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Chandannagar Assembly constituency

2026-05-07T10:29:42Z

Brock211211849:

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Chandannagar
| type = SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Chandannagar.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Chandannagar Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Dipanjan Guha]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}+
| latest_election_year = [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Hooghly Lok Sabha constituency|Hooghly]]
| constituency_no = 189
| established = 1957
| electors = 198,602
| reservation = None
| abolished =
}}

'''Chandannagar Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Hooghly district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Overview==
As per orders of the Delimitation Commission, No. 189 Chandanagar Assembly constituency is composed of the following: [[Chandernagore Municipal Corporation|Chandannagar Municipal Corporation]] and [[Bhadreswar Municipality]].<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 dated 15 February 2006 | access-date= 26 July 2015|work = West Bengal| publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref>

Chandannagar Assembly constituency is part of No. 28 [[Hooghly Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name=delimitation/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
!colspan="4"|''Chandernagore''
|-
|[[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Hirendra Kumar Chattopadhyay
|{{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
|[[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|rowspan="7"|Bhabani Mukherjee
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
|[[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=8|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|-
|[[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|-
|[[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
|[[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|-
|[[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|-
|[[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|rowspan="2"|Sandhya Chattopadhyay
|-
|[[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|-
|[[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|rowspan="2"|Kamal Mukherjee
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|-
|[[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|Siba Prasad Bandopadhyay
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
|-
!colspan="4"|''Chandannagar''
|-
|[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|Ashok Kumar Shaw
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Indranil Sen]]
|-
|[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|-
|[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|Dipanjan Guha
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}

==Election results==
===2026===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Chandannagar}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Dipanjan Guha
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Indranil Sen]]
|party = Trinamool Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Manish Pandey
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Ratan Kumar Goldar
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|party = None of the above (India)
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Chandannagar}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Indranil Sen]]
|votes = 86,778
|percentage = 47.63
|change = {{increase}}2.80
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Dipanjan Guha
|votes = 55,749
|percentage = 30.60
|change = {{increase}}22.77
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Gautam Sarkar
|votes = 33,702
|percentage = 18.50
|change = {{decrease}}25.08
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above (India)
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the Above]]
|votes = 3,023
|percentage = 1.66
|change = {{decrease}}0.62
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Ratan Kumar Chatterjee
|votes = 1,184
|percentage = 0.65
|change = {{new}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Uday Veer Choudhury
|votes = 538
|percentage = 0.30
|change = {{new}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Subrata Dey
|votes = 532
|percentage = 0.29
|change = {{new}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Tandra Bhattacharjee
|votes = 365
|percentage = 0.20
|change = {{new}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Praloy Mukherjee
|votes = 307
|percentage = 0.17
|change = {{new}}
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 31,029
|percentage = 17.03
|change = {{increase}}15.78
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,82,178
|percentage = 79.36
|change = {{increase}}0.45
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Trinamool Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Chandannagar}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Indranil Sen]]
|votes = 75,727
|percentage = 44.83
|change = {{decrease}}15.93
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Gautam Sarkar
|votes = 73,613
|percentage = 43.58
|change = {{increase}}9.94
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Tandra Bhattacharjee
|votes = 13,233
|percentage = 7.83
|change = {{increase}}4.61
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above (India)
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the Above]]
|votes = 3,853
|percentage = 2.28
|change = {{new}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Gautam Sarkar
|votes = 1,477
|percentage = 0.87
|change = {{new}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|candidate = Milan Rakshit
|votes = 1,002
|percentage = 0.59
|change = {{new}}
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 2,114
|percentage = 1.25
|change = {{decrease}}25.87
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,68,905
|percentage = 78.91
|change = {{decrease}}0.29
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Trinamool Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Chandannagar<ref name="vidhansabha2011">{{cite web |url=https://www.elections.in/west-bengal/assembly-constituencies/2016-election-results.html|title = General Elections, India, 2016, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal |work=Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher=Election Commission |access-date=9 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=189| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120519164053/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=189| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 19 May 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Chandannagar| publisher =Empowering India |access-date = 1 May 2011}}</ref>}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Ashok Kumar Shaw
|votes = 96,430
|percentage = 60.76
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Siba Prosad Bandyopadhyay
|votes = 53,391
|percentage = 33.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Satya Bhushan Pathak
|votes = 5,109
|percentage = 3.22
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Subodh Ghoshal
|votes = 3,780
|percentage = 2.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 43,039
|percentage = 27.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,58,710
|percentage = 79.20
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Trinamool Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1977-2006===
In the [[2006 West Bengal state assembly election|2006 state assembly elections]] Sibaprosad Bandopadhyay of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] won the 182 Chandernagore assembly seat defeating his nearest rival Ram Chakraborty of [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]]. Contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners are being mentioned. Kamal Mukherjee of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] defeated Ratan Lal Dasgupta of CPI(M) in 2001 and Sandhya Chattopadhyay of CPI(M) in 1996. Sandhya Chattopadhyay of CPI(M) defeated Kamal Mukherjee of Congress in 1991 and 1987. Bhabani Mukherjee of CPI(M) defeated Indumati Bhattacharya of Congress in 1982 and Asit Mukhopadhyay of Congress in 1977.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp182.htm |title =182 - Chandernagore Assembly Constituency |work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 1 December 2010}}</ref>

===1957-1972===
Bhabani Mukherjee of CPI(M) won in 1972,<ref name="vidhansabha1972">{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_WB_72.pdf |title =General Elections, India, 1972, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> 1971,<ref name="vidhansabha1971">{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_WB_71.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1971, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No ?|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> 1969<ref name="vidhansabha1969">{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/StatReport_WB_69.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1969, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission |access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> and 1967.<ref name="vidhansabha1967">{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20report%20WB1967.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1967, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> Bhabani Mukherjee of CPI won in [[1962 West Bengal state assembly election|1962]].<ref name="vidhansabha1962">{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_WB_1962.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1962, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> Hirendra Kumar Chattopadhyay, Independent, won in [[1957 West Bengal state assembly election|1957]].<ref name="vidhansabha1957">{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_WB_1957.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1957, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref>

===1951-1962===
The Bhadreswar seat was there between 1951 and 1962. Girija Bhushan Mukhopadhyay of CPI won in [[1962 West Bengal state assembly election|1962]].<ref name=vidhansabha1962/> Byomkesh Majumdar of Congress won in [[1957 West Bengal state assembly election|1957]]<ref name=vidhansabha1957/> and in [[1952 West Bengal state assembly election|independent India's first election in 1951]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_WestBengal.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1951, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, Assembly Constituency No. |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Hooghly topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Hooghly district]]
[[Category:Chandannagar]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in West Bengal]]

Thozhar CheGuevara

2026-05-06T02:46:41Z

Brock211211849:

{{short description|Indian action drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Thozhar CheGuevara.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Alex A. D.
| writer = Alex A. D.
| producer = Anish Edmond Prabhu
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Sathyaraj]]
}}
| cinematography = Sam
| editing = Gowtham Rajendran
| music = Ashwin PS
| studio = Grey Magic Creations
| released = {{film date|2024|9|20|df=yes}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Thozhar CheGuevara''''' ({{Translation|Comrade [[Che Guevara]]}}) is a 2024 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action-drama film]] written and directed by Alex A. D.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-10 |title=தோழர் சேகுவேரா ரிலீஸ் ஆவதில் தடங்கல் வந்துவிடுமோ எனப் பயப்பட வேண்டாம்: சத்யராஜ் |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinemanews/dont-worry-about-release-about-thozhar-cheguevara-sathyaraj-733429 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240915201414/https://www.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinemanews/dont-worry-about-release-about-thozhar-cheguevara-sathyaraj-733429 |archive-date=2024-09-15 |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=[[Maalai Malar]] |language=ta}}</ref> The film stars [[Sathyaraj]] along with [[Rajendran]], [[Cool Suresh]], [[Nanjil Sampath]], Alex A. D., Neel Anand and Anish Edmond Prabhu. It was released on 20 September 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thozhar CheGuevara |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-details/thozhar-cheguevara/movieshow/104121248.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240826061911/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-details/thozhar-cheguevara/movieshow/104121248.cms |archive-date=2024-08-26 |access-date=2024-08-26 |website=[[The Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-12 |title=`அதிகாரத்துல இருக்கவன் அடிக்க தாண்டா செய்வான்' - தோழர் சேகுவேரா படத்தின் டிரைலர் |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinemanews/athikaratula-irukkavan-adikka-thanda-seyvaan-che-guevera-movie-trailer-733703 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240915180402/https://www.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinemanews/athikaratula-irukkavan-adikka-thanda-seyvaan-che-guevera-movie-trailer-733703 |archive-date=2024-09-15 |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=[[Maalai Malar]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Sathyaraj]] as Cheguevara
*[[Rajendran|Motta Rajendran]] as Doctor Naveen
*Neel Anand as Aryan
*Alex A. D. as Napoleon
*[[Cool Suresh]] as Chinnaswamy
*Anish Edmond Prabhu as Kalivardhan
*[[Nanjil Sampath]] as Ayya Durai
}}

== Production ==
The film was produced by Anish Edmond Prabhu under the banner of Grey Magic Creations.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-12 |title=சத்யராஜின் தோழர் சேகுவேரா: வெளியீட்டுத் தேதி அறிவிப்பு |url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2024/Feb/12/sathyarajs-comrade-seguera-release-date-announced |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216075923/https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2024/Feb/12/sathyarajs-comrade-seguera-release-date-announced |archive-date=2024-02-16 |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=[[Dinamani]] |language=ta}}</ref> The cinematography was done by Sam while editing was handled by Gowtham Rajendran and music composed by Ashwin PS.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-04 |title=Glimpse of Sathyaraj's Thozhar CheGuevara unveiled |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/Oct/04/glimpse-of-sathyarajs-thozhar-cheguevara-unveiled-48269.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917180825/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/Oct/04/glimpse-of-sathyarajs-thozhar-cheguevara-unveiled-48269.html |archive-date=2024-09-17 |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-11 |title=தோழர் சேகுவேரா படத்தில் 'அடங்கமறு அத்துமீறு...' பாடல் - நடிகர் சத்யராஜ் |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/Cinema/CinemaNews/adangamaru-athumeeru-song-from-thozhar-cheguevera-film-actor-sathyaraj-1117659 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240905132512/https://www.dailythanthi.com/Cinema/CinemaNews/adangamaru-athumeeru-song-from-thozhar-cheguevera-film-actor-sathyaraj-1117659 |archive-date=2024-09-05 |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=[[Dina Thanthi]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== Release ==

===Theatrical===
The film was initially planned for release in theatres on 1 March 2024, but got postponed to 20 September 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 August 2024 |title=Sathyaraj's Thozhar CheGuevara gets new release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Aug/04/sathyarajs-thozhar-cheguevara-gets-new-release-date |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240804132556/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Aug/04/sathyarajs-thozhar-cheguevara-gets-new-release-date |archive-date=4 August 2024 |access-date=26 August 2024 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

=== Critical reception ===
Harshini BV of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film one-and-a-half out of five stars and wrote, "Such a heart-rending tale deserved a better screenplay with more focus and clarity".<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 September 2024 |title=Thozhar Cheguevera Movie Review : This Heart-rending Story Deserves More Focus and Clarity |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/thozhar-cheguevera/movie-review/113529321.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921030448/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/thozhar-cheguevera/movie-review/113529321.cms |archive-date=21 September 2024 |access-date=22 September 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]|last=BV|first=Harshini|language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}
*{{Rotten Tomatoes}}

[[Category:2024 action drama films]]
[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:2024 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Che Guevara]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language action drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Libas

2026-05-05T11:54:51Z

Brock211211849: added first post from scratch

{{Short description|Indian fashion brand}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Libas
| type = [[Privately held company|Private]]
| industry = [[Fashion]], [[Retail]]
| founded = {{Start date and age|1985}}
| founder = Sunil Keshwani
| hq_location = [[Noida]], [[India]]
| key_people = {{Unbulleted list|Sidhant Keshwani (CEO)|Sunil Keshwani}}
| products = [[Ethnic wear]], fusion wear
| owner = Zivore Apparel Pvt Ltd
| num_employees = 1,500
| website = {{URL|https://www.libas.in/}}
}}

'''Libas''' is an Indian [[fashion brand]] specializing in ethnic and fusion wear for women. The brand was founded in 1985 by Sunil Keshwani. It is led by Sidhant Keshwani, who is the CEO.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |date=2022-03-09 |title=Libas ropes in Sara Ali Khan as the face of the brand |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/brandwagon-libas-ropes-in-sara-ali-khan-as-the-face-of-the-brand-2455044/ |access-date=2025-02-04 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref> It operates in India under the parent company Zivore Apparel Pvt Ltd.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=30 May 2024 |title=D2C fashion brand Libas raises Rs 150Cr from ICICI Ventures |url=https://indianstartupnews.com/funding/d2c-fashion-brand-libas-raises-rs-150cr-from-icici-ventures-4710348 |access-date=2025-02-04 |website=indianstartupnews.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Ambwani |first=Meenakshi Verma |date=2024-05-30 |title=Ethnic wear brand Libas secures ₹150 crore funding to accelerate growth |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/ethnic-wear-brand-libas-secures-150-crore-funding-to-accelerate-growth/article68231550.ece |access-date=2025-02-04 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
Libas was established in 1985 by Sunil Keshwani.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-28 |title=Libas opens largest store in Lajpat Nagar, Delhi |url=https://www.indiaretailing.com/2024/08/28/libas-new-flagship-store-lajpat-nagar/ |access-date=2025-02-04 |website=India Retailing |language=English}}</ref> In 2013, his son Sidhant Keshwani assumed the role of CEO and expanded the brand's digital presence.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-22 |title=Libas launches new collection at LULU Fashion Week |url=https://www.imagesbof.in/libas-launches-new-collection-at-lulu-fashion-week/ |access-date=2025-02-04 |website=Images Business of Fashion |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Peer |first=Abha Garyali |date=2024-10-21 |title=60% of Libas’ festive ad budget is being directed toward Meta platforms:Sidhant Keshwani |url=https://www.adgully.com/60-of-libas-festive-ad-budget-is-being-directed-toward-meta-platforms-sidhant-keshwani-152094.html |access-date=2025-02-04 |website=www.adgully.com |language=en-US}}</ref> The company launched on [[e-commerce]] platforms [[Myntra]] and [[Flipkart]] in 2014.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Vaishnavi |date=2025-01-31 |title=Libas Unveils Plan to Open 100 Stores in the Next Year |url=https://www.indianretailer.com/interview/retail-people/new-commerce/libas-unveils-plan-open-100-stores-next-year |access-date=2025-02-04 |website=Indian Retailer |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar Jha |first=Abhinav |date=2024-10-05 |title=The Future Of Ethnic Wear |url=https://bwdisrupt.com/article/the-future-of-ethnic-wear-535296 |access-date=2025-02-04 |website=BW Disrupt |language=en}}</ref> By 2019, Libas became a [[Fast fashion|fast-fashion]] [[Direct-to-consumer|D2C]] (Direct-to-Consumer) company in the Indian wear segment with the launch of its official website. In 2020, Libas introduced its mobile shopping app for browsing, selecting, and purchasing Indian wear and launched the sub-brand Libas Extra Love, which focuses on plus-size apparel.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Junkie |first=APAC Ad |date=2022-03-11 |title=Sara Ali Khan Featured in Libas Campaign as its First Celebrity Brand Ambassador |url=https://www.brandinginasia.com/sara-ali-khan-featured-in-libas-campaign-as-its-first-celebrity-brand-ambassador/ |access-date=2025-02-04 |website=Branding in Asia |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last= |date=2022-04-29 |title=Ethnic wear brand Libas records Rs 600 cr GMV revenue in FY 22, plans to open 50 retail stores by the end of this year |url=https://retail.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/apparel-fashion/apparel/ethnic-wear-brand-libas-records-rs-600-cr-gmv-revenue-in-fy-22-plans-to-open-50-retail-stores-by-the-end-of-this-year/91178954 |access-date=2025-02-04 |website=ETRetail.com |language=en}}</ref>Libas expanded its horizons and went global with the launch of ShopLibas. This marked a significant step in taking Indian wear to international customers, across the world.

The brand entered the offline retail sector in 2021 with the opening of its first standalone store and expanded into multi-brand outlets (MBOs).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-01 |title=Libas Forays into Offline Retailing with Launch of Two Outlets in Delhi |url=https://www.indianretailer.com/news/libas-forays-into-offline-retailing-with-launch-of-two-outlets-in-delhi.n11461 |access-date=2025-02-04 |website=Indian Retailer |language=en}}</ref> In 2022, Libas introduced the Libas Art sub-brand, a premium line of occasion wear that includes hand-embroidered garments and pieces created using [[Artisan|artisanal]] techniques.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lamba |first=Charu |date=2024-08-09 |title=Libas to bet big on omnichannel expansion; eyes 100 EBOs by FY 2026 end |url=https://retail.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/apparel-fashion/libas-to-be-bet-big-on-omnichannel-expansion-eyes-100-ebos-by-fy-2026-end/112397278 |access-date=2025-02-04 |website=ETRetail.com |language=en}}</ref> By 2023, Libas expanded its retail operations into large-format stores (LFS) and became a mass brand with products ranging from Rs 1000 to 8000, providing wardrobe options for all seasons and occasions.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-01 |title=Libas Strengthens Offline Footprint, Expects 70 pc Growth during Festive Season |url=https://www.indianretailer.com/news/libas-strengthens-offline-footprint-expects-70-pc-growth-during-festive-season |access-date=2025-02-04 |website=Indian Retailer |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-04 |title=Libas to Open 50 Retail Stores in 2023 Pan-India |url=https://www.indianretailer.com/news/libas-eyes-to-open-50-retail-stores-in-2023-pan-india.n13325 |access-date=2025-02-04 |website=Indian Retailer |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-17 |title=Libas Opens Exclusive Bridal Outlet at Omaxe Chowk |url=https://www.indianretailer.com/news/libas-opens-exclusive-bridal-outlet-omaxe-chowk |access-date=2025-02-04 |website=Indian Retailer |language=en}}</ref> In 2024, the brand entered into the kid’s ethnic wear market by launching Libas Kids, a line of ethnic wear for girls aged 3 to 12 that includes kurta sets, [[lehenga]] sets, sharara sets and [[Anarkali]] suits in various prints and colours.<ref name=":4" /> The brand also expanded its presence on Amazon Fashion, TataCliq, and Nykaa Fashion.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=2024-09-27 |title=Retail India News: Libas Launches #UffTeriAdaa Campaign with Kiara Advani for Festive Winter Collection |url=https://www.indianretailer.com/news/retail-india-news-libas-launches-uffteriadaa-campaign-kiara-advani-festive-winter-collection |access-date=2025-02-04 |website=Indian Retailer |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5" />In 2026, Libas launched its new workwear brand – Gerua – using AI-led insights to meet the needs of the modern working women.<ref>{{cite web |title=Libas launches digital-first affordable workwear sub-brand Gerua |url=https://retail.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/apparel-fashion/apparel/libas-launches-digital-first-affordable-workwear-sub-brand-gerua/130456594 |website=The Economic Times Retail |access-date=2026-05-05}}</ref>

== Overview ==
Libas is focused on ethnic and fusion wear, including [[Kurta|kurtas]], kurta sets, suits, sarees, and contemporary styles. The brand operates through an [[omnichannel]] strategy, combining online marketplaces, direct-to-consumer platforms, and offline retail stores.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=2024-05-30 |title=Libas Raises Rs 150 Crore from IAF Series 5, Targets Omnichannel Growth |url=https://www.indianretailer.com/news/funding-alert-libas-raises-rs-150-crore-iaf-series-5-targets-omnichannel-growth |access-date=2025-02-04 |website=Indian Retailer |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> Libas delivers over 4,000 live SKUs and launches 100-150 new styles weekly.<ref name=":3" />

The company exports its products to several international markets, including the USA, UK, UAE, and Australia<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sabharwal |first=Punita |date=2024-12-04 |title=Doyens of D2C: How these Founders are Reshaping the Space |url=https://www.entrepreneur.com/en-in/news-and-trends/doyens-of-d2c-how-these-founders-are-reshaping-the-space/483765 |access-date=2025-02-04 |website=Entrepreneur |language=en}}</ref> and has collaborated with [[Bollywood]] celebrities for brand campaigns, including [[Kiara Advani]],<ref name=":6" /> [[Sanjeeda Sheikh]], [[Vaani Kapoor]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Crossley |first=Isabelle |date=2024-08-29 |title=Libas launches bridal store in Lajpat Nagar with Vaani Kapoor |url=https://in.fashionnetwork.com/news/Libas-launches-bridal-store-in-lajpat-nagar-with-vaani-kapoor,1659046.html#valentino |access-date=2025-02-04 |website=FashionNetwork.com |language=en-IN}}</ref> and [[Avneet Kaur]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-04 |title=Avneet Kaur adds festive glamour to Libas campaign |url=https://www.exchange4media.com/marketing-news/avneet-kaur-adds-festive-glamour-to-libas-campaign-139203.html |access-date=2025-02-04 |website=Indian Advertising Media & Marketing News |language=en}}</ref> were featured in marketing campaigns. In 2022, actress [[Sara Ali Khan]] became the brand ambassador.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-03-10 |title=Indian Ethnic Wear brand, 'Libas' announces its first celebrity face - Sara Ali Khan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/indian-ethnic-wear-brand-libas-announces-its-first-celebrity-face-sara-ali-khan/articleshow/90120690.cms |access-date=2025-02-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-10-30 |title=Soha Ali Khan stuns on the ramp for Riyaz Gangji’s LIBAS |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/fashion/luxury/runway/soha-ali-khan-stuns-on-the-ramp-for-riyaz-gangjjis-libas/articleshow/104818127.cms |access-date=2025-02-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":7" />

== Operations ==
Libas is headquartered in [[Noida]], India. It operates more than 40 exclusive brand outlets (EBOs) and has a presence in over 500 large-format stores and multi-brand outlets across the country.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2025-08-12 |title=11 Stores in a Day, Quick Commerce by Diwali: Inside Libas’ festive growth playbook |url=https://retail.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/apparel-fashion/apparel/libas-plans-11-new-stores-and-launches-quick-commerce-ahead-of-diwali/123251713 |access-date=2025-08-20 |website=retail.economictimes.indiatimes.com |language=en}}</ref> The company employs approximately 1,500 individuals. In May 2024, Libas secured its first external funding of INR 150 crore from IAF Series 5, managed by ICICI Venture.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-30 |title=Libas secures Rs 150 cr from IAF Series 5, aims to enhance omnichannel presence |url=https://www.indiaretailing.com/2024/05/30/libas-secures-rs-150-cr-from-iaf-series-5/ |access-date=2025-02-04 |website=India Retailing |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Crossley |first=Isabelle |date=2024-05-31 |title=Libas raises Rs 150 crore from IAF Series 5 to boost omni-channel operations |url=https://in.fashionnetwork.com/news/Libas-raises-rs-150-crore-from-iaf-series-5-to-boost-omni-channel-operations,1637232.html#jean-paul-gaultier |access-date=2025-02-04 |website=FashionNetwork.com |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-30 |title=Libas secures Rs 150 crore from IAF Series 5, a fund managed by ICICI Venture |url=https://indiantelevision.com/mam/marketing/brands/libas-secures-rs-150-crore-from-iaf-series-5,-a-fund-managed-by-icici-venture-240530 |access-date=2025-02-04 |website=indiantelevision.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":8" /> Libas has received several industry awards, including a [[Green building council|Platinum Green Building]] rating from the Indian [[Green building council|Green Building Council]] (IGBC).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-30 |title=Libas HQ receives platinum green building rating from IGBC |url=https://www.commercialdesignindia.com/insights/libas-hq-receives-platinum-green-building-rating-from-igbc |access-date=2025-02-04 |website=Commercial Design India |language=en-US}}</ref> The company won the Best Customer Engagement Strategy Award in Fashion Services by Quantic.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-13 |title=3rd Edition Awards - Customer Experience Excellence Awards |url=https://cxexcellenceawards.in/3rd-edition-awards/ |access-date=2025-02-04 |website=cxexcellenceawards.in |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.libas.in/ Libas website]


[[Category:Companies established in 1985]]
[[Category:Companies based in Noida]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1985]]
[[Category:Retail companies of India]]

Bhagwanpura, Rajasthan

2026-05-01T19:05:30Z

Brock211211849: put up pg...

