Contest Winner -5 (5808476109).jpg|thumb|Floodplain cultivation in the [[Wakhan Corridor]], [[Pamir Mountains]]]]

The geography in Afghanistan is varied, but is mostly mountainous and rugged, with some unusual mountain ridges accompanied by plateaus and river basins.<ref name="Fisher-2002">{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LclscNCTz9oC&pg=PA59|title=The Far East and Australasia 2003|date=2002|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-1-85743-133-9|chapter=Afghanistan: Physical and Social Geography|last=Fisher|first=W. B.|pages=59–60|archive-date=28 June 2025|access-date=12 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250628041355/https://books.google.com/books?id=LclscNCTz9oC&pg=PA59|url-status=live}}</ref> It is dominated by the [[Hindu Kush]] range, the western extension of the [[Himalayas]] that stretches to eastern [[Tibet]] via the [[Pamir Mountains]] and [[Karakoram]] Mountains in Afghanistan's far north-east. Most of the highest points are in the east, consisting of fertile mountain valleys, often considered part of the "[[Roof of the World]]". The Hindu Kush ends at the west-central highlands, creating plains in the north and southwest, namely the [[Turkestan]] Plains and the [[Sistan Basin]]; these two regions consist of rolling grasslands and semi-deserts, as well as hot, windy deserts, respectively.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l_AdBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT26|title=Afghanistan|first=Kim|last=Whitehead|date=21 October 2014|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-1-63355-989-9}}</ref> Forests exist in the corridor between the provinces of [[Nuristan Province|Nuristan]] and [[Paktika Province|Paktika]] (see [[East Afghan montane conifer forests]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cropwatch.unl.edu/documents/Forests%20of%20Afghanistan.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://cropwatch.unl.edu/documents/Forests%20of%20Afghanistan.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live |title=Forests of Afghanistan |website=cropwatch.unl.edu |access-date=28 June 2021 }}</ref> and [[tundra]] in the northeast. The country's highest point is [[Noshaq]], at {{convert|7492|m|abbr=on}} above sea level.<ref name="Factbook">{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Afghanistan|access-date=24 September 2022|year=2022}}</ref> The lowest point is located in [[Jowzjan Province]] along the Amu River bank, at {{convert|258|m|abbr=on}} above sea level.

[[File:Afghan topo en.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|The mountainous [[topography]] of Afghanistan]]

Despite having numerous rivers and [[list of dams and reservoirs in Afghanistan|reservoirs]], large parts of the country are dry. The [[endorheic]] Sistan Basin is one of the world's driest regions.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://postconflict.unep.ch/publications/sistan.pdf |title=History of Environmental Change in the Sistan Basin 1976–2005 |access-date=20 July 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070807214557/http://postconflict.unep.ch/publications/sistan.pdf |archive-date=7 August 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Amu Darya]] rises in the north of the Hindu Kush, while the nearby [[Hari (Afghanistan)|Hari River]] flows west towards [[Herat]], and the [[Arghandab River]] flows from the central region southwards. To the south and west of the Hindu Kush flow a number of streams that are tributaries of the [[Indus River]],<ref name="Fisher-2002"/> such as the [[Helmand River]]. The [[Kabul River]] flows in an easterly direction to the Indus, ending at the Indian Ocean.<ref name="afghanistans.com-1">{{cite web|url=https://www.afghanistans.com/Information/RiversLakes.htm|title=Afghanistan Rivers Lakes – Afghanistan's Web Site|website=afghanistans.com|access-date=12 June 2020|archive-date=15 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815172309/https://www.afghanistans.com/Information/RiversLakes.htm}}</ref> Afghanistan receives heavy snow during the winter in the Hindu Kush and Pamir Mountains, and the melting snow in the spring season enters the [[List of rivers of Afghanistan|rivers, lakes, and streams]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/NaturalHazards/view.php?id=16066 |title=Snow in Afghanistan: Natural Hazards |publisher=NASA | date=3 February 2006 |access-date=6 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230235107/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/NaturalHazards/view.php?id=16066 |archive-date=30 December 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://in.reuters.com/article/afghanistan-snow-idINDEE80H0BR20120118 |work=Reuters |title=Snow may end Afghan drought, but bitter winter looms | date=18 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233432/http://in.reuters.com/article/2012/01/18/afghanistan-snow-idINDEE80H0BR20120118 |archive-date=30 December 2013}}</ref> However, two-thirds of the country's water flows into the neighboring countries of Iran, Pakistan, and [[Turkmenistan]]. As reported in 2010, the state needs more than US$2 billion to rehabilitate its irrigation systems so that the water is properly managed.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Asia-South-Central/2010/0615/Afghanistan-s-woeful-water-management-delights-neighbors |title=Afghanistan's woeful water management delights neighbors |work=The Christian Science Monitor | date=15 June 2010 |access-date=14 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101114131338/http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Asia-South-Central/2010/0615/Afghanistan-s-woeful-water-management-delights-neighbors |archive-date=14 November 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In Afghanistan, [[forest cover]] accounts for approximately 2% of the total land area, equivalent to 1,208,440 hectares (ha) of forest in 2020, which remained unchanged since 1990. Of the naturally regenerating forest, 0% was reported to be [[primary forest]] (consisting of native tree species with no clearly visible indications of human activity), and around 0% of the forest area was found within protected areas. For the year 2015, 100% of the forest area was reported to be under [[State ownership|public ownership]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/a6e225da-4a31-4e06-818d-ca3aeadfd635/content |title=Terms and Definitions FRA 2025 Forest Resources Assessment, Working Paper 194 |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |year=2023 |archive-date=11 September 2024 |access-date=10 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240911122341/https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/a6e225da-4a31-4e06-818d-ca3aeadfd635/content |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020, Afghanistan |url=https://fra-data.fao.org/assessments/fra/2020/AFG/home/overview |website=Food Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |access-date=10 September 2024 |archive-date=10 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240910130107/https://fra-data.fao.org/assessments/fra/2020/AFG/home/overview/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The northeastern Hindu Kush [[mountain range]], located in and around the [[Badakhshan Province]] of Afghanistan, is situated in a [[natural environment#Geological activity|geologically active]] area where earthquakes occur almost every year.<ref>{{cite tech report |last=Crone |first=Anthony J. |title=Earthquakes Pose a Serious Hazard in Afghanistan |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2007/3027/pdf/FS07-3027_508.pdf |publisher=[[US Geological Survey]] |access-date=14 October 2011 |id=Fact Sheet FS 2007–3027 | date=April 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130727072311/http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2007/3027/pdf/FS07-3027_508.pdf |archive-date=27 July 2013 }}</ref> They can be deadly and destructive, causing [[landslide]]s in some parts or [[2009 Afghan avalanches|avalanches]] during the winter.<ref>{{cite web|title=Earthquake Hazards |url=https://afghanistan.cr.usgs.gov/earthquake-hazards |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004040745/http://afghanistan.cr.usgs.gov/earthquake-hazards |archive-date=4 October 2011 |work=USGS Projects in Afghanistan |publisher=US Geological Survey |access-date=13 October 2011 | date=1 August 2011 }}</ref> In June 2022, a [[June 2022 Afghanistan earthquake|destructive 5.9 earthquake]] struck near the border with Pakistan, killing at least 1,150 people and sparking fears of a major humanitarian crisis.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Noroozi |first1=Ebrahim |title=Deadly quake a new blow to Afghans enervated by poverty |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/world/article/deadly-quake-a-new-blow-to-afghans-enervated-by-poverty/ |access-date=3 July 2022 |agency=[[Associated Press]] |publisher=[[CTV News]] |date=25 June 2022 |archive-date=3 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703044828/https://www.ctvnews.ca/world/deadly-quake-a-new-blow-to-afghans-enervated-by-poverty-1.5963026 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 7 October 2023, a [[October 2023 Afghanistan earthquake|6.3 magnitude earthquake]] struck northwest of Herat, killing over 1,400 people.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/afghanistan/afghanistan-earthquakes-herat-province-health-situation-report-no-12-november-2023|website=reliefweb.int|title=Afghanistan: Earthquakes in Herat Province, Health Situation Report No. 12, November 2023|date=2 December 2023|access-date=19 February 2024|archive-date=5 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240405192018/https://reliefweb.int/report/afghanistan/afghanistan-earthquakes-herat-province-health-situation-report-no-12-november-2023|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Climate ===
[[File:Koppen-Geiger Map v2 AFG 1991–2020.svg|thumb|[[Köppen climate classification|Köppen climate map]] of Afghanistan<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Beck |first1=Hylke E. |last2=Zimmermann |first2=Niklaus E. |last3=McVicar |first3=Tim R. |last4=Vergopolan |first4=Noemi |last5=Berg |first5=Alexis |last6=Wood |first6=Eric F.|author6-link=Eric Franklin Wood |title=Present and future Köppen-Geiger climate classification maps at 1-km resolution |journal=Scientific Data |date=30 October 2018 |volume=5 |article-number=180214 |doi=10.1038/sdata.2018.214 |pmid=30375988 |pmc=6207062 |bibcode=2018NatSD...580214B }}</ref>]]
Afghanistan has a [[continental climate]] with harsh winters in the [[Hazarajat|central highlands]], the glaciated northeast (around [[Nuristan]]), and the [[Wakhan Corridor]], where the average temperature in January is below {{convert|-15|C}} and can reach {{convert|-26|C}},<ref name="Fisher-2002"/> and hot summers in the low-lying areas of the [[Sistan Basin]] of the southwest, the [[Jalalabad]] basin in the east, and the [[Afghan Turkestan|Turkestan]] plains along the [[Amu River]] in the north, where temperatures average over {{convert|35|C}} in July<ref name="Factbook"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Afghanistan {{!}} History, Map, Flag, Capital, Population, & Languages|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Afghanistan|access-date=23 March 2021|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|archive-date=11 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111113403/https://www.britannica.com/place/Afghanistan|url-status=live}}</ref> and can go over {{convert|43|C}}.<ref name="Fisher-2002"/> The country is generally [[arid]] in the summers, with most rainfall falling between December and April. The lower areas of northern and western Afghanistan are the driest, with precipitation more common in the east. Although proximate to India, Afghanistan is mostly outside the [[monsoon]] zone,<ref name="Fisher-2002"/> except the [[Nuristan Province]], which occasionally receives summer monsoon rain.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=69V7DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA31|title=Terraced Landscapes|first=Drago|last=Kladnik|date=1 September 2017|publisher=Založba ZRC|isbn=978-961-05-0019-3}}</ref>

Although Afghanistan has contributed minimally to global [[greenhouse gas emissions]], it is one of the most vulnerable countries to [[climate change]] and least prepared to cope with its impacts.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Notre Dame Global Adaptation Initiative |title=Country Index Rankings |url=https://gain.nd.edu/our-work/country-index/rankings/ |access-date=2 December 2024 |archive-date=3 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250303150416/https://gain.nd.edu/our-work/country-index/rankings/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Climate change in Afghanistan]] is causing more frequent and severe droughts.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Afghanistan: The alarming effects of climate change {{!}} OCHA |url=https://www.unocha.org/news/afghanistan-alarming-effects-climate-change |access-date=2 December 2024 |website=www.unocha.org |language=en |archive-date=4 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204072850/https://www.unocha.org/news/afghanistan-alarming-effects-climate-change |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Clark |first=Kate |date=6 November 2021 |title=Global Warming and Afghanistan: Drought, hunger and thirst expected to worsen |url=https://www.afghanistan-analysts.org/en/reports/economy-development-environment/global-warming-and-afghanistan-drought-hunger-and-thirst-expected-to-worsen/ |access-date=2 December 2024 |website=Afghanistan Analysts Network – English |language=ps-GB |archive-date=3 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203223701/https://www.afghanistan-analysts.org/en/reports/economy-development-environment/global-warming-and-afghanistan-drought-hunger-and-thirst-expected-to-worsen/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Severe drought conditions affect 25 of the country's 34 provinces, impacting over half the population.<ref name=":43">{{Cite web |last=United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) |date=1 August 2023 |title=Afghanistan: The alarming effects of climate change {{!}} OCHA |url=https://www.unocha.org/news/afghanistan-alarming-effects-climate-change |access-date=3 December 2024 |website=www.unocha.org |language=en |archive-date=4 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204072850/https://www.unocha.org/news/afghanistan-alarming-effects-climate-change |url-status=live }}</ref> These droughts cause [[desertification]],<ref name=":43"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Socio-Economic Impacts of Climate Change in Afghanistan. A Report to the Department for International Development |url=https://www.weadapt.org/sites/weadapt.org/files/legacy-new/placemarks/files/5345354491559sei-dfid-afghanistan-report-1-.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200628173538/https://www.weadapt.org/sites/weadapt.org/files/legacy-new/placemarks/files/5345354491559sei-dfid-afghanistan-report-1-.pdf |archive-date=28 June 2020 |access-date=7 September 2021}}</ref> reduce [[Food security|food]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=World Food Programme |title=Afghanistan |url=https://www.wfp.org/emergencies/afghanistan-emergency |access-date=5 December 2024 |website=www.wfp.org |language=en}}</ref> and [[water security]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Akhundzadah |first1=Noor Ahmad |last2=Soltani |first2=Salim |last3=Aich |first3=Valentin |date=23 September 2020 |title=Impacts of Climate Change on the Water Resources of the Kunduz River Basin, Afghanistan |journal=Climate |language=en |volume=8 |issue=10 |page=102 |doi=10.3390/cli8100102 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2020Clim....8..102A |issn=2225-1154}}</ref> disrupt agriculture, and cause [[Internally displaced person|internal displacement]].<ref name="actionaid.org">{{Cite web |date=22 July 2021 |title=Women and children most at risk as climate change and conflict drive migration in Afghanistan {{!}} ActionAid International |url=https://actionaid.org/news/2021/women-and-children-most-risk-climate-change-and-conflict-drive-migration-afghanistan |access-date=3 December 2024 |website=actionaid.org |language=en}}</ref> Extreme rainfall over short periods is also more likely, increasing the risk of [[flood]]s and [[landslide]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Afghanistan's impending climate disaster – DW – 08/30/2021 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/amid-taliban-takeover-climate-change-could-drive-conflict/a-59025446 |access-date=3 December 2024 |website=dw.com |language=en |archive-date=7 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907131158/https://www.dw.com/en/amid-taliban-takeover-climate-change-could-drive-conflict/a-59025446 |url-status=live }}</ref> Due to rising temperatures, almost 14% of Afghanistan's glacier coverage was lost between 1990 and 2015,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bjelica |first=Jelena |date=5 January 2021 |title=Shrinking, Thinning, Retreating: Afghan glaciers under threat from climate change |url=https://www.afghanistan-analysts.org/en/reports/economy-development-environment/shrinking-thinning-retreating-afghan-glaciers-under-threat-from-climate-change/ |access-date=3 December 2024 |website=Afghanistan Analysts Network – English |language=ps-GB |archive-date=4 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904173007/https://www.afghanistan-analysts.org/en/reports/economy-development-environment/shrinking-thinning-retreating-afghan-glaciers-under-threat-from-climate-change/ |url-status=live }}</ref> increasing the risk of [[glacial lake outburst flood]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |last=International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development |date=12 July 2019 |title=Learning from a disaster event: Investigating the 2018 Panjshir flood in Afghanistan |url=https://www.icimod.org/success-stories/learning-from-a-disaster-event-investigating-the-2018-panjshir-flood-in-afghanistan/ |access-date=3 December 2024 |website=ICIMOD |archive-date=4 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204074349/https://www.icimod.org/success-stories/learning-from-a-disaster-event-investigating-the-2018-panjshir-flood-in-afghanistan/ |url-status=live }}</ref> By 2050, climate change could displace an additional 5 million people within Afghanistan.<ref name="actionaid.org"/><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Welle (www.dw.com) |first=Deutsche |title=Amid Taliban takeover, climate change could drive conflict {{!}} DW {{!}} 30 August 2021 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/amid-taliban-takeover-climate-change-could-drive-conflict/a-59025446 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907131158/https://www.dw.com/en/amid-taliban-takeover-climate-change-could-drive-conflict/a-59025446 |archive-date=7 September 2021 |access-date=8 September 2021 |website=DW.COM |language=en-GB}}</ref>

=== Biodiversity ===
{{Main|Wildlife of Afghanistan}}

[[File:Schneeleopard- P1020498.jpg|thumb|The [[snow leopard]] is the official national animal of Afghanistan.]]

Several types of mammals exist throughout Afghanistan. [[Snow leopard]]s, [[Siberian tiger]]s and [[brown bear]]s live in the high elevation [[alpine tundra]] regions. The [[Marco Polo sheep]] exclusively live in the Wakhan Corridor region of north-east Afghanistan. Foxes, [[wolves]], [[otter]]s, [[deer]], [[wild sheep]], [[lynx]] and other big cats populate the mountain forest region of the east. In the semi-desert northern plains, wildlife include a variety of birds, [[hedgehog]]s, [[gopher]]s, and large carnivores such as [[Golden jackal|jackal]]s and [[Striped hyena|hyena]]s.<ref name="Gritzner-2009">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q5QY3vCg338C&pg=PA22|title=Afghanistan, Second Edition|first1=Jeffrey A.|last1=Gritzner|first2=John F.|last2=Shroder|date=14 June 2009|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-0480-5}}</ref>

[[Gazelle]]s, [[wild boar|wild pigs]] and jackals populate the [[steppe]] plains of the south and west, while [[mongoose]] and cheetahs exist in the semi-desert south.<ref name="Gritzner-2009"/> [[Marmot]]s and [[ibex]] also live in the high mountains of Afghanistan, and [[pheasant]]s exist in some parts of the country.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.afghanistans.com/Information/PlantAnimal.htm|title=Afghanistan Plant and Animal Life – Afghanistan's Web Site|website=afghanistans.com|access-date=14 June 2020|archive-date=11 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711065504/http://www.afghanistans.com/information/PlantAnimal.htm}}</ref> The [[Afghan hound]] is a native breed of dog known for its fast speed and its long hair; it is relatively known in the west.<ref name="Wahab-2007">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y20MTE0C9kwC&pg=PA10|title=A Brief History of Afghanistan|first1=Shaista|last1=Wahab|first2=Barry|last2=Youngerman|date=14 June 2007|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-0819-3}}</ref>

[[Endemic]] fauna of Afghanistan includes the [[Afghan flying squirrel]], [[Afghan snowfinch]], ''[[Paradactylodon]]'' (or the "[[Paghman]] mountain salamander"), ''[[Stigmella kasyi]]'', ''[[Vulcaniella kabulensis]]'', [[Afghan leopard gecko]], ''[[Wheeleria parviflorellus]]'', among others. Endemic flora include ''[[Iris afghanica]]''. Afghanistan has a wide variety of birds despite its relatively arid climate – an estimated 460 species of which 235 breed within.<ref name="Wahab-2007"/>

The forest region of Afghanistan has vegetation such as [[pine tree]]s, [[spruce tree]]s, [[fir tree]]s and [[larch]]es, whereas the steppe grassland regions consist of [[broadleaf tree]]s, short grass, [[perennial plant]]s and [[shrubland]]s. The colder high elevation regions are composed of hardy grasses and small flowering plants.<ref name="Gritzner-2009"/> Several regions are designated [[List of protected areas of Afghanistan|protected areas]]; there are three [[national parks]]: [[Band-e Amir]], [[Wakhan National Park|Wakhan]] and [[Nuristan National Park|Nuristan]]. Afghanistan had a 2018 [[Forest Landscape Integrity Index]] mean score of 8.85/10, ranking it 15th globally out of 172 countries.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Grantham|first1=H. S.|last2=Duncan|first2=A.|last3=Evans|first3=T. D.|last4=Jones|first4=K. R.|last5=Beyer|first5=H. L.|last6=Schuster|first6=R.|last7=Walston|first7=J.|last8=Ray|first8=J. C.|last9=Robinson|first9=J. G.|last10=Callow|first10=M.|last11=Clements|first11=T.|last12=Costa|first12=H. M.|last13=DeGemmis|first13=A.|last14=Elsen|first14=P. R.|last15=Ervin|first15=J.|last16=Franco|first16=P.|last17=Goldman|first17=E.|last18=Goetz|first18=S.|last19=Hansen|first19=A.|last20=Hofsvang|first20=E.|last21=Jantz|first21=P.|last22=Jupiter|first22=S.|last23=Kang|first23=A.|last24=Langhammer|first24=P.|last25=Laurance|first25=W. F.|last26=Lieberman|first26=S.|last27=Linkie|first27=M.|last28=Malhi|first28=Y.|last29=Maxwell|first29=S.|last30=Mendez|first30=M.|last31=Mittermeier|first31=R.|last32=Murray|first32=N. J.|last33=Possingham|first33=H.|last34=Radachowsky|first34=J.|last35=Saatchi|first35=S.|last36=Samper|first36=C.|last37=Silverman|first37=J.|last38=Shapiro|first38=A.|last39=Strassburg|first39=B.|last40=Stevens|first40=T.|last41=Stokes|first41=E.|last42=Taylor|first42=R.|last43=Tear|first43=T.|last44=Tizard|first44=R.|last45=Venter|first45=O.|last46=Visconti|first46=P.|last47=Wang|first47=S.|last48=Watson|first48=J. E. M.|title=Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material|journal=Nature Communications|volume=11|issue=1|year=2020|page=5978|issn=2041-1723|doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3|pmid=33293507|pmc=7723057|bibcode=2020NatCo..11.5978G |doi-access=free}}</ref>

== Government and politics ==
{{Main|Government of Afghanistan|Politics of Afghanistan}}

[[File:200229-D-AP390-1529 (49603221753).jpg|thumb|[[Arg, Kabul|The Arg]] (the Presidential palace) in Kabul, photographed in 2020]]

Following the effective collapse of the [[Islamic Republic of Afghanistan]] during the [[2021 Taliban offensive]], the Taliban declared the country an Islamic Emirate. A new caretaker government was announced on 7 September.<ref name="BBCHardliners"/> {{As of|2025|July}}, only the [[Russian Federation]] has [[Recognition of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan|recognized the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan]] as the ''[[de jure]]'' government of Afghanistan.<ref name="Trevelyan">{{Cite news |last1=Trevelyan |first1=Mark |last2=Trevelyan |first2=Mark |date=3 July 2025 |title=Russia becomes first country to recognise Taliban government of Afghanistan |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/russia-becomes-first-country-recognise-taliban-government-afghanistan-2025-07-03/ |access-date=3 July 2025 |work=Reuters |language=en}}</ref> According to the [[V-Dem Democracy indices]] Afghanistan in 2023 was the third least [[Democracy in Asia|electoral democratic country in Asia]].<ref>{{cite web |last=V-Dem Institute |year=2023 |title=The V-Dem Dataset |url=https://www.v-dem.net/data/the-v-dem-dataset/ |access-date=14 October 2023 |archive-date=8 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208183458/https://www.v-dem.net/data/the-v-dem-dataset/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Afghanistan operates on a centralised [[Unitary state|unitary form of government]].<ref name="Unitary">{{cite web |title=INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND WATER MANAGEMENT BETWEEN THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN AND THE ISLAMIC EMIRATE OF AFGHANISTAN |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/382438045_INTERNATIONAL_RELATIONS_AND_WATER_MANAGEMENT_BETWEEN_THE_REPUBLIC_OF_UZBEKISTAN_AND_THE_ISLAMIC_EMIRATE_OF_AFGHANISTAN |author=Javohir Makhmatkulov |publisher=[[ResearchGate]] |date=2024-05-05 |quote=Afghanistan's unitary nation is primarily governed by the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, also referred to as the Afghan administration. The supreme leader and its religious consultants, whom they refer to as the Leadership together, possess concentrated political control in the Taliban-run emirate and theocracy that rules Afghanistan. }}</ref>

A traditional instrument of governance in Afghanistan is the ''[[loya jirga]]'' (grand assembly), a Pashtun consultative meeting that was mainly organized for choosing a new [[head of state]], adopting a new constitution, or to settle national or regional issue such as war.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1782079.stm |publisher=BBC News |title=Q&A: What is a loya jirga? |date=1 July 2002 |access-date=2 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190523165931/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1782079.stm |archive-date=23 May 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> Loya jirgas have been held since at least 1747,{{sfn|Barfield|2012|page=295}} with [[Afghanistan Ulema gathering|the most recent one]] occurring from June to July 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 June 2022 |title=Taliban meet tribal leaders, minority reps in first loya jirga since takeover |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2114061/world |access-date=8 April 2025 |website=[[Arab News]] |language=en |archive-date=25 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250125224255/https://www.arabnews.com/node/2114061/world |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Xu |first=Weiwei |date=3 July 2022 |title=Loya Jirga appeals for recognition of Taliban |url=https://global.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202207/03/WS62c197a5a310fd2b29e6a0cf.html |access-date=8 April 2025 |website=[[China Daily]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Khan |first=Omer Farooq |date=28 June 2022 |title=Taliban convene 'Loya Jirga' in Kabul |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/south-asia/taliban-convene-loya-jirga-in-kabul/articleshow/92500437.cms |access-date=8 April 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=4 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220704070505/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/south-asia/taliban-convene-loya-jirga-in-kabul/articleshow/92500437.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Development of Taliban government ===
{{See also|Akhund cabinet}}
{{multiple image
| total_width = 270
| perrow = 2
| direction = horizontal
| caption_align = center
| image1 = Hasan Akhund.png
| caption1 = [[Hasan Akhund]] [[Prime Minister of Afghanistan|Prime Minister]]
| image2 = Sirajuddin Haqqani (cropped).png
| caption2 = [[Sirajuddin Haqqani]] First [[Deputy Leader of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan|Deputy Leader]] and [[Interior Minister of Afghanistan|Interior Minister]]
| image3 = Mullah Yaqoob in January 2022.png
| caption3 = [[Mullah Yaqoob]] Second Deputy Leader and [[Ministry of Defense (Afghanistan)|Defense Minister]]
| image4 = Abdul_Ghani_Baradar.jpg
| caption4 = [[Abdul Ghani Baradar]] Third Deputy Leader and First [[Deputy Prime Minister of Afghanistan|Deputy Prime Minister]]
}}

On 17 August 2021, the leader of the Taliban-affiliated [[Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin|Hezb-e-Islami Gulbuddin]] party, [[Gulbuddin Hekmatyar]], met with both [[Hamid Karzai]], the former [[President of Afghanistan]], and [[Abdullah Abdullah]], the former chairman of the High Council for National Reconciliation and former [[Chief Executive (Afghanistan)|Chief Executive]], in [[Doha]], Qatar, with the aim of forming a [[national unity government]].<ref>{{cite web|date=16 August 2021|title=Afghanistan's Hekmatyar says heading for Doha with Karzai, Abdullah Abdullah to meet Taliban – Al Jazeera|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/afghanistans-hekmatyar-says-heading-doha-with-karzai-abdullah-abdullah-meet-2021-08-16/|access-date=18 August 2021|work=Reuters|archive-date=16 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816202122/https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/afghanistans-hekmatyar-says-heading-doha-with-karzai-abdullah-abdullah-meet-2021-08-16/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=AFP|date=18 August 2021|title=Taliban met ex-Afghan leader Karzai, Abdullah Abdullah|url=https://www.brecorder.com/news/40114270|access-date=18 August 2021|website=Brecorder|archive-date=18 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818215958/https://www.brecorder.com/news/40114270|url-status=live}}</ref> President Ashraf Ghani, having fled the country during the Taliban advance to either Tajikistan or [[Uzbekistan]], emerged in the United Arab Emirates and said that he supported such negotiations and was in talks to return to Afghanistan.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Macias|first2=Natasha |last2=Turak|first1= Amanda|date=18 August 2021|title=Ousted Afghan President Ashraf Ghani resurfaces in UAE after fleeing Kabul, Emirati government says|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/08/18/afghan-president-ashraf-ghani-is-in-uae-after-fleeing-afghanistan.html|access-date=19 August 2021|publisher=[[CNBC]]|archive-date=18 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818141114/https://www.cnbc.com/2021/08/18/afghan-president-ashraf-ghani-is-in-uae-after-fleeing-afghanistan.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Ghani says he backs talks as Taliban meet with Karzai, Abdullah|url=https://www.newagebd.net/article/146741/ghani-says-he-backs-talks-as-taliban-meet-with-karzai-abdullah|access-date=18 August 2021|website=New Age|archive-date=18 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818215958/https://www.newagebd.net/article/146741/ghani-says-he-backs-talks-as-taliban-meet-with-karzai-abdullah|url-status=live}}</ref> Many figures within the Taliban generally agreed that continuation of the [[2004 Constitution of Afghanistan]] may, if correctly applied, be workable as the basis for the new religious state as their objections to the former government were political, and not religious.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Osman|first1=Borhan|url=https://cic.nyu.edu/sites/default/files/taliban_future_state_final.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://cic.nyu.edu/sites/default/files/taliban_future_state_final.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live|title=Taliban Views on a Future State|date=July 2016|publisher=[[New York University]]|page=7}}</ref>

Hours after the final flight of American troops left Kabul on 30 August, a Taliban official interviewed said that a new government would likely be announced as early as Friday 3 September after [[Jumu'ah]]. It was added that Hibatullah Akhundzada would be officially named [[Head of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan|Emir]], with cabinet ministers being revealed at the [[Arg (Kabul)|Arg]] in an official ceremony. Abdul Ghani Baradar would be named [[head of government]] as [[Prime Minister of Afghanistan|Prime Minister]], while other important positions would go to [[Sirajuddin Haqqani]] and [[Mullah Yaqoob]]. Beneath the supreme leader, day-to-day governance will be entrusted to the [[Cabinet of Afghanistan#Islamic Emirate (2021–present)|cabinet]].<ref>{{cite web|date=2 September 2021|title=Afghanistan: Taliban expected to announce new government|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/sep/02/afghanistan-taliban-expected-to-announce-new-government|access-date=2 September 2021|website=[[The Guardian]]|archive-date=2 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902115607/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/sep/02/afghanistan-taliban-expected-to-announce-new-government|url-status=live}}</ref>

In a report by CNN-News18, sources said the new government was going to be governed similarly to Iran with Hibatullah Akhundzada as supreme leader similar to the role of [[Ali Khamenei|Saayid Ali Khamenei]], and would be based out of [[Kandahar]]. Baradar or Yaqoob would be head of government as Prime minister. The government's ministries and agencies will be under a cabinet presided over by the Prime Minister. The Supreme Leader would preside over an [[Executive (government)|executive body]] known as the Supreme Council with anywhere from 11 to 72 members. [[Abdul Hakim Haqqani]] is likely to be promoted to [[Chief justice]]. According to the report, the new government will take place within the framework of an amended [[1964 Constitution of Afghanistan]].<ref>{{cite web|date=31 August 2021|title=Taliban to Follow Iran Model in Afghanistan; Reclusive Hibatullah Akhundzada to be Supreme Leader|url=https://www.news18.com/news/world/talibans-govt-in-afghanistan-on-iran-model-reclusive-hibatullah-akhundzada-to-be-supreme-leader-4149431.html|access-date=3 September 2021|website=News18|archive-date=31 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831155248/https://www.news18.com/news/world/talibans-govt-in-afghanistan-on-iran-model-reclusive-hibatullah-akhundzada-to-be-supreme-leader-4149431.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Government formation was delayed due to concerns about forming a broad-based government acceptable to the international community.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Taliban again postpone Afghan govt formation announcement|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/world-news/taliban-again-postpone-afghan-govt-formation-announcement/articleshow/85923976.cms?from=mdr|access-date=4 September 2021|archive-date=4 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904171526/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/world-news/taliban-again-postpone-afghan-govt-formation-announcement/articleshow/85923976.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref> It was later added however that the Taliban's Rahbari Shura, the group's leadership council was divided between the hardline Haqqani Network and moderate Abdul Ghani Baradar over appointments needed to form an "inclusive" government. Reports claimed that this culminated in a skirmish which led to Baradar being injured and treated in Pakistan, however this was denied by Baradar himself.<ref>{{cite web|date=5 September 2021|title=New 'inclusive' Afghanistan government to be announced soon: Taliban|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/world/new-inclusive-afghanistan-government-to-be-announced-soon-taliban-11630841282911.html|access-date=5 September 2021|website=mint|archive-date=6 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906081415/https://www.livemint.com/news/world/new-inclusive-afghanistan-government-to-be-announced-soon-taliban-11630841282911.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=15 September 2021 |title=Afghanistan: Taliban deputy denies reports of leadership row in new video |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-58555234 |access-date=1 July 2024 |archive-date=15 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210915224224/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-58555234 |url-status=live }}</ref>

As of early September 2021 the Taliban were planning the cabinet to be men-only. Journalists and other human rights activists, mostly women, [[2021 Afghan protests|protested]] in Herat and Kabul, calling for women to be included.<ref>{{cite news|date=8 September 2021|title=Afghanistan: Women protest against all-male Taliban government|publisher=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-58490819|access-date=9 September 2021|archive-date=8 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908223524/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-58490819|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Cabinet of Afghanistan#Islamic Emirate (2021–present)|acting Cabinet]] announced on 7 September was men-only, and the [[Ministry of Women's Affairs (Afghanistan)|Ministry of Women's Affairs]] was abolished.<ref name="BBCHardliners">{{cite news|date=7 September 2021|title=Hardliners get key posts in new Taliban government|publisher=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-58479750|access-date=9 September 2021|archive-date=7 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907212403/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-58479750|url-status=live}}</ref>

As of July 2025, only [[Russia]] has recognized the Taliban government as the legitimate authorities of Afghanistan.<ref name="Trevelyan"/> The U.N has stated that recognition was impossible so long as restrictions on female education and employment remained.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=25 June 2024 |title=The Taliban confirm they will attend a UN-led meeting in Qatar on Afghanistan |url=https://apnews.com/article/taliban-delegation-doha-meeting-d3af51909b06aa7b086e44b25c464c77 |access-date=1 July 2024 |website=AP News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Ruchi |title=Why has China recognised Taliban's envoy to Beijing? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/2/14/is-chinas-recognition-of-afghanistan-envoy-a-diplomatic-win-for-taliban |access-date=1 July 2024 |publisher=Al Jazeera}}</ref> On 16 September 2024, the Taliban suspended polio vaccination campaigns in Afghanistan, as reported by the United Nations, posing a significant risk to global polio eradication efforts.<ref>{{cite news|title=Taliban have suspended polio vaccination campaigns in Afghanistan, the UN says|date=16 September 2024|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/taliban-suspended-polio-vaccination-campaigns-afghanistan-113720519|newspaper=ABC News|access-date=17 September 2024|archive-date=17 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917013143/https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/taliban-suspended-polio-vaccination-campaigns-afghanistan-113720519|url-status=live}}</ref> In a decree by Hibatullah Akhundzada on 15 August, the description of the government as interim was dropped, with all ministers remaining in their posts, but on a permanent rather than acting basis.<ref>{{cite news |title=Taliban Leader Removes ‘Acting’ Designation From All Government Posts |url=https://www.afintl.com/en/202508152035 |date=15 August 2025 |access-date=31 October 2025 |work=[[Afghanistan International]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Malikzada |first1=Natiq |title=Taliban Officials Are No Longer 'Acting' |url=https://thediplomat.com/2025/08/taliban-officials-are-no-longer-acting/ |access-date=25 August 2025 |work=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]] |date=19 August 2025 |archive-date=26 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250826001009/https://thediplomat.com/2025/08/taliban-officials-are-no-longer-acting/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Administrative divisions ===
{{Main|Provinces of Afghanistan|Districts of Afghanistan}}

Afghanistan is administratively divided into 34 provinces (''[[wilayat]]'').<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ariananews.co/en/afghanistan-provinces/|title=Afghanistan Provinces|access-date=4 July 2019|publisher=Ariana News|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190704210454/https://ariananews.co/en/afghanistan-provinces/|archive-date=4 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Each province has a governor and a capital. The country is further divided into nearly 400 provincial [[Districts of Afghanistan|districts]], each of which normally covers a city or several villages. Each district is represented by a district governor.

The [[list of current governors of Afghanistan|provincial governors]] are now appointed by the [[Prime Minister of Afghanistan]], and the district governors are selected by the provincial governors.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/09/world/asia/for-afghan-officials-prospect-of-death-comes-with-territory.html|title=For Afghan Officials, Prospect of Death Comes With Territory|last=Ahmed|first=Azam|date=8 December 2012|work=The New York Times|access-date=7 April 2017|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019103603/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/09/world/asia/for-afghan-officials-prospect-of-death-comes-with-territory.html|archive-date=19 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The provincial governors are representatives of the central government in Kabul and are responsible for all administrative and formal issues within their provinces. There are also provincial councils that are elected through direct and general elections for four years.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iec.org.af/eng/content.php?id=5&cnid=24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100827204439/http://www.iec.org.af/eng/content.php?id=5&cnid=24 |archive-date=27 August 2010 |title=Explaining Elections, Independent Election Commission of Afghanistan |publisher=Iec.org.af | date=9 October 2004 |access-date=4 February 2012}}</ref> The functions of provincial councils are to take part in provincial development planning and to participate in the monitoring and appraisal of other provincial governance institutions.

According to article 140 of the constitution and the presidential decree on electoral law, mayors of cities should be elected through free and direct elections for a four-year term. In practice however, mayors are appointed by the government.<ref>{{cite web|title=An Assessment of Afghanistan's Municipal Governance Framework|url=http://webarchive.urban.org/UploadedPDF/412448-An-Assessment-of-Afghanistans-Municipal-Governance-Framework.pdf|access-date=4 July 2019|publisher=Urban Institute Center on International Development and Governance|author1=Jamie Boex|author2=Grace Buencamino|author3=Deborah Kimble|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190704193403/http://webarchive.urban.org/UploadedPDF/412448-An-Assessment-of-Afghanistans-Municipal-Governance-Framework.pdf|archive-date=4 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Afghanistan provinces numbered.png|thumb|upright=1.5|Afghanistan is divided into [[provinces of Afghanistan|34 provinces]], which are further divided into a [[Districts of Afghanistan|number of districts]].]]

The 34 provinces in alphabetical order are:
{{colbegin|colwidth=15em}}
# [[Badakhshan Province|Badakhshan]]
# [[Badghis Province|Badghis]]
# [[Baghlan Province|Baghlan]]
# [[Balkh Province|Balkh]]
# [[Bamyan Province|Bamyan]]
# [[Daykundi Province|Daykundi]]
# [[Farah Province|Farah]]
# [[Faryab Province|Faryab]]
# [[Ghazni Province|Ghazni]]
# [[Ghor Province|Ghor]]
# [[Helmand Province|Helmand]]
# [[Herat Province|Herat]]
# [[Jowzjan Province|Jowzjan]]
# [[Kabul Province|Kabul]]
# [[Kandahar Province|Kandahar]]
# [[Kapisa Province|Kapisa]]
# [[Khost Province|Khost]]
# [[Kunar Province|Kunar]]
# [[Kunduz Province|Kunduz]]
# [[Laghman Province|Laghman]]
# [[Logar Province|Logar]]
# [[Nangarhar Province|Nangarhar]]
# [[Nimruz Province|Nimruz]]
# [[Nuristan Province|Nuristan]]
# [[Oruzgan Province|Oruzgan]]
# [[Paktia Province|Paktia]]
# [[Paktika Province|Paktika]]
# [[Panjshir Province|Panjshir]]
# [[Parwan Province|Parwan]]
# [[Samangan Province|Samangan]]
# [[Sar-e Pol Province|Sar-e Pol]]
# [[Takhar Province|Takhar]]
# [[Wardak Province|Wardak]]
# [[Zabul Province|Zabul]]
{{colend}}

=== Foreign relations ===
{{Main|Foreign relations of Afghanistan}}

{{See also|Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Afghanistan)}}

Afghanistan became a member of the United Nations in 1946.{{sfn|Dupree|1997|page=642}} Historically, Afghanistan had strong relations with Germany, one of the first countries to recognize Afghanistan's independence in 1919; the Soviet Union, which provided much aid and military training for Afghanistan's forces and includes the signing of a Treaty of Friendship in 1921 and 1978; and India, with which a friendship treaty was signed in 1950.<ref>{{cite web|title=Treaty of Friendship|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/6584/Treaty+of+Friendship|access-date=31 December 2020|website=mea.gov.in|archive-date=19 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119135256/https://www.mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/6584/Treaty+of+Friendship|url-status=live}}</ref> Relations with Pakistan have often been tense for various reasons such as the Durand Line border issue and alleged Pakistani involvement in Afghan insurgent groups.

The present Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan is currently [[Recognition of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan|partially recognized]], but has had notable unofficial ties with China, Pakistan, and Qatar.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-08-16/china-enters-high-stakes-relationship-with-post-u-s-afghanistan|title=China Embraces High-Stakes Taliban Relationship as U.S. Exits|date=16 August 2021|work=[[Bloomberg News]]|access-date=17 October 2021|archive-date=20 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210820193617/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-08-16/china-enters-high-stakes-relationship-with-post-u-s-afghanistan|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/10/7/taliban-afghanistan-international-recognition|title=Taliban still struggling for international recognition|publisher=[[Al Jazeera Media Network]]|first=Ali M|last=Latifi|date=7 October 2021|access-date=15 October 2021|archive-date=13 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211013140538/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/10/7/taliban-afghanistan-international-recognition|url-status=live}}</ref> Under the previous Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, it enjoyed cordial relations with a number of [[NATO]] and allied nations, particularly the [[Afghanistan–United States relations|United States]], [[Afghanistan–Canada relations|Canada]], [[Afghanistan–United Kingdom relations|United Kingdom]], [[Afghanistan–Germany relations|Germany]], Australia, and [[Afghanistan–Turkey relations|Turkey]]. In 2012, the United States and the then-republic in Afghanistan signed their [[US–Afghanistan Strategic Partnership Agreement|Strategic Partnership Agreement]] in which Afghanistan became a [[major non-NATO ally]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Hillary Clinton says Afghanistan 'major non-Nato ally'|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-18750732|date=7 July 2012|publisher=BBC News|access-date=4 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190705181134/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-18750732|archive-date=5 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Such qualification was rescinded by US President [[Joe Biden]] in July 2022.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mizelle |first1=Shawna |last2=Fossum |first2=Sam |date=7 July 2022 |title=Biden will rescind Afghanistan's designation as a major non-NATO ally |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/07/06/politics/afghanistan-major-non-nato-ally-designation-biden-rescind/index.html |publisher=CNN |archive-date=10 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810104553/https://www.cnn.com/2022/07/06/politics/afghanistan-major-non-nato-ally-designation-biden-rescind/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Military ===
{{Main|Afghan Armed Forces}}

The [[Armed Forces of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan]] captured a large amount of weapons, hardware, vehicles, aerocrafts, and equipment from the Afghan National Security Forces following the [[2021 Taliban offensive]] and the [[Fall of Kabul (2021)|Fall of Kabul]]. The total value of the captured equipment has been estimated at US$83 billion.<ref>{{cite web |date=12 October 2021 |title=White House defends letting billions in military equipment fall into Taliban hands |work=Yahoo News |url=https://news.yahoo.com/white-house-defends-letting-billions-192700107.html |access-date=12 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211012095525/https://news.yahoo.com/white-house-defends-letting-billions-192700107.html |archive-date=12 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Andrzejewski |first=Adam |title=Staggering Costs – U.S. Military Equipment Left Behind In Afghanistan |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/adamandrzejewski/2021/08/23/staggering-costs--us-military-equipment-left-behind-in-afghanistan/ |access-date=12 October 2021 |website=Forbes |archive-date=11 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211011181932/https://www.forbes.com/sites/adamandrzejewski/2021/08/23/staggering-costs--us-military-equipment-left-behind-in-afghanistan/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Human rights ===
{{Main|Human rights in Afghanistan}}

{{Further|Women in Afghanistan|LGBT rights in Afghanistan|Treatment of women by the Taliban|Afghan refugees}}

Homosexuality is [[taboo]] in Afghan society;<ref>{{cite news |last=Ahmadzai |first=Aria |date=7 October 2016 |title=The LGBT community living under threat of death |publisher=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-36884732 |access-date=13 June 2020 |archive-date=21 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221121132953/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-36884732 |url-status=live }}</ref> according to the Penal Code, homosexual intimacy is punished by up to a year in prison.<ref>{{cite web |title=Afghanistan | Human Dignity Trust |url=https://www.humandignitytrust.org./country-profile/afghanistan/ |website=humandignitytrust.org. |access-date=13 June 2020 |archive-date=14 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414225749/https://www.humandignitytrust.org/country-profile/afghanistan/ |url-status=usurped }}</ref> Under [[Sharia law]] offenders can be [[Death penalty for homosexuality|punished by death]].<ref>{{Cite news |title='Fake Life': Being Gay in Afghanistan |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/afghanistan-being-gay-fake-life/28731934.html |website=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty |last1=Bezhan |first1=Frud |access-date=12 June 2020 |archive-date=19 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819061502/https://www.rferl.org/a/afghanistan-being-gay-fake-life/28731934.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=17 May 2016 |title=LGBT relationships are illegal in 74 countries, research finds |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/gay-lesbian-bisexual-relationships-illegal-in-74-countries-a7033666.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190614095346/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/gay-lesbian-bisexual-relationships-illegal-in-74-countries-a7033666.html |archive-date=14 June 2019 |access-date=3 June 2019 |work=[[The Independent]]}}</ref> However, an ancient tradition involving male homosexual acts between children and older men (typically wealthy warlords or elite people) called ''[[bacha bazi]]'' persists.

Religious minorities such as Sikhs,<ref>{{cite news |last=Kumar |first=Ruchi |date=28 March 2020 |title=For Afghan Sikhs, it's between violence and exodus|work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/for-afghan-sikhs-its-between-violence-and-exodus/article31194107.ece |access-date=11 September 2021 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=3 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220403202634/https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/for-afghan-sikhs-its-between-violence-and-exodus/article31194107.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> Hindus,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mashal |first1=Mujib |last2=Abed |first2=Fahim |date=19 July 2020 |title=India Offers Escape to Afghan Hindus and Sikhs Facing Attacks|work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/19/world/asia/india-afghanistan-sikh-hindu.html |access-date=11 September 2021 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=3 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220403195219/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/19/world/asia/india-afghanistan-sikh-hindu.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and Christians have reportedly faced persecution.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lyons |first1=Kate |last2=Blight |first2=Garry |date=27 July 2015 |title=Where in the world is the worst place to be a Christian? |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/ng-interactive/2015/jul/27/where-in-the-world-is-it-worst-place-to-be-a-christian |work=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=26 April 2022 |archive-date=25 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425220001/https://www.theguardian.com/world/ng-interactive/2015/jul/27/where-in-the-world-is-it-worst-place-to-be-a-christian |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=Afghan clerics call for Christian convert to be killed despite Western outrage |date=23 March 2006 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SY0IM-ZvDtM |publisher=[[AP Archive]] |access-date=26 April 2022 |archive-date=26 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220426074158/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SY0IM-ZvDtM |url-status=live }}</ref>

Since May 2022, all women in Afghanistan have been required by law to wear full-body coverings when in public (either a [[burqa]] or an [[abaya]] paired with a [[niqāb]], which leaves only the eyes uncovered).<ref>{{cite news |last=George |first=Susannah |title=Taliban orders head-to-toe coverings for Afghan women in public |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/05/07/taliban-orders-head-toe-coverings-afghan-women-public/ |access-date=8 May 2022 |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=7 May 2022 |archive-date=7 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220507171800/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/05/07/taliban-orders-head-toe-coverings-afghan-women-public/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Graham-Harrison |first=Emma |title=Taliban order all Afghan women to cover their faces in public |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/may/07/taliban-order-all-afghan-women-to-wear-burqa |access-date=8 May 2022 |work=The Guardian |date=7 May 2022 |archive-date=14 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220514020908/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/may/07/taliban-order-all-afghan-women-to-wear-burqa |url-status=live }}</ref> First [[Deputy Leader of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan|Deputy Leader]] [[Sirajuddin Haqqani]] claimed the decree is only advisory and no form of [[hijab]] is compulsory in Afghanistan,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shelley |first1=Jo |last2=Popalzai |first2=Ehsan |last3=Mengli |first3=Ahmet |last4=Picheta |first4=Rob |title=Top Taliban leader makes more promises on women's rights but quips 'naughty women' should stay home |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/05/18/asia/amanpour-haqqani-taliban-women-interview-intl/index.html |access-date=20 May 2022 |publisher=CNN |date=19 May 2022 |location=Kabul, Afghanistan |archive-date=20 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520015009/https://www.cnn.com/2022/05/18/asia/amanpour-haqqani-taliban-women-interview-intl/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> though this contradicts the reality.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Zucchino |first1=David |last2=Akbary |first2=Yaqoob |title=The Taliban Pressure Women in Afghanistan to Cover Up |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/21/world/asia/taliban-afghanistan-women-hijab.html |access-date=22 May 2022 |work=The New York Times |date=21 May 2022 |location=Kabul, Afghanistan |archive-date=22 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522011038/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/21/world/asia/taliban-afghanistan-women-hijab.html |url-status=live }}</ref> It has been speculated that there is a genuine internal policy division over women's rights between hardliners, including leader Hibatullah Akhundzada, and pragmatists, though they publicly present a united front.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gannon |first1=Kathy |title=Taliban divisions deepen as Afghan women defy veil edict |url=https://apnews.com/article/afghanistan-religion-kabul-taliban-aec1a4bb5dc2a91fc19954093a5595e0 |access-date=20 May 2022 |work=[[Associated Press News]] |date=8 May 2022 |location=Kabul, Afghanistan |archive-date=20 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520015011/https://apnews.com/article/afghanistan-religion-kabul-taliban-aec1a4bb5dc2a91fc19954093a5595e0 |url-status=live }}</ref> Another decree was issued shortly after the first, requiring female TV presenters to cover their faces during broadcasts.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Fraser |first1=Simon |title=Afghanistan's female TV presenters must cover their faces, say Taliban |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-61508072 |access-date=20 May 2022 |publisher=BBC News |date=19 May 2022 |archive-date=20 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520005817/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-61508072 |url-status=live }}</ref> Since the Taliban takeover, suicides among women have become more common, and the country could now be one of the few where the rate of suicide among women surpasses that among men.<ref>{{cite web |last=Nader |first=Zahra |title='Despair is settling in': female suicides on rise in Taliban's Afghanistan | website=The Guardian | date=28 August 2023 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/aug/28/despair-is-settling-in-female-suicides-on-rise-in-talibans-afghanistan |access-date=28 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Thoms |first=Silja |title=How the Taliban are violating women's rights in Afghanistan |website=DW |date=8 July 2023 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/how-the-taliban-are-violating-womens-rights-in-afghanistan/a-66143514 |access-date=28 August 2023 |archive-date=28 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828120349/https://www.dw.com/en/how-the-taliban-are-violating-womens-rights-in-afghanistan/a-66143514 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Rabia |last=Ali |title=Activists sound alarm over surge in suicides among Afghan women |website=Anadolu Ajansı |date=1 August 2023 |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/activists-sound-alarm-over-surge-in-suicides-among-afghan-women/2959080 |access-date=28 August 2023 |archive-date=28 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828120350/https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/activists-sound-alarm-over-surge-in-suicides-among-afghan-women/2959080 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In May 2022, the Taliban dissolved Afghanistan's Human Rights Commission along with four other government departments, citing the country's budget deficit.<ref>{{cite news |title=Taliban dissolves Afghanistan's human rights commission as 'unnecessary' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/may/17/taliban-dissolves-afghanistans-human-rights-commission-as-unnecessary |access-date=20 May 2022 |agency=Reuters |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=16 May 2022 |archive-date=21 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521122935/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/may/17/taliban-dissolves-afghanistans-human-rights-commission-as-unnecessary |url-status=live }}</ref>

In January 2025, the [[International Criminal Court]] issued two warrants against the [[Supreme Leader of Afghanistan|Taliban supreme leader]] Haibatullah Akhundzada and the [[Chief Justice of Afghanistan|Chief judge]], Abdul Hakim Haqqani, for committing [[crimes against humanity]] with the oppression and persecution of Afghan women and girls, and deprived of their freedom of movement, the rights to control their bodies, to education, and to a private and family life, while the alleged resistance and opposition were brutally suppressed with murder, imprisonment, torture, rape, and other forms of sexual violence, since 2021. ICC member states are obliged to arrest wanted persons if they are on their territory.<ref name="Taliban_warrent">{{Cite news |title=Internationaler Strafgerichtshof beantragt Haftbefehl gegen Taliban-Anführer |trans-title=International Criminal Court requests arrest warrant against Taliban leaders |url=https://www.spiegel.de/ausland/afghanistan-internationaler-strafgerichtshof-beantragt-haftbefehl-gegen-taliban-anfuehrer-a-c79606bd-0a95-4b5b-b9db-d6cd1e8481df |newspaper=[[Der Spiegel]] |language=de |location=[[The Hague]], Netjherlands |date=21 January 2025 |access-date=21 January 2025 }}</ref>

== Economy ==
{{Main|Economy of Afghanistan}}

[[File:Afghan pomegranate processing.jpg|thumb|Workers processing [[pomegranate production in Afghanistan|pomegranates]] (''anaar''), for which Afghanistan is famous in Asia]]

Afghanistan's nominal GDP was $20.1 billion in 2020, or $81 billion by [[purchasing power parity]] (PPP).<ref name="imf2">{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/April/weo-report?c=512,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2020&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1|title=Afghanistan|publisher=International Monetary Fund|access-date=1 May 2023|archive-date=1 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230501160206/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/April/weo-report?c=512,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2020&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1|url-status=live}}</ref> Its [[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|GDP per capita]] is $2,459 (PPP) and $611 by nominal.<ref name="imf2"/> Despite having $1 trillion or more in mineral deposits,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2013-12-15/karzai-tells-investors-u-s-will-meet-his-security-pact-demands|title=Karzai Woos India Inc. as Delay on U.S. Pact Deters Billions|first=Kartikay|last=Mehrotra|publisher=[[Bloomberg News]]|date=16 December 2013|access-date=23 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011222703/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2013-12-15/karzai-tells-investors-u-s-will-meet-his-security-pact-demands|archive-date=11 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> it remains one of the world's [[least developed countries]]. Afghanistan's rough physical geography and its landlocked status has been cited as reasons why the country has always been among the least developed in the modern era – a factor where progress is also slowed by contemporary conflict and political instability.<ref name="Fisher-2002"/> The country imports over $7 billion worth of goods but exports only $784 million, mainly fruits and [[Nut (fruit)|nuts]]. It has $2.8 billion in [[external debt]].<ref name="Factbook"/> The service sector contributed the most to the GDP (55.9%) followed by agriculture (23%) and industry (21.1%).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/214.html|title=Field Listing :: GDP – composition, by sector of origin – The World Factbook|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=12 June 2020|archive-date=11 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111214540/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/214.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[Da Afghanistan Bank]] serves as the central bank of the nation<ref>{{Cite web| title = Interest Rate Cut in Place, Says Central Bank| work = TOLOnews| access-date = 28 May 2019| url = https://www.tolonews.com/business/interest-rate-cut-place-says-central-bank| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190704193402/https://www.tolonews.com/business/interest-rate-cut-place-says-central-bank| archive-date = 4 July 2019| url-status = live}}</ref> and the [[Afghan afghani|Afghani]] (AFN) is the national currency, with an exchange rate of about 75 Afghanis to 1 US dollar.<ref>{{cite news|title=Afghani Falls Against Dollar By 3% In A Month|url=https://www.tolonews.com/business/afghani-falls-against-dollar-3-month|publisher=TOLOnews|date=18 April 2019|access-date=28 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419141610/https://www.tolonews.com/business/afghani-falls-against-dollar-3-month|archive-date=19 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> A number of local and foreign banks operate in the country, including the [[Afghanistan International Bank]], [[New Kabul Bank]], [[Azizi Bank]], [[Pashtany Bank]], [[Standard Chartered Bank]], and the [[First MicroFinance Bank-Afghanistan|First Micro Finance Bank]].

[[File:Afghan carpets being sold.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|[[Afghan rugs]] are one of Afghanistan's main exports.]]

In 2010, one of the main drivers for the economic recovery was the return of over 5 million [[Afghan diaspora|expatriates]], who brought with them entrepreneurship and wealth-creating skills as well as much needed funds to start up businesses. Many Afghans got involved in construction, which was one of the largest industries in the country at the time.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/08/world/asia/08contract.html |title=Afghan Companies Say U.S. Did Not Pay Them |work=The New York Times|first=Carlotta |last=Gall | date=7 July 2010 |access-date=30 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130402005151/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/08/world/asia/08contract.html |archive-date=2 April 2013 }}</ref> Some of the major national construction projects include the $35 billion New Kabul City next to the capital, the Aino Mena project in Kandahar, and the [[Ghazi Amanullah Khan Town]] near Jalalabad.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dcda.gov.af/ |title=DCDA {{!}} Welcome to our Official Website |publisher=dcda.gov.af |access-date=4 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233634/http://www.dcda.gov.af/|archive-date=30 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.najeebzarab.af/town_main.php |title=Welcome to Ghazi Amanullah Khan Website |year=2009 |publisher=najeebzarab.af |access-date=15 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130429180506/http://www.najeebzarab.af/town_main.php |archive-date=29 April 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.designmena.com/portfolio/aino-mina |title=Case study: Aino Mina |publisher=Designmena |first1= Oliver |last1=Ephgrave |year=2011 |access-date=4 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106003655/http://www.designmena.com/portfolio/aino-mina|archive-date=6 January 2014}}</ref> Similar development projects have also begun in [[Herat]], [[Mazar-e-Sharif]], and other cities.<ref>"[https://www.forbes.com/2009/09/02/mazar-i-sharif-khaled-amiri-opinions-21-century-cities-09-ann-marlowe.html A Humane Afghan City?]" by Ann Marlowe. ''[[Forbes]]''. 2 September 2009. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231001216/http://www.forbes.com/2009/09/02/mazar-i-sharif-khaled-amiri-opinions-21-century-cities-09-ann-marlowe.html | date=31 December 2013 }}.</ref> An estimated 400,000 people enter the labor market each year.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Michael Sprague |title=Afghanistan country profile |url=https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/1871/01%20Country%20Profile%20FINAL%20July%202016.pdf |website=USAID |access-date=23 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170501062352/https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/1871/01%20Country%20Profile%20FINAL%20July%202016.pdf |archive-date=1 May 2017 }}</ref>

Several small companies and factories began operating in different parts of the country, which not only provide revenues to the government but also create new jobs. Improvements to the business environment have resulted in more than $1.5 billion in [[Telecommunications|telecom]] investment and created more than 100,000 jobs since 2003.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://afghanistan.usaid.gov/en/programs/economic_growth#Tab=Description |title=Economic growth |publisher=USAID Afghanistan |access-date=25 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929082351/http://afghanistan.usaid.gov/en/programs/economic_growth |archive-date=29 September 2013}}</ref> [[Afghan rug]]s are becoming popular again, allowing many carpet dealers around the country to hire more workers; in 2016–17 it was the fourth most exported group of items.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/us-afghanistan-carpets-idUKKBN1HI2VL|title=Sales of Afghanistan's renowned carpets unravel as war intensifies |work=Reuters |date=12 April 2018 |last1=Nickel |first1=Rod |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200612214646/https://uk.reuters.com/article/us-afghanistan-carpets-idUKKBN1HI2VL |archive-date= 12 June 2020 }}</ref>

Afghanistan is a member of [[WTO]], [[SAARC]], [[Economic Cooperation Organization|ECO]], and [[OIC]]. It holds an observer status in [[Shanghai Cooperation Organisation|SCO]]. In 2018, a majority of imports come from either Iran, China, Pakistan and Kazakhstan, while 84% of exports are to Pakistan and India.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/en/Country/AFG/Year/LTST/TradeFlow/EXPIMP/Partner/by-country |title= Afghanistan trade balance, exports and imports by country 2019 |website=World Integrated Trade Solution |access-date=13 June 2020}}</ref>

Since the Taliban's takeover of the country in August 2021, the United States has [[Afghan frozen assets|frozen about $9 billion]] in assets belonging to the [[Da Afghanistan Bank|Afghan central bank]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Taliban blames U.S. as 1 million Afghan kids face death by starvation |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/afghanistan-taliban-blames-us-as-1-million-kids-face-starvation/ |publisher=[[CBS News]] |date=20 October 2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712011202/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/afghanistan-taliban-blames-us-as-1-million-kids-face-starvation/ |archive-date= 12 July 2023 }}</ref> blocking the Taliban from accessing billions of dollars held in US bank accounts.<ref>{{cite news |title=Is the United States Driving Afghanistan Toward Famine? |url=https://messaging-custom-newsletters.nytimes.com/template/oakv2?campaign_id=30&emc=edit_int_20211029&instance_id=44044&nl=the-interpreter&productCode=INT&regi_id=57806557&segment_id=72971&te=1&uri=nyt%3A%2F%2Fnewsletter%2Fde4d3c8a-f805-5843-bf23-d2fd9a6bcf70&user_id=9aa4b6ac6a6bfa9626d966e353fed48b |work=The Interpreter |date=29 October 2021 |first1=Max |last1=Fisher |first2=Amanda |last2=Taub |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326032707/https://messaging-custom-newsletters.nytimes.com/template/oakv2?campaign_id=30&emc=edit_int_20211029&instance_id=44044&nl=the-interpreter&productCode=INT&regi_id=57806557&segment_id=72971&te=1&uri=nyt%3A%2F%2Fnewsletter%2Fde4d3c8a-f805-5843-bf23-d2fd9a6bcf70&user_id=9aa4b6ac6a6bfa9626d966e353fed48b |archive-date= 26 March 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Afghanistan's hunger crisis is a problem the U.S. can fix |url=https://www.msnbc.com/opinion/afghanistan-s-hunger-crisis-problem-u-s-can-fix-n1283618 |publisher=[[MSNBC]] |date=10 November 2021}}</ref>

The GDP of Afghanistan is estimated to have dropped by 20% following the Taliban return to power. Following this, after months of free-fall, the Afghan economy began stabilizing, as a result of the Taliban's restrictions on smuggled imports, limits on banking transactions, and [[Foreign aid to Afghanistan|UN aid]]. In 2023, the Afghan economy began seeing signs of revival. This has also been followed by stable exchange rates, low inflation, stable revenue collection, and the rise of trade in exports.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Two Years into Taliban Rule, New Shocks Weaken Afghan Economy |url=https://www.usip.org/publications/2023/08/two-years-taliban-rule-new-shocks-weaken-afghan-economy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811071034/https://www.usip.org/publications/2023/08/two-years-taliban-rule-new-shocks-weaken-afghan-economy |archive-date=11 August 2023 |access-date=16 August 2023 |publisher=United States Institute of Peace}}</ref> In the third quarter of 2023, the [[Afghan afghani|Afghani]] rose to be the best performing currency in the world, climbing over 9% against the [[United States dollar|US dollar]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 September 2023 |title=Taliban Controls the World's Best Performing Currency This Quarter|work=Bloomberg.com |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-09-25/taliban-controls-world-s-best-performing-currency-this-quarter |access-date=27 September 2023}}</ref>

=== Agriculture ===
[[File:Afghan Saffron.jpg|thumb|Afghan [[saffron]]]]

Agricultural production is the backbone of Afghanistan's economy<ref>{{cite web |url=http://afghanistan.usaid.gov/en/programs/agriculture |title=Agriculture |publisher=USAID |access-date=23 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929082220/http://afghanistan.usaid.gov/en/programs/agriculture |archive-date=29 September 2013 }}</ref> and has traditionally dominated the economy, employing about 40% of the workforce as of 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/afghanistan/publication/unlocking-potential-of-agriculture-for-afghanistan-growth |title=Unlocking the Potential of Agriculture for Afghanistan's Growth|publisher=World Bank}}</ref> The country is known for producing [[pomegranate production in Afghanistan|pomegranates]], grapes, apricots, melons, and several other fresh and dry fruits. Afghanistan also became the world's top producer of [[cannabis]] in 2010.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-afghanistan-cannabis-idUSTRE62U0IC20100331|title=Afghanistan now world's top cannabis source: U.N. |work=Reuters |date=31 March 2010 |last=Burch |first=Jonathon}}</ref> In March 2023, however, cannabis production was banned by a decree from Hibatullah Akhundzada.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sultan |first=Abid |title=Taliban leader bans cannabis cultivation in Afghanistan |url=https://www.trtworld.com/asia/taliban-leader-bans-cannabis-cultivation-in-afghanistan-66283 |access-date=1 July 2024 |website=Taliban leader bans cannabis cultivation in Afghanistan |archive-date=1 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240701030117/https://www.trtworld.com/asia/taliban-leader-bans-cannabis-cultivation-in-afghanistan-66283 }}</ref>

[[Saffron]], the most expensive spice, grows in Afghanistan, particularly [[Herat Province]]. In recent years, there has been an uptick in saffron production, which authorities and farmers are using to try to replace poppy cultivation. Between 2012 and 2019, the saffron cultivated and produced in Afghanistan was consecutively ranked the world's best by the International Taste and Quality Institute.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/1602281/world|title=Afghanistan's red gold 'saffron' termed world's best|date=22 December 2019|website=Arab News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tolonews.com/afghanistan/28053-afghan-saffron-worlds-best|title=Afghan Saffron, World's Best|website=TOLOnews}}</ref> Production hit record high in 2019 (19,469 kg of saffron), and one kilogram is sold domestically between $634 and $1147.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-12/25/c_138657013.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228193104/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-12/25/c_138657013.htm|archive-date=28 December 2019|title=Saffron production hits record high in Afghanistan|agency=Xinhua News Agency}}</ref>

The availability of cheap diesel-powered water pumps imported from China and Pakistan, and in the 2010s, of cheap solar power to pump water, resulted in expansion of agriculture and population in the southwestern deserts of Afghanistan in [[Kandahar Province|Kandahar]], [[Helmand Province|Helmand]] and [[Nimruz Province|Nimruz]] provinces in the 2010s. Wells have gradually been deepened, but water resources are limited. Opium is the major crop, but as of 2022, was under attack by the new Taliban government which, to suppress opium production, was systematically suppressing water pumping.<ref>{{cite news |author1=Bryan Denton |author2=David Zucchino |author3=Yaqoob Akbary |title=Green Energy Complicates the Taliban's New Battle Against Opium: The multibillion-dollar trade has survived previous bans. Now, the Taliban are going after solar-powered water pumps to try to dry up poppy crops in the middle of a national economic crisis. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/29/world/asia/afghanistan-opium-taliban.html |access-date=29 May 2022 |work=The New York Times |date=29 May 2022|quote=Do not destroy the fields, but make the fields dry out.... We are committed to fulfilling the opium decree.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author1=David Mansfield |title=When the Water Runs Dry: What is to be done with the 1.5 million settlers in the deserts of southwest Afghanistan when their livelihoods fail? |url=https://areu.org.af/when-the-water-runs-dry/ |website=areu.org.af |publisher=The Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit (AREU) |access-date=29 May 2022 |date=23 May 2022 |archive-date=29 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220529220041/https://areu.org.af/when-the-water-runs-dry/ }}</ref> In a 2023 report, poppy cultivation in southern Afghanistan was reduced by over 80% as a result of Taliban campaigns to stop its use toward opium. This included a 99% reduction of opium growth in the Helmand Province.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 June 2023 |title=Poppy Cultivation in South of Afghanistan Down by 80%: Report |page=1 |work=ToloNews |url=https://tolonews.com/afghanistan-183684 |access-date=8 June 2023}}</ref> In November 2023, a U.N report showed that in the entirety of Afghanistan, poppy cultivation dropped by over 95%, removing it from its place as being the world's largest opium producer.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Afghan opium poppy cultivation plunges by 95 percent under Taliban: UN |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/5/afghan-opium-poppy-cultivation-plunges-by-95-percent-under-taliban-un |access-date=7 November 2023 |publisher=Al Jazeera}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 November 2023 |title=Opium cultivation declines by 95 per cent in Afghanistan: UN survey {{!}} UN News |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/11/1143232 |access-date=7 November 2023 |publisher=United Nations}}</ref>

=== Mining ===
{{Main|Mining in Afghanistan}}

[[File:Lapis Lazuli from Afghanistan.jpg|thumb|[[Lapis lazuli]] stones]]

The country's natural resources include: coal, copper, iron ore, [[lithium]], [[uranium]], [[rare earth element]]s, [[chromite]], gold, [[zinc]], [[talc]], [[barite]], [[sulfur]], lead, [[marble]], precious and [[semi-precious stones]], natural gas, and petroleum.<ref name="peters2007">{{cite tech report |last=Peters |first=Steven G. |title=Preliminary Assessment of Non-Fuel Mineral Resources of Afghanistan, 2007 |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2007/3063/fs2007-3063.pdf |publisher=USGS Afghanistan Project/[[US Geological Survey]]/Afghanistan Geological Survey |access-date=13 October 2011 |id=Fact Sheet 2007–3063 | date=October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130727053445/http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2007/3063/fs2007-3063.pdf |archive-date=27 July 2013 }}</ref><ref name="bgs" /> In 2010, US and Afghan government officials estimated that untapped mineral deposits located in 2007 by the [[US Geological Survey]] are worth at least {{nowrap|$1 trillion}}.<ref name="bbcminerals">{{cite news |title=Afghans say US team found huge potential mineral wealth |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10311752 |access-date=13 October 2011 |publisher=BBC News |date=14 June 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130809125352/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10311752 |archive-date=9 August 2013}}</ref>

[[Michael E. O'Hanlon]] of the [[Brookings Institution]] estimated that if Afghanistan generates about $10 billion per year from its [[mining in Afghanistan|mineral deposits]], its [[gross national product]] would double and provide long-term funding for critical needs.<ref>O'Hanlon, Michael E. [http://www.brookings.edu/opinions/2010/0616_afghanistan_minerals_ohanlon.aspx "Deposits Could Aid Ailing Afghanistan"] ({{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110923172142/http://www.brookings.edu/opinions/2010/0616_afghanistan_minerals_ohanlon.aspx |date=23 September 2011 }}), [[The Brookings Institution]], 16 June 2010.</ref> The [[United States Geological Survey]] (USGS) estimated in 2006 that northern Afghanistan has an average {{convert|2.9|e9oilbbl|e6m3|abbr=unit|order=flip}} of [[crude oil]], {{convert|15.7|e12cuft|abbr=unit|order=flip}} of natural gas, and {{convert|562|e6USbbl|e9L|0|abbr=unit|order=flip}} of [[natural gas liquids]].<ref>{{cite tech report|last=Klett |first=T.R. |title=Assessment of Undiscovered Petroleum Resources of Northern Afghanistan, 2006 |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2006/3031/pdf/FS-3031.pdf |publisher=USGS-Afghanistan Ministry of Mines & Industry Joint Oil & Gas Resource Assessment Team |access-date=13 October 2011 | date=March 2006 |id=Fact Sheet 2006–3031|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130727060903/http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2006/3031/pdf/FS-3031.pdf |archive-date=27 July 2013 }}</ref> In 2011, Afghanistan signed an oil exploration contract with [[China National Petroleum Corporation]] (CNPC) for the development of three oil fields along the Amu Darya river in the north.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://ph.news.yahoo.com/afghanistan-signs-7-bn-oil-deal-china-102107778.html |title=Afghanistan signs '$7 bn' oil deal with China | date=28 December 2011 |access-date=29 December 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233953/http://ph.news.yahoo.com/afghanistan-signs-7-bn-oil-deal-china-102107778.html |archive-date=30 December 2013 }}</ref>

The country has significant amounts of [[lithium]], copper, gold, coal, iron ore, and other [[minerals]].<ref name=peters2007 /><ref name="bgs">{{cite web |url=http://www.bgs.ac.uk/AfghanMinerals/docs/Gold_A4.pdf#search='gold%20and%20copper%20discovered%20in%20afghanistan'|title=Minerals in Afghanistan |publisher=[[British Geological Survey]] |access-date=4 December 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130726155518/http://www.bgs.ac.uk/AfghanMinerals/docs/Gold_A4.pdf |archive-date=26 July 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uvm.edu/ieds/node/568/ |title=Afghanistan's Mineral Fortune |publisher=Institute for Environmental Diplomacy and Security Report |year=2011 |access-date=16 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212153853/http://www.uvm.edu/ieds/node/568 |archive-date=12 December 2013}}</ref> The [[Khanashin]] [[carbonatite]] in Helmand Province contains {{convert|1000000|t|lk=out}} of [[rare earth element]]s.<ref>{{cite tech report|last=Tucker |first=Ronald D. |title=Rare Earth Element Mineralogy, Geochemistry, and Preliminary Resource Assessment of the Khanneshin Carbonatite Complex, Helmand Province, Afghanistan |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/1207/pdf/ofr2011-1207.pdf |publisher=USGS |access-date=13 October 2011 |year=2011 |id=Open-File Report 2011–1207|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130727062511/http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/1207/pdf/ofr2011-1207.pdf |archive-date=27 July 2013}}</ref> In 2007, a 30-year lease was granted for the [[Mes Aynak#Copper Mine|Aynak]] copper mine to the [[China Metallurgical Group]] for $3 billion,<ref>"[http://www.dailyfinance.com/2010/06/14/china-us-afghanistan-mineral-mining/ China, Not U.S., Likely to Benefit from Afghanistan's Mineral Riches]". ''Daily Finance''. 14 June 2010 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231001630/http://www.dailyfinance.com/2010/06/14/china-us-afghanistan-mineral-mining/ |date=31 December 2013}}</ref> making it the biggest foreign investment and private business venture in Afghanistan's history.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/30/world/asia/30mine.html |title=China Willing to Spend Big on Afghan Commerce |work=The New York Times |date=29 December 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110731145815/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/30/world/asia/30mine.html |archive-date=31 July 2011}}</ref> The state-run [[Steel Authority of India]] won the mining rights to develop the huge [[Hajigak Pass|Hajigak]] iron ore deposit in central Afghanistan.<ref>"[http://www.businessweek.com/news/2011-12-06/indian-group-wins-rights-to-mine-in-afghanistan-s-hajigak.html Indian Group Wins Rights to Mine in Afghanistan's Hajigak]" ({{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010060446/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2011-12-06/indian-group-wins-rights-to-mine-in-afghanistan-s-hajigak.html |date=10 October 2013}}). ''Businessweek''. 6 December 2011</ref> Government officials estimate that 30% of the country's untapped mineral deposits are worth at least {{nowrap|$1 trillion}}.<ref name=bbcminerals /> One official asserted that "this will become the backbone of the Afghan economy" and a Pentagon memo stated that Afghanistan could become the "Saudi Arabia of lithium".<ref>{{cite news|last=Risen|first=James|author-link=James Risen|date=17 June 2010|title=U.S. Identifies Vast Riches of Minerals in Afghanistan|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/14/world/asia/14minerals.html|url-status=live|access-date=14 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100617204149/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/14/world/asia/14minerals.html|archive-date=17 June 2010}}</ref> The lithium reserves of 21 Mio. tons could amount to the ones of [[Bolivia]], which is currently viewed as the country with the largest lithium reserves.<ref name="Hosp-2021">{{Cite news|last=Hosp|first=Gerald|date=31 August 2021|title=Afghanistan: die konfliktreichen Bodenschätze|url=https://www.nzz.ch/wirtschaft/afghanistan-die-konfliktreichen-bodenschaetze-ld.1642056|access-date=1 September 2021|website=[[Neue Zürcher Zeitung]]|language=de}}</ref> Other larger deposits are the ones of [[bauxite]] and [[cobalt]].<ref name="Hosp-2021" />

Access to [[biocapacity]] in Afghanistan is lower than world average. In 2016, Afghanistan had 0.43 global hectares<ref name=footprintdata>{{cite web|url=http://data.footprintnetwork.org/#/countryTrends?cn=2&type=BCpc,EFCpc|title=Country Trends|publisher=Global Footprint Network|access-date= 23 June 2020}}</ref> of biocapacity per person within its territory, much less than the world average of 1.6 global hectares per person.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Lin|first1=David|last2=Hanscom|first2=Laurel|last3=Murthy|first3=Adeline|last4=Galli|first4=Alessandro|last5=Evans|first5=Mikel|last6=Neill|first6=Evan|last7=Mancini|first7=MariaSerena|last8=Martindill|first8=Jon|last9=Medouar|first9=FatimeZahra|last10=Huang|first10=Shiyu|last11=Wackernagel
|first11=Mathis|year=2018|title=Ecological Footprint Accounting for Countries: Updates and Results of the National Footprint Accounts, 2012–2018|journal=Resources|volume=7|issue=3|page=58|doi=10.3390/resources7030058|doi-access=free|bibcode=2018Resou...7...58L }}</ref> In 2016 Afghanistan used 0.73 global hectares of biocapacity per person—their [[ecological footprint]] of consumption. This means they use just under double as much biocapacity as Afghanistan contains. As a result, Afghanistan is running a biocapacity deficit.<ref name=footprintdata/>

In September 2023, the [[Taliban]] signed mining contracts worth {{nowrap|$6.5 billion}}, with extractions based on gold, iron, lead, and zinc in the provinces of Herat, Ghor, Logar, and Takhar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 August 2023 |title=Taliban Sign Multibillion-Dollar Afghan Mining Deals |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/taliban-sign-multibillion-dollar-afghan-mining-deals/7249135.html |access-date=1 July 2024 |publisher=Voice of America}}</ref>

=== Energy ===
{{Main|Energy in Afghanistan}}

{{See also|Renewable energy in Afghanistan}}
[[File:Afghanistan electricity production.svg|thumb|Afghanistan electricity supply (1980–2019)]]

According to the [[World Bank]], 98% of the rural population have access to electricity in 2018, up from 28% in 2008.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Access to electricity, rural (% of rural population) – Afghanistan {{!}} Data|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.ELC.ACCS.RU.ZS?end=2018&locations=AF&start=2005&view=chart|access-date=28 March 2021|publisher=World Bank}}</ref> Overall the figure stands at 98.7%.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.ELC.ACCS.ZS?end=2018&locations=AF&start=2005&view=chart|title=Access to electricity (% of population) – Afghanistan|publisher=[[World Bank]]}}</ref> As of 2016, Afghanistan produces 1,400 [[megawatt]]s of power, but still imports the majority of electricity via transmission lines from Iran and the Central Asian states.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tolonews.com/business/afghanistan-has-capacity-produce-310000mw-power|title=Afghanistan Has Capacity To Produce 310,000MW Power|website=TOLOnews}}</ref> The majority of electricity production is via [[hydropower]], helped by the amount of rivers and streams that flow from the mountains.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2018/05/14/largest-plant-restarts-operations-in-first-step-developing-afghanistan-hydropower|title=Afghanistan Resurrects its Largest Hydropower Plant Toward a Brighter Future|publisher=World Bank}}</ref> However electricity is not always reliable and blackouts happen, including in Kabul.<ref name="Afghanistan Analysts Network – English-2015">{{Cite web|url=https://www.afghanistan-analysts.org/en/reports/economy-development-environment/power-to-the-people-how-to-extend-afghans-access-to-electricity/|title=Power to the People: How to extend Afghans' access to electricity|date=3 February 2015|website=Afghanistan Analysts Network – English}}</ref> In recent years an increasing number of [[Solar power|solar]], [[biomass]] and wind power plants have been constructed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.af.undp.org/content/afghanistan/en/home/presscenter/IntheNews/renewable-energy-in-afghanistan-atn.html|title=The Power of Nature: How Renewable Energy is Changing Lives in Afghanistan|website=UNDP in Afghanistan|access-date=14 June 2020|archive-date=14 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414230313/https://www.af.undp.org/content/afghanistan/en/home/presscenter/IntheNews/renewable-energy-in-afghanistan-atn.html}}</ref> Currently under development are the [[CASA-1000]] project which will transmit electricity from Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan, and the [[Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan-India pipeline|Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan-India]] (TAPI) gas pipeline.<ref name="Afghanistan Analysts Network – English-2015"/> Power is managed by the [[Da Afghanistan Breshna Sherkat]] (DABS, Afghanistan Electricity Company).

Important dams include the [[Kajaki Dam]], [[Dahla Dam]], and the [[Sardeh Band Dam]].<ref name="afghanistans.com-1"/>

=== Tourism ===
{{Main|Tourism in Afghanistan}}

[[File:Lake in Band-e Amir National Park, March 2008.jpg|thumb|[[Band-e Amir National Park]]]]

Tourism is a small industry in Afghanistan due to security issues. Nevertheless, some 20,000 foreign tourists visit the country annually as of 2016.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.pajhwok.com/en/2016/09/27/20000-foreign-tourists-visit-afghanistan-annually |title=20,000 foreign tourists visit Afghanistan annually |publisher=Pajhwok Afghan News (PAN) |editor=Navid Ahmad Barakzai |date=27 September 2016 |access-date=15 May 2017 |archive-date=23 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123022923/http://www.pajhwok.com/en/2016/09/27/20000-foreign-tourists-visit-afghanistan-annually }}</ref> In particular an important region for domestic and international tourism is the picturesque [[Bamyan]] Valley, which includes lakes, canyons and historical sites, helped by the fact it is in a safe area away from insurgent activity.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/world/asia/coronavirus-shatters-tourism-hopes-in-afghanistan-s-bamyan-province-1.1011018|title=Coronavirus shatters tourism hopes in Afghanistan's Bamyan province|website=The National|date=26 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.pajhwok.com/en/2017/09/03/more-200000-tourists-visit-bamyan-year|title=More than 200,000 tourists visit Bamyan this year|website=pajhwok.com|date=3 September 2017|last1=Basharat|first1=Hakim}}</ref> Smaller numbers visit and trek in regions such as the [[Wakhan]] Valley, which is also one of the world's most remote communities.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/society/article/2154951/where-instagramers-and-taliban-play-afghanistan|title=Where Instagramers and Taliban play|date=14 July 2018|website=South China Morning Post}}</ref> From the late 1960s onwards, Afghanistan was a popular stop on the famous [[hippie trail]], attracting many Europeans and Americans. Coming from Iran, the trail traveled through various Afghan provinces and cities including [[Herat]], [[Kandahar]] and [[Kabul]] before crossing to northern Pakistan, northern India, and [[Nepal]].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.richardgregory.org.uk/history/hippie-trail.htm|title= Origins of the hippie trail|website= richardgregory.org.uk|access-date= 13 June 2020|archive-date= 11 November 2020|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201111215149/https://www.richardgregory.org.uk/history/hippie-trail.htm}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.richardgregory.org.uk/history/hippie-trail-03.htm |title=The hippie trail |website=richardgregory.org.uk |access-date=13 June 2020 |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308185419/https://www.richardgregory.org.uk/history/hippie-trail-03.htm }}</ref> Tourism peaked in 1977, the year before the start of political instability and armed conflict.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/middle-east/afghanistan/articles/when-afghanistan-was-just-the-laid-back-highlight-on-the-hippie-/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/middle-east/afghanistan/articles/when-afghanistan-was-just-the-laid-back-highlight-on-the-hippie-/ |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=When Afghanistan was just a laid-back highlight on the hippie trail|first=Oliver|last= Smith|website=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=20 April 2018}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

[[File:Jam afghanistan ghorprovince islamic architecture.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[Minaret of Jam]], a UNESCO [[World Heritage Site]]]]

The city of [[Ghazni]] has significant history and historical sites, and together with [[Bamyan]] city have in recent years been voted Islamic Cultural Capital and South Asia Cultural Capital respectively.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.afghanistan-analysts.org/en/reports/context-culture/bamyan-first-ever-cultural-capital-of-south-asia-a-big-party-but-what-else/|title=Bamyan, First Ever Cultural Capital of South Asia: A big party, but what else?|date=8 June 2015|website=Afghanistan Analysts Network – English}}</ref> The cities of [[Herat]], [[Kandahar]], [[Balkh]], and [[Zaranj]] are also very historic. The [[Minaret of Jam]] in the [[Hari River, Afghanistan|Hari River]] valley is a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]]. A cloak reputedly worn by Islam's prophet [[Muhammad]] is kept in the [[Shrine of the Cloak]] in Kandahar, a city founded by [[Alexander the Great]] and the first capital of Afghanistan. The [[citadel of Alexander]] in the western city of Herat has been renovated in recent years and is a popular attraction. In the north of the country is the [[Shrine of Ali]], believed by many to be the location where [[Ali]] was buried.{{sfn|Dupree|1997|page=115}} The [[National Museum of Afghanistan]] in Kabul hosts a large number of Buddhist, [[Bactria]]n Greek and early Islamic antiquities; the museum suffered greatly by civil war but has been slowly restoring since the early 2000s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/travel/story/20200203-the-afghan-artefacts-that-survived-taliban-destruction|title=The Afghan artefacts that survived Taliban destruction|first=Ruchi|last=Kumar|date=4 February 2020 |publisher=[[BBC Travel]]}}</ref>

Unexpectedly, tourism has seen improvement in Afghanistan following the Taliban takeover. Active efforts by the Taliban encouraged tourism to increase from 691 tourists in 2021, to 2,300 in 2022, to 5,200 in 2023, with some estimates of between 7,000 and 10,000.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 April 2024 |title=The Taliban are working to woo tourists to Afghanistan |url=https://apnews.com/article/afghanistan-taliban-tourism-women-7acb04bb78dd779e763a337790113cec |access-date=1 July 2024 |website=AP News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Photos: Tourist numbers up in post-war Afghanistan |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/gallery/2024/4/2/tourist-numbers-up-in-post-war-afghanistan |access-date=1 July 2024 |publisher=Al Jazeera}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='A remarkable development': How Western tourism is on the rise in this controversial nation |url=https://news.sky.com/story/a-remarkable-development-how-western-tourism-is-on-the-rise-in-afghanistan-13087329 |access-date=1 July 2024 |publisher=Sky News}}</ref> This is, however, threatened by the [[Islamic State – Khorasan Province]], who took responsibility for attacks on tourists, such as the [[2024 Bamyan shooting]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 May 2024 |title=Attack on tourists rocks fledgling Afghanistan tourism sector |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20240520-attack-on-tourists-rocks-fledgling-afghanistan-tourism-sector |access-date=1 July 2024 |publisher=France 24}}</ref>

=== Communication ===
{{Main|Communications in Afghanistan}}

Telecommunication services in Afghanistan are provided by [[Afghan Telecom]], [[Afghan Wireless]], [[Etisalat]], [[MTN Group]], and [[Roshan (telco)|Roshan]]. The country uses its own space [[satellite]] called [[Afghansat 1]], which provides services to millions of phone, internet, and television subscribers. By 2001 following years of civil war, telecommunications was virtually a non-existent sector, but by 2016 it had grown to a $2 billion industry, with 22 million mobile phone subscribers and 5 million internet users. The sector employs at least 120,000 people nationwide.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://afghanistanembassy.org.uk/english/3155/|title=Connecting Afghanistan: The rise of technology in governance and society – The Embassy of Afghanistan in London|website=afghanistanembassy.org.uk|access-date=20 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180121125742/http://afghanistanembassy.org.uk/english/3155/|archive-date=21 January 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Transportation ===
{{Main|Transport in Afghanistan}}

{{See also|List of airports in Afghanistan|Rail transport in Afghanistan}}
[[File:Françoise Foliot - Afghanistan 043.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Salang Tunnel]]]]

Due to Afghanistan's geography, transport between various parts of the country has historically been difficult. The backbone of Afghanistan's road network is [[Highway 1 (Afghanistan)|Highway 1]], often called the "Ring Road", which extends for {{convert|2210|km}} and connects five major cities: Kabul, Ghazni, Kandahar, Herat and Mazar-i-Sharif,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.afghanistan-analysts.org/going-in-circles-the-never-ending-story-of-afghanistans-unfinished-ring-road/|title=Going in Circles: The never-ending story of Afghanistan's unfinished Ring Road|publisher=Afghanistan Analysts Network|author=Qayoom Suroush|date=16 January 2015|access-date=7 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190707120451/https://www.afghanistan-analysts.org/going-in-circles-the-never-ending-story-of-afghanistans-unfinished-ring-road/|archive-date=7 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> with spurs to Kunduz and Jalalabad and various border crossings, while skirting around the mountains of the Hindu Kush.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=29bg7g1U6coC&pg=PA118|title=The Geography and Politics of Afghanistan|first=Ramamoorthy|last=Gopalakrishnan|date=13 June 1982|publisher=Concept Publishing Company}}</ref>

The Ring Road is crucially important for domestic and international trade and the economy.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.afghanistan-analysts.org/en/reports/economy-development-environment/going-in-circles-the-never-ending-story-of-afghanistans-unfinished-ring-road/|title=Going in Circles: The never-ending story of Afghanistan's unfinished Ring Road|date=16 January 2015|website=Afghanistan Analysts Network – English}}</ref> A key portion of the Ring Road is the [[Salang Tunnel]], completed in 1964, which facilitates travel through the Hindu Kush mountain range and connects northern and southern Afghanistan.<ref>{{cite book|author=Cary Gladstone|title=Afghanistan Revisited|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aH_KCWVB6W0C&pg=PA122|year=2001|publisher=Nova Publishers|isbn=978-1-59033-421-8|page=122}}</ref> It is the only land route that connects Central Asia to the [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-46016020100209 |title=Afghan avalanches kill dozens, trap hundreds |date=9 February 2010 |work=Reuters |last=Azimy |first=Yousuf}}</ref> Several mountain passes allow travel between the Hindu Kush in other areas. Serious traffic accidents are common on Afghan roads and highways, particularly on the [[Kabul–Kandahar Highway|Kabul–Kandahar]] and the [[Kabul–Jalalabad Road]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/apr/26/afghan-bus-crash |title=Afghan bus crash kills 45 |work=[[The Guardian]]|date=26 April 2013 |access-date=4 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141105002154/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/apr/26/afghan-bus-crash |archive-date=5 November 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> Traveling by bus in Afghanistan remains dangerous due to militant activities.<ref>{{cite web|title=Driving in Afghanistan|url=http://caravanistan.com/transport/driving/afghanistan/|website=Caravanistan|access-date=22 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160904001045/http://caravanistan.com/transport/driving/afghanistan/|archive-date=4 September 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Ariana Afghan A310-300 F-GEMO.jpg|thumb|An [[Ariana Afghan Airlines]] [[Airbus A310]] in 2006]]

Air transport in Afghanistan is provided by the national carrier, [[Ariana Afghan Airlines]],<ref>{{cite news |title=EU To Impose Ban on Afghan Planes |url=http://news.airwise.com/story/view/1290466447.html |publisher=Airwise News |date=22 November 2010 |quote=Kabul-based [[Safi Airways|Safi]] is the country's No. 2 airline after national carrier Ariana Afghan Airlines |access-date=28 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130524011714/http://news.airwise.com/story/view/1290466447.html |archive-date=24 May 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> and by the private company [[Kam Air]]. Airlines from a number of countries also provide flights in and out of the country. These include [[Air India]], [[Emirates (airline)|Emirates]], [[Gulf Air]], [[Iran Aseman Airlines]], [[Pakistan International Airlines]], and [[Turkish Airlines]]. The country has four international airports: [[Kabul International Airport]] (formerly Hamid Karzai International Airport), [[Kandahar International Airport]], [[Herat International Airport]], and [[Mazar-e Sharif International Airport]]. Including domestic airports, there are 43.<ref name="Factbook"/> [[Bagram Air Base]] is a major military airfield.