{{Short description|Village in Rajasthan, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bhagwanpura
| settlement_type = Village
| map_caption = Bhagwanpura (India)
| pushpin_map = India Rajasthan#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| coordinates = {{coord|27.6004|N|73.8694|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bikaner District|Bikaner]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil|Sub-District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Jasrasar]]
| government_type = [[Panchayati Raj]]
| governing_body = [[Gram Panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 = 9.25
| population_total = 754
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products__rajasthan.html|title=Census of India : Provisional Population Totals Paper 1 of 2011 : Rajasthan|last=ORGI}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = [[Language]]
| demographics1_title1 = Official Language
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 334802
| registration_plate = RJ-50, RJ-07
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]]<ref name="langoff">{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=18 November 2024|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
}}

'''Bhagwanpura''' is a village in [[Jasrasar]] Tehsil of [[Bikaner District]], [[Rajasthan]], India.

People residing in this village rely on agriculture, consisting of irrigated and non-irrigated farming.

==Demographics==
According to the 2011 Census conducted by the [[Government of India]], the population of this village was 754, out of which 401 were males and 353 were females.<ref>{{cite web |title=Population of Bhagwanpura village as per 2011-Census, conducted by Government of India. |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/69718-bhagwanpura-rajasthan.html |access-date= 18 November 2024}}</ref>
The literacy rate was 60.16%.

Inhabitants of this village follows [[Hinduism]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Population by religious community - Bikaner District |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11390/download/14503/DDW08C-01%20MDDS.XLS}}</ref>

{{Bar box|float=right|title=Religion in Bhagwanpura village (2011)<ref name="Religion">{{cite web |title=Table C-01 Population By Religion - Rajasthan|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11390/download/14503/DDW08C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=census.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>|titlebar=#Fcd117|left1=Religion|right1=Percent|bars={{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|100}}
|caption=Distribution of religions in Bhagwanpura Village}}

[[Bagri language|Bagri]] is the most spoken language here.
[[Hindi Language|Hindi]], and [[English Language|English]] are officially used languages.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Languages in Bhagwanpura village|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10234/download/13346/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-0800.XLSX}}</ref>

{{Pie chart|thumb=left|value1=97|value2=2|value3=1|color1=yellow|color2=red|color3=Pink|caption=Languages of Bhagwanpura village(2011)|label1=[[Bagri language|Bagri]]|label2=[[Hindi]]|label3=[[English Language|English]]}}

==See also==
*[[Jasrasar]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==

[[Category:Villages in Bikaner district]]

{{Bikanerdivision-geo-stub}}

Mirror of News

2026-04-27T04:17:32Z

Brock211211849: added new post v1

{{Short description|Tibetan News}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox newspaper
| name = Mirror of News
| logo =
| image =
| caption =
| type = Monthly newspaper
| format =
| founded = {{start date and age|df=yes|1925}}
| owners = [[Gergan Dorje Tharchin]]
| political_position = [[Anti-communist]]
| headquarters = [[Kalimpong]], [[India]]
| editor =
| website =
| circulation =
| circulation_date =
| circulation_ref =
| oclc =
}}

The '''''Mirror of News''''' ({{Bo|t=ཡུལ་ཕྱོགས་སོ་སོའི་གསར་འགྱུར་མེ་ལོང|w=yul phyogs so so'i gsar 'gyur gyi me long|z=Yulchog Soseu Sargyour Mélong}}) or '''''Mirror of News from All Sides of the World''''' was a Tibetan-language newspaper published in [[Kalimpong]], [[India]], from 1925 to 1963<ref name="YP">{{Cite web|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/digital/collections/cul/texts/ldpd_6981643_000/index.html|title=Yul phyogs so soʾi gsar ʾgyur me loṅ|website=www.columbia.edu|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170623035557/http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/digital/collections/cul/texts/ldpd_6981643_000/index.html|archive-date=23 June 2017|url-status=|access-date=2017-08-29}}</ref><ref name="TM">{{Cite web|url=http://beinecke.library.yale.edu/collections/highlights/tibet-mirror|title=Tibet Mirror {{!}} Beinecke Rare Book & Manuscript Library|website=beinecke.library.yale.edu|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150410174008/http://beinecke.library.yale.edu/collections/highlights/tibet-mirror|archive-date=10 April 2015|url-status=|access-date=2017-08-29|quote="Tibet Mirror A digital archive of the [[Classical Tibetan|Tibetan-language]] newspaper, published from 1925 to 1963."}}</ref> and circulated primarily in [[Tibet]]. Its founder was [[Gergan Tharchin]] who was also its [[journalist]], [[editor]], and manager.

== History ==

===Creation and founder===
In 1925 the Tibetan language ''Mirror of News'' was founded at [[Kalimpong]] in [[West Bengal]], [[India]]. Published after ''The Ladakh Journal'' (''Ladakh Kyi Akbar''), it is the second [[Standard Tibetan|Tibetan language]] newspaper to have been started, per available records. Its founder was one [[Gergan Dorje Tharchin]], a Tibetan of [[Christian denomination]] who was a pastor at Kalimpong, at the time a border town that acted as a centre for the wool trade between [[Tibet]] and [[India]]. He was born in 1890 in [[Himachal Pradesh]], in a village named Poo (Wylie: ''spu''), and he was educated by [[Moravian Church|Moravian missionaries]].<ref name="Thubten Samphel">[[Thubten Samphel]], Virtual Tibet: The Media, in [https://books.google.com/books?id=_lLiIvbf9S4C ''Exile as challenge: the Tibetan diaspora''] (Dagmar Bernstorff, Hubertus von Welck eds), Orient Blackswan, 2003, 488 pages, especially pages 172-175 - {{ISBN|81-250-2555-3}}, {{ISBN|978-81-250-2555-9}}.</ref><ref>[[Lobsang Wangyal]], [http://www.lobsangwangyal.com/reportage/2005/2005.05.10-tibet_mirror.html The Tibet Mirror: The first Tibetan newspaper, now only a memory], ''Lobsang Wangyal's personal site'', 12 May 2005.</ref> He did not use his newspaper as a platform for proselytizing Christianity to his readers.<ref name="Thubten Samphel" />

Tharchin, also known as Tharchin Babu,<ref>Françoise Robin, "Le monde au reflet du Tibet : le journal ''Le Miroir des nouvelles'' au Collège de France", La lettre du Collège de France, 36 | décembre 2013, mis en ligne le 03 février 2014, http:// journals.openedition.org/lettre-cdf/1683</ref> served simultaneously as the journalist, chief editor and publisher of ''Mirror of News''. He would translate news from his own subscriptions into Tibetan for the journal.<ref>Lobsang Wangyal, op. cit.: ''"It was my grandfather who did all the work of the newspaper. He selected the news from the newspapers he subscribed to and translated them for the paper."''</ref> His goal was to awaken Tibetans to the modern world and introduce Tibet to the outside world.<ref>Lobsang Wangyal, op. cit.: ''Tharchin (...) made much effort to report on affairs of the world, to educate Tibetans and to encourage the opening up of Tibet to the changing modern world''.</ref> The journal reported on the [[1911 Revolution]], [[World War II]], the [[Indian independence movement]], and covered events in Tibet, India, and Kalimpong itself.<ref>Thubten Samphel, op. cit., p. 173: ''The Mirror published articles on world events and especially reported what was taking place in India, Tibet and in the region of Kalimpong''.</ref>

===Circulation and influence===
Published on a monthly basis, the journal first came out in October 1925 under the title ''Yulchog Sosoi Sargyur Melong'' (''Mirror of News from All Sides of the World'') ).<ref>Lobsang Wangyal, op. cit.: ''Yulchog Sosoi Sargyur Melong (Mirror of News from All Sides of the World) was the original Tibetan name of the Mirror of News. The first issue of the newspaper came out in October 1925. The issues came out at irregular intervals''.</ref> All 50 copies that were printed were sent to Gergan Tharchin's friends in [[Lhasa]], including one for the [[13th Dalai Lama]] who sent a letter encouraging him to continue with the publication and became an ardent reader. The [[14th Dalai Lama]] was to inherit the Dalai Lama's subscription.<ref>Lobsang Wangyal, op. cit.: ''Of the fifty initial copies, most were sent to his friends in Lhasa, including one to the 13th Dalai Lama. The 13th Dalai Lama became an ardent reader of the paper and encouraged Tharchin to continue with the publication (...). The current 14th Dalai Lama inherited the subscription of the late 13th''.</ref>

Despite its minuscule circulation, the journal exerted a huge influence on a small circle of Tibetan aristocrats, as well as on a smaller circle of Tibetan reformists.<ref>Thubten Samphel, op. cit., p. 173: ''Despite its minuscule circulation, the impact of Tibbet Mirror, though confined to a small circle of Tibetan aristocrats and an even smaller circle of Tibetan reformists (...) was enormous''.</ref> As the journal was an advocate of Tibet's independence, Tharchin's place became a meeting place for Tibetan nationalists and reformists anxious to modernise their country to counter China.<ref>Thubten Samphel, op. cit., pages 173 and 175: ''Tibetan nationalists, scholars and dissidents held regular conclaves at Babu Tharchin's place to discuss how Tibet could best avoid the gathering political storm'', ''Tharchin Babu and the office of Tibet Mirror became the meeting point of intellectuals and reformists who wanted to modernize Tibet so that it would effectively counter the challenges posed by a resurgent China''.</ref>

According to the opinion of Barun Roy, Tharchin was in close touch with the British intelligence agents operating out of Kalimpong, a town Roy says was a nest of political intrigue involving spies from India and China, refugees from Tibet, China, India and [[Burma]], plus Buddhist scholars, monks, and lamas. Tharchin was acquainted with [[Hisao Kimura]], a Japanese secret agent who had visited [[Mongolia]] on an undercover mission for the Japanese government, then travelled across Tibet to gather intelligence for the [[United Kingdom]]<ref>Barun Roy, op. cit. : ''In the late 1940s, Kalimpong (...) could be rightly described as a nest of political intrigue, involving British, Indian and Chinese spies, refugees from Tibet, China, India and Burma, with a sprinkling of Buddhist scholars, monks and lamas.''</ref>

In the 1950s, the Chinese Communists attempted to buy Tharchin's silence through an offer presented by a Tibetan aristocrat: The Chinese promised to order 500 copies of the newspaper, and gave the assurance Tharchin would not to go bankrupt. In exchange, he was requested not to publish anymore "anti-Chinese" articles, and to concentrate instead on the "progress" made by China in Tibet. Tharchin refused.<ref name="Thubten Samphel" />

===Bombing of monasteries===
Tharchin continued to report on China's atrocities. The Tibetan resistance against the brutal socialist policies of the [[Chinese Communist Party]] led to a witnessed battle at the [[Litang County#History|Lithang Monastery]] where monks, civilians, and Tibetan fighters tried to escape from a full-scale Chinese bombing assault and airstrike.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Goldstein |first=Melvyn C. |title=A history of modern Tibet. Volume 3: The storm clouds descend, 1955-1957 |publisher=University of California Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-520-27651-2 |location=Berkeley |pages=116–138, 228–281}}</ref> As the [[Tibetan Army|Tibetan army]] had already been destroyed in China's initial invasion of 1949-1950, all the Tibetans in Kham and at Lithang were civilians whose casualties were reported to be in the hundreds to the thousands,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Li |first=Jianglin |title=Tibet in agony : Lhasa 1959 |publisher=Harvard University Press |others=Wilf, Susan |year=2016 |isbn=9780674088894 |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |pages=Photo# 11 between pages 82 and 83 |oclc=946579956}}</ref> while other bombings and massacres of Tibetans in [[Kham]] and [[Amdo]] were also widely reported. An illustration in ''Mirror of News'' dated 1 July 1957 includes a count of monks murdered by these air assaults on Tibet's monasteries: "At Cha-phreng, 1,400 monks before the attack, ''it is said that there are not more than 7 now''; at Brag-mdo, 1,000 monks before the attack, ''there are none afterwards''; at Ba-thang, 700 monks before the attack, ''not more than one monk remains''."<ref>''Bombardement de monastères en 1956 (Le Miroir des nouvelles, vol. 23, n° 3, 1er juillet 1957, pp. 3-6). Le bilan des bombardements est indiqué sur les dessins (Cha phreng : 1 400 moines avant l’attaque, « on dit qu’il n’en reste plus que 7 »; Brag mdo : 1 000 moines avant l’attaque, « il n’en reste plus un seul »; ’Ba’ thang : 700 moines avant l’attaque, « il n’en reste plus un seul »)''</ref>

From 1956 to 1957, the ''Mirror of News'' printed several depictions of this attack at Lithang Monastery and the aerial bombing by the [[People's Liberation Army]], including the following English caption:<ref>{{Cite book |last=Li |first=Jianglin |title=Tibet in agony : Lhasa 1959 |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2016 |isbn=9780674088894 |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |pages=Photo# 11 (of original drawing) between pages 82 and 83 |translator-last=Wilf |translator-first=Susan |oclc=946579956 |quote=They are killing several thousand of our freedom-loving, brave, ill-armed Khampas, with modern weapons; and distroying monasterees [sic]. The world is protesting the aggressor in Europe and W. Asia, but alas! There is no voice for Tibet. |orig-year=5 October 1956}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Tharchin |first=Dorje |url=https://archive.org/details/ldpd_6981643_000 |title=Yul phyogs so soʾi gsar ʾgyur me loṅ (Tibet Mirror) |date=1956 |publisher=The Tibet Mirror Press |others=Columbia University Libraries |location=Kalimpong, India |pages=Volume XXIII, Number 11, page 4 |language=bo, en}}</ref>
{{blockquote|They are killing several thousand of our freedom-loving, brave, ill-armed Khampas, with modern weapons; and distroying monasterees [sic]. The world is protesting the aggressor in Europe and W. Asia, but alas! There is no voice for Tibet.}}

===End of publication===
The ''Mirror of News'' ceased publishing in 1963<ref name="YP" /><ref name="TM" /> when the exiled Tibetan community began publishing their first newspaper – ''Tibetan Freedom'' – founded by [[Gyalo Thondup]]<ref name="Thubten Samphel" /> from [[Darjeeling]].<ref>Thubten Samphel, op. cit., p. 175: ''Tibet Mirror ceased publication in 1962 when the Tibetan refugees brought out their own newspaper called Tibetan Freedom from neighbouring Darjeeling''.</ref> Tharchin's son said his father was too old to continue his publication. Tharchin Babu died in 1976.<ref>Lobsang Wangyal, op. cit.: ''the paper came to an end in 1962, and Tharchin died in 1976. "My grandfather was getting too old to continue the paper." ''</ref>

As of 2005, the small house in Kalimpong on Giri Road, where the ''Mirror of News'' was based, is still standing with a sign board reading "The Tibet Mirror Press, Kalimpong, Est. 1925" in English, Tibetan and Hindi.<ref>Lobsang Wangyal, op. cit.: ''"The Tibet Mirror Press; Established 1925", reads the sign board on the crumbling tinned house (...) on Giri road''.</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Paul G. Hackett, [https://library.columbia.edu/content/dam/libraryweb/locations/eastasian/Mirror_Hackett.pdf Kalimpong, Gergan Dorje Tharchin, and his Mirror newspaper], Columbia University, retrieved 24 March 2021.
*[[Tashi Tsering (tibetologist)|Tashi Tsering]], ''The Life of Rev. G. Tharchin: Missionary and Pioneer'', Amnye Machen Institute, Dharamsala, 1998
*H. (Herbert) Louis Fader, ''Called from Obscurity: The Life and Times of a True Son of Tibet - Gergan Dorje Tharchin'', Tibet Mirror Press, Kalimpong, Vol. 1, 2002; Vol. 2, 2004; Himalayan Ecosphere Publisher, Vol. 3, 2009 (Long Title: ''Called from Obscurity: The Life and Times of a True Son of Tibet, God's Humble Servant from Poo, Gergan Dorje Tharchin, with Particular Attention Given to His Good Friend and Illustrious Co-Laborer in the Gospel Sadhu Sundar Singh of India, with a foreword by His Holiness Dalai Lama XIV of Tibet and an introduction by Dawa Norbu'')

== External links ==
* [http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/digital/collections/cul/texts/ldpd_6981643_000/ Digitized access to 224 issues of the ''Tibet Mirror''], archival holdings published between the years 1927–1963, through Columbia University Libraries, including collections at the Beinecke Rare Book & Manuscript Library at Yale University.
* [https://brbl-dl.library.yale.edu/vufind/Record/3558737 Digitized access to seventy-one issues of the ''Tibet Mirror''], published between the years 1927–1963, through the Beinecke Rare Book & Manuscript Library at Yale University.

[[Category:Kalimpong]]
[[Category:Newspapers published in India]]
[[Category:Tibetan-language newspapers]]
[[Category:Tibetan independence movement]]
[[Category:Newspapers established in 1925]]
[[Category:Indigenous rights publications]]
[[Category:1925 establishments in India]]
[[Category:1963 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Publications disestablished in 1963]]
[[Category:Tibetan diaspora in India]]
[[Category:Newspapers published in West Bengal]]

Kerala Maritime Board

2026-04-26T19:59:49Z

Brock211211849: starting a article

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Kerala Maritime Board
| image = Kerala Maritime Board Logo.svg
| image_size = 300px
| caption = KMB Logo
| formation = 2017
| type = [[Port authority]]
| headquarters = [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]
| region_served = [[Kerala]]
| leader_title = Minister for Ports
| leader_name = [[V.N. Vasavan]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Leadership Team |url=http://kmb.kerala.gov.in/en/about/board-of-directors |website=Kerala Maritime Board |access-date=22 July 2023}}</ref>
| parent_organization = [[Department of Fisheries and Ports (Kerala)|Department of Fisheries and Ports]], Government of Kerala
| website = {{url|http://kmb.kerala.gov.in}}
}}

The '''Kerala Maritime Board (KMB)''' based at [[Trivandrum]] is a governmental organisation in the state of [[Kerala]], India. It was founded in 2017 to control, manage and operate the minor ports of Kerala. The state of Kerala has a 590km long coastline with 17 notified non major ports and Two major port Cochin Port and [[Vizhinjam International Seaport Thiruvananthapuram]] .

==History==
The Kerala Maritime Board was founded in 2017 under the Kerala Maritime Board Act, 2017.<ref>{{cite web |title=About KMB |url=http://kmb.kerala.gov.in/en/about/overview |website=Kerala Maritime Board |access-date=22 July 2023}}</ref> It was created by merging the Directorate of Ports, Kerala State Maritime Development Corporation Limited, and the Kerala Maritime Society.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kerala Maritime Board with skeletal staff struggles to ensure legal, safety compliance |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-maritime-board-with-skeletal-staff-struggles-to-ensure-legal-safety-compliance/article66337648.ece |access-date=22 July 2023 |agency=The Hindu |date=5 January 2023}}</ref> It controls, manage and operates total 17 minor ports of Kerala.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kerala Maritime Board forms land management unit to protect port land |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-maritime-board-forms-land-management-unit-to-protect-port-land/article66954516.ece |access-date=22 July 2023 |agency=The Hindu |date=10 June 2023}}</ref>

==Ports==
KMB operates 17 minor ports of Kerala and they are listed below. 3 of them have Immigration checkpoint facility.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! No
! Port
! District
! Port Type
! Immigration Checkpoint
! Remarks
|-
| 1|| [[Vizhinjam Port]] (Not to be confused with [[Vizhinjam International Seaport Thiruvananthapuram]] || [[Thiruvananthapuram district|Thiruvananthapuram]] || Minor || Yes || Seaport
|-
| 2|| Valiyathura Port|| [[Thiruvananthapuram district|Thiruvananthapuram]] || Minor || No || Seaport
|-
| 3|| [[Kollam Port]] || [[Kollam district|Kollam]] || Intermediate || Yes || Seaport<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kollam-port-gets-icp-clearance/article68293607.ece |date=15 Jun 2024 |title=Kollam port gets ICP clearance |publisher=The Hindu |access-date=16 Jun 2024}}</ref>
|-
| 4|| [[Neendakara Port]] || [[Kollam district|Kollam]] || Intermediate || No || Seaport
|-
| 5|| Kayamkulam Port|| [[Alappuzha District|Alappuzha]]|| Minor || No || Seaport
|-
| 6|| Alappuzha Port|| [[Alappuzha District|Alappuzha]]|| Intermediate || No || Seaport
|-
| 7|| Kodungallur Port || [[Thrissur District|Thrissur]]|| Minor || No || Seaport
|-
| 8|| Ponnani Port || [[Malappuram District|Malapuram]] ||Minor || No || Seaport
|-
| 9|| [[Beypore#Beypore_Port|Beypore Port]]|| [[Kozhikode District|Kozhikode]] || Intermediate || No || Seaport
|-
| 10|| Kozhikode Port|| Kozhikode || Intermediate || Yes || Seaport
|-
| 11|| Vadakara Port|| Kozhikode || Intermediate || No || Seaport
|-
| 12|| Thalassery Port|| [[Kannur District|Kannur]] || Minor || No || Seaport
|-
| 13|| Kannur Port|| Kannur ||Minor || No || Seaport
|-
| 14|| Azhikkal Port|| Kannur || Intermediate || No || Riverine
|-
| 15|| Nileshwaram Port|| [[Kasargod District|Kasargod]] || Minor || No || Seaport
|-
| 16|| Kasaragod Port|| [[Kasargod District|Kasargod]] || Minor || No || Seaport
|-
| 17|| Manjeshwaram Port|| [[Kasargod District|Kasargod]]||Minor || No || Seaport
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[Department of Fisheries and Ports (Kerala)|Department of Ports, Government of Kerala]]
* [[Ports in Kerala]]
* [[Vizhinjam International Seaport]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Organisations based in Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:State agencies of Kerala]]
[[Category:Maritime organisations based in India]]

Subah of Lahore

2026-04-21T09:15:29Z

Brock211211849: Created A Entry Needs Work

{{Short description|Subdivision of the Mughal Empire between 1580–1758}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox former country
| conventional_long_name = Lahore Subah
| common_name = Lahore Subah
| era = Early modern period
| year_start = 1580
| year_end = 1758
| date_end = 15 September
| life_span = 1580–1758
| p1 = Mughal Empire
| s1 = Durrani Empire
| flag_s1 = Flag of Herat until 1842.svg
| s2 = Sikh Confederacy
| s3 = Sial dynasty
| flag_s2 = Kattar Dhal Talwar.jpg
| image_map = Elaborately illustrated map of the Lahore Subah of the Mughal Empire commissioned by Jean Baptiste Joseph Gentil, ca.1770.jpg
| image_map_caption = Elaborately illustrated map of the Lahore Subah of the Mughal Empire commissioned by [[Jean Baptiste Joseph Gentil]], ca.1770
| capital = [[Lahore]]
| government_type = [[Administrative division|Subdivision]]
| today = {{plainlist|
* [[India]]
* [[Pakistan]]}}
| area_label = 1601
| area_sq_mi = 54428<ref>{{Cite book |last=Habib |first=Irfan |url= |title=An Atlas of the Mughal Empire: Political and Economic Maps with Detained Notes, Bibliography and Index |date=1986 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-560379-8 |language=en|chapter=Table I: Area and ''ʽJama'' of the Mughal Empire, c. 1601|author-link=Irfan Habib|pp=xii–xiii}}</ref>
}}

The '''Subah of Lahore''' ({{langx|pa|{{nq|لہور دا صوبہ}}|La(h)ōr Dā Sūbāh}}; {{langx|fa|{{nq|صوبه لاهور}}|Sūbah-yi-Lāhor}}) was one of the three ''[[subah]]s'' (provinces) of the [[Mughal Empire]] in the [[Punjab|Punjab region]], alongside [[Subah of Multan|Multan]] and Delhi subahs, encompassing the northern, central and eastern [[Punjab]].<ref name=lally>{{Cite book |last=Lally |first=Jagjeet |chapter=Environment |date=2021-04-01 |title=India and the Silk Roads: The History of a Trading World |pages=21–46 |url= |access-date= |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |language=en |doi=10.1093/oso/9780197581070.003.0002 |isbn=978-0-19-758107-0}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Wahi |first=Tripta |title=Irrigation, State and Society in Pre-colonial India |publisher=Nehru Memorial Museum and Library |year=2013 |isbn=9789383650002 |pages=3}}</ref> It was created as one of the original 12 [[Subah]]s of the Mughal Empire under the administrative reforms carried by [[Akbar]] in 1580. In 1752, the [[Subahdar]] [[Moin-ul-Mulk]] transferred his allegiance to [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]]. The province ceased to exist as a political unit after the death of [[Adina Beg]] in 1758, with large parts being incorporated into [[Durrani Empire]]. Collectively, Lahore and [[Subah of Multan|Multan subahs]], and parts of [[Subah of Delhi|Delhi subah]], comprised "Mughal Punjab".<ref name=lally/><ref name=":1" />

==Geography==
[[File:Lahore Subah.png|thumb|Lahore Subah depicted in map of Mughal India by Robert Wilkinson (1805)]]
The subah of Lahore was bordered on the south by the [[Multan Subah]] and [[Delhi Subah]], to the north by [[Mughal Kashmir|Kashmir Subah]], to the west by the [[Kabul Subah]], and to the north east by the semi-autonomous hill states.<ref name="auto1">{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Surinder |title=The Mughal Subah of Lahore, 1581-1751: A Study of Administrative Structure and Practices |date=1985 |publisher=Panjab University}}{{pn|date=May 2022}}</ref>

==History==
===Establishing Mughal control===
In 1519, [[Babur]] first crossed the [[Indus River]] and took control of the entire [[Sind Sagar Doab]] up to [[Bhera]] and [[Khushab]] and by 1524 he had sacked Lahore. He then appointed representatives to key positions in his newly occupied territories, including Mir Abdul Aziz at Lahore.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Shyam |first1=Radhey |title=Babur |date=1978 |publisher=Janaki Prakashan |page=291}}</ref> He went on to take several key hill forts such as Kutila, [[Harur]] and [[Bilaspur State (princely state)|Kahlur]].<ref name="auto1"/> By 1526 the whole region from the [[Indus River|Indus]] to the [[Sutlej River|Sutlej]] was under his control.