The country has three rail links: one, a {{convert|75|km|adj=on}} line from [[Mazar-i-Sharif]] to the [[Afghanistan–Uzbekistan Friendship Bridge|Uzbekistan border]];<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.andrewgrantham.co.uk/afghanistan/railways/hairatan-to-mazar-i-sharif/|title=Hairatan to Mazar-i-Sharif railway – Railways of Afghanistan|website=andrewgrantham.co.uk|access-date=3 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171224182253/http://www.andrewgrantham.co.uk/afghanistan/railways/hairatan-to-mazar-i-sharif/|archive-date=24 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> a {{convert|10|km|adj=on}} long line from [[Toraghundi]] to the [[Turkmenistan]] border (where it continues as part of [[Turkmen Railways]]); and a short link from [[Aqina]] across the Turkmen border to [[Kerki]], which is planned to be extended further across Afghanistan.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.pajhwok.com/en/2016/11/28/afghan-turkmenistan-railroad-inaugurated|title=Afghan-Turkmenistan railroad inaugurated|website=pajhwok.com|date=28 November 2016|access-date=6 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170512234058/http://www.pajhwok.com/en/2016/11/28/afghan-turkmenistan-railroad-inaugurated|archive-date=12 May 2017|url-status=live|last1=Salehai|first1=Zarghona}}</ref> These lines are used for freight only and there is no passenger service. A rail line between [[Khaf, Iran|Khaf]], Iran and [[Herat]], western Afghanistan, intended for both freight and passengers, was under construction as of 2019.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.azernews.az/region/135859.html |title=Khaf-Herat railroad to be launched in Iran soon |date=7 August 2018 |quote="Iran-Afghanistan railway networks through Khaf-Herat Railroad will be completed in the next few months," Yazdani said, according to Mehr news agency on 3 August |access-date=27 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180928003514/https://www.azernews.az/region/135859.html |archive-date=28 September 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://ifpnews.com/exclusive/iran-strongly-condemns-herat-railway-mine-blast/|title=Iran Strongly Condemns Herat Railway Mine Blast|date=20 May 2019|access-date=7 July 2019|publisher=Iran Front Page|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190521080709/https://ifpnews.com/exclusive/iran-strongly-condemns-herat-railway-mine-blast/|archive-date=21 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> About {{convert|125|km}} of the line will lie on the Afghan side.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://financialtribune.com/articles/economy-domestic-economy/60378/rail-linkup-with-afghanistan-by-march-2018|title=Rail Linkup With Afghanistan by March 2018|date=25 February 2017|access-date=3 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180922112855/https://financialtribune.com/articles/economy-domestic-economy/60378/rail-linkup-with-afghanistan-by-march-2018|archive-date=22 September 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Khaf-Herat railway |url=http://www.raillynews.com/2013/khaf-herat-railway/ |website=RaillyNews {{!}} Dailly Railway News in English |date=10 December 2013 |access-date=1 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171220114246/http://www.raillynews.com/2013/khaf-herat-railway/ |archive-date=20 December 2017 }}</ref>

Private vehicle ownership has increased substantially since the early 2000s. Taxis are yellow and consist of both cars and [[auto rickshaw]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/eastsats/5/2/5_292/_pdf/-char/en |title=The Possibility of Introducing a Regular Bus System in Kandahar |last1=Rahmat |first1=Mohibullah |last2=Mizokami |first2=Shoshi |last3=Fujiwara |first3=Akimasa |journal=Asian Transport Studies |volume=5 |issue=2 |year=2018 |pages=292–309}}</ref> In rural Afghanistan, villagers often use donkeys, [[mule]]s or horses to transport or carry goods. Camels are primarily used by the Kochi nomads.<ref name="Wahab-2007"/> Bicycles are popular throughout Afghanistan.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2UEJDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA23 |title=Mason's World Encyclopedia of Livestock Breeds and Breeding, 2 Volume Pack |isbn=978-1-84593-466-8 |first1=Valerie |last1=Porter |first2=Lawrence |last2=Alderson |first3=Stephen J.G. |last3=Hall |first4=D. Phillip |last4=Sponenberg |date=9 March 2016 |page=23 |quote=[Donkeys] are the primary means of transportation in the countryside (along with bicycles) and are sometimes described as the 'Jeeps' of Afghanistan — or even as the country's 'helicopters'.}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
{{Main|Demographics of Afghanistan}}

{{Further|Afghans|Afghan diaspora}}
[[File:Afghanistan ethnic groups 2005.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|A Cold War-era CIA map showing traditional Afghan tribal territories. [[Pashtun tribes]] form the world's largest tribal society.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ag-afghanistan.de/files/glatzer/tribal_system.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.ag-afghanistan.de/files/glatzer/tribal_system.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live |title=The Pashtun Tribal System |last1=Glatzer |first1=Bernt |year=2002 |publisher=Concept Publishers |location=New Delhi }}</ref>]]

=== Population ===

The population of Afghanistan was estimated at 35.7{{nbsp}}million as of 2024 by the Afghanistan [[National Statistics and Information Authority]],<ref name="NSIA pop"/> whereas the UN estimates over 42.0{{nbsp}}million.<ref name="UN pop"/> In 1979 the total population was reported to be about 15.5{{nbsp}}million.<ref>"[https://www.un.org/News/dh/latest/afghan/un-afghan-history.shtml United Nations and Afghanistan]". UN News Centre. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031084259/https://www.un.org/News/dh/latest/afghan/un-afghan-history.shtml |date=31 October 2013 }}</ref> About 25.3% are [[urban area|urbanite]], 70.4% live in rural areas, and the remaining 4.3% are nomadic.<ref name="NSIA pop"/> An additional 3{{nbsp}}million or so Afghans are temporarily housed in neighboring [[Afghans in Pakistan|Pakistan]] and [[Afghans in Iran|Iran]], most of whom were born and raised in those two countries. As of 2013, Afghanistan was the largest refugee-producing country in the world, a title held for 32 years.

The current population growth rate is 2.37%,<ref name="Factbook"/> one of the highest in the world outside of Africa. This population is expected to reach 82 million by 2050 if current population trends continue.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.prb.org/Countries/Afghanistan.aspx |title=Afghanistan – Population Reference Bureau |publisher=[[Population Reference Bureau]] |access-date=29 December 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202224051/http://www.prb.org/Countries/Afghanistan.aspx|archive-date=2 December 2013}}</ref> The population of Afghanistan increased steadily until the 1980s, when civil war caused millions to flee to other countries such as Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|title=Afghan Households in Iran: Profile and Impact |url=http://www.unhcr.org/455835d92.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180223013910/https://www.unhcr.org/455835d92.pdf |archive-date=23 February 2018|first1=Piyasiri |last1=Wickramasekara |first2=Jag |last2=Sehgal |first3=Farhad |last3=Mehran |first4=Ladan |last4=Noroozi |first5=Saeid |last5=Eisazadeh |website=[[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]]}}</ref> Millions have since returned and the war conditions contribute to the country having the highest fertility rate outside Africa.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Is recent Afghanistan survey data suitable for fertility analysis? A regional investigation based on fertility inhibiting determinants|first1=Jamal Abdul|last1=Nasir|first2=Sohail|last2=Akhtar|first3=Syed Arif Ahmed|last3=Zaidi|first4=Andleeb|last4=Rani|first5=Hina|last5=Bano|first6=Andrew|last6=Hinde|date=16 October 2019|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=14|issue=10|article-number=e0223111|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0223111|pmid=31618275|pmc=6795489|bibcode=2019PLoSO..1423111N|doi-access=free}}</ref> Afghanistan's healthcare has recovered since the turn of the century, causing falls in infant mortality and increases in life expectancy, although it has the lowest life expectance of any country outside Africa. This (along with other factors such as returning refugees) caused rapid population growth in the 2000s that has only recently started to slow down.{{Citation needed|date=October 2021}} The [[Gini coefficient]] in 2008 was 27.8.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/ |title=Gini Index |publisher=World Bank |access-date=2 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140511044958/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI|archive-date=11 May 2014}}</ref>

==== Fertility rate ====
Afghanistan 2024 [[total fertility rate]] has been estimated at 4.4.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/total-fertility-rate/country-comparison/|title=Total fertility rate Comparison – The World Factbook|website=www.cia.gov|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241207000103/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/total-fertility-rate/country-comparison|archive-date=2024-12-07|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2022 it was 4.5, about twice the world average rate.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.TFRT.IN?end=2022&start=1960&view=chart|title=World Bank Open Data|website=World Bank Open Data}}</ref> The rate has fallen since the early 1980s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.TFRT.IN?end=2022&locations=AF&start=1983&view=chart|title=World Bank Open Data|website=World Bank Open Data}}</ref>

=== Urbanization ===
{{main|List of cities in Afghanistan}}

As estimated by the CIA World Factbook, 26% of the population was urbanized as of 2020. This is one of the lowest figures in the world; in Asia it is only higher than [[Cambodia]], [[Nepal]] and [[Sri Lanka]]. Urbanization has increased rapidly, particularly in the capital [[Kabul]], due to returning refugees from Pakistan and Iran after 2001, internally displaced people, and rural migrants.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2015/03/20/can-cities-save-afghanistan/|title=Can Cities Save Afghanistan?|first=Ali|last=Karimi|date=20 March 2015 }}</ref> Urbanization in Afghanistan is different from typical urbanization in that it is centered on just a few cities.<ref name="aljazeera.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2014/10/unraveling-afghan-art-carpet-weaving-201410917826901821.html|title=Unravelling the Afghan art of carpet weaving|publisher=Al Jazeera}}</ref>

Kabul is the largest city, with a population of 5 million.<ref name="NSIA pop"/> The other large cities are located generally in the "ring" around the Central Highlands, namely [[Kandahar]] in the south, [[Herat]] in the west, [[Mazar-i-Sharif]], [[Kunduz]] in the north, and [[Jalalabad]] in the east.

{{Largest cities of Afghanistan}}

=== Ethnicity and languages ===
{{Main|Ethnic groups in Afghanistan|Languages of Afghanistan}}

{{See also|Afghans}}
[[File:US Army ethnolinguistic map of Afghanistan -- circa 2001-09.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Ethnolinguistic map of Afghanistan (2001)]]

[[Afghans]] are divided into several [[Ethnolinguistic group|ethnolinguistic]] groups. According to research data by several institutions in 2019, the [[Pashtuns]] are the largest ethnic group, comprising 42%, followed by [[Tajiks]], comprising 27%<ref name="Population Matters">{{Cite web |url=https://afghanistan.unfpa.org/en/node/15230 |title=Population Matters |date=3 March 2016 |access-date=18 September 2021 |archive-date=16 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816021136/https://afghanistan.unfpa.org/en/node/15230 }}</ref><ref name="timesofindia">{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/south-asia/afghanistans-ethnic-mosaic/articleshow/85552093.cms |title=Afghanistan's ethnic mosaic |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=23 August 2021 |access-date=18 September 2021 |archive-date=18 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918062710/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/south-asia/afghanistans-ethnic-mosaic/articleshow/85552093.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/1258799/afghanistan-share-of-population-by-ethnic-group/
| title=Distribution of Afghan population by ethnic group 2020| date=20 August 2021}}</ref><ref name="reliefweb.int"/> of the country's population. The other two major ethnic groups are the [[Hazaras]] and [[Uzbeks]], each at 9%. A further 10 other ethnic groups are recognized and each are represented in the [[Afghan National Anthem]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/the-economist-explains/2017/08/31/the-roots-of-afghanistans-tribal-tensions|title=The roots of Afghanistan's tribal tensions|newspaper=[[The Economist]]|date=31 August 2017}}</ref>

[[Dari]] and [[Pashto]] are the [[official language]]s of Afghanistan; [[bilingualism]] is very common.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Constitution of Afghanistan|url=https://www.mfa.gov.af/constitution/chapter-one-state.html|access-date=2 September 2020|website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan|archive-date=29 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829115048/https://www.mfa.gov.af/constitution/chapter-one-state.html}}</ref> Dari, which is also referred to as Eastern Persian as it is a variety of and mutually intelligible with [[Persian language|Persian]] (and very often called '[[Farsi]]' by some Afghans like in [[Iran]]), functions as the [[lingua franca]] in Kabul as well as in much of the northern and northwestern parts of the country.<ref>{{cite web|year=2004|title=Article Sixteen of the 2004 Constitution of Afghanistan|url=http://www.afghan-web.com/politics/current_constitution.html#preamble|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131028065437/http://www.afghan-web.com/politics/current_constitution.html|archive-date=28 October 2013|access-date=13 June 2012|quote=Pashto and Dari are the official languages of the state. Uzbek, Turkmen, Baluchi, Pashai, Nuristani and Pamiri are – in addition to Pashto and Dari – the third official language in areas where the majority speaks them}}</ref> Native speakers of Dari, of any ethnicity, are sometimes called [[Farsiwan]]s.<ref>The ''Encyc. Iranica'' makes clear in the article on Afghanistan — Ethnography that "The term Farsiwan also has the regional forms Parsiwan and Parsiban. In religion they are Imami Shia. In the literature they are often mistakenly referred to as Tajik." [https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-iranica-online/afghanistan-COM_4803 Dupree, Louis (1982) "Afghanistan: (iv.) Ethnography", in ''Encyclopædia Iranica''] Online Edition 2006.</ref> Pashto is the native tongue of the [[Pashtuns]], although many of them are also fluent in Dari while some non-Pashtuns are fluent in Pashto. Despite the Pashtuns having been dominant in Afghan politics for centuries, Dari remained the preferred language for government and bureaucracy.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://english.alaraby.co.uk/english/indepth/2019/7/11/what-will-happen-to-afghanistans-national-languages|title=What will happen to Afghanistan's national languages?|first=Austin|last=Bodetti|website=alaraby|date=11 July 2019}}</ref>
According to [[The World Factbook|CIA World Factbook]], Dari Persian is spoken by 78% ([[First language|L1]] + [[Second language|L2]]) and functions as the lingua franca, while [[Pashto]] is spoken by 50%, [[Uzbek language|Uzbek]] 10%, English 5%, [[Turkmen language|Turkmen]] 2%, [[Urdu]] 2%, [[Pashayi languages|Pashayi]] 1%, [[Nuristani languages|Nuristani]] 1%, [[Arabic]] 1%, and [[Balochi language|Balochi]] 1% (2021 est). Data represent the most widely spoken languages; shares sum to more than 100% because there is much bilingualism in the country and because respondents were allowed to select more than one language. There are a number of smaller regional languages, including Uzbek, Turkmen, Balochi, Pashayi, and Nuristani.<ref name="Factbook"/>

When it comes to foreign languages among the populace, many are able to speak or understand [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] ([[Urdu]]-[[Hindi]]), partly due to returning [[Afghans in Pakistan|Afghan refugees]] from [[Pakistan]] and the popularity of [[Bollywood]] films respectively.<ref name="Afroz-2013">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SjYUAgAAQBAJ|title=Afghanistan – Culture Smart!: The Essential Guide to Customs & Culture|first1=Nazes|last1=Afroz|first2=Moska|last2=Najib|first3=Culture|last3=Smart!|date=1 December 2013|publisher=Kuperard|isbn=978-1-85733-680-1}}</ref> English is also understood by some of the population,<ref>The Asia Foundation. [https://asiafoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/2018_Afghan-Survey_fullReport-12.4.18.pdf ''Afghanistan in 2018: A Survey of the Afghan People''.] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190807211241/https://asiafoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/2018_Afghan-Survey_fullReport-12.4.18.pdf |date=7 August 2019}}</ref> and has been gaining popularity as of the 2000s.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-34215293|title=Pakistan's confusing move to Urdu|first=M. Ilyas|last=Khan|publisher=BBC News |date=12 September 2015}}</ref> Some Afghans retain some ability in Russian, which was [[Russian occupation of Afghanistan|taught in public schools during the 1980s]].<ref name="Afroz-2013"/>

=== Religion ===
{{Main|Religion in Afghanistan}}

[[File:Mazar-e sharif - Steve Evans.jpg|thumb|[[Blue Mosque (Mazar-i-Sharif)|Blue Mosque]] in [[Mazar-i-Sharif]] is the largest mosque in Afghanistan.]]

The CIA estimated in 2009 that 99.7% of the Afghan population was Muslim<ref name="Factbook"/> and most are thought to adhere to the [[Sunni]] [[Hanafi]] school.<ref name="The Swedish Committee for Afghanistan (SCA)">{{cite web|url=https://swedishcommittee.org/afghanistan/religion|title=Religion in Afghanistan|website=The Swedish Committee for Afghanistan (SCA)}}</ref> According to [[Pew Research Center]], as much as 90% are of the Sunni denomination, 7% [[Shia]] and 3% [[Non-denominational Muslim|non-denominational]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/#identity|title=Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation|date=9 August 2012|work=The World's Muslims: Unity and Diversity|publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]'s Religion & Public Life Project|access-date=22 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226113158/http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/#identity|archive-date=26 December 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[CIA]] Factbook variously estimates up to 89.7% Sunni or up to 15% Shia.<ref name="Factbook"/>

Afghan [[Sikhism in Afghanistan|Sikhs]] and [[Hinduism in Afghanistan|Hindus]] are also found in certain major cities (namely Kabul, Jalalabad, Ghazni, Kandahar)<ref>{{cite news |last=Majumder |first=Sanjoy |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/3138282.stm |title=Sikhs struggle in Afghanistan |publisher=BBC News |date=25 September 2003 |access-date=19 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090222132753/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/3138282.stm |archive-date=22 February 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Lavina Melwani |url=http://www.hinduismtoday.com/archives/1994/4/1994-4-02.shtml |title=Hindus Abandon Afghanistan |work=Hinduism Today |access-date=19 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070111080626/http://www.hinduismtoday.com/archives/1994/4/1994-4-02.shtml |archive-date=11 January 2007}}</ref> accompanied by gurdwaras and mandirs.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://english.religion.info/2005/08/25/afghanistan-sikhs-rebuilding-gurdwaras/ |title=Afghanistan: Sikhs rebuilding gurdwaras |date=25 August 2005 |website=Religioscope}}</ref> According to [[Deutsche Welle]] in September 2021, 250 remain in the country after 67 were evacuated to India.<ref>{{cite news |last=Chabba |first=Seerat |title=Afghanistan: What does Taliban rule mean for Sikhs and Hindus? |url=https://www.dw.com/en/afghanistan-what-does-taliban-rule-mean-for-sikhs-and-hindus/a-59122249 |access-date=25 October 2021 |publisher=Deutsche Welle |date=8 September 2021}}</ref>

There was a small [[History of the Jews in Afghanistan|Jewish community in Afghanistan]], living mainly in Herat and Kabul. Over the years, this small community was forced to leave due to decades of warfare and religious persecution. By the end of the twentieth century, nearly the entire community had emigrated to Israel and the United States, with one known exception, Herat-born [[Zablon Simintov]]. He remained for years, being the caretaker of the only remaining Afghan synagogue. He left the country for the US after the second Taliban takeover. A woman who left shortly after him has since been identified as the likely last Jew in Afghanistan.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A39702-2005Jan26.html |title=Afghan Jew Becomes Country's One and Only |author=N.C. Aizenman |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=27 January 2005 |access-date=19 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516090806/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A39702-2005Jan26.html |archive-date=16 May 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://english.alaraby.co.uk/news/last-jew-afghanistan-en-route-us-report |title=Last Jew in Afghanistan en route to US: report |work=The New Arab |date=7 September 2021 |access-date=17 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author1=Ben Zion Gad |title='Last Jew in Afghanistan' loses title to hidden Jewish family |url=https://www.jpost.com/diaspora/not-the-last-jew-in-afghanistan-after-all-683879 |access-date=7 February 2023 |work=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |date=1 December 2021}}</ref>

[[Afghan Christians]], who number 500–8,000, practice their faith secretly due to intense societal opposition, and there are no public churches.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gebauer |first1=Matthias |date=20 March 2006 |title=Christians in Afghanistan: A Community of Faith and Fear |work=[[Der Spiegel]] |url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/0,1518,408781,00.html |url-status=live |access-date=25 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120127030841/http://www.spiegel.de/international/0,1518,408781,00.html |archive-date=27 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=((USSD Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor))| year=2009 |title=International Religious Freedom Report 2009 |url=http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2009/127362.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091130031916/http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2009/127362.htm |archive-date=30 November 2009 |access-date=6 March 2010}}</ref>

=== Education ===
{{Main|Education in Afghanistan}}

[[File:UNESCO Institute of Statistics Afghanistan Literacy Rate population plus15 1980-2018.png|thumb|upright=1.3|UNESCO Institute of Statistics Afghanistan Literacy Rate among population aged 15+ (1980–2018)]]

[[Education in Afghanistan]] is overseen by the [[Ministry of Education (Afghanistan)|Ministry of Education]] and the [[Ministry of Higher Education (Afghanistan)|Ministry of Higher Education]]. There are over 16,000 schools in the country and roughly 9 million students. Of this, about 60% are males and 40% females. However, the new regime has thus far forbidden female teachers and female students from returning to secondary schools.<ref>{{cite news |date=18 September 2021|title=Afghanistan: Girls excluded as Afghan secondary schools reopen|publisher=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-58607816 |access-date=20 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Blue|first1=Victor J.|last2=Zucchino|first2=David|date=20 September 2021|title=A Harsh New Reality for Afghan Women and Girls in Taliban-Run Schools|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/20/world/asia/afghan-girls-schools-taliban.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/20/world/asia/afghan-girls-schools-taliban.html |archive-date=28 December 2021 |url-access=limited|access-date=20 September 2021|issn=0362-4331}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Over 174,000 students are enrolled in different [[List of universities in Afghanistan|universities around the country]]. About 21% of these are females.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.usaid.gov/afghanistan/education |title=Education |publisher=[[USAID]] |access-date=26 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181110231403/https://www.usaid.gov/afghanistan/education |archive-date=10 November 2018 }}</ref> Former Education Minister [[Ghulam Farooq Wardak]] had stated that construction of 8,000 schools is required for the remaining children who are deprived of [[formal learning]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.pajhwok.com/en/2013/05/18/wardak-seeks-3b-aid-school-buildings |title=Wardak seeks $3b in aid for school buildings |publisher=Pajhwok Afghan News |date=18 May 2013 |access-date=13 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230234222/http://www.pajhwok.com/en/2013/05/18/wardak-seeks-3b-aid-school-buildings |archive-date=30 December 2013|last1=Adina |first1=Mohammad Sabir}}</ref> As of 2018 the literacy rate of the population age 15 and older is 43.02% (males 55.48% and females 29.81%).<ref>{{cite web |title=UNESCO UIS: Afghanistan |url=http://uis.unesco.org/ |access-date=6 August 2020 |publisher=UNESCO}}</ref>

The top universities in Afghanistan are the [[American University of Afghanistan]] (AUAF) followed by [[Kabul University]] (KU), both of which are located in Kabul. The [[National Military Academy of Afghanistan]], modeled after the [[United States Military Academy]] at West Point, was a four-year military development institution dedicated to graduating officers for the [[Afghan Armed Forces]]. The [[Afghan Defense University]] was constructed near [[Qargha]] in Kabul. Major universities outside of Kabul include [[Kandahar University]] in the south, [[Herat University]] in the northwest, [[Balkh University]] and [[Kunduz University]] in the north, [[Nangarhar University]] and [[Khost University]] in the east.

After the Taliban regained power in 2021, it became unclear to what extent female education would continue in the country. In March 2022, after they had been closed for some time, it was announced that secondary education would be reopened shortly. However, shortly before reopening, the order was rescinded and schools for older girls remained closed.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Taliban reverses decision, barring Afghan girls from attending school beyond 6th grade|publisher=[[NPR]]|url=https://www.npr.org/2022/03/23/1088202759/taliban-afghanistan-girls-school |access-date=5 April 2022}}</ref> Despite the ban, six provinces, [[Balkh Province|Balkh]], [[Kunduz Province|Kunduz]], [[Jowzjan Province|Jowzjan]], [[Sar-e Pol Province|Sar-I-Pul]], [[Faryab Province|Faryab]], and the [[Daykundi Province|Day Kundi]], still allow girl's schools from grade 6 and up.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 January 2023 |title=Afghanistan: Six provinces keep schools open for girls despite nationwide ban |url=https://amu.tv/en/30372/ |access-date=17 February 2023 |publisher=AmuTV}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Neda Safi |first=Tooba |date=17 February 2023 |title=Girls return to high school in some regions of Afghanistan |url=https://genevasolutions.news/explorations/dispatches-from-women-in-afghanistan/girls-return-to-high-school-in-some-regions-of-afghanistan |access-date=17 February 2023 |website=Geneva Solutions}}</ref> In December 2023, investigations were being held by the United Nations on the claim that Afghan girls of all ages were allowed to study at religious schools.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 December 2023 |title=UN is seeking to verify that Afghanistan's Taliban are letting girls study at religious schools |url=https://www.seattletimes.com/nation-world/nation/un-is-seeking-to-verify-that-afghanistans-taliban-are-letting-girls-study-at-religious-schools/ |access-date=21 December 2023 |website=The Seattle Times}}</ref> As of November 2024, some parts of the country allow women to attend religious schools to pursue dentistry, nursing, and other subjects.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 November 2024 |title=Taliban seeks international aid for Afghanistan's reconstruction |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/world/russia-central-asia/article/3286955/taliban-seeks-international-aid-afghanistans-reconstruction |access-date=18 November 2024 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}</ref>

=== Health ===
{{Main|Health in Afghanistan}}

[[File:Kabul Military Hospital - panoramio.jpg|thumb|The [[Daoud Khan Military Hospital]] in Kabul is one of the largest [[list of hospitals in Afghanistan|hospitals]] in Afghanistan.]]

According to the [[Human Development Index]], Afghanistan is the [[List of countries by Human Development Index|15th least developed country in the world]]. The average [[List of countries by life expectancy|life expectancy]] is estimated to be around 60 years.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/136852/1/ccsbrief_afg_en.pdf |title=Afghanistan |publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO) |access-date=17 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170722191648/http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/136852/1/ccsbrief_afg_en.pdf |archive-date=22 July 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="UNESCO-2016">{{cite web |publisher=UNESCO |title=Afghanistan |date=27 November 2016 |url=https://uis.unesco.org/en/country/af |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170623093810/http://uis.unesco.org/en/country/af |archive-date=23 June 2017}}</ref> The country's [[maternal mortality]] rate is 396 deaths/100,000 live births and its [[infant mortality]] rate is 66<ref name="UNESCO-2016"/> to 112.8 deaths in every 1,000 live births.<ref name="Factbook"/> The [[Ministry of Public Health (Afghanistan)|Ministry of Public Health]] plans to cut the infant mortality rate to 400 for every 100,000 live births before 2020. The country has more than 3,000 [[midwifery|midwives]], with an additional 300 to 400 being trained each year.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.yahoo.com/childbirth-maternal-health-improve-afghanistan-160657704.html |title=Childbirth and maternal health improve in Afghanistan |first=Tom A. |last=Peter |newspaper=The Christian Science Monitor | date=17 December 2011 |access-date=12 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231002243/http://news.yahoo.com/childbirth-maternal-health-improve-afghanistan-160657704.html |archive-date=31 December 2013 }}</ref>

There are over 100 [[hospitals in Afghanistan]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/pnaea825.pdf|title=Afghanistan National Hospital Survey|date=August 2004|publisher=Afghan Ministry of Health|access-date=28 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190807231748/https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/pnaea825.pdf|archive-date=7 August 2019}}</ref> with the most advanced treatments being available in Kabul. The [[French Medical Institute for Children]] and [[Indira Gandhi Children's Hospital]] in Kabul are the leading [[children's hospital]]s in the country. Some of the other leading hospitals in Kabul include the [[Jamhuriat Hospital]] and [[Jinnah Hospital (Kabul)|Jinnah Hospital]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/pakistan-funded-afghan-hospital-begins-operations/4884454.html|title=Pakistan-funded Afghan Hospital Begins Operations|work=VOA News|first=Ayaz|last=Gul|date=20 April 2019|access-date=28 May 2019|quote=It opens a new chapter in the friendship of the two countries... This is the second-largest hospital [in Afghanistan] built with your support that will serve the needy," Feroz told the gathering.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423111329/https://www.voanews.com/a/pakistan-funded-afghan-hospital-begins-operations/4884454.html|archive-date=23 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> In spite of all this, many Afghans travel to Pakistan and India for advanced treatment.

It was reported in 2006 that nearly 60% of the Afghan population lives within a two-hour walk of the nearest health facility.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://afghanistan.usaid.gov/en/programs/health |title=Health |publisher=[[United States Agency for International Development]] (USAID) |access-date=20 October 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929082306/http://afghanistan.usaid.gov/en/programs/health|archive-date=29 September 2013}}</ref> The [[disability]] rate is also high in Afghanistan due to the decades of war.<ref>{{cite web |first=Anne-Marie |last=DiNardo |author2=LPA/PIPOS |url=http://www.usaid.gov/stories/afghanistan/fp_afghan_disabled.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040508140406/http://www.usaid.gov/stories/afghanistan/fp_afghan_disabled.html |archive-date=8 May 2004|title=Empowering Afghanistan's Disabled Population – 31 March 2006 |publisher=[[USAID]] | date=31 March 2006 |access-date=19 May 2012}}</ref> It was reported recently that about 80,000 people are missing limbs.<ref>{{cite news |first =Richard |last=Norton-Taylor |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/feb/13/afghanistan |title=Afghanistan's refugee crisis 'ignored' |work=[[The Guardian]] | date=13 February 2008 |access-date=19 May 2012 |location=London|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101215150225/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/feb/13/afghanistan |archive-date=15 December 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=26520 |title=Afghanistan: People living with disabilities call for integration |work=The New Humanitarian |url-status=live |date=2 December 2004 |access-date=28 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110920142752/http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=26520 |archive-date=20 September 2011}}</ref> Non-governmental charities such as [[Save the Children]] and [[Mahboba's Promise]] assist orphans in association with governmental structures.<ref>{{cite web |first=Virginia |last=Haussegger |title=Mahboba's Promise |date=2 July 2009 |url=http://www.abc.net.au/7.30/content/2009/s2615472.htm |publisher=ABC News|location=Australia |access-date=15 July 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130726123857/http://www.abc.net.au/7.30/content/2009/s2615472.htm |archive-date=26 July 2013}}</ref>

== Culture ==
{{Main|Culture of Afghanistan}}

[[File:CH-NB - Afghanistan, Kulm (Khulm, Kholm)- Menschen - Annemarie Schwarzenbach - SLA-Schwarzenbach-A-5-21-110.jpg|thumb|An Afghan family near [[Kholm, Afghanistan|Kholm]], 1939 – most Afghans are tribal.]]

[[Afghans]] have both common cultural features and those that differ between the regions of Afghanistan, each with distinctive cultures partly as a result of geographic obstacles that divide the country.<ref name="Fisher-2002"/> Family is the mainstay of Afghan society and families are often headed by a [[patriarch]].<ref name="afghanistans.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.afghanistans.com/Information/People/WayofLife.htm|title=Afghanistan Way of Life | Afghanistan's Web Site|website=afghanistans.com|access-date=14 June 2020|archive-date=8 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308140824/https://www.afghanistans.com/Information/People/WayofLife.htm}}</ref> In the southern and eastern region, the people live according to the [[Pashtun culture]] by following [[Pashtunwali]] (the Pashtun way).<ref>{{citation-attribution |{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/aftoc.html |title=Afghanistan: a country study |year=1998 |publisher=[[Library of Congress]], [[Federal Research Division]] |editor-last=Blood |editor-first=Peter R. |location=Washington, D.C. |oclc=904447770 |entry=Pashtun |entry-url=https://webharvest.gov/peth04/20041031011222/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+af0037) |access-date=23 January 2021}}}}</ref> Key tenets of Pashtunwali include [[Melmastia|hospitality]], the provision of [[Nanawatai|sanctuary]] to those seeking refuge, and revenge for the shedding of blood.{{sfn|Dupree|1997|page=126}} The Pashtuns are largely connected to the culture of Central Asia and the [[Iranian Plateau]]. The remaining Afghans are culturally [[Persianization|Persian]] and [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]]. Some non-Pashtuns who live in proximity with Pashtuns have adopted Pashtunwali in a process called [[Pashtunization]], while some Pashtuns have been [[Persianized]]. Those who have lived in Pakistan and Iran over the last 30 years have been further influenced by the cultures of those neighboring nations. The Afghan people are known to be strongly religious.<ref name="The Swedish Committee for Afghanistan (SCA)"/>

Afghans, particularly Pashtuns, are noted for their tribal solidarity and high regard for personal honor.{{sfn|Barfield|2012|page=59}} There are various [[ethnic groups in Afghanistan|Afghan tribes]], and an estimated 2–3 million [[Kochi people|nomads]].<ref>"[http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=76794 Afghanistan: Kuchi nomads seek a better deal]". [[The New Humanitarian|IRIN]] Asia. 18 February 2008. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910205256/http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=76794 |date=10 September 2011}}</ref> Afghan culture is deeply [[Islamic culture|Islamic]],{{sfn|Barfield|2012|page=40–41}} but pre-Islamic practices persist.{{sfn|Dupree|1997|page=104}} [[Child marriage in Afghanistan|Child marriage]] is prevalent;<ref>{{cite journal|last=Bahgam|first=S|author2=Mukhatari|title=Study on Child Marriage in Afghanistan|journal=Medica Mondiale|year=2004|pages=1–20|url=http://www.medicamondiale.org/fileadmin/content/07_Infothek/Afghanistan/Afghanistan_Child_marriage_medica_mondiale_study_2004_e.pdf|access-date=15 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120506222217/http://www.medicamondiale.org/fileadmin/content/07_Infothek/Afghanistan/Afghanistan_Child_marriage_medica_mondiale_study_2004_e.pdf|archive-date=6 May 2012}}</ref> the legal age for marriage is 16.<ref>{{cite web|title=Afghanistan Has a Tougher Law on Child Marriage than Florida|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/10/20/afghanistan-has-tougher-law-child-marriage-florida|publisher=Human Rights Watch|date=20 October 2017|quote=In Afghanistan girls can marry at 16, or at 15 with permission from their father or a judge.|access-date=15 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190725072232/https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/10/20/afghanistan-has-tougher-law-child-marriage-florida|archive-date=25 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The most preferred marriage in Afghan society is to one's [[parallel cousin]], and the groom is often expected to pay a [[bride price]].{{sfn|Dupree|1997|page=122, 198}}

[[File:Kuchi Village.jpg|thumb|A house occupied by nomadic ''kochi'' people in [[Nangarhar Province]]]]

In the villages, families typically occupy [[mudbrick]] houses, or compounds with mudbrick or [[stone wall]]ed houses. Villages typically have a headman (''malik''), a master for water distribution (''mirab'') and a religious teacher (''mullah''). Men would typically work on the fields, joined by women during harvest.<ref name="afghanistans.com"/> About 15% of the population are [[nomadic]], locally called ''[[Kochi people|kochis]]''.<ref name="Fisher-2002"/> When nomads pass villages they often buy supplies such as tea, wheat and [[kerosene]] from the villagers; villagers buy [[wool]] and milk from the nomads.<ref name="afghanistans.com"/>

[[Afghan clothing]] for both men and women typically consists of various forms of [[shalwar kameez]], especially ''[[perahan tunban]]'' and ''[[khet partug]]''. Women would normally wear a ''[[chador]]'' for head covering; some women, typically from highly conservative communities, wear the ''[[burqa]]'', a full body covering. These were worn by some women of the Pashtun community well before Islam came to the region, but the [[Taliban]] enforced this dress on women when they were in power.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z7ATBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA61|title=What Is Veiling?|first=Sahar|last=Amer|date=2 September 2014|publisher=UNC Press Books|isbn=978-1-4696-1776-3}}</ref> Another popular dress is the ''[[chapan]]'' which acts as a coat. The ''[[Karakul (hat)|karakul]]'' is a hat made from the fur of a specific regional breed of sheep. It was favored by former kings of Afghanistan and became known to much of the world in the 21st century when it was constantly worn by President [[Hamid Karzai]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1956862.stm|title=Karzai heads for hat trouble|date=28 April 2002|publisher=BBC News}}</ref> The ''[[pakol]]'' is another traditional hat originating from the far east of the country; it was popularly worn by the guerrilla leader [[Ahmad Shah Massoud]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.afghan-web.com/culture/clothes/|title=Traditional Afghan Clothes|date=12 March 2018|access-date=13 June 2020|archive-date=13 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813151029/https://www.afghan-web.com/culture/clothes/}}</ref> The ''[[Mazari hat]]'' originates from northern Afghanistan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.voanews.com/extremism-watch/hats-proliferate-symbol-pashtun-protest-movement|title=Hats Proliferate as Symbol of Pashtun Protest Movement|publisher=Voice of America}}{{dead link|date=April 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

=== Architecture ===
{{Main|Architecture of Afghanistan}}

[[File:Kabul Skyline.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Kabul skyline, displaying both historical and contemporary buildings]]

The nation has a complex history that has survived either in its current cultures or in the form of various languages and monuments. Afghanistan contains many remnants from all ages, including [[Ancient Greece|Greek]] and [[Buddhist]] stupas, monasteries, monuments, temples, and Islamic minarets. Among the most well known are the [[Great Mosque of Herat]], the [[Blue Mosque (Mazar-i-Sharif)|Blue Mosque]], the [[Minaret of Jam]], the [[Chil Zena]], the Qala-i Bost in [[Lashkargah]], the ancient Greek city of [[Ai-Khanoum]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.afghanistans.com/Information/People/ArtArchitecture.htm|title=Afghanistan Art and Architecture | Afghanistan's Web Site|website=afghanistans.com|access-date=14 June 2020|archive-date=7 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307212319/https://www.afghanistans.com/Information/People/ArtArchitecture.htm}}</ref> However, many of its historic monuments have been damaged in modern times due to the civil wars.<ref>G.V. Brandolini. ''Afghanistan [[cultural heritage]]''. Orizzonte terra, [[Bergamo]]. 2007. p. 64.</ref> The two famous [[Buddhas of Bamiyan]] were destroyed by the Taliban, who regarded them as [[idolatrous]]. As there was no colonialism in the modern era in Afghanistan, European-style architecture is rare but does exist: the Victory Arch at [[Paghman]] and the [[Darul Aman Palace]] in Kabul were built in this style in the 1920s. Afghan architecture also ranges [[Indo-Islamic architecture|deep into India]] such as the city of [[Agra]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last=ud-Din |first=Hameed |year=1960 |title=THE AFGHAN ARCHITECTURE OF INDIA: An historical study, 1451–1526 |journal=Rivista degli studi orientali |volume=35 |pages=149–155 |jstor=41922907 |issn=0392-4866}}</ref> and the [[tomb of Sher Shah Suri]], an [[Sur Empire|Afghan Emperor of India]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Medieval India the study of a civilization|first=Irfan|last=Habib|page=228|publisher=National Book Trust, India|isbn=978-81-237-5255-6|year=2007}}</ref>

=== Art and ceramics ===
{{Main|Afghan art}}

[[File:Traditional Afghan Embroidery Style.jpg|thumb|A traditional Afghan [[embroidery]] pattern]]

Carpet [[weaving]] is an ancient practice in Afghanistan, and many of these are still [[Handicraft|handmade]] by tribal and nomadic people today.<ref name="aljazeera.com"/> Carpets have been produced in the region for thousands of years and traditionally done by women.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://khorasanrugs.com/post/1033364869875/in-afghanistan-weaving-ancient-industry|title=In Afghanistan, weaving ancient industry back into global market|date=21 August 2019|journal=The Christian Science Monitor}}</ref> Some crafters express their feelings through the designs of rugs; for example after the outbreak of the [[Soviet–Afghan War]], "[[war rugs]]", a variant of [[Afghan rug]]s, were created with designs representing pain and misery caused by the conflict.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://speri.dept.shef.ac.uk/2020/01/15/selling-war-commodifying-the-insecurity-of-afghan-women/|title=Selling war: commodifying the (in)security of Afghan women|date=15 January 2020|website=SPERI}}</ref> Every province has its own specific characteristics in making rugs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gounesco.com/weaving-culture-through-the-afghan-rug/|title=Weaving Culture through the Afghan rug|date=7 December 2017|access-date=13 June 2020|archive-date=30 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210830215415/https://www.makeheritagefun.com/weaving-culture-through-the-afghan-rug/}}</ref> In some of the Turkic-populated areas in the north-west, bride and wedding ceremony prices are driven by the bride's weaving skills.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.afghanistan-analysts.org/en/reports/context-culture/rug-weavers-and-bride-prices-in-the-northwest-still-expensive-in-spite-of-government-and-taleban-rules/|title=Rug Weavers and Bride Prices in the Northwest: Still expensive in spite of government and Taleban rules|date=12 May 2019|website=Afghanistan Analysts Network – English}}</ref>

[[Pottery]] has been crafted in Afghanistan for millennia. The village of [[Istalif]], north of Kabul, is in particular a major center, known for its unique turquoise and green pottery,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://seretandsons.org/giving-back|title=Giving Back – Seret and Sons}}</ref> and their methods of crafting have remained the same for centuries.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.khaama.com/the-potter-crafting-afghanistans-future-9899/|title=The Potter: Crafting Afghanistan's future|date=27 January 2015|website=The Khaama Press News Agency}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/19/world/asia/afghanistan-istalif-pottery.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/19/world/asia/afghanistan-istalif-pottery.html |archive-date=1 January 2022 |url-access=limited|title=War and Pillaging Couldn't Break an Afghan Village, but a Tumbling Economy May|first=Kareem|last=Fahim|newspaper=The New York Times|date=18 August 2016}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Much of ''[[lapis lazuli]]'' stones were earthed in modern-day Afghanistan which were used in [[Chinese porcelain]] as [[cobalt blue]], later used in ancient [[Mesopotamia]] and Turkey.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/style/article/how-the-color-blue-changed-art-forever/index.html|title=How the quest for the 'perfect blue' changed art forever|first=Isambard |last=Wilkinson|publisher=CNN|date=14 June 2018}}</ref>

The lands of Afghanistan have a long history of art, with the world's earliest known usage of [[oil painting]] found in cave murals in the country.<ref>{{cite web |title=First-ever oil paintings found in Afghanistan |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/04/24/afghanistan.painting/ |date=24 April 2008 |access-date=3 December 2012 |publisher=CNN |archive-date=20 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180320110145/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/04/24/afghanistan.painting/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=World's Oldest Oil Paintings Found in Afghanistan |url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,352342,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080427021547/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,352342,00.html |archive-date=27 April 2008 |date=24 April 2008 |access-date=3 December 2012 |publisher=[[Fox News]]}}</ref> A notable art style that developed in Afghanistan and eastern Pakistan is [[Gandhara Art]], produced by a fusion of [[Greco-Roman]] art and [[Buddhist art]] between the 1st and 7th centuries CE.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia | url=https://www.britannica.com/art/Gandhara-art |title=Gandhara art |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=22 August 2018}}</ref> Later eras saw increased use of the [[Persian miniature]] style, with [[Kamaleddin Behzad]] of [[Herat]] being one of the most notable miniature artists of the [[Timurid dynasty|Timurid]] and early [[Safavid]] periods. Since the 1900s, the nation began to use Western techniques in art. [[Abdul Ghafoor Breshna]] was a prominent Afghan painter and sketch artist from Kabul during the 20th century.

=== Literature ===
{{Main|Afghan literature}}

Classic [[Persian literature|Persian]] and [[Pashto poetry]] are a cherished part of Afghan culture. Poetry has always been one of the major educational pillars in the region, to the level that it has integrated itself into culture.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2017/10/567862-feature-western-afghanistan-ancient-love-poetry-thrives-again|title=FEATURE: In Western Afghanistan, an ancient love of poetry thrives again|date=5 October 2017|website=UN News|access-date=15 June 2020|archive-date=17 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817083556/https://news.un.org/en/story/2017/10/567862-feature-western-afghanistan-ancient-love-poetry-thrives-again|url-status=dead}}</ref> One of the poetic styles is called [[Landay (poetry)|landay]]. A popular theme in Afghan folklore and mythology are [[Dev (mythology)|Divs]], monstrous creatures.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kXnEDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA4|title=American Myths, Legends, and Tall Tales: An Encyclopedia of American Folklore [3 volumes]: An Encyclopedia of American Folklore (3 Volumes)|first1=Christopher R.|last1=Fee|first2=Jeffrey B.|last2=Webb|date=29 August 2016|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-61069-568-8}}</ref> Thursdays are traditionally "poetry night" in the city of [[Herat]] when men, women and children gather and recite both ancient and modern poems.<ref>{{cite news |title=Afghanistan: 10 facts you may not know |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-13931608 |url-status=live |publisher=BBC News |date=6 July 2011 |access-date=21 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304072803/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-13931608 |archive-date=4 March 2018}}</ref>

Three mystical authors are considered true national glories (although claimed with equal ardor by Iran), namely: [[Khwaja Abdullah Ansari]] of Herat, a great mystic and [[Sufi]] saint in the 11th century, [[Sanai]] of [[Ghazni]], author of mystical poems in the 12th century, and, finally, [[Rumi]] of [[Balkh]], in the 13th century, considered the greatest mystical poet of the Muslim world. The Afghan Pashto literature, although quantitatively remarkable and in great growth in the last century, has always had an essentially local meaning and importance, feeling the influence of both Persian literature and the contiguous literatures of India. Both main literatures, from the second half of the nineteenth century, have shown themselves to be sensitive to genres, movements and stylistic features imported from Europe.

[[Khushal Khan Khattak]] of the 17th century is considered the national poet. Other notable poets include [[Rabi'a Balkhi]], [[Jami]], [[Rahman Baba]], [[Khalilullah Khalili]], and [[Parween Pazhwak]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.afghan-web.com/culture/poetry/cpoets.html |title=Classical Dari and Pashto Poets |publisher=Afghan-web.com |access-date=4 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140412113451/http://www.afghan-web.com/culture/poetry/cpoets.html|archive-date=12 April 2014}}</ref>

=== Music ===
{{Main|Music of Afghanistan}}

[[File:Afghan rubab.jpg|thumb|left|The Afghan [[Rubab (instrument)|rubab]]]]

Afghan classical music has close historical links with [[Indian classical music]] and use the same Hindustani terminology and theories like [[raga]]. Genres of this style of music include [[ghazal]] (poetic music) and instruments such as the Indian [[tabla]], [[sitar]] and [[harmonium]], and local instruments like [[zerbaghali]], as well as [[dayereh]] and [[tanbur]] which are also known in Central Asia, the Caucasus and the Middle East. The [[Rubab (instrument)|rubab]] is the country's national instrument and precurses the Indian [[sarod]] instrument. Some of the famous artists of classical music include [[Ustad Sarahang]] and [[Abdul Rahim Sarban|Sarban]].<ref name="Songlines">{{cite web|url=https://www.songlines.co.uk/explore/guides-and-lists/the-rough-guide-to-world-music-afghanistan|title=Afghanistan – The Rough Guide to World Music|website=Songlines}}</ref>

Pop music developed in the 1950s through [[Radio Kabul]] and was influential in social change. During this time female artists also started appearing, at first [[Mermon Parwin]].<ref name="Songlines"/> Perhaps the most famous artist of this genre was [[Ahmad Zahir]], who synthesized many genres and continues to be renowned for his voice and rich lyrics long after his death in 1979.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://daily.redbullmusicacademy.com/2016/06/ahmad-zahir-the-afghan-elvis|title=Ahmad Zahir: The Voice of Afghanistan|website=daily.redbullmusicacademy.com}}</ref><ref name="Songlines"/> Other notable masters of traditional or popular Afghan music include [[Nashenas]], [[Ubaidullah Jan]], [[Mahwash]], [[Ahmad Wali]], [[Farhad Darya]], and [[Naghma (singer)|Naghma]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.afghanland.com/entertainment/music/bio.html |title=Artist Biographies |publisher=Afghanland.com |access-date=17 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130809214750/http://www.afghanland.com/entertainment/music/bio.html |archive-date=9 August 2013}}</ref>

[[Attan]] is the national dance of Afghanistan, a group dance popularly performed by Afghans of all backgrounds.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wadsam.com/arts-culture/afghanistans-traditional-dance-attan-3090/|title=Afghanistan's Traditional Dance-Attan|date=7 July 2012|access-date=12 June 2020|archive-date=14 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414223632/https://wadsam.com/arts-culture/afghanistans-traditional-dance-attan-3090/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The dance is considered part of Afghan identity.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.afghanzariza.com/article/articledetail/attan--the-fascinating-national-dance-of-afghanistan|title=Attan – the fascinating national dance of Afghanistan|website=Afghan Zariza|access-date=14 June 2020|archive-date=8 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308040731/https://www.afghanzariza.com/article/articledetail/attan--the-fascinating-national-dance-of-afghanistan}}</ref>

=== Media and entertainment ===
{{Main|Mass media in Afghanistan}}

Afghanistan has around 350 [[List of radio stations in Afghanistan|radio stations]] and over 200 television stations.<ref name=TOLO-2019>{{cite news|title=Suspects Sentenced To Death For Killing Journalist in Kandahar|url=https://www.tolonews.com/afghanistan/suspects-sentenced-death-killing-journalist-kandahar|publisher=[[TOLOnews]]|date=16 April 2019|access-date=28 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190417161248/https://www.tolonews.com/afghanistan/suspects-sentenced-death-killing-journalist-kandahar|archive-date=17 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Radio Television Afghanistan]], originating from 1925, is the state public broadcaster. Television programs began airing in the 1970s and today there are many private television channels such as [[TOLO (TV channel)|TOLO]] and [[Shamshad TV]]. The first Afghan newspaper was published in 1873,{{sfn|Dupree|1997|page=405}} and there are hundreds of print outlets today.<ref name="TOLO-2019"/> By the 1920s, [[Radio Kabul]] was broadcasting local radio services.<ref>{{cite book|author=Monica Whitlock|title=Land Beyond the River: The Untold Story of Central Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OW1tAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA127|date=24 October 2003|publisher=St. Martin's Press|isbn=978-0-312-27727-7|page=127}}</ref> [[Voice of America]], [[BBC World Service|BBC]], and [[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]] (RFE/RL) broadcast in both of Afghanistan's official languages on radio.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-press/2016/afghanistan|title=Freedom of the Press 2016: Afghanistan|publisher=Freedom House|year=2016|access-date=28 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205122939/https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-press/2016/afghanistan|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Press restrictions have been gradually relaxed and private media diversified since 2002, after more than two decades of tight controls.

Afghans have long been accustomed to watching Indian [[Bollywood]] films and listening to its [[filmi]] songs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.himalmag.com/encounters-bollywood-kabul/|title=Encounters with Bollywood in Kabul|date=14 September 2013|website=Himal Southasian}}</ref> It has been claimed that Afghanistan is among the biggest markets for the Hindi film industry.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/12/panipat-irks-afghans-founding-father-portrayal-191210053601818.html|title=Bollywood's Panipat irks Afghans over founding father's portrayal|publisher=Al Jazeera}}</ref> The stereotypes of [[Afghans in India]] (''Kabuliwala'' or ''Pathani'') have also been represented in some Bollywood films by actors.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/period-films-like-padmaavat-kesari-and-now-panipat-have-crassly-stereotyped-and-vilified-afghans/cid/1717346|title=Vilifying Afghans in Bollywood|website=The Telegraph|location=India}}</ref> Many Bollywood film stars have roots in Afghanistan, including [[Salman Khan]], [[Saif Ali Khan]], [[Aamir Khan]], [[Feroz Khan (Indian actor)|Feroz Khan]], [[Kader Khan]], [[Naseeruddin Shah]], [[Zarine Khan]], [[Celina Jaitly]], and a number of others. Several Bollywood films have been shot inside Afghanistan, including ''[[Dharmatma]]'', ''[[Khuda Gawah]]'', ''[[Escape from Taliban]]'', and ''[[Kabul Express]]''.

=== Cuisine ===
{{Main|Afghan cuisine}}

[[File: Bread of Afghanistan in 2010.jpg|thumb|[[Naan|Non]], the most widely consumed bread in Afghanistan]]

Afghan cuisine is largely based upon the nation's chief crops, such as wheat, maize, [[barley]] and rice. Accompanying these staples are native fruits and vegetables as well as dairy products such as milk, [[yogurt]], and [[whey]]. [[Kabuli palaw]] is the [[national dish]] of Afghanistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foodrepublic.com/2012/07/31/everything-you-need-know-about-afghan-food|title=Everything You Need To Know About Afghan Food |date=31 July 2012 |publisher=foodrepublic |first=Tanveer |last=Ali|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130213232915/https://www.foodrepublic.com/2012/07/31/everything-you-need-know-about-afghan-food|archive-date=13 February 2013}}</ref> The nation's culinary specialties reflect its ethnic and geographic diversity.<ref>{{cite book|last=Brittin|first=Helen|title=The Food and Culture Around the World Handbook|year=2011|publisher=Prentice Hall|location=Boston|pages=20–21}}</ref> Afghanistan is known for its high-quality [[Pomegranate production in Afghanistan|pomegranates]], grapes, and sweet melons.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rareseeds.com/afghan-honeydew-melon/|title=Rare Heirloom Seeds – Baker Creek Heirloom Seeds|website=Baker Creek Heirloom Seeds|access-date=28 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304063844/http://www.rareseeds.com/afghan-honeydew-melon/|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> Tea is a favorite drink among Afghans. A typical Afghan diet consists of [[naan]], yogurt, rice, and meat.<ref name="afghanistans.com"/>

=== Holidays and festivals ===
[[File:هفت میوه.jpg|thumb|upright|''Haft mewa'' (seven-fruit syrup), popularly consumed during Nowruz]]

Afghanistan's official New Year starts with [[Nowruz]] (natively known as "''Nawroz''"), an ancient tradition that started as a [[Zoroastrian]] celebration in present-day Iran, and with which it shares the annual celebration along with several other countries. It occurs every year at the [[March equinox|vernal equinox]]. [[Nauruz in Afghanistan|In Afghanistan]], Nowruz is typically celebrated with music and dance, as well as holding [[buzkashi]] tournaments.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.iexplore.com/articles/travel-guides/middle-east/afghanistan/festivals-and-events |title=Afghanistan Holidays and Festivals |website=iexplore.com |access-date=12 June 2020 |archive-date=14 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414224027/https://www.iexplore.com/articles/travel-guides/middle-east/afghanistan/festivals-and-events }}</ref>

[[Yaldā]], another nationally celebrated ancient tradition,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://en.mehrnews.com/news/112907/Yalda-Iranian-celebration-of-winter-solstice |last=Rezaian |first=Lachin |agency=[[Mehr News Agency]] |date=20 December 2015 |title=Yalda: Iranian celebration of winter solstice}}</ref> commemorates the ancient goddess [[Mithra]] and marks the longest night of the year on the eve of the [[winter solstice]] ({{transliteration|prs|Čilli-yi Zimistān}}; usually falling on 20 or 21 December),<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yonOicJi5BEC |title=No More "us" and "them": Classroom Lessons and Activities to Promote Peer Respect |last=Roessing |first=Lesley |date=2012 |page=89 |publisher=R&L Education |isbn=978-1-61048-812-9}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/local/la-me-adv-persian-winter-solstice-20131221-story.html |title=In ancient tradition, Iranians celebrate winter solstice |last=Hamedy |first= Saba |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=20 December 2013}}</ref> during which families gather together to recite poetry and eat fruit.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ti24AwAAQBAJ |title=Religions of Iran: From Prehistory to the Present |last=Foltz |first= Richard |publisher=Oneworld Publications |date=2013 |page=29|isbn=978-1-78074-307-3 |author-link=Foltz, Richard}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Alavi |first=Nasrin |url=https://archive.org/details/weareiranpersian0000alav/page/134/mode/2up |title=We Are Iran: The Persian Blogs |date=8 November 2015 |publisher=Soft Skull Press |page=135 |isbn=978-1-55192-871-5 |url-access=registration}}</ref>

As a predominantly Muslim country, Islamic events and festivals such as [[Ramadan]], [[Eid al-Fitr]] and [[Ashura]] are widely celebrated annually in Afghanistan. The Sikh festival of [[Vaisakhi]] is celebrated by the Sikh community<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.pajhwok.com/en/2013/04/11/sikhs-throng-temples-celebrate-vaisakhi|title=Sikhs throng temples to celebrate Vaisakhi|website=pajhwok.com|date=11 April 2013|last1=Mahbob|first1=Mahbob Shah}}</ref> and the Hindu festival [[Diwali]] by the Hindu community.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/world/asia/afghan-hindus-and-sikhs-celebrate-diwali-without-pomp-and-splendour-amid-fear-1.668735|title=Afghan Hindus and Sikhs celebrate Diwali without 'pomp and splendour' amid fear|website=The National|date=19 October 2017}}</ref>

[[Afghan Independence Day|National Independence Day]] is celebrated on 19 August to mark the [[Anglo-Afghan Treaty of 1919]] and the country's full independence.<ref name="Factbook"/> Several international celebrations are also officially held in Afghanistan, such as [[International Workers' Day]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 April 2024 |title=International Workers Day 2024: List of Countries that Celebrate Labor Day on 1st May, Check Here |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/international-workers-day-1714484773-1 |access-date=1 July 2024 |website=Jagranjosh.com}}</ref> and [[International Women's Day]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ellingwood |first=Anselma |date=11 March 2024 |title=International Women's Day: Afghan Women Endure Gender Apartheid |url=https://feminist.org/news/international-womens-day-afghan-women-endure-gender-apartheid/ |access-date=1 July 2024 |website=Feminist Majority Foundation}}</ref> Some regional festivals include the [[Nowruz#Afghanistan|Red Flower Festival]] (during Nowruz) in [[Mazar-i-Sharif]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 March 2022 |title=Nowruz celebration in Afghanistan |url=https://en.mehrnews.com/news/184697/Nowruz-celebration-in-Afghanistan |access-date=1 July 2024 |agency=Mehr News Agency}}</ref> and the Damboora Festival in [[Bamyan Province]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 June 2018 |title=Traditional Dambora Musical Festival organized in Bamyan province |url=https://www.khaama.com/traditional-dambora-musical-festival-organized-in-bamyan-province-05461/ |access-date=1 July 2024 |work=Khaama Press}}</ref>

=== Sports ===
{{Main|Sport in Afghanistan}}

{{See also|Traditional games of Afghanistan}}
[[File:Buzkashi game in Afghanistan.jpg|thumb|left|The ancient national sport of Afghanistan, [[Buzkashi]]]]

Sport in Afghanistan is managed by the Afghan Sports Federation. [[Cricket]] and association football are the two most popular sports in the country.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/%E2%80%98Cricket-is-now-the-biggest-sport-in-Afghanistan%E2%80%99/article13994180.ece|title=Cricket is now the biggest sport in Afghanistan|work=The Hindu|access-date=4 July 2019|date=11 January 2016|author=Uthra Ganesan}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.topendsports.com/world/countries/afghanistan.htm|title=Sport in Afghanistan|access-date=4 July 2019|publisher=Top End Sports|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180711025603/https://www.topendsports.com/world/countries/afghanistan.htm|archive-date=11 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The Afghan Sports Federation promotes cricket, association football, basketball, volleyball, golf, [[team handball|handball]], [[boxing]], [[taekwondo]], [[Olympic weightlifting|weightlifting]], [[bodybuilding]], track and field, [[ice skating|skating]], [[bowling]], [[snooker]], [[chess]], and other sports.

The [[Afghanistan national basketball team]] won the first team sports title at the [[2010 South Asian Games]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tournaments/South-Asian-Games-Shooters-swimmers-shine-as-India-consolidate-dominance/articleshow/5540143.cms|title=South Asian Games: Shooters, swimmers shine as India consolidate dominance|newspaper=The Times of India|date=5 February 2010|access-date=28 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190613093112/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tournaments/South-Asian-Games-Shooters-swimmers-shine-as-India-consolidate-dominance/articleshow/5540143.cms|archive-date=13 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2012, the country's [[Afghanistan national 3x3 team|3x3 basketball team]] won the gold medal at the [[3-on-3 basketball at the 2012 Asian Beach Games|2012 Asian Beach Games]]. In 2013, Afghanistan's [[Afghanistan national football team|football team]] followed as it won the [[SAFF Championship]].<ref name="SAFF2013">{{cite news |last=Lyse |first=Doucet |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-24074786 |title=Precious moments of unity touch Afghans after football triumph |publisher=BBC News |date=12 September 2013 |access-date=28 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130925172338/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-24074786 |archive-date=25 September 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[Afghan national cricket team]], which was formed in 2001, won the [[2009–10 ICC Intercontinental Cup]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cricketeurope4.net/CRICKETEUROPE/DATABASE/2009/TOURNAMENTS/INTERCONTINENTAL/about.shtml |title=2009–10 Intercontinental Cup |website=CricketEurope |access-date=28 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130224153614/http://www.cricketeurope4.net/CRICKETEUROPE/DATABASE/2009/TOURNAMENTS/INTERCONTINENTAL/about.shtml |archive-date=24 February 2013}}</ref> It won the [[ACC Twenty20 Cup]] in 2007, 2009, 2011 and 2013. The team played in the [[2015 Cricket World Cup|2015]], [[2019 Cricket World Cup|2019]], and [[2023 Cricket World Cup]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://globalvoices.org/2015/02/20/afghanistan-makes-history-in-cricket-world-cup-despite-debut-loss-to-bangladesh/|title=Afghanistan Makes History in Cricket World Cup, Despite Debut Loss to Bangladesh|date=20 February 2015|access-date=28 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190528232428/https://globalvoices.org/2015/02/20/afghanistan-makes-history-in-cricket-world-cup-despite-debut-loss-to-bangladesh/|archive-date=28 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Afghanistan Cricket Board]] (ACB) is the official governing body of the sport and is based in Kabul. The [[Alokozay Kabul International Cricket Ground]] serves as the nation's main cricket stadium. There are several other stadiums throughout the country, including the [[Ghazi Amanullah Khan International Cricket Stadium]] near [[Jalalabad]]. Domestically, cricket is played between teams from different provinces.

The [[Afghanistan national football team]] has been competing in international [[Association football|football]] since 1941.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.teammelli.com/matchdata/details/matchdetails.php?id=53|title=Statistics: Iran|access-date=28 May 2019|publisher=Team Melli|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191103153545/http://www.teammelli.com/matchdata/details/matchdetails.php?id=53|archive-date=3 November 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The national team plays its home games at the [[Ghazi Stadium]] in Kabul, while [[football in Afghanistan]] is governed by the [[Afghanistan Football Federation]]. The national team has never competed or qualified for the [[FIFA World Cup]] but won an international football trophy in 2013.<ref name="SAFF2013"/> The country also has a national team in the sport of futsal, a 5-a-side variation of football.

The traditional and the national sport of Afghanistan is [[buzkashi]], particularly popular in the north.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/afghanistans-buzkashi-horses-prepare-for-the-game-of-courage/article22457652.ece|title=Afghanistan's buzkashi horses prepare for the game of courage|newspaper=The Hindu|date=17 January 2018}}</ref> It is similar to [[polo]], played by horsemen in two teams, each trying to grab and hold a goat carcass.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Abi-Habib|first1=Maria|last2=Fazly|first2=Walid|title=In Afghanistan's National Pastime, It's Better to Be a Hero Than a Goat|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703841904576256632384932122|access-date=13 April 2011|newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|date=13 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150526095017/http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703841904576256632384932122|archive-date=26 May 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Afghan Hound]] (a type of running dog) originated in Afghanistan and was used in [[wolf hunting with dogs|wolf hunting]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Rory|last=Stewart|author-link=Rory Stewart|title=The Places in Between|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nz_2AwAAQBAJ|date=2007|publisher=HMH Books|isbn=978-0-15-603593-4|page=100}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Afghanistan|Asia}}
* [[Outline of Afghanistan]]
* [[2025 Afghan deportation from Iran]]

== Explanatory notes ==
{{Notelist|refs=

}}

== References ==
<ref>{{cite thesis |last1=Muhammad Khan |first1=Ashiq |title=THE LAST PHASE OF MUSLIM RULE IN MULTAN (1752–1818) |access-date=4 December 2021 |type=Thesis |publisher=University of Multan, MULTAN |url=http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/handle/123456789/5209 |page=159 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211204042026/http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/handle/123456789/5209 |archive-date=4 December 2021 |year=1998 |issue=1}}</ref>{{sfn|Lee|2019|p=155}}{{sfn|Lee|2019|p=158}}{{sfn|Lee|2019|p=162}}{{sfn|Lee|2019|p=166}}{{sfn|Lee|2019|p=172}}{{sfn|Mehta|p=248}}<ref>{{Google books|id=NbUB_ACAR5QC|page=509|title=History of Islam}}</ref>{{sfn|Lee|2019|p=122–123}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Snedden |first1=Christopher |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s5KMCwAAQBAJ&q=durrani+capture+kashmir&pg=PA43 |title=Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-84904-342-7}}</ref>{{sfn|Lee|2019|p=149}}{{sfn|Lee|2019|p=176}}<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ingram |first1=Edward |year=1980 |title=Great Britain's Great Game: An Introduction |url=http://pahar.in/wpfb-file/1980-great-britains-great-game-an-introduction-by-ingram-from-intl-hist-rev-v2-s-pdf/ |journal=The International History Review |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=160–171 |doi=10.1080/07075332.1980.9640210 |jstor=40105749 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816181410/http://pahar.in/wpfb-file/1980-great-britains-great-game-an-introduction-by-ingram-from-intl-hist-rev-v2-s-pdf/ |archive-date=16 August 2016}}</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=Fr9cAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA11 In Defence of British India: Great Britain in the Middle East, 1775–1842] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106130452/https://books.google.com/books?id=Fr9cAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA11|date=6 January 2017}} By Edward Ingram. Frank Cass & Co, London, 1984. {{ISBN|0714632465}}. p7-19</ref>{{sfn|Lee|2019|p=205}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lee |first=Jonathan L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nYaamE_3kD4C |title=The "Ancient Supremacy": Bukhara, Afghanistan and the Battle for Balkh, 1731–1901 |date=1 January 1996 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-10399-3 |page=257}}</ref>{{sfn|Lee|2019|p=359-366}}<ref>{{cite web |last1=Onley |first1=James |date=March 2009 |title=The Raj Reconsidered: British India's Informal Empire and Spheres of Influence in Asia and Africa |url=https://socialsciences.exeter.ac.uk/iais/downloads/Onley_Raj_Reconsidered.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://socialsciences.exeter.ac.uk/iais/downloads/Onley_Raj_Reconsidered.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |access-date=18 September 2021 |publisher=Routledge |id=Page 9 of URL/Page 52 |volume=XL}}</ref>{{sfn|Lee|2019|p=376-383}}

=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== General and cited sources ===
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite book|title=Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707–1813|last=Mehta|first=Jaswant Lal|date=January 2005|isbn=978-1-932705-54-6|publisher=Sterling Publishers|ref={{sfnref|Mehta}}}}
{{Refend}}

== Further reading ==
{{Main|Bibliography of Afghanistan}}

{{See also|Bibliography of the history of Central Asia}}
{{Refbegin}}
{{Div col|content=
* {{cite book |last=Barfield|first=Thomas|title=Afghanistan: A Cultural and Political History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tg45ygAACAAJ|date=2012|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-15441-1}}
* {{cite book |last1=Bleaney |first1=C. H. |last2=Gallego |first2=María Ángeles |url={{Google books |plainurl=yes |id=qCh41lAvg8oC}} |title=Afghanistan: a bibliography |publisher=BRILL |year=2006 |isbn=978-90-04-14532-0}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Cox |editor-first=Michael |title=Afghanistan: Long War, Forgotten Peace |isbn=978-1-911712-00-8 |year=2022 |publisher=LSE Press |url=https://doi.org/10.31389/lsepress.afg }}
* {{cite book |last=Dupree|first=Louis|author-link=Louis Dupree (professor)|title=Afghanistan|publisher=Oxford Pakistan Paperbacks|edition=2nd|year=1997|isbn=978-0-19-577634-8}}
* {{cite book |title=Afghanistan: A Short History of Its People and Politics|last=Ewans|first=Martin|publisher=Curzon Press|date=2002|isbn=0-06-050508-7}}
* {{cite book |last=Fowler |first=Corinne |url={{Google books |plainurl=yes |id=o4IrhX7n66YC}} |title=Chasing Tales: Travel Writing, Journalism and the History of British Ideas About Afghanistan |publisher=Rodopi |year=2007 |isbn=978-90-420-2262-1}}
* {{cite book |last=Griffiths |first=John C |url={{Google books |plainurl=yes |id=M7nMtaXdAS8C}} |title=Afghanistan: a History of Conflict |publisher=Carlton Books |year=2001 |isbn=978-1-84222-597-4}}
* {{cite book |last=Habibi |first=Abdul Hai |author-link=Abdul Hai Habibi |year=2003 |title=Afghanistan: An Abridged History |publisher=Fenestra Books |isbn=978-1-58736-169-2}}
* {{cite book |last=Hamilton |first=Angus |title=Afghanistan |year=1906 |publisher=William Heinemann |url=https://gutenberg.org/ebooks/73258 |location=London}}
* {{cite book |last=Hopkins |first=B.D. |url={{Google books |plainurl=yes |id=FOMUAQAAIAAJ}} |title=The Making of Modern Afghanistan |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-230-55421-4}}
* {{cite book |last=Johnson |first=Robert |title=The Afghan Way of War: How and Why They Fight |year=2011 |url={{Google books |plainurl=yes |id=lNuH5YQJr6UC}} |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-979856-8}}
* {{cite book |last=Malleson |first=George Bruce |author-link=George Bruce Malleson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pqNGBEmHUd4C |title=History of Afghanistan, from the Earliest Period to the Outbreak of the War of 1878 |edition=Elibron Classic Replica |publisher=Adamant Media Corporation |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-4021-7278-6}}
* {{cite book |last=Olson |first=Gillia M |url=https://archive.org/details/afghanistan0000olso |url-access=registration |title=Afghanistan |publisher=Capstone Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7368-2685-3}}
* {{cite book |last1=Omrani |first1=Bijan |last2=Leeming |first2=Matthew |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VVu_NwAACAAJ|title=Afghanistan: A Companion and Guide |publisher=Odyssey Publications |edition=2nd |year=2011 |isbn=978-962-217-816-8}}
* {{cite book |last=Reddy |first=L.R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NubtDf2T3cAC |title=Inside Afghanistan: End of the Taliban Era? |publisher=APH Publishing |year=2002 |isbn=978-81-7648-319-3}}
* {{cite book |last=Runion |first=Meredith L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aZk9XzqCFGUC |title=The History of Afghanistan |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-313-33798-7}}
}}
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
{{Library resources box}}
* [https://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=AF Key Development Forecasts for Afghanistan] from [[International Futures]]

=== Government ===
* [https://arg.gov.af/en/home Presidential Palace (Arg)] – Official website of the Presidential Palace of Afghanistan
* [https://aop.gov.af/en Administrative Affairs] – Official website of the Administrative Affairs office of the president of Afghanistan
* [https://ocs.gov.af/en/home Prime Minister] – official website of the prime minister of Afghanistan
* [https://supremecourt.gov.af/en Supreme Court] – official website of the Supreme Court of Afghanistan
* [https://nsia.gov.af Statistics and Information] – official website of National Statistics and Information Authority

=== History ===
* [https://cairo.mfa.gov.af/about-afghanistan/ About Afghanistan] – at the Afghanistan Embassy in Cairo

=== Maps ===
* {{Wikiatlas}}
* {{OSM relation|303427}}

{{Afghanistan topics}}
{{Navboxes
|list=
{{Countries of Asia}}
{{Central Asian topics}}
{{South Asian topics}}
{{Economic Cooperation Organization}}
{{South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation|state=collapsed}}
{{US War on Terror}}
}}
{{Subject bar|Afghanistan|Asia|Countries|auto=yes|voy=Afghanistan}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Afghanistan| ]]
[[Category:1709 establishments in Asia]]
[[Category:Countries in Central Asia]]
[[Category:Countries in Asia]]
[[Category:Emirates]]
[[Category:Iranian plateau]]
[[Category:Islamic states]]
[[Category:Landlocked countries]]
[[Category:Least developed countries]]
[[Category:Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]]
[[Category:Member states of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation]]
[[Category:Member states of the United Nations]]
[[Category:Countries and territories where Pashto is an official language]]
[[Category:Countries and territories where Persian is an official language]]
[[Category:Countries in South Asia]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1709]]
[[Category:Theocracies]]
[[Category:Totalitarian states]]

Nandita Kumar

2026-03-24T07:19:00Z

BrodieAlfonso45: bio...

{{Short description|Indian new media artist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox artist
| name = Nandita Kumar
| image = Artist Nandita Kumar in Kiasma.jpg
| caption = Kumar in 2017
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1981}}
| birth_place = [[Pamplemousses District|Pamplemousses]], [[Mauritius]]
| field =
| movement = [[New media art]]
| education = [[Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda]] [[Elam School of Fine Arts]] [[California Institute of the Arts]]
| works =
| awards =
| website = {{URL|nanditakumar.com/}}
}}

'''Nandita Kumar''' (born 1981) is a New Zealand [[new media art]]ist. Her artwork often explores [[climate change]], contradictions between natural and industrial landscapes, and personal identities and makes use of technological and interactive elements.

== Personal life and education ==
Nandita Kumar was born in 1981 in [[Pamplemousses District|Pamplemousses]], [[Mauritius]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=7 April 2011 |title=Nandita Kumar |url=https://www.space118.com/artist/nandita-kumar/ |access-date=19 August 2022 |website=Space118 |language=en-US |archive-date=19 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819021708/https://www.space118.com/artist/nandita-kumar/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Nandita Kumar |url=http://www.felixfrachon.com/nandita-kumar-2/ |access-date=19 August 2022 |website=Galerie Felix Frachon |language=fr-FR |archive-date=25 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925053346/http://www.felixfrachon.com/nandita-kumar-2/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> She grew up in different locations in India, never staying in the same place for long.<ref name=":3">Article on Nandita Kumar in ''Vogue'' (August 2012), [https://nanditakumar.com/media-press/ accessible at Kumar's website]</ref> Kumar was interested in art from an early age. In her youth, her father introduced her to the work of [[Malcolm de Chazal]], and they sat and painted together.<ref>Interview with Nandita Kumar in ''En Mode'' (September 2012), [https://nanditakumar.com/media-press/ accessible at Kumar's website]</ref> Kumar's family migrated from India to New Zealand.<ref name=":3" />

Kumar initially worked as a programmer before pursuing a career in art.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=29 June 2022 |title=Using art to democratise environment data |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/using-art-to-democratise-environment-data-videos-205652 |access-date=19 August 2022 |website=Outlook India |language=en}}</ref> She holds [[Bachelor of Fine Arts|Bachelors of Fine Arts]] from both the [[Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda]] in India and the [[Elam School of Fine Arts]] of the [[University of Auckland]] in New Zealand.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> From 2006 to 2009 she studied at the [[California Institute of the Arts]] (CalArts) in the United States,<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Nandita Kumar – Media Art South Asia |url=https://mediaartsouthasia.org/nandita-kumar/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422013942/https://mediaartsouthasia.org/nandita-kumar/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=22 April 2021 |access-date=21 August 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref> from which she holds a Master of Fine Arts in Experimental Animation and Filmmaking.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4" />

Kumar alternates between being based in [[Auckland]], New Zealand and in [[Mumbai]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Westman |first=Nancy |date=22 December 2017 |title=Självständig finländsk konst |url=https://www.opulens.se/konst/sjalvstandig-finlandsk-konst/ |access-date=21 August 2022 |website=Opulens |language=sv-SE}}</ref><ref name=":6">Kumar, Nandita (25 May 2015) "[https://issuu.com/lakeeren/docs/nandita_kumar___let_the_brain_fly_- LetTtHe bRAinFly] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240215162832/https://issuu.com/lakeeren/docs/nandita_kumar___let_the_brain_fly_- |date=15 February 2024 }}", Lakeeren Gallery</ref> or [[Goa]], India.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Graver |first=David |date=21 March 2016 |title=Female Artists at the 10th Annual Art Dubai |url=https://coolhunting.com/culture/female-artists-art-dubai-2016/ |access-date=19 August 2022 |website=Cool Hunting |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Career ==
Kumar's artwork is often focused on [[climate change]],<ref name=":2" /> contradictions between natural and industrial landscapes<ref name=":1" /> and personal identities.<ref name=":72">{{Cite web |last=Sanyal |first=Amitava |date=5 December 2010 |title=Beyond Anish |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/art-and-culture/beyond-anish/story-ovTGsfGkg6jT0O8vGP2M5O.html |access-date=21 August 2022 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> Her installations combine art with technology, environmental science and interactive elements to make information on climate change accessible. Technological elements that have been used in her art includes [[motherboard]]s, [[smartphone apps]], sound, animation, video, and microwave and solar sensors.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nandita Kumar – Berliner Künstlerprogramm des DAAD |url=https://www.berliner-kuenstlerprogramm.de/de/artist/nandita-kumar/ |access-date=19 August 2022 |website=www.berliner-kuenstlerprogramm.de}}</ref> In addition to complex art installations, Kumar also creates animations, paintings, and interactive sculptures, integrating different media techniques and technologies.<ref name=":1" />

Kumar's work has been displayed at film festivals and art exhibitions worldwide.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=Nandita Kumar |url=https://www.latitude28.com/artist/nandita-kumar/ |access-date=21 August 2022 |website=Latitude 28 |language=en-US |archive-date=21 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220821183354/https://www.latitude28.com/artist/nandita-kumar/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2009, Kumar curated the experimental film section of the festival SPIEL09 in Austria.<ref name=":6" /> She had her first own art exhibition in 2010, ''Let the Brain Fly'', which included 25 works all related to "travelling along the nodes of a brain".<ref name=":72" /> In 2011–2012, Kumar curated the [[community art]] project ''Ghar Pe/At Home'' in [[Hong Kong]].<ref name=":8" /> Her artwork has been featured in group exhibitions such as ''Exo-Evolution'' at the Center for Art and Media in [[Karlsruhe]] in 2015, ''ARS17: Hello world!'' at [[Kiasma]] in [[Helsinki]] in 2017, and ''Delirium/Equilibrium'' at the [[Kiran Nadar Museum of Art]] in [[New Delhi]] in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nandita Kumar {{!}} Biography |url=https://www.mutualart.com/Artist/Nandita-Kumar/60A3D43226F5758B/Biography |access-date=21 August 2022 |website=MutualArt |language=en}}</ref> She was one of the artists exhibiting work at the [[India Art Fair]] in New Delhi in 2015. Kumar's art piece at the fair, a machine that mimicked the handwriting of visitors, garnered much attention.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 February 2012 |title=India Art Fair in New Delhi draws art-hungry middle class |url=https://www.euronews.com/culture/2015/02/05/india-art-fair-in-new-delhi-draws-art-hungry-middle-class |access-date=21 August 2022 |website=Euronews |language=en}}</ref>

Kumar has spoken at [[TEDx]] and at the [[Museum of Contemporary Art Australia|Museum of Contemporary Art]] in [[Sydney]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":8" />

== Recognition ==
Kumar's short film ''Birth of a Brain Fly'' won an award for "Best Original Music" at the 2008 [[Cinema Mundo Festival|Cinema Mundo]] festival in Brazil.<ref name=":1" /> The film was also included on the "Best of Sydney Underground" DVD released after the 2009 [[Sydney Underground Film Festival]].<ref name=":8" /> In 2014, Kumar was a nominee for a [[New Technological Art Award]] (NTAA),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nominees for New Technological Art Award 2014/Update_5 – Announcements – e-flux |url=https://www.e-flux.com/announcements/31006/nominees-for-new-technological-art-award-2014-update-5/ |access-date=19 August 2022 |website=www.e-flux.com |language=en}}</ref> the first person from India to be nominated for the award.<ref>Article on Nandita Kumar in ''Bazaar'' (2014), [https://nanditakumar.com/media-press/ accessible at Kumar's website]</ref> In 2022, she was among nineteen "outstanding practitioners in the fields of visual arts, film, literature, and music" selected as a fellow of the [[DAAD Artists-in-Berlin Program]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 January 2022 |title=DAAD Artists-in-Berlin 2022 fellows – Announcements – e-flux |url=https://www.e-flux.com/announcements/441502/daad-artists-in-berlin-2022-fellows/ |access-date=19 August 2022 |website=www.e-flux.com |language=en}}</ref> Kumar was among numerous "ecologically conscious" contemporary artists highlighted by art critics [[Maja and Reuben Fowkes]] in their 2022 book ''Art and Climate Change''.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last1=Fowkes |first1=Maja |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U1B-EAAAQBAJ&pg=PT173 |title=Art and Climate Change |last2=Fowkes |first2=Reuben |date=2022 |publisher=Thames & Hudson |isbn=978-0-500-77784-8 |language=en |chapter=Self-Management of Plants}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
* {{Twitter|id=nandita_kumar}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Nandita}}
[[Category:1981 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Pamplemousses District]]
[[Category:Indian women contemporary artists]]
[[Category:Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda alumni]]
[[Category:Elam School of Fine Arts alumni]]
[[Category:California Institute of the Arts alumni]]
[[Category:New media artists]]

2022 Indian Premier League

2026-03-22T11:39:56Z

BrodieAlfonso45: General cleanup and content improvements

{{short description|Cricket tournament}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox cricket tournament
| name = 2022 Indian Premier League
| image =
| caption =
| fromdate = 26 March
| todate = 29 May 2022
| administrator = [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] (BCCI)
| cricket format = [[Twenty20]]
| tournament format = Group stage and playoffs<ref name="format">{{cite web |title=BCCI announces the successful bidders for two new Indian Premier League Franchises |url=https://www.bcci.tv/articles/2021/news/155191/bcci-announces-the-successful-bidders-for-two-new-indian-premier-league-franchises |access-date=25 October 2021 |website=bcci.tv |publisher=Board of Control for Cricket in India |archive-date=25 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025151734/https://www.bcci.tv/articles/2021/news/155191/bcci-announces-the-successful-bidders-for-two-new-indian-premier-league-franchises |url-status=live }}</ref>
| participants = 10
| champions = [[Gujarat Titans]]
| count = 1
| runner up = [[Rajasthan Royals]]
| player of the series =
| most valuable player = [[Jos Buttler]] ([[Rajasthan Royals]])
| most runs = Jos Buttler (Rajasthan Royals) (863)
| most wickets = [[Yuzvendra Chahal]] (Rajasthan Royals) (27)
| matches = 74
| previous_year = 2021
| previous_tournament = 2021 Indian Premier League
| next_year = 2023
| next_tournament = 2023 Indian Premier League
| website = {{URL|iplt20.com}}
}}
{{Infobox
| bodyclass = nowraplinks
| header1 = Teams
| data2 = [[Chennai Super Kings in 2022|Chennai Super Kings]] [[Delhi Capitals in 2022|Delhi Capitals]] [[Gujarat Titans in 2022|Gujarat Titans]] [[Kolkata Knight Riders in 2022|Kolkata Knight Riders]] [[Lucknow Super Giants in 2022|Lucknow Super Giants]] [[Mumbai Indians in 2022|Mumbai Indians]] [[Punjab Kings in 2022|Punjab Kings]] [[Rajasthan Royals in 2022|Rajasthan Royals]] [[Royal Challengers Bangalore in 2022|Royal Challengers Bangalore]] [[Sunrisers Hyderabad in 2022|Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
}}

The '''2022 Indian Premier League''' (also known as '''IPL 15''' or for sponsorship reasons, '''TATA IPL 2022''')<ref>{{cite web |title=Vivo pulls out, hands IPL title rights to Tata |url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/120636/vivo-to-transfer-ipl-title-rights-to-tata |access-date=12 January 2022 |website=Cricbuzz |date=11 January 2022 |archive-date=19 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240619043548/https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/120636/vivo-to-transfer-ipl-title-rights-to-tata |url-status=live }}</ref> was the fifteenth season of the [[Indian Premier League]] (IPL), a professional [[Twenty20 cricket]] league established by the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] (BCCI) in 2007. The tournament was played from 26 March 2022 to 29 May 2022. The group stage of the tournament was played entirely in the state of [[Maharashtra]], with [[Mumbai]], [[Navi Mumbai]] and [[Pune]] hosting matches.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mumbai and Pune to host league phase of IPL 2022 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2022-mumbai-and-pune-to-host-league-phase-1302489 |access-date=24 February 2022 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |archive-date=24 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224165219/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2022-mumbai-and-pune-to-host-league-phase-1302489 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="schedule">{{cite web |title=BCCI announce schedule for TATA IPL 2022 |url=https://www.iplt20.com/news/3724/bcci-announces-schedule-for-tata-ipl-2022 |access-date=6 March 2022 |website=IPLT20.com |publisher=Indian Premier League |archive-date=6 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220306113732/https://www.iplt20.com/news/3724/bcci-announces-schedule-for-tata-ipl-2022 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The season saw the expansion of the league with the addition of two new franchises.<ref>{{cite web |title=IPL to become 10 team tournament from 2022 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-to-become-10-team-tournament-from-2022-1275505 |access-date=29 September 2021 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |archive-date=20 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920221207/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-to-become-10-team-tournament-from-2022-1275505 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=28 September 2021 |title=IPL 2022: CONFIRMED! Two new IPL teams will be announced on THIS date |url=https://zeenews.india.com/cricket/ipl-2022-confirmed-two-new-ipl-teams-will-be-announced-on-this-date-2398024.html |access-date=29 September 2021 |work=Zee News |archive-date=28 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928220131/https://zeenews.india.com/cricket/ipl-2022-confirmed-two-new-ipl-teams-will-be-announced-on-this-date-2398024.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=ESPNcricinfo staff |date=5 September 2010 |title=Next three IPL seasons to comprise 74 matches each |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-news-next-three-ipl-seasons-to-comprise-74-matches-each-475828 |access-date=30 September 2021 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |archive-date=5 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005023252/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-news-next-three-ipl-seasons-to-comprise-74-matches-each-475828 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Chennai Super Kings]] were the defending champions, having won their fourth title during the [[2021 Indian Premier League|previous season]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Chennai Super Kings beat Kolkata Knight Riders in final to win fourth title |work=BBC Sport |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/cricket/58929602 |access-date=24 October 2021 |archive-date=19 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240619043548/https://www.bbc.com/sport/cricket/58929602 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In [[2022 Indian Premier League final|the final]], [[Gujarat Titans]] beat [[Rajasthan Royals]], by seven wickets to win their maiden title in their first season.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2022-1298423/gujarat-titans-vs-rajasthan-royals-final-1312200/match-report |title=All-round Hardik Pandya leads debutants Gujarat Titans to dream title |work=ESPNcricinfo |date=29 May 2022 |access-date=29 May 2022 |archive-date=29 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220529183447/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2022-1298423/gujarat-titans-vs-rajasthan-royals-final-1312200/match-report |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Background==
Although earlier reports suggested the addition of two more teams in the [[2021 Indian Premier League|previous season]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Await ten team IPL in 2021 |url=https://island.lk/await-ten-team-ipl-in-2021/ |access-date=6 January 2021 |website=The Island Online |archive-date=20 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201220032342/https://island.lk/await-ten-team-ipl-in-2021/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Time too short for 10-team IPL 2021, addition should happen in 2022: BCCI official |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/cricket/article/time-too-short-for-10-team-ipl-2021-addition-should-happen-in-2022-bcci-official/692735 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201210031801/https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/cricket/article/time-too-short-for-10-team-ipl-2021-addition-should-happen-in-2022-bcci-official/692735 |archive-date=10 December 2020 |access-date=6 January 2021 |website=Times Now News|date=10 December 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=23 December 2020 |title=IPL 2021 New Team: Guwahati wants IPL team, BCCI official says 'not possible at this stage' |url=https://www.insidesport.co/ipl-2021-new-team-guwahati-wants-ipl-team-bcci-official-says-not-possible-at-this-stage/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201221110944/https://www.insidesport.co/ipl-2021-new-team-guwahati-wants-ipl-team-bcci-official-says-not-possible-at-this-stage/ |archive-date=21 December 2020 |access-date=6 January 2021 |website=InsideSport}}</ref> the BCCI delayed the expansion of the league until 2022.<ref>{{cite web |title=BCCI approves 10-team IPL from 2022 at AGM in Ahmedabad |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/bcci-approves-10-team-ipl-from-2022-at-agm-in-ahmedabad-1245055 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201224103332/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/bcci-approves-10-team-ipl-from-2022-at-agm-in-ahmedabad-1245055 |archive-date=24 December 2020 |access-date=6 January 2021 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=BCCI approves 10 teams in IPL 2022; backs cricket's inclusion in 2028 Los Angeles Olympics |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/cricket/article/ipl-2022-to-be-a-10-team-affair-bcci-approves-pending-decision-in-agm/698616 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201224105111/https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/cricket/article/ipl-2022-to-be-a-10-team-affair-bcci-approves-pending-decision-in-agm/698616 |archive-date=24 December 2020 |access-date=6 January 2021 |work=Times Now News}}</ref> In August 2021, it was confirmed that two new franchises would join the league in 2022, with a shortlist of locations including [[Ahmedabad]], [[Cuttack]], [[Dharamshala]], [[Guwahati]], [[Indore]] and [[Lucknow]].<ref>{{cite web |date=14 September 2021 |title=New IPL team auction likely on 17 October through closed bids |url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/119038/new-ipl-team-auction-likely-on-october-17-through-sealed-covers-cricbuzzcom |access-date=21 September 2021 |website=Cricbuzz |archive-date=21 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921071138/https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/119038/new-ipl-team-auction-likely-on-october-17-through-sealed-covers-cricbuzzcom |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Manchester United owners, Adani Group among 22 entities bidding for new IPL teams |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2022-manchester-united-owners-and-adani-group-among-22-entities-bidding-for-new-ipl-teams-1284645 |access-date=24 October 2021 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |archive-date=23 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023225501/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2022-manchester-united-owners-and-adani-group-among-22-entities-bidding-for-new-ipl-teams-1284645 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In a closed bidding auction held in October 2021, [[RPSG Group]] and [[CVC Capital Partners|CVC Capital]] won the right to the two new franchises.<ref>{{Cite news |title=IPL bidding war see Ahmedabad and Lucknow teams bought for more than $2 billion |work=ABC News |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-10-26/ipl-new-teams-ahmedabad-lucknow-2-billion/100568040 |access-date=26 October 2021 |archive-date=25 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025233919/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-10-26/ipl-new-teams-ahmedabad-lucknow-2-billion/100568040 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=25 October 2021 |title=Sanjiv Goenka's RPSG Group, CVC Capital new IPL franchises |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/bcci-announces-two-new-ipl-teams-ahmedabad-and-lucknow-as-giants-cvc-capital-and-rpsg-group-sanjiv-goenka-win-respective-bids-101635148175491.html |access-date=25 October 2021 |work=Hindustan Times |archive-date=25 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025160728/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/bcci-announces-two-new-ipl-teams-ahmedabad-and-lucknow-as-giants-cvc-capital-and-rpsg-group-sanjiv-goenka-win-respective-bids-101635148175491.html |url-status=live }}</ref> RPSG paid {{INRConvert|7090|c|lk=on}} for the Lucknow franchise, and CVC won the Ahmedabad franchise for {{INRConvert|5625|c|lk=on}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=RPSG, CVC Capital win bids for Lucknow, Ahmedabad IPL teams |url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/119555/rpsg-cvc-capital-win-bids-for-lucknow-ahmedabad-ipl-teams |access-date=25 October 2021 |website=Cricbuzz |date=25 October 2021 |archive-date=25 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025160632/https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/119555/rpsg-cvc-capital-win-bids-for-lucknow-ahmedabad-ipl-teams |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Lucknow and Ahmedabad become home to the two newest IPL franchises |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2022-lucknow-and-ahmedabad-become-home-to-the-two-newest-ipl-franchises-1285125 |access-date=25 October 2021 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |archive-date=25 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025160802/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2022-lucknow-and-ahmedabad-become-home-to-the-two-newest-ipl-franchises-1285125 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Lucknow team was named as [[Lucknow Super Giants]] in January 2022,<ref>{{cite web |title=Lucknow Super Giants unveiled as name for new IPL franchise |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2022-lucknow-super-giants-unveiled-as-name-for-new-ipl-franchise-1298692 |access-date=24 January 2022 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |language=en |archive-date=24 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124145821/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2022-lucknow-super-giants-unveiled-as-name-for-new-ipl-franchise-1298692 |url-status=live }}</ref> and the Ahmedabad team was named as [[Gujarat Titans]] the following month.<ref>{{Cite news |title=IPL 2022: Ahmedabad team officially named Gujarat Titans |language=en |work=Hindustan Times |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/ipl-2022-ahmedabad-team-officially-named-gujarat-titans-101644387930322.html |access-date=9 February 2022 |archive-date=7 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221107004233/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/ipl-2022-ahmedabad-team-officially-named-gujarat-titans-101644387930322.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Vivo (technology company)|Vivo]] pulled out as the title sponsor of the tournament on 11 January 2022, having previously withdrawn as sponsors in [[2020 Indian Premier League|2020]] and later signing a contract until 2023. The [[Tata Group]] was later named as the replacement title sponsor for the remainder of Vivo's contract.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tata Group replaces Vivo as IPL title sponsors for 2022 and 2023 seasons |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/tata-group-replaces-vivo-as-ipl-title-sponsors-for-2022-and-2023-seasons-1296383 |access-date=12 January 2022 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |archive-date=18 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318082841/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/tata-group-replaces-vivo-as-ipl-title-sponsors-for-2022-and-2023-seasons-1296383 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=BCCI stitches IPL deal with Tatas to hand Vivo a smooth exit |work=Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/top-stories/bcci-stitches-ipl-deal-with-tatas-to-hand-vivo-a-smooth-exit/articleshow/88831430.cms |access-date=12 January 2022 |archive-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111233050/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/top-stories/bcci-stitches-ipl-deal-with-tatas-to-hand-vivo-a-smooth-exit/articleshow/88831430.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Personnel changes==
{{Main|List of 2022 Indian Premier League personnel changes}}
Each existing team was allowed to retain a maximum of four players, with the two new teams were allowed to select a maximum of three players before the auction.<ref>{{cite web |title=IPL 2022 mega auction date, retention rules, list of players retained by franchises, salary purse - Latest updates |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/cricket/report-ipl-2022-mega-auction-latest-updates-date-retention-rules-list-of-players-retained-by-csk-mi-dc-rcb-kkr-2921624 |access-date=1 December 2021 |website=DNA India |archive-date=1 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201144911/https://www.dnaindia.com/cricket/report-ipl-2022-mega-auction-latest-updates-date-retention-rules-list-of-players-retained-by-csk-mi-dc-rcb-kkr-2921624 |url-status=live }}</ref> The retained players of the existing eight teams were announced on 30 November 2021,<ref>{{cite web |title=VIVO IPL 2022 Player Retention |url=https://www.iplt20.com/news/3751/vivo-ipl-2022-player-retention |access-date=30 November 2021 |website=IPLT20.com |publisher=Indian Premier League |archive-date=30 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130171917/https://www.iplt20.com/news/3751/vivo-ipl-2022-player-retention |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Dhoni, Kohli, Rohit, Bumrah, Russell retained; Rahul, Rashid opt to go into auction pool |date=30 November 2021 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2022-ms-dhoni-virat-kohli-rohit-sharma-jasprit-bumrah-andre-russell-retained-kl-rahul-rashid-khan-leave-1291747 |access-date=30 November 2021 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |archive-date=30 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130174504/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2022-ms-dhoni-virat-kohli-rohit-sharma-jasprit-bumrah-andre-russell-retained-kl-rahul-rashid-khan-leave-1291747 |url-status=live }}</ref> and the two new teams named their selections on 22 January 2022.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 January 2022 |title=Ahmedabad, Lucknow Name Picks Before Auction; Rahul Is Joint Highest Paid in IPL |url=https://www.thequint.com/indian-premier-league-ipl/ipl-2022-ahmedabad-pick-hardik-rashid-gill-lucknow-select-rahul-bishnoi-stoinis |access-date=23 January 2022 |website=The Quint |language=en |archive-date=23 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123055053/https://www.thequint.com/indian-premier-league-ipl/ipl-2022-ahmedabad-pick-hardik-rashid-gill-lucknow-select-rahul-bishnoi-stoinis |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=1,214 Players Register For IPL 2022 Player Auction |url=https://www.iplt20.com/news/3720/1-214-players-register-for-ipl-2022-player-auction |access-date=22 January 2022 |website=IPLT20.com |publisher=Indian Premier League |language=en |archive-date=22 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122051125/https://www.iplt20.com/news/3720/1-214-players-register-for-ipl-2022-player-auction |url-status=live }}</ref>