After Babur's death, his son [[Kamran]] annexed the region up to the Sutlej, an act acquiesced by [[Humayun]] based in [[Delhi]]. Now lacking resources from the strategically important region, Humayun struggled in his conflict against [[Sher Shah Suri]] and fled to [[Kabul]].<ref name="auto1"/> The region now became part of the [[Sur Empire]].
[[File:'Arrival of Humayun in the City of Lahore', illustrated folio from the "third" Akbarnama manuscript, ca.1595–1600.jpg|thumb|'Arrival of Humayun in the City of Lahore', illustrated folio from the "third" Akbarnama manuscript, ca.1595–1600]]
Sher Shah instituted a policy of populating the region from Nilab to [[Lahore]] with [[Afghans]] from Roh.<ref name="auto2">{{cite book |last1=Prasad |first1=Ishwari |title=The Life and Times of Humayun |date=1976 |publisher=Central Book Depot |page=92}}</ref> Next he launched campaigns against the Gakkhars, about whom he suspected of being friendly with the Mughals.<ref name="auto2">{{cite book |last1=Prasad |first1=Ishwari |title=The Life and Times of Humayun |date=1976 |publisher=Central Book Depot |page=92}}</ref> During this period, Sher Shah constructed the [[Rohtas Fort]] near [[Jhelum]]. Following the death of Sher Shah's successor, Islam Shah. In 1555, the Sur Empire fragmented into four separate and hostile divisions. The Punjab region came under the control of Sikandar Suri and later Adil Suri who also controlled Delhi and [[Agra]]. However Mughal forces under Humayun defeated Adil at the [[Battle of Sirhind (1555)|Battle of Sirhind]] in 1555 and re-established the Mughal Empire across the Punjab and northern India.

Over the next twenty-four year, the Mughals gradually consolidated power in the Punjab. Campaigns followed to subdue local [[Zamindars]], the Hill forts, and remnants of the Afghan establishment. The Gakkhars were co-opted and assimilated into the Mughal polity under Kamal Khan, son of [[Sultan Sarang Khan|Rai Sarang]].<ref name="auto1"/> In 1566 and 1581 [[Mirza Muhammad Hakim|Mirza Hakim]], half-brother of Akbar launched unsuccessful campaigns to occupy Lahore.

In 1580, [[Akbar]] re-organised his territories into twelve subahs, one of which was the Lahore Subah.
[[File:Painting depicting the arrival of Prince Aurangzeb at the court of Lahore (9 January 1640), by Murar.jpg|thumb|Painting depicting the arrival of Prince Aurangzeb at the court of Lahore (9 January 1640) and him being greeted by Shah Jahan, by Murar]]
Between the dates August 1638 to 1642, Shah Jahan shifted the Mughal court to Lahore owing to his armies that were currently battling the forces of the Shah of Persia over control of the Kandahar Fort in nearby Afghanistan.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Murar - The Arrival of Prince Awrangzeb at the court at Lahore (9 January 1640) |url=https://www.rct.uk/collection/1005025-as/the-arrival-of-prince-awrangzeb-at-the-court-at-lahore-9-january-1640 |access-date=2023-08-05 |website=The Royal Collection Trust (www.rct.uk) |language=en}}</ref> Aurangzeb (then a prince) made a brief visit to Lahore on 9 January 1640.<ref name=":0" />

===Decline===
Following the death of [[Bahadur Shah I|Bahadur Shah]] in 1712, the Mughal Empire was ruled by a succession of rulers influenced by powerful and competing nobles. The erosion of imperial authority soon impacted the provinces where local rulers began to declare independence. The loss of territory, and failure to exert to military influence over the provinces led to a loss of revenue and financial crisis across the empire.<ref name="auto1"/> In the Lahore Subah, the tenure of governors increased and began to be seen as a hereditary post.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Surinder |title=The Mughal Subah of Lahore, 1581-1751: A Study of Administrative Structure and Practices |date=1985 |publisher=Panjab University}}</ref> Between 1713 and 1745, the role of governor was held by just two people, father and son, [[Abd al-Samad Khan]] and [[Zakariya Khan Bahadur|Zakariyah Khan]].<ref name="auto1"/>

The death of Zakariyah Khan further hastened the end of Mughal rule in the subah. A conflict between the emperor [[Muhammad Shah]] and his wazir, [[Itimad-ad-Daula, Qamar-ud-Din Khan|Qamruddin]], led to a delay in appointing a replacement governor.<ref name="auto1"/> Eventually, Qamruddin was made governor of both the Lahore and Multan subahs, and he nominated first Mir Momin Khan and later Yahya Khan, the son of late Zakariya Khan and his son-in-law, to deputise for him as governor in the two subahs.<ref name="auto1"/>

The absence of a strong administration since Zakariyah Khan's death hindered Yahya Khan. He was forced to deal with increased raiding by [[Sikhs]] and a rebellion by [[Shah Nawaz Khan (Mughal Empire)|Hayatullah Khan]], his brother and governor of Multan.<ref name="auto1"/> On 21 March 1747 Hayatullah Khan successfully defeated Yayha Khan in battle. The ousting of Yahya Khan was the first instance of a legitimate appointed governor being displaced in the subah. When his attempts to legitimise his position with the Mughal central government failed, Hayatullah Khan allied himself with [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]], [[Emir]] of the [[Durrani Empire]]. In response, the Mughal government offered to legitimise him and grant him the subahs of Kabul, Kashmir, [[Sind State|Thatta]], Lahore and Multan if he defeated Durrani, an offer he accepted. In January 1748, Hayatullah Khan [[Battle of Lahore (1748)|was defeated by the Afghans]] and fled to Delhi.<ref name="auto1"/>

Having occupied Lahore, the Afghans proceeded to Delhi however [[Battle of Manupur|were defeated at Sirhind]] in March 1748. Having seen off the Afghans, the Mughals appointed [[Moin-ul-Mulk]], son of Qamruddin, as governor of Lahore and Multan subahs. Durrani launched a second invasion later in the year resulting in a peace agreement which gave the revenues of the ''Chahar Mahal'', namely [[Sialkot]], [[Gujrat, Pakistan|Gujrat]], [[Pasrur]] and Aurangabad to the Afghans. He then faced a rebellion by first Nazir Khan, the Afghan appointed to collect the revenues of the Chahar Mahal, and later Hayatullah Khan, both at the instigation of the [[Safdar Jung]] the new Mughal wazir based in Delhi.<ref name="auto1"/> Despite successfully defeating both rebellions, Muinul Mulk was then attacked by Durrani for his failure to pay the revenues of the Chahar Mahal. Lacking support from the central government in Delhi, he again enlisted Sikh mercenaries who had aided him in his previous two campaigns.<ref name="auto1"/> The protracted conflict with Abdali led to widespread destruction across the subah and in 1752 Muinul Mulk [[Battle of Lahore (1752)|was finally defeated by Afghan forces]]. The subah of Lahore was now annexed by the Afghans, however Muinul Mulk was left in place to govern until his death on 4 November 1753. The Mughals continued to claim authority in the subah and appointed their own governor Mir Momin Khan to challenge Afghan authority, even briefly re-occupying the subah in 1756, however they were quickly defeated.<ref name="auto1"/> For a period [[Mughlani Begum]], the widow of Muinul Mulk exercised de-facto authority, however, proper Durrani control was established in 1757 and [[Timur Shah Durrani]] was placed as viceroy at Lahore. In 1758, the [[Faujdar]] of [[Doaba|Jalandhar Doab]], [[Adina Beg]], sought assistance from Marathas and expelled Afghans from the province. However, his untimely death caused Durrani Empire to again occupy it in 1761.<ref name=K.RoyIHB>{{cite book | last=Roy |first=Kaushik |title=India's Historic Battles: From Alexander the Great to Kargil |publisher=Permanent Black, India |pages=80–1 |isbn=978-81-7824-109-8|year=2004 }}</ref> By 1765, Durranis had [[Sikh period in Lahore|lost Lahore]] to a triumvirate of [[Sikhs|Sikh]] [[Sardar|sardars]] as well.

==Administration==
As per the ''[[Ain-i-Akbari]]'', the ''[[Pargana|parganas]]'' of the Lahore Subah were categorized under ''[[Doab|doabas]]'' or ''doabs'' (tract of land located between two rivers), with the residue being assigned to the ''Birun-i-Panjnad'' ("outside the five rivers").<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Habib |first=Irfan |title=An Atlas of the Mughal Empire: Political and Economic Maps with Detailed Notes, Bibliography and Index |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1986 |edition=reprint |location=New Delhi |pages=sheets 0A and 4A, pages VII–VIII, 8–13}}</ref> However, Habib cautions that this could not have been the official administrative system of the subah but rather was used for general purposes, as it would mean distant areas (for example, locations west of the Indus River or east of the Sutlej River) separated by various divisions would have been part of the same administrative unit, the Birun-i-Panjnad.<ref name=":02" /> Another quirk about Lahore Subah's administration set-up was that ''dastur'' circles were not associated with the sarkars, with the dastur-circle boundaries not adhering to the boundaries of the rivers that marked Lahore Subah's divisions.<ref name=":02" />

The province of Lahore was divided into five ''[[Circar|sarkars]]'' (divisions), which in turn were further divided into ''[[Mahallah|mahals]]'' (districts). The five sarkars were ''[[Rechna Doab|Rechna]]'', ''[[Bist Doab|Bist Jalandhar]]'', ''[[Bari Doab|Bari]]'', ''[[Sindh Sagar Doab|Sindh Sagar]]'' and ''[[Jech Doab|Jech]]'', as detailed below:
* '''Sindh Sagar Doab''': It consisted of 42 ''mahals''. Notable among them were [[Hazara region|Hazara Qarlugh]], [[Attock]], [[Rohtas Fort|Rohtas]], [[Pindi Gheb]], [[Pind Dadan Khan|Shamsabad]] and [[Khushab]].{{sfnp|Ain-i-Akbari|1949|pages=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.460916/page/n333/mode/1up 326–328]}}
* '''Jech Doab''': It consisted of 21 ''mahals'', the most notable being [[Bhimber]], [[Dadyal]], [[Gujrat, Pakistan|Gujrat]], [[Bhera]], [[Malot Fort|Malot]], and [[Takht Hazara|Hazara]].{{sfnp|Ain-i-Akbari|1949|page=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.460916/page/n332/mode/1up 325]}}
* '''Rechna Doab''': It consisted of 57 ''mahals''. Notable ''mahals'' in the ''Rechna sarkar'' included [[Jammu]], [[Jasrota]], [[Chamba, Himachal Pradesh|Chamba]], [[Sialkot]], [[Pasrur]], [[Zafarwal]], [[Hafizabad]], [[Eminabad]], [[Chiniot]] and [[Shorkot]].{{sfnp|Ain-i-Akbari|1949|pages=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.460916/page/n330/mode/1up 323–324]}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Das |first=Ganesh|author-link=|url= |title= Chār Bāgh-i-Panjāb|translator-last1= Banga |translator-first1=Indu |translator-last2= Grewal |translator-first2=J. S.|edition=2nd|translator-link2=J. S. Grewal|translator-link=Indu Banga|date=1975 |publisher=Amritsar: [[Guru Nanak Dev University|Guru Nanak University]] |others=|pages=109|volume=}}</ref>
* '''Bist Jalandhar Doab''': It consisted of 60 ''mahals'', the most notable being [[Sultanpur Lodhi|Sultanpur]], [[Nakodar]], [[Mamdot]], [[Bajwara]] and [[Jalandhar]].{{sfnp|Ain-i-Akbari|1949|pages=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.460916/page/n327/mode/1up 320–321]}}
* '''Bari Doab''': It consisted of 52 ''mahals'', the most notable being [[Kangra, Himachal Pradesh|Kangra]], [[Batala]], [[Pathankot]], [[Lahore]], [[Kasur]],{{sfnp|Ain-i-Akbari|1949|pages=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.460916/page/n329/mode/1up 322–323]}} and [[Dipalpur]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Das |first=Ganesh|author-link=|url= |title= Chār Bāgh-i-Panjāb|translator-last1= Banga |translator-first1=Indu |translator-last2= Grewal |translator-first2=J. S.|edition=2nd|translator-link2=J. S. Grewal|translator-link=Indu Banga|date=1975 |publisher=Amritsar: [[Guru Nanak Dev University|Guru Nanak University]] |others=|pages=140|volume=}}</ref>
The Lahore Subah was divided into the following ''[[Sarkar (administrative division)|sarkars]]'' as per [[Irfan Habib|Irfan Habib's]] work based on the ''[[Ain-i-Akbari]]'':<ref name=":02" />
{| class="wikitable"
|+List of ''[[Sarkar (administrative division)|sarkars]]'' of Lahore Subah in 1601 as per Irfan Habib (1986){{Efn|The area of the sarkars is based on the years 1595–6/1601. The revenue figures are the official estimates for ''jama'' or ''naqdī'' as per the ''Ain-i-Akbari''. However, the revenue figures do not take into account the regional variations in price-levels. The jama' is stated in ''dams'' (a copper coin). At the time of the Ain-i-Akbari one rupee was worth 40 dams.|group=note}}<ref name=":02" />
!No.
!Name
!Area ([[Square mile|sq. mi.]])
!Revenue (''[[Dam (Indian coin)|dams]]'')
|-
|1.
|Bet Jalandhar Doab
|6,312 mi2
|124,365,212
|-
|2.
|Bari Doab
|6,856 mi2
|142,808,183
|-
|3.
|Rachnao Doab
|13,797 mi2
|172,047,391
|-
|4.
|Chanhat Doab
|7,076 mi2
|64,502,394
|-
|5.
|Sind Sagar Doab
|19,985 mi2
|51,912,201
|-
|6.
|Birun Panjnad
|402 mi2
|3,822,740
|-
! colspan="2" |Total for the subah:
!54,428 mi2
!559,458,121
|}

==Government==
The subah was ruled by a governor, called a subedar (viceroy). His duties involved maintaining the peace, subduing the northern hill states, hearing cases in court, supervising provincial officers and undertaking works of public utility.<ref name="auto1"/> Usually a single governor was appointed, however for a brief period during Akbar's reign he appointed two governors in case one came to court or fell ill.<ref name="Husain1970">{{cite journal |last1=Husain |first1=Afzal |title=Provincial Governors Under Akbar (1580-1605) |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |date=1970 |volume=32 |pages=269–277 |jstor=44141074 }}</ref> Akbar further believed, following his experience with the Atka Khail in the Punjab, that it was necessary to regularly transfer governors to avoid them becoming too powerful. As such, for much of its history, governors only served short terms in the subah.<ref name="Husain1970"/>

A diwan was in charge of all financial affairs, and all faujdars, jagirdars, zamindars, amins, karoris and qanungoes, were required to refer revenue matters to the diwan.<ref name="auto1"/> In 1595 the diwan was made independent of the governor, and placed directly under the control of the diwan-i-ala in the central government.

A provincial bakshi controlled military affairs. He ensured that the mansabdars fulfilled their duties and issued certificates to that effect. The bakshi was also acted as the official news writer of the subah, reporting all affairs to the central government.<ref name="auto1"/>

In Lahore, the capital of the subah, a [[Qadi|qazi]] was appointed, who heard cases, carried out investigations, and delivered judgments.<ref name="auto1"/>

==Economy==
Under the Mughals, the city of Lahore became one of the largest in the [[medieval era|medieval world]], with population of 400,000 to 700,000 in the 17th century.<ref name="Dyson"/><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Zwart |first1=Pim de |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PDdqDwAAQBAJ&dq=lahore+population+in+1600&pg=PA176 |title=The Origins of Globalization: World Trade in the Making of the Global Economy, 1500-1800 |last2=Zanden |first2=Jan Luiten van |date=2018-09-20 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-42699-2 |language=en}}</ref> In contrast, only three cities in Europe had population of more than 200,000 in 1600.<ref name="Dyson">{{Cite book |last=Dyson |first=Tim |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3TRtDwAAQBAJ&dq=lahore+population+in+1600&pg=PA63 |title=A Population History of India: From the First Modern People to the Present Day |date=2018 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-882905-8 |language=en}}</ref> In his 1670 epic poem [[Paradise lost]], English poet John Milton made reference to Lahore as one of the most prosperous cities which Adam saw from the hill of Paradise, "''To [[Agra]] and [[Lahore|Lahor]] of Great Mogul — To seat of Mightiest Empires.''"<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1065324&ved=2ahUKEwi1ndmArLj7AhWVieYKHeNGB98QFnoECE8QAQ&usg=AOvVaw1_Qw9ybsl-aLjvhLoetizY |access-date=2022-11-18 |title=Dawn Features; December 1, 2003|date=December 2003 }}</ref>
[[File:Zamzama.jpg|thumb|200 px|Zamzama Gun (1757), cast in Lahore]]
===Weaponry===
Lahore, along with Delhi, was the most important center of production of military equipment of Mughal empire.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=T7HpAAAAMAAJ&q=mughals |title= A Century of Collecting, 1882-1982: A Guide to the Manchester City Art Galleries |author= Timothy Clifford |date= 1983 |publisher= Manchester City Art Gallery |isbn= 9780901673206 |quote= Under the Mughals, Delhi and Lahore had been the most important centres for the production of military equipment. }}</ref> In 1757, when the Subah of Lahore came temporarily under control of Ahmed Shah Abdali, the [[Zamzama|Zamzama cannon]] was ordered to be cast by Shah Nazir, a [[metalsmith]] of the former [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] viceroy of the Lahore Subah, [[Moin-ul-Mulk]].<ref>[http://www.dawn.com/weekly/books/archive/070318/books2.htm New Frontiers of Metallurgy in Archaeology of Punjab Pakistan By Dr Parvaiz Habibullah Educational Press. Pakistan Chowk, Karachi] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927220840/http://www.dawn.com/weekly/books/archive/070318/books2.htm |date=27 September 2007 }}</ref> This gun was one of the largest ever made in [[Indian subcontinent|the sub-continent]].

===Steel manufacturing===
{{Also|Celestial globe#17th Century}}

Lahore was also a major centre of production of seamless steel, especially the famous [[Wootz steel]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LgETAQAAMAAJ&q=wootz+steel+lahore |title=Metallurgy in India: A Retrospective |date=2001 |publisher=India International Publisher |language=en}}</ref> In the 17th century, a celestial globe was made by Diya’ ad-din Muhammad in [[Lahore]], 1668.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Celestial globe|url=https://www.nms.ac.uk/explore-our-collections/collection-search-results/|access-date=2020-10-15|website=National Museums Scotland|language=en}}</ref> The globe itself was manufactured in one piece, so as to be seamless. This complicated process was, if not invented, then certainly perfected, in the Lahore workshop Diya’ ad-din Muhammad worked in.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Savage-Smith|first=Emilie|title=Islamicate Celestial Globes: Their History, Construction, and Use|publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press|year=1985|location=Washington, D.C.|pages=34}}</ref> About twenty such [[globe]]s were produced in [[Lahore]] during the Mughal Empire.

==Architecture==

The Lahore Subah, particularly the city of Lahore, has large number of Mughal Era monuments. Lahore's prosperity and central position has yielded more Mughal-era monuments in Lahore than either [[Delhi]] or [[Agra]].<ref name=mughaleconomist>{{cite news|title=Short Cuts|url=https://www.economist.com/news/asia/21695034-chinese-style-modernisation-draws-perilously-close-brilliant-17th-century-landmarks-short-cuts|access-date=19 August 2016|newspaper=The Economist|date=19 March 2016|quote=For centuries Lahore was the heart of Mughal Hindustan, known to visitors as the City of Gardens. Today it has a greater profusion of treasures from the Mughal period (the peak of which was in the 17th century) than India's Delhi or Agra, even if Lahore's are less photographed.}}</ref> Lahore reached its cultural zenith during this period, with dozens of mosques, tombs, shrines, and urban infrastructure developed during this period. Emperor Jahangir chose to be buried in Lahore, and [[Tomb of Jahangir|his tomb]] was built in Lahore's [[Shahdara Bagh]] suburb in 1637 by his wife [[Nur Jahan]], [[Tomb of Nur Jahan|whose tomb is also]] nearby. His son, [[Shah Jahan]] reigned between 1628 and 1658 and was born in Lahore in 1592. He renovated large portions of the [[Lahore Fort]] with luxurious white marble and erected the iconic [[Naulakha Pavilion]] in 1633.<ref name="UNESCO">{{cite web|title=International council on monuments and sites|url=https://whc.unesco.org/archive/advisory_body_evaluation/171.pdf|publisher=UNESCO|access-date=13 April 2015}}</ref> Shah Jahan lavished Lahore with some of its most celebrated and iconic monuments, such as the [[Shahi Hammam]] in 1635, and both the [[Shalimar Gardens, Lahore|Shalimar Gardens]] and the extravagantly decorated [[Wazir Khan Mosque]] in 1641. The largest of Lahore's Mughal monuments was raised during reign of emperor [[Aurangzeb]], the [[Badshahi Mosque]] in 1673, as well as the iconic ''Alamgiri'' gate of the [[Lahore Fort]] in 1674.<ref>{{cite web|title=Lahore Fort Alamgiri Gate|url=http://www.orientalarchitecture.com/sid/1036/pakistan/lahore/lahore-fort-alamgiri-gate|website=Asian Historical Architecture|access-date=28 December 2017}}</ref>
<gallery mode="packed" widths="200">
File:Wazir Khan Mosque by Moiz.jpg|[[Wazir Khan Mosque]]
File:Night View of Badshahi Mosque (King’s Mosque).jpg|[[Badshahi Mosque]]
File:Naulakha Pavilion in Lahore Fort.jpg|[[Naulakha pavilion]]
File:Tomb of Emperor Jahangir.jpg|[[Tomb of Jahangir]]
File:Lahore_Fort_view_from_Baradari.jpg|[[Lahore Fort]]
File:Reflection of Farah Baksh Terrace (Upper Terrace) main building.jpg|[[Shalimar Gardens, Lahore|Shalimar Gardens]]
</gallery>

==List of governors==
[[File:Nawab Ali-Mardan Khan.jpg|thumb|180px|Portrait of Ali Mardan Khan]]
The following is a list of notable governors of Lahore subah appointed by the central Mughal government.<ref name="Husain1970"/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ali |first1=M. Athar |title=PROVINCIAL GOVERNORS UNDER SHAH JAHAN—AN ANALYSIS |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |date=1970 |volume=32 |pages=288–319 |jstor=44141077 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Chetan |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Region_and_Empire/7L0bAAAAIAAJ?hl=en |title=Region and Empire: Panjab in the Seventeenth Century |date=1991 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-562759-6 |pages=64–67 |language=en}}</ref>

'''16th century'''
*Said Khan (c. 1580–1583)
*[[Bhagwant Das|Raja Bhagwan Das]] (c. 1583–1589)
*[[Rai Singh of Bikaner|Rai Singh]] (jointly with Bhagwan Das; 1587–1599)
*[[Khawaja Shamsuddin Khawafi]] (c. 1599–1602)

'''17th century'''
*Qulij Khan Andajani (c. 1602–1605)
*Ibrahim Khan (c. 1605–1607)
*Qulij Khan Andajani (c. 1607–1611)
*[[Shaikh Farid Bukhari|Shaikh Farid Murtaza]] (c. 1611–1616)
*[[Itmad-ud-Daula]] (1616–1624; through his ''[[Naib|naibs]]'')
*[[Abu'l-Hasan Asaf Khan|Asaf Khan]] (1624–1628)
*[[Wazir Khan (Lahore)|Wazir Khan]] (1628–1638)
*Mutamad Khan (1638–1639)
*[[Ali Mardan Khan]] (1639–1640)
*Said Khan Bahadur (1640–1643)
*[[Qulij Khan Turrani|Qulij Khan]] (1643–1645)
*[[Dara Shikoh]] (1645–1651; through his ''naibs'')
[[File:Defaced mural of possibly a Mughal prince, likely Dara Shikoh, from the Sedari on the north wall of Lahore Fort, Punjab, circa 17th century.jpg|thumb|Defaced mural of possibly a Mughal prince, likely Dara Shikoh, from the Sedari on the north wall of Lahore Fort, Punjab, circa 17th century]]
*Shaikh Abdul Karim (1651–1655)
*Khwaja Muin Khan (1655–1656)
*[[Bahadur Khan (Mughal general)|Bahadur Khan]] (1656–1657)
*Izzat Khan (1657–1658)
*Khalilulah Khan (1658–1662)
*[[Ibrahim Khan II|Ibrahim Khan]] (1662–1667)
*[[Muhammad Amin Khan Turani|Muhammad Amin Khan]] (1667–1668)
*Danishmand Khan (1668–1672)
*[[Fidai Khan Koka|Fidai Khan]] (1672–1675)
*Amanat Khan (1675–1678)
*Qawamuddin Khan (1678–1680)
*[[Muhammad Azam Shah]] (1680–1683)
*Mir Ishaq (1683–1686)
*Sipahdar Khan (1686–1688)
*Mahabat Khan (1688–1690)
*[[Muhammad Azam Shah]] (1690–1691)
*[[Bahadur Khan (Mughal general)|Bahadur Khan]] (1691–1693)
*[[Mukarram Khan]] (1693–1697)
*Abu Nasr Khan (1697–1700)

'''18th century'''
*[[Bahadur Shah I]] (1700–1705)
*Zabardast Khan (1705)
*[[Bahadur Shah I|Bahadur Shah]] I (1705–1707)
*[[Munim Khan II]] (as agent-governor inspectoring Prince Muazzam in 1700–1705, then with Muazzam in 1705–1707)
*[[Abd al-Samad Khan]] (1713–1726)
*[[Zakariya Khan Bahadur|Zakariyah Khan]] (1726–1745)
*Mir Momin Khan (1745)
*[[Yahya Khan Bahadur|Yahya Khan]] (1745–1747)
*[[Shah Nawaz Khan (Mughal Empire)|Shah Nawaz Khan]] (1747–1748)
*[[Moin-ul-Mulk]] (1748–1753)
*[[Mughlani Begum]] (1753–1756; de-facto, as Durrani vassal)
*[[Timur Shah Durrani]] (1756–1758; Durrani vassal)
*[[Adina Beg]] (1758; last governor of Punjab)

==See also==
* [[Subah of Multan]]
* [[History of Punjab]]
* [[Mughal period in Lahore]]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite book |author=Irfan Habib |author-link=Irfan Habib |year=1999 |orig-year=First published 1963 |title=The Agrarian System of Mughal India, 1556–1707 |edition=2nd |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-807742-8}}
* {{Cite book |last=‘Allami |first=Abul Fazl-i-|author-link=Abul Fazl|url= |title= ‘[[Ain-i-Akbari]] |translator-last1= Jarrett |translator-first1=H.S. |translator-last2= Sarkar |translator-first2=Jadunath|edition=2nd|translator-link2=Jadunath Sarkar|date=1949 |publisher=Calcutta: [[Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal]] |others=|pages=|volume=II
| ref ={{harvid|Ain-i-Akbari|1949}}}}

[[Category:Mughal subahs]]
[[Category:History of Lahore]]

Prithla Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:38:37Z

Brock211211849: adding the data w/ infobox

{{Short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Haryana State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Prithla
| type = SLA
| map_image = Prithla Assembly constituency map.svg
| alliance = 
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| region =
| division =
| constituency_no = 85
| established = 
| abolished = 
| mla = [[Raghubir Tewatia]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| state = [[Haryana]]
| district = [[Faridabad District|Faridabad]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Faridabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Faridabad]]
| reservation = None
| electors = 2,25,354
}}
'''Prithla Assembly constituency''' is one of the 90 [[Haryana Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Haryana]] state in [[India]].<ref name=eci1>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |publisher=The Election Commission of India |pages=6, 148–157}}</ref> It is part of [[Faridabad]] district.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| colspan="4" |{{Center|''Till 2009: Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
| [[2009 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| [[Raghubir Tewatia]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2014 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| [[Tek Chand Sharma (Haryana politician)|Tek Chand Sharma]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|-
| [[2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
| [[Nayan Pal Rawat]]
| {{party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| [[Raghubir Tewatia]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Prithla<ref name="Haryana Assembly Election Results 2024 - Prithla">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=Haryana Assembly Election Results 2024 - Prithla |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-S0785.htm |access-date=11 November 2024 |date=8 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241111164458/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-S0784.htm |archive-date=11 November 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Raghubir Tewatia]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=70,262 |percentage=42.02% |change={{increase}}9.25 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tek Chand Sharma |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=49,721 |percentage=29.74% |change={{increase}}15.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nayanpal Rawat |party=Independent politician |votes=22,023 |percentage=13.17% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Deepak Dagar |party=Independent politician |votes=16,055 |percentage=9.60% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Surender Vashisht |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=4,412 |percentage=2.64% |change={{decrease}}3.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdut Nath |party=Independent politician |votes=961 |percentage=0.57% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=666 |percentage=0.40% |change={{decrease}}0.04 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=20,541 |percentage=12.29% |change= {{increase}}1.11 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,67,191 |percentage=73.91% |change= {{decrease}}2.80 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,25,354 |ref = |change= {{increase}}18.01 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{decrease}}1.93 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Prithla<ref name=results2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11697-haryana-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Haryana Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 - Haryana - Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in |access-date= 2 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Nayan Pal Rawat]] |party=Independent (politician) |votes=64,625 |percentage=43.95% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Raghubir Tewatia|party=Indian National Congress|votes=48,196|percentage=32.78%|change={{increase}}7.03}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Sohan Pal|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=21,322|percentage=14.50%|change={{decrease}}12.17}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Surender|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=8,460|percentage=5.75%|change={{decrease}}21.79}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Narender Singh|party=Indian National Lok Dal|votes=1,165|percentage=0.79%|change={{decrease}}14.74}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Kalyan Sharma|party=Loktanter Suraksha Party|votes=1,026|percentage=0.70%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Rajesh|party=Independent politician|votes=747|percentage=0.51%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=16,429 |percentage=11.17% |change= {{increase}}10.30 }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,47,039|percentage=76.71%|change={{decrease}}4.38}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,91,676 |ref = |change= {{increase}}15.14 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Bahujan Samaj Party |swing= {{increase}}16.41 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Prithla<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/PartyWiseResultS07.htm?st=S07|title=Haryana Results|access-date=19 October 2014|archive-date=16 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216120445/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS074.htm?ac=4|url-status=dead|website=Election Commission of India, Constituencywise-All Candidates }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Tek Chand Sharma |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=37,178 |percentage=27.54% |change={{decrease}}3.97 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Nayan Pal Rawat]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=35,999 |percentage=26.67% |change={{increase}}14.89 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Raghubir Tewatia |party=Indian National Congress |votes=34,753 |percentage=25.74% |change={{decrease}}8.92 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajinder Singh Bisla |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=20,969 |percentage=15.53% |change={{decrease}}3.86 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rakesh Kumar |party=Haryana Janhit Congress (BL) |votes=4,060 |percentage=3.01% |change={{increase}}2.32 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=691 |percentage=0.51% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,179 |percentage=0.87% |change= {{decrease}}2.28 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,34,998 |percentage=81.09% |change= {{increase}}7.24 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,66,469 |ref = |change= {{increase}}22.99 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bahujan Samaj Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}7.12 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Prithla}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Raghubir Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=34,647 |percentage=34.66% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tek Chand Sharma |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=31,492 |percentage=31.51% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sashi Bala Tewatia |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=19,382 |percentage=19.39% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Nayan Pal Rawat]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=11,771 |percentage=11.78% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nirmala Panchal |party=Haryana Janhit Congress (BL) |votes=684 |percentage=0.68% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Satpal |party=Independent politician |votes=670 |percentage=0.67% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,155 |percentage=3.16% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=99,955 |percentage=73.85% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,35,348 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Haryana Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Faridabad district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Haryana constituencies}}

{{coord|28.23|77.29|display=title}}

[[Category:Faridabad district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Haryana]]
[[Category:Palwal district]]
[[Category:Politics of Haryana]]
[[Category:2009 establishments in Haryana]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2009]]

Bijapur City Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:24:44Z

Brock211211849: stub.

{{Short description|Constituency of the Karnataka legislative assembly in India}}
{{For multi|the constituency in Chhattisgarh|Bijapur Assembly constituency|the defunct constituency in Karnataka|Bijapur, Karnataka Assembly constituency}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Bijapur City
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 30
| map_image = 30-Bijapur City constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Basangouda Patil Yatnal]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
| district = [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Bijapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bijapur]]
| established = 2008
| electors = 2,81,726 
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image =
}}
'''Bijapur City Assembly constituency''' is one of 224 assembly constituencies of the Indian state of [[Karnataka]].<ref>[http://kla.kar.nic.in/assembly/member/14assemblymemberslist.htm List of elected members of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly]</ref> The constituency was previously known as Bijapur constituency which was readjusted in 2008 on the implementation of the [[Delimitation Commission of India#Delimitation Commission of 2002|Delimitation Commission of 2002.]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/delimitation-may-kick-off-with-karnataka/257699/|title=Delimitation may kick off with Karnataka|date=5 January 2008|website=The Financial Express}}</ref> The constituency was a part of [[Bombay State]] before the [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956]].<ref name="sorg1956">{{cite web|url=http://www.commonlii.org/in/legis/num_act/sra1956250/|title=States Reorganization Act 1956|publisher=Commonwealth Legal Information Institute|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516123014/http://www.commonlii.org/in/legis/num_act/sra1956250/|archive-date=16 May 2008|access-date=1 July 2008}}</ref> It is part of [[Bijapur Lok Sabha constituency]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || [[Appu Pattanshetty]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]] || [[Makbul S Bagawan]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]] || rowspan="2" | [[Basangouda Patil Yatnal]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2023 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Bijapur City <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS1030.htm?ac=30|title=General Election to Vidhan Sabha trends & Result May-2023|website=eci}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Basangouda Patil Yatnal]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 94,201 |percentage = 51.46% |change = {{increase}}1.16 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Abdul Hameed Khajasab Musharif |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 85,978 |percentage = 46.97% |change = {{increase}}0.90 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 994 |percentage = 0.54% |change = {{decrease}}0.38 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,223 |percentage = 4.49% |change = {{increase}}0.26 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 184,306 |percentage = 65.42% |change = {{increase}}3.41 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 183,047}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 281,726 |ref = |change = {{increase}}13.93 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}1.16 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2018 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Bijapur City <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/6933-karnataka-2018/|title=Karnataka 2018|website=Election Commission of India}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Basangouda Patil Yatnal]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 76,308 |percentage = 50.30% |change = {{increase}}31.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Abdul Hameed Khajasab Musharif |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 69,895 |percentage = 46.07% |change = {{increase}}11.35 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bellubbi Sangappa Kallappa |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 2,083 |percentage = 1.37% |change = {{decrease}}26.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,399 |percentage = 0.92% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,413 |percentage = 4.23% |change = {{decrease}}2.47 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 153,333 |percentage = 62.01% |change = {{increase}}5.68 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 151,703}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 247,287 |ref = |change = {{increase}}16.76 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}15.58 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2013 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Bijapur City <ref>{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 : To the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |website=eci.nic.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=2014-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220034253/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Makbul S Bagawan]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 48,615 |percentage = 34.72% |change = {{increase}}14.55 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Basangouda Patil Yatnal]] |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 39,235 |percentage = 28.02% |change = {{increase}}9.01 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Appu Pattanshetty]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 26,235 |percentage = 18.74% |change = {{decrease}}22.71 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Karibasavaraj Basavaraj Nagur (babu) |party = Karnataka Janata Paksha |votes = 1,054 |percentage = 0.75% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,380 |percentage = 6.70% |change = {{decrease}}14.57 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 119,311 |percentage = 56.33% |change = {{increase}}7.62 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 140,024}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 211,791 |ref = |change = {{increase}}24.84 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}6.73 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Bijapur City <ref>{{cite web |title=General Election Karnataka Legislative Assembly 2008 Election Statistics |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |publisher=Government of Karnataka |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201232433/https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Appu Pattanshetty]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 34,217 |percentage = 41.45% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Horti Sahebmoddin Abdularahiman |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 16,653 |percentage = 20.17% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mahabari Bandenawaj Hussainsab |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 15,696 |percentage = 19.01% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ishwaragoud Ramanagoud Patil (yatnal) |party = Independent politician |votes = 6,873 |percentage = 8.33% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bidanur Ramesh Hanamant |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,217 |percentage = 2.69% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mashyalkar Mammad Akram (ahind) |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,447 |percentage = 1.75% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rajugoud Nanagoud Patil (kannur) |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,412 |percentage = 1.71% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mangalavedhe Vijayakumar Shivappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 955 |percentage = 1.16% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 17,564 |percentage = 21.27% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 82,634 |percentage = 48.71% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 82,558}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 169,652 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Karnataka}}
{{coords|16.83|75.72|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Bijapur district, Karnataka]]
[[Category:Bijapur, Karnataka]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

India–Nepal Railway Connectivity Project

2026-04-19T16:25:53Z

Brock211211849: starting new post

{{Short description|Developmental project for India and Nepal}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{About|India Nepal Railway Connectivity Project|India Nepal relations|India-Nepal relations}}
{{Infobox bilateral relations
| title = India Nepal Connectivity Project
| party1 = India
| party2 = Nepal
| flagvariant1 = {{flag|India}}
| flagvariant2 = {{flag|Nepal}}
}}
{{Infobox project
| name = India-Nepal Railway Connectivity Project
| country = {{plainlist|
{{flag|India}} {{flag|Nepal}}
}}
| ministry = Ministry of External Affairs
| current_status = {{green|Active}}
| website = {{URL|www.mea.gov.in}} {{URL|www.mea.gov.np}}
| status =
| mission_statement = "To develop better connectivity for both the countries by rail"
| type = [[Rail transport]]
| owner = [[Government of India]] [[Government of Nepal]]
| founder = India and Nepal
| established = {{start date and age|2017}}
|key_people={{flag|India}}
* [[Narendra Modi]] ([[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]])
* [[Ashwini Vaishnaw]] ([[Ministry of Railways (India)|Minister of Railways]])
* [[S. Jaishankar]] ([[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (India)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]])
{{flag|Nepal}}
* [[K. P. Sharma Oli]] ([[Prime Minister of Nepal|Prime Minister]])
* [[Devendra Dahal]] ([[Ministry of Physical Infrastructure and Transport (Nepal)|Minister of Physical Infrastructure and Transport]])}}

'''The India-Nepal Railway Connectivity Project''' is a collaborative initiative between [[India]] and [[Nepal]] aimed at enhancing rail connectivity between the two neighboring countries. The project is designed to facilitate trade, tourism, and regional integration by improving cross-border transportation infrastructure.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ministry of External Affairs |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/39121/Meetings+of+Project+Steering+Committee+and+Joint+Working+Group+on+IndiaNepal+crossborder+railway+links+held+in+New+Delhi+February+2728+2025 |website=MEA}}</ref> Several railway links are planned or under development under this initiative, including the [[Jaynagar–Bardibas railway line|Jaynagar–Bardibas Railway]], [[Raxaul–Kathmandu railway line|Raxaul–Kathmandu Railway]], Jogbani–Biratnagar Railway, and New Jalpaiguri–Kakarbhitta Railway.<ref>{{Cite news |title=India plans rail tracks through Nepal to bypass Chicken's Neck |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/india-plans-rail-tracks-through-nepal-to-bypass-chickens-neck/articleshow/111767186.cms |access-date=2025-03-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rail Link between Nepal and India |url=https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-news-analysis/rail-link-between-nepal-and-india |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=Drishti IAS |language=en}}</ref>

The [[Government of India|Indian Government]] is playing a major role in funding and executing these projects, primarily through [[Ircon International|IRCON International]], a [[Subsidiary|wholly-owned subsidiary]] of [[Indian Railways]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rail Link between Nepal and India |url=https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-news-analysis/rail-link-between-nepal-and-india |access-date=2025-04-13 |website=Drishti IAS |language=en}}</ref> Nepal's railway operations are overseen by the [[Nepal Railway Company Limited|Nepal Railway Company]].

==Background==
{{Main|India–Nepal relations}}

Historically, India and Nepal shared multiple railway links under the [[Indo-Nepal Treaty of Peace and Friendship|India Nepal Friendship Treaty]], some operational since the early 20th century. However, many of these routes became inactive over time. In recent years, both governments have prioritized the revival and expansion of cross-border railways to enhance economic and social ties.<ref>{{Cite web |title=रेलवे बन रहा भारत-नेपाल संबंधों की कड़ी, जयनगर-जनकपुर विस्तारित रेल लाइन पर रविवार से शुरू होगी सेवा - India Nepal Railway Network Railway is becoming the link of India Nepal relations rail service will start from Sunday on Jaynagar Janakpur extended rail line |url=https://www.jagran.com/news/national-india-nepal-railway-network-railway-is-becoming-the-link-of-india-nepal-relations-rail-service-will-start-from-sunday-on-jaynagar-janakpur-extended-rail-line-23472332.html |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref> However, after [[Indian independence movement|India's independence]] and Nepal's [[Nepalese democracy movement|transition]] from [[King of Nepal|monarchy]] to democracy, several of these routes became inactive or discontinued due to infrastructure decay and policy changes.

Recognizing the importance of modernizing rail connectivity, India and Nepal signed a [[memorandum of understanding]] in 2018 to revive and expand cross-border railway links.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Nepal-India sign MoU for Kathmandu-Raxaul railway link |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/south-asia/nepal-india-sign-mou-for-kathmandu-raxaul-railway-link/articleshow/86872049.cms |access-date=2025-03-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Key Railway Projects ==

{{Main|Jaynagar–Bardibas railway line|Raxaul–Kathmandu railway line}}
[[File:Nepal railway train is standing at Janakpur Dham railway station.jpg|thumb|Nepali train standing on Janakpuri railway station part of [[Jaynagar–Bardibas railway line]].]]

===Jaynagar–Bardibas railway line===

The Jaynagar–Bardibas railway<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thakur |first=Rajesh Kumar |date=2023-08-13 |title=Railways planning five new lines along Nepal, Bangladesh borders |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/story/thesundaystandard/2023/aug/13/railways-planning-fivenew-lines-along-nepalbangladesh-borders-2604679.html |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Cross-border rail link between Nepal and India becomes operational |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/south-asia/cross-border-rail-link-between-nepal-and-india-becomes-operational/articleshow/101803891.cms |access-date=2025-03-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> is a key railway link connecting Jaynagar in Bihar, India, to Bardibas in Nepal.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2025-03-05 |title=India, Nepal take stock of implementation of key cross-border railway projects |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/india-nepal-take-stock-of-implementation-of-key-cross-border-railway-projects-3431999 |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://farakdhar.com/story/56933/|title=जनकपुर-जयनगर रेल्वे ट्रयाकको परीक्षण सम्पन्न, सञ्चालन हुने टुंगो छैन |trans-title=The Janakpur-Jayanagar railway track has been tested, the operation is not yet finished |language=Nepali |website=Farakdhar {{pipe}}{{pipe}} Nepal's Online Magazine|access-date=7 January 2023}}</ref><ref name="dorw">{{Cite web|title=India – Nepal broad gauge passenger train service launched |url=https://www.railwaygazette.com/passenger/india-nepal-broad-gauge-passenger-train-service-launched/61314.article |access-date=8 June 2024 |publisher=Railway Gazette International |date=5 April 2022}}</ref>

Stations between Jaynagar to Bijalpura:<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/explainers/news/first-broad-guage-passenger-link-between-india-and-nepal-566516.html |title=Explained: First Broad Gauge Passenger Train Between India And Nepal |date=10 April 2022 |publisher=India Times |access-date=9 June 2024}}</ref>
*Jaynagar (India)
*Inarwan (Nepal)
*Khajuri (Halt)
*Baidehi
*Parbaha
*[[Janakpurdham railway station|Janakpurdham]]
*Kurtha
*Khutta Pipradhi
*Loharpatti
*Singyahi
*Bhangaha (formerly Bijalpura)

The project is being developed in multiple phases:

* Phase 1 (Jaynagar–Kurtha, 34 km) was inaugurated in 2022
* Phase 2 (Kurtha–Bijalpura, 17 km) is under development
* Phase 3 (Bijalpura–Bardibas, 17 km) is planned for future expansion

===Raxaul–Kathmandu railway line===

The Raxaul–Kathmandu railway<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nepal to raise its concerns about the DPR of Raxaul-Kathmandu railway |url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2024/01/16/nepal-to-raise-its-concerns-about-the-dpr-of-raxaul-kathmandu-railway |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=English}}</ref> is a proposed cross-border rail project connecting Raxaul (Bihar, India) with Kathmandu (Nepal). India and Nepal signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) in 2018 for feasibility studies, with the project expected to significantly reduce travel time between the two cities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Embassy of India Kathmandu, Nepal |url=https://www.indembkathmandu.gov.in/media-detail/256 |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=www.indembkathmandu.gov.in |language=en}}</ref>

===Jogbani–Biratnagar railway line===

The Jogbani–Biratnagar railway line<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nepal तक जाने को बेताब Indian Railway, जोगबनी-विराटनगर प्रोजेक्ट तैयार, काडमांडू से दिल्ली तक हलचल |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/bihar/araria/indian-railway-jogbani-viratnagar-rail-project-ready-nepal-rail-work-complete/articleshow/99843703.cms |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref> is another key railway link aimed at boosting trade and passenger connectivity.