The player auction to complete team squads took place on 12 and 13 February 2022 in [[Bangalore]].<ref>{{cite web |title=IPL 2022 Player Auction List Announced |url=https://www.iplt20.com/news/3721/ipl-2022-player-auction-list-announced |access-date=1 February 2022 |website=IPLT20.com |publisher=Indian Premier League |language=en |archive-date=1 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201084455/https://www.iplt20.com/news/3721/ipl-2022-player-auction-list-announced |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Ishan Kishan]] was the most expensive buy of the auction, bought by [[Mumbai Indians]] for {{INRConvert|15.25|c|lk=on}}.<ref>{{Cite news |title=IPL 2022 Auction: Ishan Kishan costliest, 8 Indians in 10 most expensive buys |language=en |work=India Today |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/ipl-2022-auction-most-expensive-players-value-picks-and-uncapped-heroes-1912579-2022-02-13 |access-date=14 February 2022 |archive-date=14 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220214041150/https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/ipl-2022-auction-most-expensive-players-value-picks-and-uncapped-heroes-1912579-2022-02-13 |url-status=live }}</ref> The most expensive overseas player was [[Liam Livingstone]], bought by [[Punjab Kings]] for {{INRConvert|11.50|c|lk=on}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Punjab Kings splash the cash for Liam Livingstone |url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/121043/punjab-kings-splash-the-cash-for-liam-livingstone-ipl-2022-auction |access-date=14 February 2022 |website=Cricbuzz |date=13 February 2022 |language=en |archive-date=14 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220214084039/https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/121043/punjab-kings-splash-the-cash-for-liam-livingstone-ipl-2022-auction |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Format==
With the introduction of the new teams, a ten-team format was created based on minor opponent rule, consisting of 74 matches with each team playing 14 matches. The ten teams were divided into two groups of five. BCCI has announced in the group stage each team will be playing twice against the teams in their group and against the team in the same row in the other group; against the remaining four teams in the other group, each team will play only once.<ref>{{cite web |title=IPL 2022 format: Two groups of five, each team still plays 14 league games |url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/121209/mi-csk-headline-two-ipl-2022-groups |access-date=25 February 2022 |website=Cricbuzz |date=25 February 2022 |language=en |archive-date=25 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225094529/https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/121209/mi-csk-headline-two-ipl-2022-groups |url-status=live }}</ref> The format is similar to the one used in [[2011 Indian Premier League|2011]], although in 2022 the teams were drawn into groups according to [[Seed (sports)|seeding]], instead of being drawn randomly.<ref name="cricipl">{{cite web |title=IPL unveils new format for 2022, with two groups and seedings |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2022-unveils-new-format-with-two-groups-and-seedings-1302674 |access-date=25 February 2022 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |language=en |archive-date=4 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204195821/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2022-unveils-new-format-with-two-groups-and-seedings-1302674 |url-status=live }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="width:50%;"| Group A !! style="width:50%;"| Group B
|-
| [[Mumbai Indians]] || [[Chennai Super Kings]]
|-
| [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] || [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
|-
| [[Rajasthan Royals]] || [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]]
|-
| [[Delhi Capitals]] || [[Punjab Kings]]
|-
| [[Lucknow Super Giants]] || [[Gujarat Titans]]
|}

==Venues==
[[File:Brabourne.jpg|thumb|Brabourne Stadium in Mumbai]]
Three venues in Mumbai and one in Pune hosted the league stage matches. The original schedule for the tournament had 20 matches each at the [[Wankhede Stadium]] and the [[DY Patil Stadium]] in [[Mumbai]], with Mumbai's [[Brabourne Stadium]] and the [[Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium|MCA International Stadium]] in Pune hosting 15 matches each. Every team were scheduled to play four matches each at the Wankhede Stadium and the DY Patil Stadium, and three matches each at the Brabourne Stadium and the MCA Stadium<ref>{{cite web |title=Key decisions taken in IPL Governing Council meeting regarding TATA IPL 2022 season |url=https://www.iplt20.com/news/3722/key-decisions-taken-in-ipl-governing-council-meeting-regarding-tata-ipl-2022-season |access-date=28 February 2022 |website=IPLT20.com |publisher=Indian Premier League |language=en |archive-date=28 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228070750/https://www.iplt20.com/news/3722/key-decisions-taken-in-ipl-governing-council-meeting-regarding-tata-ipl-2022-season |url-status=live }}</ref>

Due to [[COVID-19]] cases within the [[Delhi Capitals]] camp, two matches were relocated from the [[Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium|MCA International Stadium]] in Pune.<ref>{{cite web|title=Delhi Capitals - Punjab Kings game moved to Brabourne Stadium|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/121971/delhi-capitals-punjab-kings-game-moved-to-brabourne-stadium|website=Cricbuzz|date=19 April 2022 |access-date=19 April 2022|language=en|archive-date=19 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240619043600/https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/121971/delhi-capitals-punjab-kings-game-moved-to-brabourne-stadium|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Capitals-Royals clash moved from Pune to Wankhede Stadium|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2022-dc-vs-rr-delhi-capitals-rajasthan-royals-clash-moved-from-pune-to-wankhede-stadium-1311622|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=21 April 2022|language=en|archive-date=20 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220420161301/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2022-dc-vs-rr-delhi-capitals-rajasthan-royals-clash-moved-from-pune-to-wankhede-stadium-1311622|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{location map+ |India |width= |float= |caption=2022 venues |places=
{{Location map~ |India |lat=19.07 |long=72.87 |label=[[Mumbai]] |position=top}}
{{Location map~ |India |lat=18.52 |long=73.85 |label=[[Pune]] |position=bottom}}
}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Stage
!City
!Stadium
!Capacity
|-
| rowspan="4" |League
| rowspan="3" |[[Mumbai]]
|[[Wankhede Stadium]]
|33,108<ref>{{cite web |title=BCCI Venues - Wankhede Stadium |url=https://www.bcci.tv/venues/20/wankhede-stadium |access-date=26 May 2022 |website=www.bcci.tv |language=en |archive-date=26 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526012900/https://www.bcci.tv/venues/20/wankhede-stadium |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[Brabourne Stadium]]
|20,000
|-
|[[DY Patil Stadium]]
|55,000<ref>{{cite web |title=D Y Patil Stadium – Capacity |url=https://dypatilstadium.com/d-y-patil-stadium/ |access-date=26 May 2022 |language=en-US |archive-date=2 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002064156/https://dypatilstadium.com/d-y-patil-stadium/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[Pune]]
|[[Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium|MCA International Stadium]]
|45,000<ref>{{cite web |title=Maharashtra Cricket Association. MCA's International Stadium, Gahunje |url=http://www.cricketmaharashtra.com/mca-stadium.html |access-date=26 May 2022 |website=www.cricketmaharashtra.com |archive-date=12 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211112120223/http://www.cricketmaharashtra.com/mca-stadium.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |Playoffs
| [[Kolkata]]
| [[Eden Gardens]]
| 65,000<ref>{{cite web |title=BCCI Venues - Wankhede Stadium |url=https://www.bcci.tv/venues/2/wankhede-stadium |access-date=26 May 2022 |website=www.bcci.tv |language=en |archive-date=19 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240619043603/https://www.bcci.tv/venues/2/wankhede-stadium |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| [[Ahmedabad]]
| [[Narendra Modi Stadium]]
| 130,000<ref>{{cite web |title=BCCI Venues - Narendra Modi Stadium |url=https://www.bcci.tv/venues/19/d-y-patil-stadium |access-date=26 May 2022 |website=www.bcci.tv |language=en |archive-date=19 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240619043551/https://www.bcci.tv/venues/19/d-y-patil-stadium |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

== Incident ==
[[Pravin Amre]] was suspended for a game while [[Rishabh Pant]] and [[Shardul Thakur]] were fined after disagreeing with an umpire over a ball which was not called as a [[no ball]] during a match between Delhi Capitals and Rajasthan Royals. Pant, captaining Delhi Capitals, called his batsmen off the ground with the intention of abandoning the game in protest.<ref>{{Cite web |access-date=23 April 2022 |title=No ball controversy: Rishabh Pant, Shardul Thakur fined; Pravin Amre suspended for a match |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/ipl/ipl-2022-dc-vs-rr-it-was-not-even-close-rishabh-pant-on-no-ball-drama-fined-100-pc-of-match-fee-for-breaching-code-of-conduct-7883292/ |website=The Indian Express |date=23 April 2022 |archive-date=23 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423063829/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/ipl/ipl-2022-dc-vs-rr-it-was-not-even-close-rishabh-pant-on-no-ball-drama-fined-100-pc-of-match-fee-for-breaching-code-of-conduct-7883292/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Points table ==

{{2022 Indian Premier League Points table}}

=== Match summary ===
{{Indian Premier League results summary|mode = progression/summary|dls=Y


| CSK | KKR | A | 6W |KKR WIN BY 50 RUNS
| DC | MI | H | 4W |
| PBKS | RCB | H | 5W |
| GT | LSG | H | 5W |
| SRH | RR | A | 61R |
| RCB | KKR | H | 3W |
| LSG | CSK | H | 6W |
| KKR | PBKS | H | 6W |
| MI | RR | A | 23R |
| GT | DC | H | 14R |
| CSK | PBKS | A | 54R |
| SRH | LSG | A | 12R |
| RR | RCB | A | 4W |
| KKR | MI | H | 5W |
| LSG | DC | H | 6W |
| PBKS | GT | A | 6W |
| CSK | SRH | A | 8W |
| RCB | MI | H | 7W |
| KKR | DC | A | 44R |
| RR | LSG | H | 3R |
| SRH | GT | H | 8W |
| CSK | RCB | H | 23R |
| MI | PBKS | A | 12R |
| RR | GT | A | 37R |
| SRH | KKR | H | 7W |
| MI | LSG | A | 18R |
| DC | RCB | A | 16R |
| PBKS | SRH | A | 7W |
| GT | CSK | H | 3W |
| RR | KKR | H | 7R |
| LSG | RCB | A | 18R |
| DC | PBKS | H | 9W |
| MI | CSK | A | 3W |
| DC | RR | A | 15R |
| KKR | GT | A | 8R |
| RCB | SRH | A | 9W |
| LSG | MI | H | 36R |
| PBKS | CSK | H | 11R |
| RCB | RR | A | 29R |
| GT | SRH | H | 5W |
| DC | KKR | H | 4W |
| PBKS | LSG | A | 20R |
| GT | RCB | H | 6W |
| RR | MI | A | 6W |
| DC | LSG | A | 6R |
| SRH | CSK | A | 13R |
| KKR | RR | H | 7W |
| GT | PBKS | A | 8W |
| RCB | CSK | H | 13R |
| DC | SRH | H | 21R |
| GT | MI | A | 5R |
| PBKS | RR | A | 6W |
| LSG | KKR | H | 75R |
| SRH | RCB | A | 67R |
| CSK | DC | H | 91R |
| MI | KKR | A | 52R |
| LSG | GT | A | 62R |
| RR | DC | A | 8W |
| CSK | MI | A | 5W |
| RCB | PBKS | A | 54R |
| KKR | SRH | H | 54R |
| CSK | GT | A | 7W |
| LSG | RR | A | 24R |
| PBKS | DC | A | 17R |
| MI | SRH | A | 3R |
| KKR | LSG | A | 2R |
| RCB | GT | H | 8W |
| RR | CSK | H | 5W |
| MI | DC | H | 5W |
| SRH | PBKS | A | 5W |

| P1W = GT | P1L = RR
| P2W = RCB | P2L = LSG
| P3W = RR | P3L = RCB
| P4W = GT | P4L = RR
}}

== League stage ==
{{hatnote|All times are in [[Indian Standard Time]] ([[UTC+05:30]]).}}
The schedule for the group stages was published on the official IPL website on 6 March 2022.<ref name="schedule" />

===Matches===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 26 March 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Chennai Super Kings]]
| team2 = [[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
| score1 = 131/5 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[MS Dhoni]] 50[[not out|*]] (38)
| wickets1 = [[Umesh Yadav]] 2/20 (4 overs)
| score2 = 133/4 (18.3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Ajinkya Rahane]] 44 (34)
| wickets2 = [[Dwayne Bravo]] 3/20 (4 overs)
| result = Kolkata Knight Riders won by 6 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304047.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Anil Chaudhary (umpire)|Anil Chaudhary]] (Ind) and [[Nitin Menon]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Umesh Yadav]] (Kolkata Knight Riders)
| toss = Kolkata Knight Riders won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match1}}'''Match 1'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 27 March 2022
| time = 15:30
| daynight = y
| team1 = [[Mumbai Indians]]
| team2 = [[Delhi Capitals]]
| score1 = 177/5 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Ishan Kishan]] 81[[not out|*]] (48)
| wickets1 = [[Kuldeep Yadav]] 3/18 (4 overs)
| score2 = 179/6 (18.2 overs)
| runs2 = [[Lalit Yadav (Delhi cricketer)|Lalit Yadav]] 48[[not out|*]] (38)
| wickets2 = [[Basil Thampi]] 3/35 (4 overs)
| result = Delhi Capitals won by 4 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304048.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Brabourne Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Saiyed Khalid]] (Ind) and [[Rod Tucker]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Kuldeep Yadav]] (Delhi Capitals)
| toss = Delhi Capitals won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match2}}'''Match 2'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 27 March 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]]
| team2 = [[Punjab Kings]]
| score1 = 205/2 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Faf du Plessis]] 88 (57)
| wickets1 = [[Rahul Chahar]] 1/22 (4 overs)
| score2 = 208/5 (19 overs)
| runs2 = [[Bhanuka Rajapaksa]] 43 (22)
| wickets2 = [[Mohammed Siraj]] 2/59 (4 overs)
| result = Punjab Kings won by 5 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304049.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[DY Patil Stadium]], [[Navi Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Yeshwant Barde]] (Ind) and [[Nitin Menon]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Odean Smith]] (Punjab Kings)
| toss = Punjab Kings won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Raj Angad Bawa]] (Punjab Kings) made his T20 debut.
| round = {{anchor|match3}}'''Match 3'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 28 March 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Lucknow Super Giants]]
| team2 = [[Gujarat Titans]]
| score1 = 158/6 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Deepak Hooda]] 55 (41)
| wickets1 = [[Mohammed Shami]] 3/25 (4 overs)
| score2 = 161/5 (19.4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Rahul Tewatia]] 40[[not out|*]] (24)
| wickets2 = [[Dushmantha Chameera]] 2/22 (3 overs)
| result = Gujarat Titans won by 5 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304050.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Pashchim Pathak]] (Ind) and [[Virender Sharma]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Mohammed Shami]] (Gujarat Titans)
| toss = Gujarat Titans won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match4}}'''Match 4'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 29 March 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Rajasthan Royals]]
| team2 = [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
| score1 = 210/6 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Sanju Samson]] 55 (27)
| wickets1 = [[Umran Malik]] 2/39 (4 overs)
| score2 = 149/7 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Aiden Markram]] 57[[not out|*]] (41)
| wickets2 = [[Yuzvendra Chahal]] 3/22 (4 overs)
| result = Rajasthan Royals won by 61 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304051.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium|MCA International Stadium]], [[Pune]]
| umpires = [[Ulhas Gandhe]] (Ind) and [[Bruce Oxenford]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Sanju Samson]] (Rajasthan Royals)
| toss = Sunrisers Hyderabad won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match5}}'''Match 5'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 30 March 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
| team2 = [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]]
| score1 = 128 (18.5 overs)
| runs1 = [[Andre Russell]] 25 (18)
| wickets1 = [[Wanindu Hasaranga]] 4/20 (4 overs)
| score2 = 132/7 (19.2 overs)
| runs2 = [[Sherfane Rutherford]] 28 (40)
| wickets2 = [[Tim Southee]] 3/20 (4 overs)
| result = Royal Challengers Bangalore won by 3 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304052.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[DY Patil Stadium]], [[Navi Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Jayaraman Madanagopal]] (Ind) and [[Navdeep Singh (cricketer)|Navdeep Singh]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Wanindu Hasaranga]] (Royal Challengers Bangalore)
| toss = Royal Challengers Bangalore won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match6}}'''Match 6'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 31 March 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Chennai Super Kings]]
| team2 = [[Lucknow Super Giants]]
| score1 = 210/7 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Robin Uthappa]] 50 (27)
| wickets1 = [[Ravi Bishnoi]] 2/24 (4 overs)
| score2 = 211/4 (19.3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Quinton de Kock]] 61 (45)
| wickets2 = [[Dwaine Pretorius]] 2/31 (4 overs)
| result = Lucknow Super Giants won by 6 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304053.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Brabourne Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Virender Sharma]] (Ind) and [[Rod Tucker]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Evin Lewis]] (Lucknow Super Giants)
| toss = Lucknow Super Giants won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match7}}'''Match 7'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 1 April 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Punjab Kings]]
| team2 = [[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
| score1 = 137 (18.2 overs)
| runs1 = [[Bhanuka Rajapaksa]] 31 (9)
| wickets1 = [[Umesh Yadav]] 4/23 (4 overs)
| score2 = 141/4 (14.3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Andre Russell]] 70[[not out|*]] (31)
| wickets2 = [[Rahul Chahar]] 2/13 (4 overs)
| result = Kolkata Knight Riders won by 6 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304054.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Anil Chaudhary (umpire)|Anil Chaudhary]] (Ind) and [[Saiyed Khalid]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Umesh Yadav]] (Kolkata Knight Riders)
| toss = Kolkata Knight Riders won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match8}}'''Match 8'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 2 April 2022
| time = 15:30
| daynight = y
| team1 = [[Rajasthan Royals]]
| team2 = [[Mumbai Indians]]
| score1 = 193/8 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Jos Buttler]] 100 (68)
| wickets1 = [[Jasprit Bumrah]] 3/17 (4 overs)
| score2 = 170/8 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Tilak Varma]] 61 (33)
| wickets2 = [[Yuzvendra Chahal]] 2/26 (4 overs)
| result = Rajasthan Royals won by 23 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304055.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[DY Patil Stadium]], [[Navi Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Nitin Menon]] (Ind) and [[Pashchim Pathak]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Jos Buttler]] (Rajasthan Royals)
| toss = Mumbai Indians won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match9}}'''Match 9'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 2 April 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Gujarat Titans]]
| team2 = [[Delhi Capitals]]
| score1 = 171/6 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Shubman Gill]] 84 (46)
| wickets1 = [[Mustafizur Rahman]] 3/23 (4 overs)
| score2 = 157/9 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Rishabh Pant]] 43 (29)
| wickets2 = [[Lockie Ferguson]] 4/28 (4 overs)
| result = Gujarat Titans won by 14 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304056.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium|MCA International Stadium]], [[Pune]]
| umpires = [[K. N. Ananthapadmanabhan]] (Ind) and [[Ulhas Gandhe]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Lockie Ferguson]] (Gujarat Titans)
| toss = Delhi Capitals won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match10}}'''Match 10'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 3 April 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Punjab Kings]]
| team2 = [[Chennai Super Kings]]
| score1 = 180/8 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Liam Livingstone]] 60 (32)
| wickets1 = [[Chris Jordan (cricketer)|Chris Jordan]] 2/23 (4 overs)
| score2 = 126 (18 overs)
| runs2 = [[Shivam Dube]] 57 (30)
| wickets2 = [[Rahul Chahar]] 3/25 (4 overs)
| result = Punjab Kings won by 54 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304057.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Brabourne Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Yeshwant Barde]] (Ind) and [[Rod Tucker]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Liam Livingstone]] (Punjab Kings)
| toss = Chennai Super Kings won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match11}}'''Match 11'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 4 April 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Lucknow Super Giants]]
| team2 = [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
| score1 = 169/7 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[KL Rahul]] 68 (50)
| wickets1 = [[T. Natarajan]] 2/26 (4 overs)
| score2 = 157/9 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Rahul Tripathi]] 44 (30)
| wickets2 = [[Avesh Khan]] 4/24 (4 overs)
| result = Lucknow Super Giants won by 12 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304058.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[DY Patil Stadium]], [[Navi Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Jayaraman Madanagopal]] (Ind) and [[Navdeep Singh (cricketer)|Navdeep Singh]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Avesh Khan]] (Lucknow Super Giants)
| toss = Sunrisers Hyderabad won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match12}}'''Match 12'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 5 April 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Rajasthan Royals]]
| team2 = [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]]
| score1 = 169/3 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Jos Buttler]] 70[[not out|*]] (47)
| wickets1 = [[Harshal Patel]] 1/18 (4 overs)
| score2 = 173/6 (19.1 overs)
| runs2 = [[Shahbaz Ahmed (cricketer)|Shahbaz Ahmed]] 45 (26)
| wickets2 = [[Yuzvendra Chahal]] 2/15 (4 overs)
| result = Royal Challengers Bangalore won by 4 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304059.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Anil Chaudhary (umpire)|Anil Chaudhary]] (Ind) and [[Saiyed Khalid]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Dinesh Karthik]] (Royal Challengers Bangalore)
| toss = Royal Challengers Bangalore won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match13}}'''Match 13'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 6 April 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Mumbai Indians]]
| team2 = [[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
| score1 = 161/4 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Suryakumar Yadav]] 52 (36)
| wickets1 = [[Pat Cummins]] 2/49 (4 overs)
| score2 = 162/5 (16 overs)
| runs2 = [[Pat Cummins]] 56[[not out|*]] (15)
| wickets2 = [[Murugan Ashwin]] 2/25 (3 overs)
| result = Kolkata Knight Riders won by 5 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304060.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium|MCA International Stadium]], [[Pune]]
| umpires = [[K. N. Ananthapadmanabhan]] (Ind) and [[Bruce Oxenford]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Pat Cummins]] (Kolkata Knight Riders)
| toss = Kolkata Knight Riders won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Pat Cummins]] (Kolkata Knight Riders) scored the joint-fastest half-century in the IPL (14 balls).<ref>{{cite news |title=IPL 2022: Pat Cummins smashes joint-fastest half-century in league history; equals KL Rahul's record with 14-ball fifty |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/ipl-2022-pat-cummins-smashes-joint-fastest-half-century-in-league-history-reaches-fifty-in-merely-14-deliveries-101649266470498.html |access-date=12 April 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=6 April 2022 |language=en |archive-date=11 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411124753/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/ipl-2022-pat-cummins-smashes-joint-fastest-half-century-in-league-history-reaches-fifty-in-merely-14-deliveries-101649266470498.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
| round = {{anchor|match14}}'''Match 14'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 7 April 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Delhi Capitals]]
| team2 = [[Lucknow Super Giants]]
| score1 = 149/3 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Prithvi Shaw]] 61 (34)
| wickets1 = [[Ravi Bishnoi]] 2/22 (4 overs)
| score2 = 155/4 (19.4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Quinton de Kock]] 80 (52)
| wickets2 = [[Kuldeep Yadav]] 2/31 (3.4 overs)
| result = Lucknow Super Giants won by 6 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304061.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[DY Patil Stadium]], [[Navi Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Tapan Sharma]] (Ind) and [[Rod Tucker]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Quinton de Kock]] (Lukhnow Super Giants)
| toss = Lucknow Super Giants won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match15}}'''Match 15'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 8 April 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Punjab Kings]]
| team2 = [[Gujarat Titans]]
| score1 = 189/9 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Liam Livingstone]] 64 (27)
| wickets1 = [[Rashid Khan]] 3/22 (4 overs)
| score2 = 190/4 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Shubman Gill]] 96 (59)
| wickets2 = [[Kagiso Rabada]] 2/35 (4 overs)
| result = Gujarat Titans won by 6 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304062.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Brabourne Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Anil Chaudhary (umpire)|Anil Chaudhary]] (Ind) and [[Virender Sharma]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Shubman Gill]] (Gujarat Titans)
| toss = Gujarat Titans won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match16}}'''Match 16'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 9 April 2022
| time = 15:30
| daynight = y
| team1 = [[Chennai Super Kings]]
| team2 = [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
| score1 = 154/7 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Moeen Ali]] 48 (35)
| wickets1 = [[Washington Sundar]] 2/21 (4 overs)
| score2 = 155/2 (17.4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Abhishek Sharma (cricketer, born 2000)|Abhishek Sharma]] 75 (50)
| wickets2 = [[Dwayne Bravo]] 1/29 (2.4 overs)
| result = Sunrisers Hyderabad won by 8 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304063.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[DY Patil Stadium]], [[Navi Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Nitin Menon]] (Ind) and [[Navdeep Singh (cricketer)|Navdeep Singh]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Abhishek Sharma (cricketer, born 2000)|Abhishek Sharma]] (Sunrisers Hyderabad)
| toss = Sunrisers Hyderabad won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match17}}'''Match 17'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 9 April 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Mumbai Indians]]
| team2 = [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]]
| score1 = 151/6 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Suryakumar Yadav]] 68[[not out|*]] (37)
| wickets1 = [[Harshal Patel]] 2/23 (4 overs)
| score2 = 152/3 (18.3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Anuj Rawat]] 66 (47)
| wickets2 = [[Dewald Brevis]] 1/8 (0.3 overs)
| result = Royal Challengers Bangalore won by 7 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304064.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium|MCA International Stadium]], [[Pune]]
| umpires = [[K. N. Ananthapadmanabhan]] (Ind) and [[Bruce Oxenford]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Anuj Rawat]] (Royal Challengers Bangalore)
| toss = Royal Challengers Bangalore won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match18}}'''Match 18'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 10 April 2022
| time = 15:30
| daynight = y
| team1 = [[Delhi Capitals]]
| team2 = [[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
| score1 = 215/5 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]] 61 (45)
| wickets1 = [[Sunil Narine]] 2/21 (4 overs)
| score2 = 171 (19.4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Shreyas Iyer]] 54 (33)
| wickets2 = [[Kuldeep Yadav]] 4/35 (4 overs)
| result = Delhi Capitals won by 44 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304065.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Brabourne Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Chris Gaffaney]] (NZ) and [[Jayaraman Madanagopal]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Kuldeep Yadav]] (Delhi Capitals)
| toss = Kolkata Knight Riders won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match19}}'''Match 19'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 10 April 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Rajasthan Royals]]
| team2 = [[Lucknow Super Giants]]
| score1 = 165/6 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Shimron Hetmyer]] 59[[not out|*]] (36)
| wickets1 = [[Krishnappa Gowtham]] 2/30 (4 overs)
| score2 = 162/8 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Quinton de Kock]] 39 (32)
| wickets2 = [[Yuzvendra Chahal]] 4/41 (4 overs)
| result = Rajasthan Royals won by 3 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304066.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Anil Chaudhary (umpire)|Anil Chaudhary]] (Ind) and [[Tapan Sharma]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Yuzvendra Chahal]] (Rajasthan Royals)
| toss = Lucknow Super Giants won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match20}}'''Match 20'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 11 April 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Gujarat Titans]]
| team2 = [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
| score1 = 162/7 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Hardik Pandya]] 50[[not out|*]] (42)
| wickets1 = [[T. Natarajan]] 2/34 (4 overs)
| score2 = 168/2 (19.1 overs)
| runs2 = [[Kane Williamson]] 57 (46)
| wickets2 = [[Hardik Pandya]] 1/27 (4 overs)
| result = Sunrisers Hyderabad won by 8 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304067.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[DY Patil Stadium]], [[Navi Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Chirra Ravikanthreddy]] (Ind) and [[Rod Tucker]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Kane Williamson]] (Sunrisers Hyderabad)
| toss =Sunrisers Hyderabad won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match21}}'''Match 21'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 12 April 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Chennai Super Kings]]
| team2 = [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]]
| score1 = 216/4 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Shivam Dube]] 95[[not out|*]] (46)
| wickets1 = [[Wanindu Hasaranga]] 2/35 (3 overs)
| score2 = 193/9 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Shahbaz Ahmed (cricketer)|Shahbaz Ahmed]] 41 (27)
| wickets2 = [[Maheesh Theekshana]] 4/33 (4 overs)
| result = Chennai Super Kings won by 23 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304068.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[DY Patil Stadium]], [[Navi Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Nitin Menon]] (Ind) and [[Nitin Pandit]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Shivam Dube]] (Chennai Super Kings)
| toss = Royal Challengers Bangalore won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match22}}'''Match 22'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 13 April 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Punjab Kings]]
| team2 = [[Mumbai Indians]]
| score1 = 198/5 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Shikhar Dhawan]] 70 (50)
| wickets1 = [[Basil Thampi]] 2/47 (4 overs)
| score2 = 186/9 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Dewald Brevis]] 49 (25)
| wickets2 = [[Odean Smith]] 4/30 (3 overs)
| result = Punjab Kings won by 12 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304069.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium|MCA International Stadium]], [[Pune]]
| umpires = [[Ulhas Gandhe]] (Ind) and [[Bruce Oxenford]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Mayank Agarwal]] (Punjab Kings)
| toss = Mumbai Indians won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match10}}'''Match 23'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 14 April 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Gujarat Titans]]
| team2 = [[Rajasthan Royals]]
| score1 = 192/4 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Hardik Pandya]] 87[[not out|*]] (52)
| wickets1 = [[Riyan Parag]] 1/12 (1 over)
| score2 = 155/9 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Jos Buttler]] 54 (24)
| wickets2 = [[Lockie Ferguson]] 3/23 (4 overs)
| result = Gujarat Titans won by 37 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304070.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[DY Patil Stadium]], [[Navi Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Chris Gaffaney]] (NZ) and [[Rohan Pandit]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Hardik Pandya]] (Gujarat Titans)
| toss = Rajasthan Royals won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match24}}'''Match 24'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 15 April 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
| team2 = [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
| score1 = 175/8 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Nitish Rana]] 54 (36)
| wickets1 = [[T. Natarajan]] 3/37 (4 overs)
| score2 = 176/3 (17.5 overs)
| runs2 = [[Rahul Tripathi]] 71 (37)
| wickets2 = [[Andre Russell]] 2/20 (2 overs)
| result = Sunrisers Hyderabad won by 7 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304071.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Brabourne Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Sadashiv Iyer]] (Ind) and [[Virender Sharma]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Rahul Tripathi]] (Sunrisers Hyderabad)
| toss = Sunrisers Hyderabad won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match25}}'''Match 25'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 16 April 2022
| time = 15:30
| daynight = y
| team1 = [[Lucknow Super Giants]]
| team2 = [[Mumbai Indians]]
| score1 = 199/4 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[KL Rahul]] 103[[not out|*]] (60)
| wickets1 = [[Jaydev Unadkat]] 2/32 (4 overs)
| score2 = 181/9 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Suryakumar Yadav]] 37 (27)
| wickets2 = [[Avesh Khan]] 3/30 (4 overs)
| result = Lucknow Super Giants won by 18 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304072.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Brabourne Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Anil Chaudhary (umpire)|Anil Chaudhary]] (Ind) and [[Nikhil Patwardhan]] (Ind)
| motm = [[KL Rahul]] (Lucknow Super Giants)
| toss = Mumbai Indians won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match26}}'''Match 26'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 16 April 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]]
| team2 = [[Delhi Capitals]]
| score1 = 189/5 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Dinesh Karthik]] 66[[not out|*]] (34)
| wickets1 = [[Shardul Thakur]] 1/27 (4 overs)
| score2 = 173/7 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]] 66 (38)
| wickets2 = [[Josh Hazlewood]] 3/28 (4 overs)
| result = Royal Challengers Bangalore won by 16 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304073.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Jayaraman Madanagopal]] (Ind) and [[Chirra Ravikanthreddy]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Dinesh Karthik]] (Royal Challengers Bangalore)
| toss = Delhi Capitals won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match27}}'''Match 27'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 17 April 2022
| time = 15:30
| daynight = y
| team1 = [[Punjab Kings]]
| team2 = [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
| score1 = 151 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Liam Livingstone]] 60 (33)
| wickets1 = [[Umran Malik]] 4/28 (4 overs)
| score2 = 152/3 (18.5 overs)
| runs2 = [[Aiden Markram]] 41[[not out|*]] (27)
| wickets2 = [[Rahul Chahar]] 2/28 (4 overs)
| result = Sunrisers Hyderabad won by 7 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304074.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[DY Patil Stadium]], [[Navi Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Rohan Pandit]] (Ind) and [[Pashchim Pathak]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Umran Malik]] (Sunrisers Hyderabad)
| toss = Sunrisers Hyderabad won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match28}}'''Match 28'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 17 April 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Chennai Super Kings]]
| team2 = [[Gujarat Titans]]
| score1 = 169/5 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Ruturaj Gaikwad]] 73 (48)
| wickets1 = [[Alzarri Joseph]] 2/34 (4 overs)
| score2 = 170/7 (19.5 overs)
| runs2 = [[David Miller (South African cricketer)|David Miller]] 94[[not out|*]] (51)
| wickets2 = [[Dwayne Bravo]] 3/23 (4 overs)
| result = Gujarat Titans won by 3 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304075.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium|MCA International Stadium]], [[Pune]]
| umpires = [[K. N. Ananthapadmanabhan]] (Ind) and [[Ulhas Gandhe]] (Ind)
| motm = [[David Miller (South African cricketer)|David Miller]] (Gujarat Titans)
| toss = Gujarat Titans won the toss and elected to field
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match29}}'''Match 29'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 18 April 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Rajasthan Royals]]
| team2 = [[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
| score1 = 217/5 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Jos Buttler]] 103 (61)
| wickets1 = [[Sunil Narine]] 2/21 (4 overs)
| score2 = 210 (19.4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Shreyas Iyer]] 85 (51)
| wickets2 = [[Yuzvendra Chahal]] 5/40 (4 overs)
| result = Rajasthan Royals won by 7 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304076.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Brabourne Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Sadashiv Iyer]] (Ind) and [[Virender Sharma]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Yuzvendra Chahal]] (Rajasthan Royals)
| toss = Kolkata Knight Riders won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Yuzvendra Chahal]] (Rajasthan Royals) took a [[hat-trick (cricket)|hat-trick]] and a [[List of Indian Premier League five-wicket hauls|five-wicket haul]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2022-1298423/rajasthan-royals-vs-kolkata-knight-riders-30th-match-1304076/match-report |title=Jos Buttler ton, Yuzvendra Chahal hat-trick give Rajasthan Royals narrow win |work=ESPNcricinfo |date=18 April 2022 |access-date=18 April 2022 |archive-date=18 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220418183022/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2022-1298423/rajasthan-royals-vs-kolkata-knight-riders-30th-match-1304076/match-report |url-status=live }}</ref>
| round = {{anchor|match30}}'''Match 30'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 19 April 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]]
| team2 = [[Lucknow Super Giants]]
| score1 = 181/6 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Faf du Plessis]] 96 (64)
| wickets1 = [[Jason Holder]] 2/25 (4 overs)
| score2 = 163/8 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Krunal Pandya]] 42 (28)
| wickets2 = [[Josh Hazlewood]] 4/25 (4 overs)
| result = Royal Challengers Bangalore won by 18 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304077.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[DY Patil Stadium]], [[Navi Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Chris Gaffaney]] (NZ) and [[Nitin Pandit]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Faf du Plessis]] (Royal Challengers Bangalore)
| toss = Lucknow Super Giants won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match31}}'''Match 31'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 20 April 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Punjab Kings]]
| team2 = [[Delhi Capitals]]
| score1 = 115 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Jitesh Sharma]] 32 (23)
| wickets1 = [[Axar Patel]] 2/10 (4 overs)
| score2 = 119/1 (10.3 overs)
| runs2 = [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]] 60[[not out|*]] (30)
| wickets2 = [[Rahul Chahar]] 1/21 (2.3 overs)
| result = Delhi Capitals won by 9 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304078.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Brabourne Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Tapan Sharma]] (Ind) and [[Rod Tucker]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Kuldeep Yadav]] (Delhi Capitals)
| toss = Delhi Capitals won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match32}}'''Match 32'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 21 April 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Mumbai Indians]]
| team2 = [[Chennai Super Kings]]
| score1 = 155/7 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Tilak Varma]] 51[[not out|*]] (43)
| wickets1 = [[Mukesh Choudhary]] 3/19 (3 overs)
| score2 = 156/7 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Ambati Rayudu]] 40 (35)
| wickets2 = [[Daniel Sams]] 4/30 (4 overs)
| result = Chennai Super Kings won by 3 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304079.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[DY Patil Stadium]], [[Navi Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Ulhas Gandhe]] (Ind) and [[Bruce Oxenford]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Mukesh Choudhary]] (Chennai Super Kings)
| toss = Chennai Super Kings won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Hrithik Shokeen]] (Mumbai Indians) made his T20 debut.
| round = {{anchor|match33}}'''Match 33'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 22 April 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Rajasthan Royals]]
| team2 = [[Delhi Capitals]]
| score1 = 222/2 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Jos Buttler]] 116 (65)
| wickets1 = [[Mustafizur Rahman]] 1/43 (4 overs)
| score2 = 207/8 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Rishabh Pant]] 44 (24)
| wickets2 = [[Prasidh Krishna]] 3/22 (4 overs)
| result = Rajasthan Royals won by 15 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304080.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Nitin Menon]] (Ind) and [[Nikhil Patwardhan]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Jos Buttler]] (Rajasthan Royals)
| toss = Delhi Capitals won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Jos Buttler]] (Rajasthan Royals) became the second player to score consecutive hundreds in the IPL, after [[Shikhar Dhawan]]. Buttler also became the second player after [[Virat Kohli]] to score three or more centuries in a single IPL season.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tendulkar leads as cricket fraternity reserve massive praise for Buttler |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/ipl-2022-surely-the-best-white-ball-player-in-the-world-former-players-including-tendulkar-vaughan-reserve-massive-praise-for-jos-buttler-101650644514057.html |access-date=23 April 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=23 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423023043/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/ipl-2022-surely-the-best-white-ball-player-in-the-world-former-players-including-tendulkar-vaughan-reserve-massive-praise-for-jos-buttler-101650644514057.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
| round = {{anchor|match34}}'''Match 34'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 23 April 2022
| time = 15:30
| daynight = y
| team1 = [[Gujarat Titans]]
| team2 = [[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
| score1 = 156/9 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Hardik Pandya]] 67 (49)
| wickets1 = [[Andre Russell]] 4/5 (1 over)
| score2 = 148/8 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Andre Russell]] 48 (25)
| wickets2 = [[Mohammed Shami]] 2/20 (4 overs)
| result = Gujarat Titans won by 8 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304081.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[DY Patil Stadium]], [[Navi Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[K. N. Ananthapadmanabhan]] (Ind) and [[Ulhas Gandhe]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Rashid Khan]] (Gujarat Titans)
| toss = Gujarat Titans won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match35}}'''Match 35'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 23 April 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]]
| team2 = [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
| score1 = 68 (16.1 overs)
| runs1 = [[Suyash Prabhudessai]] 15 (20)
| wickets1 = [[T. Natarajan]] 3/10 (3 overs)
| score2 = 72/1 (8 overs)
| runs2 = [[Abhishek Sharma (cricketer, born 2000)|Abhishek Sharma]] 47 (28)
| wickets2 = [[Harshal Patel]] 1/18 (2 overs)
| result = Sunrisers Hyderabad won by 9 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304082.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Brabourne Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Jayaraman Madanagopal]] (Ind) and [[Chirra Ravikanthreddy]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Marco Jansen]] (Sunrisers Hyderabad)
| toss = Sunrisers Hyderabad won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match36}}'''Match 36'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 24 April 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Lucknow Super Giants]]
| team2 = [[Mumbai Indians]]
| score1 = 168/6 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[KL Rahul]] 103[[not out|*]] (62)
| wickets1 = [[Kieron Pollard]] 2/8 (2 overs)
| score2 = 132/8 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Rohit Sharma]] 39 (31)
| wickets2 = [[Krunal Pandya]] 3/19 (4 overs)
| result = Lucknow Super Giants won by 36 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304083.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Marais Erasmus]] (SA) and [[Saiyed Khalid]] (Ind)
| motm = [[KL Rahul]] (Lucknow Super Giants)
| toss = Mumbai Indians won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match37}}'''Match 37'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 25 April 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Punjab Kings]]
| team2 = [[Chennai Super Kings]]
| score1 = 187/4 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Shikhar Dhawan]] 88[[not out|*]] (59)
| wickets1 = [[Dwayne Bravo]] 2/42 (4 overs)
| score2 = 176/6 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Ambati Rayudu]] 78 (39)
| wickets2 = [[Kagiso Rabada]] 2/23 (4 overs)
| result = Punjab Kings won by 11 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304084.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Marais Erasmus]] (SA) and [[Tapan Sharma]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Shikhar Dhawan]] (Punjab Kings)
| toss = Chennai Super Kings won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match38}}'''Match 38'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 26 April 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Rajasthan Royals]]
| team2 = [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]]
| score1 = 144/8 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Riyan Parag]] 56[[not out|*]] (31)
| wickets1 = [[Josh Hazlewood]] 2/19 (4 overs)
| score2 = 115 (19.3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Faf du Plessis]] 23 (21)
| wickets2 = [[Kuldeep Sen]] 4/20 (3.3 overs)
| result = Rajasthan Royals won by 29 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304085.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium|MCA International Stadium]], [[Pune]]
| umpires = [[K. N. Ananthapadmanabhan]] (Ind) and [[Bruce Oxenford]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Riyan Parag]] (Rajasthan Royals)
| toss = Royal Challengers Bangalore won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match39}}'''Match 39'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 27 April 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
| team2 = [[Gujarat Titans]]
| score1 = 195/6 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Abhishek Sharma (cricketer, born 2000)|Abhishek Sharma]] 65 (42)
| wickets1 = [[Mohammed Shami]] 3/39 (4 overs)
| score2 = 199/5 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Wriddhiman Saha]] 68 (38)
| wickets2 = [[Umran Malik]] 5/25 (4 overs)
| result = Gujarat Titans won by 5 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304086.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Chris Gaffaney]] (NZ) and [[Navdeep Singh (cricketer)|Navdeep Singh]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Umran Malik]] (Sunrisers Hyderabad)
| toss = Gujarat Titans won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Umran Malik]] (Sunrisers Hyderabad) took his first [[List of Indian Premier League five-wicket hauls|five-wicket haul]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/ipl-2022/story/umran-malik-5-wicket-haul-gt-vs-srh-pace-fan-banner-wankhede-1942727-2022-04-27 |title=GT vs SRH: Umran Malik breathes fire to claim first five-wicket haul in IPL |work=India Today |date=27 April 2022 |access-date=27 April 2022 |archive-date=27 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220427181741/https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/ipl-2022/story/umran-malik-5-wicket-haul-gt-vs-srh-pace-fan-banner-wankhede-1942727-2022-04-27 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| round = {{anchor|match40}}'''Match 40'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 28 April 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
| team2 = [[Delhi Capitals]]
| score1 = 146/9 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Nitish Rana]] 57 (34)
| wickets1 = [[Kuldeep Yadav]] 4/14 (3 overs)
| score2 = 150/6 (19 overs)
| runs2 = [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]] 42 (26)
| wickets2 = [[Umesh Yadav]] 3/24 (4 overs)
| result = Delhi Capitals won by 4 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304087.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Anil Chaudhary (umpire)|Anil Chaudhary]] (Ind) and [[Pashchim Pathak]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Kuldeep Yadav]] (Delhi Capitals)
| toss = Delhi Capitals won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Harshit Rana]] (Kolkata Knight Riders) made his T20 debut.
| round = {{anchor|match41}}'''Match 41'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 29 April 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Lucknow Super Giants]]
| team2 = [[Punjab Kings]]
| score1 = 153/8 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Quinton de Kock]] 46 (37)
| wickets1 = [[Kagiso Rabada]] 4/38 (4 overs)
| score2 = 133/8 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Jonny Bairstow]] 32 (28)
| wickets2 = [[Mohsin Khan (Indian cricketer)|Mohsin Khan]] 3/24 (4 overs)
| result = Lucknow Super Giants won by 20 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304088.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium|MCA International Stadium]], [[Pune]]
| umpires = [[Ulhas Gandhe]] (Ind) and [[Michael Gough (cricketer)|Michael Gough]] (Eng)
| motm = [[Krunal Pandya]] (Lucknow Super Giants)
| toss = Punjab Kings won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match42}}'''Match 42'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 30 April 2022
| time = 15:30
| daynight = y
| team1 = [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]]
| team2 = [[Gujarat Titans]]
| score1 = 170/6 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Virat Kohli]] 58 (53)
| wickets1 = [[Pradeep Sangwan]] 2/19 (4 overs)
| score2 = 174/4 (19.3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Rahul Tewatia]] 43[[not out|*]] (25)
| wickets2 = [[Shahbaz Ahmed (cricketer)|Shahbaz Ahmed]] 2/26 (3 overs)
| result = Gujarat Titans won by 6 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304089.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Brabourne Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Saiyed Khalid]] (Ind) and [[Virender Sharma]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Rahul Tewatia]] (Gujarat Titans)
| toss = Royal Challengers Bangalore won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match43}}'''Match 43'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 30 April 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Rajasthan Royals]]
| team2 = [[Mumbai Indians]]
| score1 = 158/6 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Jos Buttler]] 67 (52)
| wickets1 = [[Riley Meredith]] 2/24 (4 overs)
| score2 = 161/5 (19.2 overs)
| runs2 = [[Suryakumar Yadav]] 51 (39)
| wickets2 = [[Ravichandran Ashwin]] 1/21 (4 overs)
| result = Mumbai Indians won by 5 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304090.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[DY Patil Stadium]], [[Navi Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Yeshwant Barde]] (Ind) and [[Bruce Oxenford]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Suryakumar Yadav]] (Mumbai Indians)
| toss = Mumbai Indians won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match44}}'''Match 44'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 1 May 2022
| time = 15:30
| daynight = y
| team1 = [[Lucknow Super Giants]]
| team2 = [[Delhi Capitals]]
| score1 = 195/3 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[KL Rahul]] 77 (51)
| wickets1 = [[Shardul Thakur]] 3/40 (4 overs)
| score2 = 189/7 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Rishabh Pant]] 44 (30)
| wickets2 = [[Mohsin Khan (Indian cricketer)|Mohsin Khan]] 4/16 (4 overs)
| result = Lucknow Super Giants won by 6 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304091.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Chris Gaffaney]] (NZ) and [[Chirra Ravikanthreddy]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Mohsin Khan (Indian cricketer)|Mohsin Khan]] (Lucknow Super Giants)
| toss = Lucknow Super Giants won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match45}}'''Match 45'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 1 May 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Chennai Super Kings]]
| team2 = [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
| score1 = 202/2 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Ruturaj Gaikwad]] 99 (57)
| wickets1 = [[T. Natarajan]] 2/42 (4 overs)
| score2 = 189/6 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Nicholas Pooran]] 64[[not out|*]] (33)
| wickets2 = [[Mukesh Choudhary]] 4/46 (4 overs)
| result = Chennai Super Kings won by 13 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304092.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium|MCA International Stadium]], [[Pune]]
| umpires = [[K. N. Ananthapadmanabhan]] (Ind) and [[Anil Chaudhary (umpire)|Anil Chaudhary]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Ruturaj Gaikwad]] (Chennai Super Kings)
| toss = Sunrisers Hyderabad won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match46}}'''Match 46'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 2 May 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Rajasthan Royals]]
| team2 = [[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
| score1 = 152/5 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Sanju Samson]] 54 (49)
| wickets1 = [[Tim Southee]] 2/46 (4 overs)
| score2 = 158/3 (19.1 overs)
| runs2 = [[Nitish Rana]] 48[[not out|*]] (37)
| wickets2 = [[Trent Boult]] 1/25 (4 overs)
| result = Kolkata Knight Riders won by 7 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304093.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Jayaraman Madanagopal]] (Ind) and [[Nitin Pandit]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Rinku Singh (cricketer)|Rinku Singh]] (Kolkata Knight Riders)
| toss = Kolkata Knight Riders won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match47}}'''Match 47'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 3 May 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Gujarat Titans]]
| team2 = [[Punjab Kings]]
| score1 = 143/8 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Sai Sudharsan]] 65[[not out|*]] (50)
| wickets1 = [[Kagiso Rabada]] 4/33 (4 overs)
| score2 = 145/2 (16 overs)
| runs2 = [[Shikhar Dhawan]] 62[[not out|*]] (53)
| wickets2 = [[Lockie Ferguson]] 1/29 (3 overs)
| result = Punjab Kings won by 8 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304094.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[DY Patil Stadium]], [[Navi Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Rohan Pandit]] (Ind) and [[Virender Sharma]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Kagiso Rabada]] (Punjab Kings)
| toss = Gujarat Titans won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match48}}'''Match 48'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 4 May 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]]
| team2 = [[Chennai Super Kings]]
| score1 = 173/8 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Mahipal Lomror]] 42 (27)
| wickets1 = [[Maheesh Theekshana]] 3/27 (4 overs)
| score2 = 160/8 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Devon Conway]] 56 (37)
| wickets2 = [[Harshal Patel]] 3/35 (4 overs)
| result = Royal Challengers Bangalore won by 13 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304095.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium|MCA International Stadium]], [[Pune]]
| umpires = [[K. N. Ananthapadmanabhan]] (Ind) and [[Michael Gough (cricketer)|Michael Gough]] (Eng)
| motm = [[Harshal Patel]] (Royal Challengers Bangalore)
| toss = Chennai Super Kings won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match49}}'''Match 49'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 5 May 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Delhi Capitals]]
| team2 = [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
| score1 = 207/3 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]] 92[[not out|*]] (58)
| wickets1 = [[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]] 1/25 (4 overs)
| score2 = 186/8 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Nicholas Pooran]] 62 (34)
| wickets2 = [[Khaleel Ahmed]] 3/30 (4 overs)
| result = Delhi Capitals won by 21 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304096.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Brabourne Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Nikhil Patwardhan]] (Ind) and [[Navdeep Singh (cricketer)|Navdeep Singh]] (Ind)
| motm = [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]] (Delhi Capitals)
| toss = Sunrisers Hyderabad won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match50}}'''Match 50'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 6 May 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Mumbai Indians]]
| team2 = [[Gujarat Titans]]
| score1 = 177/6 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Ishan Kishan]] 45 (29)
| wickets1 = [[Rashid Khan]] 2/24 (4 overs)
| score2 = 172/5 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Wriddhiman Saha]] 55 (40)
| wickets2 = [[Murugan Ashwin]] 2/29 (4 overs)
| result = Mumbai Indians won by 5 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304097.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Brabourne Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Sadashiv Iyer]] (Ind) and [[Jayaraman Madanagopal]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Tim David]] (Mumbai Indians)
| toss = Gujarat Titans won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match51}}'''Match 51'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 7 May 2022
| time = 15:30
| daynight = y
| team1 = [[Punjab Kings]]
| team2 = [[Rajasthan Royals]]
| score1 = 189/5 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Jonny Bairstow]] 56 (40)
| wickets1 = [[Yuzvendra Chahal]] 3/28 (4 overs)
| score2 = 190/4 (19.4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Yashasvi Jaiswal]] 68 (41)
| wickets2 = [[Arshdeep Singh (cricketer)|Arshdeep Singh]] 2/29 (4 overs)
| result = Rajasthan Royals won by 6 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304098.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Yeshwant Barde]] (Ind) and [[Chirra Ravikanthreddy]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Yashasvi Jaiswal]] (Rajasthan Royals)
| toss = Punjab Kings won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = Mumbai Indians were eliminated as a result of this match.<ref>{{cite news |title=IPL 2022: Mumbai Indians, 5-time champions, first team to be knocked out of playoffs race |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/ipl-2022/story/ipl-2022-5-time-champions-mi-1st-team-to-be-knocked-out-of-playoffs-race-1946661-2022-05-07 |access-date=8 May 2022 |work=India Today |language=en |archive-date=19 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240619043441/https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/ipl-2022/story/ipl-2022-5-time-champions-mi-1st-team-to-be-knocked-out-of-playoffs-race-1946661-2022-05-07 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| round = {{anchor|match52}}'''Match 52'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 7 May 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Lucknow Super Giants]]
| team2 = [[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
| score1 = 176/7 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Quinton de Kock]] 50 (29)
| wickets1 = [[Andre Russell]] 2/22 (3 overs)
| score2 = 101 (14.3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Andre Russell]] 45 (19)
| wickets2 = [[Avesh Khan]] 3/19 (3 overs)
| result = Lucknow Super Giants won by 75 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304099.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium|MCA International Stadium]], [[Pune]]
| umpires = [[Anil Chaudhary (umpire)|Anil Chaudhary]] (Ind) and [[Michael Gough (cricketer)|Michael Gough]] (Eng)
| motm = [[Avesh Khan]] (Lucknow Super Giants)
| toss = Kolkata Knight Riders won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match53}}'''Match 53'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 8 May 2022
| time = 15:30
| daynight = y
| team1 = [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]]
| team2 = [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
| score1 = 192/3 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Faf du Plessis]] 73[[not out|*]] (50)
| wickets1 = [[Jagadeesha Suchith]] 2/30 (4 overs)
| score2 = 125 (19.2 overs)
| runs2 = [[Rahul Tripathi]] 58 (37)
| wickets2 = [[Wanindu Hasaranga]] 5/18 (4 overs)
| result = Royal Challengers Bangalore won by 67 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304100.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Bruce Oxenford]] (Aus) and [[Nitin Pandit]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Wanindu Hasaranga]] (Royal Challengers Bangalore)
| toss = Royal Challengers Bangalore won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match54}}'''Match 54'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 8 May 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Chennai Super Kings]]
| team2 = [[Delhi Capitals]]
| score1 = 208/6 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Devon Conway]] 87 (49)
| wickets1 = [[Anrich Nortje]] 3/42 (4 overs)
| score2 = 117 (17.4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Mitchell Marsh]] 25 (20)
| wickets2 = [[Moeen Ali]] 3/13 (4 overs)
| result = Chennai Super Kings won by 91 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304101.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[DY Patil Stadium]], [[Navi Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Nitin Menon]] (Ind) and [[Rohan Pandit]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Devon Conway]] (Chennai Super Kings)
| toss = Delhi Capitals won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match55}}'''Match 55'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 9 May 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
| team2 = [[Mumbai Indians]]
| score1 = 165/9 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Venkatesh Iyer]] 43 (24)
| wickets1 = [[Jasprit Bumrah]] 5/10 (4 overs)
| score2 = 113 (17.3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Ishan Kishan]] 51 (43)
| wickets2 = [[Pat Cummins]] 3/22 (4 overs)
| result = Kolkata Knight Riders won by 52 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304102.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[DY Patil Stadium]], [[Navi Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Chris Gaffaney]] (NZ) and [[Sadashiv Iyer]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Jasprit Bumrah]] (Mumbai Indians)
| toss = Mumbai Indians won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match56}}'''Match 56'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 10 May 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Gujarat Titans]]
| team2 = [[Lucknow Super Giants]]
| score1 = 144/4 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Shubman Gill]] 63[[not out|*]] (49)
| wickets1 = [[Avesh Khan]] 2/26 (4 overs)
| score2 = 82 (13.5 overs)
| runs2 = [[Deepak Hooda]] 27 (26)
| wickets2 = [[Rashid Khan]] 4/24 (3.5 overs)
| result = Gujarat Titans won by 62 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304103.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium|MCA International Stadium]], [[Pune]]
| umpires = [[K. N. Ananthapadmanabhan]] (Ind) and [[Michael Gough (cricketer)|Michael Gough]] (Eng)
| motm = [[Shubman Gill]] (Gujarat Titans)
| toss = Gujarat Titans won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = Gujarat Titans qualified for the playoffs as a result of this match.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2022-1298423/lucknow-super-giants-vs-gujarat-titans-57th-match-1304103/match-report |title=Gill 63*, Rashid four-for lead Gujarat Titans to playoffs |work=ESPNcricinfo |date=10 May 2022 |access-date=14 May 2022 |archive-date=13 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220513233153/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2022-1298423/lucknow-super-giants-vs-gujarat-titans-57th-match-1304103/match-report |url-status=live }}</ref>
| round = {{anchor|match57}}'''Match 57'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 11 May 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Rajasthan Royals]]
| team2 = [[Delhi Capitals]]
| score1 = 160/6 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Ravichandran Ashwin]] 50 (38)
| wickets1 = [[Chetan Sakariya]] 2/23 (4 overs)
| score2 = 161/2 (18.1 overs)
| runs2 = [[Mitchell Marsh]] 89 (62)
| wickets2 = [[Trent Boult]] 1/32 (4 overs)
| result = Delhi Capitals won by 8 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304104.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[DY Patil Stadium]], [[Navi Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Nitin Menon]] (Ind) and [[Nikhil Patwardhan]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Mitchell Marsh]] (Delhi Capitals)
| toss = Delhi Capitals won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match58}}'''Match 58'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 12 May 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Chennai Super Kings]]
| team2 = [[Mumbai Indians]]
| score1 = 97 (16 overs)
| runs1 = [[MS Dhoni]] 36[[not out|*]] (33)
| wickets1 = [[Daniel Sams]] 3/16 (4 overs)
| score2 = 103/5 (14.5 overs)
| runs2 = [[Tilak Varma]] 34[[not out|*]] (32)
| wickets2 = [[Mukesh Choudhary]] 3/23 (4 overs)
| result = Mumbai Indians won by 5 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304105.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Chris Gaffaney]] (NZ) and [[Chirra Ravikanthreddy]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Daniel Sams]] (Mumbai Indians)
| toss = Mumbai Indians won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = Chennai Super Kings were eliminated as a result of this match.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2022-1298423/chennai-super-kings-vs-mumbai-indians-59th-match-1304105/match-report |title=Sams, Meredith lead rout of Chennai Super Kings |work=ESPNcricinfo |date=12 May 2022 |access-date=14 May 2022 |archive-date=19 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240619043526/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2022-1298423/chennai-super-kings-vs-mumbai-indians-59th-match-1304105/match-report |url-status=live }}</ref>
| round = {{anchor|match59}}'''Match 59'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 13 May 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Punjab Kings]]
| team2 = [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]]
| score1 = 209/9 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Liam Livingstone]] 70 (42)
| wickets1 = [[Harshal Patel]] 4/34 (4 overs)
| score2 = 155/9 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Glenn Maxwell]] 35 (22)
| wickets2 = [[Kagiso Rabada]] 3/21 (4 overs)
| result = Punjab Kings won by 54 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304106.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Brabourne Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Jayaraman Madanagopal]] (Ind) and [[Nitin Pandit]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Jonny Bairstow]] (Punjab Kings)
| toss = Royal Challengers Bangalore won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match60}}'''Match 60'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 14 May 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
| team2 = [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
| score1 = 177/6 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Andre Russell]] 49[[not out|*]] (28)
| wickets1 = [[Umran Malik]] 3/33 (4 overs)
| score2 = 123/8 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Abhishek Sharma (cricketer, born 2000)|Abhishek Sharma]] 43 (28)
| wickets2 = [[Andre Russell]] 3/22 (4 overs)
| result = Kolkata Knight Riders won by 54 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304107.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium|MCA International Stadium]], [[Pune]]
| umpires = [[K. N. Ananthapadmanabhan]] (Ind) and [[Anil Chaudhary (umpire)|Anil Chaudhary]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Andre Russell]] (Kolkata Knight Riders)
| toss = Kolkata Knight Riders won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match61}}'''Match 61'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 15 May 2022
| time = 15:30
| daynight = y
| team1 = [[Chennai Super Kings]]
| team2 = [[Gujarat Titans]]
| score1 = 133/5 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Ruturaj Gaikwad]] 53 (49)
| wickets1 = [[Mohammed Shami]] 2/19 (4 overs)
| score2 = 137/3 (19.1 overs)
| runs2 = [[Wriddhiman Saha]] 67[[not out|*]] (57)
| wickets2 = [[Matheesha Pathirana]] 2/24 (3.1 overs)
| result = Gujarat Titans won by 7 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304108.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Rohan Pandit]] (Ind) and [[Virender Sharma]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Wriddhiman Saha]] (Gujarat Titans)
| toss = Chennai Super Kings won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = Gujarat Titans advanced to Qualifier 1 as a result of this match.
| round = {{anchor|match62}}'''Match 62'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 15 May 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Rajasthan Royals]]
| team2 = [[Lucknow Super Giants]]
| score1 = 178/6 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Yashasvi Jaiswal]] 41 (29)
| wickets1 = [[Ravi Bishnoi]] 2/31 (4 overs)
| score2 = 154/8 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Deepak Hooda]] 59 (39)
| wickets2 = [[Trent Boult]] 2/18 (4 overs)
| result = Rajasthan Royals won by 24 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304109.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Brabourne Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Pashchim Pathak]] (Ind) and [[Tapan Sharma]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Trent Boult]] (Rajasthan Royals)
| toss = Rajasthan Royals won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match63}}'''Match 63'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 16 May 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Delhi Capitals]]
| team2 = [[Punjab Kings]]
| score1 = 159/7 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Mitchell Marsh]] 63 (48)
| wickets1 = [[Liam Livingstone]] 3/27 (4 overs)
| score2 = 142/9 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Jitesh Sharma]] 44 (34)
| wickets2 = [[Shardul Thakur]] 4/36 (4 overs)
| result = Delhi Capitals won by 17 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304110.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[DY Patil Stadium]], [[Navi Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Sadashiv Iyer]] (Ind) and [[Nitin Menon]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Shardul Thakur]] (Delhi Capitals)
| toss = Punjab Kings won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match64}}'''Match 64'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 17 May 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
| team2 = [[Mumbai Indians]]
| score1 = 193/6 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Rahul Tripathi]] 76 (44)
| wickets1 = [[Ramandeep Singh (cricketer)|Ramandeep Singh]] 3/20 (3 overs)
| score2 = 190/7 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Rohit Sharma]] 48 (36)
| wickets2 = [[Umran Malik]] 3/23 (3 overs)
| result = Sunrisers Hyderabad won by 3 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304111.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Chris Gaffaney]] (NZ) and [[Nitin Pandit]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Rahul Tripathi]] (Sunrisers Hyderabad)
| toss = Mumbai Indians won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match65}}'''Match 65'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 18 May 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Lucknow Super Giants]]
| team2 = [[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
| score1 = 210/0 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Quinton de Kock]] 140[[not out|*]] (70)
| wickets1 =
| score2 = 208/8 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Shreyas Iyer]] 50 (29)
| wickets2 = [[Mohsin Khan (Indian cricketer)|Mohsin Khan]] 3/20 (4 overs)
| result = Lucknow Super Giants won by 2 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304112.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[DY Patil Stadium]], [[Navi Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Yeshwant Barde]] (Ind) and [[Rohan Pandit]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Quinton de Kock]] (Lucknow Super Giants)
| toss = Lucknow Super Giants won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = Lucknow Super Giants qualified for the playoffs and Kolkata Knight Riders were eliminated as a result of this match.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/122284/de-kock-stars-as-lsg-secure-passage-to-playoffs-with-nervy-win |title=De Kock stars as LSG secure passage to playoffs with nervy win |work=Cricbuzz |date=18 May 2022 |access-date=18 May 2022 |archive-date=19 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240619043945/https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/122284/de-kock-stars-as-lsg-secure-passage-to-playoffs-with-nervy-win |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Quinton de Kock]] and [[KL Rahul]] (Lucknow Super Giants) scored the highest opening partnership in the IPL.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 May 2022 |title=Quinton de Kock and KL Rahul set new IPL record for highest opening wicket partnership |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/ipl-2022/story/quinton-de-kock-and-kl-rahul-set-new-ipl-record-for-highest-opening-wicket-partnership-1951155-2022-05-18 |access-date=21 May 2022 |newspaper=India Today |archive-date=20 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520235442/https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/ipl-2022/story/quinton-de-kock-and-kl-rahul-set-new-ipl-record-for-highest-opening-wicket-partnership-1951155-2022-05-18 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| round = {{anchor|match66}}'''Match 66'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 19 May 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Gujarat Titans]]
| team2 = [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]]
| score1 = 168/5 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Hardik Pandya]] 62[[not out|*]] (47)
| wickets1 = [[Josh Hazlewood]] 2/39 (4 overs)
| score2 = 170/2 (18.4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Virat Kohli]] 73 (54)
| wickets2 = [[Rashid Khan]] 2/32 (4 overs)
| result = Royal Challengers Bangalore won by 8 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304113.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[K. N. Ananthapadmanabhan]] (Ind) and [[Sadashiv Iyer]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Virat Kohli]] (Royal Challengers Bangalore)
| toss = Gujarat Titans won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = Punjab Kings and Sunrisers Hyderabad were eliminated as a result of the match.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://scroll.in/field/1024194/ipl-2022-playoff-qualification-scenarios-do-rcb-kkr-still-have-a-chance-can-rr-or-lsg-miss-out |title=IPL 2022 playoff qualification scenarios: RCB's win puts pressure on DC; SRH and PBKS eliminated |work=[[Scroll.in]] |date=18 May 2022 |access-date=19 May 2022 |archive-date=18 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518172946/https://scroll.in/field/1024194/ipl-2022-playoff-qualification-scenarios-do-rcb-kkr-still-have-a-chance-can-rr-or-lsg-miss-out |url-status=live }}</ref>
| round = {{anchor|match67}}'''Match 67'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 20 May 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Chennai Super Kings]]
| team2 = [[Rajasthan Royals]]
| score1 = 150/6 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Moeen Ali]] 93 (57)
| wickets1 = [[Obed McCoy]] 2/20 (4 overs)
| score2 = 151/5 (19.4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Yashasvi Jaiswal]] 59 (44)
| wickets2 = [[Prashant Solanki]] 2/20 (2 overs)
| result = Rajasthan Royals won by 5 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304114.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Brabourne Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Chris Gaffaney]] (NZ) and [[Nikhil Patwardhan]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Ravichandran Ashwin]] (Rajasthan Royals)
| toss = Chennai Super Kings won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = Rajasthan Royals qualified for the playoffs (Qualifier 1) as a result of this match.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/122311/jaiswal-ashwin-secure-second-spot-for-rr|title=Jaiswal, Ashwin secure second spot for RR|work=Cricbuzz|date=20 May 2022 |access-date=21 May 2022|archive-date=19 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240619044108/https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/122311/jaiswal-ashwin-secure-second-spot-for-rr|url-status=live}}</ref>
| round = {{anchor|match68}}'''Match 68'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 21 May 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Delhi Capitals]]
| team2 = [[Mumbai Indians]]
| score1 = 159/7 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Rovman Powell]] 43 (34)
| wickets1 = [[Jasprit Bumrah]] 3/25 (4 overs)
| score2 = 160/5 (19.1 overs)
| runs2 = [[Ishan Kishan]] 48 (35)
| wickets2 = [[Shardul Thakur]] 2/32 (3 overs)
| result = Mumbai Indians won by 5 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304115.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Nitin Menon]] (Ind) and [[Tapan Sharma]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Jasprit Bumrah]] (Mumbai Indians)
| toss = Mumbai Indians won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = Royal Challengers Bangalore qualified for the playoffs and Delhi Capitals were eliminated as a result of this match.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2022-1298423/mumbai-indians-vs-delhi-capitals-69th-match-1304115/match-report |title=RCB sneak into playoffs after Tim David, Jasprit Bumrah knock Delhi Capitals out |work=ESPNcricinfo |date=21 May 2022 |access-date=22 May 2022 |archive-date=21 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521223520/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2022-1298423/mumbai-indians-vs-delhi-capitals-69th-match-1304115/match-report |url-status=live }}</ref>
| round = {{anchor|match69}}'''Match 69'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 22 May 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
| team2 = [[Punjab Kings]]
| score1 = 157/8 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Abhishek Sharma (cricketer, born 2000)|Abhishek Sharma]] 43 (32)
| wickets1 = [[Harpreet Brar]] 3/26 (4 overs)
| score2 = 160/5 (15.1 overs)
| runs2 = [[Liam Livingstone]] 49[[not out|*]] (22)
| wickets2 = [[Fazalhaq Farooqi]] 2/32 (4 overs)
| result = Punjab Kings won by 5 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304116.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Anil Chaudhary (umpire)|Anil Chaudhary]] (Ind) and [[Nikhil Patwardhan]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Harpreet Brar]] (Punjab Kings)
| toss = Sunrisers Hyderabad won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match70}}'''Match 70'''
}}

==Playoffs==
The final took place on 29 May 2022.<ref>{{cite web |title=CSK-KKR to feature in IPL 2022 opener on Mar 26 at Wankhede |url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/121351/csk-kkr-to-feature-in-ipl-2022-opener-on-mar-26-at-wankhede |access-date=7 March 2022 |website=Cricbuzz |date=6 March 2022 |language=en |archive-date=6 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220306222434/https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/121351/csk-kkr-to-feature-in-ipl-2022-opener-on-mar-26-at-wankhede |url-status=live }}</ref> The full schedule for the playoffs was announced on 23 April 2022.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/122013/ipl-playoffs-to-be-played-in-Mumbai |title=IPL playoffs to be played in Mumbai |work=CricBuzz |date=23 April 2022 |access-date=23 April 2022 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228110916/https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/122013/ipl-playoffs-to-be-played-in-mumbai |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{4TeamBracket-PagePlayoff
| team-width=230
| score-width=120

| RD1 = '''[[#match71|Qualifier 1]] / [[#match72|Eliminator]]'''
| RD1-text1 = 24 May 2022 - [[Eden Gardens|Kolkata]]
| RD1-seed1 = '''1'''
| RD1-team1 = '''[[Gujarat Titans]]'''
| RD1-score1 = '''191/3 (19.3 overs)'''
| RD1-seed2 = 2
| RD1-team2 = [[Rajasthan Royals]]
| RD1-score2 = 188/6 (20 overs)
| P1Winner = '''Gujarat'''
| P1Margin = '''7 wickets'''
| P1Matchno = 71

| RD1-text2 = 25 May 2022 - [[Eden Gardens|Kolkata]]
| RD1-seed3 = 3
| RD1-team3 = [[Lucknow Super Giants]]
| RD1-score3 = 193/6 (20 overs)
| RD1-seed4 = '''4'''
| RD1-team4 = '''[[Royal Challengers Bangalore]]'''
| RD1-score4 = '''207/4 (20 overs)'''
| P2Winner = '''Bangalore'''
| P2Margin = '''14 runs'''
| P2Matchno = 72

| RD2 = '''[[#match73|Qualifier 2]]'''
| RD2-text1 = 27 May 2022 — [[Narendra Modi Stadium|Ahmedabad]]
| RD2-seed1= '''Q1L'''
| RD2-team1= '''[[Rajasthan Royals]]'''
| RD2-score1= '''161/3 (18.1 overs)'''
| RD2-seed2= EW
| RD2-team2= [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]]
| RD2-score2= 157/8 (20 overs)
| P3Winner= '''Rajasthan'''
| P3Margin= '''7 wickets'''
| P3Matchno= 73

| RD3 = '''[[#match74|Final]]'''
| RD3-text1 = 29 May 2022 — [[Narendra Modi Stadium|Ahmedabad]]
| RD3-seed1 = '''Q1W'''
| RD3-team1 = '''[[Gujarat Titans]]'''
| RD3-score1 = '''133/3 (18.1 overs)'''
| RD3-seed2 = Q2W
| RD3-team2 = [[Rajasthan Royals]]
| RD3-score2 = 130/9 (20 overs)
| FinalWinner = '''Gujarat'''
| FinalMargin = '''7 wickets'''
| FinalMatchno = 74
}}
=== Qualifier 1 ===
<section begin=match71/>{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 24 May 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Rajasthan Royals]]
| team2 = [[Gujarat Titans]]
| score1 = 188/6 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Jos Buttler]] 89 (56)
| wickets1 = [[Hardik Pandya]] 1/14 (2 overs)
| score2 = 191/3 (19.3 overs)
| runs2 = [[David Miller (South African cricketer)|David Miller]] 68[[not out|*]] (38)
| wickets2 = [[Trent Boult]] 1/38 (4 overs)
| result = Gujarat Titans won by 7 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1312197.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Eden Gardens]], [[Kolkata]]
| umpires = [[Bruce Oxenford]] (Aus) and [[Virender Sharma]] (Ind)
| motm = [[David Miller (South African cricketer)|David Miller]] (Gujarat Titans)
| toss = Gujarat Titans won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match71}}
}}<section end=match71/>
----

=== Eliminator ===
<section begin=match72/>{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 25 May 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]]
| team2 = [[Lucknow Super Giants]]
| score1 = 207/4 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Rajat Patidar]] 112[[not out|*]] (54)
| wickets1 = [[Mohsin Khan (Indian cricketer)|Mohsin Khan]] 1/25 (4 overs)
| score2 = 193/6 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[KL Rahul]] 79 (58)
| wickets2 = [[Josh Hazlewood]] 3/43 (4 overs)
| result = Royal Challengers Bangalore won by 14 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1312198.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Eden Gardens]], [[Kolkata]]
| umpires = [[Michael Gough (cricketer)|Michael Gough]] (Eng) and [[Jayaraman Madanagopal]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Rajat Patidar]] (Royal Challengers Bangalore)
| toss = Lucknow Super Giants won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match72}}
}}<section end=match72/>
----

=== Qualifier 2 ===
<section begin=match73/>{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 27 May 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]]
| team2 = [[Rajasthan Royals]]
| score1 = 157/8 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Rajat Patidar]] 58 (42)
| wickets1 = [[Prasidh Krishna]] 3/22 (4 overs)
| score2 = 161/3 (18.1 overs)
| runs2 = [[Jos Buttler]] 106[[not out|*]] (60)
| wickets2 = [[Josh Hazlewood]] 2/23 (4 overs)
| result = Rajasthan Royals won by 7 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1312199.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Narendra Modi Stadium]], [[Ahmedabad]]
| umpires = [[Chris Gaffaney]] (NZ) and [[Nitin Menon]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Jos Buttler]] (Rajasthan Royals)
| toss = Rajasthan Royals won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match73}}
}}<section end=match73/>

=== Final ===
{{main|2022 Indian Premier League final}}
<section begin=match74/>{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 29 May 2022
| time = 20:00
| night = y
| team1 = [[Rajasthan Royals]]
| team2 = [[Gujarat Titans]]
| score1 = 130/9 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Jos Buttler]] 39 (35)
| wickets1 = [[Hardik Pandya]] 3/17 (4 overs)
| score2 = 133/3 (18.1 overs)
| runs2 = [[Shubman Gill]] 45[[not out|*]] (43)
| wickets2 = [[Trent Boult]] 1/14 (4 overs)
| result = Gujarat Titans won by 7 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1312200.html Scorecard]

| venue = [[Narendra Modi Stadium]], [[Ahmedabad]]
| umpires = [[Chris Gaffaney]] (NZ) and [[Nitin Menon]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Hardik Pandya]] (Gujarat Titans)
| toss = Rajasthan Royals won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = This match got the [[Guinness Book of World Records]] for having the highest recorded match attendance at 101,566 spectators.<ref>{{cite news |title=New world record attendance set in Populous-designed cricket stadium |url=https://populous.com/new-world-record-attendance-set-in-populous-designed-cricket-stadium |access-date=15 July 2023 |work=Populous |date=28 June 2022 |archive-date=2 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602222650/https://populous.com/new-world-record-attendance-set-in-populous-designed-cricket-stadium |url-status=live }}</ref>
| round = {{anchor|match74}}
}}<section end=match74/>

==Statistics and awards==

=== Most runs ===
{{main|Orange Cap}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!class="unsortable"| Player !! Team !! {{Tooltip|Mat|Matches}} !! {{Tooltip|Inns|Innings}} !! Runs !! High score
|-|- style="background:#FFAB0F"
|style="text-align:left"| [[Jos Buttler]]
|style="text-align:left"| [[Rajasthan Royals]] || 17 || 17 || '''863''' || 116
|-
|style="text-align:left"| [[KL Rahul]]
|style="text-align:left"| [[Lucknow Super Giants]] || 15 || 15|| '''616''' || 103[[not out|*]]
|-
|style="text-align:left"| [[Quinton de Kock]]
|style="text-align:left"| [[Lucknow Super Giants]] || 15 || 15|| '''508''' || 140[[not out|*]]
|-
|style="text-align:left"| [[Hardik Pandya]]
|style="text-align:left"| [[Gujarat Titans]] || 15 || 15 || '''487''' || 87[[not out|*]]
|-
|style="text-align:left"| [[Shubman Gill]]
|style="text-align:left"| [[Gujarat Titans]] || 16 || 16 || '''483''' || 96
|- class=sortbottom
|colspan=15| '''Source:''' [https://www.iplt20.com/stats/2022/mostRuns?stats_type=&team= IPLT20.com]
|}
* {{Color box|#FFAB0F|border=darkgray}} Orange Cap

=== Most wickets ===
{{main|Purple Cap}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!Player !! Team !! {{Tooltip|Mat|Matches}} !! {{Tooltip|Inns|Innings}} !! {{Tooltip|Wkts|Wickets}} !! {{Tooltip|BBI|Best Bowling Innings}}
|- style="background:#D6ADFF"
|style="text-align:left"| [[Yuzvendra Chahal]]
|style="text-align:left"| [[Rajasthan Royals]] || 17 || 17 || '''27''' || {{ntsh|5.125}} 5/40
|-
|style="text-align:left"| [[Wanindu Hasaranga]]
|style="text-align:left"| [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] || 16 || 16 || '''26''' || {{ntsh|5.2777777777778}} 5/18
|-
|style="text-align:left"| [[Kagiso Rabada]]
|style="text-align:left"| [[Punjab Kings]] || 13 || 13 || '''23''' || {{ntsh|4.1212121212121}} 4/33
|-
|style="text-align:left"| [[Umran Malik]]
|style="text-align:left"| [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] || 14 || 14 || '''22''' || {{ntsh|5.2}} 5/25
|-
|style="text-align:left"| [[Kuldeep Yadav]]
|style="text-align:left"| [[Delhi Capitals]] || 14 || 14 || '''21''' || {{ntsh|4.2857142857143}} 4/14
|- class=sortbottom
|colspan="15"| '''Source:''' [https://www.iplt20.com/stats/2022/mostWkts?stats_type=bowling&team= IPLT20.com]
|}
* {{Color box|#D6ADFF|border=darkgray}} Purple Cap

===End of the season awards===
{| class="wikitable"
! Player
! Team
! Award
! Prize
|-
| [[Umran Malik]]
| [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
| Emerging player of the season
| {{INR convert|10|l|lk=on}}
|-
|
| [[Gujarat Titans]] and [[Rajasthan Royals]]
| Fairplay award
| Team trophy
|-
| [[Evin Lewis]]
| [[Lucknow Super Giants]]
| Catch of the season
| {{INR convert|10|l|lk=on}} and trophy
|-
| [[Lockie Ferguson]]
| [[Gujarat Titans]]
| Fastest delivery of the season
| {{INR convert|10|l|lk=on}} and trophy
|-
| [[Jos Buttler]]
| [[Rajasthan Royals]]
| Gamechanger of the season
| {{INR convert|10|l|lk=on}} and trophy
|-
| [[Dinesh Karthik]]
| [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]]
| Super striker of the season
| {{INR convert|10|l|lk=on}}, trophy and a car
|-
| [[Jos Buttler]]
| [[Rajasthan Royals]]
| Most sixes
| {{INR convert|10|l|lk=on}} and trophy
|-
| [[Jos Buttler]]
| [[Rajasthan Royals]]
| Most fours
| {{INR convert|10|l|lk=on}} and trophy
|-
| [[Jos Buttler]]
| [[Rajasthan Royals]]
| Player of the season
| {{INR convert|10|l|lk=on}} and trophy
|-
| [[Yuzvendra Chahal]]
| [[Rajasthan Royals]]
| Purple cap (most wickets)
| {{INR convert|10|l|lk=on}}
|-
| [[Jos Buttler]]
| [[Rajasthan Royals]]
| Orange cap (most runs)
| {{INR convert|10|l|lk=on}}
|}
*'''Source:'''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.iplt20.com/stats/2022 |title=Player Stats. Indian Premier League Website |publisher=IPLT20.com |date=2021-04-06 |access-date=2022-06-08 |archive-date=27 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220327093740/https://www.iplt20.com/stats/2022 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|https://www.iplt20.com/}}

{{2022 Indian Premier League}}
{{Indian Premier League}}

{{Portal|India|cricket}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian Premier League, 2022}}
[[Category:2022 Indian Premier League]]
[[Category:Domestic cricket competitions in 2021–22]]
[[Category:2022 in Indian cricket]]

Samata Kranti Dal

2026-03-19T17:58:09Z

BrodieAlfonso45: Improved readability and structure

{{other uses|Samata Party (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian political party
|party_name = Samata Kranti Dal
|colorcode = #008080
|chairman = [[Braja Kishore Tripathy]]
|foundation = {{Start date and age|df=yes|2013|05|13}}
|headquarters = [[Bhubaneshwar]]
|ideology = [[Social democracy]]
|colours = Teal {{Color sample|#008080}}
|eci =
|state_seats_name = [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
|state_seats = {{Composition bar|0|147|hex=#008080}}
}}

'''Samata Kranti Dal''' ('''SKD''') is a state political party of the [[India]]n state of [[Odisha]] led by [[Braja Kishore Tripathy]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Former Lok Sabha MP Braja Tripathy floats political party|url=http://www.odishareporter.in/politics/former-lok-sabha-member-braja-tripathy-floats-political-party|publisher=Odisha Reporter|accessdate=18 April 2014|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20140418060505/http://www.odishareporter.in/politics/former-lok-sabha-member-braja-tripathy-floats-political-party|archivedate=18 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Braja Tripathy floats Samata Kranti Dal|url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/bhubaneswar/braja-tripathy-floats-samata-kranti-dal.html|publisher=The Pioneer|accessdate=18 April 2014}}</ref>
It was founded on 13 May 2013.<ref>{{cite web|title=Samata Kranti Dal launched on Akshaya Tritiya|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-otherstates/samata-kranti-dal-launched-on-akshaya-tritiya/article4713608.ece|work=The Hindu|date=13 May 2013 }}</ref>
Samata Kranti Dal is allotted 'Scissor' symbol by the Election Commission of India.<ref>{{cite web|title=No 'Broom' Yet for Aam Aadmi Party|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/No-%E2%80%98Broom%E2%80%99-Yet-for-Aam-Aadmi-Party/2014/03/20/article2119751.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140323073237/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/No-%E2%80%98Broom%E2%80%99-Yet-for-Aam-Aadmi-Party/2014/03/20/article2119751.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 March 2014|publisher=Indian Express|accessdate=18 April 2014}}</ref>

Ahead of the [[2014 Indian general election|2014 elections]] the [[BJP]] sought to reach a seat-sharing agreement with SKD. [[Arun Jaitley]] of BJP held conversations with Tripathy, however no agreement was reached and SKD opted to contest [[Lok Sabha]] and [[Vidhan Sabha|Legislative Assembly]] elections on its own. The party won the lone seat of [[Biramitrapur]] in the Odisha Vidhan Sabha Elections 2014.<ref>''Times of India''. ''[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/Samata-Kranti-Dal-to-go-alone-blow-to-BJP/articleshow/31583023.cms Samata Kranti Dal to go alone, blow to BJP]''</ref>

==See also==
*[[Samata Party]] led by Uday Mandal its president.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Unnati |date=2022-12-03 |title=After reclaiming mashaal for UP civic polls, Samata Party says will move SC for old symbol |url=https://theprint.in/politics/after-reclaiming-mashaal-for-up-civic-polls-samata-party-says-will-move-sc-for-old-symbol/1246815/ |access-date=2022-12-05 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Political parties in Odisha]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 2013]]
[[Category:2013 establishments in Odisha]]

{{India-party-stub}}

Samata Kranti Dal

2026-03-19T17:58:09Z

BrodieAlfonso45: Improved readability and structure

World Trade Centre Pune

2026-03-17T03:49:06Z

BrodieAlfonso45: new post

{{Infobox building
| name = World Trade Center Pune
| image =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| location = [[Kharadi]], [[Pune]], Maharashtra, India
| address = Dholepatil Farms Road, Kharadi
| status = Operational
| building_type = Commercial office complex
| floor_area = 2.1 million sq ft
| opened_date = 2013
| developer = Panchshil Realty
| owner = Panchshil Realty
| operator = World Trade Center Pune
| known_for = Part of the World Trade Centers Association network
}}

'''World Trade Center Pune (WTC Pune)''' is a commercial office complex located in [[Kharadi]], Pune, Maharashtra, India. It is part of the [[World Trade Centers Association|World Trade Centers Association (WTCA)]], a network of facilities in various cities worldwide intended to promote international trade and business connections.<ref>{{cite web |date=2025-02-28 |title=Hrithik Roshan renews lease for his office space in Pune’s Kharadi at ₹6.08 lakh per month |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/real-estate/hrithik-roshan-extends-lease-for-commercial-property-in-punes-kharadi-at-6-08-lakh-monthly-rent-101740717777517.html |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=2025-12-11 |language=en}}</ref> The Pune center is one of four operational WTCs in India.

== History and development ==
The complex was developed by Panchshil Realty and was inaugurated in 2013.<ref>{{cite web |title=World Trade Center – Building A |url=https://property.jll.co.in/listings/world-trade-center-building-a-dholepatil-farms-road-opposite-eon-free-zone |website=JLL India |access-date=2025-12-11}}</ref>
WTC Pune operates under the World Trade Centers Association, headquartered in [[New York City]], United States.<ref>{{cite web |title=World Trade Centers Association – Pune |url=https://www.wtca.org/world-trade-center-pune |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250327040240/https://www.wtca.org/world-trade-center-pune |archive-date=2025-03-27 |website=World Trade Centers Association |access-date=2025-12-11 |url-status=live }}</ref>

WTC Pune comprises multiple office towers covering approximately 2.1 million square feet of floor space. The structures are designed in a campus layout, with provisions for conference facilities, retail outlets, banking services, and food courts. The buildings are classified as Grade-A commercial spaces.

The complex includes:

* Tower 1 - A nine-storey structure with an approximate built-up area of 360,000 square feet.
* Tower 5 - A thirteen-storey structure with an approximate built-up area of 370,000 square feet.

Other towers in the complex vary in height and floor plate size.