* Phase 1 (8 km from Jogbani to Biratnagar) is under construction
* Phase 2 (further expansion towards Nepal's interior regions) is planned

===New Jalpaiguri–Kakarbhitta railway line===

The New Jalpaiguri–Kakarbhitta railway line<ref>{{Cite web |title=India, Nepal to construct new railway link for smooth people-to-people transit |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/india-nepal-to-construct-new-railway-link-for-smooth-people-to-people-transit201804071712060001/ |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref> is a proposed railway project to link New Jalpaiguri (West Bengal, India) with Kakarbhitta (Nepal). It aims to enhance connectivity between eastern Nepal and India's northeastern states.

== Strategic importance ==
{{Further|Tourism in Nepal}}
Since, Nepal's largest trade partner is India,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-25 |title=Trade and Commerce |url=https://in.nepalembassy.gov.np/trade-and-commerce/ |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=New Delhi, India - Embassy of Nepal |language=en-US}}</ref> the India Nepal Railways Connectivity Project will:

*Strengthen economic ties by facilitating trade and transportation.
*Improve tourism by making travel between India and Nepal more convenient.
*Enhance regional integration by connecting Nepal with India's broader railway network.

==See also ==

{{Portal bar|India|Railways|Transport|Nepal}}
*[[Jaynagar Junction railway station]]

==References==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:India–Nepal relations]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Nepal]]
[[Category:International railway lines]]
[[Category:Transport infrastructure in Nepal]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Bihar]]
[[Category:Rail transport in West Bengal]]

Thandarambattu Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:31:03Z

Brock211211849: Created The Info Added Tags

{{Short description|Former constituency in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Thandarampattu
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| established = 1971
| district = [[Thiruvannamalai district|Thiruvannamalai]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Thirupattur Lok Sabha constituency|Thirupattur]]
| electors = 187,339
| reservation = None
| abolished = 2008
}}
'''Thandarambattu''' is a former state assembly constituency in [[Tiruvannamalai district]] in [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/Const_map/map.htm |title= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Constituency Map |website= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly |access-date= 22 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf |title=List of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies |accessdate=17 August 2022 |work=Tamil Nadu |publisher=Election Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060504185928/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf |archive-date=2006-05-04}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Winner
!colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
| [[M. S. Radhakrishnan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| rowspan=2|[[D. Venugopal]]
|-
| [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|-
| [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984]]
| [[E. V. Velu]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| [[D. Ponnumudi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| [[M. K. Sundaram]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| [[K. Manivarma]]
| {{Full party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress}}
|-
| [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
| rowspan=2|E. V. Velu
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|-
|}

==Election results==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#2006|2006]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|56.67}}
{{bar percent|[[#2001|2001]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|48.86}}
{{bar percent|[[#1996|1996]]|{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress}}|62.96}}
{{bar percent|[[#1991|1991]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|64.26}}
{{bar percent|[[#1989|1989]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|45.62}}
{{bar percent|[[#1984|1984]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|58.96}}
{{bar percent|[[#1980|1980]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|63.86}}
{{bar percent|[[#1977|1977]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|38.01}}
{{bar percent|[[#1971|1971]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|58.82}}

}}
===2006===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Thandarambattu<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 2006 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf | access-date = 12 May 2006 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007200819/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf | archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[E. V. Velu]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=81,592 |percentage=56.67 |change=7.82 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ramachandran S |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=50,891 |percentage=35.35 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Mohammad M |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=4,582 |percentage=3.18 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Murugesan A |party=Independent politician |votes=1,333 |percentage=0.93 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Kuppan M |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=1,293 |percentage=0.90 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Dharuman M R |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,069 |percentage=0.74 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Rajendran A N |party=Independent politician |votes=704 |percentage=0.49 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Palani Mohan P |party=Independent politician |votes=652 |percentage=0.45 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Baskaran. M. R |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=527 |percentage=0.37 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Mayavan N |party=Independent politician |votes=492 |percentage=0.34 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Mani M |party=Independent politician |votes=267 |percentage=0.19 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=30,701 |percentage=21.32 |change=17.61 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,43,976 |percentage=76.85 |change= 8.10 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,87,339 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 7.82 }}
{{Election box end}}

===2001===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Thandarambattu<ref name=election2001>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3338-tamil-nadu-2001/ |title=Tamil Nadu General Legislative Election 2001 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in|access-date=11 May 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title = 2001 Tamil Nadu Election Results |url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf |date = 12 May 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[E. V. Velu]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=63,599 |percentage=48.86 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Manivarma]] |party=Tamil Maanila Congress |votes=58,762 |percentage=45.14 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Kulanthaivel. K. |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,487 |percentage=1.91 |change=-2.47 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Velusamy. M. |party=Independent politician |votes=1,475 |percentage=1.13 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Anbazhagan. M. |party=Independent politician |votes=1,398 |percentage=1.07 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ranganathan. A. |party=Independent politician |votes=911 |percentage=0.70 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Vadivel. G. |party=Independent politician |votes=841 |percentage=0.65 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Theerthagiri. P. |party=Independent politician |votes=706 |percentage=0.54 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,837 |percentage=3.72 |change=-30.79 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,30,179 |percentage=68.75 |change= -3.95 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,89,344 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Tamil Maanila Congress |swing= -14.10 }}
{{Election box end}}

===1996===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Thandarambattu<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 1996 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Manivarma]] |party=Tamil Maanila Congress |votes=72,636 |percentage=62.96 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Kuppusamy. A. P. |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=32,822 |percentage=28.45 |change=-35.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Jhayabal. V. |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=5,051 |percentage=4.38 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Masilamani. A. |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=3,013 |percentage=2.61 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Murugesan. A. |party=Independent politician |votes=1,266 |percentage=1.10 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Govindaraj. C. |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=259 |percentage=0.22 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Rajavel. P. |party=SAP |votes=107 |percentage=0.09 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sadayan. A. |party=Independent politician |votes=102 |percentage=0.09 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Elumalai. P. K. |party=Independent politician |votes=78 |percentage=0.07 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sanniyasi. C. |party=Independent politician |votes=42 |percentage=0.04 |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=39,814 |percentage=34.51 |change=0.39 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,15,376 |percentage=72.70 |change= 0.55 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,67,532 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Tamil Maanila Congress |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -1.31 }}
{{Election box end}}

===1991===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Thandarambattu<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 1991 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil20Nadu91.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007161404/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil20Nadu91.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=M. K. Sundaram |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=69,433 |percentage=64.26 |change=37.19 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. Ponnumudi |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=32,570 |percentage=30.14 |change=-15.47 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Babu Kandar S. |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=5,212 |percentage=4.82 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Devaraj P. |party=Independent politician |votes=308 |percentage=0.29 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Narayanasamy P. |party=Independent politician |votes=274 |percentage=0.25 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Mani A. |party=Tharasu Makkal Mandram |votes=250 |percentage=0.23 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=36,863 |percentage=34.12 |change=15.58 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,08,047 |percentage=72.15 |change= -6.77 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,54,707 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 18.64 }}
{{Election box end}}

===1989===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Thandarambattu<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 1989 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006153620/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf | archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=D. Ponnumudi |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=48,048 |percentage=45.62 |change=7.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[E. V. Velu]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=28,519 |percentage=27.08 |change=-31.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sundaram. M.K. |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=13,052 |percentage=12.39 |change=-46.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sahadevar. K. |party=Indian National Congress |votes=12,481 |percentage=11.85 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Devaraju. P. |party=Independent politician |votes=1,451 |percentage=1.38 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Jaganathan. S. |party=Independent politician |votes=835 |percentage=0.79 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Venkatakrishnan. N.P. |party=Independent politician |votes=492 |percentage=0.47 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Nadesan. K.M. |party=Independent politician |votes=275 |percentage=0.26 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Velu. S. |party=Independent politician |votes=175 |percentage=0.17 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=19,529 |percentage=18.54 |change=-2.18 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,05,328 |percentage=78.92 |change= -1.06 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,36,462 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -13.34 }}
{{Election box end}}

===1984===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Thandarambattu<ref name=election1984>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3331-tamil-nadu-1984/ |title=Tamil Nadu General Legislative Election 1984 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in|access-date=18 May 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 1984 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141448/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil20Nadu77.pdf | archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[E. V. Velu]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=53,422 |percentage=58.96 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[D. Venugopal]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=34,649 |percentage=38.24 |change=-25.62 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Munusamykander |party=Independent politician |votes=1,024 |percentage=1.13 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Veerabathiran |party=Independent politician |votes=835 |percentage=0.92 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Ramachandran |party=Independent politician |votes=443 |percentage=0.49 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Dhanakotiudayar |party=Independent politician |votes=240 |percentage=0.26 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=18,773 |percentage=20.72 |change=-8.33 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=90,613 |percentage=79.98 |change= 13.50 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,20,070 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -4.91 }}
{{Election box end}}

===1980===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Thandarambattu<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 1980 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil20Nadu201980.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006231656/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil20Nadu201980.pdf | archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[D. Venugopal]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=46,326 |percentage=63.86 |change=25.86 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=U. Kasinathan |party=Gandhi Kamaraj National Congress |votes=25,257 |percentage=34.82 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Munusamy Kandar |party=Independent politician |votes=593 |percentage=0.82 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=B. Ramu Reddiar |party=Independent politician |votes=364 |percentage=0.50 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=21,069 |percentage=29.04 |change=19.82 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=72,540 |percentage=66.48 |change= -5.05 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,10,889 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 25.86 }}
{{Election box end}}

===1977===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Thandarambattu<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 1977 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil20Nadu77.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141448/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil20Nadu77.pdf | archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[D. Venugopal]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=28,605 |percentage=38.01 |change=-20.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Ramalingam |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=21,661 |percentage=28.78 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M.A. Ponnusamv Reddy |party=Indian National Congress |votes=18,933 |percentage=25.16 |change=-16.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Munusamy Kandar |party=Janata Party |votes=6,064 |percentage=8.06 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,944 |percentage=9.23 |change=-8.41 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=75,263 |percentage=71.53 |change= -3.43 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,07,350 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -20.81 }}
{{Election box end}}

===1971===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Thandarambattu<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 1971 Tamil Nadu Election Results | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006131227/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=M. S. Radhakrishnan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=37,991 |percentage=58.82 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sahadeva Ginder K. |party=Indian National Congress |votes=26,600 |percentage=41.18 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=11,391 |percentage=17.64 |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=64,591 |percentage=74.96 |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 90,062 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1967===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Thandarambattu}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=K. Shahadeva Gandar|party=Indian National Congress |votes=29,524 |percentage=48.35 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Dharmalingam|party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=28,185 |percentage=46.16 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1339 |percentage=2.19 |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=61,061 |percentage=73.74 |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 82,797 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|title= Statistical reports of assembly elections|accessdate= 8 July 2010|publisher= Election Commission of India|url-status= dead|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|archivedate= 5 October 2010}}

{{Defunct assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}
{{coord|12.154|78.948|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tiruvannamalai district]]
[[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1971]]
[[Category:1971 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]

Lohit Diary

2026-04-05T10:55:38Z

Brock211211849: added a entry with sources

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Lohit Diary
| image = LOHIT DIARY POSTER.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| director = [[Ramchandra P. N.]]
| producer = [[Films Division of India]]
| writer = Ramchandra P. N.
| starring =
| music =
| cinematography = Narayanan Venkataraman
| editing =
| distributor = [[Films Division of India]]
| released = {{Film date|2015|08|13}}
| runtime = 76 minutes
| country = India
| language = English, Hindi, Miju Mishimi, Idu Mishimi, Khampti, Assamese
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Lohit Diary''''' is a documentary film produced in India, set the [[Lohit River]] Valley in East [[Arunachal Pradesh]], North-East India. The film is produced by [[Films Division of India]] and is directed by [[Ramchandra PN]]. The film, completed in 2015, was shot in and around Tezu, Wakro, Namsai, Chongkham and Yatong areas in Arunachal Pradesh in India.

<blockquote>"The film covers aspects of the threat of opium addiction looming large over the local youth, and social initiatives from the community against the menace such as the opium de-addiction campaign in Chongkham-Namsai, the organic tea-cultivation in Wakro circle led by Basamlu Krisikro, and the ‘Joy of Reading Campaign’ in Yatong, Tezu and Wakro, led by the Lohit Youth Library Movement,"(Source: Arunachal Times)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.arunachaltimes.in/wordpress/2014/03/22/docu-film-on-lohit-life-and-youth-library-movement/ |title=Arunachal Times |access-date=26 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923174551/http://www.arunachaltimes.in/wordpress/2014/03/22/docu-film-on-lohit-life-and-youth-library-movement/ |archive-date=23 September 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref></blockquote>

==Plot==

[[Lohit River]] Valley, the picturesque easternmost remote part of [[Arunachal Pradesh]] in [[India]], the land of Mishmi community, is showing signs of prosperity. Epitomized by its colorful flowers that bloom all over is the crop that is responsible, the banned opium. Traditionally, cultivated for rituals and medicinal purposes, today a large portion of the harvest consumed by the cultivators themselves and the rest sold locally to opium addicts to meet the economic needs of the planters.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Salman |first=Osama |title=The Indian Narcotics Scene- With a Special Focus on North-Eastern States |url=https://www.academia.edu/4087877}}</ref>

Breaking this dark vicious circle of this opium culture are three small but significant attempts in stemming the tide.

Basamlu Krisikro began growing green tea when she found its use in the Cancer treatment of her mother. Soon, she began enrolling others; her idea was to bring together opium growing families who would shift to organic green tea on their small holdings, and club them to a mini-factory that processes such tea.<ref>[http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/she-is-high-on-tea/article1-1021124.aspx/Source: Hindustan Times]{{dead link|date=August 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

Tewa Manpong was a drug addict; for eighteen years. He had to sell all his properties and was compelled to participate in antisocial activities to fulfill his addiction demands. However, by sheer will power and support of his family members, he is rehabilitated. Today he works as a counselor in a rehabilitation center, supporting others who are addicted.<ref>[http://www.arunachaltimes.in/wordpress/2012/10/05/workshop-suggests-effective-measures-against-drug-abuse-in-lohit/Source: Arunachal Times]</ref>

Uncle Moosa (Sathyanarayanan Mundayoor) used to travel with a trunk full of books into inaccessible areas so that he could read them out to Mishmi children. Today he has a network of libraries wherein story-telling sessions are conducted; and skits based on such books are performed. Many children, after participating in such endeavors are determined not to come under self-destructing habit like drugs.<ref>[http://www.thebetterindia.com/4208/uncle-moosa-takes-joy-reading-hills-arunachal-pradesh/Source: The Better Times]</ref>

The film follows these three passionate characters, as they go about their business of empowering others.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Indian documentary films]]
[[Category:2015 films]]
[[Category:2015 documentary films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Ramchandra P. N.]]
[[Category:2015 Indian films]]

Holy Child Institute

2026-04-01T11:42:07Z

Brock211211849: starting new article

{{Short description|Roman Catholic school in Kolkata, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox school
| city = Abhedanandan road, Beadon Street, [[Kolkata]]
| county = [[India]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| postal_code = 700006
| coordinates = {{coord|22.5882|N|86.3708|E|region:IN-WB_type:school|display=inline,title|format=dms}}
| schooltype = Government
| established = {{start date and age|1834}}
| school_board = [[WBBSE]] ও [[WBCHSE]]
| authority =
| gender = Male
| affiliation = [[West Bengal Board of Secondary Education]] [[West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education]]
| website = {{URL|https://hcikolkata.org}}
}}

'''Holy Child Institute''' is a girls' higher secondary school<ref>{{cite book |last1=Verma |first1=Ravi K. |last2=Pachauri |first2=Saroj |year=2023 |title=Transforming Unequal Gender Relations in India and Beyond: An Intersectional Perspective on Challenges and Opportunities
|series=Sustainable Development Goals Series
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ci_WEAAAQBAJ
|publisher=Springer International Publishing
|isbn=9789819940868
|format=ebook}}</ref> situated in Abhedananda Road, Beadon Street, [[Kolkata]]<ref>{{cite book
|title=IPP Industrial Directory, India & International
|author=
|lccn=96004638
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CjDSAAAAMAAJ
|year=1962
|publisher=Industry Printers and Publishers
|page=468
|language=en
}}</ref> is a Roman Catholic secondary school<ref>{{cite book
|author= Catholic Church. Bishops' Conference of India
|year= 2005
|title= The Catholic Directory of India
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PNQlAQAAIAAJ
|language=en
|publisher= C.B.C.I. Centre.
|lccn=88037754
|page=41}}</ref> affiliated to the [[West Bengal Board of Secondary Education]]. Established on 1 January 1956, the school is administered by the [[Sisters of Charity of Saints Bartolomea Capitanio and Vincenza Gerosa|Sisters of Charity of Calcutta Province]].

==About==
The school is at 1, Abhedananda Rd, [[Manicktala]], Azad Hind Bag, Kolkata, West Bengal 700006.

In 2005 a staff member at the school was named as a Shining Star Employee in the ''[[The Telegraph (India)|Telegraph]]'' School Awards for Excellence.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lahiri |first1=Nisha |title=Shining in school, not by books |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/shining-in-school-not-by-books/cid/1277568 |access-date=21 November 2023 |work=The Telegraph (India) |date=30 September 2005}}</ref>

==Admission==
Admission in the institute can be taken in three classes, in KG; V; and 10. Admission forms are maid available in the month of September every year.<ref>{{cite web
|title= Online admission
|url=https://hcikolkata.org/admission.php
|access-date=3 July 2024
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240701181126/https://hcikolkata.org/admission.php
|archive-date=1 July 2024
|language=en
}}</ref>

==Facilities==
There are several facilities to enhance the learning and betterment of the students. Some are mentioned below-

*Computer lab
*Physics lab
*Chemistry lab
*Projector
*Smart classroom

== Sports and co-curricular activities ==
There is a field for student sports, located just in front of the main building. The ground is used for organizing the school's annual sports competitions, inter-class sports competitions.
Also, Science & Arts exhibitions are held in the school.

== Various cultural activities ==
Various cultural activities are held in the school throughout the year. Martyr's Day, Independence Day, Rabindra Jayanti, May Day, Birth day of Mother Mary the Patroness of the school (Holy Child) are celebrated jointly by students and teachers with due dignity. Also various educational tours are organized every year.

==See also==
* [[List of schools in Kolkata]]
* [[List of schools in West Bengal]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Catholic secondary schools in India]]
[[Category:Girls' schools in West Bengal]]
[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Christian schools in West Bengal]]
[[Category:1956 establishments in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1956]]

{{WestBengal-school-stub}}
{{RC-school-stub}}

Thoothukudi Airport

2026-03-31T06:14:49Z

Brock211211849: Created Some Details Basic Info

{{Short description|Domestic airport in Thoothukudi, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox airport
|name = Thoothukudi Airport
|nativename = <hr/>Tūttukkuṭi Vimāṉa Nilaiyam
|image = New Terminal building of the Tuticorin Airport.jpg
|caption = Facade of the airport
|IATA = TCR
|ICAO = VOTK
|type = Public
|owner = [[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)|Ministry of Civil Aviation]]
|operator = [[Airports Authority of India]]
|city-served = [[Thoothukkudi]]
|location = [[Vagaikulam]], [[Thoothukkudi district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
|opened = {{start date and age|df=y|1992|04|30}}
|timezone = [[Indian Standard Time]]
|utc = +5:30
|elevation-f = 129
|elevation-m = 39
|metric-elev = y
|metric-rwy = y
|coordinates = {{coord|08|43|27|N|078|01|33|E|type:airport|display=inline,title}}
|website = {{URL|https://www.aai.aero/en/airports/tuticorin|Tuticorin Airport}}
|pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu#India
|pushpin_label = '''TCR'''
|pushpin_map_caption = Location of airport in Tamil Nadu
|r1-number = 10/28
|r1-length-m = 3350
|r1-length-f = 10990
|r1-surface = [[Asphalt concrete|Asphalt]]
|stat-year = April 2024 - March 2025
|stat1-header = Passengers
|stat1-data = 230,151 ({{increase}} 15.2%)
|stat2-header = Aircraft movements
|stat2-data = 3,676 ({{increase}} 21.7%)
|stat3-header = Cargo tonnage
|stat3-data = 13 ({{increase}} 73.6%)
|footnotes = Source: [[Airports Authority of India|AAI]]<ref name="Data">{{cite web|title=Annexure III – Passenger Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex3.pdf|work=[[Airports Authority of India]]|access-date=4 May 2025|archive-date=28 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250428122509/https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex3.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure II – Aircraft Movement Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex2.pdf|work=[[Airports Authority of India]]|access-date=4 May 2025|archive-date=28 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250428122515/https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex2.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure IV – Freight Movement Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex4.pdf|work=[[Airports Authority of India]]|access-date=4 May 2025|archive-date=12 June 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250612231124/https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex4.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}
'''Thoothukudi Airport''' {{airport codes|TCR|VOTK}}, earlier known as '''Tuticorin Airport''',<ref>{{cite news|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=It’s now Thoothukudi airport|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/its-now-thoothukudi-airport/articleshow/129579655.cms|date=15 March 2026|access-date=15 March 2026}}</ref> is a [[domestic airport]] serving the city of [[Thoothukudi]] and its adjoining districts of [[Thoothukudi district|Thoothukkudi]], [[Tirunelveli district|Tirunelveli]], [[Tenkasi district|Tenkasi]] and [[Kanniyakumari district|Kanniyakumari]] in [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/demand-to-modernise-tuticorin-airport/article4744904.ece|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=Demand to modernise Tuticorin airport|date=24 May 2013|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> It is located along the [[National Highway 7A (India)|National Highway 7A]] at [[Vagaikulam]], about {{cvt|15.6|km}} west of the city centre. The airport was [[ISO 9001:2015]] quality certified on 13 April 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aai.aero/system/files_force/tender/NIQ_289.pdf|title=Short quotation notice|work=[[Airports Authority of India]]|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> It is the fifth-busiest airport in the state after [[Chennai International Airport|Chennai]], [[Coimbatore International Airport|Coimbatore]], [[Tiruchirappalli International Airport|Tiruchirappalli]] and [[Madurai International Airport|Madurai]] airports.<ref name="Data"/>

==History==
Thoothukudi Airport was inaugurated in 1992, with the first aircraft, belonging to the regional carrier [[Vayudoot]], landing on 13 April. This service was short-lived and operated only for 14 months.<ref name="TH1">{{cite news |last1=Sudhakar |first1=P. |title=New-look Thoothukudi airport ready with extended runway to receive larger flights even after dusk |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/new-look-thoothukudi-airport-ready-with-extended-runway-to-receive-larger-flights-even-after-dusk/article69842547.ece |access-date=2 August 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=22 July 2025 |archive-date=27 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250727072549/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/new-look-thoothukudi-airport-ready-with-extended-runway-to-receive-larger-flights-even-after-dusk/article69842547.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> Three years later, [[NEPC Airlines]] operated a regular service from [[Chennai International Airport|Chennai]] to Thoothukudi via [[Kochi International Airport|Kochi]] for about six months. A decade later, [[Air Deccan]] began flights to the airport on 1 April 2006.<ref name="TH1"/>