In 2022, [[WeWork]] India opened a 55,000 sq ft (ca. 51 a) flexible workspace in World Trade Center Pune.<ref>{{cite web |last=ETRealty.com |title=WeWork India opens over 55,000 sq ft space in Pune, over 61,000 sq ft space in Bengaluru |url=https://realty.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/commercial/wework-india-opens-over-55000-sq-ft-space-in-pune-over-61000-sq-ft-space-in-bengaluru/91768741 |website=ETRealty |access-date=2025-12-11 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=WeWork India Expands With New Centres in Pune, Chennai |url=https://www.constructionworld.in/policy-updates-and-economic-news/wework-india-expands-with-new-centres-in-pune--chennai/74990 |website=Construction World |access-date=2025-12-11 |language=en}}</ref>

In February 2025, actor [[Hrithik Roshan]] leased 9,209 square feet (8.56 a) of commercial space in World Trade Center Pune to [[Regus]] Ruby Business Centre.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hrithik Roshan Leases Out Office Space in Pune’s World Trade Centre |url=https://timesproperty.com/amp/webstories/hrithik-roshan-leases-out-office-space-in-pune-s-world-trade-centre-wid-2424 |access-date=2025-08-11 |website=timesproperty}}</ref>

== Tenants and partnerships ==
The complex accommodates a mix of domestic and international occupiers. The [[World Trade Centers Association]] notes that global companies such as [[POSCO]], [[Hyundai Motor Company|Hyundai]] and [[ZS Associates]] have a presence at World Trade Center Pune. Corporate filings and employer directories list ZS Associates India Private Limited with its registered or office address at "World Trade Center, Tower 3, Kharadi, Pune", indicating use of the complex as a base for consulting and analytics operations.<ref>{{cite web |title=ZS ASSOCIATES INDIA PRIVATE LIMITED |url=https://cleartax.in/f/company/zs-associates-india-private-limited/U72200PN2004FTC020841/ |website=ClearTax |access-date=2025-12-11}}</ref> A branch of the [[State Bank of India]] (Pune World Trade Centre branch) operates on the first floor of Tower 1, providing on-site banking services for occupiers and visitors.<ref>{{cite web |title=STATE BANK OF INDIA PUNE WORLD TRADE CENTRE IFSC Code|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/wealth/ifsccode/bank-state-bank-of-india,state-maharashtra,district-pune,branch-pune-world-trade-centre,ifsccode-SBIN0016816.cms|website=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=2025-12-11}}</ref>

In November 2024, World Trade Center Pune launched an accelerator platform in partnership with First Rate WealthTech, described as focusing on sectors such as artificial intelligence, sustainability technology, fintech, MedTech and [[fast-moving consumer goods]].<ref>{{cite web |date=2024 |title=TIPS Bulletin October–December 2024 |url=https://wework.co.in/workspaces/private-office-space/pune/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251211091033/https://www.wtcnavimumbai.org/pdf/03_Tips%20Oct-Dec%202024.pdf |archive-date=2025-12-11 |access-date=2025-12-11 |website=World Trade Center Navi Mumbai |publisher=World Trade Center Navi Mumbai |language=en |type=Quarterly bulletin |format=PDF}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=WTC Pune launched an Accelerator Platform|url=https://www.wtca.org/locations/world-trade-center-pune/news/wtc-pune-launched-an-accelerator-platform|website=World Trade Centers Association|date=2024-11-29|access-date=2025-12-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250730172253/https://www.wtca.org/locations/world-trade-center-pune/news/wtc-pune-launched-an-accelerator-platform|archive-date=2025-07-30}}</ref> On 26 August 2025, the center signed a memorandum of understanding with the State Secretariat of Science, Technology, and Innovation of [[Mato Grosso]] in Brazil and the Indo-Brazilian Chamber of Commerce and Industry to promote cooperation in innovation and trade, as reported through WTCA communications and related announcements.<ref>{{cite web |title=WTC Pune Signs MoU with Brazil Innovation Body |url=https://www.wtca.org/news/wtc-pune-signs-mou-with-brazil-innovation-body |website=World Trade Centers Association |date=2025-09-09 |access-date=2025-12-11}}</ref>

== Connectivity ==
World Trade Center Pune is situated within [[Kharadi]], an area identified as part of Pune’s eastern business and IT corridor, a zone that has expanded significantly with the development of large commercial and technology parks.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pune’s eastern growth corridor: From peripheral patch to powerhouse of growth |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/genesis/punes-eastern-growth-corridor-from-peripheral-patch-to-powerhouse-of-growth-101754557624573.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=2024-06-18 |access-date=2025-12-11}}</ref> The locality includes multiple business campuses such as Gera Commerzone and International Tech Park Pune – Kharadi, contributing to the area’s concentration of IT and commercial activity.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gera Commerzone|url=https://www.gera.in/projects/sez/pune/ongoing/gera-commerzone/overview|website=Gera Developments|access-date=2025-12-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240223143721/https://www.gera.in/projects/sez/pune/ongoing/gera-commerzone/overview|archive-date=2024-02-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=International Tech Park Pune – Kharadi|url=https://www.capitaland.com/en/find-a-property/global-property-listing/businesspark-industrial-logistics/international-techparkpunekharadi.html|website=CapitaLand|access-date=2025-12-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250829175837/https://www.capitaland.com/en/find-a-property/global-property-listing/businesspark-industrial-logistics/international-techparkpunekharadi.html|archive-date=2025-08-29}}</ref> According to its developer, the center forms part of the Panchshil Office Parks cluster, which is located along major arterial roads that link Kharadi with other commercial districts in [[Pune]].<ref>{{cite web |title=World Trade Center Pune|url=https://www.panchshil.com/office-parks/world-trade-center|website=Panchshil Realty|access-date=2025-12-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250907021354/https://www.panchshil.com/office-parks/world-trade-center|archive-date=2025-09-07}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:World Trade Centers]]

2004 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election

2026-03-15T08:33:05Z

BrodieAlfonso45: added info

{{Short description|none}}
{{moresources|date=February 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{For|general election|2004 Indian general election in Arunachal Pradesh}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = Arunachal Pradesh Assembly Election, 2004
| country = India
| type = legislative
| ongoing = no
| previous_election = 1999 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election
| previous_year = 1999
| next_election = 2009 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election
| next_year = 2009
| election_date = 7 October 2004
| seats_for_election = All 60 seats in the [[Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| majority_seats = 31
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Gegong Apang.jpg|bSize=120|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=07|oTop=07}}
| leader1 = [[Gegong Apang]]
| party1 = Indian National Congress
| alliance1 = [[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]]
| leaders_seat1 = [[Tuting–Yingkiong Assembly constituency|Tuting Yingkiong]]
| last_election1 = 53
| seats1 = '''34'''
| seat_change1 = {{decrease}} 19
| percentage1 = '''44.41%'''
| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Kiren Rijiju during 11 WHC 2018 Mauritius 001 (cropped).jpg|bSize=120|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=10|oTop=07}}
| leader2 = [[Kiren Rijiju]]
| leaders_seat2 = ''Did not contest''
| party2 = Bharatiya Janata Party
| alliance2 = National Democratic Alliance (India)
| last_election2 = 0
| seats2 = 9
| seat_change2 = {{increase}} 9
| image4 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Clock symbol of NCP.png|bSize=120|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=10|oTop=0}}
| percentage2 = 19%
| party4 = Nationalist Congress Party
| alliance4 = [[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]]
| last_election4 = 4
| seats4 = 2
| seat_change4 = {{decrease}} 2
| percentage4 = 4.28%
| party5 = Arunachal Congress
| alliance5 = National Democratic Alliance (India)
| last_election5 = 1
| seats5 = 2
| seat_change5 = {{increase}} 1
| percentage5 = 3.88%
| title = [[Chief Minister of Arunachal Pradesh|CM]]
| before_election = [[Gegong Apang]]
| before_party = Indian National Congress
| after_election = [[Gegong Apang]]
| after_party = Indian National Congress
| map_caption = 2004 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election results
| map_image = File:2004 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election results.jpg
| map_size = 150px
}}
The '''Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election, 2004''' took place in 2004 to elect 60 seats in the [[Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.rediff.com/election/aruna04.htm|title=Assembly Elections 2004 - Arunachal Pradesh|publisher=Rediff Portal}}</ref> The results were declared on 10 October 2004. The [[Indian National Congress]] won the popular vote and a majority of seats and [[Gegong Apang]] was re-elected as [[Chief Minister of Arunachal Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/apang-returns-to-head-arunachal-govt-for-21st-year/story-isZTN30do39CzyQvkTPaaM.html |title=Apang returns to head Arunachal Govt for 21st year |date=16 October 2004 |agency=PTI |access-date= 23 February 2022}}</ref>

[[File:Arunachal Pradesh in India.png|thumb|right|[[Arunachal Pradesh]], a state of [[India]] located in north.]]

== Parties contested ==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;
! colspan="2" | Party
!Flag
!Symbol
!Leader
!Seats contested
|-
|{{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[File:Indian National Congress Flag.svg|50px]]
|[[File:Hand INC.svg|50px]]
|[[Gegong Apang]]
|60
|-
|{{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|[[File:BJP flag.svg|50px]]
|[[File:Lotus flower symbol.svg|50px]]
|[[Kiren Rijiju]]
|39
|-
|{{party color cell|Arunachal Congress}}
|[[Arunachal Congress]]
|[[File:Blank.svg|50px]]
|
|[[Kamen Ringu]]
|11
|-
|{{party color cell|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
| [[File:Flag of Nationalist Congress Party.svg|50px]]
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Clock.png|50px]]
|[[Sharad Pawar]]
|10
|-
|}

==Result==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!colspan=8|[[File:India Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly 2004.svg]]
|-
! Party
! Candidates
! Seats
! Votes
! %
|-
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 39
| 9
| 87312
| 19%
|-
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 60
| 34
| 204102
| 44.41%
|-
| [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
| 10
| 2
| 19673
| 4.28%
|-
| [[Arunachal Congress]]
| 11
| 2
| 17817
| 3.88%
|-
| Independents
| 48
| 13
| 130654
| 28.43%
|-
| '''Total:'''
| 168
| 60
| 459558
|
|}

=== Results by constituency ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Results by constituency |
* Winner, runner-up, voter turnout, and victory margin in every constituency<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_AR_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324145008/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_AR_2004.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Assembly Constituency
!Turnout
! colspan="5" |Winner
! colspan="5" |Runner Up
! rowspan="2" data-sort-type=number |Margin
|-
! #k
! Names
!%
! Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! data-sort-type=number | Votes
!%
! Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! data-sort-type=number | Votes
!%
|-
|1||[[Lumla Assembly constituency|Lumla]]||87.37%||T. G. Rinpoche||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||3,318||53.79%||Jambey Wangdi||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||2,851||46.21%||style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|'''467'''
|-
|2||[[Tawang Assembly constituency|Tawang]]||70.05%||[[Tsewang Dhondup]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||3,786||39.2%||Thupten Tempa||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||2,441||60.8%||style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|'''1,345'''
|-
|3||[[Mukto Assembly constituency|Mukto]]||-||[[Dorjee Khandu]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||colspan=8 style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| '''''Elected Unopposed'''''
|-
|4||[[Dirang Assembly constituency|Dirang]]||-||Tsering Gyurme||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||colspan=8 style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| '''''Elected Unopposed'''''
|-
|5||[[Kalaktang Assembly constituency|Kalaktang]]||64.3%||Rinchin Khandu Khrimey||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||3,149||44.45%||D. K. Thongdok||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||2,520||55.55%||style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}"|'''629'''
|-
|6||[[Thrizino-Buragaon Assembly constituency|Thrizino-Buragaon]]||65.15%||Naresh Glow||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||3,366||49.65%||Govardhan Nimasow||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||3,319||50.35%||style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|'''47'''
|-
|7||[[Bomdila Assembly constituency|Bomdila]]||61.17%||R. T. Khunjuju||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||2,955||38.16%||[[Japu Deru]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||2,417||46.65%||style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|'''538'''
|-
|8||[[Bameng Assembly constituency|Bameng]]||63.08%||[[Kumar Waii]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||3,860||47.04%||Mekup Dolo||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||3,428||52.96%||style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|'''432'''
|-
|9||[[Chayangtajo Assembly constituency|Chayangtajo]]||64.01%||[[Kameng Dolo]]||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||4,068||45.32%||Tara Bagang||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||3,371||54.68%||style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|'''697'''
|-
|10||[[Seppa East Assembly constituency|Seppa East]]||50.52%||Atum Welly||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||3,939||53.12%||Tame Phassang||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||3,476||46.88%||style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|'''463'''
|-
|11||[[Seppa West Assembly constituency|Seppa West]]||77.22%||[[Tani Loffa]]||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||3,123||43.78%||Hari Notung||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||2,432||56.22%||style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|'''691'''
|-
|12||[[Pakke-Kessang Assembly constituency|Pakke-Kessang]]||75.83%||[[Techi Hemu]]||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||2,898||41.36%||Niani Natung||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||2,044||58.64%||style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|'''854'''
|-
|13||[[Itanagar Assembly constituency|Itanagar]]||45.6%||[[Kipa Babu]]||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||9,575||40.82%||Lichi Legi||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||7,950||10.01%||style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|'''1,625'''
|-
|14||[[Doimukh Assembly constituency|Doimukh]]||66.63%||Ngurang Pinch||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||5,243||3.88%||T.C. Teli||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||3,988||49.4%||style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}"|'''1,255'''
|-
|15||[[Sagalee Assembly constituency|Sagalee]]||-||[[Nabam Tuki]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||colspan=8 style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| '''''Elected Unopposed'''''
|-
|16||[[Yachuli Assembly constituency|Yachuli]]||80.8%||Nikh Kamin||{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}||6,191||54.39%||Likha Maj||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||5,099||44.79%||style="background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|'''1,092'''
|-
|17||[[Ziro–Hapoli Assembly constituency|Ziro–Hapoli]]||65.69%||Nani Ribia||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||7,125||55.3%||[[Padi Richo]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||5,760||44.7%||style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}"|'''1,365'''
|-
|18||[[Palin Assembly constituency|Palin]]||72.37%||[[Balo Raja]]||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||5,545||54.37%||Takam Sanjoy||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||4,653||45.63%||style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|'''892'''
|-
|19||[[Nyapin Assembly constituency|Nyapin]]||60.64%||Tatar Kipa||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||3,794||43.61%||[[Bamang Felix]]||{{party name with color|Arunachal Congress}}||3,615||45.77%||style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|'''179'''
|-
|20||[[Tali Assembly constituency|Tali]]||67.62%||Takam Sorang||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||3,155||45.6%||Gichak Thaji Kiogi||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||2,645||54.4%||style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|'''510'''
|-
|21||[[Koloriang Assembly constituency|Koloriang]]||64.62%||Lokam Tassar||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||3,823||48.46%||Kahfa Bengia||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||3,594||51.54%||style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}"|'''229'''
|-
|22||[[Nacho Assembly constituency|Nacho]]||74.52%||[[Tanga Byaling]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||3,235||24.11%||Tarik Rava||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||1,519||51.34%||style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|'''1,716'''
|-
|23||[[Taliha Assembly constituency|Taliha]]||69.67%||[[Nyato Rigia]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||2,881||57.48%||Taning Tasiring||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||2,034||40.58%||style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|'''847'''
|-
|24||[[Daporijo Assembly constituency|Daporijo]]||59.73%||Daklo Nidak||{{party name with color|Arunachal Congress}}||3,652||36.29%||Yari Dulom||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||3,260||31.32%||style="background:{{party color|Arunachal Congress}}"|'''392'''
|-
|25||[[Raga Assembly constituency|Raga]]||79.06%||[[Nido Pavitra]]||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||4,258||39.58%||Talo Mugli||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||3,029||28.16%||style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}"|'''1,229'''
|-
|26||[[Dumporijo Assembly constituency|Dumporijo]]||69.27%||Takar Marde||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||3,379||37.56%||Takar Doni||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||3,224||12.85%||style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|'''155'''
|-
|27||[[Liromoba Assembly constituency|Liromoba]]||79.8%||[[Jarbom Gamlin]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||4,404||46.55%||[[Lijum Ronya]]||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||3,965||51.7%||style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|'''439'''
|-
|28||[[Likabali Assembly constituency|Likabali]]||73.62%||[[Jomde Kena]]||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||4,081||57.5%||Rima Taipodia||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||3,017||42.5%||style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}"|'''1,064'''
|-
|29||[[Basar Assembly constituency|Basar]]||71.06%||[[Gojen Gadi]]||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||7,755||35.62%||Eken Riba||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||4,291||64.38%||style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}"|'''3,464'''
|-
|30||[[Along West Assembly constituency|Along West]]||84.79%||Gadam Ete||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||3,926||.38%||Jumbi Bagra||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||3,636||44.77%||style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|'''290'''
|-
|31||[[Along East Assembly constituency|Along East]]||69.18%||Kito Sora||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||4,604||53.38%||Yomto Jini||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||3,938||45.66%||style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|'''666'''
|-
|32||[[Rumgong Assembly constituency|Rumgong]]||73.1%||Dibang Tatak||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||3,742||44.74%||[[Tamiyo Taga]]||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||3,254||38.91%||style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|'''488'''
|-
|33||[[Mechuka Assembly constituency|Mechuka]]||79.71%||Tadik Chije||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||3,680||55.08%||Pasang Wangchuk Sona||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||3,001||44.92%||style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|'''679'''
|-
|34||[[Tuting–Yingkiong Assembly constituency|Tuting–Yingkiong]]||67.59%||[[Gegong Apang]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||6,286||79.17%||Ojing Komboh||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||1,654||20.83%||style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|'''4,632'''
|-
|35||[[Pangin Assembly constituency|Pangin]]||73.6%||Tapang Taloh||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||5,163||54.7%||Tanyong Tatak||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||4,275||45.3%||style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|'''888'''
|-
|36||[[Nari-Koyu Assembly constituency|Nari-Koyu]]||80.76%||Tako Dabi||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||1,969||40.18%||Karto Kaye||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||1,754||18.84%||style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|'''215'''
|-
|37||[[Pasighat West Assembly constituency|Pasighat West]]||82.%||[[Omak Apang]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||4,894||42.73%||[[Tangor Tapak|Dr. Tangor Tapak]]||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||3,651||57.27%||style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|'''1,243'''
|-
|38||[[Pasighat East Assembly constituency|Pasighat East]]||57.89%||[[Bosiram Siram]]||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||5,267||14.36%||Ninong Ering||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||4,145||47.38%||style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|'''1,122'''
|-
|39||[[Mebo Assembly constituency|Mebo]]||85.17%||[[Lombo Tayeng]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||3,607||50.82%||Ralom Borang||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||3,490||49.18%||style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|'''117'''
|-
|40||[[Mariyang-Geku Assembly constituency|Mariyang-Geku]]||78.84%||J. K. Panggeng||{{party name with color|Arunachal Congress}}||4,376||10.22%||Kabang Borang||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||2,491||9.94%||style="background:{{party color|Arunachal Congress}}"|'''1,885'''
|-
|41||[[Anini Assembly constituency|Anini]]||64.06%||[[Rajesh Tacho]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||1,263||25.41%||Paro Molo||{{party name with color|Arunachal Congress}}||1,003||41.57%||style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|'''260'''
|-
|42||[[Dambuk Assembly constituency|Dambuk]]||75.64%||Roding Pertin||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||3,513||5.14%||[[Jomin Tayeng]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||3,462||46.88%||style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}"|'''51'''
|-
|43||[[Roing Assembly constituency|Roing]]||62.09%||[[Mutchu Mithi]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||3,837||39.45%||[[Laeta Umbrey]]||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||2,500||60.55%||style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|'''1,337'''
|-
|44||[[Tezu Assembly constituency|Tezu]]||59.6%||[[Karikho Kri]]||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||5,684||3.87%||Nakul Chai||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||3,272||35.12%||style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}"|'''2,412'''
|-
|45||[[Hayuliang Assembly constituency|Hayuliang]]||80.76%||Kalikho Pul||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||4,658||39.63%||Khapriso Krong||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||3,058||60.37%||style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|'''1,600'''
|-
|46||[[Chowkham Assembly constituency|Chowkham]]||62.95%||[[Chowna Mein]]||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||2,431||19.31%||Chow Indrajit Namchoom||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||1,796||20.58%||style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|'''635'''
|-
|47||[[Namsai Assembly constituency|Namsai]]||68.%||Chow Pingthika Namchoom||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||6,069||46.48%||Chow Pingthika Namchoom||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||5,559||42.57%||style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}"|'''510'''
|-
|48||[[Lekang Assembly constituency|Lekang]]||72.36%||[[Chowna Mein]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||5,091||14.91%||Chow Naching Loongchot||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||2,073||52.1%||style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|'''3,018'''
|-
|49||[[Bordumsa-Diyun Assembly constituency|Bordumsa-Diyun]]||73.36%||C. C. Singpho||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||3,816||34.84%||Mayong Maio||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||3,272||2.95%||style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|'''544'''
|-
|50||[[Miao Assembly constituency|Miao]]||64.55%||[[Kamlung Mossang]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||5,587||53.09%||Kittang Kitnal Muklom||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||4,936||46.91%||style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|'''651'''
|-
|51||[[Nampong Assembly constituency|Nampong]]||68.7%||[[Setong Sena]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||3,910||59.38%||Komoli Mosang||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||2,675||40.62%||style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|'''1,235'''
|-
|52||[[Changlang South Assembly constituency|Changlang South]]||82.42%||[[Phosum Khimhun]]||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||1,994||50.04%||Ngungtim Changmi||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||1,991||49.96%||style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}"|'''3'''
|-
|53||[[Changlang North Assembly constituency|Changlang North]]||64.3%||[[Wangnia Pongte]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||3,356||21.94%||Thinghaap Taiju||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||2,553||44.33%||style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|'''803'''
|-
|54||[[Namsang Assembly constituency|Namsang]]||61.23%||[[Wangki Lowang]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||3,449||23.13%||Wangpha Lowang||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||1,284||62.13%||style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|'''2,165'''
|-
|55||[[Khonsa East Assembly constituency|Khonsa East]]||62.%||Kamthok Lowang||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||4,459||3.48%||Chopnei Chimyang||{{party name with color|Arunachal Congress}}||1,060||77.98%||style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}"|'''3,399'''
|-
|56||[[Khonsa West Assembly constituency|Khonsa West]]||89.66%||Thajam Aboh||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||3,239||44.38%||[[Yumsem Matey]]||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||3,134||45.87%||style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|'''105'''
|-
|57||[[Borduria–Bagapani Assembly constituency|Borduria–Bagapani]]||78.84%||[[Wanglin Lowangdong]]||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||2,909||40.49%||Lowangcha Wanglat||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||1,979||59.51%||style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}"|'''930'''
|-
|58||[[Kanubari Assembly constituency|Kanubari]]||80.49%||[[Newlai Tingkhatra]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||2,194||29.35%||Laichoi Wangpan||{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}||2,055||16.2%||style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|'''139'''
|-
|59||[[Longding–Pumao Assembly constituency|Longding–Pumao]]||83.11%||[[Thangwang Wangham]]||{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}||2,567||29.8%||Tingpong Wangham||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||2,188||21.83%||style="background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|'''379'''
|-
|60||[[Pongchau-Wakka Assembly constituency|Pongchau-Wakka]]||88.49%||[[Honchun Ngandam]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||4,821||12.41%||Anok Wangsa||{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}||3,324||42.83%||style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|'''1,497'''
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Arunachal Pradesh elections}}

[[Category: State Assembly elections in Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:2000s in Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:2004 State Assembly elections in India|K]]

Rajesh Khanna

2026-03-14T20:05:54Z

BrodieAlfonso45: Revised and enhanced article content

{{short description|Indian actor, film producer and politician (1942–2012)}}
{{upscaled images|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rajesh Khanna
| image = Rajesh Khanna 2013 stamp of India (cropped).jpg
| caption = Khanna in 1983
| birth_name = Jatin Khanna
| birth_date = {{birth date|1942|12|29|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Amritsar]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], [[British Raj|British India]] (present-day [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[India]])<ref name=Birthplace/>
| death_date = {{death date and age|2012|07|18|1942|12|29|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|film producer|politician}}
| years_active = 1966{{endash}}2012
| works = [[Rajesh Khanna filmography|Full list]]
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Dimple Kapadia]]|1973|1982|reason=separated}}
| partners = {{ubl|[[Anju Mahendru]] (1967–1972)
|[[Tina Ambani|Tina Munim]] (1984–1987)<ref name="mw-2023">{{Cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/life/lifestyle-meet-former-bollywood-actress-tina-ambani-the-sister-in-law-of-asias-richest-man-mukesh-ambani-heres-a-look-at-her-journey-relationship-with-rajesh-khanna-more-3191265/|title=Meet former Bollywood actress Tina Ambani, the sister-in-law of Asia's richest man Mukesh Ambani; here's a look at her journey, relationship with Rajesh Khanna & more|date=29 July 2023}}</ref>}}
Anita Advani (early 2000s - 2012)
| children = {{Hlist|[[Twinkle Khanna|Twinkle]]|[[Rinke Khanna|Rinke]]}}
| relatives = {{ubl|[[Akshay Kumar]] (son-in-law)|[[Simple Kapadia]] (sister-in-law)}}
| awards = [[List of awards and nominations received by Rajesh Khanna|Full list]]
| honours = [[Padma Bhushan]] (2013)
| party = [[Indian National Congress|Indian National Congress (I)]]
| signature = Rajesh Khanna signature.svg
| signature_alt =
| alma_mater = [[K. C. College]]
| module = {{Infobox officeholder|embed=yes
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term_start = June 1992
| term_end = 9 May 1996
| constituency = [[New Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|New Delhi, Delhi]]
| predecessor = [[L. K. Advani]]
| majority = 28,256 (14.59%)
| successor = [[Jagmohan]]
}}
}}

'''Rajesh Khanna''' ({{IPA|hi|ɾɑːd͡ʒeːʃ kʰənnɑː|pron|Hi-Rajesh Khanna.ogg}}; born '''Jatin Khanna'''; 29 December 1942 – 18 July 2012) was an Indian actor, [[film producer]] and politician who worked in [[Hindi films]]. Regarded as one of the greatest and most successful actor in the history of [[Indian cinema]], he is considered the first ''Superstar'' of [[Hindi cinema]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pmindia.gov.in/press-details.php?nodeid=1466 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722073412/http://pmindia.gov.in/press-details.php?nodeid=1466 |title=PM condoles the passing away of Rajesh Khanna |publisher=The PMO |access-date=18 July 2012 |date=18 July 2012 |archive-date=22 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=19 July 2012 |title=Rajesh Khanna: The Superstar |url=http://tribune.com.pk/article/12872/why-rajesh-khanna-was-bollywood%E2%80%99s-first-superstar |access-date=1 August 2021 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en |archive-date=1 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210801045940/https://tribune.com.pk/article/12872/why-rajesh-khanna-was-bollywood%E2%80%99s-first-superstar |url-status=live}}</ref> [[List of awards and nominations received by Rajesh Khanna|His accolades]] include five [[Filmfare Awards]], and in 2013, he was posthumously awarded the [[Padma Bhushan]], India's third highest civilian honour.

Khanna made his acting debut in 1966 with ''[[Aakhri Khat]]'', which was India's first official [[Academy Awards]] entry in 1967.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/11-things-you-dont-know-about-rajesh-khanna-110078-2012-07-18 |title=11 things you don't know about Rajesh Khanna |website=India Today |date=18 July 2012 |access-date=15 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190816003347/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/11-things-you-dont-know-about-rajesh-khanna-110078-2012-07-18 |archive-date=16 August 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2005, he was honoured with the [[Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award]] on the [[50th Filmfare Awards|50th anniversary]] of the [[Filmfare Awards]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/When-Kishore-sang-non-stop-for-Filmfare-/articleshow/4200560.cms |title=When Kishore sang non-stop for Filmfare… |work=The Times of India |date=28 February 2009 |access-date=3 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111063841/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/When-Kishore-sang-non-stop-for-Filmfare-/articleshow/4200560.cms |archive-date=11 January 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/06/15/stories/2009061556591800.htm |title=Emotional Rajesh Khanna thanks Amitabh Bachchan |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=15 June 2009 |access-date=3 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120721070941/http://www.hindu.com/2009/06/15/stories/2009061556591800.htm |archive-date=21 July 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> He was a [[Member of parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]] in the [[10th Lok Sabha]] from [[New Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|New Delhi Lok Sabha constituency]] between 1992 and 1996, elected in the [[1992 New Delhi by-election]] as an [[Indian National Congress]] candidate.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://m.hindustantimes.com/delhi/rajesh-khanna-the-politician-and-the-phenomenon/story-6or0NKQnVDNXgb7JPlvdQJ.html |title=Rajesh khanna : the politician and the phenomenon |website=Hindustan Times |date=18 July 2012 |access-date=15 August 2019 |archive-date=11 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011190215/https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/rajesh-khanna-the-politician-and-the-phenomenon/story-6or0NKQnVDNXgb7JPlvdQJ.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

He married [[Dimple Kapadia]] in March 1973, eight months before her debut film ''[[Bobby (1973 film)|Bobby]]'' was released and had two daughters from the marriage. Their older daughter [[Twinkle Khanna]] is a former actress, who is married to actor [[Akshay Kumar]], while their younger daughter [[Rinke Khanna]] is also a former actress.<ref name="ht">{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Tabloid/With-string-of-hits-Rajesh-Khanna-leaves-memories-behind/Article1-891123.aspx |title=Superstar Rajesh Khanna breaks millions of hearts, says goodbye |website=Hindustan Times |date=29 December 1949 |access-date=21 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120720191104/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Tabloid/With-string-of-hits-Rajesh-Khanna-leaves-memories-behind/Article1-891123.aspx |archive-date=20 July 2012}}</ref>

Khanna died on 18 July 2012, after a period of illness.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.jagran.com/news/national-rajesh-khanna-actorss-last-journey-begins-9484744.html |title='आनंद' के अंतिम संस्कार में प्रशंसकों पर लाठी चार्ज |newspaper=Dainik Jagran |access-date=19 July 2012 |date=19 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150123043906/http://www.jagran.com/news/national-rajesh-khanna-actorss-last-journey-begins-9484744.html |archive-date=23 January 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Early life and background ==
Rajesh Khanna was born on 29 December 1942, in [[Amritsar]], in the [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]] of [[British India]] (now in [[Punjab, India]]),<ref name=Birthplace>{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_relatives-remember-rajesh-khanna-in-his-birthplace-amritsar_1716655 |title=Relatives remember Rajesh Khanna in his birthplace, Amritsar |date=18 July 2012 |first=Jaideep |last=Sarin |location=Amritsar |website=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |access-date=28 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120721043823/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_relatives-remember-rajesh-khanna-in-his-birthplace-amritsar_1716655 |archive-date=21 July 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> as 'Jatin Khanna' into a [[Punjabi Hindu]] [[Khatri]] family.<ref>{{cite news |title=PM no to Amritsar seat, Rajesh Khanna may contest – Indian Express |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/pm-no-to-amritsar-seat-rajesh-khanna-may-contest/20999/ |access-date=17 July 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=16 January 2007 |archive-date=3 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221103154036/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/pm-no-to-amritsar-seat-rajesh-khanna-may-contest/20999/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Farook |first1=Farhana |title=Rajesh Khanna's rooh is still in Aashirwad |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/rajesh-khannas-rooh-is-still-in-aashirwad-9782.html |website=Filmfare |access-date=8 February 2021 |language=en |date=10 July 2015 |archive-date=8 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210208091604/https://www.filmfare.com/features/rajesh-khannas-rooh-is-still-in-aashirwad-9782.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Zee News">{{cite web |url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/celebrity/rajesh-khanna-some-little-known-facts_115494.htm |title=Rajesh Khanna – Some little known facts |publisher=Zee News |date=18 July 2012 |access-date=14 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120822025555/http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/celebrity/rajesh-khanna-some-little-known-facts_115494.htm |archive-date=22 August 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2012/20120718/latest-news.htm |title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India |website=The Tribune |access-date=27 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303203842/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2012/20120718/latest-news.htm |archive-date=3 March 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> He was adopted and raised by Chunnilal Khanna and Leelawati Khanna,<ref>{{Cite news |first=Yudhvir |last=Rana |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/The-glow-on-the-face-of-young-Rajesh-Khanna-revealed-his-career/articleshow/15031964.cms |title=The glow on the face of young Rajesh Khanna revealed his career |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=21 June 2012 |access-date=21 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112002247/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-18/news-interviews/32729926_1_rajesh-khanna-chunni-lal-khanna-shiv-temple |archive-date=12 November 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> who were relatives of his biological parents.

Khanna's biological parents were Lala Hiranand Khanna and Chandrani Khanna. His father had migrated from the [[Vehari District]] in [[West Punjab]] (now in [[Pakistan]]) to Gali Tiwarian in [[Amritsar]]. Lala worked as headmaster of the MC High School in [[Burewala]].<ref>[http://www.indianexpress.com/news/pakistans-burewala-city-mourns-rajesh-khannas-death/976664/ Pakistan's Burewala city mourns Rajesh Khanna's death]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112000920/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/pakistans-burewala-city-mourns-rajesh-khannas-death/976664/ |date=12 November 2013 }}. ''Indian Express''.</ref><ref>[http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_pakistan-s-burewala-city-mourns-rajesh-khanna-s-death_1717111 Pakistan's Burewala city mourns Rajesh Khanna's death – Entertainment – DNA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120721201635/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_pakistan-s-burewala-city-mourns-rajesh-khanna-s-death_1717111 |date=21 July 2012 }}. Dnaindia.com.</ref> His adoptive parents belonged to a family of railway contractors who had moved from [[Lahore]] to [[Bombay]] in 1935.<ref name=Gupta2015 /> Khanna lived in Saraswati Niwas<ref>[http://www.indianexpress.com/news/school-remembers-superstar-alumnus/976432/ Rajesh Khanna: School remembers superstar alumnus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112001044/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/school-remembers-superstar-alumnus/976432/ |date=12 November 2013 }}. Indian Express (19 July 2012).</ref> in Thakur-dwar, near [[Girgaon]], Mumbai.

Khanna attended St. Sebastian's Goan High School with his friend Ravi Kapoor, who later took the stage name [[Jeetendra]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://chatinterviews.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1258826.cms |work=The Times of India |location=India |title=Jeetendra-Actors-Bollywood-Celeb Interview Archives-Indiatimes Chat |access-date=7 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724022307/http://chatinterviews.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1258826.cms |archive-date=24 July 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Khanna gradually started taking an interest in theatre, did many stage and theatre plays in his school and college days, and won many prizes in inter-college drama competitions.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/photogallery/3005-1.html?from=movies |title=Aan Milo Sajna : Birthday Bumps : Rajesh Khanna – Photogallery – Movies News – IBNLive |publisher=Ibnlive.in.com |date=10 May 2011 |access-date=19 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013222138/http://ibnlive.in.com/photogallery/3005-1.html?from=movies |archive-date=13 October 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 1962 Khanna played a wounded mute soldier in the play ''[[Andha Yug]]'' and impressed with his performance; the chief guest suggested that he get into films soon.<ref name="google">{{cite book |title=Your Time Starts Now |author=Agrawal, V. |year=2006 |publisher=INDRA Publishing House |isbn=9788189107017 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IkTQL-Ofc4MC |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111063840/https://books.google.com/books?id=IkTQL-Ofc4MC |archive-date=11 January 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> Khanna became a rare newcomer who had his own [[MG sports car]], who once struggled to get work in theatre and films in the early 1960s.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HixlAAAAMAAJ&q=rajesh+khanna++became+that+rare+newcomer+who+struggled+in+his+ |title=The hundred luminaries of Hindi cinema |access-date=28 November 2011 |isbn=9788175080072 |last1=Raheja |first1=Dinesh |last2=Kothari |first2=Jitendra |year=1996 |publisher=India Book House Publishers |archive-date=7 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240307025937/https://books.google.com/books?id=HixlAAAAMAAJ&q=rajesh+khanna++became+that+rare+newcomer+who+struggled+in+his+ |url-status=live}}</ref>

Khanna did his first two years of [[Bachelor of Arts]] at [[Nowrosjee Wadia College]] in [[Pune]] from 1959 to 1961.<ref>[http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?Section=Movies&ID=ENTEN20120210013&subcatg=MOVIESINDIA&keyword=bollywood&nid=245920 Rajesh Khanna's mother could not stand even his on-screen death] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722020339/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?Section=Movies&ID=ENTEN20120210013&subcatg=MOVIESINDIA&keyword=bollywood&nid=245920 |date=22 July 2012 }}. Movies.ndtv.com (21 July 2012).</ref> He later studied at [[Kishinchand Chellaram College]], Mumbai and Jeetendra studied at Siddharth Jain College. Khanna tutored Jeetendra for his first film audition. Khanna's uncle KK Talwar changed Khanna's first name to Rajesh when he decided to enter films.<ref name="hindustantimes2015" /> His friends and his wife called him ''Kaka'' (meaning a baby faced boy in Punjabi).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/photogallery/3005-0.html?from=movies |title=Amar Prem: Birthday Bumps : Rajesh Khanna – Photogallery – Movies News – IBNLive |publisher=Ibnlive.in.com |date=10 May 2011 |access-date=19 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014023634/http://ibnlive.in.com/photogallery/3005-0.html?from=movies |archive-date=14 October 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Acting career ==

=== Early works (1966–1968) ===
Rajesh Khanna was one of eight finalists from more than 10,000 contestants in the 1965 All India Talent Contest, organised by United Producers and Filmfare, along with other [[Film and Television Institute of India|FTII]] students [[Subhash Ghai]] and [[Dheeraj Kumar]].<ref name="rstv">{{cite web |last1=K |first1=Irfan |title=Guftagoo with Subhash Ghai – an interview |url=http://muktaarts.com/Media/Guftagoo%20with%20Subhash%20Ghai.php |website=muktaarts.com |publisher=Rajya Sabha TV |access-date=23 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123154321/http://muktaarts.com/Media/Guftagoo%20with%20Subhash%20Ghai.php |archive-date=23 November 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.filmfare.com/articles/terrific-25-15-770.html |title=Terrific 25 – 1/5 |magazine=Filmfare |date=24 April 2010 |access-date=21 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100906115754/http://www.filmfare.com/articles/terrific-25-15-770.html |archive-date=6 September 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref> Khanna won the contest along with [[Farida Jalal]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://entertainment.in.msn.com/gallery.aspx?cp-documentid=4155691&page=3 |title=India's First Superstar – Retiring Room: Rajesh Khanna |publisher=MSN |date=29 December 2010 |access-date=28 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003011007/http://entertainment.in.msn.com/gallery.aspx?cp-documentid=4155691&page=3 |archive-date=3 October 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
Vinod Mehra was also among the finalists. Rajesh Khanna won the contest by one point.
[[Baldev Raj Chopra|BR Chopra]], [[Bimal Roy]], [[G. P. Sippy|GP Sippy]], [[H. S. Rawail|HS Rawail]], [[Nazir Hussain|Nasir Husain]], [[J. Om Prakash|J.Om Prakash]], Mohan Saigal, [[Shakti Samanta]] and [[Subodh Mukherjee|Subodh Mukherji]] and others had created the United Producers organisation and were then judges of the contest.<ref name="Gupta2015">{{cite news |last=Gupta |first=Trisha |date=19 October 2014 |title=A Star Fell from Heaven |newspaper=Mumbai Mirror |url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/columns/columns/A-star-fell-from-heaven/articleshow/44873269.cms |url-status=live |access-date=6 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150619202823/http://www.mumbaimirror.com/columns/columns/A-star-fell-from-heaven/articleshow/44873269.cms |archive-date=19 June 2015}}</ref>

He made his film debut in the 1966 film {{Lang|hi-latn|[[Aakhri Khat]]}}, directed by [[Chetan Anand (director)|Chetan Anand]], followed by ''[[Raaz (1967 film)|Raaz]]'' (1967), directed by [[Ravindra Dave]], both of which were a part of his predetermined prize for winning the All-India United Producers' Talent Competition.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.screenindia.com/news/The-original-superstar/327356/ |title=The original superstar – Rajesh Khanna |publisher=[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]] |access-date=28 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101031052147/http://www.screenindia.com/news/The-original-superstar/327356/ |archive-date=31 October 2010}}</ref> [[G. P. Sippy|G.P. Sippy]] and [[Nasir Hussain]] were the first to sign Khanna after he won the contest.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.screenindia.com/old/20020322/ftribute.html |title=Adieu |date=22 March 2002 |work=Screen India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090815061559/http://www.screenindia.com/old/20020322/ftribute.html |archive-date=15 August 2009}}</ref>
{{quote box|bgcolor=#CCDDFF|width=25%|align=right|quote="Though 'Aakhri Khat' is my first film, I received my first break as a leading actor in Ravindra Dave's, 'Raaz', in 1967. My heroine was Babita, already a popular actress then. Though I had lots of confidence, I was shy in facing the camera initially. In my first three shots, I had to perform with stress on my body language and dialogue delivery. Though I was right with my dialogues, my movements were not up to the mark. Ravindra Dave explained me my scenes and movements very clearly correcting my way of walking."|source=Khanna's remarks after ''Aakhri Khat'' was India's entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 40th [[Academy Awards|Oscar Academy Awards]] in 1967.<ref name="My First Break – Rajesh Khanna">{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article2032058.ece |location=Chennai, India |work=The Hindu |title=My First Break – Rajesh Khanna |date=19 May 2011 |access-date=20 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110523043506/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article2032058.ece |archive-date=23 May 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref>}}
Being under contract with United Producers, he got projects, such as ''[[Aurat (1967 film)|Aurat]]'' (1967) and ''[[Baharon Ke Sapne]]'' (1967), of which latter did break even and the former was commercially successful.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.screenindia.com/old/20010216/cover.htm |title=Yash Chopra: "Love is the most important thing in life" |work=Screen India |date=16 February 2001 |access-date=2 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090123140846/http://www.screenindia.com/old/20010216/cover.htm |archive-date=23 January 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="m.rediff.com">{{Cite web |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/2002/sep/13dinesh.htm |title=rediff.com, Movies: The different avatars of Rajesh Khanna |website=m.rediff.com |access-date=21 January 2024 |archive-date=7 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240307030403/https://m.rediff.com/movies/2002/sep/13dinesh.htm |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Superstardom (1969–1975) ===
The year 1969 proved to be a game changer for Khanna and saw his rise to superstardom.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2008/jun/19slide2.htm |title=rediff.com: Dial D for Darjeeling |publisher=Specials.rediff.com |access-date=14 January 2012 |archive-date=13 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120813174011/http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2008/jun/19slide2.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> It began with [[Shakti Samanta]]'s [[Romantic film|romantic musical]] ''[[Aradhana (1969 film)|Aradhana]]'' starring [[Sharmila Tagore]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=29 December 2014|title=Birthday Special: Remembering Rajesh Khanna's top five films|url=http://post.jagran.com/birthday-special-remembering-rajesh-khannas-top-five-films-1419847963|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181001142736/http://post.jagran.com/birthday-special-remembering-rajesh-khannas-top-five-films-1419847963|archive-date=1 October 2018|access-date=1 October 2018|website=[[Jagran Post]]}}</ref> The film went to become a massive blockbuster at the box office and made him an overnight sensation.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2018/apr/12/12464/remembering-master-screenwriter-sachin-bhowmick-ndash-death-anniversary-special |title=Remembering master screenwriter Sachin Bhowmick – Death anniversary special |access-date=12 April 2018 |archive-date=13 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413124749/https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2018/apr/12/12464/remembering-master-screenwriter-sachin-bhowmick-ndash-death-anniversary-special |url-status=live }}</ref> Its soundtrack composed by [[Sachin Dev Burman|S. D. Burman]] and lyrics written by [[Anand Bakshi]] was the third best-selling Hindi film album of the 1960s and made [[Kishore Kumar]] the leading playback singer of [[Hindi cinema]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Music Hits 1960–1969|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=281&catName=MTk2MC0xOTY5|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080215081535/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=281&catName=MTk2MC0xOTY5&PHPSESSID=108b9056cd4ca14236f9c6119d34dcce|archive-date=15 February 2008|access-date=2 September 2013|website=Box Office India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url =http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/10/28/stories/2002102800830200.htm | title = Song of the rebel | author = Prakash Parayath | date = 28 October 2002 | access-date = 13 June 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131029215613/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/10/28/stories/2002102800830200.htm | archive-date = 29 October 2013 | newspaper = [[The Hindu]] | url-status = dead }}</ref> That same year, he starred in [[Raj Khosla]]'s [[Family|romantic family drama]] ''[[Do Raaste]]'' opposite [[Mumtaz (Indian actress)|Mumtaz]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2010/02/26/stories/2010022650280400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100303091614/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2010/02/26/stories/2010022650280400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 March 2010|title=Do Raaste (1969)|access-date=27 April 2010|location=Chennai, India|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=26 February 2010}}</ref> Backed up with chartbuster songs, including "Yeh Reshmi Zulfen", "Bindiya Chamkegi", "Chup Gaye Saare Nazaare", it went on to become a Blockbuster, in turn making Khanna and Mumtaz a hit pair.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=3385 |title=Ittefaq And Thor Battle It Out This Week |date=2 November 2017 |access-date=22 January 2024 |archive-date=22 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240122202707/https://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=3385 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=18 July 2012 |title=Mumtaz: Rajesh Khanna was very close to me |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/mumtaz-rajesh-khanna-was-very-close-to-me/20120718.htm |access-date=23 July 2012 |work=Rediff.com |archive-date=25 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225083815/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/mumtaz-rajesh-khanna-was-very-close-to-me/20120718.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> In the [[United Kingdom]], the film was released in 1970. It became the first Indian film to gross £100,000 in the UK, equivalent to {{INRConvert|900000|year=1970|mode=historical}}. Its UK box office record was broken a year later by ''[[Purab Aur Paschim]]'', which released in the UK in 1971.<ref>{{cite news |title=United Kingdom Evolution - £100k To £4 Million Of Pathaan |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=7602 |access-date=2 March 2023 |work=[[Box Office India]] |archive-date=2 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302113326/https://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=7602 |url-status=live }}</ref> The huge box office success of ''Aradhana'' and ''Do Raaste'' was followed by a superhit in [[Narendra Bedi]]'s [[Romantic film|romantic drama]] ''[[Bandhan (1969 film)|Bandhan]]'' again with Mumtaz, a hit in [[Yash Chopra]]'s songless [[Mystery (genre)|mystery thriller]] ''[[Ittefaq (1969 film)|Ittefaq]]'' co-starring [[Nanda (actress)|Nanda]], followed by another successful film, ''[[Doli (film)|Doli]]'' alongside [[Babita]] to go with the major grossers.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.koimoi.com/box-office/highest-grossers/from-rajesh-khannas-aradhana-to-jeetendras-jigri-dost-top-bollywood-box-office-grossers-of-1969/ |title=From Rajesh Khanna's Aradhana To Jeetendra's Jigri Dost – Top Bollywood Box Office Grossers Of 1969 |date=5 May 1969 |access-date=22 January 2024 |archive-date=22 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240122202706/https://www.koimoi.com/box-office/highest-grossers/from-rajesh-khannas-aradhana-to-jeetendras-jigri-dost-top-bollywood-box-office-grossers-of-1969/ |url-status=live}}</ref> These films turned Khanna into a ''Superstar'' and marked the beginning of ''Rajesh Khanna Mania'' of the early-1970s.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=7555|title=Pathaan And The SUPERSTARS Of Indian Cinema|date=8 February 2023}}</ref><ref name="hindustantimes2015">{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/eight-unknown-facts-about-rajesh-khanna/article1-1370589.aspx |title=Eight lesser known facts about Rajesh Khanna |access-date=18 July 2015 |date=18 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721000426/http://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/eight-unknown-facts-about-rajesh-khanna/article1-1370589.aspx |archive-date=21 July 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> He continued his domination at the box office in 1970 and 1971 with films, such as – ''[[The Train (1970 film)|The Train]]'', ''[[Sachaa Jhutha]]'', ''[[Safar (1970 film)|Safar]]'', ''[[Aan Milo Sajna]]'', ''[[Kati Patang]]'', ''[[Mehboob Ki Mehndi]]'', ''[[Anand (1971 film)|Anand]]'', ''[[Andaz (1971 film)|Andaz]]'', ''[[Maryada (1971 film)|Maryada]]'', ''[[Haathi Mere Saathi (1971 film)|Haathi Mere Saathi]]'', ''[[Chhoti Bahu]]'' and ''[[Khamoshi (1970 film)|Khamoshi]]'', eventually giving 17 consecutive successes in a span of three years, a record which remains unbroken to date.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=108 |title=Jai Ho Ends Salman Khan Run – Second Best Of All Time |website=[[Box Office India]] |access-date=18 February 2024 |archive-date=18 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240218171135/https://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=108 |url-status=live}}</ref> Khanna won his first [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor]] for playing a double role in ''Sachaa Jhutha''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Filmfare Awards 1971 Winners |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/bollywood/1971/101 |work=The Times of India |access-date=6 June 2024}}</ref> He won his second [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor]] and first [[BFJA Award for Best Actor (Hindi)]] for portraying a cancer-patient in ''Anand'' which is also considered his career-best performance by many of his fans as well as critics.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 July 2012 |title=It was Kishore, not Rajesh Khanna, who was to do the role of Anand |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/kishore-rajesh-khanna-do-the-role-of-anand-4677.html |website=INDIA TV NEWS |access-date=16 January 2024 |archive-date=30 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530171506/https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/kishore-rajesh-khanna-do-the-role-of-anand-4677.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

Khanna began the next year with [[Dulal Guha]]'s [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] film ''[[Dushmun]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/dushmun|title=Dushmun (1972)|website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] }}</ref> It opened to excellent audience response and emerged a blockbuster as well as one of the [[List of Hindi films of 1972|highest-earning films of the year]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=6042|title=All Time Longest Runners In Kolkata: Sholay 2nd - HAHK 4th}}</ref> ''Dushmun'' was later remade in [[Tamil Language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Malayalam]] and [[Kannada]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |url=https://indiancine.ma/texts/indiancine.ma%3AEncyclopedia_of_Indian_Cinema/text.pdf |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=1998 |isbn=0-19-563579-5 |pages=409 |orig-date=1994}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Vijayakumar |first=B. |date=11 February 2018 |title=Maattoli: 1978 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/maattoli-1978/article22726430.ece |url-status=live |access-date=30 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830045537/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/maattoli-1978/article22726430.ece |archive-date=30 August 2022}}</ref> For portraying a rash truck driver in the film, Khanna received a nomination in the [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor]] category.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Dhirad |first1=Sandeep |title=Filmfare Nominees and Winner |url=http://deep750.googlepages.com/FilmfareAwards.pdf |website=deep750.googlepages.com |date=2006 |access-date=24 August 2020 |archive-date=12 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090612065210/http://deep750.googlepages.com/FilmfareAwards.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> His next release, the [[Action Film|action drama]] ''[[Apna Desh]]'' also performed very well at the box office.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/50-years-of-apna-desh-rd-burman-was-convinced-duniya-mein-logon-ko-song-with-rajesh-khanna-and-mumtaz-would-become-a-cult-hit/articleshow/91670848.cms |title=50 years of Apna Desh: RD Burman was convinced Duniya Mein Logon Ko song with Rajesh Khanna and Mumtaz would become a cult hit |newspaper=The Times of India |date=19 May 2022 |access-date=20 February 2024 |archive-date=20 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240220182348/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/50-years-of-apna-desh-rd-burman-was-convinced-duniya-mein-logon-ko-song-with-rajesh-khanna-and-mumtaz-would-become-a-cult-hit/articleshow/91670848.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> It also had some highly popular songs like "Duniya Mein Logon Ko", "Kajra Lagake Gajra Sajake", "Ro Na Kabhi Nahin Rona".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/flashback-remembering-rd-burmans-lesser-known-prowess-as-a-singer-from-meditative-solos-to-chartbusters-10256491.html |title=Remembering RD Burman's lesser known prowess as a singer, from meditative solos to chartbusters |date=4 January 2022 |access-date=25 January 2024 |archive-date=25 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125221542/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/flashback-remembering-rd-burmans-lesser-known-prowess-as-a-singer-from-meditative-solos-to-chartbusters-10256491.html |url-status=live}}</ref> In the late 1972, Khanna's amazing run came to an abrupt halt with release of Badnaam Farishte. As per the book The Most Versatile Superstar Actor of Hindi Cinema, he had 10 hits in 1972 which included ''[[Shehzada]]'', ''[[Mere Jeevan Saathi (1972 film)|Mere Jeevan Saathi]]'', ''[[Bawarchi]]'', ''[[Apna Desh]]'', ''[[Amar Prem]]'', ''[[Joroo Ka Ghulam]]'', ''[[Bangaru Babu (1973 film)|Bangaru Babu]]'', ''[[Anuraag (1972 film)|Anuraag]]'' except ''[[Maalik (1972 film)|Maalik]]'' which was box office flop.<ref name="boi72">{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=178&catName=MTk3Mg== |title=Box Office 1972 |website=[[Box Office India]] |date=20 October 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020102113/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=178&catName=MTk3Mg==|archive-date=20 October 2013}}</ref> Out of them, [[Hrishikesh Mukherjee]]'s [[Comedy drama|musical comedy drama]] ''Bawarchi'' is regarded as a cult classic today and was remade in many Indian languages, including [[Hindi language|Hindi]] itself.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/bawarchi-1972/article5451711.ece |title=Bawarchi (1972) |first=SURESH |last=KOHLI |newspaper=The Hindu |date=12 December 2013}}</ref> It also won Khanna his second [[BFJA Award for Best Actor (Hindi)]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bfjaawards.com/legacy/pastwin/196629.htm |title=69th & 70th Annual Hero Honda BFJA Awards 2007 |publisher=Bfjaawards.com |access-date=12 July 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100108052343/http://www.bfjaawards.com/legacy/pastwin/196629.htm |archive-date=8 January 2010}}</ref> In 1973, his first release was [[Sachin Bhowmick]]'s [[Romance (love)|romantic drama]] ''[[Raja Rani (1973 film)|Raja Rani]]'' in which he starred alongside his ''Aradhana'' co-star Sharmila Tagore<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/raja-rani|title=Raja Rani (1973)|website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] }}</ref> which ended up as a commercially successful venture.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/raja-rani-1973/article5003591.ece|title=Raja Rani (1973)|first=A. P. S.|last=Malhotra|date=8 August 2013|access-date=18 November 2021|website=Thehindu.com}}</ref> Khanna then played a brief role in Samanta's ''[[Anuraag (1972 film)|Anuraag]]'', which went on to become a blockbuster and won him [[Filmfare Special Award]].<ref name=bo25y/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/bollywood/1974/101|title=Filmfare Awards (1974)|newspaper=The Times of India }}</ref> After this, he reunited with Tagore for Yash Chopra's maiden production and sixth directional venture ''[[Daag (1973 film)|Daag: A Poem of Love]]'' which also had [[Rakhee Gulzar|Rakhee]] in the lead.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt0150251/credits/ |title=Daag: A Poem of Love |website=Box Office Mojo |access-date=1 March 2024 |archive-date=1 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240301191215/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt0150251/credits/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Inspired from [[Thomas Hardy]]'s novel ''[[The Mayor of Casterbridge]]'', it was a major critical and commercial success, eventually emerging a blockbuster and laying the foundation of [[Yash Raj Films]] (which is the biggest production house in [[India]] till today).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://theprint.in/features/reel-take/daag-yash-chopras-debut-as-producer-broke-the-mould-with-its-shades-of-bigamy/515621/ |title=Daag, Yash Chopra's debut as producer, broke the mould with its shades of bigamy |first=Samira |last=Sood |website=[[ThePrint]] |date=3 October 2020 |access-date=12 February 2024 |archive-date=10 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201010160310/https://theprint.in/features/reel-take/daag-yash-chopras-debut-as-producer-broke-the-mould-with-its-shades-of-bigamy/515621/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/npages.php?page=shownews&articleid=5005&nCat=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131121054713/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/npages.php?page=shownews&articleid=5005&nCat=|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-11-21|title=Legendary Director Yash Chopra Passes Away|date=22 October 2012}}</ref> Its soundtrack composed by [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]] dominated the musical charts and was one of the best-selling Hindi film albums of the 1970s.<ref>{{cite web|title=Music Hits 1970-1979|url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=282&catName=MTk3MC0xOTc5|publisher=[[Box Office India]]|date=5 February 2010| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100205042855/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=282&catName=MTk3MC0xOTc5 | archive-date=5 February 2010 }}</ref> His final release that year was the [[Drama film|social drama]] film ''[[Namak Haraam]]'', which also received positive response and was superhit at the box office.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.koimoi.com/bollywood-news/decoding-megastar-amitabh-bachchan-11-blockbusters-11-super-hits-24-hits-counting/ |title=Decoding MEGASTAR Amitabh Bachchan: 11 Blockbusters, 11 Super Hits, 24 Hits & Counting |date=9 April 2018 |access-date=22 January 2024 |archive-date=22 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231122085719/https://www.koimoi.com/bollywood-news/decoding-megastar-amitabh-bachchan-11-blockbusters-11-super-hits-24-hits-counting/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The common man's film maker |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2013/aug/27/the-common-mans-film-maker-510849.html |access-date=16 January 2021 |website=The New Indian Express |date=27 August 2013 |archive-date=2 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200302043833/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2013/aug/27/The-common-mans-film-maker-510849.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Khanna received his fifth nomination in the best actor category at the [[Filmfare Awards]] for ''Daag'' and won his third [[BFJA Award for Best Actor (Hindi)]] for ''Namak Haraam''. 1974 was a great year for Khanna with both critical and commercial appreciation coming his way. His first film ''[[Humshakal (1974 film)|Humshakal]]'' did not do well, but his second release ''[[Aap Ki Kasam]]'' which was also [[J. Om Prakash]]'s debut as a filmmaker proved to be a superhit.<ref name="koimoi.com">{{cite web |url=https://www.koimoi.com/box-office/decoding-rajesh-khanna-2-blockbusters-31-hits-defines-the-first-superstar-of-bollywood/ |title=Decoding Rajesh Khanna: 2 Blockbusters & 31 Hits Defines The First "Superstar" Of Bollywood! |date=9 June 2018 |access-date=16 January 2024 |archive-date=16 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116140932/https://www.koimoi.com/box-office/decoding-rajesh-khanna-2-blockbusters-31-hits-defines-the-first-superstar-of-bollywood/ |url-status=live}}</ref> All of its songs were major hits too, especially "Zindagi Ke Safar Mein Guzar Jate Hain Jo Maqaam" sung by Kishore Kumar.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/aap-ki-kasam-1974/article5709668.ece |title=Aap Ki Kasam (1974) – The Hindu |website=[[The Hindu]] |date=20 February 2014 |last1=Lokapally |first1=Vijay |access-date=26 January 2024 |archive-date=1 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101154220/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/aap-ki-kasam-1974/article5709668.ece |url-status=live}}</ref> This was followed by ''[[Prem Nagar (1974 film)|Prem Nagar]]'' which was a remake of [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]]'s all time [[Telugu language|Telugu]] hit ''[[Prema Nagar]]'' (1971).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reddy |first=Suhasini |date=20 September 2019 |title=ANR- Remembering the Titan of Tollywood on his 95th birthday |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/anr-remembering-the-titan-of-tollywood-on-his-95th-birthday-565706 |access-date=30 April 2021 |website=[[The Hans India]] |language=en |archive-date=30 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430141348/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/anr-remembering-the-titan-of-tollywood-on-his-95th-birthday-565706 |url-status=live}}</ref> ''Prem Nagar'' opened to excellent response from the audience, eventually doing more business than Khanna's last major hit ''Aap Ki Kasam'' and emerging a blockbuster.<ref name="Cariappa">{{cite web |last=Cariappa |first=Vivek |title=Rajesh Khanna – The Most Versatile Superstar Actor of Hindi Cinema |url=https://notionpress.com/read/rajesh-khanna-the-most-versatile-superstar-actor-of-hindi-cinema |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904033158/https://notionpress.com/read/rajesh-khanna-the-most-versatile-superstar-actor-of-hindi-cinema |archive-date=4 September 2022 |access-date=4 September 2022 |publisher=Notionpress.com}}</ref><ref name=bo25y>{{cite web |url=https://filminformation.com/featured/flashback-13-october-2023-from-our-issue-dated-17th-october-1998/ |title=Blockbusters Of Twenty-Five Years (1973–1997) |date=13 October 2023 |access-date=17 January 2024 |archive-date=17 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117074705/https://filminformation.com/featured/flashback-13-october-2023-from-our-issue-dated-17th-october-1998/ |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Basu Bhattacharya]]'s art-house film ''[[Avishkaar]]'' and Shakti Samanta's [[Crime film|crime thriller]] ''[[Ajanabee (1974 film)|Ajanabee]]'' were his next two releases.<ref>{{cite book |title=Encyclopaedia of Hindi cinema |last=Gulzar |author-link=Gulzar |author2=Govind Nihalani |author3=Saibal Chatterjee |year=2003 |publisher=(Encyclopædia Britannica (India) Pvt. Ltd), Popular Prakashan |isbn=81-7991-066-0 |page=87 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8y8vN9A14nkC&q=Dinesh+Thakur+-inauthor%3A%22Dinesh+Thakur%22&pg=PT112 |author2-link=Govind Nihalani |access-date=19 February 2024 |archive-date=7 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240307025908/https://books.google.com/books?id=8y8vN9A14nkC&q=Dinesh+Thakur+-inauthor%3A%22Dinesh+Thakur%22&pg=PT112#v=snippet&q=Dinesh%20Thakur%20-inauthor%3A%22Dinesh%20Thakur%22&f=false |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/ajanabee |title=Ajanabee (1974) |website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |access-date=19 February 2024 |archive-date=19 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819202346/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/ajanabee |url-status=live}}</ref> Both ''Ajanabee'' and ''Avishkaar'' did reasonable business, the later again opposite Sharmila Tagore earned huge critical acclaim and won Khanna his third [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor]] for his subtle portrayal of a disillusioned husband.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/avishkaar-1974/article4558067.ece |title=Avishkaar (1974) |newspaper=The Hindu |date=28 March 2013 |last1=Kumar |first1=Anuj |access-date=16 January 2024 |archive-date=20 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020043110/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/avishkaar-1974/article4558067.ece |url-status=live}}</ref> His last film of the year was [[Manmohan Desai]]'s [[Action Film|action drama]] ''[[Roti (1974 film)|Roti]]'' which released alongside another biggie ''[[Roti Kapada Aur Makaan]]'', but still went on to become a blockbuster.<ref name=bo25y/> Due to its huge success, ''Roti'' was also remade in Telugu as ''[[Neram Nadi Kadu Akalidi]]'' (1976).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://telugumoviepedia.com/movie/cast/1423/neram-naadi-kaadu-aakalidi-cast.html |title=Neram Nadi Kadu Akalidi (Banner) |work=Chitr.com |date=9 May 2023}}</ref>

=== Career downfall (1976–1983) ===

The declaration of [[The Emergency (India)|emergency]] in 1975 had angered the masses and this helped films having the lead character revolting against corruption and establishment to become successes.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ayaz |first1=Shaikh |date=11 October 2018 |title=Happy birthday Amitabh Bachchan: A look back at '1975' and why it was a banner year for the Zanjeer actor |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/amitabh-bachchan-76-birthday-a-look-back-at-1975-5388452/ |work=The Indian Express |access-date=21 December 2024}}</ref> The shift from romantic and social movies to action oriented multi-starrers changed the box office equation and saw the emergence of another rival ''Superstar'' in the form of [[Amitabh Bachchan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/features/aura-amitabh-2155090|title=The aura of Amitabh|date=11 October 2015}}</ref> When coincidentally some of his good films faced commercial failures, Khanna suffered a major career setback from 1976 to 1978.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://zeenews.india.com/people/rajesh-khanna-death-anniversary-how-the-amitabh-bachchan-wave-of-1970s-ruined-bollywoods-first-superstar-rise-and-fall-of-kaka-2636966.html |title=How The Bachchan Wave Of 1970s Ruined Bollywood's First Superstar – Rise And Fall Of 'Kaka' |date=18 July 2023 |access-date=17 January 2024 |archive-date=17 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117103932/https://zeenews.india.com/people/rajesh-khanna-death-anniversary-how-the-amitabh-bachchan-wave-of-1970s-ruined-bollywoods-first-superstar-rise-and-fall-of-kaka-2636966.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://theprint.in/feature/rajesh-khanna-bollywoods-first-superstar-who-charmed-an-entire-generation/170744/ |title=Rajesh Khanna, Bollywood's first superstar who charmed an entire generation |website=[[ThePrint]] |date=29 December 2018 |access-date=20 February 2024 |archive-date=20 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240220200400/https://theprint.in/feature/rajesh-khanna-bollywoods-first-superstar-who-charmed-an-entire-generation/170744/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1975, Khanna starred alongside [[Shashi Kapoor]] and Mumtaz in Raj Khosla's ''[[Prem Kahani (1975 film)|Prem Kahani]]'' and did a guest appearance in the [[war|war film]] ''[[Aakraman]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/prem-kahani |title=Prem Kahani |date=16 March 2020 |website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |access-date=5 March 2024 |archive-date=24 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124063920/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/prem-kahani |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/aakraman |title=Aakraman |publisher=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |access-date=23 March 2024}}</ref> The former emerged a box office hit, but his contemporaries, including Bachchan, [[Dharmendra]] and [[Manoj Kumar]] had bigger hits with ''[[Sholay]]'', ''[[Deewaar]]'', ''[[Pratigya (1975 film)|Pratiggya]]'' and ''[[Sanyasi (1975 film)|Sanyasi]]'', which were also among the top 5 highest-grossing films of the year.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/zakhmee-1975/article5809755.ece |title=Zakhmee (1975) |last=Malhotra |first=Aps |newspaper=The Hindu |date=20 March 2014 |via=www.thehindu.com |access-date=20 January 2024 |archive-date=24 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024134010/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/zakhmee-1975/article5809755.ece |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.koimoi.com/box-office/highest-grossers/from-sholay-to-deewar-top-bollywood-box-office-grossers-of-1975/ |date=17 April 1976 |title=From Sholay To Deewar – Top Bollywood Box Office Grossers Of 1975 |access-date=16 January 2024 |archive-date=16 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116141946/https://www.koimoi.com/box-office/highest-grossers/from-sholay-to-deewar-top-bollywood-box-office-grossers-of-1975/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The following year, he reunited with [[Hema Malini]] for Shakti Samanta's highly anticipated romantic drama ''[[Mehbooba (1976 film)|Mehbooba]]'' based on [[Gulshan Nanda]]'s novel ''Sisakate Saaz''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/mehbooba_1978|title=Mehbooba (1976)|website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] }}</ref> In spite of impressive performances by the lead pair and two hit songs, "Mere Naina Sawan Bhadon" and "Parbat Ke Peeche", the film ended up as average hit.<ref name="Cariappa"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindigeetmala.net/geetmala/binaca_geetmala_1976.php?page=2|title=Binaca Geetmala (1976)}}</ref><ref name=FI1976>{{cite web|url=https://www.bobbytalkscinema.com/bobbytalk/adminpanel/imagetemp/image/Film-Inf-1976-Classification.jpg|title=Film Information Classification 1976}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> This was followed by another moderate fare in Narendra Bedi's [[Action (genre)|action comedy]] ''[[Maha Chor]]'' opposite [[Neetu Singh]] and a flop in [[Shammi Kapoor]]'s [[romantic comedy]] ''[[Bundal Baaz]]'' co-starring [[Sulakshana Pandit]].<ref name=FI1976/> In 1977, Khanna's first release was again a Shakti Samanta directional ''[[Anurodh]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.screenindia.com/old/fullstory.php?content_id=9854 |title=Great Gambler |access-date=1 May 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090215152817/http://www.screenindia.com/old/fullstory.php?content_id=9854 |archive-date=15 February 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Its soundtrack composed by Laxmikant–Pyarelal topped the year-end annual list of [[Binaca Geetmala]], but commercially the film was an average runner.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindigeetmala.net/geetmala/binaca_geetmala_1977.php#google_vignette|title=Binaca Geetmala (1977)}}</ref><ref name=TG1977>{{cite web|url=https://www.bobbytalkscinema.com/recentpost/flashback-1977-trade-informa-2531|title=Flashback 1977 - Trade Guide Classification|date=8 August 2024|access-date=27 August 2024|archive-date=14 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240814072717/https://www.bobbytalkscinema.com/recentpost/flashback-1977-trade-informa-2531|url-status=dead}}</ref> His next five releases, included - Din Dayal Sharma's ''[[Tyaag (1977 film)|Tyaag]]'', [[Joy Mukherjee]]'s ''[[Chhailla Babu]]'', [[B.R. Chopra]]'s ''[[Karm]]'', [[Bhappi Sonie]]'s ''[[Chalta Purza]]'' and Meraj's ''[[Palkon Ki Chhaon Mein]]''. While ''Tyaag'' and ''Palkon Ki Chhaon Mein'' didn't do well, ''Chhailla Babu'', ''Karm'' and ''Chalta Purza'' were decent box office successes.<ref name=TG1977/> Before the end of year, he appeared in another of J. Om Prakash's directional ''[[Aashiq Hoon Baharon Ka]]'', which was highly anticipated before release, but failed commercially.<ref name=TG1977/>

=== Career after downfall period (1983–1991) ===

The next year, he had four releases, out of which, [[Ramanand Sagar]]'s romantic drama film ''[[Prem Bandhan (1979 film)|Prem Bandhan]]'', ''[[Muqabla (1979 film)|Muqabla]]'', ''[[Amar Deep (1979 film)|Amardeep]]'', proved to be a moderately successful venture, but ''Naya Bakra'' and ''Janta Hawaldar'' were commercial failures.<ref name="Cariappa"/> In 1979, Khanna appeared alongside [[Shabana Azmi]] and [[Vinod Mehra]] in the romantic drama ''[[Amar Deep (1979 film)|Amar Deep]]''.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=88EoEAAAQBAJ&dq=Amar+Deep+1979&pg=PA119 | title=Galaxy Golden Stars of the Silver Screen | date=12 April 2021 | publisher=Idea }}</ref> The film opened to positive response from critics and emerged a hit at the box office thus ending his dry run and also proving to be one of the highest-grossing films of that year.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bobbytalkscinema.com/bobbytalk/adminpanel/imagetemp/Trade-Guide-1979-Classificaiton.jpg|title=Trade Guide Classification (1979)|access-date=27 August 2024|archive-date=27 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240827205309/https://www.bobbytalkscinema.com/bobbytalk/adminpanel/imagetemp/Trade-Guide-1979-Classificaiton.jpg|url-status=dead}}</ref>

He began the 1980s with [[Bharathiraja]]'s [[psychological thriller]] ''[[Red Rose (1980 film)|Red Rose]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/hong-mei-gui-bai-mei-gui-red-rose-white-rose |title=Red Rose |publisher=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]}}</ref> A remake of blockbuster [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film ''[[Sigappu Rojakkal]]'', the film couldn't repeat the success of original and flopped commercially.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Balakrishnan |first=Ravi |date=17 November 2007 |title=A rose by any name |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/business-of-bollywood/a-rose-by-any-name/articleshow/2547342.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170131025543/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/business-of-bollywood/a-rose-by-any-name/articleshow/2547342.cms |archive-date=31 January 2017 |access-date=16 March 2020 |website=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref> His next release was [[Esmayeel Shroff]]'s family drama ''[[Thodisi Bewafaii]]'' opposite [[Shabana Azmi]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/thodisi-bewafaii |title=Thodisi Bewafaii |publisher=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]}}</ref> It performed well at the box office and proved to be a hit with Khanna receiving his 12th nomination in the [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor]] category and Kishore Kumar winning [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer]] for the song "Hazaar Rahen Mud Ke Dekhin".<ref name=FI1980>{{cite web|url=https://www.bobbytalkscinema.com/bobbytalk/adminpanel/imagetemp/Film-Inf-1980-Classification.jpg|title=Summing Up 1980 - Film Information Classification (1980)}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/bollywood/1981/101|title=28th Filmfare Awards|work=The Times of India }}</ref> His other releases of the year were - [[Anil Ganguly]]'s drama film ''[[Aanchal (1980 film)|Aanchal]]'', [[Danny Denzongpa]]'s [[Horror film|horror thriller]] ''[[Phir Wahi Raat]]'' and [[K. Bapaiah]]'s romantic drama ''[[Bandish (1980 Indian film)|Bandish]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/phir_wohi_raat|title=Phir Wahi Raat (1980)|website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] }}</ref><ref>[https://archive.today/20130129085542/http://movie-tv-episode-database.com/Film/Aanchal-300117/ movie-tv-episode-database.com], ''Aanchal'' (1980), Retrieved 22 October 2008</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/bandish_1980|title=Bandish (1980)|website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] }}</ref> While ''Phir Wahi Raat'' and ''Bandish'' were super-hits, ''Aanchal'' was a major commercial success.<ref name=FI1980/> In 1981, he co-starred alongside [[Raaj Kumar]], [[Vinod Khanna]], [[Hema Malini]] and [[Priya Rajvansh]] in Chetan Anand's [[reincarnation|reincarnation drama]] ''[[Kudrat]]''.<ref name="Cariappa"/> In spite of presence of some of the biggest stars of that time and its soundtrack being one of the best-selling Hindi film albums of the 1980s, ''Kudrat'' was proved to be a superhit.<ref name="boi80s">{{cite web |title=Music Hits 1980–1989 |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=283&catName=MTk4MC0xOTg5 |publisher=[[Box Office India]] |date=5 February 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100205042958/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=283&catName=MTk4MC0xOTg5|archive-date=5 February 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://thedailyeye.info/true-review/the-afterlife-of-kudrat/ee739bb17e2048f8 |title=The Afterlife of Kudrat |date=20 June 2021 |access-date=21 January 2024 |archive-date=25 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325204127/https://thedailyeye.info/true-review/the-afterlife-of-kudrat/ee739bb17e2048f8 |url-status=live}}</ref> Khanna's next release, ''[[Dard (1981 film)|Dard]]'' again with Malini and ''[[Dhanwan (1981 film)|Dhanwan]]'' opposite [[Reena Roy]] were hits.<ref name="Cariappa"/> His final release of the year, [[Shomu Mukherjee]]'s ''[[Fiffty Fiffty]]'' co-starring [[Tina Munim]] also performed moderately well.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 January 2013 |title=Boxofficeindia.com |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=187&catName=MTk4MQ== |access-date=12 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115225648/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=187&catName=MTk4MQ== |archive-date=15 January 2013}}</ref> In 1982, Khanna starred in three big budget multi-starrers, [[Vijay Anand (filmmaker)|Vijay Anand]]'s ''[[Rajput (1982 film)|Rajput]]'', [[Umesh Mehra]]'s ''[[Ashanti (1982 film)|Ashanti]]'', [[Sultan Ahmed (director)|Sultan Ahmed]]'s ''[[Dharam Kanta]]'', all three of which emerged box office successes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bobbytalkscinema.com/bobbytalk/adminpanel/imagetemp/Film-Inf-1982-Classification.jpg|title=Film Information Classification 1982|access-date=8 September 2024|archive-date=8 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240908155917/https://www.bobbytalkscinema.com/bobbytalk/adminpanel/imagetemp/Film-Inf-1982-Classification.jpg|url-status=dead}}</ref> He also played a brief role in the superhit [[dance]] film ''[[Disco Dancer]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=3720|title=You Asked It - Why Are China Collections Not Added To Worldwide Collections|date=1 March 2018}}</ref> The ''Disco Dancer'' soundtrack was popular worldwide, particularly in India, the Soviet Union, and China.<ref name="global88">[https://books.google.com/books?id=19JBf6oDOy0C&pg=PA88 ''Global Bollywood: Travels of Hindi Song and Dance'', page 88] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240307030449/https://books.google.com/books?id=19JBf6oDOy0C&pg=PA88#v=onepage&q&f=false |date=7 March 2024 }}, [[University of Minnesota Press]], 2008</ref> It went [[Indian Music Industry|Platinum]] in India,<ref>{{cite news |title=Bappi Lahiri: The golden era of music has ended |url=https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/bappi-lahiri-the-golden-era-of-music-has-ended-1.1360680 |work=[[Gulf News]] |date=17 July 2014 |language=en |access-date=21 December 2018 |archive-date=14 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181214065318/https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/bappi-lahiri-the-golden-era-of-music-has-ended-1.1360680 |url-status=live}}</ref> equivalent to 1{{nbsp}}million sales,<ref name="platinum">{{cite magazine |title=International |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |date=18 July 1981 |volume=93 |issue=28 |page=69 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rSQEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PT69 |access-date=21 December 2018 |archive-date=9 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009032352/https://books.google.com/books?id=rSQEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PT69#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live}}</ref> and received a [[Music recording sales certification|Gold Award]] in China.<ref name="global88"/> One of the song from film, "Goron Ki Na Kalon Ki" sung by [[Suresh Wadkar]] and filmed on Khanna went on to become a chartbuster.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/entertainment/bollywood-mithun-chakraborty-dance-bappi-lahiri-music-song-rajesh-khanna-cameo-makes-disco-dancer-super-hit-5068367.html|title=बप्पी लहरी का संगीत, मिथुन चक्रवर्ती का डांस और राजेश खन्ना का खास अंदाज, 'Disco Dancer' ने बदल दिया था ट्रेंड|date=17 December 2022}}</ref>

After almost a decade of sporadic successes, Khanna made a comeback in 1983. His first release ''[[Nishaan (1983 film)|Nishaan]]'' was a semi-hit, but his second release, [[Mohan Kumar (director)|Mohan Kumar]]'s ''[[Avtaar]]'' emerged a hit & was among the highest-grossing films of the year.<ref name=RK1983/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=4612 |title=2018 Has High Number Of Blockbusters |date=9 January 2019 |access-date=16 January 2024 |archive-date=16 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116170928/https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=4612 |url-status=live}}</ref> Khanna received his 14th and final nomination in the [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor]] category for ''Avtaar''.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/obituary/article30166946.ece |title=Heart-throb of an era |newspaper=The Hindu |date=10 August 2012 |access-date=16 January 2024 |archive-date=29 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029201103/https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/obituary/article30166946.ece |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://m.filmfare.com/interviews/remembering-the-late-rajesh-khanna-43872.html |title=Remembering the late Rajesh Khanna |date=28 September 2020 |access-date=22 January 2024 |archive-date=22 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240122214920/https://m.filmfare.com/interviews/remembering-the-late-rajesh-khanna-43872.html |url-status=live}}</ref> His next release was [[Saawan Kumar Tak]]'s romantic drama ''[[Souten]]'' co-starring [[Tina Munim]] and [[Padmini Kolhapure]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/souten |title=Souten (1983) |website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |access-date=18 February 2024 |archive-date=18 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240218170233/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/souten |url-status=live}}</ref> It was the first Hindi film ever to be shot in [[Mauritius]] and had a chartbuster soundtrack composed by [[Usha Khanna]] with songs "Shayad Meri Shaadi Ka Khayal" and "Zindagi Pyaar Ka Geet Hai" topping the musical charts that year.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hindigeetmala.net/geetmala/binaca_geetmala_1983.php |title=Binaca Geetmala Annual List for Year 1983 – Page 1 of 3 |website=HindiGeetMala |access-date=23 March 2024}}</ref> The film went on to become a superhit and also one of the best-selling Hindi film albums of the 1980s.<ref name=RK1983>{{cite web|url=https://www.bobbytalkscinema.com/bobbytalk/adminpanel/imagetemp/Film-Inf-1983-Classification.jpg|title=Film Information Classification 1983|access-date=8 September 2024|archive-date=8 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240908124607/https://www.bobbytalkscinema.com/bobbytalk/adminpanel/imagetemp/Film-Inf-1983-Classification.jpg|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="boi80s"/> Khanna completed his hat-trick with another hit in [[Lekh Tandon]]'s ''[[Agar Tum Na Hote]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/special/revisiting-1983-in-hindi-movies/20211227.htm |title=Revisiting 1983 in Hindi Movies |date=27 December 2021 |access-date=29 February 2024 |archive-date=29 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240229163022/https://m.rediff.com/movies/special/revisiting-1983-in-hindi-movies/20211227.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> With three back-to-back hits in 1983, he proved that audience still adored him.<ref name="m.rediff.com"/> His good run continued in 1984 with a huge hit in [[K. Bapaiah]]'s action comedy film ''[[Maqsad]]'', which also had [[Jeetendra]], [[Jaya Prada]] and [[Sridevi]] in the lead, followed by two more successes in ''[[Naya Kadam]]'' and ''[[Dharm Aur Qanoon]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=3721|date=1 March 2018|title=Sridevi – A Very Rare Female Star}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bobbytalkscinema.com/bobbytalk/adminpanel/imagetemp/Film-Information-1984-Classifica.jpg|title=FI Classification (1984)}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

Khanna followed it up with more hit films to his credit namely ''[[Insaaf Main Karoonga]]'', ''[[Aakhir Kyon?]]'', ''[[Durgaa]]'', ''[[Masterji]]'', ''[[Babu (1985 film)|Babu]]'', ''[[Zamana (1985 film)|Zamana]]'', ''[[Bewafai]]'' in year 1985.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bobbytalkscinema.com/bobbytalk/adminpanel/imagetemp/Trade-Guide-1985-Classification.jpg|title=Trade Guide Classification 1985}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bobbytalkscinema.com/bobbytalk/adminpanel/imagetemp/Film-Inf-Classification-1986.jpg|title=Film Information Classification (1986)}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bobbytalkscinema.com/bobbytalk/adminpanel/imagetemp/TG-Classification-1987.jpg|title=Trade Guide Classification 1987}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> He did face failures with ''Alag Alag'', ''Oonche Log'', ''Awara Baap'', ''Anokha Rishta'' however bounced back with successful films like ''[[Adhikar (1986 film)|Adhikar]]'', ''[[Nazrana (1987 film)|Nazrana]]'', ''[[Nasihat]]'', ''[[Amrit (1986 film)|Amrit]]'', ''[[Shatru (1986 film)|Shatru]]'', ''[[Angaaray (1986 film)|Angaaray]]'', ''[[Awam (film)|Awam]]''. In 1988 he was part of the successful [[Horror (genre)|horror]] film ''[[Woh Phir Aayegi]]'' and had another hit venture with ''[[Ghar Ka Chiraag]]'', ''[[Paap Ka Ant]]'' in the following year.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bobbytalkscinema.com/bobbytalk/adminpanel/imagetemp/FI-1988-Classifications.jpg|title=Film Information Classification (1988)}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Shaikh Ayaz |url=http://www.openthemagazine.com/article/cinema/the-second-life-of-chunky-pandey#page2 |title=The Second Life of Chunky Pandey |publisher=OPEN Magazine |date=4 January 2014 |access-date=11 June 2017}}</ref> In 1990, he starred in [[David Dhawan]]'s drama film ''[[Swarg]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/tracking-indian-communities/tamil-cinemas-bong-connection/ |title=Tamil cinema's bong connection |last=Vamanan |date=23 April 2018 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=28 February 2019 |author-link=Vamanan |archive-date=13 February 2022 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220213/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/tracking-indian-communities/tamil-cinemas-bong-connection/ |url-status=live }}</ref> An adaptation of [[Ashok Kumar]] and [[Sunil Dutt]] starrer ''[[Mehrban]]'' (1967), it went on to become a hit and established Dhawan's career as a director.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/bollywood/david-dhawan-birthday-special-from-judwaa-to-hero-no-1-hit-comedy-movies-of-the-director |title=David Dhawan Birthday Special: From 'Judwaa' to 'Hero No 1', hit comedy movies of the director |date=15 August 2022 |access-date=4 February 2024 |archive-date=4 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240204200321/https://www.freepressjournal.in/bollywood/david-dhawan-birthday-special-from-judwaa-to-hero-no-1-hit-comedy-movies-of-the-director |url-status=live}}</ref> ''Swarg'' also proved to be the last major success of Khanna in the year 1990.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/rajesh-khanna-suffered-confidence-issues-set-swarg-shares-co-star-recalls-starting-get-little-conscious/ |title=Rajesh Khanna suffered confidence issues on set of Swarg, shares co-star; recalls, "He was starting to get a little conscious" |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=12 May 2023 |access-date=16 January 2024 |archive-date=16 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116214720/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/rajesh-khanna-suffered-confidence-issues-set-swarg-shares-co-star-recalls-starting-get-little-conscious/ |url-status=live}}</ref> In 1991, Khanna had three releases – ''[[Begunaah]]'', ''[[Rupaye Dus Karod]]'' and ''[[Ghar Parivar]]'', all of which did well commercially.<ref name="Cariappa"/>

=== Sabbatical, work in television and later career (1992–2012) ===

He quit acting for sometime in 1992, to focus on his political career.<ref name="The Times of India">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Corrupt-politicians-should-be-jailed-says-Rajesh-Khanna/articleshow/11661475.cms |title=Corrupt politicians should be jailed, says Rajesh Khanna |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |agency=[[Press Trust of India|PTI]] |date=28 January 2012 |access-date=23 March 2024}}</ref> From 1992 to 1998, he had only two releases - ''[[Khudai]]'' (1994), which was a film released directly in Zee TV and the much delayed ''[[Sautela Bhai]]'' (1996), which became an average hit in 1996.<ref name="Cariappa"/> In 1999, Khanna appeared in [[Rishi Kapoor]]'s directional debut ''[[Aa Ab Laut Chalen]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/aa-ab-laut-chalen-lets-go-back |title=Aa Ab Laut Chale |publisher=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |access-date=23 March 2024}}</ref> Despite being hugely hyped before its release, the film received negative reviews from critics and ended up as a below average grosser.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/1999/jan/22aa.htm |title=Rediff On The NeT, Movies: The review of Rishi Kapoor's Aa Ab Laut Chalen |website=www.rediff.com|access-date=18 February 2024|archive-date=8 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230708190222/https://www.rediff.com/movies/1999/jan/22aa.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=2460 |title=Aa Ab Laut Chalen |author= |website=[[Box Office India]] |access-date=5 April 2017 |archive-date=1 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801084002/https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=2460 |url-status=live}}</ref> He acted in TV serial Ittefaq for Zee TV which was popular in the year 2001.<ref name="Cariappa"/>

In the 2000s, he tried to make a comeback with films, such as ''[[Pyaar Zindagi Hai]]'' (2001), ''[[Kyaa Dil Ne Kahaa]]'' (2002), ''[[Wafa: A Deadly Love Story]]'' (2008), but none of them were commercially successful.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=2027 |title=Pyaar Zindagi Hai – Movie |publisher=[[Box Office India]] |access-date=23 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=640 |title=Kyaa Dil Ne Kahaa – Movie |publisher=[[Box Office India]] |access-date=23 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=1371 |title=Wafaa – Movie |publisher=[[Box Office India]] |access-date=23 March 2024}}</ref> Khanna's final film appearance was in Ashok Tyagi's much delayed [[action film]] ''[[Riyasat (film)|Riyasat]]'', which released after his death in 2014.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rajesh Khanna's Last Film 'Riyasat' To Release On July 18 |url=http://www.movietalkies.com/news/23382/rajesh-khanna's-last-film-'riyasat'-to-release-on-july-18 |access-date=27 June 2014}}</ref> It was panned by critics across the board and was a box office flop.<ref>{{cite web |title=Review: Riyasat is a pitiful tribute to Rajesh Khanna |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-riyasat-is-a-pitiful-tribute-to-rajesh-khanna/20140718.htm |access-date=20 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=2282 |title=Riyasat – Movie |publisher=[[Box Office India]] |access-date=23 March 2024}}</ref>

Khanna appeared in a rare interview in the show ''[[Aap Ki Adalat]]'' in 1992, where he quoted to the interviewer [[Rajat Sharma]], "I would just ask if I am arrogant, how come all these producers made so many films with me. My fans who turned this actor into a superstar would have never accepted me if I was arrogant. If I was arrogant people would not have made me a Lok Sabha member because if someone is arrogant, that arrogance is visible. And this public knows everything and understand everything".<ref>[https://www.ibtimes.co.in/was-indias-first-superstar-rajesh-khann-arrogant-know-legend-himself-his-birth-anniversary-754939 Was India's first superstar Rajesh Khanna ARROGANT? Know from the legend himself on his birth anniversary] [VIDEO] – IBTimes India]. Amp.ibtimes.co.in (30 December 2017). Retrieved on 8 November 2018. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180227213710/http://amp.ibtimes.co.in/was-indias-first-superstar-rajesh-khann-arrogant-know-legend-himself-his-birth-anniversary-754939 |date=27 February 2018}}</ref>

Khanna was a life member of the International Film And Television Research Centre, the International Film And Television Club and the Asian Academy of Film & Television.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/PhotoDetail.aspx?Page=32&ID=6523#talk |title=Rajesh Khanna's Life in Pics " Rajesh Khanna's New Amar Prem? " NDTV Movies |publisher=Movies.ndtv.com |date=29 December 1942 |access-date=19 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121013309/http://movies.ndtv.com/PhotoDetail.aspx?Page=32&ID=6523#talk |archive-date=21 January 2012}}</ref> He was Faculty Guest of "Specialised Cinema Courses At Asian School Of Media Studies". On 10 April 1999 Khanna inaugurated the live concert of [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], held at [[Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium, Hyderabad|Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium]], [[Hyderabad]] as a tribute to [[R. D. Burman]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.themusicmagazine.com/yehshaam.html |title=India's hit music e-zine |magazine=The Music Magazine |date=10 April 1999 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928073708/http://www.themusicmagazine.com/yehshaam.html |archive-date=28 September 2011 |access-date=28 November 2011}}</ref> In 2001 and 2002, Khanna played the lead in two television serials: ''Aapne Parai'' (B4U and DD Metro) and ''Ittefaq'' (Zee TV).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/interviews/y2k3/actor/divyadutta.htm |title=Indian television dot com's Interview with TV Actor : Interview with actor Divya Dutta |publisher=Indiantelevision.com |date=10 May 2003 |access-date=21 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110622071404/http://www.indiantelevision.com/interviews/y2k3/actor/divyadutta.htm |archive-date=22 June 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> He performed in a video album based on Tagore's songs (Rabindra Sangeet) without payment.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/PhotoDetail.aspx?Page=23&ID=6523#talk |title=Rajesh Khanna's Life in Pics " Rajesh Khanna's New Amar Prem? |publisher=NDTV Movies |date=29 December 1942 |access-date=19 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121013305/http://movies.ndtv.com/PhotoDetail.aspx?Page=23&ID=6523#talk |archive-date=21 January 2012}}</ref> He also endorsed ''Star se Superstar tak'' – a talent hunt programme in 2007 and donated a Gold Trophy of Rs.1 crore. In its Silver Jubilee Episode on 14–15 March 2008, ''K for Kishore'' aired a Rajesh Khanna special. He signed on to star in a TV serial with Creative Eye Banner, (Dhiraj Kumar) in 2007, and in 2008 performed in a TV serial, ''Bhabhima'', with Leena Ganguly as his co-star. His successful TV serial ''[[Raghukul Reet Sada Chali Aayi]]'' began in November 2008 and ended in September 2009.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rajesh Khanna signs 8 films |url=http://movies.indiatimes.com/articleshow/2682478.cms |date=8 January 2008 |work=The Times of India |location=India |access-date=7 August 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100117191810/http://movies.indiatimes.com/articleshow/2682478.cms |archive-date=17 January 2010}}</ref> Khanna cited the lack of good roles for actors like him in films as the reason for him not appearing much in films after 2001. He said in an interview on being queried about his decision to do TV serials: "The reach of TV is much more than cinema today and one episode of my serial is likely to be watched by more people than a super-hit film".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/780005.stm |title=SOUTH ASIA {{!}} Bollywood stars turn to TV |work=BBC News |date=6 June 2000 |access-date=21 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130621165419/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/780005.stm |archive-date=21 June 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> In May 2012, [[Havells]], the fan making company endorsed Khanna as Brand Ambassador for their new ad campaign featuring him in solo advertisements.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Havells fans ropes in Bollywood's first superstar Rajesh Khanna for latest advertisement |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/services/advertising/havells-fans-ropes-in-bollywoods-first-superstar-rajesh-khanna-for-latest-advertisement/articleshow/12956307.cms |date=2 May 2012 |work=The Economic Times |location=India |access-date=2 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180714165903/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/services/advertising/havells-fans-ropes-in-bollywoods-first-superstar-rajesh-khanna-for-latest-advertisement/articleshow/12956307.cms |archive-date=14 July 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Inspirations and influence ===
Khanna considered [[Guru Dutt]], [[Meena Kumari]] and [[Geeta Bali]] to be his idols. Khanna said in an interview: "My inspirations include [[Dilip Kumar]]'s dedication and intensity, [[Raj Kapoor]]'s spontaneity, [[Dev Anand]]'s style and [[Shammi Kapoor]]'s rhythm."<ref name="My First Break – Rajesh Khanna" /> In an interview given to ''[[The Hindu]]'' in 2011, Khanna specially mentioned Mahanayak [[Uttam Kumar]], the greatest actor of Bengali cinema, as his idol. In that interview, Khanna also claimed that [[Uttam Kumar]] was the greatest living actor of his time.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 May 2011 |title=My First Break – Rajesh Khanna |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/my-first-break-rajesh-khanna/article2032058.ece |access-date=24 April 2023 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=24 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424202312/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/my-first-break-rajesh-khanna/article2032058.ece |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Political and business career ==

At the insistence of [[Rajiv Gandhi]], Khanna started campaigning for [[Indian National Congress]] after 1984.<ref name="intoday">{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/photo/life-and-times-of-bollywood-superstar-rajesh-khanna-367917-2012-07-19 |title=Rajesh Khanna: The box office badshah |work=India Today |date=19 July 2012 |access-date=27 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140420014640/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/gallery/life-and-times-of-bollywood-superstar-rajesh-khanna/1/7433.html#photo6 |archive-date=20 April 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> In the election for New Delhi seat in the 1991 Lok Sabha election, Khanna lost to [[L. K. Advani|L.K. Advani]] by a narrow margin of 1589 votes, after which Khanna stood on the grounds at the counting station insisting that he had been cheated of a win.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/How-Rajesh-Khanna-almost-ended-Advanis-career-in-1991/articleshow/15036026.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411043815/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-19/india/32746349_1_l-k-advani-bjp-veteran-rajesh-khanna |url-status=live |archive-date=11 April 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=How Rajesh Khanna almost ended Advani's career in 1991}}</ref> In 1992, a [[1992 New Delhi by-election|by-election]] was called after the resignation of the incumbent Member of Parliament [[L.K. Advani]]. Khanna contested the seat again, won the by-election by defeating [[Shatrughan Sinha]] by 25,000 votes.<ref name="dnaindia">{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/comment_jatin-the-sole-custodian-of-his-own-avatar-rajesh-khanna_1716769 |title=Jatin: The sole custodian of his own avatar Rajesh Khanna |work=Daily News and Analysis |access-date=27 May 2014 |date=18 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722012500/http://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/comment_jatin-the-sole-custodian-of-his-own-avatar-rajesh-khanna_1716769 |archive-date=22 July 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> Khanna was a member of Parliament for the [[Indian National Congress]], from the [[New Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|New Delhi]] constituency, where he won the 1992 by-election, retaining his seat until 1996 after which he was not interested in active politics. When Khanna was MP, he did not accept new acting assignments, but only acted in the film ''Khudai'' (1994).<ref name="The Times of India"/> After leaving parliament, he was a political activist for the INC and campaigned for the party till the [[2012 elections in India|2012 Punjab election]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_bollywood-actor-rajesh-khanna-in-amritsar-for-congress-campaign_1642844 |title=Bollywood actor Rajesh Khanna in Amritsar for Congress campaign – India – DNA |work=Daily News and Analysis |date=28 January 2012 |access-date=18 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320032621/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_bollywood-actor-rajesh-khanna-in-amritsar-for-congress-campaign_1642844 |archive-date=20 March 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Khanna and a group of foreign investors bought land in [[Shirdi]], on which he built a religious resort for disciples of [[Sai Baba of Shirdi|Sai Baba]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2009/oct/261009-rajesh-khanna-shirdi-resort.htm |title=Rajesh Khanna is planning a multi-crore resort in Shirdi |publisher=Mid-Day |date=26 October 2009 |access-date=28 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120109052335/http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2009/oct/261009-rajesh-khanna-shirdi-resort.htm |archive-date=9 January 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
In the late 1960s and early 1970s, Khanna fell in love with the then fashion designer and actress [[Anju Mahendru]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/dec/28sli1.htm |title=Rajesh Khanna, the phenomenon |work=Rediff.com |date=December 2007 |access-date=28 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120721001519/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/dec/28sli1.htm |archive-date=21 July 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> They were in a relationship for seven years before breaking up. Mahendru states that the couple did not speak to each other for 17 years after the break-up.<ref name="screenindia">{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/section/entertainment/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100304135336/http://www.screenindia.com/old/fullstory.php?content_id=7148 |url-status=dead |title=Entertainment News: Latest Hollywood & Bollywood News, Movies Releases & Reviews |archive-date=4 March 2010 |website=The Indian Express |access-date=27 November 2019}}</ref>

Later Khanna – 30 at that time – married the budding actress [[Dimple Kapadia]] who was then 16 years old, in March 1973, before Kapadia's debut film ''[[Bobby (1973 film)|Bobby]]'' released in September that year.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/%0Amovies/2002/sep/13dinesh.htm |title=The different avatars of Rajesh Khanna |work=Rediff.com |access-date=28 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120723033617/http://www.rediff.com/%0Amovies/2002/sep/13dinesh.htm |archive-date=23 July 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> Khanna and Kapadia have two daughters from the marriage; [[Twinkle Khanna|Twinkle]] and [[Rinke Khanna|Rinke]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/sep/08dimple.htm |title=Dimple: A Most Unusual Woman |work=Rediff.com |access-date=18 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111107025751/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/sep/08dimple.htm |archive-date=7 November 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> The couple separated in 1982, but never divorced. Their relationship later became more amicable and they both were seen together at functions. Kapadia also campaigned for Khanna's election and worked in his film ''Jai Shiv Shankar'' (1990), although the film never got released.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://m.timesofindia.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Rajesh-Dimple-Complicated/articleshow/6541166.cms |first1=Seema |last1=Sinha |title=Rajesh-Dimple: Complicated! |date=13 September 2010 |access-date=29 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131013170708/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-09-13/news-interviews/28233934_1_randhir-kapoor-divorce-raj-kapoor |archive-date=13 October 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=live}}</ref>

In the 1980s, [[Tina Munim]] fell in love with Khanna. She had been a fan of Khanna since her school days.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/End-of-an-era-Rajesh-Khanna-1942-2012/articleshow/15030770.cms |title=End of an era: Rajesh Khanna 1942–2012 |access-date=5 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203040051/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-19/news-interviews/32731358_1_rajesh-khanna-kakaji-tina-munim |archive-date=3 December 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=live}}</ref> They appeared in ten films together between 1981 and 1986. According to website ''Bollywood Mantra'', Khanna refused the marriage proposal of Tina, as he was sure that Dimple would come back in his life and he did not want to marry her as their marriage would have a bad impact on his daughters.<ref name="Cariappa"/>

Rajesh Khanna was in a long-term, live-in relationship with former actress Anita Advani during his later years, residing with her at his bungalow, 'Aashirwad'. Advani claimed she was his "surrogate wife" and lived with him for over a decade until his death in 2012, even as he remained legally married to Dimple Kapadia.