==Facilities==
The airport had a {{cvt|1350|m}} long, and {{cvt|30|m}} wide [[Asphalt concrete|asphalt]] runway, which was extended to {{cvt|3115|m}} length and expanded to {{cvt|45|m}} width in 2025.<ref name="TH1"/><ref name="Report">{{cite report|url=https://environmentclearance.nic.in/DownloadPfdFile.aspx?FileName=cf5uPgJ9MSnvIJquUSvmwjk1D0Fk8tMWbxjLkqmsfnatoE1Xj4XHgX7i9jL4Oglv2X2/1aANLTOpclfy9l6517i2M6UMv107UfezhFavTLo=&FilePath=93ZZBm8LWEXfg+HAlQix2fE2t8z/pgnoBhDlYdZCxzXmG8GlihX6H9UP1HygCn3pCkAF2zPFXFQNqA4krKa1Aw==|title=PFR for the Extension of Runway with Blast Pad, RESA, Taxiway, Apron, GSE Area, Isolation Bay, New Domestic Terminal Building & Miscellenious Works at Tuticorin Airport|work=[[Airports Authority of India]]|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> It is equipped with a Cat-I [[Instrument Landing System]].<ref name="Report"/> There is a {{cvt|1573|m}} long and {{cvt|23|m}} wide parallel [[taxiway]], and a {{cvt|149|m}} long taxi way linking the main taxiway to the runway. The main apron measuring {{cvt|191 x 89|m}}, is capable of accommodating five [[narrow body aircraft]]. A separate parking bay measuring {{cvt|76 x 91|m}} can accommodate an additional aircraft, which is linked to the runway by a {{cvt|244.5|m}} long taxiway.<ref name="Report"/>

In September 2020, the [[Airports Authority of India]] (AAI) announced an expansion project that included the expansion of the runway and taxiway, construction of new parking bays, [[Air Traffic Control]] (ATC) tower, and terminal building at a total cost of {{INRconvert|3.81|b}}.<ref name="Report"/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.businessworld.in/article/tuticorin-airport-being-upgraded-at-a-cost-of-rs-381-cr-322110|title=Tuticorin airport being upgraded at a cost of Rs 381 cr|date=18 September 2020|access-date=1 June 2025|work=[[Business World]]}}</ref> About {{cvt|600.97|acre}} of land was earmarked for the expansion of the airport, and an additional {{cvt|110|acre}} of land was set aside for the usage of [[Indian Air Force]] and the [[Indian Coastguard]].<ref name="Report"/> The expansion project was initiated on 25 July 2020.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sudhakar |first1=P. |title=Expansion of Thoothukudi airport runway begins |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/expansion-of-thoothukudi-airport-runway-begins/article32192407.ece |access-date=25 July 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=25 July 2020 }}</ref> A technical block and a fire station were also constructed as a part of the project.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tuticorin Airport Being Upgraded For Rs 381 Crore: Airports Authority Of India|url=https://www.ndtvprofit.com/business/tuticorin-airport-undergoing-upgrade-at-the-cost-of-rs-381-crore-aai|access-date=18 September 2020|work=[[Bloomberg Quint]]| date=18 September 2020 }}</ref> Night landing facilities were established at the airport in 2020 with the first night landing on 3 July 2020.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/tuticorin-airport-handles-its-first-night-flight/articleshow/76776174.cms|title=Tuticorin airport handles its first night flight|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=3 July 2020|access-date=1 June 2025|archive-date=25 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925180209/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/tuticorin-airport-handles-its-first-night-flight/articleshow/76776174.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Regular night services from the airport started in March 2026.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/tamilnadu/night-flights-between-thoothukudi-and-chennai-to-begin-march-29-timings-revised|title=Night flights between Thoothukudi and Chennai to begin|work=[[DT Next]]|access-date=31 March 2026}}</ref>

The new terminal building covers an area of {{cvt|17341|m2}}, and is capable of handling up to 1,400 passengers per hour. It is equipped with three [[aerobridges]], four entry gates, seven baggage scanners, and 21 check-in counters.<ref name="TH1"/> [[Prime Minister of India|Indian prime minister]] [[Narendra Modi]] inaugurated the new terminal building on 26 July 2025.<ref>{{cite news |title=PM Modi inaugurates new terminal building of Tamil Nadu's Tuticorin airport |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pm-modi-inaugurates-new-terminal-building-of-tamil-nadus-tuticorin-airport-101753547755305.html |access-date=2 August 2025 |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=26 July 2025 |archive-date=30 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250730004725/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pm-modi-inaugurates-new-terminal-building-of-tamil-nadus-tuticorin-airport-101753547755305.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

<gallery>
Image:BombardierQ400 TuticorinAirport.jpg|An aircraft parked at the apron
File:Tuticorin Airport (inside).jpg|Interior of the new terminal
File:Airside Facade New Terminal Tuticorin Airport Aug25 A7CR 07474.jpg|Airside facade of the new terminal
File:Airside Facade New Control Tower Tuticorin Airport Aug25 A7CR 07475.jpg|Air Traffic Control tower
</gallery>

==Airlines and destinations==

{{Airport destination list
|[[IndiGo]]|[[Kempegowda International Airport|Bengaluru]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/spicejet-resumes-flight-services-to-thoothukudi/article69393849.ece|title=SpiceJet resumes flight services to Thoothukudi|date=31 March 2025|access-date=1 June 2025|work=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=21 July 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250721163346/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/spicejet-resumes-flight-services-to-thoothukudi/article69393849.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Chennai International Airport|Chennai]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/India/flying-regional-from-chennai-on-indigo-s-small-aircraft-head-to-terminal-4-instead-of-terminal-1-from-june-1/ar-AA1EY5sc|title=Flying regional from Chennai on IndiGo's small aircraft? Head to Terminal 4 instead of Terminal 1 from June 1|work=[[MSN]]|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref>
}}

==See also==
*[[Airports in India]]
*[[Air transport in India]]
*[[List of airlines of India]]
*[[Transport in Thoothukudi]]
*[[List of airports in Tamil Nadu]]
*[[List of busiest airports in India by passenger traffic]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://aai.aero/allAirports/tuticorin_generalinfo.jsp Official site at the Airports Authority of India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080225073549/http://www.aai.aero/allAirports/tuticorin_generalinfo.jsp |date=25 February 2008 }}

{{Airports in India}}
{{Transport in Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Airports in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Transport in Thoothukudi]]
[[Category:Airports established in 1992]]
[[Category:1992 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]
[[Category:Airports Authority of India]]

Maria al-Qibtiyya

2026-03-26T19:41:11Z

Brock211211849: small changes

{{Short description|Concubine of Muhammad}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Maria bint Shamʿūn
| title = Maria al-Qibtiyya
| birth_place = [[Egypt]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Menoufia, birthplace of most leading figures|url=https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/4/42923/Menoufia-birthplace-of-most-leading-figures|access-date=2021-05-06|website=Egypt Today|date=15 February 2018 }}</ref>
| death_date = 637
| father = Sham'un
| era = Early Islamic era

| children = [[Ibrahim ibn Muhammad]]
}}
'''{{transliteration|ar|Māriyya bint Shamʿūn al Qibtiyyah}}''', better known as '''{{transliteration|ar|Māriyyah al-Qibṭiyyah}}''' or '''{{transliteration|ar|al-Qubṭiyya}}''' ({{langx|ar|مارية القبطية}}), or '''Maria the [[Copts|Copt]]''', died 637, was a [[Copts_in_Egypt|Coptic Egyptian]] woman who, along with her sister [[Sirin bint Shamun]], was given as a slave to the [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|Islamic prophet]] [[Muhammad]] as a gift in 628 by [[Al-Muqawqis]], a Christian governor of [[Alexandria]], during the territory's [[Sasanian Egypt|Sasanian occupation]]. It is a subject of speculation if she married Muhammad or continued to be a [[Concubinage in Islam|concubin]]e.
She spent the rest of her life in [[Medina]], and had a son, [[Ibrahim ibn Muhammad|Ibrahim]], with Muhammad. The son died in his infancy, aged 2, and she died almost five years later.<ref>[[Ibn Ishaq]], ''The Life of Muhammad'', p. 653.</ref>

[[Al-Maqrizi]] says that she was a native of [[Hebenu]] ({{Langx|cop| ⲧϩⲁⲃⲓⲛ}}, {{langx|grc-x-koine|Ἀλάβαστρων πόλις}} ''Alábastrōn pólis'', {{Langx|ar|الحفن|translit=al-Khafn}}), a village located near [[Antinoöpolis]].<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Al-Maqrīzī |title=Book of Exhortations and Useful Lessons in Dealing with Topography and Historical Remains |publisher=Hans A. Stowasser |pages=330–331 |translator-last=Stowasser |translator-first=Karl}}</ref>

==Biography==

In the Islamic year 6 [[Anno Hegirae|AH]] (627–628 [[Common Era|CE]]), Muhammad is said to have had letters written to the great rulers of the [[Middle East]], proclaiming the continuation of the monotheistic faith with its final messages and inviting the rulers to join. The purported texts of some of the letters are found in [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari]]'s ''[[History of the Prophets and Kings]]''. Tabari writes that a deputation was sent to an Egyptian governor named as ''al-Muqawqis''. Maria was a slave who was offered as a gift of goodwill to Muhammad in reply to his envoys inviting the governor of Alexandria to Islam.<ref name=":0">{{cite book |last1=al-Tabari |first1=Abu Jafar |title=The History of al-Tabari, Volume 9: The Last Years of the Prophet |publisher=SUNY Press |page=141 |translator=Ismail K. Poonawala |author-link=Al-Tabari}}</ref><ref name=":1">[[Ibn Ishaq]], ''The Life of Muhammad'', p. 499.</ref>

Tabari recounts the story of Maria's arrival from Egypt:
{{blockquote|In this year [[Hatib ibn Abi Baitah|Hātib b. Abi Balta'ah]] came back from al-Muqawqis bringing Māriyah and her sister [[Sirin (Islamic history)|Sīrīn]], his female mule [[Duldul (mule)|Duldul]], his donkey [[Ya'fūr]], and sets of garments. With the two women al-Muqawqis had sent a eunuch, and the latter stayed with them. Hātib had invited them to become Muslims before he arrived with them, and Māriyah and her sister did so. The Messenger of God, peace and blessings of Allah be upon Him, lodged them with [[Umm Sulaym bt. Milhān]]. Māriyah was beautiful. The prophet sent her sister Sīrīn to [[Hassan ibn Thabit|Hassān b. Thābit]] and she bore him 'Abd al-Rahmān b. Hassān.<ref name="Tabari p.131">Tabari, p. 131.</ref>}}
The death of Ibrahim caused Muhammad to weep.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sunnah.com/bukhari/23/62|title=Sahih Bukhari|publisher=Sunnah.com|access-date=14 September 2018}}</ref>

=== Status as a wife or concubine ===
[[Muhammad]]'s earliest biographers, [[Ibn Ishaq]], [[Ibn Sa'd]], and [[al-Tabari]] mentioned Mariyah as Muhammad's wife in their [[Prophetic biography|sirah]].<ref>Ibn Ishaq. The Life of Muhammad. A translation of Ibn Ishaq's Sirat Rasul Allah, page 653.</ref><ref>Bewley/Ibn Sa'd 8:148-151.</ref><ref>The History of Al-Tabari, vol. 9, page 137, 141; vol. 39, page 193-195.</ref>

[[Ibn Kathir]] states in his [[Sīrah|sirah]] that Muhammad married Mariyah:

{{blockquote|Maria al-Qibtiyya (may Allah be pleased with her) is said to have married the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) and certainly everyone gave her the same title of respect as the Prophet's wives, 'Umm al Muminin' 'Mother of the Believers'.{{pb}}Muhammad must have come in contact with many of these Copts and listened to their stories. Muhammad's friendship to Christians of Coptic faith is reflected in many aspects of his life. He is known to have had cordial relations with the Negus of Abyssinia, as indicated by the fact that he advised his followers at a time of persecution to flee there. He married a Coptic wife named Mariya, and he is reported to have advised his followers to be especially kind to the Copts of Egypt, considering them his in-laws.}}<ref>R.H. Charles, "Vitae Adae et Evae," The Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha [Oxford, 1963] Volume 2, p. 294</ref>

[[Muhammad]] married Mariyah al-Qibtiyya, as narrated in Sahih [[Al-Mustadrak ala al-Sahihayn]]:

{{blockquote|"It is reported from 'Abdullah al-Zubairi who said: that after this the Noble Prophet (ﷺ) married (tazawwaju) Mariah daughter of Sham'un. This is the same Mariyah who was sent by Maqauqis, the ruler of Alexandria to the Prophet as a gift"}}<ref>Sahih al-Mustadarak Hakim Vol. iv, as quoted in Namus, page 86).</ref>

[[Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya]] is another [[scholar]] and biographer of Muhammad who writes a sirah called [[Zad al-Ma'ad]] where he mentioned Mariyah as a slave girl.<ref>Zad al-Ma'ad/Provisions Of The Afterlife, page- 30</ref>
Some Islamic scholars point to a different [[Asbāb al-nuzūl]] (circumstance of revelation) for the above incident, saying it was only caused by Muhammad drinking honey, as narrated in [[Sahih al-Bukhari]] by Muhammad's wife [[Aisha]]:<ref>{{Cite book|title= al-Bukhari: Sahih al Bukhari. In: Book 86. Volume 9, Nr. 102.}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite book|title=Sahih al-Bukhari 6691 In-book reference: Book 83, Hadith 68, Vol. 8, Book 78, Hadith 682.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=George Sale - Muhammed, The Quran, vol. 4 [1896]. This passage have been occasioned by Muhammad's protesting never to eat honey any more, because, having once eaten some in the apartment of Hafsa bint Umar or of Zaynab bint Jahsh, three other of his wives, namely, Aisha, Sawda bint Zamʿa, and Safiyya bint Huyayy, all told him they smelt he had been eating of the juice which distils from certain shrubs in those parts, and resembles honey in taste and consistence, but is of a very strong savour, and which the Prophet had a great aversion to.}}</ref>

{{blockquote|The Prophet (ﷺ) used to stay (for a period) in the house of Zaynab bint Jahsh (one of the wives of the Prophet ) and he used to drink honey in her house. Hafsa bint Umar and I decided that when the Prophet (ﷺ) entered upon either of us, she would say, "I smell in you the bad smell of Maghafir (a bad smelling raisin). Have you eaten Maghafir?" When he entered upon one of us, she said that to him. He replied (to her), "No, but I have drunk honey in the house of Zaynab bint Jahsh, and I will never drink it again."}}<ref>{{Cite web | title=Oaths and Vows (كتاب الأيمان والنذور) - Sunnah.com - Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم) | url=https://sunnah.com/ | access-date=2024-10-07 | website=sunnah.com }}</ref>

Like [[Rayhana bint Zayd]], there is some debate between historians and scholars as to whether Mariyah ever became Muhammad's wife or remained a [[Concubinage in Islam|concubine]].<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Bennett|editor1-first=Clinton|title=In Search of Muhammad|date=1998|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=9780304704019|page=[https://archive.org/details/insearchofmuhamm00benn/page/251 251]|url=https://archive.org/details/insearchofmuhamm00benn/page/251}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Fred James Hill|author2=Nicholas Awde|title=A History of the Islamic World|date=2003|publisher=Hippocrene Books|isbn=9780781810159|page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780781810159/page/24 24]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780781810159/page/24}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=David S. Powers|title=Muhammad Is Not the Father of Any of Your Men: The Making of the Last Prophet|date=2011|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|isbn=9780812205572|page=8}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://icraa.org/maria-copt-muhammad-wife-concubine/|title=Maria, the Copt: Prophet Muhammad's Wife or Concubine?|last=Akbar|first=Waqar|date=2018-08-10|website=ICRAA|language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-02}}</ref> An indication that she was a concubine is that when she bore her son to Muhammad, she was set free.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Schacht|first1=J.|last2=al-Andalusi|first2=Ibn Hazm|last3=Haqqi|first3=Mamduh|date=1957-12-31|title=Haccat al-wada'|journal=Oriens|volume=10|issue=2|pages=400|doi=10.2307/1579716|issn=0078-6527|jstor=1579716}}</ref>

{{blockquote|Ibn 'Abbas said: When Maria gave birth to Ibrahim the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said, 'Her son has set her free.'<ref>Al-Andalusi, Ibn Hazm, ''al-Muhalla bil Athar'', (Beirut: Dar al-Fekr, n.d.) Vol.7, 505; Vol.8, 215; Ibn Hazm termed it 'sahih al-sanad' and 'jayyid al-sanad.' Ibn Hazm has the report with an isnad different from that with Ibn Majah etc. Some scholars have differed with Ibn Hazm and pointed out hidden defects in its isnad – see, al-Fasi, Ibn al-Qattan, ''Bayan al-Wahm wa Iham fi Kitab al-Ahkam'', (Riyadh: Dar al-Tayba, 1997) Vol.2, 84-86 – it is, however, supported by a statement of 'Ubaidullah b. Abi Ja'far al-Kinani that the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said to Maria, the mother of Ibrahim, 'Your son has set you free.' See, al-Baihaqi, Abu Bakr, ''al-Sunan al-Kubra'', (Beirut: DKI, 2003) Hadith 21788</ref> }}There is also strong evidence that there was no living quarter for her in the proximity of the [[Prophet's Mosque]].<ref name="Juzjani">{{Cite book|last=Juzjani|first=Uthman ibn Siraj al Din|editor-first1=W. Nassau |editor-last1=Lees |title=Tabaqat-I Nasiri|date=2010-12-31|isbn=9781463229207|doi=10.31826/9781463229207}}</ref> Only the wives of Muhammad had their quarters adjacent to one another in the proximity of his mosque at Medina. Maria was made to reside permanently in an orchard, some three kilometers from the mosque.<ref name="Juzjani" /> Evidence that suggests she was a concubine is in the narration:

{{Blockquote|text=Anas said: The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) had a female-slave (amat) with whom he had intercourse, but 'Aishah and Hafsah would not leave him alone until he said that she was forbidden for him. Then Allah, the Mighty and Sublime, revealed: "O Prophet! Why do you forbid (for yourself) that which Allah has allowed to you.' until the end of the Verse."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sunan an-Nasa'i 3959 - The Book of the Kind Treatment of Women - كتاب عشرة النساء - Sunnah.com - Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)|url=https://sunnah.com/nasai:3959|access-date=2021-08-20|website=sunnah.com}}</ref>}}

The 'female-slave' referred to in this narration was Maria, the Copt, as specified in a hadith attributed to [[Umar]] and classified as ''sahih'' by Ibn Kathir, which names her ''Umm Ibrahim'' (the mother of Ibrahim).<ref>{{cite book|quote=The Prophet said to Hafsa: 'Do not mention it to anyone, the mother of Ibrahim (i.e. Maria) is forbidden unto me.' She said, 'Do you forbid yourself what Allah has made lawful to you?' He replied, 'By Allah, I will not be intimate with her.' 'Umar said, 'He did not have intimacy with Maria whereas Hafsa mentioned it to 'Aisha upon which Allah revealed, 'Allah has already sanctioned (a way) for you (believers) to absolve yourselves from your oaths'(Qur'an 66:2)|author=al-Maqdisi, Dia Uddin|title=al-Ahadith al-Mukhtara|publisher=Dar al-Kidr|year=2000|volume=1|pages=299–300}}</ref>

In a report from Ibn 'Abbas and 'Urwah b. al-Zubair concerning the same incident, Muhammad said to Hafsa:

{{Blockquote|text=I make you witness that I my concubine (surriyyati) is now forbidden unto me.<ref>Reported by Ibn 'Abbas: Al-Tabari, Ibn Jarir, ''Jami' al-Bayan fi Tafsir al-Qur'an'', (Beirut: al-Resalah Publishers, 2000) Vol.23, 477-478; al-Baihaqi, Abu Bakr, ''al-Sunan al-Kubra'', (Beirut: DKI, 2003) Hadith 15075; Ibn al-Jawzi, Abu al-Farj, ''al-Tahqiq fi Ahadith al-Khilaf'', (Beirut: DKI, 1415 AH) Vol.2, 379; It comes through an isnad involving 'Atiyah al-'Awfi and his descendants. Though criticized otherwise, the tafsir reports through this isnad are accepted since they are known to have been transmitted in writing. See, al-Turifi, 'Abdul 'Aziz, ''al-Taqrir fi Asanid al-Tafsir'', (Riyadh: Dar al-Minhaj, 2011) 67-68</ref>}}

Some Islamic scholars point to a different [[Asbāb al-nuzūl]] (circumstance of revelation) for the above incident, saying it was only caused by Muhammad drinking honey, as narrated in [[Sahih al-Bukhari]] by Muhammad's wife [[Aisha]]:<ref>{{Cite book|title= al-Buchari: Sahih al Buchari. In: Book 86. Volume 9, Nr. 102.}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref>{{Cite book|title=George Sale - Muhammed, The Quran, vol. 4 [1896]. This passage have been occasioned by Muhammad's protesting never to eat honey any more, because, having once eaten some in the apartment of Hafsa bint Umar or of Zaynab bint Jahsh, three other of his wives, namely, Aisha, Sawda bint Zamʿa, and Safiyya bint Huyayy, all told him they smelt he had been eating of the juice which distils from certain shrubs in those parts, and resembles honey in taste and consistence, but is of a very strong savour, and which the Prophet had a great aversion to.}}</ref>

{{blockquote|The Prophet (ﷺ) used to stay (for a period) in the house of Zaynab bint Jahsh (one of the wives of the Prophet ) and he used to drink honey in her house. Hafsa bint Umar and I decided that when the Prophet (ﷺ) entered upon either of us, she would say, "I smell in you the bad smell of Maghafir (a bad smelling raisin). Have you eaten Maghafir?" When he entered upon one of us, she said that to him. He replied (to her), "No, but I have drunk honey in the house of Zaynab bint Jahsh, and I will never drink it again."}}<ref>Sahih al-Bukhari 6691, In-book reference: Book 83, Hadith 68, USC-MSA web (English) reference: Vol. 8, Book 78, Hadith 682</ref>

[[Al-Tabari]] lists Maria as both one of Muhammad's wives and his slave, perhaps using "wife" in the sense of one whom Muhammad had relations with and who mothered his child.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Al-Tabari|title=History of al-Tabari: The Last Years of the Prophet vol 39|page=137|quote=God granted Rayhanah bt. Zayd of the Banu Qurayzah to his Messenger. Mariyah the Copt was presented to the Messenger of God, given to him by al-Muqawqis, the ruler of Alexandria, and she gave birth to the Messenger of God's son Ibrahim. These were the messenger of god's wifes, six of them were from the Quraysh.|url=https://ghayb.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Tabari_Volume_39.pdf}}</ref>

{{blockquote|Mariyah the Copt was presented to the Messenger of God, given to him by al-Muqawqis, the ruler of Alexandria, and she gave birth to the Messenger of God's son Ibrahim. These were the Messenger of God's wifes.}}

{{Blockquote|text=The Prophet admired Umm Ibrahim ["Mother of Ibrahim," Mariyah's title], who was fair-skinned and beautiful. He lodged her in al-'Aliyah, at the property nowadays called of Umm Ibrahim. He used to visit her there and ordered her to veil herself, [but] he had intercourse with her by virtue of her being his property...<ref>{{Cite book|last=Al-Tabari|url=https://archive.org/details/tabarivolume39/page/n223/mode/2up|title=History of Tabari - Volume 39 - Biographies of the Prophet's Companions and Their Successors|date=January 1998 |pages=193–194}}</ref>}}

One hadith attributed to Mus'ab b. 'Abdullah al-Zubairi states that the two were married,<ref>{{Cite book|author=al-Hakim, Abu|title=hadith nr. 6819|author2='Abdullah, al-Mustadrak|year=1990|location=Beirut|quote=Abdullah al-Zubairi related to us and said: Thereafter the Messenger of Allah married Maria bt. Sham'un. She had been gifted to the Messenger of Allah by Maquqas, the chief of Alexandria.}}</ref> though another rendering of the hadith by Mus'ab's nephew Zubair b. al-Bakkar makes no mention of marriage.<ref>{{cite book|quote=My uncle related to me saying: The chief of Alexandria Maquqas sent as gifts to the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ), Maria bt. Sham'un, the Copt, her sister Shirin, and a eunuch named Mabur. The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) took Maria bt. Sham'un for himself. She was the mother of (Prophet's son) Ibrahim. He gifted Shirin to Hassan b. Thabit|author=Zubair b. al-Bakkar|title=al-Muwaffaqiyat|publisher=Alam al-Kitab|year=1996|volume=147}}</ref>

[[Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah|Abu ‘Ubaydah]] said about Muhammad:

{{Blockquote|text=He had four [concubines]: Mariyah, who was the mother of his son [[Ibrahim ibn Muhammad|Ibraaheem]]; [[Rayhana bint Zayd|Rayhaanah]]; another beautiful slave woman whom he acquired as a prisoner of war; and a slave woman who was given to him by [[Zaynab bint Jahsh]]."<ref>Zaad al-Ma’aad, 1/114</ref> }}

==See also==
* [[List of non-Arab Sahaba]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* [[Ibn Ishaq]] (2007). ''[[Sirat Rasul Allah]]''. [[Alfred Guillaume]] (Translation). [[Oxford University Press]].
* [[Ibn Sa'd]] (2001). ''Kitāb al-Ṭabaqāt al-Kabīr''. [[Oxford University Press]].
* [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Tabari]] (1997). Vol. 8 of the ''[[History of the Prophets and Kings|Tarikh al-Rusul wa al-Muluk]]''. [[State University of New York Press]].
* [[R. H. Charles]] (1963). ''Vitae Adae et Evae''. The Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha (Vol. 2). [[Oxford University Press]].

==Further reading==
*{{cite book | last=[[Ibn Kathir]] | first=Ismail ibn Umar | year=2006 | title=The Life of Muhammad: Al-Sira al-Nabawiyya (Vol. 1) | translator=[[Trevor LeGassick]] | publisher=Garnet Publishing Limited | location=Reading, UK | url=https://archive.org/details/life-of-muhammad-4-ibn-kathir/Life%20of%20Muhammad%201%20%28Ibn%20Kathir%29/page/n1/mode/1up | access-date=2021-07-25 }}

{{Wives of Muhammad}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Qibtiyya, Maria}}
[[Category:637 deaths]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Converts to Islam from Christianity]]
[[Category:Egyptian Copts]]
[[Category:Egyptian former Christians]]
[[Category:Former Oriental Orthodox Christians]]
[[Category:Women companions of the Prophet]]
[[Category:Non-Arab companions of the Prophet]]
[[Category:Wives of Muhammad]]
[[Category:Slave concubines]]
[[Category:7th-century slaves]]
[[Category:Coptic women]]
[[Category:Byzantine slaves]]
[[Category:7th-century Arab slaves]]

M. Kantharaj Urs

2026-03-25T03:36:46Z

Brock211211849: minor cleanup

{{Short description|Indian royal, civil servant and administrator}}
{{More footnotes needed|date=May 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix = Rajasevadhurina [[Sardar]] [[Sir]]
| name = M Kantharaj Urs
| honorific-suffix = [[Order of the Star of India|CSI]] [[Order of the Indian Empire|KCIE]]
| image =
| imagesize = 250px
| order1 = 20th [[Dewan of Mysore]]
| term_start1 = 1918
| term_end1 = 1922
| predecessor1 = [[Mokshagundam Visvesvarayya]]
| successor1 = [[A. R. Banerjee]]
| monarch1 = [[Krishna Raja Wadiyar IV]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1870|9|20}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1923|10|03|1870|9|20}}
| death_place = [[Bangalore]]
| nationality =
| party =
| alma_mater = [[Madras Christian College]]
| profession = [[Civil servant]]
| occupation =
| spouse =
| birth_name = Maddur Kanthraj Urs
}}

'''Sir''' '''Maddur Kantharaj Urs''' (20 September 1870 – 3 October 1923) was an Indian royal, civil servant, and administrator who served as the 20th [[Dewan of Mysore]] from 1918 to 1922.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=jEEZAAAAYAAJ&dq=kantharaj+urs+kcie&pg=PA380 Obituary. (1923). The Near East, XXIV(634), 380–380.]</ref>

== Early life and education ==

Kantharaj Urs was born on 20 September 1870 to Narasaraja Urs and Kempananjammanni, the [[Maddur, Mandya|Maddur]] Urs branch of the Kalale [[Wadiyar dynasty]]. His older sister was [[Kempananjammani Devi|Maharani Kempananjammanni Devi]].

He studied at [[Madras Christian College]] from 1892 to 1893 and graduated with distinction. He was the first member of the [[Ursu|Ursu community]] to attain this distinction.

== Career ==

In 1894, Kantharaj Urs was appointed Probationary Assistant Commissioner (Schedule II) in the [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore]] civil service. After the untimely death of his brother-in-law [[Chamarajendra Wadiyar X|Maharaja Chamaraja Wadiyar X]] in December 1894, his sister became the Queen Regent of Mysore in 1895. She appointed him her Special Assistant and Private Secretary from 1895 to 1899.

In 1918, Urs succeeded [[M. Visvesvaraya|Sir M. Vishveshwaraya]] as the Dewan of Mysore to his nephew [[Krishna Raja Wadiyar IV|Maharaja Krishnaraja Wadiyar IV]].

== Personal life ==

Kantharaj Urs married his niece Princess Jayalakshami Amanni, the eldest daughter of his sister [[Kempananjammani Devi|Maharani Kempananjammani Devi]]. They had one daughter, Rajakumari Lelavathi. [[Jayalakshmi Vilas|Jayalakshmi Vilas Mansion]] at Mysore, now part of the [[University of Mysore]], was their residence.

He died on 3 October 1923.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

* {{cite book|title=Mysore Gazetteer|pages=3143}}
* {{cite book|title=Speeches of Sirdar Sir M. Kantharaj Urs Vol-1 by Sirdar K. Basavaraj Urs M.A., LL.B.|pages=362}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Urs, M. Kantaraj}}
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Star of India|CSI]]
[[Category:1870 births]]
[[Category:1923 deaths]]
[[Category:Madras Christian College alumni]]
[[Category:Dewans of Mysore]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:Indian knights]]
[[Category:People from British India]]

Chliaria othona

2026-03-24T10:16:07Z

Brock211211849: adding.

{{Short description|Species of butterfly}}
{{Speciesbox
| name= Orchid tit
| image = Orchid Tit.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| status =
| status_system =
| status_ref =
| genus = Chliaria
| species = othona
| authority = ([[William Chapman Hewitson|Hewitson]], 1865)
| synonyms =
*''Chliaria eltola'' [[Hewitson]], 1865<ref name ="Evans">{{cite book |last1=Evans |first1=W.H. |authorlink=William Harry Evans |title=The Identification of Indian Butterflies |edition=2nd |location=Mumbai, India |publisher=[[Bombay Natural History Society]] |year=1932}}</ref>
*''[[Hypolycaena]] othona'' {{small|Hewitson, 1865}}
| synonyms_ref =
}}

'''''Chliaria othona''''', the '''orchid tit''',<ref name="LepIndex">{{LepIndex |id=195839 |accessdate=April 19, 2018}}</ref><ref name=funet/> is a species of [[Lycaenidae|lycaenid]] or blue butterfly found in Asia.<ref name=Smetacek>{{Cite book|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/287980260|title=A Synoptic Catalogue of the Butterflies of India|last1=R.K.|first1=Varshney|last2=Smetacek|first2=Peter|publisher=Butterfly Research Centre, Bhimtal & Indinov Publishing, New Delhi|year=2015|isbn=978-81-929826-4-9|location=New Delhi|pages=119|doi=10.13140/RG.2.1.3966.2164}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=''Hypolycaena othona'' Hewitson, 1865 – Orchid Tit|url=http://www.ifoundbutterflies.org/sp/509/Chliaria-othona|accessdate=26 August 2017}}</ref><ref name=funet>{{cite web |last=Savela |first=Markku |url=http://www.nic.funet.fi/pub/sci/bio/life/insecta/lepidoptera/ditrysia/papilionoidea/lycaenidae/theclinae/chliaria/#othona |title=''Chliaria othona'' (Hewitson, 1865) |website=Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms |accessdate=July 1, 2018}}</ref><ref name=SwinhoeIndica>{{Source-attribution|sentence=yes|{{Cite book|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/103505#page/90/mode/1up|title=Lepidoptera Indica. Vol. IX |last=Swinhoe|first=Charles|authorlink=Charles Swinhoe|publisher=Lovell Reeve and Co.|year=1911–1912|volume=9 |isbn=|location=London|pages=78–80}}}}</ref>

The orchid tit is one of the rare butterflies belonging to the family Lycaenidae (Kehimkar, 2008). This butterfly is fairly common in northern India, but was reported to be very rare in southern India. In India, ''Chliaria othona'' is distributed in the Western Ghats, Uttaranchal to Arunachal Pradesh, the northeast, West Bengal and the Andaman Islands. It was also reported from Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh and Myanmar. The species prefers wet forests of up to 1524 meters altitude from the mean sea level and occasionally visits damp patches for [[mud-puddling]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://docs.kfri.res.in/KFRI-RR/KFRI-RR398.pdf|title=A Handbook on the Butterflies of Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve|last=Mathew|first=George|publisher=KFRI Research Report|year=2011|isbn=|location=Thrissur|pages=|quote=|via=}}</ref> The caterpillars of orchid tit feed on the flower buds and flowers of orchids,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zFy8NwAACAAJ|title=The Book of Indian Butterflies|last=Kehimkar|first=Issac|publisher=Bombay Natural History Society|year=2008|isbn=9780195696202|location=Bombay|pages=|quote=|via=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Arjun|first=C.P. |display-authors=etal |year=2013|title=Occurrence of the Oriental Orchid Tit Butterfly (''Chliaria othona'' Hewitson) in the Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary, Kerala |url=https://www.academia.edu/30041645|journal=Malabar Trogon|volume=13 |issue=1–3|pages=31|via=ResearchGate}}</ref> hence the name.

==Subspecies==
The subspecies of ''Chliaria othona'' are-<ref name=funet/>
* ''Chliaria othona othona'' Hewitson, 1865 – India, Myanmar, Thailand
* ''Chliaria othona mimima'' Druce, 1895 – Borneo
* ''Chliaria othona matiana'' Fruhstorfer, 1912 – Vietnam
* ''Chliaria othona dendrobia'' Roepke, 1919 – Java
* ''Chliaria othona semanga'' Corbet, 1940 – peninsular Malaya
* ''Chliaria othona jiwabaruana'' Eliot, 1980 – Mentawai Island
* ''Chliaria othona waltraudae'' (Treadaway & Nuyda, [1995])

==Description==
[[Image:Othona87.jpg|thumb|Male, upperside left, underside right]]
{{Entomology glossary hatnote}}
{{Blockquote|Male. Upperside dark blue. Forewing with the apical half black, its inner margin crossing the end of the cell to vein 2 near the outer margin of the wing, from thence to the hinder angle in a moderately broad band, the costal band from the upper end of the cell to the base somewhat narrower. Cilia brown. Hindwing with the costa and apex with a moderately broad black band, the rest of the wing blue, outer marginal line finely black, with an inner white line, abdominal fold whitish; tails black, with white tips, outer margin nearly evenly rounded. Cilia white, with grey tips. Underside whitish-grey, markings chocolate-brown. Forewing with a black sub-costal spot one-fourth from the base, a double line crossing the end of the cell, a rather broad shorthand from near the costa to vein 4, composed of two conjoined squarish spots, the lower the larger, the band continued hindward in a narrow straight streak ending in a point on the sub-median vein, a sub-marginal lunular line, a dark band close to the margin. Hindwing with a sub-basal spot below the costa, two pale lines close together, as in the forewing closing the cell, an irregular discal band, commencing on the costa with two conjoined, inwardly oblique dark spots, and two more somewhat similar spots, their upper inner end touching the lower outer end of the others, then two more conjoined but smaller spots, inwardly placed, their upper outer end well separated from the lower inner end of the two above them, a sub-marginal lunular line, its lower portion well separated from the outer margin of the wing, a sub-terminal series of small, pale brown lunular spots, a small, black anal spot, a large one in the first interspace, the former capped with orange, and with a short pale orange streak running up the abdominal margin, the latter with its upper portion rather broadly ringed with orange, both wings with terminal black line. Cilia white, with brown spots opposite the vein ends. Antennae black, ringed with white; head and body blackish-brown above, grey beneath.

Female. Upperside dark brownish-grey. Forewing with the marginal bands as in the male, but not so dark. Hindwing with the ground colour darker at the base, gradually paling towards the outer margin; in some examples the lower third of the
wing is quite pale, almost grey; terminal line black, with an inner white thread. Cilia grey. Underside as in the male.|author=[[Charles Swinhoe]]|source=''[[Lepidoptera Indica]]''. Vol. IX<ref name=SwinhoeIndica/>}}


==Distribution==
[[File:Orchid tit.JPG|thumb|220x220px|In [[Gorumara National Park]], West Bengal]]
{{Location map+|India|width=400|float=right|caption=Distribution records of ''Chliaria othona'' in India|places=
{{Location map~|India|lat=27.80|long=95.50|label=Jairampur}}
{{Location map~|India|lat=17.45|long=81.78|label=Merudemilli}}
{{Location map~|India|lat=8.57|long=77.2|label=Ponmudi}}
{{Location map~|India|lat=8.57|long=77.2|label=Parunthumpara}}
{{Location map~|India|lat=8.57|long=77.2|label=Ponkunnam}}
{{Location map~|India|lat=13.18|long=75.45|label=Bhadra}}
{{Location map~|India|lat=10.30|long=76.42|label=Thattekkad}}
{{Location map~|India|lat=12.37|long=75.68|label=Mercara}}
{{Location map~|India|lat=13.99|long=74.84|label=Sagar}}
{{Location map~|India|lat=14.63|long=74.61|label=Sirsi}}
{{Location map~|India|lat=26.11|long=91.58|label=Guwahati}}
{{Location map~|India|lat=26.75|long=94.22|label=Jorhat}}
{{Location map~|India|lat=26.22|long=90.64|label=Manas}}
{{Location map~|India|lat=21.92|long=85.98|label=Similipal}}
}}

The orchid tit is found in [[Bangladesh]],<ref>{{cite news |script-title=bn:অপ্সরীর খোঁজে |url=http://www.prothom-alo.com/bangladesh/article/787585/অপ্সরীর-খোঁজে |work=Prothom Alo |date=3 March 2016 |language=bn |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414192320/http://www.prothom-alo.com/bangladesh/article/787585/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%96%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%81%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87 |archive-date=14 April 2016}}</ref> [[India]], [[Myanmar]], [[Thailand]], [[Laos]], northern [[Vietnam]], [[Peninsular Malaysia]], [[Pulau Tioman]] and possibly [[Taiwan]].<ref name="LepIndex"/>

In India the butterfly is found in the [[Western Ghats]], the Himalayas from [[Garhwal Division|Garhwal]] to [[Assam]], [[Bengal]] and onto [[Myanmar]].<ref name="LepIndex"/>

In [[Sikkim]], the orchid tit is found up to an altitude of {{convert|5000|ft|m}}.<ref name="Wynter-Blyth"/>

==Status==
The species is considered rare in southern India, but not rare in the north.<ref name="Wynter-Blyth">{{cite book|last=Wynter-Blyth |first=Mark Alexander |authorlink=Mark Alexander Wynter-Blyth |title=Butterflies of the Indian Region |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yEkgAQAAMAAJ |year=1957 |location=Bombay, India |publisher=[[Bombay Natural History Society]] |isbn=978-8170192329 |page=353}}</ref>

==Habits==
The orchid tit is to be found in dense, rainy jungles. It is rarely seen except around its food plants - the flower buds of [[Epiphyte|epiphytic]] orchids. It flies weakly and settles on flowers, leaves. It visits damp patches.<ref name="Wynter-Blyth"/>

==Life cycle==


'''Caterpillar''' - green onisciform (woodlouse-shaped) larvae with red dorsal band and three red rippled lines on each side. The caterpillar's head is concealed and its body is covered with minute bristles. Distinct short protuberances extend from the anal segment. It feeds on the flowers of the orchid.<ref name="Haribal">{{cite book |last=Haribal |first=Meena |title=The Butterflies of Sikkim Himalaya and Their Natural History |location=Gangtok, Sikkim, India |publisher=Sikkim Nature Conservation Foundation |year=1992 |page=107}}</ref>

'''Pupa''' - smooth and greenish grey, resembles those of other Lycaenidae species. It has a few white markings, with a distinctly wavy pattern on the wing covers. It is found fastened along the stem of the orchids.<ref name="Haribal"/>

'''Larval food plants''' - The orchid tit's larval host plants are from the family ''[[Orchidaceae]]'' from genera ''[[Arundina]]'', ''[[Dendrobium]]'', ''[[Papilionanthe]]'', ''[[Phaius]]'', ''[[Phalaenopsis]]'', ''[[Spathoglottis]]'' and the specific species are ''[[Papilionanthe subulata]]'' and ''[[Spathoglottis plicata]]'' <ref>HOSTS - a Database of the World's Lepidopteran Hostplants (http://www.nhm.ac.uk/research-curation/projects/hostplants/) accessed on September 12, 2007.</ref>

==See also==
*[[Lycaenidae]]
*[[List of butterflies of India (Lycaenidae)]]

==Cited references==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
{{Commons category}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.nhm.ac.uk/our-science/data/lepindex/ |title=The Global Lepidoptera Names Index (LepIndex) |last1=Beccaloni |first1=George |last2=Scoble |first2=Malcolm |last3=Kitching |first3=Ian |last4=Simonsen |first4=Thomas |last5=Robinson |first5=Gaden |last6=Pitkin |first6=Brian |last7=Hine |first7=Adrian |last8=Lyal |first8=Chris |publisher=Natural History Museum, London |accessdate=2016-10-15}}
* {{cite book |last1=Evans |first1=W.H. |authorlink=William Harry Evans |title=The Identification of Indian Butterflies |edition=2nd |location=Mumbai, India |publisher=[[Bombay Natural History Society]] |year=1932}}
* {{cite book |last=Haribal |first=Meena |title=The Butterflies of Sikkim Himalaya and Their Natural History |location=Gangtok, Sikkim, India |publisher=Sikkim Nature Conservation Foundation |year=1992}}
* {{cite book|last=Wynter-Blyth |first=Mark Alexander |authorlink=Mark Alexander Wynter-Blyth |title=Butterflies of the Indian Region |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yEkgAQAAMAAJ |year=1957 |location=Bombay, India |publisher=[[Bombay Natural History Society]] |isbn=978-8170192329}}

{{Taxonbar|from1=Q3702852|from2=Q26844315}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chliaria Othona}}
[[Category:Chliaria]]
[[Category:Butterflies of Asia]]
[[Category:Butterflies described in 1865]]
[[Category:Taxa named by William Chapman Hewitson]]

Arti (Hinduism)

2026-03-24T07:33:25Z

Brock211211849: further fixed references after review

{{short description|Hindu ritual of light-waving}}
{{italic title}}
{{redirect|Aarti|the 1962 Indian Hindi-language film|Aarti (film)|other uses|Arti (disambiguation){{!}}Arti}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2023}}

[[File:(1) Aarti Thali, Prayer Plate India.jpg|thumb|''Arti'' plate]]

'''''Arti''''' ({{Langx|hi|आरती|translit=Āratī}}) or '''''Aratrika''''' ({{Langx|sa|आरात्रिक|translit=Ārātrika}})<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Woodhead |first1=Linda |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6qJeCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA68 |title=Religions in the Modern World: Traditions and Transformations |last2=Partridge |first2=Christopher |last3=Kawanami |first3=Hiroko |date=2016-01-13 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-43960-8 |pages=68 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Monier-Williams |first=Sir Monier |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lscX55ssDNsC&pg=PA94 |title=Brahmanism and Hinduism: Or Religious Thought and Life in Asia |date=2004 |publisher=Cosmo |isbn=978-81-7755-873-9 |pages=94 |language=en}}</ref> is a [[Hindu]] ritual employed in worship, part of a ''[[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]]'', in which light from a flame (fuelled by [[camphor]], [[ghee]], or oil) is ritually waved to venerate [[Hindu deities|deities]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2021-05-19 |title=Aarti । Why do we do Aarti? |url=https://simplehinduism.com/why-do-we-do-aarti/ |access-date=2023-11-09 |website=Simple Hinduism |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Michaels |first=Axel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PD-flQMc1ocC&pg=PA232 |title=Hinduism: Past and Present |date=2004 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-08952-2 |pages=232 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Flood |first=Gavin D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KpIWhKnYmF0C&pg=PA209 |title=An Introduction to Hinduism |date=1996-07-13 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-43878-0 |pages=209 |language=en}}</ref> ''Arti'' also refers to the hymns sung in praise of the deity, when the light is being offered. [[Sikhs]] have ''Arti'' ''kirtan'' which involves only devotional singing; the [[Nihang]] order of Sikhs also use light for ''arti''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2023-08-25 |title=Aarti |url=https://sikh13.com/aarti/ |access-date=2023-11-09 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Etymology and origin==
''Aarti'' is thought to have descended from [[Historical Vedic religion|''Vedic'']] fire rituals or ''[[yajna]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=– BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir, London |url=https://londonmandir.baps.org/worship/arti-the-hindu-ceremony-of-light/ |access-date=2023-11-09}}</ref> ''Aarati'' is derived from the [[Sanskrit]] word {{lang|sa|आरात्रिक}} ({{transliteration|sa|ISO|ārātrika}}) which means something that removes {{transliteration|sa|ISO|rātrī}}, "darkness".<ref name=":3">James Lochtefeld, ''An illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism'', {{ISBN|0-8239-2287-1}}, page 51</ref><ref>Monier Williams Sanskrit Dictionary; Quote: ArAtrika n. the light (or the vessel containing it) which is waved at night before an icon; N. of this ceremony.</ref> A [[Marathi language]] reference says it is also known as {{transliteration|sa|ISO|Mahānīrāñjanā}} ({{langx|sa|महानीराञ्जना}}).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wikisource.org/wiki/Page:Konkani_Viswakosh_Vol1.pdf/191|title=Page:Konkani Viswakosh Vol1.PDF/191 – Wikisource}}</ref> According to Steven Rosen, ''arti'' means "before night" or symbolic end of the night to the worshipper's "material sojourn – he or she is now situated in the light of God's devotion."<ref name=":1">Rosen, Steven (2006). ''Essential Hinduism''. Praeger Publishers. p. 196. {{ISBN|0-275-99006-0}}</ref>[[File:Varanasi, ganga aarti (6299989162).jpg|thumb|''Arti'' performed in [[Rishikesh]]]]

==Practice==
''Aarti'' ranges from simple acts of worship to extravagant rituals, but almost always includes a ''jyoti'' (flame or light). It is performed up to eight times daily, depending on the specific Hindu tradition and temple.<ref name=":1" /> It is performed as part of most Hindu liturgies and occasions and typically involves circling a ''[[Diya (lamp)|diya]]'' (lamp) clockwise before a [[murti]] or [[icon]] of a deity, accompanied by hymns.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Hawley |first=John Stratton |title=The Life of Hinduism |publisher=University of California Press |year=2006 |pages=39–40 |language=english}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> After waving the lamp before the deity, it is brought to the devotee, who then briefly places both their palms above the sanctified flame to receive its warmth. The devotee then raises their hands in [[supination]], bringing both palms toward to their forehead in a gesture of self-purification and connection with the Divine.<ref name=":2" />

The ''diya'' (lamp) used for ''aarti'' is most often made of brass or other materials and holds a cotton wick soaked in camphor, ghee, or oil.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> The ''aarti'' plate may contain other offerings like flowers, incense, and ''akshata'' (rice).<ref>Akshata: (Sanskrit) "Unbroken." Unmilled, uncooked rice, often mixed with turmeric, offered as a sacred substance during ''puja'', or in blessings for individuals at weddings and other ceremonies.</ref>

The purpose of ''aarti'' is to wave light before the deity in a spirit of humility and gratitude, wherein the faithful become immersed in a God's divine form. All accoutrements used for ''aarti'' symbolize the [[Mahābhūta|five elements]]:<ref name=":1" />
# Space ({{transliteration|sa|hunterian|akasha}}) - [[yak]]-tail fan
# Wind ({{transliteration|sa|hunterian|vayu}}) - peacock fan
# Fire ({{transliteration|sa|hunterian|agni}}) - lamp or candle
# Water ({{transliteration|sa|hunterian|jalam}})
# Earth ({{transliteration|sa|hunterian|prithvi}}) - flowers

''Aarti'' may also be performed at shrines within a business or home.<ref name=":1" />

==Significance==
[[File:Durga puja blessing.jpg|thumb|left|Taking ''arti'' [[blessing]] during a [[Durga puja|Durga ''puja'']] celebration.]]
{{Hinduism}}
''Arti'' is an expression of many aspects including love, benevolence, gratitude, prayers, or desires depending on the object for which it is performed. For example, it can be a form of respect when performed for elders, prayers when performed to deities, or hope when performed for homes or vehicles. Emotions and prayers are often silent while doing ''arti'', but this is determined by the person carrying out the ritual or the holiday involved. It's also believed that goodwill and luck can be taken through symbolic hand movements over the flame.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://aajtak.intoday.in/story/what-is-the-rules-and-significance-of-doing-aarti-tpra-1-1019315.html|title='Rules and significance of Aarti|work=Indiatoday|access-date=2020-03-24}}</ref>

Apart from worldly activities, ''arti'' also represents one's self - thus, ''arti'' signifies that one is peripheral to godhead or divinity. This would keep one's ego down and help one remain humble in spite of high social and economic rank. A third commonly held understanding of the ritual is that ''arti'' serves as a reminder to stay vigilant so that the forces of material pleasures and desires cannot overcome the individual. Just as the lighted wick provides light and chases away darkness, the vigilance of an individual can keep away the influence of the material world.<ref name=":1" />

==Songs==
[[File:Aarti-dance-bangalore-2009.jpg|thumb|''Arti'' dance in Bangalore, 2009.]]
Hinduism has a long tradition of songs sung as an accompaniment to the ritual of ''arti''. It primarily extols the virtues of the deity that the ritual is being offered to, and several sects have their own versions of the common ''arti'' songs that are often sung on chorus at various temples, during evening and morning artis. Sometimes they also contain snippets of information on the life of the deity.