Khanna's elder daughter Twinkle Khanna, an interior decorator and a former film actress, is married to actor [[Akshay Kumar]], while his younger daughter Rinke Khanna, also a former Hindi film actress,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20081022114050/http://www.screenindia.com/old/20020426/fcover.html Hits and misses]. screenindia.com</ref> is married to London-based investment banker Samir Saran.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/mar/27sld2.htm |title=rediff.com, Movies: Jhankaar Beats: R D Burman comes alive... again! |work=Rediff.com |date=8 February 2003 |access-date=28 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024164020/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/mar/27sld2.htm |archive-date=24 October 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Woman-claims-she-was-Rajesh-Khannas-live-in-partner-wants-house-and-compensation/articleshow/15063613.cms Woman claims she was Rajesh Khanna's live-in partner, wants house and compensation] . Articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com (21 July 2012).</ref><ref>[http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/celebrity/rajesh-khannas-ladylove-anita-advani-demands-kakas-property_115625.html/ Rajesh Khanna's 'ladylove' Anita Advani demands Kaka's property] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120724035510/http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/celebrity/rajesh-khannas-ladylove-anita-advani-demands-kakas-property_115625.html |date=24 July 2012 }}. Zeenews.india.com.</ref><ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Anita-Advani-not-Rajesh-Khanna-s-lover-Family/articleshow/15411349.cms Anita Advani not Rajesh Khanna 's lover: Family] . Articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com (9 August 2012).</ref><ref>[http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/celebrity/anita-advani-and-rajesh-khanna-werent-lovers_116890.htm Anita Advani and Rajesh Khanna weren't lovers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120811235610/http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/celebrity/anita-advani-and-rajesh-khanna-werent-lovers_116890.htm |date=11 August 2012 }}. Zeenews.india.com.</ref>

== Artistry, image and legacy ==

Khanna is regarded as one of the greatest actors of Indian cinema.<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=Iconic heroes of Bollywood |magazine=[[India Today]] |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/cinema/100-years-of-indian-cinema/photo/iconic-heroes-of-bollywood-367542-2012-05-01/14 |url-status=live |access-date=24 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128234730/https://www.indiatoday.in/cinema/100-years-of-indian-cinema/photo/iconic-heroes-of-bollywood-367542-2012-05-01/14 |archive-date=28 November 2020}}</ref> Khanna is noted for his acting, style, musicals and dance. One of the most successful and highest-paid actors of 1970s and 1980s, Khanna appeared in ''[[Box Office India]]''{{'}}s "Top Actors" list six times from 1969 to 1974. He topped the list three times (1969–1971).<ref>{{cite web |title=Top Actors |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/cpages.php?pageName=top_actors |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080219165002/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/cpages.php?pageName=top_actors |archive-date=19 February 2008 |access-date=24 April 2020 |website=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref> In 2022, he was placed in ''[[Outlook India]]''{{'}}s "75 Best Bollywood Actors" list.<ref>{{Cite web |title=75 Bollywood Actors Who Conquered Hearts Of The Millions |work=Outlook India |date=12 August 2022 |access-date=16 August 2022 |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/75-actors-who-conquered-hearts-of-the-millions-since-1947-news-215861/amp |archive-date=16 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816142138/https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/75-actors-who-conquered-hearts-of-the-millions-since-1947-news-215861/amp |url-status=live}}</ref> Khanna was placed ninth among the "Greatest Bollywood Stars" in a UK poll celebrating 100 years of Indian cinema in 2013.<ref>{{cite news |title=Amitabh Bachchan crowned greatest Bollywood star |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Amitabh-Bachchan-crowned-greatest-Bollywood-star/articleshow/21372421.cms |access-date=14 January 2020 |work=The Times of India |date=27 July 2013 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190907061309/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Amitabh-Bachchan-crowned-greatest-Bollywood-star/articleshow/21372421.cms |archive-date=7 September 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> Khanna has the record for the most films as the solo lead hero in Hindi films – 106.<ref>{{cite news |agency=Press Trust of India |title=Amitabh Bachchan crowned greatest Bollywood star in UK poll |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/amitabh-bachchan-crowned-greatest-bollywood-star-in-uk-poll-171783-2013-07-27 |access-date=14 January 2020 |work=[[India Today]] |date=27 July 2013 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190818133557/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/amitabh-bachchan-crowned-greatest-bollywood-star-in-uk-poll-171783-2013-07-27 |archive-date=18 August 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Rediff.com]]'' placed him 8th in its "Top 10 Bollywood Actors of All Time" list.<ref>{{cite web |title=Readers' Pick: Top 10 Bollywood Actors of ALL TIME! |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/report/slide-show-1-readers-pick-the-top-ten/20130502.htm |access-date=24 December 2021 |magazine=India Today |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190818133557/https://m.rediff.com/movies/report/slide-show-1-readers-pick-the-top-ten/20130502.htm |archive-date=18 August 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> Khanna was named as one of "the men who changed the face of the Indian Cinema" by ''[[CNN-News18]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=100 Years of Cinema: The men who changed the face of Indian films |url=https://www.news18.com/photogallery/movies/100-years-of-cinema-the-men-who-changed-the-face-of-indian-films-894555.html |access-date=8 January 2023 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=8 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230108064500/https://www.news18.com/photogallery/movies/100-years-of-cinema-the-men-who-changed-the-face-of-indian-films-894555.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1973, ''[[BBC]]'' made a documentary on him, named ''Bombay Superstar'' as a part of the series, ''[[Man Alive (British TV series)|Man Alive]]''.<ref name="Achievements">Raghavendra, Nandini (19 July 2012) [https://web.archive.org/web/20160318055130/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-07-19/news/32747291_1_rajesh-khanna-ads-emami Rajesh Khanna defined superstardom, yet 'Brand Kaka' was hardly leveraged]. ''The Economic Times''</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://wn.com/The_story_of_India__amazing_BBC_documentary_series_part_1_of_7 |title=The Story Of India Amazing Bbc Documentary Series Part 1 Of 7 |publisher=Wn.com |access-date=21 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110415123008/http://wn.com/The_story_of_India__amazing_BBC_documentary_series_part_1_of_7 |archive-date=15 April 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> A textbook prescribed by the [[Mumbai University]] contained an essay, "The Charisma of Rajesh Khanna!"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/hindi/article/38328.html |title=First Superstar honoured – Bollywood Movie News |website=IndiaGlitz |access-date=28 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613151511/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/hindi/article/38328.html |archive-date=13 June 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Khanna acted alongside [[Mumtaz (Indian actress)|Mumtaz]] in ten films. She stated "I would pull his leg and tease him about his fan following. Whenever Rajesh entered a hotel in [[Madras]], there was a queue of 600 girls waiting to see him at midnight. As a result, even I would get some importance, as people would ask for my autograph as well. He was very generous with his associates."<ref name="indiajournal">{{cite web |url=http://www.indiajournal.com/archives/26223 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130915123036/http://www.indiajournal.com/archives/26223 |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 September 2013 |title=Rajesh Khanna: The Enigma |publisher=indiajournal.com |access-date=15 September 2013}}</ref> During the peak of his career, he would be mobbed during public appearances. Fans kissed his car, which would be covered with lipstick marks, and lined the road, cheering and chanting his name. Female fans sent him letters written in their blood.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ztpkAAAAMAAJ&q=letters+in+blood |title=Icons from Bollywood |access-date=28 November 2011 |last1=Chaudhuri |first1=Shantanu Ray |last2=Nayak |first2=Prashanto Kumar |date=1 February 2005 |publisher=Puffin Books |isbn=978-0-14-333491-0 |archive-date=7 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240307025933/https://books.google.com/books?id=ztpkAAAAMAAJ&q=letters+in+blood |url-status=live}}</ref> Actor [[Mehmood Ali|Mehmood]] parodied him in ''[[Bombay to Goa (1972 film)|Bombay to Goa]]'' where the driver and conductor of the bus were called 'Rajesh' and 'Khanna' respectively. A scene of ''Amar Prem'', to be shot at [[Howrah Bridge]], was cancelled due to his popularity.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://h2g2.com/edited_entry/A58369567 |title=h2g2 – Bollywood Cinema 1960–69 |date=30 November 2009 |publisher=BBC |access-date=21 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100104133648/http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A58369567 |archive-date=4 January 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref> Film critic Monojit Lahiri said: "Girls married themselves to photographs of Khanna, cutting their fingers and applying the blood as sindoor. He was God, there has never been such hysteria."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.zoomtv.in/stories/Era-of-superstars-is-over/5999 |title=Era of superstars is over! |publisher=[[Zoom (Indian TV channel)|Zoom TV]] |date=29 September 2009 |access-date=28 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003235845/http://www.zoomtv.in/stories/Era-of-superstars-is-over/5999 |archive-date=3 October 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Several songs sung by [[Kishore Kumar]] in the 1970s were based on Khanna. In the 1970s, his chemistry with [[Sharmila Tagore]], Mumtaz, [[Asha Parekh]], [[Zeenat Aman]], [[Tanuja]] and [[Hema Malini]] were popular with the audience.<ref>{{cite news |first=Purva |last=Desai |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Rajesh-Khannas-top-five-jodis/articleshow/14317822.cms |title=Rajesh Khanna's top five jodis |date=21 June 2012 |access-date=18 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120923193610/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-21/news-interviews/32353350_1_rajesh-khanna-asha-parekh-amar-prem |archive-date=23 September 2012 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Sharmila Tagore]], with whom he made the best onscreen pairing, said in an interview to ''[[The Indian Express]]'' that "women came out in droves to see ''Kaka''. They would stand in queues outside the studios to catch a glimpse. He needed police protection when he was in public. I have never seen anything like this before or since."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/On-a-Song/776521/ |title=On a Song |website=The Indian Express |date=27 July 2010 |location=India |access-date=19 September 2011 |archive-date=11 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011190217/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/On-a-Song/776521 |url-status=live}}</ref> Music remained one of the biggest attractions of his career. Khanna used to personally sit in music sessions with music directors and used to be personally present for recording of songs picturised on him.<ref>[http://www.newsx.com/entertainment/remembering-rajesh-khanna-first-superstar-hindi-cinema-birthday Remembering Rajesh Khanna the first Superstar of Hindi Cinema on his birthday] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229172714/http://www.newsx.com/entertainment/remembering-rajesh-khanna-first-superstar-hindi-cinema-birthday |date=29 December 2017 }}. NewsX. Retrieved 8 November 2018.</ref> Khanna's on-screen pairings with [[Shabana Azmi]], [[Smita Patil]], [[Tina Munim]], [[Padmini Kolhapure]] and [[Poonam Dhillon]] was also popular in the 80s.
<ref>'{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/dec/28sli4.htm |title=Rajesh Khanna, the phenomenon |work=Rediff.com |access-date=28 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110410192734/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/dec/28sli4.htm |archive-date=10 April 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Agnihotri1992">{{Cite book |last=Agnihotri |first=Ram Awatar |title=Artistes and their films of modern Hindi cinema: cultural and sociopolitical impact on society, 1931–1991 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jv5kAAAAMAAJ |access-date=6 July 2010 |year=1992 |publisher=Commonwealth Publishers |isbn=978-81-7169-183-8 |page=92 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131115134247/http://books.google.com/books?id=jv5kAAAAMAAJ |archive-date=15 November 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> The trio of Rajesh Khanna, [[Kishore Kumar]] and R.D. Burman went on to make a number of popular films, including ''[[Kati Patang]]'', ''[[Amar Prem]]'', ''[[Shehzada]]'', ''[[Apna Desh]]'', ''[[Mere Jeevan Saathi (1972 film)|Mere Jeevan Saathi]]'', {{Lang|hi-latn|[[Namak Haraam]]}}, ''[[Aap Ki Kasam]]'', {{Lang|hi-latn|[[Ajnabee (1974 film)|Ajnabee]]}}, {{Lang|hi-latn|[[Maha Chor]]}}, ''[[Karm]]'', ''[[Phir Wohi Raat]]'', ''[[Aanchal (1980 film)|Aanchal]]'', ''[[Kudrat]]'', ''[[Ashanti (1982 film)|Ashanti]]'', ''[[Agar Tum Na Hote]]'', ''[[Awaaz]]'', ''[[Hum Dono (1985 film)|Hum Dono]]'' and ''[[Alag Alag]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Sound of RD's Music |first=Raju |last=Bharatan |url=http://www.panchamonline.com/articles/tribute.htm |year=1994 |publisher=panchamonline, (original The Times of India, 1994) |access-date=9 May 2013 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924063708/http://www.panchamonline.com/articles/tribute.htm |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="thehindu.2013.05.09">{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/mere-jeevan-saathi-1972/article4699277.ece |title=Mere Jeevan Saathi (1972) |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url-access=subscription |date=9 May 2013 |last1=Lokapally |first1=Vijay |access-date=16 January 2024 |archive-date=5 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005155919/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/mere-jeevan-saathi-1972/article4699277.ece |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://entertainment.in.msn.com/gallery.aspx?cp-documentid=4155691&page=7 |title=Rajesh Khanna – Adieu, Rajesh Khanna… |publisher=MSN |access-date=18 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507032550/http://entertainment.in.msn.com/gallery.aspx?cp-documentid=4155691&page=7 |archive-date=7 May 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.screenindia.com/news/chandru-sadarangani-case-baffles-marathi-filmmakers/294700/ |title=Chandru Sadarangani case baffles Marathi filmmakers |publisher=[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]] |date=11 April 2008 |access-date=21 September 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090505133024/http://www.screenindia.com/news/chandru-sadarangani-case-baffles-marathi-filmmakers/294700/ |archive-date=5 May 2009}}</ref>

[[Kamal Haasan]] was a close friend of Khanna. Kamal in an interview, narrated his experience of Khanna's stardom, in an incident in 1985 – "He probably hadn't been to a public theatre since he became a star. When we reached, things were okay. He enjoyed the film (''[[The Swarm (1978 film)|The Swarm]]'') and refused to leave until the end titles. That's when I panicked. This was Rajesh Khanna, the star of the millennium. All hell broke loose as audiences realised he was there, his shirt was torn, but he was enjoying himself thoroughly. He giggled and chuckled like a child."<ref>Jha, Subhash K. (29 December 2016)
Entertainment4 min read [https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/kamal-haasan-shares-memories-from-the-time-when-he-and-rajesh-khanna-were-close-friends Untold Stories: Kamal Haasan Shared A Deep Bond With Rajesh Khanna] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181108105122/https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/kamal-haasan-shares-memories-from-the-time-when-he-and-rajesh-khanna-were-close-friends |date=8 November 2018 }}. thequint.com</ref> [[Shah Rukh Khan]] idolised Khanna and has opined; "Rajesh Khanna, you can't touch".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?235838 |title=Films Are For Entertainment, Messages Are for the Post Office |publisher=outlookindia.com |access-date=19 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120211052508/http://outlookindia.com/article.aspx?235838 |archive-date=11 February 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Anupam Kher]] said "Kishore Kumar, [[Sanjeev Kumar]], S. D. Burman, R. D. Burman, Rajesh Khanna and Smita Patil changed the face of Indian cinema. They're remembered by the films that they did."<ref name="bhaskar">{{cite web |url=http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/ENT----i-miss-yash-chopra-everyday----anupam-kher-4204444-NOR.html |title=I miss Yash Chopra everyday: Anupam Kher |publisher=daily.bhaskar.com |access-date=27 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222002028/http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/ENT----i-miss-yash-chopra-everyday----anupam-kher-4204444-NOR.html |archive-date=22 February 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Actor [[Tom Alter]] confessed "I still dream of being Rajesh Khanna. For me, in the early 1970s, he was the only hero – romantic to the core, not larger than life, so Indian and real – he was my hero; the reason I came into films and he still is."<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/mag/2009/07/12/stories/2009071250040200.htm |location=Chennai, India |title=I still dream of being Rajesh Khanna |date=12 July 2009 |access-date=27 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090717101015/http://www.hindu.com/mag/2009/07/12/stories/2009071250040200.htm |archive-date=17 July 2009 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url-status=dead}}</ref> Actor [[Irrfan Khan]] stated in an interview, "The kind of craze witnessed by Rajesh Khanna has not been duplicated by anyone. He was the biggest and the most real star Bollywood has produced. I'd say stardom is that feeling of being possessed by your idol; you are so overwhelmed with euphoria you lose touch with reality."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?237473 |title=Hall Of Mirrors |publisher=outlookindia.com |date=19 May 2008 |access-date=19 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110127132859/http://outlookindia.com/article.aspx?237473 |archive-date=27 January 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> The trend of wearing guru kurtas and belts on shirts became famous because of Khanna.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/photogallery/3005-11.html?from=movies |title=Namak Haraam : Birthday Bumps : Rajesh Khanna |publisher=Ibnlive.in.com |date=10 May 2011 |access-date=19 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014023648/http://ibnlive.in.com/photogallery/3005-11.html?from=movies |archive-date=14 October 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Actor [[Salman Khan]] has stated: "I, Shahrukh or [[Aamir Khan|Aamir]] have not even achieved 10% of what Khanna had in acting or his stardom."<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/weve-not-achieved-even-10-per-cent-of-rajesh-khannas/articleshow/58985556.cms Salman Khan: We've not achieved even 10 per cent of Rajesh Khanna's stardom | Hindi Movie News – ''The Times of India''] . M.timesofindia.com (4 June 2017). Retrieved 8 November 2018.</ref>

== Filmography ==
{{Main|Rajesh Khanna filmography}}

== Illness and death ==
[[File:Rajesh Khanna's funeral 14.jpg|thumb|Khanna's funeral procession in [[Mumbai]] on 19 July 2012]]
{{Commons category|Rajesh Khanna's funeral}}
In May 2012, former Congress MP, Rajesh Khanna, though weak with illness since April, shot for a commercial, for [[Havells]] ceiling fans, by film director [[R. Balki]].<ref>[https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/a-frail-rajesh-khanna-shoots-for-a-commercial-ad-4100.html A frail Rajesh Khanna shoots for a commercial ad]</ref> In June 2012, it was reported that Khanna's health had been deteriorating for some time.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Rajesh-Khanna-unwell-stops-food-intake/articleshow/14314990.cms |title=Rajesh Khanna unwell, stops food intake |date=21 June 2012 |work=The Times of India |access-date=21 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120621121753/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Rajesh-Khanna-unwell-stops-food-intake/articleshow/14314990.cms |archive-date=21 June 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-20/news-interviews/32335115_1_rajesh-khanna-rinke-khanna-dimple-kapadia |title=Estranged kin rally around ailing Rajesh Khanna |date=20 June 2012 |access-date=29 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131011055143/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-20/news-interviews/32335115_1_rajesh-khanna-rinke-khanna-dimple-kapadia |archive-date=11 October 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=dead}}</ref> On 23 June he was admitted to [[Lilavati Hospital]] in [[Mumbai]] due to health complications. He was discharged on 8 July from the hospital and was reportedly fine.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/rajesh-khanna-discharged-from-hospital/971783/ |title=Rajesh Khanna discharged from hospital |work=The Indian Express |date=8 July 2012 |access-date=8 July 2012 |archive-date=11 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011190255/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/rajesh-khanna-discharged-from-hospital/971783 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/stable-rajesh-khanna-undergoes-tests-at-hospital/968686/0 |title='Stable' Rajesh Khanna undergoes tests at hospital |date=30 June 2012 |access-date=30 June 2012 |archive-date=11 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011190254/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/stable-rajesh-khanna-undergoes-tests-at-hospital/968686/0 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Rajesh-Khanna-doing-fine-to-be-discharged-soon/articleshow/14406229.cms |title=Rajesh Khanna doing fine, to be discharged soon |date=26 June 2012 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Rajesh-Khanna-waves-at-fans-dispels-talks-of-ill-health/articleshow/14326971.cms |title=Rajesh Khanna waves at fans, dispels talks of ill health |date=22 June 2012 |access-date=29 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527144846/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-22/news-interviews/32367685_1_rajesh-khanna-superstar-days-rumours |archive-date=27 May 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=live}}</ref>

On 14 July, Khanna was readmitted to the [[Lilavati Hospital and Research Centre|Lilavati Hospital]], but was discharged on 16 July.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Superstar Rajesh Khanna passes away |url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/celebrity/superstar-rajesh-khanna-passes-away_115495.htm |access-date=18 July 2012 |newspaper=Zee News |date=18 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120721070447/http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/celebrity/superstar-rajesh-khanna-passes-away_115495.htm |archive-date=21 July 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Rajesh-Khanna-admitted-to-hospital-again/articleshow/14910385.cms |title=Rajesh Khanna admitted to hospital again. |date=14 July 2012 |access-date=29 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717021057/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-14/mumbai/32674394_1_exhaustion-and-weakness-rajesh-khanna-lilavati-hospital |archive-date=17 July 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=live}}</ref> He died on 18 July 2012, at his bungalow, Aashirwad, in Mumbai. Sources confirmed that his health had been deteriorating since July 2011 as he was diagnosed with cancer.<ref>[http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/celebrity/rajesh-khanna-was-suffering-from-cancer-for-the-past-one-year_115624.htm Rajesh Khanna was suffering from cancer for the past year] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120723000345/http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/celebrity/rajesh-khanna-was-suffering-from-cancer-for-the-past-one-year_115624.htm |date=23 July 2012 }}. Zeenews.india.com.</ref><ref>[https://www.filmibeat.com/bollywood/news/2012/rajesh-khanna-last-wish-097591.html Rajesh Khanna's last wish!! | News – Oneindia Entertainment] . Entertainment.oneindia.in (20 July 2012).</ref> After his death his co-star [[Mumtaz (Indian actress)|Mumtaz]] said that he was suffering from cancer for the duration of the prior year and had undergone chemotherapy sessions.<ref>[http://www.indianexpress.com/news/rajesh-khanna-was-very-close-to-me-mumtaz/976166/ Rajesh Khanna was very close to me: Mumtaz] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011190306/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/rajesh-khanna-was-very-close-to-me-mumtaz/976166 |date=11 October 2020 }}. Indian Express (18 July 2012).</ref> His funeral took place on 19 July at 11:00.<ref name="ht" /> His funeral ceremony was attended by 9 lakh (900,000) people and his fans came from places like [[Surat]], [[Ahmedabad]], [[Vadodara]], [[Pune]], [[Bangalore]] and other countries.<ref>[http://www.filmfare.com/features/rajesh-khannas-rooh-is-still-in-aashirwad-9782.html Rajesh Khanna's rooh is still in Aashirwad] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721052707/http://www.filmfare.com/features/rajesh-khannas-rooh-is-still-in-aashirwad-9782.html |date=21 July 2015 }}. filmfare.com. Retrieved 8 November 2018.</ref><ref name="rediff">{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-fans-bid-goodbye-to-rajesh-khanna/20120719.htm |title=PIX: Fans bid goodbye to Rajesh Khanna |work=Rediff.com |access-date=27 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221162946/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-fans-bid-goodbye-to-rajesh-khanna/20120719.htm |archive-date=21 February 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> Police had to resort to a [[lathi (stick)|lathi]]-charge to control the crowd of fans who had gathered for the procession from his Bandra house to the crematorium.<ref name="in2">{{cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/lathicharge-at-actor-rajesh-khannas-funeral/272205-8-66.html |title=Lathicharge at actor Rajesh Khanna's funeral – IBNLive |publisher=ibnlive.in.com |access-date=27 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222200645/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/lathicharge-at-actor-rajesh-khannas-funeral/272205-8-66.html |archive-date=22 February 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> He died in the presence of his wife Dimple Kapadia, daughters Rinke Khanna and Twinkle Khanna, son-in-law Akshay Kumar, grandchildren, Anju Mahendru and other close relatives.<ref name="india1">{{cite web |url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/celebrity/rajesh-khanna-indias-first-superstar-no-more_115495.htm |title=Rajesh Khanna, India's first superstar, no more |website=Zeenews.india.com |access-date=21 July 2012 |date=18 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120721070432/http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/celebrity/rajesh-khanna-indias-first-superstar-no-more_115495.htm |archive-date=21 July 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiavision.com/news/article/topnews/325929/rajesh-khanna-died-because-of-liver-infection/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126213657/http://www.indiavision.com/news/article/topnews/325929/rajesh-khanna-died-because-of-liver-infection/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 January 2013 |title=Rajesh Khanna died because of liver infection |date=19 July 2012 |publisher=Indiavision news}}</ref> His pyre was lit by his grandson, Aarav, with the assistance of Akshay Kumar.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Grandson-Aarav-lights-Rajesh-Khannas-pyre/articleshow/15040978.cms |title=Grandson Aarav lights Rajesh Khanna's pyre |date=19 July 2012 |work=The Times of India |access-date=19 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120720162046/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Grandson-Aarav-lights-Rajesh-Khannas-pyre/articleshow/15040978.cms |archive-date=20 July 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiavision.com/news/article/entertainment/325902/grandson-aarav-lights-rajesh-khannas-pyre/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126044135/http://www.indiavision.com/news/article/entertainment/325902/grandson-aarav-lights-rajesh-khannas-pyre/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 January 2013 |title=Grandson Aarav lights Rajesh Khanna's pyre |date=19 July 2012 |publisher=Indiavision news}}</ref>

[[Amitabh Bachchan]] cited that Rajesh Khanna's last words were "Time is up, Pack up".<ref>[http://ibnlive.in.com/generalnewsfeed/news/rajesh-khanna-signed-off-with-time-is-up/1024638.html Rajesh Khanna signed off with 'Time is up', IBN Live News] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722052219/http://ibnlive.in.com/generalnewsfeed/news/rajesh-khanna-signed-off-with-time-is-up/1024638.html |date=22 July 2012 }}. CNN-IBN (19 July 2012).</ref><ref>[http://ibnlive.in.com/news/rajesh-khannas-last-words-were-pack-up/272201-8-66.html Rajesh Khanna's last words: 'Time up ho gaya, pack up' – Movies News – Bollywood – ibnlive] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722000109/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/rajesh-khannas-last-words-were-pack-up/272201-8-66.html |date=22 July 2012 }}. CNN-IBN (19 July 2012).</ref> In a pre-recorded message to his family, friends and fans that was played on his "chautha", he thanked and saluted his friends and fans for the love they showered on him and also shared how he became a successful actor without having any godfather behind him.<ref>[https://m.livehindustan.com/entertainment/story-rajesh-khanna-death-anniversary-last-message-before-death-2075821.html rajesh khanna death anniversary last message before death – पुण्यतिथि: मरने से पहले ये था राजेश खन्ना का आखिरी मैसेज, यूं मिला था फिल्मों में मौका, Entertainment Hindi News – Hindustan]. M.livehindustan.com (18 July 2018). Retrieved 8 November 2018.</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Rajesh-Khanna-thanks-salutes-fans-in-recorded-message/Article1-895273.aspx |title=Rajesh Khanna thanks, salutes fans in recorded message |date=25 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120726074221/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Rajesh-Khanna-thanks-salutes-fans-in-recorded-message/Article1-895273.aspx |archive-date=26 July 2012}}</ref> On 25 July 2012, his ashes were immersed in the [[Ganges]] at [[Rishikesh]], [[Uttarakhand]] by his wife Dimple Kapadia and daughter Rinke Khanna.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/rajesh-khannas-ashes-immersed-in-ganges/979319/ |title=Rajesh Khanna's ashes immersed in Ganges |date=25 July 2012}}</ref>

== Honors and tributes ==
The [[President of India]], [[Pratibha Patil]], lamented the passing away of the actor. In a press release she said "I am saddened to learn about the passing away of Rajesh Khanna. In his prime as an actor he was the heartthrob of the young generation of 1970s, who tried to model themselves on him and his style."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://presidentofindia.nic.in/pr180712.html |title=President Of India Condoles Passing Away Of Rajesh Khanna |date=18 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722091548/http://www.presidentofindia.nic.in/pr180712.html |archive-date=22 July 2012}}</ref> Prime Minister Dr. [[Manmohan Singh]] and [[Narendra Modi]] who used to be Chief Minister of Gujarat mourned his death.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/rajesh-khanna-reactions-idINDEE86H05Y20120718 |title=Reactions to Rajesh Khanna's death |work=Reuters |date=18 July 2012 |access-date=20 October 2022 |archive-date=20 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020160618/https://www.reuters.com/article/rajesh-khanna-reactions-idINDEE86H05Y20120718 |url-status=live}}</ref> Many celebrities including [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Shah Rukh Khan]], [[Aamir Khan]], [[Karan Johar]], [[Shabana Azmi]], [[Rishi Kapoor]] and many politicians also paid homage to him after his death.<ref name="ht" /><ref name="hindustantimes3">{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/photos-news/Photos-Entertainment/celebspayhomage/Article4-891355.aspx |title=Salman Khan surrounded by a crowd outside Rajesh Khanna's house |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=27 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140313022819/http://www.hindustantimes.com/photos-news/Photos-Entertainment/celebspayhomage/Article4-891355.aspx |archive-date=13 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://m.gulfnews.com/bollywood-stars-visit-rajesh-khanna-s-home-1.1050829 |title=Bollywood stars visit Rajesh Khanna's home |work=Gulf News |access-date=27 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222022210/http://m.gulfnews.com/bollywood-stars-visit-rajesh-khanna-s-home-1.1050829 |archive-date=22 February 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Other celebrities who paid homage to him at his house after his death included [[Manoj Kumar]], [[Asha Parekh]], [[Ranjeet]], [[Jeetendra]], [[Rakesh Roshan]], [[Yash Chopra]], [[Randhir Kapoor]], [[Rishi Kapoor]], [[Shabana Azmi]], [[Dharmendra]], [[Vinod Khanna]], [[Asrani]], [[Prem Chopra]], [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]], [[Salman Khan]], [[Shah Rukh Khan]], [[Aamir Khan]], [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Hema Malini]], [[Himesh Reshammiya]], [[Ram Kapoor]], [[Mahesh Thakur]], [[Aadesh Shrivastava]] and [[Sajid Khan (director)|Sajid Khan]].<ref name="ht" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/photos-news/Photos-Entertainment/celebspayhomage/Article4-891355.aspx|title=Salman Khan surrounded by a crowd outside Rajesh Khanna's house|publisher=hindustantimes.com|access-date=27 May 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140313022819/http://www.hindustantimes.com/photos-news/Photos-Entertainment/celebspayhomage/Article4-891355.aspx|archive-date=13 March 2014}}</ref><ref name="gulfnews">{{cite web|url=http://m.gulfnews.com/bollywood-stars-visit-rajesh-khanna-s-home-1.1050829|title=Bollywood stars visit Rajesh Khanna's home|publisher=m.gulfnews.com|access-date=27 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222022210/http://m.gulfnews.com/bollywood-stars-visit-rajesh-khanna-s-home-1.1050829|archive-date=22 February 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> His prayer meeting, organised in a grand way at the [[Taj Hotels|Taj Land's End hotel]] in [[Bandra]], [[Mumbai]] on 21 July 2012, was attended by many, including [[Reena Roy]], [[Padmini Kolhapure]], [[Neelam Kothari|Neelam]], [[Jaya Prada]], [[Amar Singh (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Amar Singh]], [[Bindu (actress)|Bindu]], [[Poonam Dhillon]], [[Neetu Kapoor]], [[Jaya Bachchan]], [[Aamir Khan]], [[Kiran Rao]], [[Ranbir Kapoor]], [[Mithun Chakraborty|Mithun Chakraborthy]], [[Shakti Kapoor]], [[Shashi Kapoor]], [[Suresh Oberoi]], [[Parmeshwar Godrej]], [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]], [[Sonali Bendre]] and [[Jackie Shroff]].<ref name="firstpost2">{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/fwire/bollywood-prays-for-rajesh-khannas-departed-soul-386166.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140526075630/http://www.firstpost.com/fwire/bollywood-prays-for-rajesh-khannas-departed-soul-386166.html |archive-date=26 May 2014 |url-status=dead |title=Bollywood turns up en masse at prayer meeting for Rajesh Khanna|access-date=27 May 2014}}</ref><ref name="intoday2">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/photo/rajesh-khanna-prayer-meeting-367933-2012-07-23|title=Rajesh Khanna's prayer meeting|date=23 July 2012 |publisher=indiatoday.intoday.in|access-date=27 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223011808/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/gallery/rajesh-khanna-prayer-meeting/1/7449.html#photo23|archive-date=23 February 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="indiatoday">{{cite web|url=http://m.indiatoday.in/gallery/rajesh-khanna-prayer-meeting/10/7449.html|title=Rajesh Khanna's prayer meeting|date=23 July 2012 |publisher=m.indiatoday.in|access-date=27 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222181555/http://m.indiatoday.in/gallery/rajesh-khanna-prayer-meeting/10/7449.html|archive-date=22 February 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.firstpost.com/fwire/bollywood-prays-for-rajesh-khannas-departed-soul-386166.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140526075630/http://www.firstpost.com/fwire/bollywood-prays-for-rajesh-khannas-departed-soul-386166.html |archive-date=26 May 2014 |url-status=dead |title=Bollywood turns up en masse at prayer meeting for Rajesh Khanna |access-date=27 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/photo/rajesh-khanna-prayer-meeting-367933-2012-07-23 |title=Rajesh Khanna's prayer meeting |work=India Today |date=23 July 2012 |access-date=27 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223011808/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/gallery/rajesh-khanna-prayer-meeting/1/7449.html#photo23 |archive-date=23 February 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://m.indiatoday.in/gallery/rajesh-khanna-prayer-meeting/10/7449.html |title=Rajesh Khanna's prayer meeting |date=23 July 2012 |publisher=m.indiatoday.in |access-date=27 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222181555/http://m.indiatoday.in/gallery/rajesh-khanna-prayer-meeting/10/7449.html |archive-date=22 February 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Shah Rukh Khan]] reacted by saying: "To live with intention and walk to the edge. Play with abandon, choose with no regret. Smile and made us do the same. Sir, you defined our era. Whenever life felt tough you made us feel how love could change it all. RIP ". [[Mumtaz (actress)|Mumtaz]] also added that she had memories of having worked with him and said that she had been crying the whole morning, but was happy that she had met the ailing Rajesh Khanna in Mumbai in June 2012, when the two discussed their respective battles with cancer.<ref name="rediff2">{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/mumtaz-rajesh-khanna-was-very-close-to-me/20120718.htm|title=Mumtaz: Rajesh Khanna was very close to me – Rediff.com Movies|work=rediff.com|access-date=27 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225083815/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/mumtaz-rajesh-khanna-was-very-close-to-me/20120718.htm|archive-date=25 February 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> While [[Shahid Kapoor]] quoted: "RIP to the First King of Romance ... Rajesh Khanna." [[Subhash Ghai]] added that Khanna " was the powerhouse of the Hindi film industry. I met him on the set of [[Aradhana (1969 film)|Aradhana]], he had some kind of energy and you will be charged when he is around you. His name will be written in golden words." [[Amitabh Bachchan]] was quoted as saying: "The word 'Superstar' was invented for him, and for me it shall ever remain his, and no others .. !! His generation and the generations that follow, shall never be able to describe, or understand his phenomena .. !!".<ref name="ibtimes">{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/rajesh-khanna-dead-amitabh-bachchan-remembers-kaka-says-the-word-superstar-was-invented-for-him-364831#m6Kmig1qww3bb3pw.97|title=Rajesh Khanna Dead: Amitabh Bachchan Remembers Kaka, Says the Word 'Superstar' was Invented for Him|publisher=ibtimes.co.in|access-date=27 May 2014|date=19 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111063842/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/rajesh-khanna-dead-amitabh-bachchan-remembers-kaka-says-the-word-superstar-was-invented-for-him-364831#m6Kmig1qww3bb3pw.97|archive-date=11 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
His son-in-law [[Akshay Kumar]] said, "you are a father, a Legend & a very treasured man, who will never be forgotten."<ref>{{cite news |title=They make very few like you: Akshay Kumar on Rajesh Khanna |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-they-make-very-few-like-you-akshay-kumar-on-rajesh-khanna-1862692 |access-date=11 August 2020 |work=DNA India |date=18 July 2013 |language=en}}</ref>

[[Vyjayanthimala]] commented that "His death is a big loss to the industry. It's my bad luck that I didn't have the chance to work with him because he came much later. I remember when he came to [[Chennai]] for some film shoot, the college girls went crazy to catch a glimpse of him when he was going to his studio."<ref name="toi" /> [[Manna Dey]] said: "He was a great actor, truly a superstar, no doubt about it. I am honoured to have done playback for him. I have worked for him in several movies, and actors like him are a rarity."<ref>{{Cite news|date=18 July 2012|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/It-was-an-honour-to-sing-for-Rajesh-Khanna-Manna-Dey/articleshow/15030637.cms |title=It was an honour to sing for Rajesh Khanna: Manna Dey |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=21 July 2012}}</ref> [[Mrinal Sen]] recollected how Khanna had wanted to cast him in one of his films, but the latter could not manage due to date problems. "We had met several times. Once I had wanted to cast him in one of my films, but somehow that didn't work out due to his date problems."

Film historian S. M. M. Ausaja added: "He never acted in a [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali cinema]]. But right from the late 1960s to the 70s he was the top star and worked with the top directors of his era, most of whom were Bengalis."<ref name="timesofindia" /> There were also reactions from the ''Gali Tiwaria'' where his ancestral house was, and had since been converted to a temple through his donation. Songs from his movies were played as the news of his death became known. His foster brother Muni Chand Khanna said that "he used to love to play Cricket when he lived here. He was a simple boy when he lived here and led a simple life even after achieving so much."<ref name="dna">{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_relatives-remember-rajesh-khanna-in-his-birthplace-amritsar_1716655 |title=Relatives remember Rajesh Khanna in his birthplace, Amritsar – India – DNA |website=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |date=29 December 1942 |access-date=21 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120721043823/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_relatives-remember-rajesh-khanna-in-his-birthplace-amritsar_1716655 |archive-date=21 July 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> As were the residents of [[Burewala]], [[Pakistan]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ptinews.com/news/2805500_Pakistan-s-Burewala-city-mourns-Rajesh-Khanna-s-death |title=fullstory |website=Ptinews.com |date=29 December 1942 |access-date=21 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120719161616/http://ptinews.com/news/2805500_Pakistan-s-Burewala-city-mourns-Rajesh-Khanna-s-death |archive-date=19 July 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Buddhadeb Dasgupta]] said Khanna's acting would continue to inspire young actors in the future. "He was a great actor and was the first superstar. He was a much bigger star than [[Amitabh Bachchan]]. His acting will continue to inspire young actors of the coming generations."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newstrackindia.com/newsdetails/2012/07/18/235--Mrinal-Sen-Buddhadeb-Dasgupta-remember-Rajesh-Khanna-.html |title=Mrinal Sen, Buddhadeb Dasgupta remember Rajesh Khanna |website=Newstrackindia.com |access-date=21 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222170544/http://www.newstrackindia.com/newsdetails/2012/07/18/235--Mrinal-Sen-Buddhadeb-Dasgupta-remember-Rajesh-Khanna-.html |archive-date=22 February 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Rituparno Ghosh]] said: "In the film 'Anand', he delivered some of Indian cinema's most memorable dialogues. The use of the word 'Babu Moshai' by Rajesh Khanna to [[Amitabh Bachchan]], who played a [[Bengalis|Bengali]] doctor in the film, is so deeply etched in the minds of Indians that it has almost become a synonym for [[Bengalis]] for the rest of the countrymen. "In a dhoti and kurta, you showed the rest of India how truly elegant [[Bengal]] was"<ref name="timesofindia">{{Cite news|date=19 July 2012 |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-19/kolkata/32746487_1_bengali-film-rajesh-khanna-top-directors |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126124346/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-19/kolkata/32746487_1_bengali-film-rajesh-khanna-top-directors |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 January 2013 |title=Superstar Rajesh Khanna's Bengali connection |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=21 July 2012}}</ref> Madhur Bhandarkar said, "The epitome of superstardom is no more amongst us. There was none, there is none and there won't be any like you, Kakaji."<ref name="rediff3">{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-bollywood-pays-tribute-to-rajesh-khanna/20120718.htm#8|title=Bollywood pays tribute to Rajesh Khanna – Rediff.com Movies|work=rediff.com|access-date=27 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221162949/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-bollywood-pays-tribute-to-rajesh-khanna/20120718.htm#8|archive-date=21 February 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

Additionally, those within the political spectrum that offered their condolences included Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]], who said that he "convey[s] my heartfelt condolences to the members of the bereaved family and countless fans and admirers of Shri Rajesh Khanna." INC President [[Sonia Gandhi]] also expressed her sorrow. Regional political leaders who offered their condolences included [[Chief Minister of West Bengal]] [[Mamata Banerjee]], who said: "Rajesh Khanna was always a symbol of romance. His smiling face and the ability to connect with people at ease had made him popular. We lost a big pole star in the film world today." As well as Bihar Chief Minister [[Nitish Kumar]] who added that "his death has caused irreparable loss to Hindi cinema."<ref name="ht" />

Condolences also came from Pakistan where Prime Minister [[Raja Pervaiz Ashraf]] called Khanna a "great actor whose contribution to the field of films and arts would be long remembered. [He had a] large fan following across the borders and captivated audiences with his excellent acting skills." Ali Zafar wrote on ''Twitter'': "Rajesh Khanna – RIP. So many fond memories from his movies and songs.", while [[Syed Noor]] said: "Rajesh Khanna was such a huge actor of the subcontinent that he will be remembered by the people for many years to come. The era he reigned over is unlikely to be experienced by any other actor of this subcontinent." ''[[Geo News|Geo TV]]'' also aired a nearly hour-long tribute with contributions from actors, filmmakers and musicians.<ref name="toi">{{Cite news |date=18 July 2012 |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-18/news-interviews/32730281_1_rajesh-khanna-ek-safar-hai-ke-safar-mein-guzar |title=Bollywood mourns Rajesh Khanna: 'Will miss him dearly' |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=21 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112052412/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-18/news-interviews/32730281_1_rajesh-khanna-ek-safar-hai-ke-safar-mein-guzar |archive-date=12 November 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[File:Rajesh Khanna 2013 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|left|Khanna on a 2013 stamp of India]]

A postage stamp featuring Khanna was released by the [[India Post]] on 3 May 2013.<ref name="Mintage World">{{cite web |url=https://www.mintageworld.com/stamp/detail/2821/ |title=Rajesh Khanna |date=3 May 2013 |work=Mintage World |access-date=27 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404101258/https://www.mintageworld.com/stamp/detail/2821/ |archive-date=4 April 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> On his first death anniversary, a bronze statue of Khanna was unveiled at [[Walk of the Stars|Bollywood Walk of Fame]] at [[Bandstand Promenade|Bandra Bandstand]], [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/walking-with-the-stars-112040100022_1.html |title=Walking with the stars |last=Saraswathy |first=M. |date=1 April 2012 |work=Business Standard India |access-date=24 November 2019}}</ref><ref name="hindustantimes2">{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Tabloid/Rajesh-Khanna-s-statue-unveiled-in-Mumbai/Article1-1106222.aspx |title=Rajesh Khanna's statue unveiled in Mumbai |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=27 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031205629/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Tabloid/Rajesh-Khanna-s-statue-unveiled-in-Mumbai/Article1-1106222.aspx |archive-date=31 October 2013}}</ref> A chowk (intersection) in [[Girgaon]] has been named "Superstar Rajesh Khanna Chowk" in his memory.<ref name=chowk>{{cite news |url=http://www.asianage.com/mumbai/soon-rajesh-khanna-chowk-girgaum-722 |title=Soon, Rajesh Khanna chowk in Girgaum |newspaper=[[The Asian Age]] |date=17 August 2015 |access-date=26 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923224110/http://www.asianage.com/mumbai/soon-rajesh-khanna-chowk-girgaum-722 |archive-date=23 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2014, his biography ''[[Rajesh Khanna: The Untold Story of India's First Superstar]]'' by [[Yasser Usman]] was published by [[Penguin Books]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-reviews/a-star-only-too-human/article6686013.ece/ |title=A star only too human |date=12 December 2014 |newspaper=The Hindu |url-status=live |access-date=2 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200102084109/https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-reviews/a-star-only-too-human/article6686013.ece/amp/ |archive-date=2 January 2020}}</ref> In 2022, his biography ''Rajesh Khanna The Most Versatile Superstar Actor of Hindi Cinema'' by Narayanan Subramanian was released.<ref name="Cariappa"/> In 2018, a one kilometre fitness trail in [[Lajpat Nagar|Lajpat Nagar National Park]] was named after Khanna, which was inaugurated by his wife Dimple Kapadia.<ref>{{cite news |title=Lajpat Nagar park in Delhi gets a blockbuster twist {{!}} Delhi News |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/lajpat-ngr-park-gets-a-blockbuster-twist/articleshow/67110466.cms |access-date=16 August 2019 |work=The Times of India |date=16 December 2018 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190904011606/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/lajpat-ngr-park-gets-a-blockbuster-twist/articleshow/67110466.cms |archive-date=4 September 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
{{Main|List of awards and nominations received by Rajesh Khanna}}

Khanna won seven All-India Critics Association (AICA) Best Actor Awards, and received 10 nominations. He won four Best Actor Awards in the [[Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards]], and received 25 nominations. He won three [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Filmfare Best Actor Awards]], one Filmfare Special Guest Actor Award in 1973, and received a [[Filmfare Special Award]] in 1991, after 25 years in the [[Hindi cinema|Hindi film industry]]. He received the [[Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award]] at the 50th anniversary [[Filmfare Awards]] ceremony in 2005. He also received the [[IIFA Lifetime Achievement Award]] in 2009.

== Further reading ==

* {{Cite book |last=Usman |first=Yasser |title=[[Rajesh Khanna: The Untold Story of India's First Superstar]] |publisher=[[Penguin India]] |year=2014 |isbn=978-9-351-18875-9 |author-link=Yasser Usman |ref=none}}
* {{Cite book |editor1=Subramanian, Narayanan |title=Rajesh Khanna: The Most Versatile Superstar Actor of Hindi Cinema |publisher=Independent by Author |year=2022 |isbn=979-8-838-15790-4 |author-link=Narayanan Subramanian |ref=none}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Rajesh Khanna}}
*{{IMDb name|4435|Rajesh Khanna}}

{{padmaBhushanAwardRecipients 2010–19}}
{{FilmfareBestActorAward}}
{{FilmfareLifetimeAchievementAward}}
{{Portal bar|Biography|Bollywood|India|Media|Television}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khanna, Rajesh}}
[[Category:Rajesh Khanna| ]]
[[Category:1942 births]]
[[Category:2012 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian singers]]
[[Category:Bengal Film Journalists' Association Award winners]]
[[Category:Hindi-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Film producers from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards winners]]
[[Category:Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award winners]]
[[Category:Hill Grange High School alumni]]
[[Category:India MPs 1991–1996]]
[[Category:Indian actor-politicians]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Indian male playback singers]]
[[Category:Indian male singers]]
[[Category:Indian male soap opera actors]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Delhi]]
[[Category:Male actors from Amritsar]]
[[Category:Male actors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Politicians from Amritsar]]
[[Category:Punjabi Hindus]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in arts]]
[[Category:Singers from Punjab, India]]

Hanumantha Rao Pasupuleti

2026-03-14T10:00:11Z

BrodieAlfonso45: New A Bio!

{{Short description|Indian paediatrician and social worker}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Hanumantha Rao Pasupuleti
| occupation = Paediatrician and social worker
| organization = Sweekaar Group
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] (2023)
}}

'''Hanumantha Rao Pasupuleti''' is an Indian [[Pediatrics|paediatrician]] and social worker known for his contributions to developmental paediatrics, rehabilitation medicine, and psychology.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 January 2023 |title=Two from TS to receive Padma Bhushan, three to receive Padma Shri awards |work=Deccan Chronicle |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/250123/two-from-ts-to-receive-padma-bhushan-three-to-receive-padma-shri-awar.html}}</ref> Rao is the founder of the Sweekaar Group.<ref name=":05">{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Siddharth Kumar |date=2023-01-26 |title=Dr Hanumantha Rao Pasupuleti paved the way for disabled persons across the country |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/dr-hanumantha-rao-pasupuleti-paved-the-way-for-disabled-persons-across-the-country/article66436637.ece |access-date= |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

In 2023, he was conferred the [[Padma Shri]], India's fourth-highest civilian award in [[Delhi]] for his contribution in Medicine.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mulayam Singh Yadav, Sudha Murty among 106 Padma Award recipients {{!}} Full list |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/dilip-mahalanabis-to-receive-padma-vibhushan-padma-shri-to-25-others-check-full-list-2326396-2023-01-25 |access-date= |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-01-27 |title=President approves conferment of 106 Padma Awards; check full list here |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/president-approves-conferment-of-106-padma-awards-check-full-list-here/articleshow/97324900.cms |access-date= |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref name=":05" />

== Career ==
In 1977, Rao Pasupuleti established the 'Sweekaar Rehabilitation Centre' to help individuals and children with disabilities. It was later renamed the 'Sweekaar Academy of Rehabilitation Sciences. Under the umbrella of Sweekaar Academy, Rao established Institutes of Special Education, Speech and Audiology, and Mental Health to support individuals with disabilities.<ref name=":05" />

== Awards ==
*1994 : Received B.C. Roy National Award for Socio-Medical Relief for 1994 received from Dr. Shankar Dayal Sharma, former President of India on 9 November 1995{{fact|date=January 2025}}
* 1996: Received the Man Of Asia Award in the field of handicapped welfare from the International Peace Foundation in [[London]].<ref name=":13" />
* Received the Gem of India Award in recognition of his contributions to society in the medical field.<ref name=":13">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-01-27 |title=Hyderabad: Saviour for mentally retarded, physically disabled children |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/news/cities/hyderabad/hyderabad-saviour-for-mentally-retarded-physically-disabled-children-779417 |access-date= |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>
* 2023: Awarded the [[Padma Shri]] in [[Delhi]] by the [[President of India]], [[Droupadi Murmu]] in the field of Medicine.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-04-05 |title=Five including Chinna Jeeyar from Telangana, Andhra receive Padma Awards |url=https://www.siasat.com/five-including-chinna-jeeyar-from-telangana-andhra-receive-padma-awards-2562348/ |access-date= |website=The Siasat Daily |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pasupuleti, Hanumantha Rao}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in medicine]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Nammal

2026-03-12T03:47:59Z

BrodieAlfonso45: Enhanced content and organization

{{short description|2002 Malayalam film by Kamal}}
{{About|the Malayalam film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Nammal
| image = Nammal.jpg
| caption = Soundtrack cover
| director = [[Kamal (director)|Kamal]]
| producer = David Kachappally
| screenplay = [[Kalavoor Ravikumar]]
| story = Balamuralikrishna
| starring = Jishnu Raghavan [[Sidharth Bharathan]] [[Renuka Menon]] [[Bhavana (actress)|Bhavana]]
| music = [[Mohan Sithara]]
| cinematography = Venugopal
| editing = [[K. Rajagopal (film editor)|K. Rajagopal]]
| studio = Chinku Achu Cinemas
| distributor = Swargachithra Release
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2002|12|20}}
| runtime = 152 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Nammal''''' ({{translation|Us}}) is a 2002 Indian [[Malayalam]] [[Romance film|romantic]] [[comedy-drama]] film directed by [[Kamal (director)|Kamal]] and written by [[Kalavoor Ravikumar]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/sidharth-bharathan-remember-late-actor-jishnu-raghavan-nrn-rs0taj|title='നീണ്ട ഏഴ് വർഷങ്ങൾ.. ഓർത്തു കൊണ്ടേയിരിക്കുന്നു'; ജിഷ്ണുവിന്റെ ഓർമയിൽ സിദ്ധാർത്ഥ് ഭരതൻ|website=asianetnews.com|language=ml}}</ref> The film stars Jishnu Raghavan and [[Sidharth Bharathan]]. It was the debut film of Sidharth, Jishnu, [[Renuka Menon|Renuka]], and [[Bhavana (actress)|Bhavana]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/celebrity-news/sidharth-bharathan-remembring-jishnu-raghavan-on-his-death-anniversary/articleshow/98969157.cms|title=ഏഴ് വര്‍ഷമായി വിട്ട് പിരിഞ്ഞിട്ട്; ജിഷ്ണുവിന്റെ ഓര്‍മയില്‍ സിദ്ധാര്‍ത്ഥ് ഭരതന്‍|website=malayalam.samayam.com|date=24 March 2023 |language=ml}}</ref> The music was composed by [[Mohan Sithara]]. The film was shot in [[Government Engineering College, Thrissur]] and [[Holy Trinity School, Kanjikode]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Kinescope|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/12/23/stories/2002122300330300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030721020641/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/12/23/stories/2002122300330300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 July 2003|accessdate=22 January 2018|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=23 December 2002}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/nammal-review-malayalam-pcluy2cdbfgbg.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512003335/https://www.sify.com/movies/nammal-review-malayalam-pcluy2cdbfgbg.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 May 2022|title=Nammal|work=[[Sify]]|date=24 April 2003}}</ref> It was remade in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''[[Dost (2004 film)|Dost]]'' (2004).<ref name="jishn">{{cite news |last1=Bureau |first1=Kerala |date=27 Mar 2016 |title=A promising career cut short by cancer |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/malayalam-actor-jishnu-raghavan-a-promising-career-cut-short-by-cancer/article8401215.ece}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/270316/buddies-tribute-to-warrior-pal-jishnu.html|title=Buddies' tribute to warrior pal Jishnu|website=Deccan Chronicle|date=27 March 2016 |language=en}}</ref>

''Nammal'' was released on 20 December 2002 and was commercially successful.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2022/12/21/actress-bhavana-posts-throwback-picture-debut-movie-nammal-jishnu-kamal.html|title='Couldn't have asked for a better debut'. Bhavana posts throwback pic from 20 years ago|website=www.onmanorama.com|date=21 December 2022|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/photo-features/top-6-all-time-best-youth-centric-films-of-mollywood/top-6-all-time-best-youth-centric-films-of-mollywood/photostory/52902727.cms|title=Top 6 all-time best youth-centric films of Mollywood|newspaper=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/bhavana-menon-on-20-years-of-nammal-i-still-remember-the-way-i-sulked-when-they-finished-my-make-up-saying-no-one-is-gonna-recognize-me/articleshow/96361587.cms|title=Bhavana Menon on 20 years of 'Nammal': I still remember the remember the way I sulked when they finished my make-up, saying, 'no one is gonna recognize me'|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|date=20 December 2022|language=en}}</ref>

==Plot==
Snehalatha becomes the principal of a college where Shyam and Shivan are the heroes. Shyam and Shivan are fun-filled characters as well as naughty. Aparna, who happens to be the daughter of the principal's friend, is teased and [[Ragging|ragged]] by the duo.

Aparna lodges a complaint, and Snehalatha takes action against Shyam and Shivan. Soon, to her surprise, she discovers that Shyam and Shivan are orphans, hardworking their way up the ladder, and their guardian is a priest. But the real twist to the story happens when Shyam and Shivan learn that one of them is her long-lost son.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* Jishnu Raghavan as Shivan (voiceover by [[Mithun Ramesh]])
* [[Sidharth Bharathan]] as Shyam; Shivan's best friend (voiceover by [[Sarath Das]])
* [[Renuka Menon]] as Aparna; Shyam's girlfriend (voiceover by [[Sangeetha Mohan]])
* [[Bhavana (actress)|Bhavana]] as Parimalam; A laundry girl in the colony
* [[Suhasini Maniratnam]] as Snehalatha; College Principal; Shyam's mother (voiceover by [[Bhagyalakshmi]])
* [[Balachandra Menon]] as Sathyanathan; Shivan and Shyam's adoptive father
* [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]] as Shanmughan; Shivan and Shyam's neighbour
* [[Mithun Ramesh]] as Reji; Shyam and Shivan's rival (voiceover by [[Jis Joy]])
* Vijeesh Vijayan as Jojo Thomas alias Noolunda; Shivan and Shyam's friend
* Yamuna Rani as Damayanthi
* Vignesh as Senthil; Parimalam's brother
* [[Ambika Mohan]] as Mariyamma; Jojo Thomas's mother
* [[Kulappulli Leela]] as Lakshmi; Snehalatha's servant
* [[T. P. Madhavan]] as Principal
* [[Shine Tom Chacko]] as Bus passenger
* [[Kalabhavan Shajohn]] as Puli Gopalan
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The film's soundtrack contains five songs, all composed by [[Mohan Sithara]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldmalayalilive.com/entertainment/mithun-ramesh-about-nammal-movie/|title=ആ ചിത്രത്തില്‍ നടന്‍ ജിഷ്ണു രാഘവന് വേണ്ടി ഡബ്ബ് ചെയ്യാനുള്ള ഭാഗ്യം എനിക്കുണ്ടായി, എനിക്ക് ശബ്ദം നല്‍കിയത് അദ്ദേഹമായിരുന്നു, തുറന്നുപറഞ്ഞ് മിഥുന്‍ രമേശ്|website=/www.worldmalayalilive.com|date=14 May 2023|language=ml}}</ref> The lyrics were written by [[Kaithapram Damodaran]]. The soundtrack was a chartbuster upon its release.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.doolnews.com/music-director-mohan-sithara-about-nammal-movie-songs-454.html|title=Nammal (2002) movie songs, mp3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://m.vanitha.in/celluloid/celebrity-interview/renuka-menon-family-vanitha-special.html |title='അമ്മാ... അമ്മയെ എന്തിനാ ഇന്റർവ്യൂ ചെയ്യണേ?'; മകളുടെ ചോദ്യത്തിന് രേണുക നൽകിയ മറുപടി | renuka menon actress | renuka menon family | renuka menon nammal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/did-you-know/did-you-know-shine-tom-chacko-has-appeared-in-nammal/articleshow/83770413.cms?from=mdr|title=Did you know Shine Tom Chacko has appeared in 'Nammal'?|website=The Times of India|date=23 June 2021|language=en}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! No. !! Title !! Singer(s)
|-
| 1
| "Enkaralil"
| [[Afsal]], [[Franco Simon|Franco]], Chorus
|-
| 2
| "Ennamme"
| [[K. J. Yesudas]]
|-
| 3
| "Sukhamaani Nilavu"
| [[Vidhu Prathap]], [[Jyotsna Radhakrishnan|Jyotsna]]
|-
| 4
| "Kaathu Kaathoru"
| Pushpavathi, Balu, Gopan, Sunil
|-
| 5
| "Sooryane"
| [[M. G. Sreekumar]], Rajesh Vijay
|-
| 6
| "Sukhamaani Nilavu"
| Jyotsna
|}

==Box office==
''Nammal'' was commercially successful.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/jishnu-nammal-and-ordinary-films.html#|title='നമ്മളി'ലൊരാളായി, തികച്ചും 'ഓർഡിനറി'യായി|website=www.manoramaonline.com|date=25 March 2016|language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/lf/2003/02/15/stories/2003021502360200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221190650/http://www.thehindu.com/lf/2003/02/15/stories/2003021502360200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 December 2016|title=A filmi shot in the arm|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=15 February 2003}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.twentyfournews.com/2023/03/25/memory-of-jishnu-raghavan.html|title="ഓർമകളിൽ മായാതെ"; ജിഷ്ണു രാഘവൻ വിടപറഞ്ഞിട്ട് ഇന്നേക്ക് ഏഴ് വർഷം|website=twentyfournews.com|date=25 March 2023 |language=ml}}</ref>

==Awards==
''Nammal'' received major accolades at the Kerala State Film Awards, Kerala Film Critics Awards, and Mathrubhumi Film Awards in 2003.
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
!scope="col"| Year
!scope="col"| Award
!scope="col"| Category
!scope="col"| Recipients
!scope="col"| Result
!scope="col"| Ref
|-
| rowspan="3" |2002
! scope="row" rowspan="3" |[[Kerala Film Critics Awards]]
|[[Kerala Film Critics Award|Best Newcomer]]
| [[Jishnu|Jishnu Raghavan]]
|{{won}}
|rowspan="2"|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/malayalam-actor-jishnu-raghavan-dies-of-cancer/article8396317.ece|title=Malayalam actor Jishnu Raghavan dies of cancer|website=The Hindu|date=25 March 2016 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Critics Awards">[https://www.keralafilmcritics.com/2020/10/film-critics-awards-complete-list-from.html "കേരള ഫിലിം ക്രിട്ടിക്‌സ് അവാര്‍ഡ് 1977 - 2012"]. Kerala Film Critics Association. Retrieved 25 January 2023.</ref>
|-
|[[Kerala Film Critics Award|Best Newcomer]]
|[[Sidharth Bharathan]]
|{{won}}
|-
| [[Kerala Film Critics Association Award for Second Best Film|Second Best Film]]
| David Kachappally
| {{won}}
|-
|2002
! scope="row"|[[Kerala State Film Awards]]
|[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Film with Popular Appeal and Aesthetic Value|Best Film with Popular Appeal and Aesthetic Value]]
|[[Kamal (director)|Kamal]] [[Award|David Kachapally]]
|{{won}}
|-
|2003
! scope="row"|[[Mathrubhumi|Mathrubhumi Film Awards]]
|[[Mathrubhumi|Best Male Debut]]
|[[Jishnu|Jishnu Raghavan]]
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/english-news-1.952055|title=Actor Jishnu Raghavan dies after fighting cancer|website=english.mathrubhumi.com|date=25 March 2016 |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0357945}}

{{Kamal (director)}}

[[Category:2002 films]]
[[Category:2002 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Malayalam films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Films shot in Thrissur]]
[[Category:Films directed by Kamal (director)]]
[[Category:Films scored by Kaithapram Damodaran Namboothiri]]
[[Category:Films scored by Mohan Sithara]]

No Smoking (2007 film)

2026-03-11T05:41:23Z

BrodieAlfonso45: small changes

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = No Smoking
| image = No Smoking (Poster).jpg
| alt = On the poster's center is a man's face with a circle beard wearing sunglasses while smoking. Surrounding the face are various faded scenes, including a soldier pointing his rifle at a man lying down the ground, a woman holding a mug, and a man chasing another man. Below the face is the title "No Smoking" in white uppercase text, stylized as a cigarette butt.
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Anurag Kashyap]]
| producer = Kumar Mangat Pathak [[Vishal Bhardwaj]]
| story = Anurag Kashyap [[Raj Singh Chaudhary]]
| writer = Anurag Kashyap
| screenplay =
| based_on = {{Based on|''[[Quitters, Inc.]]'' (1978)|[[Stephen King]]}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|
*[[John Abraham]]
*[[Ayesha Takia]]
*[[Paresh Rawal]]
*[[Ranvir Shorey]]
}}
| music = '''Songs:''' Vishal Bhardwaj '''Score:''' [[Hitesh Sonik]] [[Clinton Cerejo]]
| cinematography = [[Rajeev Ravi]]
| editing = [[Aarti Bajaj]]
| studio = [[Panorama Studios|Big Screen Entertainment]] Vishal Bhardwaj Films
| distributor = [[Eros International]]
| released = {{Film date|2007|10|24|[[Rome Film Festival]]|2007|10|26|India|df=y}}
| runtime = 127 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR|7.50 crore}}
| gross = {{INR|3.49 crore}}
}}
'''''No Smoking''''' is a 2007 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[black comedy]] [[thriller film]] written and directed by [[Anurag Kashyap]], and produced by [[Vishal Bhardwaj]]. The film stars [[John Abraham]], [[Ayesha Takia]], [[Paresh Rawal]] and [[Ranvir Shorey]]. The film follows K (Abraham), a self-obsessed, narcissist [[Chain smoking|chain smoker]] who agrees to quit smoking to save his marriage and visits a rehabilitation centre to assuage his wife (Takia) and friend (Shorey), only to be caught up in a [[labyrinthine]] plot by Baba Bangali (Rawal), the man who guarantees that he will make him quit by any means necessary.

Taking inspiration from [[Stephen King]]'s "[[Quitters, Inc.]]", Kashyap pitched the idea to Bhardwaj, who wanted to produce for him, and Abraham, who wanted to work with him, both of whom accepted, and the rest of the cast followed. Principal photography took place in [[Dharavi]], [[Mumbai]], Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan and Russia. Bhardwaj also composed the music, while the lyrics were written by [[Gulzar]]. The film's themes include freedom, privacy, surveillance, and politico-religious methods of autocratic figures to suppress people's rights.

''No Smoking'' premiered at the [[Rome Film Festival]] on 24 October 2007, before its general release on 26 October. The film received negative reviews and [[Box-office bomb|bombed at the box-office]], grossing {{INRConvert|3.49|c|year=2007}} against a budget of {{INRConvert|7.50|c|year=2007}}. It has since gained a [[cult following]]. Abraham has repeatedly expressed interest in a sequel.

==Plot==
K, a wealthy businessman in his 30s, is confident, narcissistic, arrogant, and completely addicted to smoking, so much so that he even smokes in the bath. K's friends, Abbas and the doctor, offer to set up an appointment at a rehabilitation centre called Prayogshaala ({{Literal translation|Laboratory}}), but K ignores their advice. His addiction puts severe strain on his relationship with his wife Anjali. After K cannot even make love to her without having to stop to light up a cigarette, she leaves him.

K realises his problem and decides to check out Prayogshaala, and meets Shri Shri Prakash Guru Ghantal Baba Bangali Sealdah Wale, who runs it. The method Prayogshaala uses to cure their patients of their addiction is based on fear and psychological manipulation. Each time a patient gives in to their vice, Baba makes sure that something shocking happens to them, which includes:

# Almost killing one of his loved ones, by keeping them in a chamber full of cigarette smoke he has smoked in his entire life for five{{Spaces}}minutes,
# Losing his finger,
# Killing one of his loved ones,
# Taking his soul.

K is forced to pay the fee of {{INR}}21,11,110 for his treatment by Baba and his disciples. Baba then tells K that he is free to leave, but he must abide by the rules or he will suffer the consequences. K tries to keep to the terms but fails twice, and is punished. He is now conscious about the third time.

After some time, K meets an old friend, Alex, who is now a Cuban cigar seller. At an event, K is forced to place a cigar in his mouth to appease Alex. Seconds later, he receives a phone call from the police, informing him that his wife is missing. He calls Baba, and is told that for smoking, his wife will be killed, as per the rules. He protests that he did not actually smoke and Baba apologizes for the mistake, but says that it is too late. K asks Baba to tell the police about this, but the line dies out, and the phone number is non-existent on dialling. K's protests are ignored and the police believe that he is delusional. Trying to make them believe, he seeks out Abbas, who had lost a finger, only to find that he has all of his fingers intact. Mocking him, the police force K to smoke. Shortly afterwards, K gets a phone call about his brother committing suicide due to his smoking. K raves angrily at the police and is thrown in jail, but is eventually bailed out.

K learns that Baba permits smoking during a period known as 'Zero Minute'. He attends such an event, where he lights up a cigarette. Suddenly, K wakes up in a Russian army base with a call from his wife, she asks him why he believes she is dead. Confused, K escapes from the base by jumping into the water and ends up in a ragged room, from which he sees himself staring out from a hospital room. He also sees his wife and Baba. He calls out but no one can hear him, and he is told that it is because his body no longer hears his inner soul. The final punishment is complete.

K wakes up in his home, his wife sleeping beside him. He finds out that he is missing two fingers. In a [[mid-credits scene]], K, who has since gotten his finger back, is seen recommending Prayogshaala to a friend.

==Cast==
{{Multiple image
| perrow = 3
| total_width = 300
| image1 = John_Abraham_2006.jpg
| width1 = 720
| height1 = 840
| image2 = Ayesha_Takia_Aug-8th-2006.jpg
| width2 = 720
| height2 = 840
| footer = John Abaraham (left) and Ayesha Takia (right)
| image3 =
}}
===Main cast===
* [[John Abraham]] as K
* [[Ayesha Takia]] as
**Anjali, K's wife
**Annie, K's secretary
* [[Paresh Rawal]] as [[Shri]] Shri Prakash Guru Ghantal Baba Bangali Sealdah Wale
* [[Ranvir Shorey]] as Abbas Tyrewala, a friend of K
===Other characters===
* [[Kiku Sharda]] as the doctor, a friend of K
* [[Jesse Randhawa]] as the dancer in the song "Jab Bhi"
* [[Gajraj Rao]] as R. K. Dhindra
* [[Rasika Dugal]] as Suzi (credited as Rasika Duggal)
* [[Priyanka Bose]] as Sarah
* [[Shlok Sharma]] as an office employee
* [[Vikramaditya Motwane]] as the employee who resigns (credited as Vikram Aditya Motwane)
* [[Bipasha Basu]] as the dancer in the song "Phoonk De"
* [[Anurag Kashyap]] as the man in the elevator (uncredited)<ref name=ns5/>

==Production==
===Development===
The idea for the film came during the making of ''[[Satya (1998 film)|Satya]]'' (1998), when director [[Ram Gopal Varma]] pitched a story to [[Anurag Kashyap]], the film's writer, about a chain smoker's encounter with someone who despises smoking. Varma later incorporated his own idea of the story as a short segment in his anthology film, ''[[Darna Mana Hai]]'' (2003). During the shooting of Kashyap's ''[[Black Friday (2007 film)|Black Friday]]'' (2007), his assistant narrated him a different script about a chain smoker who wakes up without cigarettes and is unable to get any because of a curfew.<ref>{{cite news |date=10 February 2011 |title=Anurag Kashyap's 'No Smoking' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/did-you-know/anurag-kashyaps-no-smoking/articleshow/7466647.cms |url-status=live |access-date=9 August 2012 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260306060247/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/did-you-know/anurag-kashyaps-no-smoking/articleshow/7466647.cms|archive-date=6 March 2026}}</ref> Taking inspiration from [[Stephen King]]'s "[[Quitters, Inc.]]" (1978), Kashyap decided to take the story forward.<ref name=ns5>{{cite web |date=30 October 2007 |title=The director's guide to No Smoking |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/oct/30anurag.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251123180525/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/oct/30anurag.htm |archive-date=23 November 2025 |access-date=2 March 2026 |work=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=21 June 2012 |title=The Inspiration Behind Anurag Kashyap's Films |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-the-inspiration-behind-anurag-kashyap-films/20120621.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260130232212/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-the-inspiration-behind-anurag-kashyap-films/20120621.htm |archive-date=30 January 2026 |access-date=9 August 2012 |work=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> The film had a personal significance for him as his first two directorial efforts ''[[Paanch]]'' (2003) and ''Black Friday'' went unreleased and people were telling him to "quit."<ref name=ns19/> When asked if ''[[Cat's Eye (1985 film)|Cat's Eye]]'' (1985), an American anthology horror film that adapted "Quitters, Inc." as one of its segments, was an inspiration, he replied that he hadn't watched it until after the script was complete.<ref name=ns5/> Remarking that the film has a universal subject, Kashyap further said that since none of his films were released up until that point, he shot the movie in "a lot of anger," and that he was "defying the system" by making the film.<ref>{{cite web |author=Aseem Chhabra |date=5 September 2011 |title=Anurag Kashyap: I loved No Smoking the most |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-part-two-interview-of-anurag-kashyap/20110905.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251108202755/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-part-two-interview-of-anurag-kashyap/20110905.htm |archive-date=8 November 2025 |access-date=24 August 2012 |work=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> The film is an Indian production<ref name=ns26/><ref name=ns29/> and was distributed by [[Eros International]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Gajjar |first=Manish |date=10 October 2007 |title=No Smoking |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/shropshire/films/bollywood/2007/09/no_smoking_preview.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260108190613/https://www.bbc.co.uk/shropshire/films/bollywood/2007/09/no_smoking_preview.shtml |archive-date=8 January 2026 |access-date=9 August 2012 |publisher=[[BBC]]}}</ref>
===Pre-production===
[[File:Saif at Omkara press conference.jpg|thumb|Saif Ali Khan was erroneously reported to be in the film.<ref name=ns22/>|258x258px]]
Kashyap approached actors through [[SMS|short messaging service]];<ref name=ns1>{{cite web |author=N |first=Patcy |date=24 October 2007 |title=Our cinema is immature |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/oct/24anurag.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251123180524/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/oct/24anurag.htm |archive-date=23 November 2025 |access-date=14 August 2012 |work=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> [[John Abraham]] replied back, because [[Deepa Mehta]], the director of his [[Oscar-nominated]] [[Water (2005 film)|''Water'']] (2005), for which Kashyap penned the dialogues, told him that he must work with Kashyap.<ref name=ns19/><ref name=ns12/> Thinking that Abraham would not be able to understand the idea, and afraid of throwing away the chance, he narrated him an idea which he came up on his way to Abraham's residence, titled ''Lapata'' ({{Literal translation|Lost}}), after which Abraham told him that he expected something more intelligent from Kashyap. Thrilled, Kashyap told him about ''No Smoking'', which the actor ended up loving. ''Lapata'' later formed the basis for Kashyap's ''[[Ugly (film)|Ugly]]'' (2013). Kashyap claimed that Abraham was trying to rediscover himself; this propelled him to accept the film, alongside ''[[Kabul Express]]'' (2006), ''[[Taxi No. 9211]]'' (2006), ''[[Goal (2007 Hindi film)|Goal]]'' (2007), ''[[Aashayein]]'' (2010) and ''Water''.<ref name=ns19/><ref name=ns1/> Abraham provided Kashyap financial assistance and told him to finalize the script, which he did when he flew to the US. After directing ''[[Omkara (2006 film)|Omkara]]'' (2006), [[Vishal Bhardwaj]] approached Kashyap when he came back to India, wanting to make a film with him. Kashyap told him about ''No Smoking'', and Bhardwaj agreed to work with him.<ref name=ns19>{{Cite web |last=Mazumdar |first=Shreyanka |date=29 June 2024 |title=Anurag Kashyap On Offering No Smoking To John Abraham: 'Usko Sab Log Achha Actor Nahi Bolte The...' |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/anurag-kashyap-on-offering-no-smoking-to-john-abraham-usko-sab-log-achha-actor-nahi-bolte-the-8948857.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251102141211/https://www.news18.com/movies/anurag-kashyap-on-offering-no-smoking-to-john-abraham-usko-sab-log-achha-actor-nahi-bolte-the-8948857.html |archive-date=2 November 2025 |access-date=19 January 2026 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref> Reportedly, [[Shah Rukh Khan]] was also in talks to star.<ref name=ns24>{{Cite news |last=Gajjar |first=Saloni |date=30 October 2025 |title=Bollywood's first Stephen King adaptation was so trippy it became its last |url=https://www.avclub.com/no-smoking-bollywood-stephen-king-adaptation-quitters-inc |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251109003627/https://www.avclub.com/no-smoking-bollywood-stephen-king-adaptation-quitters-inc |archive-date=9 November 2025 |access-date=13 February 2026 |work=[[The A. V. Club]]}}</ref>

For the dual role of Anjali and Annie, "one a self-respecting woman, another opposite", Kashyap went to actresses he thought could do the role, but they refused as the role was not substantial enough.<ref name=ns5/><ref name=ns1/> Ultimately, [[Ayesha Takia]] was cast. She was not comfortable with the lovemaking scenes and the outfits of her character Annie, though Kashyap refused to make any changes. Despite this, he maintained that she was an "actress" and a "face" too.<ref name=ns1/>

Originally, [[Rajkumar Santoshi]] was to play the doctor, and [[Abbas Tyrewala]] was to play Abbas, that is why Kashyap named the character after him. However, Tyrewala later opted out and the role was given to [[Ranvir Shorey]] instead.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rajkumar Santoshi to act in No Smoking |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/1174279 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304070403/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/1174279 |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 March 2016 |publisher=[[India Fm]] |date=31 October 2006 |access-date=24 August 2012}}</ref> Furthermore, erroneous reports surfaced that [[Saif Ali Khan]] would appear in a cameo, on the request of co-producer Kumar Mangat Pathak, who worked with him in ''Omkara''.<ref name=ns22>{{cite news |date=21 July 2007 |title=Saif and Bipasha: No butts please |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Saif-and-Bipasha-No-butts-please/articleshow/2221826.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228160920/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Saif-and-Bipasha-No-butts-please/articleshow/2221826.cms |archive-date=28 December 2024 |access-date=11 August 2012 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> It was also reported that [[Bipasha Basu]] would appear in an [[item number]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=One more smoking number from Bips |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/audio-news-video/AV-Entertainment/One-more-smoking-number-from-Bips/Article2-240373.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140315000148/http://www.hindustantimes.com/audio-news-video/AV-Entertainment/One-more-smoking-number-from-Bips/Article2-240373.aspx |archive-date=15 March 2014 |access-date=17 January 2026 |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> When asked what made Kashyap appear in the film, he replied, "only vanity."<ref name=ns5/>

Kashyap cast well-known actors in the hope of having the film released; he thought that casting "unknown but brilliant" actors had made his prior films unreleased.<ref name=ns5/> [[Abhishek Pathak]], Kumar Mangat Pathak's son, served as the first [[assistant director]] of the film.<ref name=ns4/>
===Filming===
[[File:Dharavi_India.jpg|thumb|Principal photography took place in Dharavi, a slum in Mumbai, India.<ref name=ns8/>]]
Principal photography took place in [[Dharavi]], [[Mumbai]], [[Uzbekistan]], [[Kazakhstan]] and [[Russia]].<ref name=ns8/><ref name=ns11/> During the shooting in Uzbekistan, a Russian actor dressed as a soldier had to chase Abraham. After running {{Convert|200|m|ft|sp=us|sigfig=}}, the man collapsed from oxygen depletion and had to be rushed to a hospital, as the shooting was on a high altitude.<ref>{{cite web |author=N |first=Patcy |date=23 October 2007 |title=I am doing films that are more meaningful |url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2007/oct/23slid4.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407151511/http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2007/oct/23slid4.htm |archive-date=7 April 2023 |access-date=24 August 2012 |work=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> There was a rumor of Abraham appearing in a nude scene, but Kashyap clarified that he had not decided how to shoot it.<ref name=ns3>{{cite web |date=19 October 2006 |title=John Abraham to do a nude scene for No Smoking |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/1179640/John-Abraham-to-do-a-nude-scene-for-No-Smoking |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304092007/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/1179640/John-Abraham-to-do-a-nude-scene-for-No-Smoking |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=14 August 2012 |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = No Smoking
| type = [[Album]]
| artist = [[Vishal Bhardwaj]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{start date|df=yes|2007|09|05}} (India)
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = [[Eros Labs|Eros Music]]
| producer = Kumar Mangat Pathak, Vishal Bhardwaj
| prev_title = [[Omkara (2006 film)|Omkara]]
| prev_year = 2006
| next_title = [[U, Me Aur Hum]]
| next_year = 2008
}}

The official soundtrack was composed by [[Vishal Bhardwaj]], who also co-produced the film, while the lyrics were written by [[Gulzar]].<ref name=ns3/>

===Track listing===
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| all_writing = [[Gulzar]]
| title1 = Kash Laga
| length1 = 5:47
| extra1 = [[Daler Mehndi]], [[Sukhwinder Singh]], [[Vishal Bhardwaj]]
| title2 = Phoonk De
| length2 = 5:55
| extra2 = Sukhwinder Singh
| title3 = Ash Tray
| length3 = 4:39
| extra3 = Deva Sengupta
| title4 = Jab Bhi
| note4 = Trance
| length4 = 5:06
| extra4 = [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
| title5 = Phoonk De
| note5 = Club Mix
| length5 = 5:15
| extra5 = [[Rekha Bhardwaj]]
| title6 = Jab Bhi
| note6 = Jazz
| length6 = 5:03
| extra6 = [[Adnan Sami]]
}}

===Reception===
Finding the soundtrack to be "unconventional, and exciting in a couple of places," [[Bollywood Hungama]]'s Joginder Tuteja praised the renditions of Sami and Rekha Bhardwaj, but argued that "Kash Laga" is "fine if one strictly keeps in mind its situational appeal."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tuteja |first=Joginder |date=8 October 2007 |title=No Smoking |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/no-smoking/songs/music-critic-review/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260302080743/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/no-smoking/songs/music-critic-review/ |archive-date=2 March 2026 |access-date=16 January 2026 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>

==Themes==
[[File:Malcolm_McDowell_Clockwork_Orange.png|alt=|thumb|K's predicament was compared to [[Alex DeLarge]], the protagonist in ''A Clockwork Orange.''<ref name=ns8/>]]

On the significance of fingers, [[Anurag Kashyap]] said that fingers could also be used to hold a pen, which symbolises writing that is freedom of expression; and that K without his fingers represented his body without soul.<ref name=ns5/> Kashyap has said that chopping two fingers symbolises ''[[Paanch]]'' and ''[[Black Friday (2004 film)|Black Friday]]'', his first two directorial efforts, that were refused release by the [[Central Board of Film Certification|CBFC]], India's statutory film certification body.<ref name=ns24/><ref name=ns23/> ''[[FilmCompanion]]''<nowiki/>'s Prejo interpreted the film to be the "director's depiction of this authoritarian regime where even cinema, as an artistic form of expression, is suppressed and restrained."<ref name=ns23/> Similarly, ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]''<nowiki/>'s Gautaman Bhaskaran stated, "Kashyap must have realized that open confrontation with the authorities does not quite pay, so he plays around with words and actions."<ref name=ns12/> ''[[The A.V. Club]]''<nowiki/>'s Saloni Gajjar interpretated the film as a "journey through hell and back, one in which Kashyap has to fight against a system that controls his output and tries to define what the general public should and shouldn’t consume."<ref name=ns24/> However, film director [[Raja Sen]] doubted the claims that K stood for Kashyap, arguing instead that "K is a character with no redeeming qualities whatsoever," so that must not be the director's intention.<ref name=ns2>{{cite web |author=Sen |first=Raja |date=15 November 2007 |title=Why Anurag Kashyap is like Bhansali |url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2007/nov/15rs.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407153012/http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2007/nov/15rs.htm |archive-date=7 April 2023 |access-date=16 August 2012 |work=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>

''FilmCompanion''<nowiki/>'s Zoeb Matin compared Baba Bangali's "pompously philosophic" figure to despots who use false spiritualism as means for their "nefarious end".<ref name=ns8/> ''[[The Guardian]]''<nowiki/>'s Phelim O'Neill called him "[[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]]-loving,"<ref name=ns15>{{cite news |author=O'Neill |first=Phelim |date=26 October 2007 |title=No Smoking |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2007/oct/26/bollywood.horror |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260215225815/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2007/oct/26/bollywood.horror |archive-date=15 February 2026 |access-date=10 August 2012 |newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref> Prejo called him a friend of Hitler's,<ref name=ns23/> and ''[[The Times]]''<nowiki/>'s Anil Sinanan called him "a proud Hitler fan," noting the climactic gas chamber sequence.<ref name=ns20>{{Cite news |last=Sinanan |first=Anil |date=5 November 2007 |title=No Smoking |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/no-smoking-7kw2hx5wpcb |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171127025418/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/no-smoking-7kw2hx5wpcb |archive-date=27 November 2017 |access-date=27 January 2026 |work=[[The Times]]}}</ref> ''The Guardian''<nowiki/>'s [[Philip French]] pointed out that his means of coercion include constant surveillance and loss of privacy.<ref name=ns7>{{cite news |last=French |first=Philip |date=28 October 2007 |title=No Smoking |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2007/oct/28/bollywood.musical |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250810163048/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2007/oct/28/bollywood.musical |archive-date=10 August 2025 |access-date=15 January 2026 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> Bhaskaran noted further that, "in using politico-religious methods, including curbing the freedom of his female employees by making them wear veils, the character reflects the state of autocracy and fanaticism, driven by money, politics and religion, which prevails in Indian society," and how the film is ultimately about manipulating the human being as K loathes the idea of giving up his right.<ref name=ns12>{{Cite magazine |last=Bhaskaran |first=Gautaman |date=4 November 2007 |title=No Smoking |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-reviews/no-smoking-158369/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201162024/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-reviews/no-smoking-158369/ |archive-date=1 February 2023 |access-date=17 January 2026 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref> Prejo posited that the film metaphorically depicts an authoritarian regime where the privilege of "free will and freedom of expression" may be granted only to "further the regime's cause."<ref name=ns23/>

Prejo interpreted the film as a "journey through the complicated mind and psychology of a smoking addict who intends to kick the habit, a depiction of the travails of a chain smoker who finds it difficult to quit and the mental toll this process has on him."<ref name=ns23/> Gajjar wrote that "K represents people afflicted with serious addictions who struggle to escape their patterns." And when K does seek a change, "he descends into a hell of sorts where he was emotionally, mentally, and physically manipulated into giving up smoking, at the cost of his sanity."<ref name=ns24/>

Prejo pointed out "infinitely large repository of VHS tapes, which had recorded each and every incident and happenings in the lives of the patients of Prayogshala."<ref name=ns23/> Interpreting the film as a critique of surveillance state, Gajjar noted how, "Baba Bengali constantly has eyes on K, no matter how many flights he takes or remote places he goes to, even in the privacy of his own home," and that "viewed in the present day, there’s a degree of relatability to being observed at all times, and to being addicted to the very tools and services observing you."<ref name=ns24/>

Prejo noted the uncertainties of the events, whether they were real or in K's "convoluted psyche," pointing out K's repeated emergings from a bathtub, which could be his returning "to the real world" or "into his own mind."<ref name=ns23/> Gajjar interpreted K waking up in the solitary cabin as showing imprisonment of "K, or rather, his soul," and that his predicament "highlights his distorted state of mind after being psychologically tortured for so long."<ref name=ns24/>

Kashyap has stated that ''No Smoking'' is the story of "arrogance versus super arrogance, freedom to choose versus censorship; and that in the end freedom loses."<ref name=ns5/> ''[[Time Out Mumbai]]'''s Girish Shahane compared the film favorably to [[Stanley Kubrick]]'s ''[[A Clockwork Orange (film)|A Clockwork Orange]]'' and argued that both films show that "the cure is worse than the disease if it robs you of your soul."<ref name=ns8>{{cite web |last=Matin |first=Zoeb |date=17 April 2023 |title=A Film Ahead Of Its Time: No Smoking |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/readers-articles/no-smoking-a-film-ahead-of-its-time-zee5-anurag-kashyap-john-abraham |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250810163053/https://www.filmcompanion.in/readers-articles/no-smoking-a-film-ahead-of-its-time-zee5-anurag-kashyap-john-abraham |archive-date=10 August 2025 |access-date=15 January 2026 |website=FilmCompanion}}</ref>

Matin pointed out how K's journey takes him from his "plush [[South Bombay]] apartment overlooking the magnificent vista of [[Brabourne Stadium]]," into the "almost claustrophobic bustle of [[Dharavi]]'s slums," and then further into a "subterranean [[purgatory]] in the hot bowels of the city where, as in a dream, time and place coalesce in a mist of sunlight and dirt."<ref name=ns8/>

==Release==
''No Smoking'' was invited to be screened at the 2nd [[Rome Film Festival]], where the film had its premiere on 24 October 2007, where it was well-received,<ref name=ns6/> before its general release on 26 October.<ref name=ns11>{{cite web |date=25 October 2007 |title=No Smoking in Rome |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/oct/25john.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260221204131/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/oct/25john.htm |archive-date=21 February 2026 |access-date=14 August 2012 |work=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=No Smoking Cast & Crew |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201583 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120123103701/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201583 |archive-date=23 January 2012 |access-date=9 August 2012 |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>

===Reception===
{{Multiple image
| image1 = Franz Kafka, 1923.jpg
| image2 = David Lynch -microphone -10Aug2007-2p (cropped).jpg
| perrow = 3
| total_width = 360
| image3 = Gaiman, Neil (2007).jpg
| footer = The works of Franz Kafka (left),<ref name=ns7/> David Lynch (center)<ref name=ns21/> and Neil Gaiman (right) were counted among as influences on the film.<ref name=ns13/>
}}

Prithviraj Hegde noted that ''No Smoking'' could be cheered at film festivals, but that "it sure won't either at a suburban multiplex nor a tent cinema in [[Tamil Nadu]] or [[Bihar]]."<ref name=ns16/> Gautaman Bhaskaran also found it "unlikely to get into the commercial circuit."<ref name=ns12/> It ultimately [[Box-office bomb|bombed at the box-office]],<ref name=ns9/><ref name=ns18>{{Cite news |date=6 March 2013 |title=John Abraham, Anurag Kashyap team up for No Smoking 2 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/john-abraham-anurag-kashyap-team-up-for-no-smoking-2/story-YDp0r8QIzm2yvstJzqIlMM.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171118013725/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/john-abraham-anurag-kashyap-team-up-for-no-smoking-2/story-YDp0r8QIzm2yvstJzqIlMM.html |archive-date=18 November 2017 |access-date=19 January 2026 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> grossing {{INRConvert|3.49|c|year=2007}} against a budget of {{INRConvert|7.50|c|year=2007}}.{{efn|Budget figure includes print and advertising costs<ref>{{Cite web |title=No Smoking |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=257 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251205031134/https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=257 |archive-date=5 December 2025 |access-date=15 January 2026 |website=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref>}}

''No Smoking'' received negative reviews from critics,{{efn|Attributed to multiple references<ref name=ns5/><ref name=ns26/><ref name=ns2/><ref name=ns6>{{cite news |date=30 October 2007 |title=Biased criticism doesn't help: Anurag Kashyap |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/entertainment/Biased-criticism-doesn-t-help-Anurag-Kashyap/Article1-254812.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140313015542/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/entertainment/Biased-criticism-doesn-t-help-Anurag-Kashyap/Article1-254812.aspx |archive-date=13 March 2014 |access-date=16 August 2012 |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Jha |first=Lata |date=27 October 2015 |title=Ten Bollywood directors who found success late |url=http://www.livemint.com/Consumer/bwmEEnWusJRuQ3K93FlOKN/Ten-Bollywood-directors-who-found-success-late.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250222234155/http://www.livemint.com/Consumer/bwmEEnWusJRuQ3K93FlOKN/Ten-Bollywood-directors-who-found-success-late.html |archive-date=22 February 2025 |access-date=5 May 2016 |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]}}</ref>}} though international reviews were considerably positive.<ref name=ns23>{{Cite web |last=Prejo |date=26 July 2020 |title=No Smoking: Appreciating Anurag Kashyap’s Psychological Thriller |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/readers-articles/no-smoking-appreciating-anurag-kashyap-psychological-thriller |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728214805/https://www.filmcompanion.in/readers-articles/no-smoking-appreciating-anurag-kashyap-psychological-thriller |archive-date=28 July 2020 |access-date=13 February 2026 |website=[[Film Companion]]}}</ref> On the [[review aggregator]] website [[Rotten Tomatoes]], 50% of 12 critics' reviews are positive, with an average rating of 4.8/10.<ref>{{cite web |title=No Smoking |url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/1192358-1192358-no_smoking |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260302074905/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/1192358-1192358-no_smoking |archive-date=2 March 2026 |access-date=15 January 2026 |website=Rotten Tomatoes}}</ref>

The film was criticised for its cryptic storytelling and ambition.<ref name=ns24/><ref name=ns6/> ''[[IBN Live]]''<nowiki/>'s [[Rajeev Masand]] criticised its "intentionally incohesive screenplay and bizarre dialogue."<ref name=ns10>{{cite web |author=Masand |first=Rajeev |author-link= |date=26 October 2007 |title=Review: No Smoking is a colossal disappointment |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/review-no-smoking-is-a-colossal-disappointment/51232-8.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090129223058/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/review-no-smoking-is-a-colossal-disappointment/51232-8.html |archive-date=29 January 2009 |access-date=9 August 2012 |publisher=IBN Live}}</ref> ''[[The Guardian]]''<nowiki/>'s Phelim O'Neill and ''[[Times of India]]'' found it illogical.<ref name=ns15/><ref>{{cite news |author= |author-link= |date=27 October 2007 |title=No Smoking |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/hindi/No-Smoking/movie-review/2493801.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260302074453/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/no-smoking/movie-review/2493801.cms |archive-date=2 March 2026 |access-date=10 August 2012 |newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref> ''[[DNA India]]''<nowiki/>'s Indu Mirani said that "understanding its plot's many forward and backward movements would be out of the scope of the layman."<ref name=ns13>{{cite news |author=Mirani |first=Indu |date=26 October 2007 |title=Kick Kashyap's butt |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mobile/report.php?n=1130068 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260302074248/https://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/review-kick-kashyap-s-butt-1130068 |archive-date=2 March 2026 |access-date=24 August 2012 |newspaper=DNA India}}</ref> ''[[Hindustan Times]]''<nowiki/>' [[Khalid Mohamed]] and [[Bollywood Hungama]]'s Taran Adarsh failed to grasp what was going on in the film.<ref name=ns17>{{cite news |author=Mohamed |first=Khalid |author-link= |date=26 October 2007 |title=Review: No Smoking |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Reviews/Review-No-Smoking/Article1-254292.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111116044606/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Reviews/Review-No-Smoking/Article1-254292.aspx |archive-date=16 November 2011 |access-date=9 August 2012 |newspaper=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref name=ns14>{{cite web |author=Adarsh |first=Taran |author-link= |date=26 October 2007 |title=No Smoking |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/201583 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407100346/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/201583 |archive-date=7 April 2014 |access-date=23 August 2012 |work=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref> [[Rediff.com]]'s Prithviraj Hegde called it "a bad dream, peopled with strange characters and situations" which "spins into a downward spiral that's unreal, incomprehensible and leaves you dazed."<ref name=ns16>{{cite web |author=Hegde |first=Prithviraj |date=26 October 2007 |title=What was the director smoking |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/oct/26smoke.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251123180524/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/oct/26smoke.htm |archive-date=23 November 2025 |access-date=9 August 2012 |work=Rediff.com}}</ref> [[BBC Film|BBC Films]]' Tajpal Rathore found its "shoddy screenplay stale, and its situations laughable."<ref name=ns29>{{cite web |author=Rathore |first=Tajpal |date=22 October 2007 |title=No Smoking (2007) |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/films/2007/10/22/no_smoking_2007_review.shtml#rating |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251231162506/https://www.bbc.co.uk/films/2007/10/22/no_smoking_2007_review.shtml#rating |archive-date=31 December 2025 |access-date=10 August 2012 |publisher=BBC Films}}</ref> ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]''<nowiki/>'s Jay Weissberg and [[BBC]]'s Manish Gajjar called it confusing.<ref name=ns26>{{Cite magazine |last=Weissberg |first=Jay |date=6 November 2007 |title=No Smoking |url=https://variety.com/2007/film/reviews/no-smoking-1200554751/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260302073614/https://variety.com/2007/film/reviews/no-smoking-1200554751/ |archive-date=2 March 2026 |access-date=15 February 2026 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref><ref name=ns25>{{Cite web |last=Gajjar |first=Manish |date=21 December 2007 |title=No Smoking |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/shropshire/films/bollywood/2007/11/no_smoking_review.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071221015458/https://www.bbc.co.uk/shropshire/films/bollywood/2007/11/no_smoking_review.shtml |archive-date=21 December 2007 |access-date=15 February 2026 |website=[[BBC]]}}</ref>

Abraham's performance, praised by Adarsh,<ref name=ns14/> Bhaskaran,<ref name=ns12/> Mirani,<ref name=ns13/> Saloni Gajjar,<ref name=ns24/> and Manish Gajjar,<ref name=ns25/> was criticised by Sinanan<ref name=ns20/> and Mohamed, who quipped that he "still has to learn the A B C of acting."<ref name=ns17/> Takia's performance was criticised by Mohamed.<ref name=ns17/> She "runs through her role mechanically," according to Adarsh,<ref name=ns14/> and according to Mirani, she "sleepwalks through her part."<ref name=ns13/> In contrast, she impressed Manish Gajjar.<ref name=ns25/> Rawal's performance was praised,<ref name=ns13/><ref name=ns14/> describing him as "typically brilliant,"<ref name=ns25/> and saying that his role was "essayed with verve."<ref name=ns12/> Shorey's performance was criticised as boring<ref name=ns14/> and disappointing.<ref name=ns13/>

Cinematography was complimented by many critics such as Masand,<ref name=ns10/> O'Neill,<ref name=ns15/> Saloni Gajjar<ref name=ns24/> and Manish Gajjar,<ref name=ns25/> with Adarsh going so far as to suggest that cinematography was the film's "only aspect that stood out."<ref name=ns14/> The score was praised by Manish Gajjar.<ref name=ns25/> Adarsh conceded that "Jab Bhi" dance sequence was "imaginatively filmed."<ref name=ns14/> Weissberg found the visuals "self-indulgent."<ref name=ns26/> Bhaskaran and Adarsh criticised the film's lack of entertainment value.<ref name=ns12/><ref name=ns14/> The flashback scene of K and Abbas smoking in the toilet was described as entertaining and hilarious,<ref name=ns10/> and "genuinely clever."<ref name=ns2/> Weissberg considered Hitler's gas chamber references as "plain offensive."<ref name=ns26/>

Reviewers noted the film to be influenced by the works of [[Franz Kafka]] (particularly ''[[The Trial]]''), [[David Lynch]],<ref name=ns2/><ref name=ns21>{{cite news |author=Sudhish Kamath |author-link=Sudhish Kamath |date=11 August 2012 |title=Gangs of Wasseypur - Gags of Wasseypur |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article3754000.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120813202449/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article3754000.ece |archive-date=13 August 2012 |access-date=29 June 2016 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> [[Lars Von Trier]], [[Neil Gaiman]], and [[graphic novels]] in general,<ref name=ns13/> as well as [[The Game (1997 film)|''The Game'']] (1997), ''[[Seconds (1966 film)|Seconds]]'' (1966),<ref name=ns7/> ''[[Schindler's List]]'' (1993) and ''[[Being John Malkovich]]'' (1999).<ref name=ns20/> Comparisons were made to ''[[Mulholland Drive (film)|Mulholland Drive]]'' (2001),<ref name=ns24/> ''[[Saw (franchise)|Saw]]'' (2004{{ndash}}present),<ref name=ns29/> ''[[Naach]]'' (2004), ''[[The Matrix Reloaded]]'' (2003), ''[[Lost (TV series)|Lost]]'' (2004{{ndash}}present) and [[music videos]].<ref name=ns2/> Critics variously identified it as a [[black comedy]],<ref name=ns7/><ref name=ns10/> a [[neo-noir]], a [[surreal film]]<ref name=ns24/> or a [[thriller film]].<ref name=ns10/><ref name=ns25/> The film paid homage to [[Bob Fosse]], a "chain-smoking director-choreographer who went to an early grave."<ref name=ns7/><ref name=ns17/>

Commenting on the unfavourable reception, Kashyap stated that people would understand the film "after they get over the shock."<ref name=ns5/> The film was honoured at the 2011 [[Indian Film Festival]].<ref>{{cite web |author= |first= |date=20 July 2011 |title=No Smoking wins awards at Indian Film Festival, China |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/no-smoking-wins-awards-at-indian-film-festival-china/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216081653/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/no-smoking-wins-awards-at-indian-film-festival-china/ |archive-date=16 December 2022 |access-date=16 January 2026 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> It has since gained a [[cult following]].{{efn|Attributed to multiple references<ref name=ns24/><ref name=ns4>{{Cite news |date=18 January 2024 |title='Drishyam 2' Director Abhishek Pathak: 'No Smoking' Was Way Ahead Of Its Time |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/-drishyam-2-director-abhishek-pathak-no-smoking-was-way-ahead-of-its-time-news-238659 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251207120302/https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/-drishyam-2-director-abhishek-pathak-no-smoking-was-way-ahead-of-its-time-news-238659 |archive-date=7 December 2025 |access-date=14 February 2026 |work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]}}</ref><ref name=ns9>{{Cite news |date=12 March 2025 |title=Anurag Kashyap praises John Abraham’s performance in ‘The Diplomat’, needs ‘subject’ for ‘No Smoking 2’ |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/anurag-kashyap-praises-john-abrahams-performance-in-the-diplomat-needs-subject-for-no-smoking-2/article69320635.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260114092030/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/anurag-kashyap-praises-john-abrahams-performance-in-the-diplomat-needs-subject-for-no-smoking-2/article69320635.ece |archive-date=14 January 2026 |access-date=14 January 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Roychoudhury |first=Amborish |title=In a Cult of Their Own: Bollywood Beyond Box Office |publisher=Rupa |year=2018 |isbn=978-8129151353 |location=India |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Doshi |first=Tushar |date=7 August 2025 |title=Exclusive: John Abraham says he's been after Anurag Kashyap for No Smoking sequel |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/john-abraham-says-hes-been-after-anurag-kashyap-for-no-smoking-sequel-2767594-2025-08-07 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251009045053/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/john-abraham-says-hes-been-after-anurag-kashyap-for-no-smoking-sequel-2767594-2025-08-07 |archive-date=9 October 2025 |access-date=19 January 2026 |magazine=[[India Today]]}}</ref>}}

== Potential sequel ==
Abraham first expressed his interest in a sequel in 2013.<ref name=ns18/> After Abraham reiterated his interest again in 2025, Kashyap said that he needs a thrilling, appropriate and unique subject matter to move forward with it.<ref name=ns9/>

==See also==
* ''[[Julie Ganapathi]]'' (2003), the first Indian [[Media based on Stephen King works|Stephen King film adaptation]]
* ''[[Woh]]'', 1998 television series, the first Hindi-language Stephen King adaptation
* [[List of cult films]]
* [[List of Hindi films of 2007]]
* [[List of box-office bombs]]
* [[List of films featuring surveillance]]
* [[List of films released by Eros International]]
* [[53rd Filmfare Awards]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}
==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0995740|No Smoking}}
* [https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/no-smoking-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0znzyzmdy ''No Smoking''] at [[British Board of Film Classification]]

{{Anurag Kashyap}}
{{Media based on Stephen King works}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:No Smoking (2007 Film)}}
[[Category:2007 Indian films]]
[[Category:2007 psychological thriller films]]
[[Category:2007 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Smoking cessation]]
[[Category:Films directed by Anurag Kashyap]]
[[Category:Indian neo-noir films]]
[[Category:Films based on short fiction]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Films shot in Russia]]
[[Category:Films shot in Uzbekistan]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vishal Bhardwaj]]
[[Category:Indian psychological thriller films]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Anurag Kashyap]]
[[Category:Films based on works by Stephen King]]
[[Category:Films shot in Siberia]]
[[Category:Films about smoking]]
[[Category:Panorama Studios films]]

Bhojpuri grammar

2026-03-10T01:03:43Z

BrodieAlfonso45: adding the details needs work

{{Short description|Grammatical rules and syntax in the Bhojpuri language}}
{{Contains special characters|Indic}}

'''Bhojpuri grammar''' ({{langx|bho|भोजपुरी व्याकरण}}) is the [[grammar]] of the Bhojpuri language. In many aspects, it is quite similar to other [[Eastern Indo-Aryan languages]]. Modern Bhojpuri grammar was written in 1915 by Pt. Shivadas Ojha.

== Nouns ==
{{Main|Bhojpuri Nouns}}
[[Noun]]s in Bhojpuri have three forms, viz. short, long and redundant. Thus, for ''ghōṛā'' ("horse"), the forms will be ''ghōṛā'', ''ghoṛwā'' and ''ghoṛawā'' respectively. In some cases, the long form ends with /ē/, ''ghoṛwē''.{{Sfn|Greirson|1903|p=50}} The redundant form has two more variants, /-ā/ and /-yā/. Thus for ''kukur'' ("a dog"), it can take the form ''kukurā'' and for ''māli'' ("a gardener") ''maliyā''. /-ā/ is used with nouns which have a disyllabic structure like ''bhatār'', ''bhatarā'' ("husband") or ''sonār'', ''sonarā'' ("goldsmith"). The suffix /-yā/ is added to nouns ending in /-i/, including feminine forms derived by adding /-i/, like ''bētī'', ''betiyā'' ("daughter") and ''aurat, auratiyā'' ("women").{{Sfn|Jain|Cardona|2007|p=524}} The oblique forms of nouns are identical to the nominative with the exception of verbal nouns.{{Sfn|Greirson|1903|p=50}}

=== Definitness ===
The redundant form, as it is called by [[George Abraham Grierson|Greirson]], actually does the grammatical task of coding [[definiteness]] in the noun morphology. It is same as the definite articles ''the'' and ''la'' of [[English language|English]] and [[French language|French]] respectively. Thus, ''ghorawā'' is "the horse" and ''maliyā'' is "the gardener".{{Sfn|Jain|Cardona|p=524|2007}}

=== Morphology ===
To characterize nouns the suffixes ''-wala'' and ''-iya'' are extensively used. ''-wala'' is also used in [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] but its use is more extensive in Bhojpuri where it can replace the adjective-forming suffixes of borrowed words, e.g. /-dār/. For instance, {{Langx|hi|इज़्ज़तदार|translit=izzatdār}} becomes ''ijjatwalā'' in Bhojpuri. The suffix /-iyā/ (also /-aiyā/, /-vaiyā/ variations) is also used extensively as characterizing suffix, as in ''kalkatiyā'', characteristic or belonging to [[Kolkata]], and ''puraniyā'', characterized by old age.{{Sfn|Jain|Cardona|p=525|2007}}

=== Gender ===
The [[Animate noun]]s in Bhojpuri are gendered. Those referring to females are feminine and rest are masculine. The feminine is formed by adding /-i/, /-in/ and /-ni/ to masculine nouns, e.g. /ājā/ ("grandfather") → /ājī/ ("grandmother") or /māli - mālin/ and /babuā - babunī/ (boy - girl).{{Sfn|Jain|Cardona|p=525|2007}}

=== Number ===
To form the plural in Bhojpuri, the final long vowel is shortened and ''-n'', ''-nh'' or ''-ni'' is added. In some cases, nouns of multitude like ''sabh'' (all) or ''lōg'' (people) are added to nouns to make plurals.{{Sfn|Greirson|1903|p=50}}

{| class="wikitable"
!Definition
!Singular Form (Short)
!Singular Form (long)
!Plural Form
|-
|House
|ghar
|gharwā
|gharan/gharwan/ ghar sabh
|-
|Horse
|ghoṛā
|ghoṛwā
|ghoṛan/ghoṛwan/ghōṛā sabh
|-
|Boy
|laïkā
|laïkwā
|laïkan/laïka sabh
|-
|King
|rājā
|rajwā
|rājā lōg
|}

=== Cases ===
Cases are generally formed by adding postpositions to the [[Nominative case]] or the oblique form (if exists) of the nouns. Sometimes true cases are also found, such as an [[Instrumental case|Instrumental]] and [[Locative case|Locative]] formed by adding ''-ē'', as in [[Bengali language|Bengali]]''.'' Thus, the locative and Instrumental case of ''ghar'' ("house") is ''ghare'' ("in/by the house"). These case forms are only found in the singular, however.{{Sfn|Greirson|1903|p=50}}

{| class="wikitable"
|+Noun Inflection
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Short
! colspan="2" |Long
|-
!Singular || Plural
!Singular || Plural
|-
! Nominative
| {{fs interlinear|𑂐𑂩|ghar|the house}}
| {{fs interlinear|𑂐𑂩𑂢 |gharana|the Houses}}
| {{fs interlinear|𑂐𑂩𑂫𑂰 |gharvā|the House}}
| {{fs interlinear|𑂐𑂩𑂫𑂢 |gharvana|the Houses}}
|-
! Accusative
| {{fs interlinear| 𑂐𑂩 '''𑂍𑂵/𑂍'''|ghar '''ke/ka''''|(to) the House}}
| {{fs interlinear|𑂐𑂩𑂢 '''𑂍𑂵/𑂍'''|gharan '''ke/ka'''|(to) the houses}}
| {{fs interlinear|𑂐𑂩𑂫𑂰 '''𑂍𑂵/𑂍'''|gharvā '''ke/ka''''|(to) the House}}
| {{fs interlinear|𑂐𑂩𑂫𑂢 '''𑂍𑂵/𑂍'''|gharvana '''ke/ka''''|(to) the House}}
|-
! Genitive
| {{fs interlinear| 𑂐𑂩 '''𑂍𑂵/𑂍'''|ghar '''ke/ka''''|(of) the House}}
| {{fs interlinear|𑂐𑂩𑂢 '''𑂍𑂵/𑂍'''|gharan '''ke/ka'''|(of) the houses}}
| {{fs interlinear|𑂐𑂩𑂫𑂰 '''𑂍𑂵/𑂍'''|gharvā '''ke/ka''''|(of) the House}}
| {{fs interlinear|𑂐𑂩𑂫𑂢 '''𑂍𑂵/𑂍'''|gharvana '''ke/ka''''|(of) the House}}
|-
! Locative
| {{fs interlinear| 𑂐𑂩 '''𑂧𑂵''', 𑂐𑂩𑂵|ghar '''me''', gharē|(in/on) the House}}
| {{fs interlinear|𑂐𑂩𑂢 '''𑂧𑂵'''|gharan '''me'''|(in/on) the houses}}
| {{fs interlinear|𑂐𑂩𑂫𑂰 '''𑂧𑂵'''|gharvā '''me''''|(in/on) the House}}
| {{fs interlinear|𑂐𑂩𑂫𑂢 '''𑂧𑂵'''|gharvana '''me''''|(in/on) the House}}
|}

* To form the instrumental case; ''sē'', ''tē'', ''santē'' and ''kartē'' are also added to the noun forms, hence ''ghar se'' is ''to the house''.
* To form the [[Dative case|dative]], ''lā'', ''lag'', ''khātir'' are added, ex:- ''ghar la'' (for the house)
* For the [[ablative case]], ''sē'', ''lē'' are added.

=== Noun Phrases ===
Nouns can be preceded by quantifiers. The quantifiers ''-gō'', ''-ṭhō'' and ''-ṭhē'' are used with numeral to emphasize countability as opposed to totality. The limiter expression in Bhojpuri are marked morphologically by using the suffixes ''-ē'' and ''-ō'', to show inclusiveness and exclusiveness respectively, as in ''ham āmē khāïb'' (I will eat only mangoes) and ''ham āmō khāïb'' (I will eat mango, too).{{Sfn|Jain|Cardona|2007|p=528}}

== Pronouns ==

===Personal Pronouns===
The first-person pronoun has two forms viz. inferior (''mē'') and superior (''ham''). The inferior form was used in Old Bhojpuri but is obsolete in Modern Bhojpuri and is mostly found in poetry. '''''Ham''''' is used as the first-person singular pronoun; the oblique form is ''Hamrā'', however sometimes ''ham'' (ham-kē) also serves as oblique form. In the [[Nagpuri language|Sadri]] dialect, ''mōe'' is used instead of ''ham''.{{Sfn|Tiwari|1960|p=127-128}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! rowspan="2" |Number
! rowspan="2" |Form
! colspan="2" |First Person
! colspan="3" |Second Person
! colspan="3" |Third Person
|-
!Inferior || Superior
!Inf. || Formal
!Honorific
!Inf.
!Formal
!Honorific
|-
! rowspan="3" | Singular
!Nom.
|मे (mē)
|हम (ham)
|तें (tēṃ)
|तूँ (tūṃ)
|रउवा (raüvā) / रवा (ravā) / रउरा (raürā) / अपने (apnē)
| colspan="2" |ई (ī), ऊ (ū)
|इहाँ के (ihāṁ kē), उहाँ के (uhāṁ kē)
|-
!Obl.
|मोहि (mohi) / मो (mō)
|हमरा (hamrā)
|तो (tō) / तोहि (tōhi) / तोरा (tōrā)
|तोहरा (tohrā)
|रउवा (raüvā) / रवा (ravā) / रउरा (raürā) / अपना (apnā)
|ए (ē), एह (ēh), एकरा (ekrā), ओ (ō), ओह (ōh), ओकरा (okrā)
|इन (in), इनका (inkā), इनकरा (inkarā), उन (un), उनका (unkā), उनकरा (unkarā)
|इहाँ (ihāṁ), उहाँ (uhāṁ)
|-
!Gen.
|मोर (mōr), मोरे (mōrē)
|हमार (hamār) / हमरे (hamarē)
|तोर (tōr) / तोरे (tōre)
|तोहार (tohār) / तोहरे (tohrē)
|राउर (rāür) / रउरे (raürē) / अपने के (apnē kē)
|एकर (ekar), ओकर (okar)
|इनकर (inkar), उनकर (unkar)
|इहाँ के (ihāṁ kē), उहाँ के (uhāṁ kē)
|-
! rowspan="2" |Plural
!Nom.
|हमनी के (hamnī kē)
|हमहन (hamhan)
|तोहनी के (tohnī ke)
|तूँ लोग (tuṃ lōg)
| rowspan="2" |रउरा सभ/लोग, अपने सभ/लोग (raürā sabh/lōg, apnē sabh/log)
| एकनी के (ekanī kē), ओकनी के (okanī kē)
| rowspan="2" |इ लोग (I Iōg), उ लोग (u lōg)
| rowspan="2" |इहाँ सभ (ihāṁ sabh), उहाँ सभ (uhāṁ sabh)
|-
!Obl.
|हमनी (hamnī)
|हमहन (hamhan)
|तोहनी (tohnī)
|तूँ लोग (tūṃ lōg)
|एकनी (ekanī), ओकनी (okanī)
|}
In the second person, ''tē'' is the most non-honorific form, used toward people younger than the speaker, to servants, and also while speaking disrespectfully. It can also show deep affection, informality and intimacy in a relationship.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Anupriya |first=Anupriya |date=2020 |title=The Hierarchy of Honorifics in Bhojpuri |url=https://ijels.com/detail/the-hierarchy-of-honorifics-in-bhojpuri/ |journal=International Journal of English Literature and Social Sciences |volume=5 |issue=5 |pages=1468–1483 |doi=10.22161/ijels.55.21|s2cid=226495186 |url-access=subscription |doi-access=free }}</ref> For instance, a son always uses ''tē'' for his mother. ''tū'' is ordinarily respectful term and can be used to address anyone, whether younger or older. To show extreme respect or honour, ''raüwā'' or ''apnē'' is used.{{Sfn|Tiwari|1960|p=130}} The demonstrative pronouns ''ī'' and ''ū'' are used as third-person pronouns in Modern Bhojpuri; the ''sē'' and ''tē'' of Old Bhojpuri survive but are not used frequently or mostly only in a proverbial sense. For instance, ''jē jaïsan karī tē taïsan pāï'' (lit. "Who as he does, he so obtains").{{Sfn|Tiwari|1960|p=131-132}}

=== Demonstrative Pronouns ===

The proximate demonstrative pronouns ("this" or "those") of Modern Bhojpuri are given in the following table.{{Sfn|Tiwari|1960|p=132}}{{Sfn|Greirson|1903|p=51}}

{| class="wikitable"
|+
! colspan="2" |Forms
!Singular
!Plural
|-
! rowspan="3" |Nominative
!Non Honorific
| rowspan="2" |ī, haï
|eknī kē, inhan kē, hekni kē, hinhan kē
|-
!Formal
|ī lōg
|-
!Honorific
|{{fs interlinear|lang=bho|इहाँ के|ihāṁ kē|}}
|{{fs interlinear|lang=bho|इहाँ सभ / सभन / सभनी के|ihaṁ sabh / sabhan / sabhani ke|}}
|-
! rowspan="3" |Oblique
!Non Honorific
|{{fs interlinear|lang=bho|ए, एह, हे|ē, eh, hē|}}
|{{fs interlinear|lang=bho|एकनी, इनहन, हेकनी, हिनहन|eknī, inhan, hekni, hinhan|}}
|-
!Formal
|{{fs interlinear|lang=bho|इनका, इनकरा|inakā, inakarā|}}
|{{fs interlinear|lang=bho|ई लोग|ī lōg|}}
|-
!Honorific
|{{fs interlinear|lang=bho|इहाँ|ihāṁ|}}
|{{fs interlinear|lang=bho|इहाँ सभ / सभन / सभनी के|ihaṁ sabh / sabham / sabhani ke|}}
|}
The genitive form is ''ēkar'', ''hēkar'', ''inkar'', ''hinkar''. Sometimes the suffix ''-i'' is added to them and used a feminine.{{Sfn|Tiwari|1960|p=132}} The remote form of demonstrative adjectives can be made by replacing ''i'' with ''u'' and ''e'' with ''o'' in the proximate form. Thus, ''eknī'' will becomes ''oknī'' and so on.

=== Relative Pronouns ===

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Forms
!Singular
!Plural
|-
|Direct
|jē, jawan, jaün, jinhī or sabh
| rowspan="3" |Same as Singular along with जिन्हनि (jinhani) and जिन्हनि लोग (jinhani log)
|-
!Oblique
|जे (jē), जवना (javanā), जउना (jaünā), जेह (jeh), जिन्हि (jinhi), जेकरा (jekrā), जिनकरा (jinkarā), जेहकरा (jehkarā)
|-
!Genitive
|जेकर (jēkar), जेहकर (jehkar), जिनकर (jinkar)
|}
The relative pronoun ''jē'' in Bhojpuri is the same as other [[Eastern Indo-Aryan languages]].{{Sfn|Tiwari|1960|p=138}}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="2" rowspan="4" |Case
! colspan="4" |[[Demonstrative pronouns|Demonstrative]]
! colspan="2" |[[Relative pronoun|Relative]]
! colspan="2" |[[Interrogative word|Interrogative]]
|-
! colspan="8" |3rd person
|-
! colspan="2" |Proximal
! colspan="2" |Non-proximal
! rowspan="2" |{{abbr|sg.|singular}}
! rowspan="2" |{{abbr|pl.|plural}}
! rowspan="2" |{{abbr|sg.|singular}}
! rowspan="2" |{{abbr|pl.|plural}}
|-
!{{abbr|sg.|singular}}
!{{abbr|pl.|plural}}
!{{abbr|sg.|singular}}
!{{abbr|pl.|plural}}
|-
! rowspan="3" |[[Nominative case|Nominative]]
!Informal
|''ī, haï''
| rowspan="2" |''eknī ke, hēknī ke, inhan ke, hinhan ke, ī log (logan/sabh)''
|''ū, haü''
|''oknī ke, hoknī ke, unban ke, hunhan ke, ū log (logan/sabh)''
| rowspan="2" |jē, jawan, jaün
|jeknī kē, jinhan kē,
| rowspan="3" |kē, kewan, kawan, kaün
| rowspan="3" |kē, kewan, kawan lōg, kaün
|-
!Formal
|ī, inhī, hinhī
|ū, unhī, hunhī
|ū log (logan, sabh)
|jē lōg, jinhan lōg
|-
!Honorific
|ihāṃ kē
|ihāṃ sabh (sabhan/sabhani ke)
|uhāṃ kē
|uhāṃ sabh (sabhan/sabhani ke)
|jihāṃ kē
|jihāṃ sabh (sabhani)
|-
! rowspan="3" |[[Oblique case|Oblique]]
!Informal
|''ē, eh, hē, ekrā, hekrā''
|eknī, heknī, inhani, hinhanī
|''ō, oh, ho, okrā, hokrā''
|''okanī, hoknī, unhani''
|''jē, jekrā, jeh, jawanā, jaünā''
|''jeknī, jinhan''
|''kē, keh, kawanā, kaünā, kewanā, kekrā, kehakarā''
|''kē, keknī, kinhan''
|-
!Formal
|''in, inkarā, inkā, inhani ka''
|''i log (logan)''
|''un, unkā, unkarā,. hunkā, hunkarā''
|''u log (logan)''
|''jē, jeh, jawanā, jaünā, jin, jinkā, jinkarā''
|''jē lōg, jawan lōg''
|kinkarā, kinkā
|kinhan, kawan log
|-
!Honorific
|ihāṃ
|ihāṃ (sabh/sabhan/sabhani)
|uhāṃ
|uhāṃ (sabh/sabhan/sabhani)
|jihāṃ
|jihāṃ sabh (sabhan/sabhani)
|kihāṃ
|
|-
! rowspan="3" |[[Genitive case|Genitive]]
!Informal
|''ēkar, hēkar''
|eknī ke, heknī ke
|ōkar, hōkar
|oknī kē, ''hokni kē''
|jēkar, jehakar
|jeknī ke
|kēkar
|keknī ke
|-
!Formal
|''inkar, hinkar''
|''i log (logan)''
|''unkar, hunkar''
|''u log (logan)''
|''jinkar''
|je/jawan/jaün log ke
|kinkar
|kawan log
|-
!Honorific
|''ihaṃ ke''
|''ihāṃ sabh ke (sabhan/logan/log)''
|''uhāṃ kē''
|''uhāṃ sabh ke (sabhan/logan/log)''
|jihaṃ
|''jihāṃ sabh ke (sabhan/logan/log)''
|
|
|}

=== Other Pronouns ===

* ''Keu'', ''Kēhu'' and ''Kawano'' are used as animate forms of indefinite pronouns and ''kichu'', ''kuchu'', ''kichuo'', ''kuchuo'' as inanimate forms.{{Sfn|Tiwari|1960|p=144}}
*''apanā'' and ''apne'' are used to show relative sense, ''nija'' is used in instrumental case.{{Sfn|Tiwari|1960|p=145-146}}

== Adjectives ==
Like the nouns, adjectives also have short, long and redundant forms, e.g. ''baṛ'', ''baṛkā'', ''baṛkawā''. Sometimes, the suffixes ''-han'' and ''-har'' are also used with adjectives, e.g. ''lām - lamhar'' and ''baṛ - baṛhan''.{{Sfn|Tiwari|1960|p=116}}

Adjectives do not [[Agreement (linguistics)|agree]] in gender with the noun. Hence the adjective ''baṛ'' (big) is same for ''laïkā'' ("boy") and ''laïki'' ("girl"), just as in other [[Magadhan languages]]. In Bhojpuri, however, the long form with suffix /-ka/ and /-kī/ is gendered, thus ''baṛkā'' and ''baṛkī'' are used for masculine and feminine respectively.{{Sfn|Jain|Cardona|2007|p=527}}

=== Degree of Comparison ===
There are no inflexions for comparative and superlative forms. The words equivalent to "more" like ''besi'', ''jiādā'', ''dhēr'' and "less" like ''kam'' are used before the adjectives while comparing:{{Sfn|Tiwari|1960|p=116-117}}

{{fs interlinear|lang=bho|indent=2
| ई लइक ओकरा से '''ढेर''' सुन्नर बाटे
| ī laïkā okarā se '''''ḍhera''''' sunnara bāṭe
| This boy is fairer than that.}}

Sometime comparison is done using the numerals ''unaïs'' (nineteen) and ''bīs'' (twenty), where former is used for less and later for more.{{Sfn|Tiwari|1960|p=117}}

{{fs interlinear|lang=bho|indent=2
| ऊ लइका एकरा से उमिर मे तनि '''उनइस''' हवे
| ū laīkā ekarā se umira me tani '''unaïsa''' hawe
|The boy is a bit younger in age. ({{lit}} That boy is slightly '''nineteen''' than this in age.}}

The superlative is expressed by adding ''sabh mē'' or ''sabh sē'' or ''sabh mē baṛhi kē'' or ''sabh se baṛhi kē'' (best of all) before the adjective, for example ''u laïka '''sabh mē''' '''nīk''' hawe'' (the boy is '''''best''''' of all).{{Sfn|Tiwari|1960|p=117}}

== Verbs ==
Chaterji has classified Bhojpuri verbs into two categories viz. primary root and secondary root. The former one are those which are inherited from Old Indo-Aryan while the latter are causative, denominative or compounded.{{Sfn|Tiwari|1960|p=151}} Like [[Bengali language|Bengali]], Bhojpuri has two moods, indicative and imperative.{{Sfn|Tiwari|1960|p=161}}

== History of Bhojpuri Grammars ==
The earliest mentions of some grammatical features of Bhojpuri can he found in Buchanan's report on [[Shahabad district|Shahabad]] in 1812. A detailed grammatical sketch of Bhojpuri was first published by Beames in 1868.{{Sfn|Tiwari|1960|p=xxxiii}} In 1877, J.R. Reid tried to give a picture of the Bhojpuri spoken in [[Azamgarh district]].{{Sfn|Tiwari|1960|p=xxxiii}} [[George Abraham Grierson|Greirson]]'s [[Linguistic Survey of India]] Vol. V, Part II, published in 1903, contained a skeleton grammar of Bhojpuri with specimens.{{Sfn|Tiwari|1960|p=xxxiii}}

Current Bhojpuri grammar which is widely used is '''Bhojpuri Bayakaran,''' written by Pt. Shivdas Ojha in 1915. He was a Bhojpuri scholar from [[Shahabad district|Shahabad]] district of Bihar. It was later published by Bhojpuri Akademi, Patna.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adrikshit |date=2024-09-01 |title=Did you know Bhojpuri grammer book was written before Hindi grammer book? |url=https://www.reddit.com/r/Bhojpuriyas/comments/1f6ivrk/did_you_know_bhojpuri_grammer_book_was_written/?share_id=lyYT6E7AGTCenIDZ2HJrb&utm_content=1&utm_medium=android_app&utm_name=androidcss&utm_source=share&utm_term=1&rdt=36927 |access-date=2024-10-13 |website=r/Bhojpuriyas}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* {{cite book
| last = Greirson | first = G.A
| date = 1903
| title = Linguistic Survey of India, Vol. V, Part II
|url = https://dsal.uchicago.edu/books/lsi/lsi.php?volume=5-2&pages=466#page/64/mode/1up
}}
*{{Cite book |last1=Jain |first1=Danesh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OtCPAgAAQBAJ&dq=Bhojpuri+grammar&pg=PA536 |title=The Indo-Aryan Languages |last2=Cardona |first2=George |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2007 |isbn=9781135797119}}
* {{Cite book |last=Tiwari |first=Uday Narayan |title=The Origin And Development Of Bhojpuri |publisher=The Asiatic Society |year=1960}}

{{Grammars of South Asian languages}}
{{language grammars}}

[[Category:Indo-Aryan grammars]]
[[Category:Bhojpuri language|grammar]]

Freddie Ljungberg

2026-03-05T12:51:10Z

BrodieAlfonso45:

{{Short description|Swedish footballer and manager}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Freddie Ljungberg
| image = Football against poverty 2014 - Fredrik Ljungberg.jpg
| caption = Ljungberg playing in the [[Match Against Poverty]] in 2014
| fullname = Karl Fredrik Ljungberg<ref>{{Hugman|11820|access-date=10 March 2017}}</ref>
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1977|4|16|df=y}}<ref>{{cite web |title=2006 FIFA World Cup Germany List of Players |url=https://www.fifadata.com/document/fwc/2006/PDF/FWC_2006_SquadLists.pdf |website=FIFA |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190610174527/https://www.fifadata.com/document/fwc/2006/PDF/FWC_2006_SquadLists.pdf |archive-date=10 June 2019 |page=26}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Vittsjö]], Sweden
| height = 1.75 m<ref name="PremProfile"/>
| position = [[Midfielder#Winger|Winger]]
| currentclub =
| youthyears1 = 1982–1994
| youthclubs1 = [[Halmstads BK|Halmstad]]
| years1 = 1994–1998
| clubs1 = [[Halmstads BK|Halmstad]]
| caps1 = 79
| goals1 = 10
| years2 = 1998–2007
| clubs2 = [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]]
| caps2 = 216
| goals2 = 46
| years3 = 2007–2008
| clubs3 = [[West Ham United F.C.|West Ham United]]
| caps3 = 25
| goals3 = 2
| years4 = 2009–2010
| clubs4 = [[Seattle Sounders FC]]
| caps4 = 37
| goals4 = 2
| years5 = 2010
| clubs5 = [[Chicago Fire FC|Chicago Fire]]
| caps5 = 15
| goals5 = 2
| years6 = 2011
| clubs6 = [[Celtic F.C.|Celtic]]
| caps6 = 7
| goals6 = 0
| years7 = 2011–2012
| clubs7 = [[Shimizu S-Pulse]]
| caps7 = 8
| goals7 = 0
| years8 = 2014
| clubs8 = [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
| caps8 = 4
| goals8 = 0
| totalcaps = 391
| totalgoals = 62
| nationalyears1 = 1993
| nationalteam1 = [[Sweden men's national under-17 football team|Sweden U16]]
| nationalcaps1 = 4
| nationalgoals1 = 2
| nationalyears2 = 1994
| nationalteam2 = [[Sweden men's national under-19 football team|Sweden U18]]
| nationalcaps2 = 8
| nationalgoals2 = 1
| nationalyears3 = 1995–1998
| nationalteam3 = [[Sweden national under-21 football team|Sweden U21]]
| nationalcaps3 = 12
| nationalgoals3 = 5
| nationalyears4 = 1998–2008
| nationalteam4 = [[Sweden men's national football team|Sweden]]
| nationalcaps4 = 75
| nationalgoals4 = 14
| manageryears1 = 2016–2017
| managerclubs1 = [[Arsenal F.C. Under-23s and Academy|Arsenal U15]]<ref name=ArsenalAcademy />
| manageryears2 = 2018–2019
| managerclubs2 = [[Arsenal F.C. Under-23s and Academy|Arsenal U23]]
| manageryears3 = 2019
| managerclubs3 = [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]] (caretaker)
| manageryears4 = 2025
| managerclubs4 = N5 FC (joint-manager)
}}
'''Karl Fredrik Ljungberg''' ({{IPA|sv|ˈfrěːdrɪk ˈjɵ̂ŋːbærj}}; born 16 April 1977) is a Swedish former professional [[association football|footballer]] who played as a [[Midfielder#Winger|winger]]. He is also a former [[Manager (association football)|manager]], and was most recently an assistant coach, and interim head coach of [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]].

He began his career at [[Halmstads BK|Halmstad]] and went on to spend most of his career at Arsenal, where he won honours including two [[Premier League]] titles and three [[FA Cup]]s, scoring in two finals including the [[2002 FA Cup Final|victory in 2002]]. After leaving Arsenal in 2007, he had short spells at a number of clubs in England, Scotland, the United States, Japan and India. An international for a full decade, Ljungberg earned 75 [[Cap (sport)|caps]] and represented [[Sweden men's national football team|Sweden national team]] at [[UEFA Euro 2000]], [[UEFA Euro 2004|2004]] and [[UEFA Euro 2008|2008]], as well as at the [[2002 FIFA World Cup|2002]] and [[2006 FIFA World Cup|2006]] [[FIFA World Cup]]s. He was [[Captain (association football)|captain]] of Sweden from 2006 until he announced his international retirement after UEFA Euro 2008.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.soundersfc.com/post/2008/10/28/swedish-star-fredrik-ljungberg-signs|title=Swedish star Fredrik Ljungberg signs on|access-date=11 April 2019|archive-date=11 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411142406/https://www.soundersfc.com/post/2008/10/28/swedish-star-fredrik-ljungberg-signs|url-status=live}}</ref>

Ljungberg was a model for [[Calvin Klein (fashion house)|Calvin Klein]] underwear<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.womenrepublic.co.uk/entertainment/freddie_ljungberg/ |title=Celebrity men: Freddie Ljungberg |publisher=Women Republic |access-date=8 June 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090623104734/http://www.womenrepublic.co.uk/entertainment/freddie_ljungberg/ |archive-date=23 June 2009 }}</ref> until 2007.<ref>{{Cite web|date=8 May 2012|title=Freddie Ljungberg: Calvin Klein advert made my nightclub life hell|url=https://metro.co.uk/2012/05/08/freddie-ljungberg-tells-of-nighclub-hell-following-calvin-klein-advert-417331/|access-date=17 September 2020|website=Metro|language=en|archive-date=26 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191226005247/https://metro.co.uk/2012/05/08/freddie-ljungberg-tells-of-nighclub-hell-following-calvin-klein-advert-417331/|url-status=live}}</ref> He previously represented brands such as [[Nike, Inc.|Nike]], [[Procter & Gamble]], [[L'Oréal]], [[Puma (brand)|Puma]], [[Beats Electronics|Beats]], [[ESPN]] and [[Pepsi]].

==Early life==
Ljungberg was born on 16 April 1977 in [[Vittsjö]] to Roy Alve Erling Ljungberg, an owner of a construction and consultant business with a masters in engineering, and Elisabeth Bodil Ljungberg, a Swedish Labor Department worker.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/I%27ll+beat+Poles+for+the+Mirror%3b+SWEDISH+STAR+FREDDIE+LJUNGBERG%27S...-a060335175|title=I'll beat Poles for the Mirror; Swedish star Freddie Ljungberg's promise to fans|first=Jeremy|last=Armstrong|work=[[Daily Mirror]]|date=9 October 1999|access-date=9 March 2010|archive-date=25 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210325133809/https://www.thefreelibrary.com/I%27ll+beat+Poles+for+the+Mirror%3B+SWEDISH+STAR+FREDDIE+LJUNGBERG%27S...-a060335175|url-status=live}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=May 2020}} On 12 September 1984, the Ljungbergs had another son, Karl Oskar Filip.<ref name="aftonbladet1">{{cite news |title=Så formades den svenska modellen |first=Peter |last=Maaherra |url=http://www.aftonbladet.se/sportbladet/fotboll/vm2006/article386794.ab |date=17 June 2006 |newspaper=Aftonbladet |access-date=19 February 2009 |archive-date=3 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080803203822/http://www.aftonbladet.se/sportbladet/fotboll/vm2006/article386794.ab |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1982, the Ljungberg family left Vittsjö and moved to [[Halmstad]]. At first, the tenacious five-year old would not have any part of moving. He argued with his parents that he did not want to live in Halmstad. His parents relented and took him to [[Halmstads BK]], where he played on the youth team under manager [[Olle Eriksson (footballer, born 1918)|Olle Eriksson]].<ref name="aftonbladet1"/>

From the time he was from five to fourteen, Ljungberg was coached by Eriksson. Eriksson's impression of the youngster was that he was remarkably talented for his age and that he was considerate of other players, noting that Ljungberg would pass the ball to his friends, so that they would have a chance to score.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.corren.se/nYhEteR/artikel.aspx?articleid=4437586 |title=Östergötlands största nyhetssajt |publisher=Corren.se |access-date=23 February 2014 |archive-date=2 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302003322/http://www.corren.se/nYhEteR/artikel.aspx?articleid=4437586 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He credits the Brazilian footballer [[Sócrates]], and Eriksson for having a profound effect on his career.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sluta med hyckleriet |first=Lasse |last=Anrell |url=http://www.aftonbladet.se/sportbladet/kronikorer/anrell/article107249.ab |date=24 November 2002 |newspaper=Aftonbladet |access-date=19 February 2009 |archive-date=13 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013115633/http://www.aftonbladet.se/sportbladet/kronikorer/anrell/article107249.ab |url-status=live }}</ref> During his youth days, Ljungberg also enjoyed playing [[ice hockey]] and developed a talent for [[handball]]; he was eventually called up to the under-15 national handball team,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/teams/arsenal/3027277/My-Sport-Freddie-Ljungberg.html|title=My Sport: Freddie Ljungberg|first=Gareth A|last=Davies|newspaper=Daily Telegraph|date=6 May 2002|access-date=23 February 2014|archive-date=29 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140329134931/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/teams/arsenal/3027277/My-Sport-Freddie-Ljungberg.html|url-status=live}}</ref> but decided to focus his attentions on football.

Ljungberg did well in academic subjects and sports. When he finished ninth grade in his [[högstadium]] school, his marks averaged 4.1 on the five-point scale.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.aftonbladet.se/sportbladet/fotbollsbladet/landslagsfotboll/vm2006/article386797.ab|title=Så minns klass-kompisarna Fredrik|newspaper=Aftonbladet|date=17 June 2006|access-date=8 June 2009|archive-date=17 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090717220851/http://www.aftonbladet.se/sportbladet/fotbollsbladet/landslagsfotboll/vm2006/article386797.ab|url-status=live}}</ref> At the age of 18, Ljungberg attended university to study information technology and economics, but he struggled to balance the hectic academic timetable with the physically demanding commitments of professional football. Eventually, he quit university to concentrate on his football career.<ref>{{Cite web|title=My Sport: Freddie Ljungberg|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/teams/arsenal/3027277/My-Sport-Freddie-Ljungberg.html|access-date=17 September 2020|website=The Telegraph|date=6 May 2002 |language=en-GB|archive-date=23 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223114258/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/teams/arsenal/3027277/My-Sport-Freddie-Ljungberg.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Club career==

===Halmstad===
In 1989, at the age of 12, Ljungberg had convinced [[Halmstads BK]] to move him from P12 to P14 which was against Halmstad's policies at the time.<ref name="aftonbladet.se">{{cite news|url=http://www.aftonbladet.se/sportbladet/fotbollsbladet/article106318.ab|title=Jag är oerhört stolt och hedrad|date=19 November 2002|newspaper=Aftonbladet|access-date=5 September 2009}}</ref> At age 14, Ljungberg joined the junior team under coach Robert Nordström. His perseverance paid off because three years later he was moved up to the senior team.

Ljungberg made his senior debut on 23 October 1994 in the [[Allsvenskan]] against [[AIK Fotboll|AIK]]. In 1995, Ljungberg played 31 games in which he scored his first goal as a professional player. That same year, Halmstad won [[Svenska Cupen]]. In 1997, Halmstad won the Allsvenskan with Ljungberg netting and assisting goals that season for the club, despite picking up injuries. During his time with Halmstad, he went on to make 139 appearances and score 16 goals for the club. After winning several trophies in his years with Halmstad, Ljungberg's star was on the rise with interest from [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]], [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]], [[Aston Villa F.C.|Aston Villa]], [[Parma Calcio 1913|Parma]] and [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.arseweb.com/98-99/Ljungberg.html |title=Possible New Arsenal signing |date=11 September 1998 |publisher=Arseweb |access-date=8 June 2009 |archive-date=25 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210325133824/https://www.google-analytics.com/urchin.js |url-status=live }}</ref>{{better source needed|date=May 2020}}

===Arsenal===
[[File:Fredrik Ljungberg Arsenal cropped.jpg|thumb|upright|Ljungberg (second from left) playing for Arsenal in a match against [[Middlesbrough F.C.|Middlesbrough]] in September 2006]]

Ljungberg was signed by Arsenal in 1998 for £3 million. Arsenal scouts watched him for over a year and Arsenal's manager, [[Arsène Wenger]], took the unusual step of authorising the signing after watching Ljungberg play for [[Sweden men's national football team|Sweden]] in their victory against [[England national football team|England]] on television,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sport/football/164606.stm |title=Awful England suffer Stockholm shocker |publisher=BBC Sport |date=6 September 1998 |access-date=30 March 2020 |archive-date=8 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208082140/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sport/football/164606.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> without seeing him play live. Seeing Ljungberg's performance against England only confirmed to Wenger that Ljungberg could cope against English opponents, and he was signed shortly after. Ljungberg proved himself without difficulty and scored on his debut on 20 September after coming on as a substitute against rival club [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]], the match ending 3–0.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football-united-eclipsed-by-the-champions-1199753.html|title=United eclipsed by the champions|newspaper=The Independent|date=20 September 1998|access-date=26 December 2010|first=Glenn|last=Moore|archive-date=10 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110055416/http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football-united-eclipsed-by-the-champions-1199753.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Ljungberg made 21 appearances across all competitions in his first season, and 43 in his second (1999-2000).<ref>{{Soccerbase season|15103|1999|name=Fredrik Ljungberg|access-date=30 March 2020}}</ref> He missed the [[2000 UEFA Cup Final]] due to a rib injury.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cbc.ca/sports/soccer/gunners-favoured-over-galatasaray-in-uefa-cup-final-1.210706 |title=Gunners favoured over Galatasaray in UEFA Cup final |publisher=cbc.ca |date=15 May 2000 |access-date=30 March 2020 |archive-date=18 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918174135/https://www.cbc.ca/sports/soccer/gunners-favoured-over-galatasaray-in-uefa-cup-final-1.210706 |url-status=live }}</ref> At the end of his third season at Arsenal, 2000–01, they got to the [[2001 FA Cup Final]]. Ljungberg scored to put Arsenal 1-0 up but then Liverpool scored two late goals to win 2–1.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2001/may/12/minutebyminute.sport |title=Arsenal 1 - 2 Liverpool |publisher=Guardian |date=12 May 2001 |access-date=30 March 2020 |archive-date=3 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703135352/https://www.theguardian.com/football/2001/may/12/minutebyminute.sport |url-status=live }}</ref> This made Ljungberg the first player to score a goal at an [[FA Cup]] final outside England, with the game being the first final at the [[Millennium Stadium]] in [[Cardiff]].

Some of Ljungberg's best form came in the second half of the [[2001–02 Arsenal F.C. season|2001–02 season]], when Arsenal won their second [[2001–02 FA Premier League|Premier League]] and [[2001–02 FA Cup|FA Cup]] [[Double (association football)|double]]. Following a knee injury to [[Robert Pires]], Ljungberg scored in most of Arsenal's remaining games, including a stunning finish for Arsenal's second goal in the 2–0 [[2002 FA Cup Final|FA Cup Final]] win over Chelsea. Ljungberg had scored many important and vital goals for Arsenal throughout the season. He scored an equaliser against Manchester United, in a game where Arsenal went on to win 3–1.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/eng_prem/1671459.stm |title=Barthez errors gift Arsenal win |publisher=BBC Sport |date=25 November 2001 |access-date=30 March 2020 |archive-date=18 December 2002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021218020413/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng_prem/1671459.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> He was instrumental in Arsenal's 2–1 win against Liverpool at Anfield where he won a penalty which [[Thierry Henry]] scored and then he slotted in a sweet finish from a Pires cross.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/eng_prem/1723104.stm |title=Gunners seal vital victory |publisher=BBC Sport |date=23 December 2001 |access-date=30 March 2020 |archive-date=6 April 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040406163933/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng_prem/1723104.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> He scored a nearly identical goal again against Liverpool at [[Arsenal Stadium|Highbury]] three weeks later, where the matched ended up being a 1–1 draw.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/eng_prem/1758505.stm |title=Riise restores Reds' pride |publisher=BBC Sport |date=13 January 2002 |access-date=30 March 2020 |archive-date=22 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230122104049/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/eng_prem/1758505.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> Ljungberg ended the 2001–02 season scoring 17 goals in all competitions. In the [[2002 FA Cup Final]] he became the first player in 40 years to score in consecutive [[FA Cup Final]]s.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/fa_cup/1959840.stm|title=Arsenal lift FA Cup|website=BBC.co.uk|date=16 February 2003|access-date=4 January 2017|archive-date=3 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180603100438/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/fa_cup/1959840.stm|url-status=live}}</ref>

In the [[2002–03 Arsenal F.C. season|2002–03 season]] Ljungberg helped Arsenal reach [[2003 FA Cup Final|a third consecutive FA Cup final]]. He scored the winning goal in the semi-final against [[Sheffield United]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/fa_cup/2917575.stm |title=Arsenal sink brave Blades |publisher=BBC Sport |date=13 April 2003 |access-date=30 March 2020 |archive-date=4 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804221226/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/fa_cup/2917575.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> and then started the final as Arsenal defeated [[Southampton F.C.|Southampton]]. It was Ljungberg's blocked shot which set up [[Robert Pires]] to score the winning goal.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/fa_cup/3025589.stm |title=Arsenal retain FA Cup |publisher=BBC |date=17 May 2003 |access-date=29 March 2020 |archive-date=3 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211103111234/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/fa_cup/3025589.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> This season Ljungberg also scored his first hat-trick for Arsenal in a 4–0 win at [[Sunderland A.F.C.|Sunderland]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/eng_prem/2978129.stm |title=Ljungberg treble sinks Sunderland |publisher=BBC |date=11 May 2003 |access-date=29 March 2020 |archive-date=3 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803222835/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng_prem/2978129.stm |url-status=live }}</ref>

In [[2003–04 Arsenal F.C. season|2003–04]] Ljungberg made 30 league appearances during Arsenal's unbeaten [[The Invincibles (football)|Invincibles]] season.<ref>{{Soccerbase season|15103|2003|name=Fredrik Ljungberg|access-date=30 March 2020}}</ref> That season he scored the winning goal against rivals [[Tottenham Hotspur]] at Highbury.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/eng_prem/3232991.stm |title=Arsenal break Spurs hearts |publisher=BBC |date=8 November 2003 |access-date=30 March 2020 |archive-date=3 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103174902/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng_prem/3232991.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> The following season (2004–05) Ljungberg played in [[2005 FA Cup Final|his fourth FA Cup final]], when he came on as a substitute and scored one of Arsenal's penalties in the shootout as they defeated [[Manchester United]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/fa_cup/4558271.stm |title=Arsenal 0-0 Man Utd (aet) |website=BBC Sport |date=21 May 2005 |access-date=27 March 2020 |archive-date=14 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170814023916/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/fa_cup/4558271.stm |url-status=live }}</ref>

He was most comfortable as a [[Winger (association football)|winger]] on either side of midfield, though he could also play centrally in a [[Formation (association football)#4–5–1|4–5–1]] formation, or even as a [[Forward (association football)#Second striker|second striker]]. Ljungberg became a regular in Arsenal's starting line-up following the departure of [[Emmanuel Petit]] and [[Marc Overmars]] in the summer of 2000. For several seasons he played a major role for the club including being a member of the [[The Invincibles (football)|unbeaten 49-game run]] for Arsenal. He had to fight with constant injury problems and occasionally severe bouts with [[migraine]]s; in 2005 a persistent hip injury led to fears he may have contracted cancer, which were unfounded. It transpired that he was suffering from blood poisoning caused by his large tattoos.<ref>{{cite news |title=Soccer star in health scare over tattoo ink |first=Duncan |last=Gardham |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1490461/Soccer-star-in-health-scare-over-tattoo-ink.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1490461/Soccer-star-in-health-scare-over-tattoo-ink.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |newspaper=Telegraph |access-date=23 February 2014|date=21 May 2005}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

Despite a persistent [[Sprained ankle|ankle injury]], Ljungberg played for Arsenal in the 2–1 defeat by Barcelona in the [[2006 UEFA Champions League Final|Champions League Final]] in Paris on 17 May 2006.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/europe/4773353.stm |title=Barcelona 2-1 Arsenal |publisher=BBC |date=17 May 2006 |access-date=30 March 2020 |archive-date=9 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071009001809/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/europe/4773353.stm |url-status=live }}</ref>

It was speculated in January 2007 that Ljungberg was being forced to leave Arsenal, after bosses became tired of a run of injuries restricting his play. "Ljungberg still has a lot to offer to Arsenal," Arsène Wenger said, on 13 January 2007, at a [[Blackburn Rovers F.C.|Blackburn Rovers]] pre-match press conference, stressing the fact that Ljungberg will stay at Arsenal until the end of his contract in 2009.<ref>{{cite web |title=Wenger – Ljungberg is definitely staying here |first=Chris |last=Harris |url=http://www.arsenal.com/article.asp?thisNav=news&article=441216&cpid=703&title=Wenger+-+Ljungberg+is+definitely+staying+here |access-date=13 January 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927195633/http://www.arsenal.com/article.asp?thisNav=news&article=441216&cpid=703&title=Wenger+-+Ljungberg+is+definitely+staying+here |archive-date=27 September 2007 |publisher=Arsenal FC }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/teams/a/arsenal/6290162.stm |title=Wenger expects Ljungberg to stay |work=BBC Sport |date=16 July 2007 |access-date=8 June 2009 |archive-date=25 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210325133833/https://secure-uk.imrworldwide.com/v51.js |url-status=live }}</ref>

Ljungberg came back after a long injury in an [[2006–07 FA Cup|FA Cup]] match against [[Bolton Wanderers F.C.|Bolton Wanderers]], scoring a goal thirteen minutes before the end of [[Overtime (sports)#Association football|extra time]], earning Arsenal a place in the fifth round tie of the FA Cup against Blackburn Rovers.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/fa_cup/6349615.stm |title=Bolton 1-3 Arsenal (aet) |publisher=BBC |date=14 February 2007 |access-date=30 March 2020 |archive-date=25 February 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070225173252/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/fa_cup/6349615.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> In a game away at rivals Tottenham Hotspur on 21 April 2007 Ljungberg limped off with an injury in the first half, and this proved to be his final appearance for the club.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/eng_prem/6555249.stm |title=Tottenham 2-2 Arsenal |publisher=BBC |date=21 April 2007 |access-date=30 March 2020 |archive-date=5 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211105153706/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng_prem/6555249.stm |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2008, Ljungberg placed eleventh in Arsenal.com's Gunners' Greatest 50 Players.<ref>{{cite web |title=Greatest Players - 11. Freddie Ljungberg |url=http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/greatest-players-11.-freddie-ljungberg |publisher=Arsenal FC |date=17 July 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090208231109/http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/greatest-players-11.-freddie-ljungberg |archive-date=8 February 2009}}</ref>

===West Ham United===
On 23 July 2007, after nine years at Arsenal, Ljungberg joined London rivals [[West Ham United F.C.|West Ham United]] on a four-year contract.<ref>{{cite news|last=Hodges |first=Vicki |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/2317525/West-Ham-sign-Freddie-Ljungberg.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/2317525/West-Ham-sign-Freddie-Ljungberg.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=West Ham sign Freddie Ljungberg |date=23 July 2007|access-date=8 June 2009 |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph }}{{cbignore}}</ref> Ljungberg made his West Ham debut on the opening day of the [[2007–08 West Ham United F.C. season|2007–08 season]], in West Ham's 2–0 home defeat by [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]] on 11 August, a game in which he was also captain. After seven months at the club, Ljungberg finally scored his first goal for West Ham in the home match against [[Birmingham City F.C.|Birmingham City]] on 9 February 2008, putting West Ham up 1–0, with the game finishing 1–1.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/eng_prem/7223969.stm |title=West Ham 1–1 Birmingham |work=BBC Sport |date=9 February 2008 |access-date=27 August 2009 |first=Owen |last=Phillips |archive-date=10 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810183218/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/eng_prem/7223969.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> Ljungberg also scored what turned out to be his final goal for the club in a 2–1 defeat away at [[Sunderland A.F.C.|Sunderland]] a month later.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/eng_prem/7309366.stm |title=Sunderland 2–1 West Ham |work=BBC Sport |date=29 March 2008 |access-date=27 August 2009 |first=Sarah |last=Holt |archive-date=3 April 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080403033834/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng_prem/7309366.stm |url-status=live }}</ref>

In his last game of the season, [[Newcastle United F.C.|Newcastle United]] defender [[Steven Taylor (footballer)|Steven Taylor]] accidentally landed on top of him while trying to jump over him, breaking his ribs. The injury sidelined Ljungberg for the rest of the season.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/w/west_ham_utd/7369605.stm |title=Cracked rib agony for Ljungberg |work=BBC Sport |date=27 April 2008 |access-date=8 June 2009 |archive-date=1 May 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080501021925/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/teams/w/west_ham_utd/7369605.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> In May, it was reported that Ljungberg was offered £3 million to tear up his contract. This was quickly dismissed by both Ljungberg's agents, [[Claes Elefalk]] and Scott Duxbury, West Ham's chief executive.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.skysports.com/story/0,19528,11685_3541595,00.html |title=Ljungberg rumours rejected |publisher=Sky Sports |access-date=8 June 2009 |archive-date=10 May 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080510185745/http://www.skysports.com/story/0,19528,11685_3541595,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In June 2008, Ljungberg retired from the Sweden national team, saying:"I have decided to concentrate on my football with West Ham. This is where my priority now lies."<ref>{{Cite web|date=28 June 2008|title=Fredrik Ljungberg leaves national team|url=https://www.thelocal.se/20080628/12708|access-date=17 September 2020|website=www.thelocal.se|archive-date=12 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412025223/https://www.thelocal.se/20080628/12708|url-status=live}}</ref>

Following the start of training camp, Ljungberg was nowhere to be seen. Many speculated a transfer was in the works despite Elefalk's claims that Ljungberg was to return. Days later, Ljungberg agreed to terminate his contract only after one year into the four-year deal for a sum of £6 million. Ljungberg stated afterwards: "I gave my all at West Ham and enjoyed my time there but the decision is the best for the both of us. Now, I will take my time to consider my football future."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thelocal.se/13532/20080806/ |title=West Ham release Freddie Ljungberg |website=The Local |date=6 August 2008 |access-date=8 June 2009 |archive-date=5 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605093751/http://www.thelocal.se/13532/20080806/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Football hiatus===
After Ljungberg's West Ham exit, fans and sport pundits alike speculated about Ljungberg's future. On 8 August, Ljungberg was seen in Los Angeles fuelling rumours of a move to [[LA Galaxy]] which was quickly dismissed.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/football/2008/08/09/freddie-ljungberg-may-join-becks-at-la-galaxy-115875-20690414/ |title=Freddie Ljungberg may join Becks at LA Galaxy |work=Mirror |date=9 August 2008 |access-date=8 June 2009 |archive-date=5 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605190333/http://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/football/2008/08/09/freddie-ljungberg-may-join-becks-at-la-galaxy-115875-20690414/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In actuality, Ljungberg went to Los Angeles to get a tattoo done by renowned tattoo artist [[Mister Cartoon]]. While he was in Los Angeles, Elefalk urged Ljungberg to meet with [[Joe Roth]], a [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]] producer and majority stakeholder in the [[Major League Soccer]] expansion team [[Seattle Sounders FC]]. Ljungberg secretly met with Roth but did not want to make any rash decisions. At the same time, there were rumours of four Italian clubs being interested in Ljungberg including [[S.S. Lazio|Lazio]], [[A.C. Milan|Milan]], [[A.S. Roma|Roma]], and [[ACF Fiorentina|Fiorentina]].<ref>{{cite magazine|first=Anthony|last=Sormani|url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2008/soccer/08/12/ljungberg.italy/|title=Four Italian clubs fighting over Ljungberg|magazine=Sports Illustrated|date=12 August 2008|access-date=8 June 2009|archive-date=29 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629114924/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2008/soccer/08/12/ljungberg.italy/|url-status=dead}}</ref> By the end of August, Ljungberg was linked to [[Portsmouth F.C.|Portsmouth]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mirrorfootball.co.uk/news/Portsmouth-close-in-on-Freddie-Ljungberg-signing-article53181.html |title=Portsmouth close in on Freddie Ljungberg signing |work=Mirror |date=29 August 2008 |access-date=23 February 2014 |archive-date=30 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101130101345/http://www.mirrorfootball.co.uk/news/Portsmouth-close-in-on-Freddie-Ljungberg-signing-article53181.html |url-status=live }}</ref> On 28 August, Ljungberg's agent told the Swedish press that Ljungberg was continuing to train at his old football club Halmstads BK but was unsure of his football future. At the end of the transfer window, Ljungberg was linked to [[AS Monaco FC|AS Monaco]]. When Ljungberg declined to join Monaco after the transfer window closed, many believed Ljungberg was finished with football.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www1.skysports.com/football/news/11816/4078855 |title=Monaco miss out on Freddie |publisher=Sky Sports |date=1 September 2008 |access-date=23 February 2014 |archive-date=27 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140227032518/http://www1.skysports.com/football/news/11816/4078855 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In early September, Ljungberg was seen in New York City during [[New York Fashion Week]]. At this time, the ''[[Daily Star (United Kingdom)|Daily Star]]'' reported that Ljungberg was looking to become a furniture designer. Shortly after, Ljungberg was seen in London with [[Natalie Imbruglia]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.aftonbladet.se/nojesbladet/klick/article3649920.ab|title=Så träffades Fredrik Ljungberg och Natalie|newspaper=Aftonbladet|date=31 October 2008|access-date=8 June 2009|archive-date=4 December 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204001710/http://www.aftonbladet.se/nojesbladet/klick/article3649920.ab|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Seattle Sounders FC===

On 17 October 2008, the ''[[Seattle Post-Intelligencer]]'' reported that Ljungberg might be a part of the new Major League Soccer franchise [[Seattle Sounders FC]]. On 28 October 2008, the club officially announced they had signed Ljungberg as their [[Designated Player Rule|designated player]] for the 2009 season. The terms of his contract saw Ljungberg earn $10 million over two seasons with the Sounders. Much like the contract of [[David Beckham]] and as is the norm for professional sports stars in the US, Ljungberg's contract assured that he kept all of the money derived from his private endorsements.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mirrorfootball.co.uk/news/Freddie-Ljungberg-set-to-earn-10m-after-signing-for-Seattle-Sounders-article33674.html|title=Freddie Ljungberg set to earn $10m after signing for Seattle Sounders|work=Mirror|date=28 October 2008|access-date=23 February 2014|archive-date=10 August 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100810094631/http://www.mirrorfootball.co.uk/news/Freddie-Ljungberg-set-to-earn-10m-after-signing-for-Seattle-Sounders-article33674.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Because of this, Grahame L. Jones of the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' was quick to compare Ljungberg with Beckham.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/sports_blog/2008/10/is-freddie-ljun.html|title=Is Freddie Ljungberg really David Beckham in disguise?|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=28 October 2008|access-date=5 September 2009|archive-date=6 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090406174446/http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/sports_blog/2008/10/is-freddie-ljun.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Alexi Lalas]] stated: "[[Eddie Vedder]], I think, would have a better chance of making an impact at Seattle than Freddie Ljungberg".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://blog.seattletimes.nwsource.com/sounders/2009/01/15/alexei_lalas_with_a_pearl_of_w.html |title=Alexei Lalas with a "Pearl" of wisdom |newspaper=The Seattle Times |date=15 January 2009 |access-date=5 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110426171043/http://blog.seattletimes.nwsource.com/sounders/2009/01/15/alexei_lalas_with_a_pearl_of_w.html |archive-date=26 April 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> However, after the 2009 regular season Lalas acknowledged his initial skepticism but admitted he had changed his mind. "For me he's the best DP signing, because of the way he plays in MLS."<ref name="MLSPregame2009">{{cite episode |title=ESPN MLS Pregame Show |series=Major League Soccer on ESPN |credits=Presenters: [[Rob Stone (sportscaster)|Rob Stone]], Alexi Lalas and [[Julie Foudy]] |network=[[ESPN]] |station=[[ESPN2]] |airdate=29 October 2009 }}</ref>

In December 2008, it was announced that Ljungberg would undergo surgery to repair a persistent hip injury that has plagued him throughout his later career. Surgeons repaired a slightly torn [[Acetabular labrum|hip labrum]] and shaved a small amount of bone where the hip meets the [[femur]] to prevent future injury. ''[[The Seattle Times]]'' reported that Ljungberg was expected to miss ten to twelve weeks of training and possibly be sidelined for the team's inaugural game, but he recovered from his hip injury sooner than expected. Although Ljungberg did not take part of Seattle's preseason in Argentina, he did however do light training with [[IS Halmia]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hd.se/sport/2009/02/25/ljungberg-traenar-med-halmia/ |title=Ljungberg tränar med Halmia |language=sv |publisher=hd.se |date=25 February 2009 |access-date=5 September 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090227060658/http://hd.se/sport/2009/02/25/ljungberg-traenar-med-halmia/ |archive-date=27 February 2009 }}</ref>

Once the Sounders returned to Seattle, Ljungberg joined in training. Despite his speedy recovery, Ljungberg did not participate in the inaugural game against [[New York Red Bulls]]. He made his debut one week later on 28 March 2009, coming on as a 61st-minute substitute in a 2–0 victory over [[Real Salt Lake]]. The following week he made his first start on 4 April 2009 against [[Toronto FC]], where he also scored his first MLS goal.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://espnfc.com/uk/en/report/260869/report.html|title=Report: Toronto FC vs Seattle Sounders FC|publisher=ESPN Soccernet|date=4 April 2009|access-date=5 September 2009|archive-date=27 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140227103244/http://espnfc.com/uk/en/report/260869/report.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Ljungberg played his first full game against [[Chivas USA]] in Los Angeles in which they lost 2–0. While some noted that [[Fredy Montero]] and Ljungberg were not cohesive on the pitch, due to Ljungberg's absence in the preseason and few practices with one other, coach [[Sigi Schmid]] answered: "That's just something that takes some time. But they're both quality players and it will get sorted out I think a lot sooner than later."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.seattlepi.com/sports/article/Sounders-seek-to-get-back-on-track-against-Quakes-1303517.php |title=Sounders seek to get back on track against Quakes |first=Greg |last=Johns |publisher=The Hearst Corporation |work=Seattle Post-Intelligencer |date=24 April 2009 |access-date=7 September 2013 |archive-date=27 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140227011759/http://www.seattlepi.com/sports/article/Sounders-seek-to-get-back-on-track-against-Quakes-1303517.php |url-status=live }}</ref>

Ljungberg missed two games against [[FC Dallas]] and [[Colorado Rapids]] due to a migraine attack. He quickly recovered to play against Chivas USA. On 30 May 2009, the Sounders drew their fifth match in a row, this time against the [[Columbus Crew SC|Columbus Crew]], after Ljungberg missed a penalty kick in the 31st minute.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://espnfc.com/uk/en/report/262182/report.html|title=Report: Seattle Sounders FC vs Columbus|publisher=ESPN Soccernet|date=31 May 2009|access-date=23 February 2014|archive-date=27 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140227110504/http://espnfc.com/uk/en/report/262182/report.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Ljungberg scored his second goal for the season against the [[San Jose Earthquakes]] on 13 June 2009 as a result of beating [[Joe Cannon (soccer)|Joe Cannon]] to the ball, lofting it over him and into the center of the net. In the 59th minute, Ljungberg's corner kick set up Montero's goal which led the Sounders to a 2–0 victory.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://espnfc.com/uk/en/report/262199/report.html|title=Report: Seattle Sounders FC vs San Jose|publisher=ESPN Soccernet|date=13 June 2009|access-date=23 February 2014|archive-date=27 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140227111716/http://espnfc.com/uk/en/report/262199/report.html|url-status=live}}</ref> After playing [[D.C. United]], Ljungberg suffered from some hamstring tightness. Ljungberg did suit up for the New York Red Bulls game on 20 June 2009, but he did not play as a result of the injury.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://goal.com/en-us/news/1110/major-league-soccer/2009/06/22/1340744/new-york-and-seattle-exploit-defensive-mistakes-in-draw |title=New York and Seattle Exploit Defensive Mistakes in Draw |publisher=Goal.com |date=22 June 2009 |access-date=5 September 2009 |archive-date=26 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090626041536/http://goal.com/en-us/news/1110/major-league-soccer/2009/06/22/1340744/new-york-and-seattle-exploit-defensive-mistakes-in-draw |url-status=live }}</ref> On 28 June, Ljungberg assisted Montero's 23rd-minute goal against the Colorado Rapids. He was subbed out toward the end of the game, in which he received a standing ovation. Ljungberg sat out for the US Open Cup game against the [[USL First Division|USL]] side [[Portland Timbers (2001–10)|Portland Timbers]] and focused on training during the four-week vacation in July. Following the brief holiday vacation, Seattle defeated [[Houston Dynamo]], a game in which Ljungberg was heavily targeted and fouled. Despite this, Ljungberg outmaneuvered his opponents and assisted a goal to [[Patrick Ianni]]. As is so, the ''[[Bleacher Report]]'' thus dubbed him the man of the match.<ref>{{cite web |first=Steve |last=Hiles |url=http://bleacherreport.com/articles/216739-mls-game-of-the-week-player-ratings-sounders-2-1-dynamo |title=MLS Game of the Week Player Ratings – Sounders 2–1 Dynamo |website=Bleacher Report |date=12 July 2009 |access-date=5 September 2009 |archive-date=26 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226053035/http://bleacherreport.com/articles/216739-mls-game-of-the-week-player-ratings-sounders-2-1-dynamo |url-status=live }}</ref>

During his [[2009 Seattle Sounders FC season|2009 season]], the ''[[Daily Express]]'' noted rumors that Ljungberg was poised to return to a European club, but Ljungberg assured fans that he would stay to fulfill his two-year contract. The Swede also gave the insight that he might even extend his contract beyond 2010.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.express.co.uk/football/view/114670/Freddie-s-so-glad-to-have-gone-west |title=Freddie's so glad to have gone West |publisher=Express.co.uk |date=18 July 2009 |access-date=5 September 2009 |archive-date=5 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405160858/http://www.express.co.uk/football/view/114670/Freddie-s-so-glad-to-have-gone-west |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Seattle Sounders starting XI prematch vs Barcelona 2010.png|thumb|Ljungberg (front, second from left) lining up for Seattle Sounders FC in August 2009 ahead of a friendly against Barcelona]]
In July 2009, Ljungberg was selected for starting MLS' [[Major League Soccer All-Star Game|All-Stars]] along with teammate [[Kasey Keller]]. Selection for the All-Star team is based upon votes from players, coaches, general managers, members of the media and an online fan voting system. Ljungberg received the most votes among fans, a testament to his popularity in the MLS. Ljungberg was also appointed captain of the 2009 MLS All-Star Team in their game over [[Everton F.C.|Everton]].

Due to receiving a red card in the previous game, Ljungberg was ineligible to play the next Sounders game. As a result, All-Star coach [[Dominic Kinnear]] played Ljungberg for a full 90 minutes. At the end of the game, Ljungberg started to have impaired vision. When the game went to [[Penalty shoot-out (association football)|penalty kicks]], he chose to sit it out due to his loss of vision after an on-set migraine.<ref>{{cite news|first=José Miguel|last=Romero|url=http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/sounders/2009565037_mlsstars30.html|title=Sounders FC star Freddie Ljungberg hospitalized after All-Star Game|newspaper=The Seattle Times|date=30 July 2009|access-date=5 September 2009|archive-date=2 August 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090802184454/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/sounders/2009565037_mlsstars30.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Unfortunately for Ljungberg, the initial five kicks ended in a draw. Kinnear, not fully understanding Ljungberg's condition, sent him out as the sixth kicker. Ljungberg, unable to see, took a chance and just tapped the ball in the center of the net. However, [[Tim Howard]] saved it, resulting in Everton winning. Immediately following the game, Ljungberg was removed from the field on a stretcher. Later, Ljungberg told reporters that he ingested trace amount of red wine while in Utah, resulting in his second migraine within months.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://blog.thenewstribune.com/soccer/2009/08/04/ljungberg-traces-migraine-to-hotel-wine-sauce/|title=Sounders Insider – Ljungberg traces migraine to hotel wine sauce|newspaper=The News Tribune|date=4 August 2009|access-date=23 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140227083804/http://blog.thenewstribune.com/soccer/2009/08/04/ljungberg-traces-migraine-to-hotel-wine-sauce/|archive-date=27 February 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Ljungberg went on to win the [[U.S. Open Cup]] of [[2009 U.S. Open Cup|2009]] with Seattle in September of that year.<ref name=Soundershonours />

===Chicago Fire===
Ljungberg was traded to Major League Soccer club [[Chicago Fire FC|Chicago Fire]] on 30 July 2010 in exchange for a second-round selection in the [[2011 MLS SuperDraft]].<ref>{{cite news |first=Joshua |last=Mayers |title=Sounders trade Freddie Ljungberg to Chicago Fire |url=http://seattletimes.com/html/sounders/2012494433_ljungberg31.html |newspaper=The Seattle Times |date=30 July 2010 |access-date=6 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019172124/http://seattletimes.com/html/sounders/2012494433_ljungberg31.html |archive-date=19 October 2012}}</ref> He made his team debut as a substitute in the club's 3–2 victory over the LA Galaxy the following Sunday.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chicago-fire.com/news/2010/08/ljungberg-joins-fire-huge-win-over-galaxy |title=Ljungberg joins Fire for huge win over Galaxy |work=Chicago Fire |date=2 August 2010 |access-date=9 August 2010 |archive-date=4 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100804202003/http://www.chicago-fire.com/news/2010/08/ljungberg-joins-fire-huge-win-over-galaxy |url-status=live }}</ref> Ljungberg's first start for the Fire came against the New York Red Bulls in a match that featured five designated players.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mlssoccer.com/news/article/commentary-moment-history-mls |title=A moment in history for MLS |date=9 August 2010 |publisher=Major League Soccer |access-date=9 August 2010 |archive-date=3 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121003121451/http://www.mlssoccer.com/news/article/commentary-moment-history-mls |url-status=dead }}</ref> After 15 league appearances, Ljungberg announced that he would be leaving Chicago Fire at the end of the [[2010 Chicago Fire season|2010 season]].<ref>[https://www.sbnation.com/soccer/2010/11/29/1843483/as-the-roster-churns-chicago-fire-undergoing-significant-overhaul As the roster churns: Chicago Fire undergoing significant overhaul] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171124004714/https://www.sbnation.com/soccer/2010/11/29/1843483/as-the-roster-churns-chicago-fire-undergoing-significant-overhaul |date=24 November 2017 }} [[SB Nation]], 29 November 2010</ref>

===Celtic===
Ljungberg returned to Europe on 27 December 2010, when he joined [[Scottish Premier League]] outfit [[Celtic F.C.|Celtic]] on a week-long trial.<ref>{{cite news |title=Celtic manager Neil Lennon confirms Ljungberg trial |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/teams/c/celtic/9321657.stm |date=26 December 2010 |work=BBC Sport |access-date=27 December 2010 |archive-date=18 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210218034011/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/teams/c/celtic/9321657.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> After a successful trial, Ljungberg officially signed a contract with the club on 30 December 2010.<ref name=CelSign>{{cite web |url=http://celticfc.com/news/stories/news_301210174403.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110102090618/http://celticfc.com/news/stories/news_301210174403.aspx|archive-date=2 January 2011 |title=Freddie Ljungberg signs for Celtic|publisher=Celtic F.C.|date=30 December 2010|access-date=23 February 2014}}</ref> Ljungberg made his debut for Celtic away to [[Berwick Rangers F.C.|Berwick Rangers]] in the [[2010–11 Scottish Cup|Scottish Cup]] on 9 January 2011, playing over 60 minutes and helping his team to a 2–0 victory.<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/teams/c/celtic/9352425.stm Neil Lennon happy at Freddie Ljungberg's Celtic debut] BBC Sport, 9 January 2011</ref>

===Shimizu S-Pulse===
On 6 September 2011, Ljungberg signed for Japanese team [[Shimizu S-Pulse]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.aftonbladet.se/sportbladet/article13533775.ab|title=Ljungberg klar för ny klubb – i Japan|first=Johan|last=Flinck|newspaper=Aftonbladet|date=27 August 2011|access-date=27 August 2011|language=sv|archive-date=7 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507180144/http://www.aftonbladet.se/sportbladet/article13533775.ab|url-status=live}}</ref> He left the club by mutual consent on 14 February 2012.<ref>{{cite news |script-title=ja:フレドリックユングベリ選手との契約合意解除について |language=ja |url=http://www.s-pulse.co.jp/news/detail/16081/ |date=14 February 2012 |work=Shimizu S-Pulse |access-date=14 February 2012 |archive-date=16 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120216132010/http://www.s-pulse.co.jp/news/detail/16081/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Upon his release, Ljungberg was linked to Australian club [[Central Coast Mariners FC|Central Coast Mariners]] and South African team, [[Orlando Pirates F.C.|Orlando Pirates]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Former Arsenal star Freddie Ljungberg on Central Coast Mariners hit list |url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/sport/football/former-arsenal-star-freddie-ljungberg-on-central-coast-mariners-hit-list/story-fn63e0vj-1226312890521 |date=29 March 2012 |access-date=28 October 2012 |newspaper=The Australian |archive-date=8 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120408011733/http://www.theaustralian.com.au/sport/football/former-arsenal-star-freddie-ljungberg-on-central-coast-mariners-hit-list/story-fn63e0vj-1226312890521 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Invincible on His Way To PSL? |url=http://www.soccerladuma.co.za/news/articles/categories/south-africa/invincible-on-his-way-to-psl/119148 |date=20 January 2012 |access-date=23 February 2014 |publisher=Soccer Laduma |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140227103602/http://www.soccerladuma.co.za/news/articles/categories/south-africa/invincible-on-his-way-to-psl/119148 |archive-date=27 February 2014 }}</ref> Meanwhile, he became a Premier League ambassador in which he promoted the league.<ref>{{cite news |title=Premier League connections: Freddie Ljungberg (4:42) |url=http://www.premierleague.com/en-gb/photos-and-videos/videos/premier-league-connections-freddie-ljungberg.html |date=8 March 2012 |access-date=28 October 2012 |publisher=Premier League official website |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140322071751/http://www.premierleague.com/en-gb/photos-and-videos/videos/premier-league-connections-freddie-ljungberg.html |archive-date=22 March 2014 }}</ref> He also participated in charitable events such as [[Soccer Aid]] 2012 and [[McDonald's]] Player Escort Program in [[Kyiv]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Freddie Ljungberg expects England to inflict aerial assault on Sweden |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/international/freddie-ljungberg-expects-england-to-inflict-aerial-assault-on-sweden-7854519.html |date=8 March 2012 |access-date=28 October 2012 |newspaper=The Independent |archive-date=28 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140228142812/http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/international/freddie-ljungberg-expects-england-to-inflict-aerial-assault-on-sweden-7854519.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Retirement===
On 24 August 2012, Ljungberg announced his retirement from football.<ref>{{cite news |title=Former Arsenal star Ljungberg announces retirement |url=https://sports.yahoo.com/news/former-arsenal-star-ljungberg-announces-133500923--mls.html |date=24 August 2012 |access-date=28 October 2012 |archive-date=6 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306100011/http://sports.yahoo.com/news/former-arsenal-star-ljungberg-announces-133500923--mls.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Mumbai City===
On 25 July 2014, Ljungberg announced a comeback to promote the launch of the [[Indian Super League]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=25 July 2014|title=Ljungberg set for Indian Premier League|url=https://www.espn.co.uk/football/league-name/story/1959850/headline|access-date=17 September 2020|website=ESPN.com|language=en|archive-date=26 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191226005246/https://www.espn.co.uk/football/league-name/story/1959850/headline|url-status=live}}</ref> On 2 September, he was signed by [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]], becoming their marquee signing.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mumbai, Goa to settle for Arsenal legends|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/Mumbai-Goa-to-settle-for-Arsenal-legends/articleshow/41498097.cms|newspaper=Times of India|access-date=2 September 2014|archive-date=9 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190509204702/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/Mumbai-Goa-to-settle-for-Arsenal-legends/articleshow/41498097.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/29490595|title=Indian Super League: Freddie Ljungberg excited by tournament|author=Dev Trehan|work=BBC Sport|date=5 October 2014|access-date=13 February 2018|archive-date=30 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030120523/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/29490595|url-status=live}}</ref> Due to injury, he missed their involvement in the league's opening match, a 3–0 defeat at [[ATK (football club)|Atlético de Kolkata]] on 12 October.<ref name="mail">{{Cite web|date=12 October 2014|title=Atletico de Kolkata beat Mumbai City FC 3-0 in ISL opener {{!}} Football News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/Atletico-de-Kolkata-beat-Mumbai-City-FC-3-0-in-ISL-opener/articleshow/44794124.cms|access-date=17 September 2020|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=13 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613031324/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/atletico-de-kolkata-beat-mumbai-city-fc-3-0-in-isl-opener/articleshow/44794124.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Ljungberg's comeback was cut short due to persistent back problems. After only four games played, he decided to end his contract and return to his home in London.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aftonbladet.se/sportbladet/fotboll/internationell/article19994906.ab|title=Ljungberg lämnar indiska ligan i förtid|date=9 December 2014 |access-date=10 December 2014|archive-date=10 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141210064549/http://www.aftonbladet.se/sportbladet/fotboll/internationell/article19994906.ab|url-status=live}}</ref>

==International career==
===Youth===
In 1996, Ljungberg made his debut for the [[Sweden national under-21 football team|Sweden national U-21 team]]. He almost did not make it as an international player because Sweden head coach [[Lars Lagerbäck]] thought Ljungberg was too short. In the 2003 documentary film ''Fredrik Ljungberg: Up Close'', Lagerbäck stated: "Of course it's difficult to say at 15 to 16 years of age (whether or not a player has the potential to be an international player). To be honest, I wouldn't say I thought he would become an international player because he was very very little. In his first match, we played [[Denmark national under-21 football team|Denmark]] and he scored twice so he convinced me rather fast that he was a good player even if he was very very small but he was quick."<ref>"Fredrik Ljungberg: UP Close", Director Carey Dunn; Sky One, 2003</ref> On 10 November 1996, Ljungberg scored twice in a game against [[Scotland national under-21 football team|Scotland U21]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/a-lesson-in-swedish-1351704.html |work=The Independent |title=A lesson in Swedish |first=Phil |last=Gordon |date=10 November 1996 |access-date=2 May 2010 |archive-date=5 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105190349/http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/a-lesson-in-swedish-1351704.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Senior===
Ljungberg made his senior international debut on 24 January 1998 against the [[United States men's national soccer team|United States]] in [[Orlando, Florida|Orlando]], losing 0–1.<ref>[http://wwwc.aftonbladet.se/sport/9810/13/pojkar.html Tommys pojkar ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317013631/http://wwwc.aftonbladet.se/sport/9810/13/pojkar.html |date=17 March 2012 }} Aftonbladet, 13 October 1998</ref> He scored his first national team goal against [[Denmark national football team|Denmark]] in [[Malmö]] with a 3–0 victory.<ref name="aftonbladet.se"/> On 31 March 1999, Ljungberg scored his second national team goal against Poland in a 0–1 victory away from home in a UEFA Euro 2000 Qualifier match.

==== UEFA Euro 2000 ====
Ljungberg was a squad member for Sweden at [[UEFA Euro 2000]] and played in all three group stage games against [[Belgium national football team|Belgium]], [[Turkey national football team|Turkey]], and [[Italy national football team|Italy]] before Sweden was eliminated from the tournament after the group stage.<ref>{{Cite web|title=VM-profilen 10 juni: Fredrik Ljungberg — svenskfotboll.se|url=https://www2.svenskfotboll.se/landslag/herrar/tidigare-ar/spelaret-2002/vm-2002/arkiv/tidigare/2002/06/vm-profilen-10-juni-fredrik-ljungberg/|access-date=19 January 2021|website=www2.svenskfotboll.se|archive-date=22 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230122104048/https://www2.svenskfotboll.se/landslag/herrar/tidigare-ar/spelaret-2002/vm-2002/arkiv/tidigare/2002/06/vm-profilen-10-juni-fredrik-ljungberg/|url-status=live}}</ref>

====2002 FIFA World Cup====
During an open team practice before the [[2002 FIFA World Cup]], Ljungberg broke into a fight with teammate [[Olof Mellberg]] following a robust tackle from the latter. Ljungberg pushed Mellberg right in front of the world press and Mellberg responded by grabbing at Ljungberg's jersey top at throat level before the two wrestled on the ground.<ref name="mellberg fight">{{cite news |title=Ljungberg grabs Mellberg in training melee |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2002/may/23/worldcupfootball2002.sport6 |work=[[The Guardian]] |publisher=Guardian News and Media |date=23 May 2002 |access-date=7 September 2013 |archive-date=9 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140909132924/http://www.theguardian.com/football/2002/may/23/worldcupfootball2002.sport6 |url-status=live }}</ref> The two of them were quickly separated by shocked teammates and the team practice was immediately cancelled to deal with the public relations disaster. Within hours, video footage of the fight flooded the media and internet.<ref name="mellberg fight"/>

Sweden was a part of [[2002 FIFA World Cup Group F|Group F]], dubbed the 'Group of Death', which included [[Argentina national football team|Argentina]], England and [[Nigeria national football team|Nigeria]]. At the time, Ljungberg was suffering from a hip injury which prevented him from playing in most of the games.<ref>{{Cite web|date=29 May 2002|title=Hip injury hampers Ljungberg|url=http://www.theguardian.com/football/2002/may/29/worldcupfootball2002.sport8|access-date=17 September 2020|website=The Guardian|language=en|archive-date=20 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220143843/https://www.theguardian.com/football/2002/may/29/worldcupfootball2002.sport8|url-status=live}}</ref> However, Ljungberg did muster the strength to play against England on 2 June 2002 and Nigeria on 7 June 2002 despite the pain. After Sweden advanced from group death, the team was defeated by [[Senegal national football team|Senegal]].

====UEFA Euro 2004====
Sweden were one of the 16 teams to qualify for [[UEFA Euro 2004]] in [[Portugal national football team|Portugal]]. In Sweden's first game on 14 June, Ljungberg scored the opening goal as Sweden beat [[Bulgaria national football team|Bulgaria]] 5–0. He started the next two matches against [[Italy national football team|Italy]] and Denmark, which both ended in draws.<ref name=SoccernetProf>{{cite web|url=http://soccernet.espn.go.com/players/international?id=8063&league=uefa.euro&cc=5901|title=Fredrik Ljungberg profile and statistics|publisher=ESPN Soccernet|access-date=5 September 2009|archive-date=6 July 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080706125612/http://soccernet.espn.go.com/players/international?id=8063&cc=5901&league=uefa.euro|url-status=dead}}</ref> Sweden along with Italy and Denmark were in a three-way tie for the first spot. However, it was concluded that Italy would not advance due to a goal difference after Sweden and Denmark drew 2–2. Italy disputed the decision saying both Sweden and Denmark fixed the match.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/euro_2004/3831443.stm|title=Uefa will not investigate|work=BBC Sport|date=22 June 2004|access-date=5 September 2009|archive-date=13 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113183236/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/euro_2004/3831443.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> UEFA squashed that notion and Sweden moved onto the next round to compete against the [[Netherlands national football team|Netherlands]]. The match ended with 0–0 draw in which Ljungberg attempted two shots but failed to score.

====2006 FIFA World Cup====
[[File:Fredrik Ljungberg 2006.jpg|thumb|Ljungberg representing Sweden at the 2006 FIFA World Cup]]
Prior to the finals, the team doctor Magnus Forssblad prohibited Ljungberg from participating in full-blown training between matches to protect his injured foot. His right foot was swollen due to fluid building up inside his ankle joint.{{citation needed|date=July 2016}} Ljungberg sat out the warm-up games against [[Finland national football team|Finland]] and [[Chile national football team|Chile]] at Sweden's base in [[Bremen]].{{citation needed|date=July 2016}} Despite being advised to take time off, Ljungberg insisted on playing in the cup to help Sweden win.{{citation needed|date=July 2016}}

Sweden's weak start was quickly forgotten after their victory against [[Paraguay national football team|Paraguay]] in the [[2006 FIFA World Cup]]. However, Paraguay almost held out for a scoreless tie until Ljungberg scored in the 89th minute giving Sweden a 1–0 victory.{{citation needed|date=July 2016}} Sweden's third match within the group was against England, resulting in a 2–2 draw.{{citation needed|date=July 2016}}
Despite the draw, Sweden advanced to the next round only to lose 0–2 against host nation [[Germany national football team|Germany]]. Ljungberg received the [[Guldbollen]] award for helping Sweden advance to the next round in the World Cup by heading in the game-winning goal against Paraguay: "I am proud and humble to get this award,''" ''Ljungberg said.'' ''"If you look at the football year 2006, it was very eventful. ... If I should try to sum it up, the Champions League final left some deep marks. That felt heavy. But for me, the World Cup was the biggest event of the year."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sportsnews24h.com/Soccer/Sweden/12086.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120514180723/http://www.sportsnews24h.com/Soccer/Sweden/12086.html |archive-date=14 May 2012 |title=Arsenal's Freddie Ljungberg named Sweden's soccer player of year Soccer News |publisher=SportsNews24h.com |year=2006 |access-date=5 September 2009}}</ref>

====UEFA Euro 2008====
After the 2006 World Cup, Ljungberg was made captain of Sweden.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ljungberg made captain |url=https://www.eurosport.com/football/euro-2008-qualifying/2008/ljungberg-made-captain_sto940815/story.shtml |publisher=www.eurosport.com |access-date=24 March 2024 |date=8 August 2006}}</ref> He captained the side in eight of the nine [[UEFA Euro 2008 qualifying|UEFA Euro 2008 qualifiers]] including games against [[Latvia national football team|Latvia]], [[Liechtenstein national football team|Liechtenstein]], [[Spain men's national football team|Spain]], [[Northern Ireland national football team|Northern Ireland]], and [[Iceland national football team|Iceland]]. In the qualifiers, Ljungberg scored one goal against Liechtenstein on 17 October 2007 and had an assist in the Latvia match four days later. Sweden qualified for the European Championship with six wins.

Prior to [[UEFA Euro 2008]], Ljungberg fractured his ribs, making his appearance in the tournament uncertain. However, Ljungberg was able to participate in the Euro and played the games with a special brace to protect his healing ribs. Ljungberg was able to start in Sweden's first match against [[Greece national football team|Greece]] which ended in a 2–0 victory. Sweden's next match was against one of the favorites, Spain. Sweden were able to contain Spain who struggled from making big advances. However, Sweden lost that match 1–2.

Sweden was unable to compete with the young [[Russia national football team|Russia]] squad and were defeated 0–2.<ref name=SoccernetProf/> Despite Sweden's early dismissal from the tournament, Ljungberg was considered by newspapers in Sweden, France, Italy, Germany and the host nation Austria as being Sweden's leading player throughout the competition.

==== Retirement ====
On 27 June 2008, Ljungberg announced that he was ending his ten-year career for the Sweden national team.<ref name="sweden retired">{{cite web |url=http://www.skysports.com/football/euro2008/story/0,23063,11966_3748169,00.html |title=Ljungberg announces retirement |date=27 June 2008 |publisher=BSkyB |work=Sky Sports |access-date=7 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080919051626/http://www.skysports.com/football/euro2008/story/0,23063,11966_3748169,00.html |archive-date=19 September 2008}}</ref> The decision came following Sweden's early exit from UEFA Euro 2008.<ref name="sweden retired" /> Ljungberg won 75 [[Cap (sport)|caps]] for Sweden, scoring 14 goals.<ref name="sweden retired" />

==Coaching career==

===Arsenal===
In May 2013, Arsenal announced that Ljungberg would be "renewing his ties with the club" by taking an ambassadorial role with the view of increasing the international awareness of the club. He said that he was "honoured to take on this ambassadorial role".<ref name="Ljungberg ambassador">{{cite web |url=http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/ljungberg-takes-on-ambassadorial-role |title=Ljungberg takes on ambassadorial role |publisher=Arsenal F.C. |date=31 May 2013 |access-date=31 May 2013 |archive-date=8 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130608003658/http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/ljungberg-takes-on-ambassadorial-role |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 12 July 2016, it was confirmed that he would be joining [[Arsenal F.C. Under-23s and Academy|Arsenal Academy]] coaching Arsenal's under-15s.<ref name=ArsenalAcademy>{{Cite web|url = https://www.itv.com/news/2016-07-12/legend-henry-rejects-arsenal-coaching-role-adams-to-replace-him/|title = Legend Henry rejects Arsenal coaching role|date = 12 July 2016|access-date = 26 December 2019|archive-date = 26 December 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191226005245/https://www.itv.com/news/2016-07-12/legend-henry-rejects-arsenal-coaching-role-adams-to-replace-him/|url-status = live}}</ref>

===VfL Wolfsburg===
After the appointment of [[Andries Jonker]] as the new manager for [[VfL Wolfsburg]] on 27 February 2017, the club announced later the same day that he would be assisted by Ljungberg and Uwe Speidel.<ref name=Wolfsburg>[http://www.sport1.de/fussball/bundesliga/2017/02/vfl-wolfsburg-fredrik-ljungberg-wird-co-trainer-von-andries-jonker Fredrik Ljungberg wird co-trainer von Andries Jonker] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613111032/https://www.sport1.de/fussball/bundesliga/2017/02/vfl-wolfsburg-fredrik-ljungberg-wird-co-trainer-von-andries-jonker |date=13 June 2021 }}‚ [[Sport1 (Germany)|Sport1]], 27 February 2017</ref> He was at the club for six months before Jonker and his assistants were sacked in September 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fourfourtwo.com/news/ljungberg-sad-leave-wolfsburg|title=Ljungberg sad to leave Wolfsburg|work=FourFourTwo|date=19 September 2017|access-date=29 December 2017|archive-date=30 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171230114434/https://www.fourfourtwo.com/news/ljungberg-sad-leave-wolfsburg|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Return to Arsenal===
On 12 June 2018, Arsenal announced that Ljungberg would return as the under-23 coach.<ref>{{Cite web|date=12 June 2018|title=Arsenal appoint Ljungberg as under-23s coach|url=https://www.espn.co.uk/football/arsenal/story/3523350/arsenal-appoint-freddie-ljungberg-as-new-under-23s-coach|access-date=17 September 2020|website=ESPN.com|language=en|archive-date=16 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416164216/https://www.espn.co.uk/football/arsenal/story/3523350/arsenal-appoint-freddie-ljungberg-as-new-under-23s-coach|url-status=live}}</ref> On 5 June 2019, Ljungberg was promoted to Arsenal's first-team coaching squad.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.com/sport/football/article/arsenal-turn-to-freddie-ljungberg-for-first-team-role-5dvg9qwkt|title=Arsenal turn to Freddie Ljungberg for first-team role|first=Matt|last=Hughes|date=5 June 2019|work=[[The Times]]|access-date=11 June 2019|archive-date=12 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190612114654/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/arsenal-turn-to-freddie-ljungberg-for-first-team-role-5dvg9qwkt|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/48662806|title=Freddie Ljungberg is appointed as Arsenal assistant coach|date=17 June 2019|work=BBC Sport|access-date=27 August 2019|archive-date=18 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190618161658/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/48662806|url-status=live}}</ref> On 29 November 2019, Ljungberg was announced as interim head coach following the dismissal of [[Unai Emery]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.arsenal.com/news/unai-emery-leaves-club|title=Unai Emery leaves club|website=www.arsenal.com|language=en|access-date=29 November 2019|archive-date=3 December 2019|archive-url=https://archive.today/20191203112353/https://www.arsenal.com/news/unai-emery-leaves-club|url-status=live}}</ref>

In December 2019 he said he was working on a game-by-game basis.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/50722979|title=West Ham 1-3 Arsenal: Freddie Ljungberg working 'game-by-game' as Gunners boss|date=10 December 2019|work=BBC Sport|access-date=10 December 2019|archive-date=10 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210125603/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/50722979|url-status=live}}</ref> His first match as interim head-coach ended in a 2–2 draw away to [[Norwich City F.C.|Norwich City]] on 1 December, and he achieved his first and only win, beating [[West Ham United F.C.|West Ham United]] 3-1 eight days later.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/50534313|title=Norwich City 2-2 Arsenal|date=1 December 2019|work=BBC Sport|access-date=1 May 2020|archive-date=30 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191230010711/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/50534313|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/50625463|title=West Ham 1-3 Arsenal|date=9 December 2019|work=BBC Sport|access-date=1 May 2020|archive-date=30 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191230011456/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/50625463|url-status=live}}</ref> After [[Mikel Arteta]] was appointed as club head-coach, Ljungberg was retained as the first-team assistant coach, after a record of one win, three draws and two defeats as interim head coach.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fredrik Ljungberg {{!}} Latest Betting Odds {{!}} Soccer Base|url=https://www.soccerbase.com/managers/manager.sd?manager_id=4931|access-date=17 September 2020|website=www.soccerbase.com|archive-date=20 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020021004/https://www.soccerbase.com/managers/manager.sd?manager_id=4931|url-status=live}}</ref> On 22 August 2020 Ljungberg announced his departure from his first team assistant coaching role at Arsenal to progress his management experiences and pursue new opportunities.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-04-01 |title=bbc |work=BBC Sport |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/53875184 |access-date=23 April 2022 |archive-date=23 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423151245/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/53875184 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-01 |title=twitter |url=https://mobile.twitter.com/freddie/status/1297178050459729924 |access-date=23 April 2022 |archive-date=23 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423151246/https://mobile.twitter.com/freddie/status/1297178050459729924 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Baller League UK ===
In November 2024, it was announced that he's set to manage one of the 12 teams in the upcoming [[Baller League UK]], a [[six-a-side football]] league.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-26 |title=Baller League: KSI, Gary Lineker, Luis Figo & John Terry among names involved in new football league |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/articles/c3rx5ll9y3zo |access-date=2024-12-31 |website=BBC Sport |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Buckingham |first1=Philip |last2=Stafford-Bloor |first2=Seb |title=What is Baller League, why are KSI and IShowSpeed involved and is it a game-changer? |url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/5949002/2024/11/26/baller-league-explained-ksi-ishowspeed/ |access-date=2025-03-25 |work=The New York Times |date=26 November 2024 |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

==Outside football==
===Endorsements===
Ljungberg's work as a male model have garnered media attention rivaling that of his football career. In 2003, he signed a contract as an [[Undergarment|underwear]] model for [[Calvin Klein]], fronting a worldwide campaign which became one of the company's most successful ever.<ref name="thesportsprcompany.com">{{cite magazine |url=http://www.thesportsprcompany.com/whatwedo/GQ%20February%202005%20p34-37.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205090554/http://thesportsprcompany.com/whatwedo/GQ%20February%202005%20p34-37.pdf|archive-date=5 February 2009|title=Briefs success – How Freddie Ljungberg scored for Calvin Klein|magazine=GQ Magazine|date=February 2005|access-date=23 February 2014}}</ref> However, Ljungberg was upset that, as a result, women persistently groped him in nightclubs.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://m.nbcsports.com/content/will-you-women-kindly-stop-grabbing-freddie-ljungberg%E2%80%99s-crotch-thanks-advance |title=Will you women kindly stop grabbing Freddie Ljungberg's crotch? Thanks in advance |first=Rick |last=Chandler |publisher=NBC Sports |date=11 May 2012 |access-date=13 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514025309/http://m.nbcsports.com/content/will-you-women-kindly-stop-grabbing-freddie-ljungberg%E2%80%99s-crotch-thanks-advance |archive-date=14 May 2014 }}</ref>
[[File:Fredrik Ljungberg modeling.jpg|thumb|Ljungberg in a model shoot for a Swedish [[List of men's magazines|men's magazine]] ''[[Café (magazine)|Café]]''.]]

Ljungberg was sponsored by sportswear company [[Nike, Inc.|Nike]] and appeared in Nike commercials. In a global Nike advertising campaign in the run-up to the 2002 World Cup in Korea and Japan, he starred in a "[[Secret Tournament]]" commercial (branded "Scorpion KO") directed by [[Terry Gilliam]], appearing alongside football players such as [[Ruud van Nistelrooy]], Thierry Henry, [[Ronaldo (Brazilian footballer)|Ronaldo]], [[Edgar Davids]], [[Fabio Cannavaro]], [[Francesco Totti]], [[Ronaldinho]], [[Luís Figo]] and [[Hidetoshi Nakata]], with former player [[Eric Cantona]] the tournament "referee".<ref>{{cite news |title=A lighter shoe, cooler kits, a faster ball, a Secret Tournament – every touch counts |url=http://www.nikebiz.com/story/stry_scorpion.shtml |work=NikeBiz |publisher=Nike |access-date=21 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020602055510/http://www.nikebiz.com/story/stry_scorpion.shtml |archive-date=2 June 2002 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Claire |last=Cozens |title=Cantona hosts World Cup with a difference |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2002/apr/03/advertising.worldcupfootball2002?INTCMP=ILCNETTXT3487 |work=The Guardian |publisher=Guardian News and Media |date=3 April 2002 |access-date=21 July 2012 |archive-date=1 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180701165023/https://www.theguardian.com/media/2002/apr/03/advertising.worldcupfootball2002?INTCMP=ILCNETTXT3487 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Personal life===
Ljungberg, who rarely talks about his personal life in the media, married long-time partner Natalie Foster, whom he met in 2007, on 9 June 2014 at a ceremony in front of the [[Natural History Museum, London|Natural History Museum]]. The daughter of a business executive, Foster is a fan of Arsenal's [[North London derby|local rivals]] [[Tottenham Hotspur F.C.|Tottenham Hotspur]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Match of the Day: Arsenal legend Freddie Ljungberg marries socialite Natalie Foster at Natural History Museum|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/showbiz/celebrity-news/match-of-the-day-arsenal-legend-freddie-ljungberg-marries-socialite-natalie-foster-at-natural-history-museum-9515930.html|newspaper=[[London Evening Standard]]|date=9 June 2014|access-date=3 April 2018|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924201133/http://www.standard.co.uk/showbiz/celebrity-news/match-of-the-day-arsenal-legend-freddie-ljungberg-marries-socialite-natalie-foster-at-natural-history-museum-9515930.html|url-status=live}}</ref> They have two children.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Moving on |last=Goss |first=Alexandra |work=[[The Times]] |date=27 September 2017 |access-date=22 August 2018 |url=https://www.thetimes.com/sport/football/article/moving-on-rvhmk6stvtf |url-access=limited |archive-date=23 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823041859/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/moving-on-rvhmk6stvtf |url-status=live }}</ref>

Ljungberg is a Global Ambassador for [[Grassroot Soccer]], an adolescent health organization that leverages the power of soccer to equip young people with the life-saving information, services, and mentorship they need to live healthier lives.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Freddie Ljungberg |url=https://grassrootsoccer.org/people/freddie-ljungberg/ |access-date=2025-03-06 |website=Grassroot Soccer |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Nicknames==
While playing in England, Ljungberg became known as "Freddie", a nickname rarely used in his native Sweden. There, he is most commonly referred to by his birthname ''Fredrik'', although teammates in the Sweden national team have sometimes referred to him by the nickname "Ljungan" ({{IPA|sv|ˈjɵ̂ŋan}}), Swedish for “the [[Ericaceae|heather]] ”.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.expressen.se/sport/ljungan-ar-stark/|title="Ljungan är stark"|work=Expressen|access-date=4 June 2018|language=sv|archive-date=17 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171017203210/https://www.expressen.se/sport/ljungan-ar-stark/|url-status=live}}</ref> In an early stage in Arsenal he was also nicknamed "Kid Vicious", due to the punk hairstyle he had then.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.arsenal.se/node/3392 |title=Arsenal homepage Sweden |access-date=19 November 2022 |archive-date=19 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221119083936/https://www.arsenal.se/node/3392 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Career statistics==
===Club===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ Appearances and goals by club, season and competition<ref name="Soccerbase">{{Soccerbase}}</ref><ref name="UEFA matches">{{cite web |url=https://www.rsssf.org/players/ljungberg-in-ec.html |title=Frederik Ljungberg - Matches in European Cups |work=RSSSF |access-date=6 October 2014 |archive-date=22 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130922100716/http://www.rsssf.com/players/ljungberg-in-ec.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
!rowspan="2"|Club
!rowspan="2"|Season
!colspan="3"|League
!colspan="2"|National Cup
!colspan="2"|League Cup
!colspan="2"|Continental
!colspan="2"|Other
!colspan="2"|Total
|-
!Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals
|-
|rowspan="6"|[[Halmstads BK|Halmstad]]
|[[1994 Allsvenskan|1994]]
|[[Allsvenskan]]
|1||0||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||1||0
|-
|[[1995 Allsvenskan|1995]]
|Allsvenskan
|16||1||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||4<ref name="UEFA matches" />||0||colspan="2"|—||20||1
|-
|[[1996 Allsvenskan|1996]]
|Allsvenskan
|20||2||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||3<ref name="UEFA matches" />||0||colspan="2"|—||23||2
|-
|[[1997 Allsvenskan|1997]]
|Allsvenskan
|24||5||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||4<ref name="UEFA matches" />||1||colspan="2"|—||28||6
|-
|[[1998 Allsvenskan|1998]]
|Allsvenskan
|18||2||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||2<ref name="UEFA matches" />||0||colspan="2"|—||20||2
|-
!colspan="2"|Total
!79!!10!!colspan="2"|—!!colspan="2"|—!!13<ref name="UEFA matches" />!!1||colspan="2"|—!!92!!11
|-
|rowspan="10"|[[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]]
|[[1998–99 Arsenal F.C. season|1998–99]]
|[[Premier League]]
|16||1||3||0||2||0||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||21||1
|-
|[[1999–2000 Arsenal F.C. season|1999–2000]]
|Premier League
|26||6||2||0||colspan="2"|—||14<ref name="UEFA matches" />||2||colspan="2"|—||42||8
|-
|[[2000–01 Arsenal F.C. season|2000–01]]
|Premier League
|30||6||5||1||colspan="2"|—||13<ref name="UEFA matches" />||2||colspan="2"|—||48||9
|-
|[[2001–02 Arsenal F.C. season|2001–02]]
|Premier League
|25||12||5||2||colspan="2"|—||9<ref name="UEFA matches" />||3||colspan="2"|—||39||17
|-
|[[2002–03 Arsenal F.C. season|2002–03]]
|Premier League
|20||6||4||1||colspan="2"|—||8<ref name="UEFA matches" />||2||colspan="2"|—||32||9
|-
|[[2003–04 Arsenal F.C. season|2003–04]]
|Premier League
|30||4||4||4||colspan="2"|—||9<ref name="UEFA matches" />||2||colspan="2"|—||43||10
|-
|[[2004–05 Arsenal F.C. season|2004–05]]
|Premier League
|26||10||6||2||colspan="2"|—||6<ref name="UEFA matches" />||2||colspan="2"|—||38||14
|-
|[[2005–06 Arsenal F.C. season|2005–06]]
|Premier League
|25||1||1||0||1||0||9<ref name="UEFA matches" />||1||colspan="2"|—||36||2
|-
|[[2006–07 Arsenal F.C. season|2006–07]]
|Premier League
|18||0||3||1||colspan="2"|—||5<ref name="UEFA matches" />||1||colspan="2"|—||26||2
|-
!colspan="2"|Total
!216!!46!!33!!11!!3!!0!!73!!15!!colspan="2"|—!!325!!72
|-
|[[West Ham United F.C.|West Ham United]]
|[[2007–08 West Ham United F.C. season|2007–08]]
|Premier League
|25||2||1||0||2
|0||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||28||2
|-
|rowspan="3"|[[Seattle Sounders FC]]
|[[2009 Seattle Sounders FC season|2009]]
|[[Major League Soccer]]
|22||2||1||0||2||0||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||25||2
|-
|[[2010 Seattle Sounders FC season|2010]]
|Major League Soccer
|15||0||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||15||0
|-
!colspan="2"|Total
!37!!2!!1!!0!!2!!0!!colspan="2"|—!!colspan="2"|—!!40!!2
|-
|[[Chicago Fire FC|Chicago Fire]]
|[[2010 Chicago Fire season|2010]]
|Major League Soccer
|15||2||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||15||2
|-
|[[Celtic F.C.|Celtic]]
|[[2010–11 Celtic F.C. season|2010–11]]
|[[Scottish Premier League]]
|7||0||1||0||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||8||0
|-
|[[Shimizu S-Pulse]]
|[[2011 Shimizu S-Pulse season|2011]]
|[[J1 League|J.League]]
|8||0||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||8||0
|-
|[[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
|[[2014 Mumbai City FC season|2014]]
|[[Indian Super League]]
|4||0||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||4||0
|-
!colspan="3"|Career total
!391!!62!!36!!11!!7!!0!!86!!16||colspan="2"|—!!520!!89
|}

===International===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ Appearances and goals by national team and year<ref>{{NFT|6396|name=Ljungberg, Fredrik}}</ref>
|-
!National team!!Year!!Apps!!Goals
|-
|rowspan="11"|[[Sweden men's national football team|Sweden]]
|1998||6||1
|-
|1999||7||1
|-
|2000||8||0
|-
|2001||9||0
|-
|2002||5||0
|-
|2003||4||1
|-
|2004||10||4
|-
|2005||7||5
|-
|2006||8||1
|-
|2007||6||1
|-
|2008||5||0
|-
!colspan="2"|Total!!75!!14
|}

:''Scores and results list Sweden's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Ljungberg goal.''

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of international goals scored by Freddie Ljungberg<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www2.svenskfotboll.se/landslag/landslagsdatabas/landslagsspelare/?fplid=86062cce-e7ae-4aab-8979-eb01e38d4cb4&tab=appearances |title=Fredrik Ljungberg |website=Swedish Football Association |access-date=6 December 2019 |language=sv |archive-date=22 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230122104049/https://www2.svenskfotboll.se/landslag/landslagsdatabas/landslagsspelare/?fplid=86062cce-e7ae-4aab-8979-eb01e38d4cb4&tab=appearances |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="FIFA World cup & qualification goals">{{FIFA player|169551}}</ref>
|-
!scope="col"|No.
!scope="col"|Date
!scope="col"|Venue
!scope="col"|Cap
!scope="col"|Opponent
!scope="col"|Score
!scope="col"|Result
!scope="col"|Competition
!scope="col" class="unsortable"|{{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
|align="center"|1
|28 May 1998||[[Malmö Stadion]], [[Malmö]], Sweden||align="center"|3||{{fb|DEN}}||align="center"|1–0||align="center"|3–0||[[Exhibition game#Association football|Friendly]]||align="center"|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eu-football.info/_match.php?id=11125 |title=Sweden football team defeated Denmark 3–0 |work=EU Football |date=28 May 1998 |access-date=7 October 2014 |archive-date=10 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141010043904/http://eu-football.info/_match.php?id=11125 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|2
|31 March 1999||[[Silesian Stadium|Stadion Śląski]], [[Chorzów]], Poland||align="center"|8||{{fb|POL}}
|align="center"|1–0||align="center"|1–0||[[UEFA Euro 2000 qualifying]]||align="center"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro/match/55058--poland-vs-sweden/ |title=Poland 0–1 Sweden |work=UEFA |date=31 March 1999 |access-date=7 October 2014 |archive-date=21 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141121071812/http://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro/season=2000/matches/round=1165/match=55058/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|3
|7 June 2003||[[San Marino Stadium|Stadio Serravalle]], [[Serravalle (San Marino)|Serravalle]], San Marino||align="center"|37||{{fb|SMR}}||align="center"|3–0||align="center"|6–0||[[UEFA Euro 2004 qualifying]]||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro/history/news/0254-0d7b3881830d-2194c09c94eb-1000--jonson-inspires-swedish-goal-glut/ |title=Jonson inspires Swedish goal glut |work=UEFA |date=7 June 2003 |access-date=7 October 2014 |archive-date=21 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141121072040/http://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro/season=2004/matches/round=1579/match=68995/postmatch/report/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|4
|14 June 2004||[[Estádio José Alvalade]], [[Lisbon]], Portugal||align="center"|41||{{fb|BUL}}||align="center"|1–0||align="center"|5–0||[[UEFA Euro 2004]]||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro/season=2004/matches/round=1581/match=1059169/postmatch/report/index.html |title=Larsson lights up Sweden on dark day for Bulgaria |work=UEFA |date=15 June 2004 |access-date=7 October 2014 |archive-date=21 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141121072157/http://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro/season=2004/matches/round=1581/match=1059169/postmatch/report/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|5
|rowspan="2"|4 September 2004||rowspan="2"|[[National Stadium, Ta' Qali|Ta' Qali National Stadium]], [[Ta' Qali]], Malta||rowspan="2" align="center"|46||rowspan="2"|{{fb|MLT}}||align="center"|4–0||rowspan="2" align="center"|7–0||rowspan="2"|[[2006 FIFA World Cup qualification (UEFA)|2006 FIFA World Cup qualification]]||rowspan="2" align="center"|<ref name="FIFA World cup & qualification goals" />
|-
|align="center"|6
|align="center"|6–0
|-
|align="center"|7
|9 October 2004||[[Råsunda Stadium]], [[Stockholm]], Sweden||align="center"|48||{{fb|HUN}}||align="center"|1–0||align="center"|3–0
|2006 FIFA World Cup qualification||align="center"|<ref name="FIFA World cup & qualification goals" />
|-
|align="center"|8
|9 February 2005||[[Stade de France]], [[Paris]], France||align="center"|50||{{fb|FRA}}
|align="center"|1–0||align="center"|1–1||Friendly||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2005/02/09/world/friendlies/france/sweden/361730/ |title=France 1–1 Sweden |work=Soccerway |date=9 February 2005 |access-date=7 October 2014 |archive-date=2 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141202144352/http://int.soccerway.com/matches/2005/02/09/world/friendlies/france/sweden/361730/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|9
|rowspan="2"|26 March 2005||rowspan="2"|[[Vasil Levski National Stadium]], [[Sofia]], Bulgaria||rowspan="2" align="center"|51||rowspan="2"|{{fb|BUL}}
|align="center"|1–0||rowspan="2" align="center"|3–0||rowspan="2"|2006 FIFA World Cup qualification||rowspan="2" align="center"|<ref name="FIFA World cup & qualification goals" />
|-
|align="center"|10
|align="center"|3–0
|-
|align="center"|11
|4 June 2005||[[Ullevi]], [[Gothenburg]], Sweden||align="center"|52||{{fb|MLT}}||align="center"|5–0||align="center"|6–0
|2006 FIFA World Cup qualification||align="center"|<ref name="FIFA World cup & qualification goals" />
|-
|align="center"|12
|3 September 2005||Råsunda Stadium, Stockholm, Sweden||align="center"|53||{{fb|BUL}}||align="center"|1–0||align="center"|3–0
|2006 FIFA World Cup qualification||align="center"|<ref name="FIFA World cup & qualification goals" />
|-
|align="center"|13
|15 June 2006||[[Olympiastadion (Berlin)|Olympiastadion]], [[Berlin]], Germany||align="center"|59||{{fb|PAR}}
|align="center"|1–0||align="center"|1–0||[[2006 FIFA World Cup]]||align="center"|<ref name="FIFA World cup & qualification goals" />
|-
|align="center"|14
|13 October 2007||[[Rheinpark Stadion]], [[Vaduz]], Liechtenstein||align="center"|68||{{fb|LIE}}
|align="center"|1–0||align="center"|3–0||[[UEFA Euro 2008 qualifying]]||align="center"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro/history/news/0254-0d7baf476adc-d10381d78362-1000--sweden-stroll-towards-finals-slot/ |title=Sweden stroll towards finals slot |work=UEFA |date=13 October 2007 |access-date=7 October 2014 |archive-date=21 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141121071929/http://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro/season=2008/matches/round=2241/match=83738/postmatch/report/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

==Managerial statistics==
{{updated|match played 2 June 2025}}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center"
|+ Managerial record by team and tenure
|-
!rowspan=2|Team
!rowspan=2|Nat
!rowspan=2|From
!rowspan=2|To
!colspan=5|Record
!rowspan=2|{{abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
!{{abbr|P|Matches played}}!!{{abbr|W|Matches won}}!!{{abbr|D|Matches drawn}}!!{{abbr|L|Matches lost}}!!{{abbr|Win %|Win percentage}}
|-
|align=left|[[Arsenal F.C. Under-23s and Academy|Arsenal U-23]]
|align=left|{{fbicon|ENG}}
|align=left|1 July 2018
|align=left|30 June 2019
{{WDL|26|12|7|7|decimals=2}}
||<ref name="soccerbase.com">{{cite web |url=https://www.soccerbase.com/managers/manager.sd?manager_id=4931 |title=Fredrik Ljungberg managerial statistics |website=Soccerbase |access-date=6 December 2019 |archive-date=12 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200812175903/https://www.soccerbase.com/managers/manager.sd?manager_id=4931 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|align=left|[[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]] (interim)
|align=left|{{fbicon|ENG}}
|align=left|29 November 2019
|align=left|21 December 2019
{{WDL|6|1|3|2|decimals=2}}
|<ref name="soccerbase.com"/>
|-
|align=left|N5 FC
|align=left|{{fbicon|ENG}}
|align=left|24 March 2025
|align=left|2 June 2025
{{WDL|11|1|1|9|decimals=2}}
|
|-
!colspan=4|Total
{{WDLtot|43|14|11|18|decimals=2}}
!
|}

==Honours==
'''Halmstad'''<ref name="Eurosport honours">{{cite web |url=https://uk.eurosport.yahoo.com/football/fredrik-ljungberg.html |title=Fredrik Ljungberg |work=Eurosport |access-date=6 October 2014 |archive-date=11 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011160039/https://uk.eurosport.yahoo.com/football/fredrik-ljungberg.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/19719628|title=BBC Sport meets former Arsenal midfielder Freddie Ljungberg...|work=BBC Sport|access-date=13 February 2018|archive-date=15 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180515173410/https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/19719628|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Allsvenskan]]: [[1997 Allsvenskan|1997]]

'''Arsenal'''<ref name="Eurosport honours" />
*[[Premier League]]: [[2001–02 FA Premier League|2001–02]], [[2003–04 FA Premier League|2003–04]]<ref name="PremProfile">{{cite web |url=https://www.premierleague.com/players/1497/Freddie-Ljungberg/overview |title=Freddie Ljungberg: Overview |publisher=Premier League |access-date=13 December 2022 |archive-date=13 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221213162912/https://www.premierleague.com/players/1497/Freddie-Ljungberg/overview |url-status=live }}</ref>
*[[FA Cup]]: [[2001–02 FA Cup|2001–02]], [[2002–03 FA Cup|2002–03]], [[2004–05 FA Cup|2004–05]]
*[[FA Community Shield|FA Charity Shield]]: [[1999 FA Charity Shield|1999]]

'''Seattle Sounders FC'''
[[File:Fredrikljungbergguldboll.jpg|thumb|right|140px|Ljungberg receiving the Guldbollen award in November 2006]]
*[[U.S. Open Cup]]: [[2009 U.S. Open Cup|2009]]<ref name=Soundershonours>{{cite web |url=http://www.soundersfc.com/post/2010/07/30/freddie-ljungberg-traded-chicago-fire |title=Freddie Ljungberg traded to Chicago Fire |work=Sounders FC |date=30 July 2010 |access-date=6 October 2014 |archive-date=21 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210321063700/https://www.soundersfc.com/post/2010/07/30/freddie-ljungberg-traded-chicago-fire |url-status=live }}</ref>

'''Individual'''
*[[Premier League Player of the Season]]: [[2001–02 FA Premier League|2001–02]]<ref name="PremProfile"/>
*[[Premier League Player of the Month]]: [[2001–02 FA Premier League#Monthly awards|April 2002]]<ref name="PremProfile"/>
*[[Premier League 10 Seasons Awards#Teams of the Decade|Premier League Overseas Team of the Decade]]: 1992–93 – 2001–02<ref name=Telegraph15Apr03Seaman>{{Cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/2399687/Seaman-is-the-greatest-says-Shearer.html |title=Seaman is the greatest, says Shearer |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date=15 April 2003 |access-date=1 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121112234806/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/2399687/Seaman-is-the-greatest-says-Shearer.html |archive-date=12 November 2012 |location=London |first=Christopher |last=Davies |url-status=dead}}</ref>
*[[European Sports Media|ESM Team of the Year]]: [[European Sports Media#2000s|2001–02]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/esm-xi.html |title=ESM XI 2001/02 |work=RSSSF |access-date=6 October 2014 |archive-date=7 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160207144925/http://www.rsssf.com/miscellaneous/esm-xi.html#0102 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*[[Guldbollen]]: 2002, 2006<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uefa.com/memberassociations/news/newsid=43086.html |title=Ljungberg lands Swedish honour |work=UEFA |date=19 November 2002 |access-date=6 October 2014 |archive-date=17 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171017211626/http://www.uefa.com/memberassociations/news/newsid=43086.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*[[Swedish Midfielder of the Year]]: 1998, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005<ref name=Award>{{cite web|url=https://www.fotbollskanalen.se/allsvenskan/fotbollsgalan---har-ar-alla-vinnare-sedan-1995/|title=Fotbollsgalan – här är alla vinnare sedan 1995|website=Fotbollskanalen.se|access-date=30 April 2018|archive-date=1 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180501093056/https://www.fotbollskanalen.se/allsvenskan/fotbollsgalan---har-ar-alla-vinnare-sedan-1995/|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[MLS Best XI]]: 2009<ref name="Soundershonours" />
*[[MLS Player of the Month]]: October 2009<ref name="Soundershonours" />
*Fotbollsgalan Folkets Lirare ("Fan's Player of the Year"): 1998<ref name=Award />
*[[Stor Grabb]]: 2000<ref>{{Cite web|title=Stora Grabbars Märke - Svensk fotboll|url=https://www.svenskfotboll.se/landslag/herr/historik-herr/stora-grabbar/|access-date=24 February 2021|website=www.svenskfotboll.se|language=sv|archive-date=26 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026123931/https://www.svenskfotboll.se/landslag/herr/historik-herr/stora-grabbar/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
*{{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091022060605/http://freddie.speaksup.com/ |title=Official website |date=dmy}}
*{{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110509023305/http://www.celticfc.net/player.php?id=47 |title=Freddie Ljungberg at Celtic F.C. |date=dmy}}
*{{MLS player}}
*{{FIFA player}}
*{{J.League player}}

{{Navboxes
| title = Sweden squads
| bg = #FFF01C
| fg = #005B99
| bordercolor = #005B99
| list1 =
{{Sweden squad UEFA Euro 2000}}
{{Sweden squad 2002 FIFA World Cup}}
{{Sweden squad UEFA Euro 2004}}
{{Sweden squad 2006 FIFA World Cup}}
{{Sweden squad UEFA Euro 2008}}
}}
{{Navboxes
| title = Awards
| bg = gold
| fg = navy
| list1 =
{{Swedish Footballer of the Year}}
{{Premier League Player of the Season}}
{{2009 MLS Best XI}}
}}
{{Arsenal F.C. managers}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ljungberg, Freddie}}
[[Category:1977 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Hässleholm Municipality]]
[[Category:Footballers from Skåne County]]
[[Category:Swedish men's footballers]]
[[Category:Men's association football wingers]]
[[Category:Halmstads BK players]]
[[Category:Arsenal F.C. players]]
[[Category:West Ham United F.C. players]]
[[Category:Seattle Sounders FC players]]
[[Category:Chicago Fire FC players]]
[[Category:Celtic F.C. players]]
[[Category:Shimizu S-Pulse players]]
[[Category:Mumbai City FC players]]
[[Category:Allsvenskan players]]
[[Category:Premier League players]]
[[Category:Major League Soccer players]]
[[Category:Designated Players (MLS)]]
[[Category:Major League Soccer All-Stars]]
[[Category:Scottish Premier League players]]
[[Category:J1 League players]]
[[Category:Indian Super League players]]
[[Category:Indian Super League marquee players]]
[[Category:Sweden men's youth international footballers]]
[[Category:Sweden men's under-21 international footballers]]
[[Category:Sweden men's international footballers]]
[[Category:UEFA Euro 2000 players]]
[[Category:2002 FIFA World Cup players]]
[[Category:UEFA Euro 2004 players]]
[[Category:2006 FIFA World Cup players]]
[[Category:UEFA Euro 2008 players]]
[[Category:Swedish expatriate men's footballers]]
[[Category:Swedish expatriate sportspeople in England]]
[[Category:Swedish expatriate sportspeople in the United States]]
[[Category:Swedish expatriate sportspeople in Scotland]]
[[Category:Swedish expatriate sportspeople in Japan]]
[[Category:Swedish expatriate sportspeople in India]]
[[Category:Expatriate men's footballers in England]]
[[Category:Expatriate men's soccer players in the United States]]
[[Category:Expatriate men's footballers in Scotland]]
[[Category:Expatriate men's footballers in Japan]]
[[Category:Expatriate men's footballers in India]]
[[Category:Swedish football managers]]
[[Category:Arsenal F.C. non-playing staff]]
[[Category:Arsenal F.C. managers]]
[[Category:Premier League managers]]
[[Category:Swedish expatriate football managers]]
[[Category:Swedish expatriate sportspeople in Germany]]
[[Category:Expatriate football managers in England]]
[[Category:Swedish male models]]
[[Category:Swedish socialites]]

Me Shivaji Park

2026-03-04T09:41:56Z

BrodieAlfonso45: stub...

{{Short description|2018 Marathi language film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}{{No plot|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Me Shivaji Park.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Mahesh Manjrekar]]
| writer = Abhiram Bhadkamkar ({{small|Dialogues}})
| screenplay = Mahesh Manjrekar
| producer = Dilip Sahebrao Yadav Siddharth Kevalchand Jain
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Ashok Saraf]]
*[[Vikram Gokhale]]
*[[Dilip Prabhavalkar]]
*[[Shivaji Satam]]
*[[Satish Alekar]]
}}
| cinematography = [[Karan B. Rawat]]
| editing = Sarvesh Parab
| music = [[Ajit Parab]]
| studio = Mahesh Manjrekar Movies Gauri Pictures
| released = {{Film date|2018|10|18|df=yes}}
| runtime = 125 minutes
| country = India
| language = Marathi
}}

'''''Me Shivaji Park''''' ({{Translation|I am Shivaji Park}}) is a 2018 [[India|Indian]] [[Marathi language|Marathi]]-language [[crime thriller]] film directed by [[Mahesh Manjrekar]] and produced by Gauri Pictures in association with Manjrekar Movies.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Me Shivaji Park': Reasons to watch the Mahesh Manjrekar's directorial {{!}} The Times of India |url=https://www.arcattoscana.org/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/me-shivaji-park-reasons-to-watch-the-mahesh-manjrekars-directorial/melodious-music/photostory/66263141.cms |access-date=2023-02-17 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> The film starring [[Ashok Saraf]], [[Vikram Gokhale]], [[Shivaji Satam]], [[Satish Alekar]], [[Dilip Prabhavalkar]] in the leading roles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mi Shivaji Park Trailer : 'अन्याय होत असताना नुसतं बघत बसणं हा सुद्धा गुन्हाच' |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/mahesh-manjrekar-marathi-movie-mi-shivaji-park-trailer-ashok-saraf-vikram-gokhale-shivaji-satam-dilip-prabhavalkar-1766156/ |access-date=2023-02-17 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref> The film was theatrically released on 18 October 2018.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=Me Shivaji ParkUA |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-details/me-shivaji-park/movieshow/66257581.cms |access-date=2023-02-17 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Cast ==

* [[Ashok Saraf]] as Digambar Sawant
* [[Shivaji Satam]] as Rustum Mistry
* [[Dilip Prabhavalkar]] as Professor Dilip Pradhan
* [[Satish Alekar]] as Satish Joshi
* [[Vikram Gokhale]] as Judge Vikram Rajadhyakshya
* [[Bharati Achrekar|Bharti Achrekar]] as Binny Rustum Mistry
* [[Manjari Fadnis]] as Aishwarya Nair
* [[Sharad Ponkshe]] as Harshad Vedant
* [[Suhas Joshi]] as Mrs. Vikram Rajadhyaksha
* [[Santosh Juvekar]] as Harish Vedant
* [[Uday Tikekar]] as Balwa Seth
* Savita Malpekar as Savita Joshi
*
* Dipti Lele as Reporter
* Shushant Shelar
* Abhijeet Satam
* [[Madhura Velankar]] as Meena Gawli
* [[Pravin Tarde]] as Young Sawant

== Release ==

=== Theatrical ===
''Me Shivaji Park'' was released on 18 October 2018 in theatres.<ref name=":0" />

=== Home media ===
The film is originally available on [[ZEE5]] and [[MX Player|Mx Player]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Me Shivaji Park 2018 watch online OTT Streaming of movie on ZEE5, MX Player |url=https://www.ottplay.com/movie/me-shivaji-park-2018/c4954da532903 |access-date=2023-02-17 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==

=== Critical reception ===
Kalpeshraj Kubal of ''[[Maharashtra Times]]'' gave 3 out of 5 and wrote "first half of the movie seems a little choppy and more dramatic, it keeps the audience glued to their seats. The movie is looks like One time watch."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Me Shivaji Park |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/me-shivaji-park/moviereview/66270429.cms |access-date=2023-02-17 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref> Prajakta Chitnis of ''[[Lokmat]]'' also rated 3 out of 5 and she too would write that the film holds the audience well till the interval, but after the interval the film becomes too much of a stretch. However, she said that the film is worth watching once.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-19 |title=Mi shivaji park movie review |url=https://www.lokmat.com/reviews/marathi-cinema/mi-shivaji-park-movie-review-great-performance-ashok-saraf-vikram-gokhale-dilip-prabhavalkar-and/ |access-date=2023-02-17 |website=Lokmat |language=mr-IN}}</ref> Keyur Seta of ''Cinestaan'' gave 4 stars and praised performances of actors.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Seta |first=Keyur |title=Me Shivaji Park review: Absence of logic hurts this film with a fine ensemble cast |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/reviews/me-shivaji-park-31148 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129083444/https://www.cinestaan.com/reviews/me-shivaji-park-31148 |url-status=live |archive-date=29 November 2020 |access-date=2023-02-17 |website=Cinestaan}}</ref> Mayuri Phadnis of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 3 out of 5 and praised performances, incredible story and screenplay.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Me Shivaji Park Movie Review |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/me-shivaji-park/movie-review/66276021.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-02-24 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=9024664}}
* ''[https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/me_shivaji_park Me Shivaji Park]'' at [[Rotten Tomatoes]]

{{Mahesh Manjrekar}}
[[Category:2018 films]]
[[Category:2018 Indian films]]
[[Category:2018 crime drama films]]
[[Category:2018 Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:Indian crime drama films]]
[[Category:Marathi-language crime films]]
[[Category:Marathi-language thriller films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Mahesh Manjrekar]]

Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna

2026-02-27T18:03:48Z

BrodieAlfonso45: brief refine content further and improved wording

{{Short description|Indian politician (1919–1989)}}
{{More citations needed|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|name = Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna
|image = Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna 2018 stamp of India.jpg
|caption = Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna on a 2018 stamp of India
|native_name =
|native_name_lang =
|office = 13th [[Minister of Finance (India)|Union Minister of Finance]]
|term_start = 28 July 1979
|term_end = 25 October 1979
|primeminister = Charan Singh
|predecessor = [[Charan Singh]]
|successor = Charan Singh
|order1 = 8th
|office1 = Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh
|term_start1 = 8 November 1973
|term_end1 = 29 November 1975
|predecessor1 = Kamalapati Tripathi
|successor1 = N. D. Tiwari
| office3 = [[Member of Parliament (India)|Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]
| constituency3 = [[Garhwal Lok Sabha constituency|Garhwal]]
| term_start3 = (1980 - 1982), (1982
| term_end3 = 1984)
| predecessor3 = Pandit Jagannath Sharma
| successor3 = [[Chandra Mohan Singh Negi]]
| constituency4 = [[Lucknow Lok Sabha constituency|Lucknow]]
| term_start4 = (1977
| term_end4 = 1980)
| predecessor4 = [[Sheila Kaul]]
| successor4 = [[Sheila Kaul]]
| term_start5 = (1971
| constituency5 = [[Allahabad Lok Sabha constituency|Allahabad]]
| term_end5 =1975)
| predecessor5 = [[Hari Krishna Shastri]]
| successor5 = [[Janeshwar Mishra]]
|party = [[Bharatiya Lok Dal]]
|otherparty = [[Indian National Congress]], [[Janata Party]], [[Congress for Democracy]]
|birth_date = 25 April 1919
|birth_place = [[Pauri Garhwal]], [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh]], [[British Raj|British India]] (present-day [[Uttarakhand]], [[India]])
|death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1989|03|17|1919|04|25}}
|death_place = [[Cleveland]], [[Ohio]], [[U.S.]]
|alma_mater = [[Allahabad University]]
|spouse = [[Kamala Bahuguna]]
|children = [[Vijay Bahuguna]] (son) [[Rita Bahuguna Joshi]] (daughter)
|relatives = [[Saurabh Bahuguna]] (grandson)
}}

'''Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna''' (25 April 1919 – 17 March 1989) was an [[Indian National Congress]] leader and former [[Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh]]; he later joined [[Bharatiya Lok Dal]] and worked with [[Charan Singh]].

==Personal life==
He was born on 25 April 1919 in Bughani, [[Pauri Garhwal]], [[Uttarakhand]] in a [[Garhwali people|Garhwali]] [[Brahmin]] family.<ref>{{cite news |last=Mishra |first=Anand |date=16 August 2020 |title=Big fight for Brahmin votes in Uttar Pradesh |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/national-politics/big-fight-for-brahmin-votes-in-uttar-pradesh-874065.html |work=Deccan Herald |access-date=27 September 2020}}</ref> The family later moved to Allahabad in Uttar Pradesh.<ref name="Pauri">{{cite web|publisher=Pauri Garhwal Group |title=Hemanti Nandan Bahuguna|url=http://www.paurigarhwal.com/celebrities/hemantinandanbahuguna.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070601164421/http://www.paurigarhwal.com/celebrities/hemantinandanbahuguna.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 June 2007 |access-date=15 March 2015}}</ref>

Little is known about his first marriage. His first wife always lived in his native village Bughani as a simple village woman.
His second wife, [[Kamala Bahuguna]], lived with him in [[Allahabad]] and was the mother of their three children:
:*Their eldest son [[Vijay Bahuguna]] served as the Chief Minister of Uttarakhand. He was a former judge of Allahabad and [[Bombay High Court]]. He is a member of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. Vijay's son [[Saurabh Bahuguna|Saurabh]] is a Member of the [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]] from BJP .<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=Yogesh |date=24 January 2017 |title=Vijay Bahuguna's younger son Saurabh to take forward his legacy |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/vijay-bahugunas-younger-son-saurabh-to-take-forward-his-legacy/articleshow/56741117.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=15 May 2022}}</ref> He is serving as the Minister of Animal Husbandry, Fisheries, Skill Development & Employment, Protocol and Sugarcane Development in [[Pushkar Singh Dhami]]'s cabinet of 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Uttarakhand CM Dhami allots portfolios, keeps over two dozen departments with himself |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/uttarakhand-cm-dhami-allots-portfolios-two-dozen-department-7844019/ |access-date=7 December 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=30 March 2022}}</ref>
:*Second son Shekhar Bahuguna.
:*The couple's daughter, [[Rita Bahuguna|Rita Bahuguna Joshi]] was chief of [[Uttar Pradesh Congress Committee]]. She also served as the Mayor of [[Allahabad]]. She is a member of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].

==Politics==

===Pre-independence===

====Students Parliament====
He studied in D.A.V. School and Messmore Inter College of Pauri Town. He passed 10th from Pauri and went to the [[Government Intermediate College]] in Allahabad in 1937 in the Bachelor of Science programme. He received an Arts degree in 1946.<ref name="Pauri" />

====In jail====
He was jailed as a part of Quit India movement from 1942 to 1946.{{Citation needed|date = January 2015}}

===Post independence===

====Union Cabinet====
In 1971, he was made State Minister for Communication in the Union Cabinet.

====Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh====
In 1973, he was appointed the Chief Minister of [[Uttar Pradesh]], the most populous state in India. However, his tenure was short and he was forced to resign by Prime minister [[Indira Gandhi]] in 1975.

====Parting of ways with the Congress====
In early 1977, when Indira Gandhi lifted the state emergency and called for new elections to the Lok Sabha, Bahuguna left the ruling Congress party of Indira and formed a new group called [[Congress for Democracy]] (CFD) with [[Jagjivan Ram]] and [[Nandini Satpathy]]. The CFD joined the Janata alliance to contest the elections. After the victory of the Janata alliance, Bahuguna joined the cabinet of Janata Prime Minister [[Morarji Desai]] as the [[Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers|minister of chemicals and fertilizers]].
In 1979, he became the Finance Minister under the short lived (August - December 1979) Charan Singh administration. During his term, Indian economy went into the last recession of the 20th century. Real GDP growth fell by massive 5.2% in 1979 due to the [[1979 energy crisis|global energy crisis]]. Bahuguna withdrew from the government and joined hands with Indira Gandhi in October 1979.

In the January 1980 Parliamentary elections he won from [[Garhwal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Garhwal]] as Indira Gandhi's Congress(I) party candidate. But, he soon left the party and resigned his seat subsequently. He won the by-election for the seat in 1982.

====1984 Lok Sabha Elections====
He contested against the Congress candidate, [[Amitabh Bachchan]], in [[1984 Indian general election|1984 Parliamentary elections]] from [[Allahabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Allahabad constituency]]. Bachchan won the election by approximately 1,87,000 votes. Later his wife Kamla Bahuguna also stood for by-elections from Allahabad.

===Electoral history===
* 1971 : Elected to Lok Sabha from [[Allahabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Allahabad]] as member of Congress
* 1977 : Elected to Lok Sabha from Lucknow as member of 'Congress For Democracy', supported by Janata Party
* 1980 : Elected to Lok Sabha from [[Garhwal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Garhwal]] as member of Congress, but soon quit both Congress and Lok Sabha
* 1982 bypoll : Elected to Lok Sabha from Garhwal, defeating his Congress rival
* 1984 : Lost to [[Amitabh Bachchan]] in Prayagraj (Allahabad)

==Death==
Bahuguna fell ill in 1988 and flew to the United States for coronary bypass surgery. The surgery was unsuccessful and he died 17 March 1989 in a Cleveland hospital.

==Legacy==
* [[Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University]], [[Uttarakhand]]'s largest university in [[Srinagar, Uttarakhand|Srinagar]], [[Pauri Garhwal]]
* [[Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna Uttarakhand Medical Education University]], in [[Dehradun]], Uttarakhand

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140721050934/http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/CHIEF%20MINISTERS.HTM Chief Ministers of Uttar Pradesh]
* {{cite web|url=http://legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in/STATISTICAL/UP.htm|title=Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|access-date=16 March 2013}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070928031108/http://www.hnbahuguna.com/aboutme.html Biography]
* [http://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99aug27/nation.htm Bahugana's daughter runs in Amethi]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090410015111/http://uplegassembly.nic.in/mini_b.htm MINISTERS]
* [https://www.southasiamonitor.org/open-forum/h-n-bahuguna-man-who-could-be-prime-minister/ H.N.Bahuguna: A man who could have been Prime Minister]

{{S-start}}
{{s-gov}}
{{succession box
| before= -
| title = Parliamentary Secretary for labour and industry of Uttar Pradesh
| years = 10 April 1957 – 17 November 1958
| after = -
}}
{{s-off}}
{{succession box
| before= -
| title = Deputy Minister for labour and industry of Uttar Pradesh
| years = 17 November 1958 – 6 December 1960
| after = -
}}
{{succession box
| before= -
| title = Deputy Minister for labour and industry of Uttar Pradesh
| years = 22 March 1962 – 26 August 1963
| after = -
}}
{{succession box
| before= -
| title = Cabinet Minister for Finance of Uttar Pradesh
| years = 14 March 1967 – 2 April 1967
| after = -
}}
{{succession box
| before= -
| title = State Minister for Communication of India
| years = 1971
| after = -
}}
{{succession box
| before= ''President's Rule'' Administered by the [[List of Governors of Uttar Pradesh|Governor of Uttar Pradesh]], [[Akbar Ali Khan (politician)|Akbar Ali Khan]] title/post previously held by- [[Kamalapati Tripathi]]
| title = [[Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh]]
| years = 8 November 1973 – 30 November 1975
| after = ''President's Rule'' Administered by the [[List of Governors of Uttar Pradesh|Governor of Uttar Pradesh]], Dr [[Marri Chenna Reddy|M C Reddy]] title/post subsequently held by- [[Narayan Dutt Tiwari]]
}}
{{succession box
| before= -
| title = Cabinet Minister in the Department of Petroleum and Chemicals of India
| years = 1977
| after = -
}}
{{succession box
| before= -
| title = Finance Minister of India
| years = 1979
| after = -
}}
{{S-end}}

{{Chief Ministers of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Finance Ministers of India}}
{{Energy Ministries and Departments of India}}
{{Ministry of Communications (India)}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bahuguna, Hemwati Nandan}}
[[Category:1919 births]]
[[Category:1989 deaths]]
[[Category:Politicians from Prayagraj]]
[[Category:Chief ministers of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Lok Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Lok Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Janata Party politicians]]
[[Category:People from Pauri Garhwal district]]
[[Category:Dayanand Anglo-Vedic Schools System alumni]]
[[Category:India MPs 1977–1979]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1952–1957]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1957–1962]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1969–1974]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:India MPs 1980–1984]]
[[Category:Chief ministers from Indian National Congress]]
[[Category:Ministers of finance of India]]
[[Category:Ministers for corporate affairs]]
[[Category:Petroleum and natural gas ministers of India]]
[[Category:Members of the Cabinet of India]]
[[Category:India MPs 1971–1977]]
[[Category:Congress for Democracy politicians]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1962–1967]]

List of roads in Kolkata

2026-02-25T19:40:29Z

BrodieAlfonso45:

{{Short description| Roads, avenues and streets in Kolkata}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2024}}
[[Kolkata]] ([[Kolkata Metropolitan Area|greater]]) is home to the second largest road network in India, only after [[New Delhi]]. As of 2022, total road network in the city's [[Kolkata metropolitan area|metropolitan area]] is 4018 km<ref>https://www.statista.com/statistics/1075128/india-road-length-in-metropolitan-cities/#:~:text=In%202022%2C%20the%20Indian%20capital,just%20over%20four%20thousand%20kilometers.</ref> while the city proper has road network of 1850 km.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/among-metros-kol-has-highest-car-density-with-2448-per-km/articleshow/102483515.cms|title=Among metros, Kolkata has highest car density with 2,448 per km|date=7 August 2023|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref> The following is a list of major roads, streets and avenues in the [[Kolkata]] ([[Kolkata Metropolitan Area|greater]]).

[[File:Red Road - Kolkata 2013-04-10 7739.JPG|thumb|Red Road, major road in Central Kolkata]]
[[File:AJC Bose Road - Kolkata 20170516175909.jpg|thumb|AJC Bose Road, major east-west road of Kolkata]]
[[File:Major Arterial Road - Rajarhat 7499.JPG|thumb|Biswa Bangla Sarani, one of the busiest road in Kolkata metropolitan area]]

==Major North-South roads in Kolkata city==
This list covers major North-South roads in the [[Kolkata]] city proper as well as in [[Kolkata Metropolitan Area]].

{| class="wikitable"
! Road/ avenue name
! Part of
! Endpoints
! Laning
! Length (km)
! Region
! Ref(s)

|-
|[[Eastern metropolitan bypass]]
| [[File:WB SH3-IND.png|30px|thumb|[[State Highway 3|SH 3]]]]
|'''North end''': [[Ultadanga]] (becomes [[VIP Road, Kolkata|VIP Road]]) '''South end''': {{unbulleted list|[[Garia]] (Kolkata city)|[[Baruipur]] ([[Kolkata metropolitan area|greater Kolkata]])}}
| 6-8 laned from [[Ultadanga]] to Kamalgachi 4 laned from Kamalgachi to [[Baruipur]]
|32
|Kolkata city and [[Kolkata metropolitan area|greater]]
|
|-
| [[Chittaranjan Avenue]]/ Central Avenue
|
| '''North end''': [[Sovabazar]] (becomes Jatindra Mahan Avenue) '''South end''': [[Esplanade, Kolkata|Esplanade]] (becomes [[Chowringhee Road]])
| 6 laned
|
|Kolkata city
|
|-
|[[Chowringhee Road]]
|
| '''North end''': [[Esplanade, Kolkata|Esplanade]] (becomes [[Chittaranjan Avenue]]) '''South end''': [[Bhowanipore|Bhawanipur]] (becomes Ashutosh Mukherjee Road)
|6-8 laned
|
|Kolkata city
|
|-
|Ashutosh Mukherjee Road and Shyama Prasad Mukherjee Road
|
| '''North end''': [[Bhowanipore|Bhawanipur]] (becomes [[Chowringhee Road]]) '''South end''': [[Tollygunge]] (becomes Mahanayak Uttam Kumar Sarani)
|4-6 laned
|
|Kolkata city
|
|-
|Mahanayak Uttam Kumar Sarani
|
| '''North end''': [[Tollygunge]] (becomes Shyama Prasad Mukherjee Road) '''South end''': Haridevpur
|6-8 laned
|
|Kolkata city
|
|-
| [[AJC Bose Road & APC Road]]
| [[File:WB SH1-IND.png|30px|thumb|[[State Highway 1|SH 1]]]]
|'''North end''': [[Ballygunge]] '''South end''': [[Jadavpur]]
| 6 laned
|
|Kolkata city
|
|-
| [[Gariahat Road]]
|[[File:WB SH1-IND.png|30px|thumb|[[State Highway 1|SH 1]]]]
|'''North end''': [[Jadavpur]] '''South end''': South Kolkata
|4-6 laned
|
|Kolkata city
|
|-
| Raja SC Mullick Road
|[[File:WB SH1-IND.png|30px|thumb|[[State Highway 1|SH 1]]]]
|'''North end''': [[Jadavpur]] '''South end''': [[Garia]]
|4 laned
|
|Kolkata city
|
|-
|[[Jessore Road]]
|
|'''North end''': {{unbulleted list| [[Belgachia]] (Kolkata city proper)| [[Barasat]] ([[Kolkata metropolitan area|Greater Kolkata]])}} '''South end''': [[Shyambazar]]
| 2-4 laned
|
|Kolkata city and [[Kolkata metropolitan area|greater]]
|
|-
| [[Strand Road, Kolkata|Strand Road]]
|
| '''North end''':[[Bagbazar]] '''South end''': [[Watgunge|Watgunge]]
| 2-4 laned upto [[Babughat]] and then 6 laned
|
| Kolkata city
|
|-
| [[Red Road (Kolkata)|Red Road]]
|
|'''North end''': [[Esplanade, Kolkata|Esplanade]] '''South end''': [[Watgunge|Watgunge]](becomes Khidirpur Road)
| 6 laned
|
|Kolkata city
|
|-
| Khidirpur Road
|
|'''North end''': [[Watgunge|Watgunge]](becomes Red Road) '''South end''': [[Khidirpur]]
| 4 laned
|
| Kolkata city
|
|-
| Diamond Harbour Road
| [[File:NH12-IN.svg|30px|thumb|[[National Highway 12 (India)|NH 12]]]]
|'''North end''': Khidirpur (Merges with Khidirpur road) '''South end''': {{unbulleted list| [[Joka, Kolkata|Joka]] (Kolkata city proper)| [[Diamond Harbour]] ([[Kolkata metropolitan area|Greater Kolkata]])}}
| 4-6 laned
|
|
|Kolkata city and [[Kolkata metropolitan area|greater]]

|-
|[[Netaji Subash Chandra Bose Road]]
|[[File:WB SH1-IND.png|30px|thumb|[[State Highway 1|SH 1]]]]
|'''North end''': [[Tollygunge]] (becomes Mahanayak Uttam Kumar Sarani) '''South end''': {{unbulleted list| [[Garia]] (Kolkata city proper)| [[Baruipur]] ([[Kolkata metropolitan area|Greater Kolkata]])}}
| 2 laned
|
| Kolkata city
|Kolkata city and [[Kolkata metropolitan area|greater]]

|-
| [[Sarat Bose Road]]
|
| '''North end''':[[Minto Park]] '''South end''': [[Lake Gardens]]
| 4 laned
| 3.5
| Kolkata city
|
|}

==Major East-West roads in Kolkata city==
{| class="wikitable"
! Road/ avenue name
! Part of
! Endpoints
! Laning
! Length (km)
! Region
! Ref(s)

|-
||[[AJC Bose Road & APC Road|AJC Bose Road]]
|
|'''East end''': [[Hastings, Kolkata|Hastings]] '''West end''': [[Park Circus]]
| 4 laned
|
|Kolkata city
|
|-
| JBS Haldane Avenue
|
|'''East end''': [[Park Circus]] '''West end''': [[Dhapa, India|Dhapa]]
|6 laned
|
|Kolkata city
|
|-
|[[Rashbehari Avenue]]
|
|'''East end''': Alipore(Chetla) '''West end''': Ruby
|4 laned
|
|Kolkata city
|
|-
|[[Prince Anwar Shah Road]] and Kalikapur Road extension
|
|'''East end''': [[Tollygunge]] '''West end''': Kalikapur
|4 laned
|
|Kolkata city
|
|-
|[[Vivekananda Road]]
|
|'''East end''': [[Girish Park]] '''West end''': Manicktala
|4 laned
|
|Kolkata city
|
|-
| Maniktala Main Road
|
|'''East end''': Maniktala '''West end''': Kakurgachi
|4 laned
|
|Kolkata city
|
|-
| Beleghata Main Road
|
|'''East end''': [[Sealdah]] '''West end''': Beleghata
|2 laned
|
|Kolkata city
|
|-
| [[Taratala Road]]
|
|'''East end''': [[Garden Reach]] '''West end''': [[Taratala]] Xing
|2-4 laned
|
|Kolkata city
|
|-
|[[Mahatma Gandhi Road (Kolkata)|MG Road]]
|
|'''East end''': [[Burrabazar]] '''West end''': [[Sealdah]]
|4 laned
|
|Kolkata city
|
|-
|[[Southern Avenue, Kolkata|Southern Avenue]]
|
|'''East end''': Rashbehari '''West end''': Golpark
| 4 laned
|
|Kolkata city
|
|}

==Branch roads, minor roads and connectors in Kolkata city==
* [[Aurobindo Sarani]]: connects [[Ultadanga]] with [[Shobhabazar]]
* [[Raja Nabakrishna Street]]
* [[Bidhan Sarani]]: connects [[Shyambazar]] and [[College Street (Kolkata)|College Street]], runs parallel to [[Chittaranjan Avenue]]
* [[Amherst Street (Kolkata)|Amherst Street]]: connects [[Shyambazar]] and [[Mahatma Gandhi Road|MG Road]], runs parallel to [[Chittaranjan Avenue]]
* [[College Street (Kolkata)|College Street]]
* [[Bepin Behari Ganguly Street]]
* [[Netaji Subhas Road|Netaji Subhash Road]]
* [[Hare Street]]
* [[Picnic Garden|Picnic Garden Road]]
* [[Sudder Street]]
* [[Camac Street]]
* [[Mirza Ghalib Street]]
* [[Shakespeare Sarani]]
* [[Gobinda Chandra Khatik Road]]
* [[Pulin Khatik Road]]
* [[Ballygunge Circular Road]]
* [[Gurusaday Dutt Road]]

==Notable streets and lanes in Kolkata city==
*Bentick Street
* Dacres Lane
* Ezra Street
* Ho Chi Minh Sarani
* Lovelock Street
* [[Rabindra Sarani]]
* [[Raja Nabakrishna Street]]
* [[Zakaria Street]]

==Major roads in Kolkata metropolitan area==
{| class="wikitable"
! Road/ avenue name
! Part of
! Route
! Laning
! Length (km)
! Ref(s)

|-
|[[Biswa Bangla Sarani]]
|
| Haldiram (merges with [[VIP Road, Kolkata|VIP Road]]) to [[Garia]]
| 6 laned
|33
|
|-
|[[Kalyani Expressway]]
|
| Nimta to [[Kalyani, West Bengal|Kalyani]]
|6 laned
|44
|
|-
|[[Kona Expressway, NH12|Kona Expressway]]
| [[File:NH12-IN.svg|30px|thumb|[[National Highway 12 (India)|NH12]]]]
| [[Vidyasagar Setu]] to Nibra through [[Santragachi]]
|4 laned
| 7.3
|
|-
|[[Belghoria Expressway]]
| [[File:Tabliczka AH1.svg|30px|thumb|[[AH1]]]] [[File:NH12-IN.svg|30px|thumb|[[National Highway 12 (India)|NH12]]]]
| [[Dakshineswar]] to Rajchandrapur
|4 laned
|16
|
|-
| [[Barrackpore Trunk Road]]
| [[File:WB SH1-IND.png|30px|thumb|[[State Highway 1 (West Bengal)|SH1]]]] [[File:WB SH2-IND.png|30px|thumb|[[State Highway 2 (West Bengal)|SH2]]]]
| [[Dakshineswar]] to [[Barrackpore]]
| 6 laned
| 18
|
|-
| Budge Budge Trunk Road
|
| [[Taratala]] to [[Budge Budge]]
| 4 laned from [[Taratala]] to [[Batanagar]] 2 laned from [[Batanagar]] to [[Budge Budge]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/bengal/nabanna-asks-pwd-to-expedite-repair-of-budge-budge-trunk-rd-536475|title=Nabanna asks PWD to expedite repair of Budge Budge Trunk Rd|first=Team|last=MP|date=13 October 2023|website=www.millenniumpost.in}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Roads in Kolkata|*]]
[[Category:Lists of roads in India|Kolkata]]
[[Category:Kolkata-related lists|Roads]]

Islampur High School

2026-02-21T07:32:50Z

BrodieAlfonso45: New Post

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Islampur High School
| native_name =
| image = File:Islampur High School.JPG
| alt =
| caption =
| motto =
| motto_translation =
| address = Bus stand, P. W. D more Boi Para
| city = Islampur
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| postal_code = 733202
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|26.2557135|N|88.1828116|E|region:IN-WB_type:edu|display=inline,title}}
| other_name = 
| former_name = 
| type =
| religious_affiliation =
| established = {{Start date|1958}}<ref name="TI">{{cite news |title=Hindi cry in school |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/hindi-cry-in-school/cid/416380 |access-date=18 January 2021 |work=Telegraph India |date=26 June 2012}}</ref>
| founder =
| closed =
| school_board =
| oversight =
| principal = Mohammad Salimuddin or Selimuddin<ref name="ST">{{cite news |title=Islampur High School hostel suffers from poor conditions |url=https://siliguritimes.com/islampur-high-school-hostel-suffers-from-poor-conditions |access-date=18 January 2021 |work=Siliguri Times |date=7 May 2019 |archive-date=31 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210131163632/https://siliguritimes.com/islampur-high-school-hostel-suffers-from-poor-conditions/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="BL">{{cite news |last1=Sarkar |first1=Vivekananda |title=Islampur High School in Uttar Dinajpur district got a place in the list of best schools in the state |url=https://www.bengallive.in/raiganj/islampur-high-school-of-uttar-dinajpur-is-the-best-in-west-bengal |access-date=18 January 2021 |work=Bengal Live |date=22 August 2019 |language=Gujarati |quote=The headmaster of the school, Mohammad Selimuddin, said 13 schools in the state have been selected as the best by the education department. There are three more schools from North Bengal in this list. ... the students of this school have taken place in the merit list of secondary and higher secondary examinations this year. Islampur High School has also set a good example in the joint examination.}}</ref>
| staff =
| faculty =
| grades =
| gender = Boys
| age_range =
| enrolment = 2,200<ref name="TI"/>
| language =
| campus_size =
| campus_type =
| colours =
| teams = 
| accreditation = 
| publication =
| newspaper =
| yearbook =
| affiliation = 
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Islampur High School''' is located in the area ward no. 10 of Islampur Municipality in [[Islampur, Uttar Dinajpur|Islampur]] City, [[Uttar Dinajpur district|North Dinajpur]], [[West Bengal]], India. This school is situated near the New Bus Stand and is beside NH31.

Islampur High School is under the control of [[West Bengal Board of Secondary Education]] and [[West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education]].

==History==
The school was established in 1958.<ref name="TI"/>

In 2012, students protested because they were concerned that the government was planning to stop teaching in three languages ([[Hindi]], [[Urdu]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]]) in the school.<ref name="TI"/>

In 2016 the school's teachers went on [[hunger strike]] to protest about inhuman treatment by the headteacher.<ref name="TNI">{{cite news |last1=Dey |first1=Dipankar |title=Hunger strike by teachers at Islampur High School |url=https://timesofnorth.in/2016/10/05/hunger-strike-by-teachers-at-islampur-high-school |access-date=18 January 2021 |work=Times of North India |date=5 October 2016}}</ref> The head agreed to their demands.<ref name="TNI"/>

In 2019 the school was named by the education department as one of the four best schools in the state.<ref name="BL"/> Examination results for the school were good in 2019.<ref name="BL"/>

==Facility==
The two-storied school building is identical with a rectangular shape, with a playground at the centre. There are currently no residential and transport facilities available. In 2019 there were concerns about conditions at the school's hostel.<ref name="ST"/>

Classes from [[Education in India#Primary education|5th standard]] to [[Education in India#12th (senior secondary or higher secondary) exam|12 standard]] are taught here.

It is a boys' school only. The languages in which subjects are taught are Bengali, Hindi, and Urdu.<ref name="TI"/> The school has laboratories and a library.

==Notable alumni==

* Md. Manzar Hussain Anjum, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] Officer (AIR 125th in UPSC 2021 Civil Service Exam)

==See also==
*[[Education in India]]
*[[List of schools in India]]
*[[Education in West Bengal]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==

{{Portal bar|School|Education}}

[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Schools in Uttar Dinajpur district]]
[[Category:1958 establishments in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1958]]

List of international cricket five-wicket hauls by James Anderson

2026-01-30T08:08:06Z

BrodieAlfonso45: updated details

{{Short description|none}}
{{EngvarB|date=October 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
[[File:James Anderson, 2013-14.jpg|thumb|English fast bowler, James Anderson, took 32 five-wicket hauls in Test cricket and 2 five-wicket hauls in ODIs.<ref name=Test>{{cite web | url = http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283354.html |title =Records – Test matches – Bowling records – Most five-wickets-in-an-innings in a career |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=5 February 2013}}</ref>|alt=A photograph of James Anderson bowling against Australia in 2013–14]]

In cricket, a five-wicket haul (also known as a "five–for" or "fifer")<ref>{{Cite web | url = http://sport.scotsman.com/sport/Swinging-it-for-the-Auld.4398695.jp | work = [[The Scotsman]] | access-date =5 February 2013|date=17 August 2008|title = Swinging it for the Auld Enemy – An interview with Ryan Sidebottom| quote=... I'd rather take fifers (five wickets) for England ...}}</ref> refers to a [[Bowler (cricket)|bowler]] taking five or more [[wicket]]s in a single [[Innings#Cricket|innings]]. This is regarded as a notable achievement;<ref>{{cite book|last=Pervez|first=M. A.|title=A Dictionary of Cricket|publisher=[[Orient Blackswan]] |year=2001|page=31|isbn=978-81-7370-184-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VwYsHe-F-IUC&pg=PA31 |access-date=5 February 2013}}</ref> and {{As of|2024|10|lc=yes}}, only 54 bowlers have taken 15 or more five-wicket hauls at international level in their cricketing careers.<ref name=most5wickets>{{Cite web | url = http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283825.html | title = Records – Combined Test, ODI and T20I records – Bowling records – Most five-wickets-in-an-innings in a career | access-date=21 August 2012|publisher =ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> [[James Anderson (cricketer)|James Anderson]], an [[England national cricket team|English]] [[cricket]]er has taken 34 [[five-wicket haul]]s in international cricket.<ref name=most5wickets/><ref name="Profile_of_Anderson">{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/england/content/player/8608.html |title=James Anderson |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=25 August 2013}}</ref> A right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast-medium bowler]], Anderson played 188 [[Test cricket|Tests]] and 194 [[One Day International]] (ODI) matches for his country, and took 704 and 269 wickets respectively.<ref name="Profile_of_Anderson"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Records/Test matches/Bowling records/Fastest to 300 wickets|publisher=ESPNcricinfo |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283538.html|access-date=23 July 2013}}</ref> He was honoured with the [[NBC Denis Compton Award]] for "The Most Promising Young Player" in 2002,<ref>{{cite web|title=The NBC Denis Compton Awards|work=Cricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/england/content/story/209589.html|access-date=23 July 2013}}</ref> and the ''[[Wisden Cricketers' Almanack]]'' named him [[Wisden Cricketers of the Year|one of their cricketers of the year]] in 2009.<ref>{{cite web|last=Wilson|first=Andy|title=Wisden Cricketers of the Year 2009 – James Anderson|publisher=ESPNcricinfo |work=[[Wisden Cricketers' Almanack|Wisden]]|date=8 April 2009 |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/398683.html|access-date=23 July 2013}}</ref> In 2013, former [[Pakistan national cricket team|Pakistan]] [[Captain (cricket)|captain]], [[Wasim Akram]] described him as "the best bowler of this era".<ref>{{cite news|agency=Agencies|title=James Anderson is the best, says Wasim Akram|work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|url=http://dawn.com/news/1033225/james-anderson-is-the-best-says-wasim-akram|date=31 July 2013|access-date=31 July 2013}}</ref>

Anderson took [[List of England cricketers who have taken five-wicket hauls on Test debut|a five-wicket haul on his Test debut]] in 2003 against [[Zimbabwe national cricket team|Zimbabwe]] at [[Lord's|Lord's Cricket Ground]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;debut_or_last=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;team=1;template=results;type=bowling;wicketsmin1=5;wicketsval1=wickets |title=Statistics / Statsguru / Test matches / Bowling records / Overall figures |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=23 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031173619/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1%3Bdebut_or_last%3D1%3Bfilter%3Dadvanced%3Borderby%3Dstart%3Bteam%3D1%3Btemplate%3Dresults%3Btype%3Dbowling%3Bwicketsmin1%3D5%3Bwicketsval1%3Dwickets |archive-date=31 October 2013 }}</ref> He took 5 wickets for 73 [[Runs (cricket)|runs]] in the match which England won by an innings and 92 runs.<ref name="5wlonTestdebut">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64032.html |title=Zimbabwe tour of England, 2003: Test series – 1st Test |work=Cricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=23 October 2013}}</ref> In July 2010, he took five-wicket hauls in both innings of a Test match against Pakistan at the [[Trent Bridge]].<ref name="1stfiferspair">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/england-v-pakistan-2010/engine/match/426413.html |title=Pakistan tour of England, 2010: Test series – 1st Test |work=Cricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=25 August 2013}}</ref> In total, he took 11 wickets for 71 runs, which remains his best [[Bowling analysis|bowling figures]] in a Test match {{as of|2020|8|lc=y}}.<ref name="Profile_of_Anderson"/> He took another pair of five-wicket hauls at the same venue, against [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] in the first Test of the [[2013 Ashes series]].<ref name="2ndfiferspair">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/566932.html |title=Australia tour of England, 2013: The Ashes – 1st Test |work=Cricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=25 August 2013}}</ref> Anderson's career-best figures for an innings are 7 wickets for 42 runs against [[West Indies cricket team|West Indies]] at Lord's Cricket Ground, in September 2017.<ref name="Anderson_Test_fifers">{{cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/8608.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=wickets;template=results;type=bowling;view=innings;wicketsmin1=5;wicketsval1=wickets |title=Statistics / Statsguru / James Anderson / Test matches / Innings by innings list |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=23 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702230647/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/8608.html?class=1%3Bfilter%3Dadvanced%3Borderby%3Dwickets%3Btemplate%3Dresults%3Btype%3Dbowling%3Bview%3Dinnings%3Bwicketsmin1%3D5%3Bwicketsval1%3Dwickets |archive-date=2 July 2015 }}</ref> {{As of|2022}}, he has taken 32 Test five-wicket hauls at 11 [[Cricket field|cricket grounds]], and has been most successful against India with six five-wicket hauls against them.<ref name="Anderson_Test_fifers"/>

Anderson made his ODI debut against Australia at the [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]] during the [[Australian Tri-Series|2002–03 VB series]]; England lost the match by 89 runs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65630.html |title= VB Series, 2002/03 – 2nd match |work= Cricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=5 February 2013}}</ref> His first ODI five-wicket haul came in November 2009 against South Africa at the [[St George's Oval]]. His career best performance of 5 wickets for 23 runs in the match earned him the [[man of the match]] award.<ref name="1stODI5wl">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/387568.html |title= England tour of South Africa, 2009/10: ODI series – 4th ODI |work= Cricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=23 October 2013}}</ref> Anderson has taken two five-wicket hauls in ODI cricket.

Making his first [[Twenty20 International]] (T20I) appearance in 2007, Anderson has yet to take a five-wicket haul in the format {{as of|2017}}.<ref>{{Cite web | url = https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/8608.html?class=3;template=results;type=bowling | title = Statistics / Statsguru / James Anderson / Twenty20 Internationals | access-date = 5 February 2013 | publisher = ESPNcricinfo | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131031122929/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/8608.html?class=3%3Btemplate%3Dresults%3Btype%3Dbowling | archive-date = 31 October 2013 | df = dmy-all }}</ref> His best performance in T20I is 3 wickets for 23 runs, against the [[Netherlands national cricket team|Netherlands]] at Lord's Cricket Ground during the [[2009 ICC World Twenty20]].<ref>{{Cite web |url = http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/355991.html| title = ICC World Twenty20, 2009 – 1st match, Group B | work = Cricinfo | access-date = 5 February 2013 | publisher = ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

{{As of|2024}}, he is ninth among all-time five-wicket haul takers,<ref name=most5wickets/> and first in the equivalent list for England.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_5wi_career.html?class=11;id=1;type=team|title=Records / England / Combined Test, ODI and T20I records / Most five-wickets-in-an-innings|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=23 January 2021|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190415171626/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_5wi_career.html?class=11;id=1;type=team|archive-date=15 April 2019}}</ref>

==Key==
[[File:Trent Bridge MMB 01 England vs New Zealand.jpg|right|250px|thumb|Trent Bridge, Nottingham, where Anderson took six of his twenty-one Test five-wicket hauls, the most by any player at the ground.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_5wi_career.html?class=1;id=34;type=ground |title=Records / Trent Bridge, Nottingham / Test matches / Most five-wickets-in-an-innings |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=20 August 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031123028/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_5wi_career.html?class=1%3Bid%3D34%3Btype%3Dground |archive-date=31 October 2013 }}</ref>|alt= A photograph of the England cricket team playing New Zealand at Trent Bridge in 2008.]]

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Symbol
! Meaning
|-
! Date
| Day the [[Test cricket|Test]] started or [[One Day International|ODI]] held
|-
! Inn
| The [[Innings#Cricket|innings]] of the match in which the five-wicket haul was taken
|-
! Overs
| Number of [[Over (cricket)|overs]] bowled in that innings
|-
! Runs
| Number of [[Run (cricket)|runs]] conceded
|-
! Wkts
| Number of [[Wicket#Dismissing a batsman|wickets]] taken
|-
! Batsmen
| The batsmen whose wickets were taken in the five-wicket haul
|-
! Econ
| [[Cricket statistics#Bowling statistics|Bowling economy rate]] (average runs per over)
|-
! Result
| [[Result (cricket)|Result]] for the [[England national cricket team|England]] team
|-
! {{asterisk}}
| One of two five-wicket hauls by Anderson in a match
|-
! {{dagger}}
| 10 wickets or more taken in the match
|-
! {{double-dagger}}
| Anderson was selected as [[Man of the match#Cricket|man of the match]]
|}

==Tests==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+ Five-wicket hauls in Test cricket by James Anderson<ref>{{cite web|title=Statistics / Statsguru / Harbhajan Singh / Test matches|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/8608.html?class=1;filter=advanced;template=results;type=bowling;view=innings;wicketsmin1=5;wicketsval1=wickets|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=1 October 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150218224814/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/8608.html?class=1%3Bfilter%3Dadvanced%3Btemplate%3Dresults%3Btype%3Dbowling%3Bview%3Dinnings%3Bwicketsmin1%3D5%3Bwicketsval1%3Dwickets|archive-date=18 February 2015}}</ref>
|-
! style="width:5%;"|No.
! style="width:15%;"|Date
! style="width:25%;"|Ground
! style="width:10%;"|Against
! style="width:5%;"|Inn
! style="width:5%;"|Overs
! style="width:5%;"|Runs
! style="width:5%;"|Wkts
! style="width:5%;"|Econ
! style="width:15%;" class="unsortable"|Batsmen
! style="width:5%;"|Result
|- align=center
|| 1 || {{dts|format=dmy|2003|5|22}} || [[Lord's|Lord's Cricket Ground]], [[London]] || {{cr|ZIM}} || {{nts|2}} || {{nts|16}} || {{nts|73}}
! scope="row" | {{sort|05129|5}}
|| {{nts|4.56}} || align=left |
*[[Mark Vermeulen]]
*[[Heath Streak]]
*[[Andy Blignaut]]
*[[Travis Friend]]
*[[Douglas Hondo]]
|| Won<ref name="5wlonTestdebut"/>
|- align=center
|| 2 || {{dts|format=dmy|2003|8|14}} || [[Trent Bridge]], [[Nottingham]] || {{cr|RSA}} || {{nts|2}} || {{nts|27.5}} || {{nts|102}}
! scope="row" | {{sort|05098|5}}
|| {{nts|3.66}} || align=left |
*[[Jacques Kallis]]
*[[Neil McKenzie]]
*[[Shaun Pollock]]
*[[Andrew Hall]]
*[[Paul Adams (cricketer)|Paul Adams]]
|| Won<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64040.html|title=South Africa tour of England and Ireland, 2003: Test series – 3rd Test |work=Cricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=23 October 2013}}</ref>
|- align=center
|| 3 || {{dts|format=dmy|2007|7|19}} || [[Lord's|Lord's Cricket Ground]], [[London]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{nts|2}} || {{nts|24.2}} || {{nts|42}}
! scope="row" | {{sort|05158|5}}
|| {{nts|1.72}} || align=left |
*[[Rahul Dravid]]
*[[Sachin Tendulkar]]
*[[Sourav Ganguly]]
*[[MS Dhoni]]
*[[Anil Kumble]]
|| Drawn<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/engvind/engine/match/258468.html|title=India tour of England, 2007: Pataudi Trophy – 1st Test |work=Cricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=23 October 2013}}</ref>
|- align=center
|| 4 || {{dts|format=dmy|2008|3|13}} || [[Basin Reserve]], [[Wellington]] || {{cr|NZL}} || {{nts|2}} || {{nts|20}} || {{nts|73}}
! scope="row" | {{sort|05128|5}}
|| {{nts|3.65}} || align=left |
*[[Jamie How]]
*[[Matthew Bell (cricketer)|Matthew Bell]]
*[[Stephen Fleming]]
*[[Mathew Sinclair]]
*[[Ross Taylor]]
|| Won<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/nzveng/engine/match/300443.html |title=England tour of New Zealand, 2007/08: Test series – 2nd Test |work=Cricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=25 August 2013}}</ref>
|- align=center
|| 5 || {{dts|format=dmy|2008|6|5}} {{double-dagger}} || [[Trent Bridge]], [[Nottingham]] || {{cr|NZL}} || {{nts|2}} || {{nts|21.3}} || {{nts|43}}
! scope="row" | {{sort|07157|7}}
|| {{nts|2.00}} || align=left |
*[[Jamie How]]
*[[Aaron Redmond]]
*[[Brendon McCullum]]
*[[Ross Taylor]]
*[[Daniel Flynn (cricketer)|Daniel Flynn]]
*[[Gareth Hopkins]]
*[[Jacob Oram]]
|| Won<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/engvnz/engine/match/296902.html |title=New Zealand tour of England, 2008: Test series – 3rd Test |work=Cricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=25 August 2013}}</ref>
|- align=center
|| 6 || {{dts|format=dmy|2009|5|14}} {{double-dagger}} ||[[Riverside Ground]], [[Chester-le-Street]] || {{cr|WIN}} || {{nts|2}} || {{nts|26.3}} || {{nts|87}}
! scope="row" | {{sort|05113|5}}
|| {{nts|3.28}} || align=left |
*[[Devon Smith]]
*[[Chris Gayle]]
*[[Ramnaresh Sarwan]]
*[[Lendl Simmons]]
*[[Brendan Nash]]
|| Won<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/engvwi2009/engine/match/380713.html |title=West Indies tour of England, 2009: Test series – 2nd Test |work=Cricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=25 August 2013}}</ref>
|- align=center
|| 7 || {{dts|format=dmy|2009|7|30}} || [[Edgbaston Cricket Ground|Edgbaston]], [[Birmingham]] || {{cr|AUS}} || {{nts|1}} || {{nts|24}} || {{nts|80}}
! scope="row" | {{sort|05120|5}}
|| {{nts|3.33}} || align=left |
*[[Michael Clarke (cricketer)|Michael Clarke]]
*[[Marcus North]]
*[[Graham Manou]]
*[[Mitchell Johnson (cricketer)|Mitchell Johnson]]
*[[Peter Siddle]]
|| Drawn<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/engvaus2009/engine/match/345972.html |title=Australia tour of England, 2009: The Ashes – 3rd Test |work=Cricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=25 August 2013}}</ref>
|- align=center
|| 8 || {{dts|format=dmy|2010|1|3}} || [[Newlands Cricket Ground]], [[Cape Town]] || {{cr|RSA}} || {{nts|1}} || {{nts|21.2}}|| {{nts|63}}
! scope="row" | {{sort|05137|5}}
|| {{nts|2.97}} || align=left |
*[[Graeme Smith]]
*[[Ashwell Prince]]
*[[Dale Steyn]]
*[[Morne Morkel]]
*[[Friedel de Wet]]
|| Drawn<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/rsaveng09/engine/match/387572.html |title=England tour of South Africa, 2009/10: Test series – 3rd Test |work=Cricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=25 August 2013}}</ref>
|- align=center
|| 9 || {{dts|format=dmy|2010|7|29}} {{asterisk}} {{dagger}} {{double-dagger}} || [[Trent Bridge]], [[Nottingham]] || {{cr|PAK}} || {{nts|2}} || {{nts|22}} || {{nts|54}}
! scope="row" | {{sort|05146|5}}
|| {{nts|2.45}} || align=left |
*[[Imran Farhat]]
*[[Salman Butt]]
*[[Azhar Ali]]
*[[Shoaib Malik]]
*[[Mohammad Amir]]
|| Won<ref name="1stfiferspair"/>
|- align=center
|| 10 || {{dts|format=dmy|2010|7|29}} {{asterisk}} {{dagger}} {{double-dagger}} || [[Trent Bridge]], [[Nottingham]] || {{cr|PAK}} || {{nts|4}} || {{nts|15}} || {{nts|17}}
! scope="row" | {{sort|06183|6}}
|| {{nts|1.13}} || align=left |
*[[Imran Farhat]]
*[[Umar Amin]]
*[[Umar Akmal]]
*[[Shoaib Malik]]
*[[Umar Gul]]
*[[Mohammad Asif (cricketer)|Mohammad Asif]]
|| Won<ref name="1stfiferspair"/>
|- align=center
|| 11 || {{dts|format=dmy|2011|7|21}} || [[Lord's|Lord's Cricket Ground]], [[London]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{nts|4}} || {{nts|28}} || {{nts|65}}
! scope="row" | {{sort|05135|5}}
|| {{nts|2.32}} || align=left |
*[[Rahul Dravid]]
*[[VVS Laxman]]
*[[Sachin Tendulkar]]
*[[Suresh Raina]]
*[[Harbhajan Singh]]
|| Won<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/england-v-india-2011/engine/current/match/474472.html |title=India tour of England, 2011: Pataudi Trophy – 1st Test |work=Cricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=25 August 2013}}</ref>
|- align=center
|| 12 || {{dts|format=dmy|2012|3|26}} || [[Galle International Stadium]], [[Galle]] || {{cr|SRI}} || {{nts|1}} || {{nts|20.3}} || {{nts|72}}
! scope="row" | {{sort|05131|5}}
|| {{nts|3.51}} || align=left |
*[[Lahiru Thirimanne]]
*[[Kumar Sangakkara]]
*[[Mahela Jayawardene]]
*[[Prasanna Jayawardene]]
*[[Chanaka Welegedara]]
|| Lost<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/521225.html |title=England tour of Sri Lanka, 2011/12: Test series – 1st Test |work=Cricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=25 August 2013}}</ref>
|- align=center
|| 13 || {{dts|format=dmy|2013|5|16}} || [[Lord's|Lord's Cricket Ground]], [[London]] || {{cr|NZL}} || {{nts|2}} || {{nts|24}} || {{nts|47}}
! scope="row" | {{sort|05153|5}}
|| {{nts|1.95}} || align=left |
*[[Peter Fulton]]
*[[Hamish Rutherford]]
*[[Kane Williamson]]
*[[Ross Taylor]]
*[[Bruce Martin (cricketer)|Bruce Martin]]
|| Won<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/566921.html |title=New Zealand tour of England, 2013: Test series – 1st Test |work=Cricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=25 August 2013}}</ref>
|- align=center
|| 14 || {{dts|format=dmy|2013|7|10}} {{asterisk}} {{dagger}} {{double-dagger}} || [[Trent Bridge]], [[Nottingham]] || {{cr|AUS}} || {{nts|2}} || {{nts|24}} || {{nts|85}}
! scope="row" | {{sort|05115|5}}
|| {{nts|3.54}} || align=left |
*[[Chris Rogers (cricketer)|Chris Rogers]]
*[[Michael Clarke (cricketer)|Michael Clarke]]
*[[Steve Smith (cricketer)|Steve Smith]]
*[[Peter Siddle]]
*[[Mitchell Starc]]
|| Won<ref name="2ndfiferspair"/>
|- align=center
|| 15 || {{dts|format=dmy|2013|7|10}} {{asterisk}} {{dagger}} {{double-dagger}} || [[Trent Bridge]], [[Nottingham]] || {{cr|AUS}} || {{nts|4}} || {{nts|31.5}} || {{nts|73}}
! scope="row" | {{sort|05127|5}}
|| {{nts|2.29}} || align=left |
*[[Chris Rogers (cricketer)|Chris Rogers]]
*[[Brad Haddin]]
*[[Ashton Agar]]
*[[Mitchell Starc]]
*[[Peter Siddle]]
|| Won<ref name="2ndfiferspair"/>
|- align=center
|| 16 || {{dts|format=dmy|2014|7|27}} {{double-dagger}} || [[Rose Bowl (cricket ground)|Rose Bowl]], [[Southampton]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{nts|2}} || {{nts|26.1}} || {{nts|53}}
! scope="row" | {{sort|05147|5}}
|| {{nts|2.02}} || align=left |
*[[Shikhar Dhawan]]
*[[Virat Kohli]]
*[[Ravindra Jadeja]]
*[[MS Dhoni]]
*[[Mohammed Shami]]
|| Won<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/667715.html |title=India tour of England, 2014: Test series – 3rd Test |work=Cricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=25 August 2013}}</ref>
|- align=center
|| 17 || {{dts|format=dmy|2015|5|1}} || [[Kensington Oval]], [[Bridgetown]] || {{cr|WIN}} || {{nts|2}} || {{nts|12.4}} || {{nts|42}}
! scope="row" | {{sort|06158|6}}
|| {{nts|2.02}} || align=left |
*[[Kraigg Brathwaite]]
*[[Shai Hope]]
*[[Marlon Samuels]]
*[[Veerasammy Permaul]]
*[[Jerome Taylor]]
*[[Jermaine Blackwood]]
|| Lost<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/766933.html |title=England tour of West Indies, 3rd Test: West Indies v England at Bridgetown, May 1–3, 2015 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=30 July 2015}}</ref>
|- align=center
|| 18 || {{dts|format=dmy|2015|7|29}} || [[Edgbaston Cricket Ground|Edgbaston]], [[Birmingham]] || {{cr|AUS}} || {{nts|1}} || {{nts|14.4}} || {{nts|47}}
! scope="row" | {{sort|06153|6}}
|| {{nts|3.20}} || align=left |
*[[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]]
*[[Adam Voges]]
*[[Mitchell Marsh]]
*[[Peter Nevill]]
*[[Mitchell Johnson (cricketer)|Mitchell Johnson]]
*[[Nathan Lyon]]
|| Won<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/the-ashes-2015/engine/match/743967.html |title=The Ashes, 2015: Test series – 3rd Test |work=Cricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=29 July 2013}}</ref>
|- align=center
|| 19 || {{dts|format=dmy|2016|5|19}} {{asterisk}} {{dagger}} || [[Headingley Cricket Ground|Headingley]], [[Leeds]] || {{cr|SRI}} || {{nts|2}} || {{nts|11.4}} || {{nts|16}}
! scope="row" | {{sort|05184|5}}
|| {{nts|1.37}} || align=left |
*[[Kaushal Silva]]
*[[Angelo Mathews]]
*[[Dasun Shanaka]]
*[[Rangana Herath]]
*[[Shaminda Eranga]]
|| Won<ref name="1st Investec Test">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/england-v-sri-lanka-2016/engine/match/913613.html |title=Sri Lanka in England Test Series – 1st Investec Test |work=Cricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=20 May 2016}}</ref>
|- align=center
|| 20 || {{dts|format=dmy|2016|5|19}} {{asterisk}} {{dagger}} || [[Headingley Cricket Ground|Headingley]], [[Leeds]] || {{cr|SRI}} || {{nts|3}} || {{nts|13.3}} || {{nts|29}}
! scope="row" | {{sort|05171|5}}
|| {{nts|2.15}} || align=left |
*[[Dimuth Karunaratne]]
*[[Kaushal Silva]]
*[[Kusal Mendis]]
*[[Dasun Shanaka]]
*[[Nuwan Pradeep]]
|| Won<ref name="1st Investec Test" />
|- align=center
|| 21 || {{dts|format=dmy|2016|5|27}} {{double-dagger}} || [[Riverside Ground]], [[Chester-le-Street]] || {{cr|SRI}} || {{nts|3}} || {{nts|27}} || {{nts|58}}
! scope="row" | {{sort|05142|5}}
|| {{nts|2.14}} || align=left |
*[[Kusal Mendis]]
*[[Angelo Mathews]]
*[[Milinda Siriwardana]]
*[[Rangana Herath]]
*[[Shaminda Eranga]]
|| Won <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/913615.html |title=Sri Lanka in England Test Series – 2nd Investec Test |work=Cricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=30 May 2016}}</ref>
|- align=center
|| 22 || {{dts|format=dmy|2017|7|14}} || [[Trent Bridge]], [[Nottingham]] || {{cr|RSA}} || {{nts|1}} || {{nts|23.2}} || {{nts|72}}
! scope="row" | {{sort|05130|5}}
|| {{nts|3.08}} || align=left |
*[[Dean Elgar]]
*[[Vernon Philander]]
*[[Keshav Maharaj]]
*[[Chris Morris (cricketer)|Chris Morris]]
*[[Morne Morkel]]
|| Lost<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/england-v-south-africa-2017/engine/match/1031439.html |title=South Africa tour of England, 2nd Test: England v South Africa at Nottingham, Jul 14–17, 2017 |work=Cricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=18 July 2017}}</ref>
|- align=center
|| 23 || {{dts|format=dmy|2017|8|25}} || [[Headingley Cricket Ground|Headingley]], [[Leeds]] || {{cr|WIN}} || {{nts|2}} || {{nts|29}} || {{nts|76}}
! scope="row" | {{sort|05124|5}}
|| {{nts|2.62}} || align=left |
*[[Kieran Powell]]
*[[Devendra Bishoo]]
*[[Kyle Hope]]
*[[Shai Hope]]
*[[Shane Dowrich]]
|| Lost<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/10719/game/1031661/England-vs-West-Indies-2nd-Test-The-Wisden-Trophy|title=2nd Test, West Indies tour of England at Leeds, Aug 25–29 2017|date=25 August 2017 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=27 August 2017}}</ref>
|- align=center
||24||{{dts|format=dmy|2017|09|07}} || [[Lord's|Lord's Cricket Ground]], [[London]] || {{cr|WIN}} || {{nts|3}} || {{nts|20.1}} || {{nts|42}}
! scope="row" | {{sort|07158|7}}
|| {{nts|2.08}} || align=left |
*[[Kraigg Brathwaite]]
*[[Kieran Powell]]
*[[Roston Chase]]
*[[Jermaine Blackwood]]
*[[Shai Hope]]
*[[Devendra Bishoo]]
*[[Kemar Roach]]
|| Won<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/10719/scorecard/1031663/England-vs-West-Indies-3rd-Test-wi-tour-of-england-2017/|title=rdd Test, West Indies tour of England at London, September 7–9 2017|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=9 September 2017}}</ref>
|- align=center
||25||{{dts|format=dmy|2017|12|02}} || [[Adelaide Oval]], [[Adelaide]] || {{cr|AUS}} || {{nts|3}} || {{nts|22}} || {{nts|43}}
! scope="row" | {{sort|05157|5}}
|| {{nts|1.95|}} || align=left |
*[[Cameron Bancroft (cricketer)|Cameron Bancroft]]
*[[Usman Khawaja]]
*[[Nathan Lyon]]
*[[Peter Handscomb]]
*[[Mitchell Starc]]
|| Lost<ref>{{cite web |title=2nd Test (D/N), England tour of Australia and New Zealand at Adelaide, Dec 2-6 2017 |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/10883/scorecard/1072306/australia-vs-england-2nd-test-eng-tour-of-aus-and-nz-2017-18 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=11 August 2018}}</ref>
|- align=center
|| 26 || {{dts|format=dmy|2018|8|9}} || [[Lord's|Lord's Cricket Ground]], [[London]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{nts|1}} || {{nts|13.2}} || {{nts|20}}
! scope="row" | {{sort|05180|5}}
|| {{nts|1.50}} || align=left |
*[[Murali Vijay]]
*[[KL Rahul]]
*[[Ajinkya Rahane]]
*[[Kuldeep Yadav]]
*[[Ishant Sharma]]
|| Won<ref>{{cite web |title=2nd Test, India tour of Ireland and England at London, Aug 9-13 2018 |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/18018/scorecard/1119550/england-vs-india-2nd-test-ind-in-eng-2018 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=11 August 2018}}</ref>
|- align=center
|| 27 || {{dts|format=dmy|2019|1|23}} || [[Kensington Oval]], [[Bridgetown]] || {{cr|WIN}} || {{nts|1}} || {{nts|30}} || {{nts|46}}
! scope="row" | {{sort|05154|5}}
|| {{nts|1.53}} || align=left |
*[[Shai Hope]]
*[[Roston Chase]]
*[[Shane Dowrich]]
*[[Jason Holder]]
*[[Alzarri Joseph]]
|| Lost<ref>{{cite web |title=1st Test, England tour of West Indies at Bridgetown, Jan 23-26 2019 |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/18913/scorecard/1158062/west-indies-vs-england-1st-test-england-tour-of-wi-2018-19 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=24 February 2019}}</ref>
|- align=center
|| 28 || {{dts|format=dmy|2020|1|3}} || [[Newlands Cricket Ground]], [[Cape Town]] || {{cr|RSA}} || {{nts|2}} || {{nts|19}} || {{nts|40}}
! scope="row" | {{sort|05160|5}}
|| {{nts|2.10}} || align=left |
*[[Faf du Plessis]]
*[[Dwaine Pretorius]]
*[[Keshav Maharaj]]
*[[Kagiso Rabada]]
*[[Anrich Nortje]]
|| Won<ref>{{cite web |title= 2nd Test, ICC World Test Championship at Cape Town, Jan 3-7 2020 |url= https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/19430/scorecard/1185305/south-africa-vs-england-2nd-test-icc-world-test-championship-2019-2021 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=5 January 2020}}</ref>
|- align=center
|| 29 || {{dts|format=dmy|2020|8|21}} || [[Rose Bowl (cricket ground)|Rose Bowl]], [[Southampton]] || {{cr|PAK}} || {{nts|2}} || {{nts|23}} || {{nts|56}}
! scope="row"| {{sort|05144|5}}
|| {{nts|2.43}} || align=left |
*[[Shan Masood]]
*[[Abid Ali (cricketer)|Abid Ali]]
*[[Babar Azam]]
*[[Asad Shafiq]]
*[[Naseem Shah (cricketer)|Naseem Shah]]
|| Drawn<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/19495/scorecard/1198243/england-vs-pakistan-3rd-test-england-v-pakistan-2020|title=3rd Test, Southampton, Aug 21-25 2020, Pakistan tour of England|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=23 August 2020}}</ref>
|- align=center
|| 30 || {{dts|format=dmy|2021|1|22}} || [[Galle International Stadium]], [[Galle]] || {{cr|SRI}} || {{nts|1}} || {{nts|29}} || {{nts|40}}
! scope="row"| {{sort|06160|6}}
|| {{nts|1.38}} || align=left |
*[[Kusal Perera]]
*[[Oshada Fernando]]
*[[Lahiru Thirimanne]]
*[[Angelo Mathews]]
*[[Niroshan Dickwella]]
*[[Suranga Lakmal]]
|| Won<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/england-in-sri-lanka-2020-21-1242951/sri-lanka-vs-england-2nd-test-1243016/full-scorecard|title=2nd Test, Galle, Jan 22-26 2021, England tour of Sri Lanka|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=23 January 2021}}</ref>
|- align=center
|| 31 || {{dts|format=dmy|2021|8|12}} || [[Lord's|Lord's Cricket Ground]], [[London]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{nts|1}} || {{nts|29}} || {{nts|62}}
! scope="row" | {{sort|05189|5}}
|| {{nts|1.50}} || align=left |
*[[Rohit Sharma]]
*[[Cheteshwar Pujara]]
*[[Ajinkya Rahane]]
*[[Ishant Sharma]]
*[[Jasprit Bumrah]]
|| Lost<ref>{{cite web |title=2nd Test, India tour of England at London, Aug 12-16 2021 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-tour-of-england-2021-1239527/england-vs-india-2nd-test-1239544/full-scorecard |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=13 August 2021}}</ref>
|- align=center
|| 32 || {{dts|format=dmy|2022|7|1}} || [[Edgbaston Cricket Ground|Edgbaston]], [[Birmingham]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{nts|1}} || {{nts|21.5}} || {{nts|60}}
! scope="row" | {{sort|05190|5}}
|| {{nts|2.74}} || align=left |
*[[Shubman Gill]]
*[[Cheteshwar Pujara]]
*[[Shreyas Iyer]]
*[[Ravindra Jadeja]]
*[[Mohammed Siraj]]
|| Won<ref>{{cite web |title=5th Test, Birmingham, July 1-5, 2022, India tour of England|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-tour-of-england-2021-2022-1239527/england-vs-india-5th-test-1320741/full-scorecard |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2 July 2022}}</ref>
|}

==One Day Internationals==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+ Five-wicket hauls in ODI cricket by James Anderson<ref name="Anderson_ODI_fifers">{{cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/8608.html?class=2;filter=advanced;template=results;type=bowling;view=innings;wicketsmin1=5;wicketsval1=wickets |title=Statistics / Statsguru / James Anderson / One Day International matches / Innings by innings list |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=23 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031180935/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/8608.html?class=2%3Bfilter%3Dadvanced%3Btemplate%3Dresults%3Btype%3Dbowling%3Bview%3Dinnings%3Bwicketsmin1%3D5%3Bwicketsval1%3Dwickets |archive-date=31 October 2013 }}</ref>
|-
! style="width:5%;"|No.
! style="width:15%;"|Date
! style="width:25%;"|Ground
! style="width:10%;"|Against
! style="width:5%;"|Inn
! style="width:5%;"|Overs
! style="width:5%;"|Runs
! style="width:5%;"|Wkts
! style="width:5%;"|Econ
! style="width:15%;" class="unsortable"|Batsmen
! style="width:5%;"|Result
|- align=center
|| 1 || {{dts|format=dmy|2009|11|29}} {{double-dagger}} || [[St George's Oval]], [[St George's Park, Port Elizabeth|Port Elizabeth]] || {{cr|RSA}} || {{nts|1}} || {{nts|10}} || {{nts|23}}
! scope="row" | {{sort|0577|5}}
|| {{nts|2.30}} || align=left |
*[[Hashim Amla]]
*[[JP Duminy]]
*[[Mark Boucher]]
*[[Ryan McLaren]]
*[[Johan Botha (cricketer)|Johan Botha]]
|| Won<ref name="1stODI5wl"/>
|- align=center
|| 2 || {{dts|format=dmy|2013|2|20}} || [[McLean Park]], [[Napier, New Zealand|Napier]] || {{cr|NZL}} || {{nts|1}} || {{nts|9.5}} || {{nts|34}}
! scope="row" | {{sort|0566|5}}
|| {{nts|3.45}} || align=left |
*[[BJ Watling]]
*[[Hamish Rutherford]]
*[[Ross Taylor]]
*[[Nathan McCullum]]
*[[Trent Boult]]
|| Won<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/569241.html|title= England tour of New Zealand, 2012/13: ODI series – 2nd ODI |work= Cricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=23 October 2013}}</ref>
|}

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{Cite web | url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/10/10687/10687.html| title=Profile of James Anderson | publisher=CricketArchive}}
* {{Cite web | url=http://cricket.yahoo.com/player-profile/james-anderson_3430 | title=Profile of James Anderson | publisher=[[Yahoo! Cricket]]}}

{{International cricket five-wicket hauls}}
{{featured list}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:List Of International Cricket Five-Wicket Hauls By James Anderson}}
[[Category:Lists of English cricket records and statistics]]
[[Category:Lists of international cricket five-wicket hauls by player|Anderson, James]]

Baptist Union of North India

2026-01-25T17:35:10Z

BrodieAlfonso45: minor edit

{{Short description|Christian denomination}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}

{{Infobox company
| name = The Baptist Union of North India
| type = Religious organization
| founded = 1948
| hq_location_city = Delhi
| hq_location_country = India
| members = 15,700
| members_year = 2023
| parent = [[Baptist World Alliance]]
| website = {{Official website|https://www.buni.co.in/}}
}}

The '''Baptist Union of North India''', also known as '''BUNI''', is a [[Baptists|Baptist]] [[Christian denomination]] in India.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-11-17 |title=Baptist Union of North India organizes Christmas Carnival at BCTA ground |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Education-and-Careers/2017-11-06/Baptist-Union-of-North-India-organizes-Christmas-Carnival-at-BCTA-ground/337857 |access-date=2024-07-21 |work=[[The Hans India]]}}</ref> It is affiliated with the [[Baptist World Alliance]], and its headquarters are in Delhi, India.

==History==
The convention was officially founded in 1948.<ref>Robert E. Johnson, ''A Global Introduction to Baptist Churches'', Cambridge University Press, UK, 2010, p. XXIV</ref> According to a census published by the association in 2023, it claims 15,700 members and 54 churches.<ref>Baptist World Alliance, [https://www.baptistworld.org/member-unions/ Members], baptistworld.org, USA, retrieved 5 May 2023</ref>

BUNI runs several [[Not-for-profit organization|non-profitable institutions]], schools, and [[charitable hospital]]s in [[North India]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{Official website|https://www.buni.co.in/|name=Baptist Union of North India}}
{{Churches in India}}
{{Baptist World Alliance Members}}

[[Category:Baptist denominations in India]]
[[Category:North India]]

{{Baptists-stub}}
{{India-org-stub}}

Sushila Dudi

2026-01-21T03:42:44Z

BrodieAlfonso45: new a entry

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}

{{Infobox Indian politician
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| name = Sushila Dudi
| constituency = [[Nokha, Rajasthan Assembly constituency|Nokha]]
| birth_date = 1966
| office = Member of the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 3 December 2023
| predecessor =
| alma_mater =
| image = File:Sushila Rameshwar Dudi.jpg
| education =
| birth_place = [[Bikaner]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]
| spouse = [[Rameshwar Lal Dudi]]
| profession = Politician
}}

'''Sushila Rameshwar Dudi''' (born 1966)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Sushila Rameshwar Dudi(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- NOKHA(BIKANER) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/Rajasthan2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=1680 |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from Rajasthan. She was elected to the [[16th Rajasthan Assembly|16th Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] from Nokha, Rajasthan Assembly constituency in Bikaner district. She is a member of the [[Indian National Congress]]. She is wife of [[Rameshwar Lal Dudi]], former Leader of Opposition in the Rajasthan Assembly.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=Rajasthan Election Results 2023: Full list of BJP and Congress winners |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/jaipur/rajasthan-assembly-election-results-2023-full-list-of-winners-9050584/ |access-date=2024-04-29 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajasthan Assembly Elections: Congress Announces 2nd List Of 43 Candidates, 15 Ministers Named |url=https://www.india.com/rajasthan/rajasthan-assembly-elections-congress-announces-2nd-list-of-43-candidates-15-ministers-named-6437005/ |access-date=2024-04-29 |website=www.india.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Livemint |date=2023-12-03 |title=Rajasthan Assembly Election Result 2023 winners list |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/rajasthan-assembly-election-result-2023-winners-list-who-won-it-for-congress-bjp-bsp-full-list-of-winning-candidates-11701528058535.html |access-date=2024-04-29 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Dudi hails from [[Nokha, Rajasthan Assembly constituency|Nokha]] town in [[Bikaner]] district of Rajasthan. Her husband [[Rameshwar Dudi]], is a former Leader of Opposition (LoP) in the Rajasthan Assembly.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |title=Rajasthan polls: Congress, BJP have fielded 29 relatives of leaders as candidates so far |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/elections/rajasthan/rajasthan-polls-congress-bjp-have-fielded-29-relatives-of-leaders-as-candidates-so-far-2746972 |access-date=2024-04-29 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2023-11-16 |title=Rajasthan polls: Sushila Dudi banks on ailing ex-MLA husband's goodwill to win Nokha for Cong |url=https://theprint.in/india/rajasthan-polls-sushila-dudi-banks-on-ailing-ex-mla-husbands-goodwill-to-win-nokha-for-cong/1846693/ |access-date=2024-04-29 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=‘Sushila Dudi will work for masses’ |url=https://firstindia.co.in/news/assembly-elections-2023/sushila-dudi-will-work-for-masses |access-date=2024-04-29 |website=firstindia.co.in |language=en}}</ref> She passed Class 12 and later joined the BSc course at a college affiliated with University of Ajmer, but discontinued her studies after the second year. She runs the family business in petroleum products.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Sushila was nominated by the [[Indian National Congress]] to contest the 2023 assembly election following her husband [[Rameshwar Lal Dudi|Rameshwar Lal Dudi's]] hospitalisation due to [[brain haemorrhage]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2023-11-16 |title=Sushila Dudi Banks On Ailing ex MLA Husband's Goodwill To Win Nokha For Cong |url=https://www.oneindia.com/india/rajasthan-polls-sushila-dudi-banks-on-ailing-ex-mla-husbands-goodwill-to-win-nokha-for-cong-3683691.html |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=One India |language=en}}</ref> Despite being a first-timer, she won as an MLA from the [[Nokha, Rajasthan Assembly constituency|Nokha]] seat which was formerly held by her ailing husband even though Congress did not fare well in the election.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sushila Dudi: A political novice with big ambitions for Nokha |url=https://thedailyguardian.com/sushila-dudi-a-political-novice-with-big-ambitions-for-nokha/ |access-date=2024-04-29 |website=TheDailyGuardian |language=en}}</ref> She was elected in the [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Indian National Congress]]. She polled 83,215 votes and defeated her nearest rival and sitting MLA, [[Bihari Lal Bishnoi]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], by a margin of 8,149 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajasthan Election: नोखा सीट पर कांग्रेस के लिए बड़ी परीक्षा, बीमार रामेश्वर डूडी की जगह पत्नी को बनाया है उम्मीदवार |url=https://rajasthan.ndtv.in/rajasthan-news/rajasthan-election-this-time-rameshwar-dudis-wife-is-in-the-fray-from-nokha-assembly-seat-will-she-be-able-to-make-congress-win-4579000 |access-date=2024-04-29 |website=rajasthan.ndtv.in |language=hi}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dudi, Sushila}}
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Women members of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:People from Bikaner district]]

Escape to Beer Mountain: A Rope of Sand

2026-01-17T10:46:29Z

BrodieAlfonso45: quick update

{{redirect|A Rope of Sand|the 1949 adventure-suspense film noir|Rope of Sand}}
{{Use American English|date=January 2025}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2025}}

{{Infobox television episode
| series = [[Clone High]]
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| season = 1
| episode = 1
| airdate = {{Start date|2002|11|02}} (Canada)<ref name="CRTC">{{Cite FTP |url=ftp://support.crtc.gc.ca/logs/|server=[[Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission]]|url-status=dead|title=Television Program Logs|date=2016-03-02}} [https://archive.org/details/support_crtc_gc_ca15052016 Alt URL]</ref>
* {{Start date|2003|1|20}} (United States)<ref name="MTV">{{Cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/shows/clone-high/episode-guide|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170412192404/http://www.mtv.com/shows/clone-high/episode-guide|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 12, 2017|title=''Clone High'' | MTV|website=[[MTV]]}}</ref>
| writer =
* [[Phil Lord and Christopher Miller|Phil Lord
* Christopher Miller]]
* [[Bill Lawrence (TV producer)|Bill Lawrence]]
| music =
* "[[I Don't Want to Wait]]" by [[Paula Cole]] (original broadcast)<ref name="Tweet" />
* "Standard Lines" by [[Dashboard Confessional]] (reairings/DVD release)<ref name="Tweet">{{Cite tweet|user=DailyCloneHigh|number=1654982190822748162|title=The original airing of "Escape to Beer Mountain: A Rope of Sand" featured "I Don't Want to Wait" by Paula Cole (the original theme to ''Dawson's Creek''). It was replaced with "Standard Lines" by Dashboard Confessional in future airings and on the DVD release. 17 DAYS}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=January 20, 2003|title=''Clone High'' [2002], "Escape to Beer Mountain: A Rope of Sand"|url=https://www.what-song.com/Tvshow/100400/Clone-High/e/113663|access-date=January 20, 2003|website=What Song?}}</ref>
| director = Ted Collyer
| length = 22 minutes
| guests =
* [[Michael J. Fox]] as [[Gandhi (Clone High)|Gandhi]]'s last [[kidney]]
* [[Andy Dick]] as [[Vincent van Gogh|Van Gogh]]
* [[Donald Faison]] as [[George Washington Carver]]
| next = [[Episode Two: Election Blu-Galoo]]
| season_article = Clone High (season 1)
| episode_list = List of Clone High episodes
}}
"'''Escape to Beer Mountain: A Rope of Sand'''", titled onscreen as "'''Clone High School, USA!'''",<ref>{{cite web|first=Amos|last=Barshad|date=February 7, 2014|title=Phil Lord and Chris Miller of {{'}}''The Lego Movie''{{'}} Look Back on {{'}}''Clone High'',' Their Cult Classic MTV Cartoon|url=http://grantland.com/hollywood-prospectus/phil-lord-and-chris-miller-of-the-lego-movie-look-back-on-clone-high-their-cult-classic-mtv-cartoon/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402150328/http://grantland.com/hollywood-prospectus/phil-lord-and-chris-miller-of-the-lego-movie-look-back-on-clone-high-their-cult-classic-mtv-cartoon/|archive-date=2015-04-02|access-date=March 29, 2015|publisher=[[Grantland]]}}</ref> is the [[series premiere]] of the American [[animated]] television [[sitcom]] ''[[Clone High]]'', written by series co-creators [[Phil Lord and Christopher Miller|Phil Lord, Christopher Miller]], and [[Bill Lawrence (TV producer)|Bill Lawrence]], and directed by Ted Collyer. The episode premiered on [[Cartoon Network (Canadian TV channel)|Teletoon]] on November 2, 2002, and on [[MTV]] on January 20, 2003.

The series introduces protagonists, Clone High students [[List of Clone High characters#Abe|Abe]], [[Joan of Arc (Clone High)|Joan]], [[Gandhi (Clone High)|Gandhi]], [[Cleopatra (Clone High)|Cleo]], and [[JFK (Clone High)|JFK]], as Abe hopes to make a move on Cleo at JFK's party, which he has promised to bring [[beer]] to, Joan tries to win Abe's heart, setting up a Teen Crisis Hotline which Gandhi works at before ditching for the party, all while [[Principal Scudworth]] and [[Mr. Butlertron]] plan to crash the party to better understand the students. The pilot had a mixed-to-positive reception when it premiered and was seen by about 1.2 million viewers,<ref name="CRTC" /><ref name="MTV" /> later retrospectively receiving critical praise.

==Plot==
<blockquote>[[Narrator|The Narrator]]: "Tonight, on [[Very special episode|a very special ''Clone High''…]] A [[main character]] must make an important choice. A [[supporting character]] has an amusing side story. While a mysterious [[subplot]] reveals the shocking truth behind Clone High."<ref>{{cite book|last=Perlmutter|first=David|title=The Encyclopedia of American Animated Television Shows|date=2018|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1538103739|page=129}}</ref></blockquote>

In the opening scene, at the end of [[summer vacation]], [[Abe (Clone High)|Abe]], [[Joan (Clone High)|Joan]], and [[Gandhi (Clone High)|Gandhi]] return to Clone High (a [[high school]] for [[Human cloning|clones]] of historical and public figures) for the new school year. As Joan attempts to convince Abe to ask her out, he obliviously ignores her vague wording to ask out his own crush, [[Cleopatra (Clone High)|Cleo]], whose ex-boyfriend [[JFK (Clone High)|JFK]] is hosting a [[party#Parties for teens and young adults|kegger party]] later that night. Believing Abe to like Cleo because of her "commitment to [[community service]]", she tries to gain Abe's attention by starting a "[[Crisis hotline|Teen Crisis Hotline]]" with Gandhi, who sneaks away to go to the party with Abe, who has gotten an invitation in exchange for bringing the [[beer]].

Meanwhile, the [[Secret Board of Shadowy Figures]] funding Clone High task its [[School principal|principal]], [[Cinnamon J. Scudworth]], to write a report proving he knows what it is like to be a [[student]] at Clone High. lest he be [[Execution|executed]]. After unsuccessfully interrogating Joan, he sends her into his [[Labyrinth|Death Maze]] before disguising himself and his [[robot]]ic [[vice-principal]] [[Mr. Butlertron]] as students and infiltrating JFK’s party. After numerous failed attempts to buy alcohol with [[Genghis Khan]], Abe decides to bring [[non-alcoholic beer]] to the party disguised as alcoholic beer. As the clones consume the beer, thinking they are getting drunk, they string up an arriving Scudworth and Mr. Butlertron to use as a [[piñata]], while Gandhi embarrasses [[Vincent van Gogh|Van Gogh]] by putting his Teen Crisis Hotline call on speakerphone. Arriving at the party, Joan is told by Mr. Butlertron that she has to ask Abe out herself, as he will otherwise not realise her intentions, only to find Abe [[making out]] with Cleo, before JFK breaks them up and the pair demand that she choose between them. Leaving the party, Cleo contacts the Teen Crisis Hotline and ends up speaking to Joan, who initially tells her to choose JFK so that she can have Abe to herself, before having an attack of conscience and switching her answer. Cleo then returns to the party and picks Abe. In anger, Joan [[Electroshock gun|tasers]] and [[Pantsing|pants]] Gandhi after he makes a [[sexist]] comment, as Van Gogh watches from the bushes.

The kegger is suddenly brought to a halt when a small cop car shows, and Gandhi and Joan (as the only two people who can fit in the back of the car) are charged with [[underage drinking]]. To prevent them from being arrested, Abe admits to the crowd that the beer was non-alcoholic, before being laughed out of the party on giving an impassioned speech about acceptance. The next day, Scudworth, who has not completed his report, is confronted by the head of the Secret Board, who threatens to kill him before Scudworth tucks into a [[fetal position]] and moans about how he was “humiliated, degraded, and judged", unknowingly proving he does know what is like to be a high school student. With his job and his life secure, Scudworth vows to be more sensitive, before immediately insulting two students.

Meanwhile, Abe, depressed on losing Cleo, is cheered up by Gandhi, who says it is only a matter of time before someone else makes a bigger idiot of themselves, and everyone forgets about what Abe did. Moments later, Gandhi becomes this figure, as Van Gogh paints an ad for the Teen Crisis Hotline (titled "TEEN CRISIS HOTLINE: No Problem Too Small!") featuring Gandhi after being tasered/pantsed. At that moment, JFK and Cleo pass by Abe, and Cleo quietly hands Abe a note, reading "Sorry…''Luv'', Cleo."

==Production and release==
The episode was written by series co-creators [[Phil Lord and Christopher Miller|Phil Lord, Christopher Miller]] & [[Bill Lawrence (TV producer)|Bill Lawrence]], and directed by Ted Collyer, premiering on [[Cartoon Network (Canadian TV channel)|Teletoon]] on November 2, 2002, and on [[MTV]] on January 20, 2003.<ref name="CRTC" /><ref name="MTV" /> The first part of the episode's title is in reference to the [[Escape to Witch Mountain|1968 novel]] and [[Escape to Witch Mountain (1975 film)|1975 film ''Escape to Witch Mountain'']], while the second part of the title is in reference to a ploy used by ''Clone High'' co-creator [[Phil Lord and Christopher Miller|Christopher Miller]] to make his [[university]] essays "sound more academic and high-minded", referenced in the episode by Scudworth titling his unfinished report "What It's Like To Be A Teenage Clone: A Rope of Sand", and turned into a [[running gag]] for the remainder of the season, with every episode titled with a colon followed by a phrase.<ref>{{cite web|last=Pava|first=Adam|title=Episode One: "Escape to Beer Mountain: A Rope of Sand" Notes|work=CloneHighUSA.com|url=http://www.clonehighusa.com/backstage/episode_notes/episode_one.html}}</ref>

==Reception==
===Initial reviews===
Scott Sandell of the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' felt the as a debut episode, "Escape to Beer Mountain: A Rope of Sand" felt lacking, saying: "The problem is that the first episode, which focuses on crushes and beer, doesn't quite live up to the obvious comedic potential behind the killer premise."<ref>{{cite news|title=Peer pressure of historic proportions|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=January 20, 2003|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2003-jan-20-et-sandell20-story.html|access-date=November 8, 2010|first=Scott|last=Sandell|pages=C-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120820022705/http://articles.latimes.com/2003/jan/20/entertainment/et-sandell20|archive-date=2012-08-20|url-status=live}}</ref> Similarly, ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]''{{'s}} Michael Farkash wrote that "The premise sounds intriguing, but what hatches in the first episode is a disappointing, weak strain of comic material, lacking the cunning, subversive quality of, say, ''[[South Park]]''."<ref>{{cite news|title=[[Clone High|''Clone High, U.S.A.'' (TV Brief)]]|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=January 10, 2003|first=Michael|last=Farkash}}</ref>

====Gandhi controversy====
{{further|Clone High#Gandhi controversy}}
[[File:Gandhi Smith.png|thumb|right|The characterisation of [[Gandhi (Clone High)|Gandhi]] (voiced by [[Michael McDonald (comedian)|Michael McDonald]]) as a "[[wiktionary:party animal|party animal]]" was negatively received in [[India]].<ref name="NEW" /><ref name="TheGuardian" />]]
The episode's introduction of [[Gandhi (Clone High)|Gandhi]] as a "[[wiktionary:party animal|party animal]]" received negative reception in [[India]], culminating in a 150-person [[hunger strike]] held outside of [[MTV]]'s Indian branch in early 2003, and the consequent cancellation of ''Clone High'', before it was eventually revived in 2023 (without the Gandhi character).<ref name="NEW">{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XHlhFghZ1gM|title=Clone High ''NEW Behind the Scenes Discussion''|author=|publisher=[[YouTube]]|access-date=December 6, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110914092820/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XHlhFghZ1gM|archive-date=September 14, 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="TheGuardian">{{cite news|last=Sharma|first=Ashok|date=January 31, 2003|title=MTV's Gandhi 'insult' outrages Indian MPs|work=[[TheGuardian.com|The Guardian]]|location=London|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2003/jan/31/pressandpublishing.india|url-status=live|access-date=December 14, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217024444/https://www.theguardian.com/media/2003/jan/31/pressandpublishing.india|archive-date=February 17, 2017}}</ref>

===Retrospective reviews===
Reviewing the first episode of ''Clone High'' in a retrospective on the careers of [[Phil Lord and Christopher Miller]], Kevin Noonan of ''[[The Observer (Notre Dame)|The Observer]]'' lauded it as "a perfect parody of high school dramas with humor that hits hard and often, but it goes above and beyond easy parody jokes, making for a consistently funny, frequently brilliant comedy".<ref>{{Cite web|last=Noonan|first=Kevin|title=Everything Is Awesome In "''Clone High''"|url=https://ndsmcobserver.com/2014/02/everything-awesome-clone-high|website=[[The Observer (Notre Dame)|The Observer]]|access-date=February 24, 2014|date=February 24, 2014}}</ref> Caroline Framke of ''[[The A.V. Club]]'' similarly complimented the episode as a [[Television|pilot]] for "pok[ing] fun at the histrionics of high school drama, especially at how the smallest things become world-altering nightmares inside the mind of a hormonal teen [and] then subvert[ing] the expected resolutions to the conflicts that would get tied up in a neat, unrealistic bow on something like ''[[Dawson's Creek]]''", further lauding its ending, in which "poor Joan [sees] Abe and Cleo making out [to] a close-up of her shocked face as the soundtrack smash cuts" as being "the perfect blend of irreverent and affectionate[…] pok[ing] fun at the do or die nature of a high school crush while also letting Joan have a truly heartbreaking moment [in an] absurd, soul-crushing, melodramatic, and ultimately, hilarious—like living through high school all over again."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Framke|first=Caroline|title=''Clone High'': "Escape To Beer Mountain: A Rope Of Sand"|url=https://www.avclub.com/clone-high-escape-to-beer-mountain-a-rope-of-sand-1798181205|website=[[The A.V. Club]]|access-date=August 10, 2014|date=August 10, 2014}}</ref>

Joe Reid of ''[[Decider (website)|Decider]]'' praised the premiere as "ma[king] history come alive with teen angst", serving as a solid introduction to "such an odd premise with economy and humor", while also featuring "my all-time favorite joke in a TV show ever, featuring [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VzIRsav3N9k George Washington Carver and a peanut].",<ref>{{Cite web|last=Reid|first=Joe Isis|title=Today in TV History: {{‘}}''Clone High''{{’}} Made History Come Alive With Teen Angst|url=https://decider.com/2015/11/02/today-in-tv-history-clone-high|website=[[Decider (website)|Decider]]|access-date=November 2, 2015|date=November 2, 2015}}</ref> while ranking the episode as the 10th-best in the first season of ''Clone High'', Ana Isis Cisneros of [[Collider (website)|''Collider'']] praised the episode as "do[ing] a great job at establishing the tone and premise of the show while introducing each of its main characters with their goals and worries", noting that while the episode "doesn't fully live up to the comedy potential of the setting, it is still a humorous episode on its own, with the kind of fun gags that would become the series' staple."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Cisneros|first=Ana Isis|title={{'}}''Clone High'':' The Best Episodes from Season 1, According to IMDb|url=https://collider.com/clone-high-best-episodes-season-1-imdb/#escape-to-beer-mountain-a-rope-of-sand|website=[[Collider (website)|Collider]]|access-date=June 15, 2023|date=June 15, 2023}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb episode|0542906}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20201010025208/https://www.mtv.com/episodes/uyl5sf/clone-high-escape-to-beer-mountain-a-rope-of-sand-season-1-ep-1 "Escape to Beer Mountain: A Rope of Sand"] at [[MTV.com]]
* [https://www.paramountplus.com/shows/video/Frs9Drs8unLhmveozqzkNCySWdO7WTtUT "Escape to Beer Mountain: A Rope of Sand"]{{Dead link|date=July 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} at [[Paramount+]]

{{Clone High}}

[[Category:2002 American television episodes]]
[[Category:American television series premieres|Clone High]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Vincent van Gogh]]
[[Category:Clone High|Episodes]]
[[Category:Television episodes written by Christopher Miller (filmmaker)]]
[[Category:Television episodes written by Bill Lawrence (TV producer)]]

Azamabad Industrial Estate

2026-01-06T00:30:25Z

BrodieAlfonso45: cleanup

{{Short description|Industrial estate in Hyderabad, India}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{unreferenced|date=August 2025}}
{{Notability|1=Geographic|date=January 2026}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
'''Azamabad Industrial Estate''' is an [[Industrial estate]] located in [[Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh|Hyderabad]], [[India]]. It is located in [[Azamabad, Hyderabad|Azamabad]].

Many historic companies are located which include cigarette manufacturer VST Industries & Edible Oil manufacturers Agarwal Industries Private Limited set up in the 1940s.

A [[power plant]], Azamabad Thermal Power Estate was operationalized in 1956.

Azamabad Industrial Estate was built during the time of the [[Nizam]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Telangana}}

[[Category:Hyderabad State]]
[[Category:Economy of Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Industrial parks in India]]
{{India-geo-stub}}

Vikram Randhawa

2026-01-05T13:21:00Z

BrodieAlfonso45: new stub

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Bahu Assembly constituency|Bahu]]
| term_start = 8 October 2024
| term_end =
| profession = Politician
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
}}
'''Vikram Randhawa''' is an Indian politician from Jammu & Kashmir. He is a [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly|Member of the Jammu & Kashmir Legislative Assembly]] from [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]], representing [[Bahu Assembly constituency]] as a Member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] Randhawa has previously served as a member of the Legislative Council (MLC) from BJP.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-08 |title=Bahu, J&K Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: BJP's Vikram Randhawa defeats INC's Taranjit Singh Tony with 11,251 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/bahu-jammu-and-kashmir-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-aelb-2612953-2024-10-08 |access-date=2024-10-08 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-08 |title=Bahu Election Result 2024 LIVE Update: Assembly Winner, Leading, MLA, Margin, Candidates |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/bahu-election-result-2024-live-update-9077460.html |access-date=2024-10-08 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Electoral performance ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Election !! Constituency !! colspan="2"|Party !! Result !! Votes % !! Opposition Candidate !! colspan="2"|Opposition Party !! Opposition vote %|| Ref
|-
|[[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]]||[[Bahu Assembly constituency|Bahu]]||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||{{Won}}||55.34%||Taranjit Singh Tony||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||39.92%||<ref>{{cite news|last1=Election Commission of India|title=J&K Assembly Election Results 2024 - Bandipora|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0815.htm|access-date=10 October 2024|date=8 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241010072117/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0815.htm|archive-date=10 October 2024}}</ref>
|}
== See also ==
* [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024 Jammu & Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]]
* [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Randhawa, Vikram}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Members of the Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Council]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:People from Jammu district]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{JammuKashmir-BJP-politician-stub}}

Reticulate leaf-toed gecko

2025-12-16T04:01:23Z

BrodieAlfonso45: New Basic Entry Basic Info

{{Short description|Species of lizard}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Hemidactylus Reticulatus 10.jpg
| image_caption =
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 18 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Srinivasulu, C. |author2=Srinivasulu, B. |date=2013 |title=''Hemidactylus reticulatus'' |volume=2013 |article-number=e.T172713A1373112 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T172713A1373112.en |access-date=18 November 2021}}</ref>
| genus = Hemidactylus
| species = reticulatus
| authority = [[Richard Henry Beddome|Beddome]], 1870
}}

The '''reticulate leaf-toed gecko''' ('''''Hemidactylus reticulatus''''') is a species of [[terrestrial animal|terrestrial]], [[nocturnal]], [[insectivorous]] [[gecko]] found in rocky areas of [[South India]]. It takes refuge under stones on ground during day time and emerges out at night for its activities.

==Description==
Head short, oviform, very convex; snout a little longer than the distance between the eye and the ear-opening and than the diameter of the orbit; forehead not concave; ear-opening small, roundish. Body and limbs short. Digits short, free, with very short distal joints, moderately dilated; 5 or 6 lamella under the inner digits, 7 or 8 under the fourth finger, and 8 or 9 under the fourth toe. Snout covered with keeled granules; the rest of the head with smaller granules intermixed with round tubercles. Rostral four-sided, not twice as broad as deep, with median cleft above; nostril pierced between the rostral, the iirsfc labial, and three or four nasals; 9 or 10 upper and 7 to 9 lower labials: mental large, triangular or pentagonal; four chin-shields, inner pair largest and in contact behind the point of the mental. Body covered above with coarse granules intermixed with numerous irregularly arranged, small, round, keeled tubercles. Abdominal scales rather small, cycloid, imbricate, smooth. Male with 6 to 9 preanal pores forming an angular series. Tail cylindrical, tapering, covered above with small granular scales and rings of six or eight large conical tubercles, beneath with uniform small imbricated scales. Brown above, with a network of darker lines; many of the tubercles whitish; lower surfaces whitish, the throat sometimes veriniculated with brown.<ref>Boulenger, G. A. (1890) Fauna of British India. Reptilia and Batrachia.</ref>

==Distribution==
Southern [[India]] ([[Karnataka]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Telangana]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]]). This species is very partial to rocky hillocks and outcrops and occurs from near sea level to over 1000 m.
Type locality: Kollegal, Mysore State.

==References==
{{reflist}}
* Beddome, R.H. 1870 Descriptions of some new lizards from the Madras Presidency. Madras Monthly J. Med. Sci. 1: 30-35

==External links==
* {{NRDB species|genus=Hemidactylus|species=reticulatus}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q3013541}}

[[Category:Hemidactylus|reticulatus]]
[[Category:Endemic reptiles of India]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Richard Henry Beddome]]
[[Category:Reptiles described in 1870]]

{{Hemidactylus-stub}}

Kannimara Teak

2025-12-07T11:17:28Z

BrodieAlfonso45: New Article!

{{Short description|Large teak tree in Kerala
State, southwestern India}}
{{use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox tree
| name = Kannimara Teak
| native_name = {{native name|ml|കന്നിമര തേക്ക്}}
| image = Kannimara Teak Tree 94-98.jpg
| alt =
| image_caption =
| species = [[Teak]]
| binomial = ''[[Tectona grandis]]''
| location = [[Parambikulam Tiger Reserve]], [[Muthalamada]], [[Palakkad]], Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|10|25|59|N|76|45|01|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=title}}
| height = 41.83 m
| girth = 7.24 m
| custodian = [[Kerala Forest and Wildlife Department]]
}}
The '''Kannimara Teak''' is one of the world's biggest living [[teak]] (''Tectona grandis'') trees. It is found at [[Parambikulam Tiger Reserve]] in [[Palakkad district]], [[Kerala]]. It stands at a height of 41.83 meters and has a girth of 7.24 meters (measured at breast height), with an estimated age of approximately 500 years.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Naha |first=Abdul Latheef |date=2022-06-06 |title=Legendary Parambikulam teak still growing |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/legendary-parambikulam-teak-still-growing/article65608573.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603043308/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/legendary-parambikulam-teak-still-growing/article65608573.ece |archive-date=2023-06-03 |access-date=2025-05-05 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> In recognition of its significance, the [[Government of India]] awarded the tree the Mahavriksha Puraskar (Great Tree Award) in 1994.

== Etymology ==
The name originated from two Malayalam words Kanni, meaning ''virgin'' and Mara, meaning ''tree''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kannimara Teak |url=https://parambikulam.in/park-attractions/kannimara-teak/ |access-date=2025-05-05 |website=Parambikulam Tiger Reserve}}</ref> The Kannimara Teak was worshipped by the tribal people as it is associated with ‘Saptha Kanniayar’ (the seven virgin guardian angels).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=B |first=Nagarajan |date=2010 |title=Kannimara teak: an extant forest genetic resource. |journal=Current Science |page=862 |jstor=}}</ref>

== Tourism ==
Kannimara Teak is a major tourist attraction in [[Parambikulam Tiger Reserve]]. It is located 10 km from the Parambikkulam Tourism office. Tourists can visit the Kannimara Teak via forest safari buses, which are available for guided visits.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-21 |title=Experience a serene trip through Parambikulam Tiger Reserve on a budget with KSRTC |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/travel/kerala/2022/04/21/ksrtc-trip-to-parambikulam-tiger-reserve.html }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Individual trees in India]]

Krishna Savjani

2025-09-28T06:54:22Z

BrodieAlfonso45:

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}{{for|the Indian actor Kishan Savjani|Best of Luck Nikki}}{{BLP sources|date=December 2022}}
'''Krishna Savjani''' [[Order of the British Empire|OBE]] [[Senior counsel|SC]] (born 1947) is a Malawian lawyer. He is the founder of Savjani and Company, Malawi's leading law firm according to [[Chambers and Partners]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.chambersandpartners.com/global/firm/2242/savjani | title=Savjani & Co Firm Profile | publisher=Chambers and Partners | accessdate=9 September 2018 }}</ref> He is also [[Senior counsel|Senior Counsel]], an appointment made by the [[President of Malawi]]. He was awarded the Order of the British Empire by Her Majesty [[Queen Elizabeth II]] in 2003.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/2988466.stm |title=Diplomatic Service and Overseas List |publisher=BBC News |date=13 June 2003 |access-date=24 May 2014}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Savjani was born in [[Jamnagar]], India. According to personal testimony, Savjani's father, Haridas Manji Savjani, came to Malawi in 1933 at the age of 16. He started his own business just before the [[World War II|Second World War]] and succeeded in importing goods during wartime when shipping was at risk. He went to India at the end of the Second World War to get married. Krishna Savjani came to Malawi as a nine-month-old baby. {{citation needed|date=May 2014}}

He attended [[Robert Perceval Armitage|Sir Robert Armitage]] High School in [[Limbe, Malawi|Limbe]] where, according to personal testimony, he arranged for the school to invite eminent politicians like [[Kanyama Chiume]] and [[Henry Chipembere]] to come and debate.

== Legal career ==
Krishna Savjani was called to the Bar at [[Gray's Inn]] in July 1969. In 1978, he established the law firm Savjani & Co. He was appointed [[Senior counsel|Senior Counsel]], an appointment made by the [[President of Malawi]]. Senior Counsel is the equivalent of [[Queen's Counsel]] in England.

=== Advisory Committee on Appointment of Senior Counsel ===

Savjani is a member of the four-person Advisory Committee (comprising the [[Chief Justice of Malawi|Chief Justice]], the [[Attorney general|Attorney General]], the President of the [[Malawi Law Society]] and Mr. Savjani) on the appointment of Senior Counsel. Mr. Savjani became its member in July 1999 when it was established. He was involved in the drafting of its rules.

=== Honorary Legal Appointment ===

Krishna Savjani has been [[Legal Adviser to the Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office|Honorary Legal Adviser]] to the [[List of diplomatic missions of the United Kingdom|British High Commissioner in Malawi]] since 1994, the first person to be appointed so in Malawi.

== Malawi Stock Exchange ==
Krishna Savjani acted as Chairman of the [[Malawi Stock Exchange]] from 2000 to 2010.  Initially involved in the working committee to consider the need for a stock exchange, Krishna Savjani subsequently played an active role in drawing the listing rules.   He was also previously Chairman of the Listing Committee.<ref>{{cite web |title=Capital Markets |url=http://www.africalegalnetwork.com/pareas/capital-markets-3/ |website=africalegalnetwork.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://tnminvestor.com/tnm-share-price-up-75/ |title=TNM share price up 75% – TNM |access-date=16 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514055147/http://tnminvestor.com/tnm-share-price-up-75/ |archive-date=14 May 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Mwanza Accident Commission of Inquiry==
Krishna Savjani was one of the members of the [[Presidential Commission of Inquiry]], in 1994, into the so-called Mwanza Motor accident resulting in the death of three [[Cabinet of Malawi|senior cabinet ministers]] and one [[Member of Parliament (Malawi)|Member of Parliament]] in 1982: [[Dick Matenje]], [[Twaibu Sangala]], [[Aaron Gadama]], and [[David Chiwanga]]. The commission was appointed soon after the fall of [[Kamuzu Banda]] when Malawi changed from a one party state to a multiparty state.

== Other activities ==
Mr. Savjani has acted as spokesman for the [[Indians in Malawi|Asian community in Malawi]] from 1971.

== Honours ==
* He was awarded [[Order of the British Empire]] by [[Queen Elizabeth II]] in 2003.

== See also ==

* [[Henry Chipembere|Henry Masauko Chipembere]]
* [[Kanyama Chiume]]
* [[Malawi Stock Exchange]]

== References ==
<references />

== Literature ==

* B. Pachai, ''Malawi, past and present''. ([[Blantyre]]: CLAIM, 1972).
* B. Pachai, ''Malawi: the history of the nation''. (London: [[Longman]], 1973).
* B. Pachai, (Ed) ''The early history of Malawi'', (London: Longman, 1973).
* D. D. Phiri, ''History of Malawi.'' (Blantyre: CLAIM, 2004)
* D. D. Phiri, ''History of Malawi. Vol. 2'' (Blantyre: College Publishing Company, 2010)
* O. Kalinga and C. Crosby, ''Historical Dictionary of Malawi'', 3rd ed. (Maryland: [[Scarecrow Press]], 2001)

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140515024900/http://www.chambersandpartners.com/person/31290/2 Krishna Savjani] at [[Chambers and Partners]]
* [http://www.european-times.com/sector/finance-consulting/savjani-co/ Savjani & Co] at european-times.com
{{DEFAULTSORT:Savjani, Krishna}}
[[Category:1947 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Malawian diplomats]]
[[Category:20th-century Malawian lawyers]]
[[Category:Officers of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:Members of Gray's Inn]]
[[Category:People from Jamnagar]]
[[Category:21st-century Malawian lawyers]]
[[Category:Malawian people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Gujarati people]]
[[Category:Politicians from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Senior Counsel]]

Cheruvannur Nallalam

2025-08-24T21:47:28Z

BrodieAlfonso45:

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{distinguish|Cheruvannur Grama Panchayat}}
{{refimprove|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Cheruvannur
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Census town
| image_skyline = File:Mamminikkadavu Temple.jpg
| image_caption = Mamminikkadavu Temple
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|11.195|N|75.820|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of regions of India|Region]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[South India]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Kozhikode district|Kozhikode]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 10.31
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 61614
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 673027
| registration_plate =
| website = {{URL|lsgkerala.in/cheruvannurnallalam}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Cheruvannur''' is a census town and [[Cheruvannur-Nallalam]] Part of Kozhikode Corporation.<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=2025 |title=Cheruvannur Town Population Census 2011 - 2025 |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/627436-cheruvannur-kerala.html |website=census2011.co.in |publisher=Census Organization of India |access-date=April 10, 2025}}</ref>
[[File:Cheruvannur 06146.JPG|thumbnail|Cheruvannur festival]]

==Geography==
Cheruvannur Nallalam municipality has a total area of 10.31 square kilometers. The adjoining local self-governing bodies are [[Olavanna]], [[beypore]], [[feroke]] and [[Ramanattukara]] Panchayaths and [[Kozhikode Municipal Corporation]]. The [[Chaliyar river]], formerly known as Feroke River or Beypore River flows from east to west, through the southern side of Cheruvannur which separates the grama panchayat from [[Feroke]] and [[Ramanattukara]]. A man-made canal joining [[Chaliyar]] and [[Kallai River]] flows from southeast to northwest, through the north and east side of Cheruvannur Nallalam Panchayath, which separates the gram panchayat from [[Olavanna]].

==Demographics==
As of the 2001 India census, Cheruvannur has a population of 50556. Males constitute 49% of the population and females 51%. Cheruvannur has an average literacy rate of 92.7%, higher than the national average of 59.5%; with 96.62% of males and 88.91% of females literate.

==History==
The history of Cheruvannur is related to the [[ayurvedic]] hospital named Chennur Aryavydyasala. Long ago, people from nearby villages came to the village for ayurvedic treatment. Later, when the panchayath was formed, it was named Cheruvannur panchayath, which later became a municipality.

==Economy==
Due to the high amount of industrialization, more and more people from Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra, Orissa, and North and Central India have come to Cheruvannur. Nowadays people from outside Kerala have a crucial role in the economy of Cheruvannur.

==Industries==
Cheruvannur and Feroke are the cradles of the tile industry in Kerala. The rapid rivers from the Western Ghats after passing through forests carry the clay, the raw material for tiles, pottery, and ceramic wares.
Apart from the tile industry, there are a number of small- and medium-scale industries located in Cheruvannur, including footwear industries, food processing units, and machinery production units.
Cheruvannur is one of the predominant industrial areas of Kozhikode. The number of tile factories and match factories located here, provide employment to thousands of workers. A steel complex is also located here.

==Suburbs==
* Srambia, Sharadamandiram, Kolathara and Parappuram
* Vattakkinar, Kundayithode and Modernbazar
* Areekkad, [[Kannanchery]], and [[Panniyankara]]

==Notable people==
* [[Major (rank)|Major]] [[Sandeep Unnikrishnan]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Cheruvannur}}
* http://lsgkerala.in/cheruvannurnallalam/

{{Kozhikode district}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Kozhikode district]]
[[Category:Suburbs of Kozhikode]]

Arutla

2025-08-17T22:31:19Z

BrodieAlfonso45: adding some post v1

{{short description|Village in Telangana, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Arutla
| official_name =
| settlement_type = Village
| coordinates = {{coord|17.1370631|N|78.743825|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Telangana]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ranga Reddy district|Ranga Reddy]]
| area_total_ha = 6339
| subdivision_type3 = [[Mandal]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Manchal (mandal)|Manchal]]
| elevation_m = 523
| population_total = 10,037
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref name="2011census">{{Cite web |title= Arutla Population - Rangareddy, Andhra Pradesh |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/574875-arutla-andhra-pradesh.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222040143/https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/574875-arutla-andhra-pradesh.html|archive-date=22 February 2020|access-date=22 January 2024}}</ref>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN Code]]
| postal_code = 501508
| area_code = +91-08414
| registration_plate = TS-07
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Telangana, India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map = India Telangana#India
}}

'''Arutla''' is a village and panchayat in [[Ranga Reddy district]], Telangana, India. It falls under [[Manchal mandal]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arutla Village Visit |url=https://www.mcrhrdi.gov.in/4th_mesfc2022/week7/group7.pdf |website=Dr.Marri Channa Reddy Human Resource Development Institute of Andhra Pradesh}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Formation/Reorganization of District, Revenue Division and Mandals in Rangareddy District |url=http://newdistrictsformation.telangana.gov.in/uploads/gos-circulars/1476130761931250.Rangareddy.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013221458/http://newdistrictsformation.telangana.gov.in/uploads/gos-circulars/1476130761931250.Rangareddy.pdf |archive-date=13 October 2016 |access-date=22 January 2024 |website=Government of Telangana}}</ref>

Arutla is very close to [[Telangana]] state capital city [[Hyderabad]] and well connected to its Mandal and Division Headquarters Ibrahimpatnam. It is located nearly 50 km towards South-East from [[Mahatma Gandhi Bus Station]] (MGBS), also known as the Imlibun Bus Station.

Arutla is a [[Gram Panchayat]] governed by a [[Sarpanch]] and Village Secretary. It comes under the [[Ibrahimpatnam Assembly constituency|ibrahimpatnam]] revenue division.

== Demographics ==
Arutla is the largest village in Ibrahimpatnam constituency, the local language is [[Telugu language|Telugu]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Telugu |first=Speaking States |title=Telugu |url=https://www.stillmantranslations.com/telugu-language-us/ }}</ref>

According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]], the village has a total population of 10,037, out of which the male population is 5,185 and the female population is 4,852. The literacy rate of Arutla is 49.46%, with female literacy at 39.15% and male literacy at 59.11%. 1,576 people belonged to Scheduled Castes and 2,376 to Scheduled Tribes.

== Library ==
The library<ref>{{Cite web |last=Namaste Telangana Article |first=Arutla Library |title=Arutla Library |url=https://www.ntnews.com/sunday/arutla-library-in-rangareddy-district-successfully-completed-100-years-572263 }}</ref> in Arutla was established in the year 1920.

== Politics ==
Arutla [[Gram panchayat|Grama Pachayat]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Deccan |first=Chronicle |title=Neglect of Farmers Led to Costly Tomatoes |work=deccan chronicle |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/170723/tomato-price-rise-a-consequence-of-neglecting-us-say-farmers.html }}</ref> comes under [[Ibrahimpatnam Assembly constituency|ibrahimpatnam]] Assembly Constituency and [[Bhongir Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Bongir Lok Sabha |first=Constituency |title=Bongir Lok Sabha Constituency |url=https://proneta.in/bhongir_parliamentary_constituency_telangana_14/ }}</ref>

In the [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]], [[Malreddy Ranga Reddy]] was elected as [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] from the [[Indian National Congress Party]] in Ibrahimpatnam constituency.

In the [[General elections in india|2023 General Election]], [[Chamala Kiran Kumar Reddy]] was elected as MP.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Ranga Reddy district]]
[[Category:Gram panchayats in Telangana]]

M. Nagathiyagarajan

2025-07-17T05:17:53Z

BrodieAlfonso45: made

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}

'''M. Nagathiyagarajan''' (born 1979)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=M.Nagathiyagarajan(DMK):Constituency- NERAVY-T.R.PATTINAM(KARAIKAL) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/Puducherry2021/candidate.php?candidate_id=201 |access-date=2024-12-30 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]. He is a member of the [[Puducherry Legislative Assembly]] from Neravy TR Pattinam Assembly constituency in [[Karaikal district]]. He won the [[2021 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-02 |title=Neravy T.R. Pattinam, Puducherry Assembly election result 2021 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/neravy-t-r-pattinam-puducherry-assembly-election-result-2021-live-updates-1797902-2021-05-02 |access-date=2024-12-30 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Nagathiyagarajan is from [[Neravy T. R. Pattinam Assembly constituency|Neravy TR Pattinam]], Karaikal district, Puducherry. He is the son of K.Murali Manokaran. He studied MSc in Bio Technology at [[Bharathidasan University]] but did not complete the course. He is a farmer.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Nagathiyagarajan won from [[Neravy T. R. Pattinam Assembly constituency|Neravy TR Pattinan Assembly constituency]] representing Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam in the 2021 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election. He polled 14,496 votes and defeated his nearest rival, V. M. C. S. Manokaran of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], by a margin of 5,511 votes.<ref>https://ceopuducherry.py.gov.in/admin/electionresultreport/20240311090013778163091.pdf Page 322</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=M.L.A.s {{!}} Official Website of Government of Puducherry, India |url=https://py.gov.in/mlas |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240609022548/https://www.py.gov.in/mlas |archive-date=9 June 2024 |access-date=2024-12-30 |website=py.gov.in |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nagathiyagarajan, M.}}
[[Category:1979 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Puducherry MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:People from Karaikal district]]

Punjab Assembly Committee on Papers laid/to be laid on the table and Library

2025-05-10T12:34:39Z

BrodieAlfonso45:

{{short description|Indian Legislative committee}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox
| title = Committee on Papers laid/to be laid on the table and Library
| abovestyle = border-top: 2px solid #015843; border-bottom: 2px solid #015843; font-size: small;
| above = [[Punjab Legislative Assembly#Committees|Committee of the House]]
| headerstyle = border-top: 2px solid #015843; border-bottom: 2px solid #015843;
| header = [[16th Punjab Assembly]]
| labelstyle =
| datastyle =
| data2 =
| subheader = '''<big>[[16th Punjab Assembly]]</big>'''
| label3 = [[Date of establishment|Founded]]
| data3 = 
| label4 = State
| data4 = Punjab
| header5 = Leadership
| label6 = Chaiperson
| data6 = [[Jagdeep Kamboj Goldy]]
| label7 = Chairperson party
| data7 = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| label8 = Appointer
| data8 = [[List of speakers of the Punjab Legislative Assembly|Punjab Assembly speaker]]
| header9 = Structure
| data10= {{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
|image = [[File:India_Punjab_Assembly Committee on Papers laid to be laid on the table and Library_2022.svg|200px|alt=India_Punjab_Assembly Committee on Papers laid to be laid on the table and Library_2022.svg]]
|caption =
| title =
| label10 = Seats
| data10 = 10
| label11 = Political Parties
| data11 ={{legend2|{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}|[[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]] (7)|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}} 
{{legend2|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress|INC]] (2)|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}} {{legend2|{{party color|Independent politician}}|[[Independent politician|IND]] (1)|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
}}
| label12 = Election criteria
| data12 = The members are elected every year from amongst its members of house according to the principle of proportional representation.
| label13 = Tenure
| data13 = 1 Year
| header14 = Jurisdiction
| label15 = Purpose
| data15 = Legislative oversight of the Papers laid/to be laid on the table and Library
| header16 =
| data17 =
| header18 = Rules & Procedure
| label20 = Applicable rules
| data20 = Article 208 of the [[Constitution of India]] section 32 of the [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956]] Rules 232(1) and 2(b) of Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in Punjab Legislative Assembly
}}
'''Punjab Assembly Committee on Papers laid/to be laid on the table of the House and Library''' of [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]] is constituted annually for a one-year period from among the members of the Assembly. This Committee consists of ten members.<ref name="Committee on Papers" /><ref name=Grover>{{cite book |last1=Grover |first1=Verinder |title=Legislative Council in State Legislatures |date=1989 |publisher=Deep & Deep Publications |isbn=978-81-7100-193-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fRqrO0Hx0Y0C&dq=%22Punjab%22+%2B+%22Committee+on+Privileges%22&pg=PA165 |access-date=12 June 2022 |language=en |archive-date=12 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220612133550/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Legislative_Council_in_State_Legislature/fRqrO0Hx0Y0C?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22Punjab%22+%2B+%22Committee+on+Privileges%22&pg=PA165&printsec=frontcover |url-status=live }}</ref>
Up to 2021, the Library Committee and the Committee on Papers Laid/ To be Laid on the [[Table of the House]], existed separately. They were merged in 2021.<ref name="List 2020">{{Cite news |date=18 May 2020 |title=13 MLA's adjusted by Punjab govt; made Chairperson of various committees of House |work=Royal Patiala |url=https://www.royalpatiala.in/13-mlas-adjusted-by-punjab-govt-made-Chairperson-of-various-committees-of-house/ |access-date=20 July 2022}}</ref><ref name="tribuneindia 2016">{{Cite news |date=13 April 2016 |title=Speaker notifies 13 committees |language=en |work=Tribuneindia News Service |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/features/sit-grills-hcs-officer-in-haryana-paper-leak-case-221620 |access-date=20 July 2022}}</ref>

==Appointment ==
The speaker appoints the committee and its members every year for a one-year term according to the powers conferred by Article 208 of the [[Constitution of India]] read with section 32 of the [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956]] (37 of 1956), and in pursuance of Rules 232(1) and 2(b) of the Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in the Punjab Legislative Assembly.<ref name="Punjab Government Gazette 2021">{{cite web |title=Punjab Government Gazette Extraordinary, 4 March 2021 |url=https://www.punjabassembly.nic.in/images/docs/punjab%20govt%20gaz.pdf |publisher=Government of Punjab |access-date=22 June 2022 |archive-date=13 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613104044/http://www.punjabassembly.nic.in/images/docs/punjab%20govt%20gaz.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Members==
For the one-year period starting May 2022, the Committee on Papers laid/to be laid on the table and Library of [[16th Punjab Assembly#Committees|16th Punjab Assembly]] had following members:<ref name="Committee on Papers">{{cite web |title=vidhan Sabha |url=http://punjabassembly.gov.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=32&Itemid=119 |website=punjabassembly.nic.in}}</ref><ref name="HT Appointment 22">{{cite news |title=Punjab speaker appoints heads of House committees |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/punjab-speaker-appoints-heads-of-house-committees-101653170285870.html |access-date=11 June 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=22 May 2022 |language=en |archive-date=22 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522184912/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/punjab-speaker-appoints-heads-of-house-committees-101653170285870.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Punjab Speaker Kultar Singh Sandhwan nominates various committees of House for year 2022-23 - YesPunjab.com |url=https://yespunjab.com/punjab-speaker-kultar-singh-sandhwan-nominates-various-committees-of-house-for-year-2022-23/ |access-date=20 July 2022 |date=21 May 2022}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Committee on Papers laid/to be laid on the table and Library (2022–23)<ref name="Committee on Papers" />
!Sr. No.
!Name
!Post
! colspan="2" |Party
|- align="center"
|1 || [[Jagdeep Kamboj Goldy]] || Chairperson
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|- align="center"
|2 || [[Amolak Singh]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|- align="center"
|3 || [[Anmol Gagan Maan]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|- align="center"
|4 || [[Gurdit Singh Sekhon]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|- align="center"
|5 || [[Gurlal Ghanaur]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|- align="center"
|6 || [[Hakam Singh Thekedar]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|- align="center"
|7 || Hardev Singh Laddi || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|8 || Naresh Puri || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|9 || [[Rana Inder Pratap Singh]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Independent politician}}
|- align="center"
|10 || [[Ranbir Bhullar|Ranbir Singh Bhullar]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|- align="center"
|}

== Chairpersons ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Committee on Papers laid/to be laid on the table (Until 2021)
!Tenure
!Terms
!Name
! colspan="2" |Political party
|- align="center"
| [[14th Punjab Assembly#2013-2014|2013-14]]
|1
| [[Sadhu Singh Dharamsot]]<ref name="Punjab Committees 2013-2014">{{Cite news |date=14 April 2014 |title=Atwal nominates MLAs to panels |language=en |work=The Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/atwal-nominates-mlas-to-panels/ |access-date=22 June 2022}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|- align="center"
| [[14th Punjab Assembly#2016-2017|2016-17]]
|1
| [[Balbir Singh Sidhu (politician)|Balbir Singh Sidhu]]<ref name="tribuneindia 2016" />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Committee on Library (Until 2021)
!Tenure
!Terms
!Name
! colspan="2" |Political party
|- align="center"
| [[14th Punjab Assembly#2013-2014|2013-14]]
|1
| Manjit Singh Miyawind <ref name="Punjab Committees 2013-2014" />
| {{Full party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|- align="center"
| [[14th Punjab Assembly#2016-2017|2016-17]]
|1
|Darshan Singh Kotfatta<ref name="tribuneindia 2016" />
| {{Full party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Committee on Papers laid/to be laid on the table and Library (Post 2021)
!Tenure
!Terms
!Name
! colspan="2" |Political party
|- align="center"
| [[15th Punjab Assembly#2021-2022|2021-22]]
|1
| [[Lakhbir Singh Lodhinangal]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Punjab Vidhan Sabha speaker nominates various committees of House for year 2021-22 |url=https://www.punjabnewsexpress.com/punjab/news/punjab-vidhan-sabha-speaker-nominates-various-committees-of-house-for-year-2021-22-136750 |access-date=15 June 2022 |work=punjabnewsexpress.com |date=28 April 2021 |archive-date=15 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615134142/https://www.punjabnewsexpress.com/punjab/news/punjab-vidhan-sabha-speaker-nominates-various-committees-of-house-for-year-2021-22-136750 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Punjab Vidhan Sabha Speaker nominates various committees of House for year 2021-22 – TheFactNews |date=29 April 2021 |url=https://thefactnews.in/punjab-vidhan-sabha-speaker-nominates-various-committees-of-house-for-year-2021-22/ |access-date=15 June 2022 |archive-date=22 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622113345/https://thefactnews.in/punjab-vidhan-sabha-speaker-nominates-various-committees-of-house-for-year-2021-22/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|- align="center"
| [[16th Punjab Assembly#2022-2023|2022-23]]
|1
|[[Jagdeep Kamboj Goldy]]<ref name="HT Appointment 22" />
| {{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|}

==Previous members==
For the one-year period in the [[15th Punjab Assembly#Committees|15th Punjab Assembly]] the committee had following members:

===2021-2022===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Committee on Papers laid/to be laid on the table and Library (2021–22)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-02 |title=vidhanSabha |url=http://punjabassembly.gov.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=32&Itemid=119 |access-date=2022-07-24 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302231458/http://punjabassembly.gov.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=32&Itemid=119 |archive-date=2 March 2022 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
!Sr. No.
!Name
!Post
! colspan="2" |Party
|- align="center"
|1 || [[Lakhbir Singh Lodhinangal]] || Chairperson
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|2 || [[Indu Bala]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|3 || [[Jagtar Singh Jagga Hissowal]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|4 || [[Kultar Singh Sandhwan]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|- align="center"
|5 || [[Nirmal Singh (Shutrana politician)|Nirmal Singh]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|6 || [[Rajinder Beri]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|7 || [[Sanjeev Talwar]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|8 || [[Simarjeet Singh Bains]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|9 || [[Sushil Kumar Rinku]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|}

== Previous members of Committee on Papers tabled in the House==

===2019-2020===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Committee on Papers laid/to be laid on the table (2019–20)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-02-09 |title=vidhanSabha |url=http://www.punjabassembly.gov.in:80/index.php/component/content/article?id=32&Itemid=119 |access-date=2022-07-24 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200209164356/http://www.punjabassembly.gov.in:80/index.php/component/content/article?id=32&Itemid=119 |archive-date=9 February 2020 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
!Sr. No.
!Name
!Post
! colspan="2" |Party
|- align="center"
|1 || [[Gurpartap Singh Wadala]] || Chairperson
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|2 || [[Balwinder Singh]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|3 || [[Amit Vij]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|4 || [[Davinder Singh Ghubaya]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|5 || [[Baldev Singh]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|6 || [[Rajinder Singh (politician)|Rajinder Singh]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|7 || [[Rajnish Kumar (politician)|Rajnish Kumar]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|8 || [[Satkar Kaur]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|9 || [[Chaudhary Surinder Singh]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|10.
|Jagdev Singh Kamalu
|Member
|
|
|- align="center"
|}

===2018-2019===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Committee on Papers laid/to be laid on the table (2018–19)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-04-21 |title=vidhanSabha |url=http://punjabassembly.gov.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=32&Itemid=119 |access-date=2022-07-24 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190421060648/http://punjabassembly.gov.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=32&Itemid=119 |archive-date=21 April 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
!Sr. No.
!Name
!Post
! colspan="2" |Party
|- align="center"
|1 || [[Gurpartap Singh Wadala]] || Chairperson
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|2 || [[Arun Narang]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|- align="center"
|3 || [[Avtar Singh Junior]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|4 || [[Davinder Singh Ghubaya]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|5 || [[Harminder Singh Gill]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|6 || [[Jai Krishan Singh]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|- align="center"
|7 || [[Sarvjit Kaur Manuke]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|- align="center"
|8 || [[Satkar Kaur]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|9 || [[Chaudhary Surinder Singh]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|10.
|Sushil Kumar Rinku
|Member
|
|
|}

===2017-2018===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Committee on Papers laid/to be laid on the table (2017–18)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-12-14 |title=vidhanSabha |url=http://www.punjabassembly.gov.in:80/index.php/component/content/article?id=32&Itemid=119 |access-date=2022-07-24 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171214085418/http://www.punjabassembly.gov.in:80/index.php/component/content/article?id=32&Itemid=119 |archive-date=14 December 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
!Sr. No.
!Name
!Post
! colspan="2" |Party
|- align="center"
|1 || [[Gurpartap Singh Wadala]] || Chairperson
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|2 || [[Sangat Singh Gilzian]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|3 || [[Simarjeet Singh Bains]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|4 || [[Harpartap Singh Ajanala]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|5 || [[Gurpreet Singh Kangar|Gurpreet Singh]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|6 || [[Jai Krishan]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|- align="center"
|7 || [[Jagtar Singh Jagga Hissowal]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|8 || [[Darshan Lal]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|9 || [[Dalvir Singh Goldy]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|10.
|[[Bharat Bhushan Ashu]]
|Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

== Previous members of Library Committee ==

===2020-2021===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Library Committee(2020–21)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-09 |title=vidhanSabha |url=http://punjabassembly.gov.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=44&Itemid=119 |access-date=2022-07-24 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509103657/http://punjabassembly.gov.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=44&Itemid=119 |archive-date=9 May 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
!Sr. No.
!Name
!Post
! colspan="2" |Party
|- align="center"
|1 || [[Surinder Kumar Dawar]] || Chairperson
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|2 || [[Avtar Singh Junior]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|3 || [[Harjot Kamal Singh]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|4 || [[Harminder Singh Gill]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|5 || [[Jagdev Singh]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|6 || [[Jagtar Singh Jagga Hissowal]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|7 || [[Gurpartap Singh Wadalal]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|8 || [[Simarjeet Singh Bains]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|9 || [[Dharamkot Assembly Constituency#2017|Sukhjit Singh]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|}

===2019-2020===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Library Committee(2019–20)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-02-10 |title=vidhanSabha |url=http://www.punjabassembly.gov.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=44&Itemid=119 |access-date=2022-07-24 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200210012209/http://www.punjabassembly.gov.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=44&Itemid=119 |archive-date=10 February 2020 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
!Sr. No.
!Name
!Post
! colspan="2" |Party
|- align="center"
|1 || [[Balbir Singh Sidhu (politician)|Balbir Singh Sidhu]] || Chairperson
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|2 || [[Amarjit Singh Sandoya]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|3 || [[Arun Dogra]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|4 || [[Avtar Singh Junior]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|5 || [[Baldev Singh Khaira]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|6 || [[Gurpreet Singh Kangar|Gurpreet Singh]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|7 || [[Jai Krishan Singh]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|- align="center"
|8 || [[Kuljit Singh Nagra]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|9 || [[Lakhvir Singh Lakha]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

===2018-2019===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Library Committee(2018–19)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-08-20 |title=vidhanSabha |url=http://www.punjabassembly.gov.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=44&Itemid=119 |access-date=2022-07-24 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820010440/http://www.punjabassembly.gov.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=44&Itemid=119 |archive-date=20 August 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
!Sr. No.
!Name
!Post
! colspan="2" |Party
|- align="center"
|1 || [[Amrik Singh Dhillon]] || Chairperson
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|2 || [[Balwinder Singh]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|3 || [[Dilraj Singh]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|4 || [[Kultar Singh Sandhwan]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|- align="center"
|5 || [[Kulwant Singh Pandori]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|- align="center"
|6 || [[Pawan Kumar Adia]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|7 || [[Rajnish Kumar Babbi]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|8 || [[Randeep Singh Nabha]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|9 || [[Sukhwinder Singh Danny Bandala]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

===2017-2018===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Library Committee(2017–18)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-12-13 |title=vidhanSabha |url=http://www.punjabassembly.gov.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=44&Itemid=119 |access-date=2022-07-24 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171213054902/http://www.punjabassembly.gov.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=44&Itemid=119 |archive-date=13 December 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
!Sr. No.
!Name
!Post
! colspan="2" |Party
|- align="center"
|1 || [[Surinder Kumar Dawar]] || Chairperson
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|2 || [[Surjit Singh Dhiman]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|3 || [[Hardial Singh Kamboj]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|4 || [[Kultar Singh Sandhwan]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|- align="center"
|5 || [[Balwinder Singh khaira]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|6 || [[Davinder Singh Ghubaya]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|7 || [[Balwinder Singh Bains]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|8 || [[Budh Ram]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|9 || [[Rajnish Kumar Babbi]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Punjab Legislative Assembly|state=expanded}}

[[Category:Committees of the Punjab Legislative Assembly]]

Kahan Gaye Woh Log

2025-02-08T00:09:26Z

BrodieAlfonso45: New A Info

{{Multiple issues|
{{more citations needed|date=July 2010}}
{{Notability|date=February 2025}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| caption =
| genre = [[Drama]]
| creator =
| writer = Ganga Prasad Mathur
| director = Tarun Mathur
| starring = [[Kahan Gaye Woh Log#Cast|see below]]
| opentheme =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes =
| producer = Dheeraj Kumar
| editor =
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = Approx. 25 minutes
| channel = [[DD National]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=y|1985|12|29}}
| last_aired =
}}

'''''Kahan Gaye Woh Log''''' is an Indian television series that aired on [[DD National]] in 1985.

== Cast ==
* [[Dheeraj Kumar]]
* [[Sachin Kumar]]
* [[Rajendra Gupta]]

== Awards ==
* Aadhaarshila (Foundation) Award for Best Patriotic Serial given by then Vice President of India Mr. Shankar Dayal Sharma.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{IMDb title|0283751}}

[[Category:DD National original programming]]
[[Category:1985 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:1980s Indian television series]]

Switzerland (film)

2025-02-01T15:45:13Z

BrodieAlfonso45: updated details

#REDIRECT [[Switzerland_(disambiguation)#Other_uses]]{{R from incomplete disambiguation}}

Libi Rana

2024-08-21T13:44:20Z

BrodieAlfonso45:

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Libi Rana (Nivedita)
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = [[Actress]]
| years active = 1964–1973, 1996
| awards =
}}
'''Libi Rana''' ('''Nivedita''') was an Indian actress who had acted in Bollywood films like ''[[Dharti Kahe Pukar Ke (1969 film)|Dharti Kahe Pukar Ke]]'', ''[[Shagoon]]'', ''[[Jaan (film)|Jaan]]'' (1996), ''Rocky Mera Naam'' (1973), ''Jyoti'' (1969) and ''Bank Robbery'' (1969).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/bollywood/actress-libi-rana-was-70s-film-actress-and-forgetten-by-bollywood|title=60 के दशक की ये हीरोइन नहीं संभाल पाई अपना स्टारडम, लोगों को देखकर भागने लगती थी|website=Amar Ujala|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/bollywood/libi-rana-aka-nivedita-untold-facts-about-her-life|title=गुमनाम सितारे: अपने जमाने की मशहूर अदाकारा थीं लीबी राणा, फिल्में छोड़ी तो लोगों ने भी भुला दिया|website=Amar Ujala|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0633109/|title=Nivedita|website=IMDb}}</ref><ref name="Anantharaman2008">{{cite book|author=Ganesh Anantharaman|title=Bollywood Melodies: A History of the Hindi Film Song|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lmrSLuBwbKkC&pg=PA75|date=January 2008|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-306340-7|page=75}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing]]
[[Category:Possibly living people]]

Thak man-eater

2024-02-04T20:34:28Z

BrodieAlfonso45: updated page

#REDIRECT [[Tiger attack#Thak man-eater]]

2012–13 Irani Cup

2024-01-28T22:59:39Z

BrodieAlfonso45: adding the data basic info

{{one source|date=August 2022}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox limited overs final
| name = 2012–13 Irani Cup
| image =
| date = {{start date|2012|09|21|df=y}} – {{end date|2012|09|24|df=y}}
| cricket format = [[First-class cricket]]
| stadium = [[M Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bengaluru]]
| team1 = [[Rajasthan cricket team|Rajasthan]]
| team2 = [[India national cricket team|Rest of India]]
| team1overs =
| team2overs =
| team1score = 253 & 275
| team2score = 607/7d
| details = Rest of India won by an innings and 79 runs
| previous = [[2011–12 Irani Cup|2011–12]]
| next = [[2013 Irani Cup|2013]]
}}

The '''2012–13 Irani Cup''', also called '''2012–13 Irani Trophy''', was the 51st season of the [[Irani Cup]], a [[first-class cricket|first-class]] [[cricket]] competition in India. It was a one-off match which was played from 21 September 2012 to 24 September 2013 between the [[2011-12 Ranji Trophy|2011–12 Ranji]] champions [[Rajasthan cricket team|Rajasthan]] and the [[India national cricket team|Rest of India]] team. [[M Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bengaluru]] hosted the match. Rest of India retained the Irani Cup by defeating Rajasthan by an innings and 79 runs.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/irani-cup-2012-13-574009/rajasthan-vs-rest-of-india-574149/match-report| title=Dominant Rest of India retain Irani Cup| publisher=ESPNcricinfo| date=24 September 2012}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.espncricinfo.com/irani-cup-2012/content/series/574009.html Irani Cup] at ESPNcricinfo

{{Irani Cup}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Irani Cup, 2012-13}}
[[Category:2012 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:2013 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:Domestic cricket competitions in 2012–13]]
[[Category:Irani Cup seasons]]

{{Indian-domestic-cricket-competition-stub}}

Raman Science Centre

2023-12-15T14:51:50Z

BrodieAlfonso45: add citations additionally and updated info

{{Short description|Science museum in Nagpur, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{infobox museum
| name = Raman Science Centre and Planetarium
| logo =
| image = Raman Science Centre Nagpur.jpg
| caption = Front view of the Raman Science Centre building at Nagpur
| coordinates = {{Coord|21.1459|79.0941|display=inline,title}}
| established = 1992
| location = [[Nagpur]]
| type =
| visitors = 14,440,963 (approx.)(till date)

| publictransit =
| website = [https://rscnagpur.gov.in/ Website]
| network =
}}
The '''Raman Science Centre and Raman Planetarium Complex''' at [[Nagpur]] is an interactive [[science centre]] affiliated with [[Mumbai]]'s [[Nehru Science Centre]].<ref name="satellite units">{{cite web|url=http://www.nehrusciencecentre.org/nsc_family.htm|title=satellite units|publisher=www.nehrusciencecentre.org|accessdate=2008-06-06|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080917035503/http://www.nehrusciencecentre.org/nsc_family.htm|archivedate=17 September 2008|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The centre was developed to promote a scientific attitude, portray the growth of science and technology and their applications in industry and human welfare, and hold science exhibits. The centre is named after famous [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] winner Indian [[physicist]] [[Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman]].

The Raman Science Centre was inaugurated on 7 March 1992 and the [[planetarium]] was started on 5 January 1997.<ref name="General Information">{{cite web|url=http://www.nehrusciencecentre.org/RSCN/rscnGenInfo.htm|title=General Information|publisher=www.nehrusciencecentre.org|accessdate=2008-06-06|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080618023908/http://www.nehrusciencecentre.org/RSCN/rscnGenInfo.htm|archivedate=18 June 2008|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The centre is located opposite Gandhi Sagar Lake in the heart of Nagpur.<ref name="General Information" /> Between 1 April 2014 and 31 March 2015, the Centre recorded a visitor count of 582,962.<ref name="no. of Visitors">{{cite web|url=http://ncsm.gov.in/visitorStat.aspx|title=no. of Visitors|publisher=ncsm.gov.in|accessdate=2008-06-06|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080522084746/http://www.ncsm.gov.in/visitorStat.aspx|archivedate=22 May 2008|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The centre is part of the [[National Council of Science Museums]] (NCSM), India, which is the largest network of science centres/museums under a single administrative umbrella in the world.<ref name="ncsm.gov.in">{{cite web|url=http://ncsm.gov.in/index.aspx|title=ncsm.gov.in|publisher=ncsm.gov.in|accessdate=2008-06-06|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080522082610/http://www.ncsm.gov.in/index.aspx|archivedate=22 May 2008|df=dmy-all}}</ref> NCSM rates the centre as regional level and it has a total floor area of 4333 sq meters.<ref name="Units under NCSM">{{cite web|url=http://ncsm.gov.in/units1.aspx|title=Units under NCSM|publisher=ncsm.gov.in|accessdate=2008-06-06|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080618221959/http://ncsm.gov.in/units1.aspx|archivedate=18 June 2008|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

== Activities ==
The centre carries out numerous programs to spread science and technology knowledge amongst the general public.<ref name="activities">{{cite web|url=http://www.rscbagpur.gov.in.|title=activities|publisher=www.rscnagpur.gov.in|accessdate=2008-06-06}}{{dead link|date=April 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The centre inaugurated the Innovation Centre on 14 February 2017 to give opportunities to students who are dedicated to science.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Innovation Hub – Raman Science Center |url=https://rscnagpur.gov.in/innovation-hub/ |access-date=2023-12-15 |language=en-US}}</ref> The centre, along with local NGO Hirwai, gives the ''Green Finger Award'' to create awareness about the environment amongst school children.<ref name="hirwai">{{cite web|url=http://hirwai.org/Hirvariaward.php|title=hirwai|publisher=hirwai.org|accessdate=2008-06-06|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726151219/http://hirwai.org/Hirvariaward.php|archivedate=26 July 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref> In August 2007, the information and communication technology gallery was opened,<ref name="Information & Communication Technology">{{cite web|url=http://ncsm.gov.in/infocom.aspx|title=Information & Communication Technology|publisher=ncsm.gov.in|accessdate=2008-06-06|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080618221435/http://ncsm.gov.in/infocom.aspx|archivedate=18 June 2008|df=dmy-all}}</ref> where then [[ISRO]] Chairman Madhavan Nair declared that India would send astronauts to space by 2015.<ref name="ISRO">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/India_will_send_astronaut_into_space_by_2015_ISRO_chief/articleshow/2254060.cms|title=India will send astronaut into space by 2015: ISRO chief|date=3 August 2007|publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|accessdate=2008-06-06}}</ref>

The centre currently has four different interactive galleries, an Innovation Centre, a Science on a Sphere Show and a 133-seat planetarium,<ref name="planetarium">{{cite web|url=http://ncsm.gov.in/exibits_6.aspx|title=planetarium|publisher=ncsm.gov.in|accessdate=2008-06-06|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080618221431/http://ncsm.gov.in/exibits_6.aspx|archivedate=18 June 2008|df=dmy-all}}</ref> two fun science galleries, a prehistoric Animal Park and more.<ref name="galleries">{{cite web|url=http://www.nehrusciencecentre.org/RSCN/rscnExhiGal.htm|title=galleries|publisher=www.nehrusciencecentre.org|accessdate=2008-06-06|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080618023903/http://www.nehrusciencecentre.org/RSCN/rscnExhiGal.htm|archivedate=18 June 2008|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The centre also holds science lectures, science film shows and [[3-D film|3-dimensional science shows]].<ref name="Shows">{{cite web|url=http://www.rscnagpur.gov.in|title=Shows|publisher=www.rscnagpur.gov.in|accessdate=2008-06-06}}</ref> The centre also organises activities like planet watching and watching other celestial phenomena for citizens.<ref name="Planet observation">{{cite web|url=http://www.nagpurplus.com/fullStory.asp?articleID=NAGP3ART8232006|title=Planet observation|publisher=www.nagpurplus.com|accessdate=2008-06-08}}. The centre has 1,44,94,443 visitors since 1987.</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of science centers#Asia]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Nagpur}}

[[Category:1992 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Nagpur]]
[[Category:Science museums in India]]
[[Category:Planetaria]]
[[Category:Museums established in 1992]]
[[Category:Museums in Maharashtra]]

Tirukkural translations into Punjabi

2023-11-13T15:15:42Z

BrodieAlfonso45: new new pg

{{Translation sidebar}}As of 2015, [[Tirukkural]] has been translated into [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] at least twice.

==Background==
In 1983, the Kural text was translated into Punjabi by Ram Murthy Sharma.<ref name="Polilan2019">{{cite book |editor1= Polilan|editor2=K. Gunathogai|editor3=Lena Kumar|editor4=Tagadur Sampath|editor5=Mutthamizh|editor6=G. Picchai Vallinayagam|editor7=D. Anbunidhi|editor8=K. V. Neduncheraladhan|title=Tiruvalluvar 2050 |page=683|url= |year=2019 |edition=1|publisher=Periyar Enthusiasts Group |location=Chennai|access-date= |language=Tamil|isbn= }}</ref> Titled ''Tirukkural: Dharma Granth of Tamils,'' this was published in [[Chandigarh]].<ref name="OOCities_RajPunj">{{cite web
| url = http://www.oocities.org/nvkashraf/kur-trans/Ind-Int.htm
| title = Thirukkural in Punjabi and Rajasthani
| last =
| first =
| date =
| website = OOCities
| publisher =
| access-date = 23 April 2017
| quote = }}</ref> Another translated was made by [[Tarlochan Singh Bedi]],<ref name="Polilan2019"/> former principal of the government college of [[Faridkot, Punjab|Faridkot]], in 2012, which was published by the [[Central Institute of Classical Tamil]] (CICT), [[Chennai]],<ref name="TKIntoPunjabiNow">{{cite news
| last = Mariappan
| first = Julie
| title = Tirukkural goes into Punjabi now
| newspaper = The Times of India
| location = Chennai
| pages =
| language =
| publisher = The Times Group
| date = 29 October 2012
| url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Tirukkural-goes-into-Punjabi-now/articleshow/16999272.cms
| access-date = 14 October 2017}}</ref> and released in November 2013.<ref>{{cite news
| last = TNN
| first =
| title = Telugu, Kannada versions of 'kural' to be launched today
| newspaper = The Times of India
| location = Chennai
| pages =
| language =
| publisher = The Times Group
| date = 13 November 2014
| url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/telugu-kannada-versions-of-kural-to-be-launched-today/articleshow/45129077.cms
| access-date = 8 June 2021}}</ref> The translation was part of CICT's project of translating the Kural into multiple languages including [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Kannada]], [[Nepali language|Nepali]], [[Meitei language|Manipuri]] and other Indian languages.<ref name="TKIntoPunjabiNow"/>

==Translations==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!style="text-align:center; width:25%;" rowspan="2"|Translation
!colspan="2"|Chapter 26, ਮਾਸ ਖਾਣ ਦੀ ਨਿਖੇਧੀ
|-
!''Kural'' 254 (Couplet 26:4)
!''Kural'' 258 (Couplet 26:8)
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|''Tarlochan Singh Bedi, 2012''||ਜੇਵ ਹਤਿਆ ਕਰਨੀ ਵੱਡਾ ਅਧਰਮ ਹੈ ਆਪ ਨਾ ਮਾਰਨ ਦਾ ਪਖੰਡ ਕਰਕੇ ਦੂਜਿਆਂ ਦੁਆਰਾ ਮਾਰਿਆ ਮਾਸ ਖਾਣਾ ਤਾਂ ਉਸ ਤੋਂ ਵੀ ਵੱਡਾ ਅਧਰਮ ਹੈ। ||ਤ੍ਰਮ ਜਾਲ (ਮਾਇਆ ਜਾਲ) ਤੋਂ ਰਹਿਤ ਲੋਕ ਕਦੇ ਮਾਸ ਨਹੀਂ ਖਾਣਗੋ ਕਿਉਂ ਜੋ ਉਹਨਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਗਿਆਨ ਹੁੰਦਾ ਹੈ ਕਿ ਮਾਸ ਕਿਸੇ ਮਰੇ ਹੋਏ ਜੀਵ ਦਾ ਅੰਸ਼ ਮਾਤ੍ਰ ਹੈ।
|}

==See also==
* [[Tirukkural translations]]
* [[List of Tirukkural translations by language]]

==Published translations==
* Tarlochan Singh Bedi. (2012). ''Tirukkural in Punjabi'', Central Institute of Classical Tamil. 296 pages. {{ISBN|978-93-81744-02-4}}

== References ==
{{Portal box|Tamils|India|Punjab|Literature|Poetry}}
{{reflist}}

{{Tirukkural|state=collapsed}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}

[[Category:Tirukkural translations by language|Punjabi]]
[[Category:Translations into Punjabi]]

Ramtek Dam

2023-09-23T15:57:17Z

BrodieAlfonso45: New A Data V1

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox dam
| name = Ramtek Dam
| image =
| image_caption =
| name_official = Ramtek Dam D01103
| dam_crosses = [[Sur River]]
| location = Ramtek
| dam_type = [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]]
| dam_length = {{convert|229|m|abbr=on}}
| dam_height = {{convert|22.2|m|abbr=on}}
| dam_width_base =
| dam_width_crest =
| dam_volume = {{convert|1300|km3|abbr=on}}
| spillway_type =
| spillway_capacity =
| construction_began =
| opening = 1913<ref>{{cite web | url=http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Ramtek_D01103 | title=Ramtek D01103 | accessdate=22 March 2013}}</ref>
| cost =
| owner = [[Government of Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| res_name =
| res_capacity_total = {{convert|103000|km3|abbr=on}}
| res_catchment =
| res_surface = {{convert|21270|km2|abbr=on}}
| res_max_depth =
| plant_operator =
| plant_turbines =
| plant_capacity =
| plant_annual_gen =
| plant_commission =
| plant_decommission =
| location_map = India Maharashtra
| location_map_caption =
| location_map_size =
| coordinates = {{coord|21.3811003|79.3782323|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| website =
| extra =
}}

'''Ramtek Dam''', is an [[dam#Earth-fill dams|earthfill]] dam on [[Sur River]] near [[Ramtek]], [[Nagpur district]] in the state of [[Maharashtra]] in [[India]].

==Specifications==
The height of the dam above lowest foundation is {{convert|22.2|m|abbr=on}} while the length is {{convert|229|m|abbr=on}}. The volume content is {{convert|1300|km3|abbr=on}} and gross storage capacity is {{convert|105130.00|km3|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cwc.nic.in/main/downloads/National%20Register%20of%20Large%20Dams%202009.pdf |title=Specifications of large dams in India |access-date=22 October 2010 |archive-date=19 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180219204531/http://www.cwc.nic.in/main/downloads/National%20Register%20of%20Large%20Dams%202009.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Purpose==
* Irrigation

==See also==
* [[Dams in Maharashtra]]
* [[List of reservoirs and dams in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{commons category}}
{{Hydrology of Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Dams in Nagpur district]]
[[Category:Dams completed in 1913]]
[[Category:1913 establishments in India]]

Vettaiyaadu Vilaiyaadu (2006 film)

2023-08-28T12:42:09Z

BrodieAlfonso45: Redirect article

#REDIRECT [[Vettaiyaadu Vilaiyaadu]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}