The most commonly sung ''arti'' is that which is dedicated to all deities called [[Jai Jagdish Hare|Om Jai Jagdish Hare]], known as "the universal ''arti''". Other arti's are used for other deities as well such as Om Jai Shiv omkara, Om Jai Lakshmi mata, Om Jai Ambe gauri, Om Jai Adya Shakti, Om Jai Saraswati Mata, Om Jai Gange Mata, Om Jai Tulsi Mata and Om Jai Surya Bhagvaan. In [[Ganesha]] worship, the ''arti'' "[[Sukhakarta Dukhaharta]]" is popular in Maharashtra.

In [[Swaminarayan]] Mandirs, [[Jay Sadguru Swami]] is the ''arti'' that is sung. In most temples in India, ''arti'' is performed at least twice a day, after the ceremonial ''[[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]]'', which is the time when the largest number of devotees congregates.

In [[Pushtimarg]] Havelis, ''arti'' is performed by a sole ''mukhiyaji'' (priest) while "Haveli Sangit" (''kirtan'') is being sung. Devotees only watch the ''arti'' being done and do not get to take a major part in it. During bhajan or utsavs (festivals) celebrated at home, "Jai Jai Shree Yamuna" is sung while devotees perform ''arti''. It is said that Sandhya ''arti'' is done to see if Lord [[Shrinathji]] had gotten hurt while playing outside because it is performed after sundown.

==Durga Puja==
{{See also|Natyashastra}}
During the Bengali festival [[Durga puja|Durga ''puja'']] ritual drummers – ''dhakis,'' carrying large leather-strung ''[[Dhak (instrument)|dhak]]'s'', show off their skills during ritual dance worships called ''arti'' or ''[[Dhunuchi Nritya|Dhunuchi dance]]''.<ref>{{cite book|last=Gupta|first=Shobhna|title=Dances of India|year=2002|publisher=Har-Anand Publications Pvt Ltd|location=New Delhi|isbn=9788124108666|page=71}}</ref>

==Sikhism==
In [[Sikhism]], [[Gagan mein thaal|''Gagan mai thaal'']] is a type of ''arti'' recited by [[Sikh gurus|first guru]], [[Guru Nanak]]<ref>http://www.livehindustan.com/news/tayaarinews/tayaarinews/article1-story-67-67-199585.html गुरु नानक देव और उनके द्वारा प्रवर्तित मार्ग</ref> in either 1506<ref name="orgov">{{Cite web |title=Orissa Review FEBRUARY MARCH 2012................ |url=https://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2012/Feb-March/Feb-Marchreview.htm |website=E-Magazine - Government of Orissa |publisher=Orissa Review}}</ref> or 1508<ref name="barusahib">{{Cite web |date=13 November 2013 |title=Home |url=http://www.barusahib.org/Assets/Publications/Natures_Own_Arti.pdf }}</ref><ref name="sikh-heritage">{{cite web |title=Untitled Document |url=http://www.sikh-heritage.co.uk/Scriptures/Guru%20Granth/Guru%20Granth.htm&nbsp |accessdate=2024-04-01 |website=sikh-heritage.co.uk}}</ref> at [[Jagannath Temple, Puri]], during his ''Udaasi'' (journey) to the east of the [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref name="orgov" /><ref name="barusahib" /> [[Amritsar]] Sikhs sing ''Arti kirtan'', which comprise a few ''shabads'' from [[Guru Nanak]], [[Ravidas]] and other [[Bhagat]]s and Gurus. According to them, it is the ''arti'' of divine wisdom in the form of the ''[[Guru Granth Sahib]]'' – Sikhism's eternal [[Guru]] and chief scripture. It is considered the equivalent of bowing on one's knees before the ''Guru Granth Sahib''. This ''arti'' does not employ ritual items, but is instead sung after the daily recitation of the ''[[Rehraas Sahib]]'' and [[Ardās]] at [[Harmandir Sahib]] in [[Amritsar]], and most [[Gurdwara]]s worldwide.

An exception is the [[Nihang]] order, whose members first recite ''Aarta'' (prayers derived from ''banis'' in the ''[[Dasam Granth]]'' and ''[[Sarbloh Granth]]'' – scriptures of secondary and tertiary importance in the faith), and as in Hindu practise, employ ''diya'', flowers, conch shells, bells, incense during the ritual.<ref name=":0" /> This form of Sikh ''arti'' is also recited at [[Takht Sri Patna Sahib|Patna Sahib]] and [[Hazur Sahib]].

==See also==
* [[Arti (given name)]]
* [[Blessing]]
* [[Jay Sadguru Swami]]
* [[Mantrapushpanjali]]
* [[Om Jai Jagdish Hare]]
* [[Shankha]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline}}

{{Worship in Hinduism}}
{{Hinduism_footer_small}}

[[Category:Aarti]]
[[Category:Hindu music]]

M. V. Subbiah

2026-03-23T16:34:10Z

Brock211211849: Improved wording and formatting

{{Short description|Indian industrialist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = M. V. Subbiah
|image = M V Subbiah.png
|image_upright = 1.0
|alt =
|caption = at his house in [[Pallathur]] 2025
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1939|2|2|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Pallathur]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| education = [[Aston University]] (Diploma)
[[Harvard Business School]] (PMD)
| occupation = Industrialist, Philanthropist
| known_for = Chairman of the [[Murugappa Group]], Chairman of [[National Skill Development Corporation]] (NSDC)
| awards = [[Padma Bhushan]] (2012)<ref name="TOIPadma"/><ref name="MotorInd"/>
| spouse =
| children = 3 (1 son, 2 daughters)
| parents =
}}

'''M. V. Subbiah''' (born 2 February 1939)<ref name="HBSS"/> is an Indian industrialist and the former Executive Chairman of the [[Murugappa Group]], a multi-billion dollar conglomerate based in [[Chennai]]. He is widely recognized for his role in professionalizing family business <ref name = "TIIH"/> governance in India and for his tenure as the Chairman of the [[National Skill Development Corporation]] (NSDC) from 2008 to 2013.<ref name="FE" /> In 2012, he was awarded the [[Padma Bhushan]], India's third-highest civilian honor, for his contributions to trade and industry.<ref name="PB" />

== Early life and heritage ==
Subbiah was born on 2 February 1939 in [[Pallathur]], Tamil Nadu, into the Nattukottai Chettiar mercantile community. He is the grandson of Dewan Bahadur A. M. Murugappa Chettiar, who founded the family's business in 1900 in [[Moulmein]], [[Burma]]. The family's early business strategy emphasized diversification and capital preservation, which proved critical during World War II when they repatriated profits to India to invest in rubber plantations and manufacturing.<ref name="ReviewCase" /> He is known to be very passionate about working for and with the local community.<ref name="IIMB"/>

=== Education and "shop floor" philosophy ===
Subbiah studied engineering at the [[University of Birmingham]] for two years. While he did not graduate from the engineering program, he completed a Diploma in Industrial Administration from [[Aston University]]. In 1971, he attended the Program for Management Development (PMD) at [[Harvard Business School]].<ref name="HBS" />

== Industrial turnarounds ==
Subbiah earned a reputation as a leader capable of revitalizing ailing industrial units through financial discipline and labor negotiation.<ref name="IIMB" /><ref name = "FIN1"/>

=== TI Cycles of India ===
In the 1970s, [[TI Cycles of India]] faced a crisis of identity and profitability due to competition from northern Indian manufacturers and severe labor unrest.<ref name="TICyclesNew" /> Subbiah addressed the labor stalemate by introducing productivity-linked wages and shifted the company's focus toward premium "special" bicycles, such as racing bikes and ladies' bicycles (e.g., the BSA Aristocrat), which allowed the company to command higher margins.<ref name="TICyclesNew" /><ref name="TOI" />

=== EID Parry ===
Acquired by the Murugappa Group in 1981, [[EID Parry]] was a "sick unit" struggling with massive debt and operational inefficiency.<ref name="EndTerm" /> Subbiah spearheaded its revival by implementing a rigorous restructuring program. He famously rejected traditional executive perks, such as private dining rooms, to foster equality within the organization.<ref name="HBS" /> Under his leadership, EID Parry transformed into the most profitable sugar manufacturer in southern India, expanding into bio-energy and sustainable agri-products.<ref name="FE" /><ref name="EIDAnnual25" />

== Corporate governance and professionalization ==
In 1999, Subbiah initiated a radical restructuring of the Murugappa Group’s governance framework. He recognized that post-liberalization challenges required a shift from family-led management to professionalized oversight.<ref name="IIMB" />

He created the Murugappa Corporate Board (MCB), integrating independent directors with family members. In 2001, he made the landmark decision to step down as Chairman, handing over leadership to [[N. S. Raghavan]], a non-family professional and co-founder of [[Infosys]].<ref name="IIMB" /><ref name="Egon" /> This "positive rebellion" against traditional Indian business norms was intended to institutionalize transparency and [[meritocracy]].<ref name="IIMB" />

=== Trusteeship philosophy ===
Central to Subbiah's model was the concept of "trusteeship," rooted in the ideas of [[Mahatma Gandhi]].<ref name="Egon" /> Under this philosophy, the family viewed the business as a resource held in trust for stakeholders rather than personal property. This led to the development of a formal Family Constitution and a Family Council to ensure that succeeding generations viewed their roles as stewards.<ref name="CII" />

== National leadership and skill development ==
Subbiah served as the President of the Association of Indian Engineering Industries, which evolved into the [[Confederation of Indian Industry]] (CII).<ref name="Excellence" /><ref name = "CIIPhoto"/>

In 2008, he was appointed Chairman of the [[National Skill Development Corporation]] (NSDC). He advocated for the "German model" of vocational training and the "Gurukul" system for holistic education, arguing that India's system was overly focused on theoretical degrees.<ref name="FE" /> During his tenure (2008–2013), he focused on creating sustainable ecosystems for skill development across India.

== Philanthropy ==

AMM Foundation<ref name = "AMMF"/>

'''Healthcare:''' The foundation manages the AMM Hospital in Pallathur (celebrated its centenary in 2024), known as a "one rupee" hospital, and the [[Sir Ivan Stedeford Hospital]] in Avadi.<ref name="PTINews" /><ref name="Poly" />

'''Education:''' Notable institutions include the [[Murugappa Polytechnic College]] (an academically autonomous technical college) and the AMM School in Chennai.<ref name="Poly" /><ref name="Justdial" />

'''Environment:''' The foundation's "Nanneer Project" focuses on the restoration of water bodies in Tamil Nadu, benefiting thousands of farmers.<ref name="EIDAnnual25" />

== Awards and recognition ==

'''1988:''' National HRD Award<ref name="IIMB" />

'''2001:''' AIMA-JRD Tata Corporate Leadership Award<ref name="AIMA" /><ref name="AIMA2019"/><ref name="AIMAPage"/>

'''2011:''' Honorary Doctorate ([[DUniv]]) from the University of Birmingham

'''2012:''' [[Padma Bhushan]] by the Government of India<ref name="PB" />

'''2014:''' Gatekeeper of Governance award by Excellence Enablers<ref name="Excellence" />

== Succession and family arrangement ==
Subbiah's son has emerged as a key figure in the group's modern expansion, particularly through the successful turnaround of [[CG Power and Industrial Solutions|CG Power]].<ref name="IITM" /> In 2024, the Murugappa family engaged in a landmark family arrangement to resolve ownership disputes and split the group into distinct entities, ensuring long-term sustainability and family amity.<ref name="ET" /><ref name="TIWP" />

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=

<ref name="HBS">{{cite web |last1=Narayanan |first1=V. G. |title=M.V. Subbiah – Creating Emerging Markets – Harvard Business School |url=https://www.hbs.edu/creating-emerging-markets/interviews/Pages/profile.aspx?profile=mvsubbiah |website=Harvard Business School |access-date=December 20, 2024 |date=April 28, 2016 |publisher=Baker Library Historical Collections}}</ref>

<ref name="HBSS">{{cite web |title=M.V. Subbiah - Creating Emerging Markets |url=https://www.hbs.edu/creating-emerging-markets/interviews/Pages/profile.aspx?profile=mvsubbiah |website=Harvard Business School |access-date=December 18, 2025}}</ref>

<ref name="IIMB">{{cite journal |title=Return to Roots :: M V Subbiah |url=https://www.iimb.ac.in/imr/previous-issues/Return-to-Roots-march-2001.php |journal=IIMB Management Review |date=March 2001 |access-date=December 18, 2025}}</ref>

<ref name="CII">{{cite journal |title=Industrial Stewardship and Governance Legacy of M. V. Subbiah |url=https://www.cii.in/uploads/CII-FBN%20JOURNAL%20-%20MAY%202011%20-%20FINAL.pdf |journal=CII-FBN India Journal |date=May 2011 |access-date=December 18, 2025}}</ref>

<ref name="FE">{{cite news |title=Let’s adopt the German system |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/lets-adopt-the-german-system/952713/ |work=The Financial Express |access-date=December 18, 2025}}</ref>

<ref name="PB">{{cite AV media |title=Shri MV Subbiah Padma Bhushan Rashtrapathi Bhavan 22 March 2012 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kR_iMn7CmWw |via=YouTube |date=March 22, 2012 |access-date=December 18, 2025}}</ref>

<ref name="TIIH">{{cite web |title=The TII Heritage |url=https://tiindia.com/the-tii-heritage/ |publisher=Tube Investments of India Limited |access-date=December 18, 2025}}</ref>

<ref name="ReviewCase">{{cite web |title=Review Case PDF |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/489830718/Review-Case-pdf |website=Scribd |access-date=December 18, 2025}}</ref>

<ref name="EndTerm">{{cite web |title=End Term Exam Case Study-Murugappa Group |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/411012500/End-Term-Exam-Case-Study-Murugappa-Group |website=Scribd |access-date=December 18, 2025}}</ref>

<ref name="Excellence">{{cite web |title=MV Subbiah |url=https://excellenceenablers.com/pdf/recognising/Subbiah-MV.pdf |publisher=Excellence Enablers |access-date=December 18, 2025}}</ref>

<ref name="TICyclesNew">{{cite web |title=TI Cycles' New Product Strategy |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/773207376/C4-TI-cycles-new-product-strategy-A-unlocked |website=Scribd |access-date=December 18, 2025}}</ref>

<ref name="FIN1">{{cite news |title=The Turnaround Kings |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/industry-the-turnaround-kings-how-the-murugappa-group-built-a-rs-2-9-lakh-crore-empire-4048953/ |work=The Financial Express |access-date=December 18, 2025}}</ref>

<ref name="EIDAnnual25">{{cite report |title=E.I.D. – Parry (India) Limited Annual Report FY 24-25 |url=https://eidparry.com/wp-content/assets/2025/07/EIDP_AR_FY_24-25-1.pdf |access-date=December 18, 2025}}</ref>

<ref name="TOI">{{cite news |title=TI Cycles on aggressive market penetration & branding strategy |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/auto/news/ti-cycles-on-aggressive-market-penetration-branding-strategy/articleshow/77061939.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=December 18, 2025}}</ref>

<ref name="ET">{{cite news |title=Murugappa plan to split Group into 3 hits a bump |url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/murugappa-plan-to-split-group-into-3-hits-a-bump/articleshow/112612371.cms |work=The Economic Times |access-date=December 18, 2025}}</ref>

<ref name="Egon">{{cite web |title=Each succeeding generation sees the family business not as a matter of ownership, but of trusteeship |url=https://www.egonzehnder.com/insight/each-succeeding-generation-sees-the-family-business-not-as-a-matter-of-ownership-but-of-trusteeship |publisher=Egon Zehnder |access-date=December 18, 2025}}</ref>

<ref name="CIIPhoto">{{cite web |title=CII Photo Gallery Detail |url=https://www.cii.in/PhotoGalleryDetail.aspx?enc=p0c+oIPonGLcbzv0d/Bw/n9i0mZVm+lK7O4RrQ3bIAxzkGFa6BnGkyLd5jDUQ6xOxPSd1dS9RBIZJ1xNVpK8uCscqBig8JmoMlGuZ4UUj4JCreOfp0qhfxVqbEE1utV/RX2sXT4o5g7CKsUKnrQEpw== |publisher=CII |access-date=December 18, 2025}}</ref>

<ref name="Poly">{{cite web |title=About AMM Foundation |url=https://www.murugappapoly.ac.in/Abt_AMMF.html |publisher=Murugappa Polytechnic College |access-date=December 18, 2025}}</ref>

<ref name="PTINews">{{cite news |title=Murugappa Group's AMM Foundation Completes 100 years |url=https://www.ptinews.com/press-release/murugappa-group-s-amm-foundation-completes-100-years/1236072 |publisher=PTI |access-date=December 18, 2025}}</ref>

<ref name="Justdial">{{cite web |title=Amm Matriculation Higher Secondary School |url=https://www.justdial.com/Chennai/Amm-Matriculation-Higher-Secondary-School-Opp-To-Apollo-Hospital-Kotturpuram/044PF002221_BZDET |website=Justdial |access-date=December 18, 2025}}</ref>

<ref name="MotorInd">{{cite web |title=Padma Bhushan award for B. Muthuraman, MV subbiah |url=https://www.motorindiaonline.in/emag/feb2012/files/assets/downloads/page0106.pdf |website=Motorindia |access-date=December 18, 2025}}</ref>

<ref name="TOIPadma">{{cite news |title=President gives away Padma awards |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/president-gives-away-padma-awards/articleshow/12374803.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=December 18, 2025}}</ref>

<ref name="AIMA"> AIMA award brochure {{cite web |title=JRD Tata Award Brochure |url=https://resources.aima.in/JRD_Tata_Award_Brochure.pdf |publisher=AIMA |access-date=December 18, 2025}}</ref>

<ref name="AIMA2019">{{cite web |title=AIMA Awards Brochure 2019 |url=https://resources.aima.in/presentations/AIMA-Awards-Brochure-2019.pdf |publisher=AIMA |access-date=December 18, 2025}}</ref>

<ref name="AIMAPage">{{cite web |title=AIMA JRD TATA Corporate Leadership Award |url=https://www.aima.in/content/events/aima-awards/aima-jrd-tata-corporate-leadership-award |publisher=AIMA |access-date=December 18, 2025}}</ref>

<ref name="IITM">{{cite web |title=Shri Vellayan Subbiah (1990/BT/CE) |url=https://acr.iitm.ac.in/shri-vellayan-subbiah-1990btce-md-cholamandalam-investment-finance-co-ltd/ |website=Alumni and Corporate Relations, IITM |access-date=December 18, 2025}}</ref>

<ref name="AMMF">{{cite web |title=About Us |url=https://ammfoundation.org/about-us/ |website=AMM Foundation |access-date=December 20, 2025}}</ref>

<ref name="TIWP">{{cite report |title=Murugappa Family agrees on terms of Family Arrangement |url=https://tiindia.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/7.-Murugappa-Family-agrees-on-terms-of-Family-Arrangement-with-the-family-branch-of-late-Mr.-M-V-Murugappan.pdf |publisher=Tube Investments of India Limited |access-date=December 18, 2025}}</ref> }}

== External links ==
*[https://www.murugappa.com Murugappa Group Official Website]
*[https://www.nsdcindia.org National Skill Development Corporation]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Subbiah, M. V.}}
[[Category:1939 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian industrialists]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in trade and industry]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Harvard Business School alumni]]
[[Category:Alumni of Aston University]]
[[Category:Murugappa family]]

Raj Gupta

2026-03-23T14:31:51Z

Brock211211849: adding first entry initial version

'''Raj Gupta''' may refer to:

*[[Raj Kumar Gupta (disambiguation)]]
*[[Rajiv Gupta (disambiguation)]]
**[[Rajiv L. Gupta]], chairman of Delphi Automotive
*[[Rajat Gupta]], former managing director of McKinsey & Company implicated in an insider trading scandale

== See also ==
*[[List of Gupta emperors]], emperors (rajas/maharajas) of the ancient Indian Gupta Empire

...

{{human name disambiguation|Gupta, Raj}}

Yellow Line (Delhi Metro)

2026-03-13T16:59:46Z

Brock211211849: Updated formatting and improved readability

{{short description|Line on the Delhi Metro system}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}

{{Infobox rail line
| color = {{rail color|Delhi Metro|Yellow}}
| name = Yellow Line (Line 2)
| image = DelhiMetroYellowLine.JPG
| image_width = 350
| caption = A Bombardier eight-coach train leaves from Patel Chowk Metro Station.
| type = [[Rapid transit]]
| system = [[Delhi Metro]]
| status =
| locale = [[Delhi]], [[Gurgaon]]
| start = [[Samaypur Badli metro station|Samaypur Badli]]
| end = [[HUDA City Centre metro station|Millennium City Centre Gurugram]]
| stations = [[List of Delhi metro stations|37]]
| daily_ridership =
| open = *20 December 2004 ([[Vishwavidyalaya metro station|Vishwavidyalaya]] – [[Kashmere Gate metro station|Kashmere Gate]])
*3 July 2005 ([[Kashmere Gate metro station|Kashmere Gate]] – [[Central Secretariat metro station|Central Secretariat]])
| close =
| owner =
| operator = [[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation]]
| character = Underground and [[Elevated railway|Elevated]]
| stock = Mitsubishi-ROTEM Bombardier MOVIA
| linelength = {{convert|49.02|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| tracklength =
| gauge = {{Track gauge|1676mm|lk=on}} broad gauge
| electrification = {{25 kV 50 Hz}} [[overhead line|overhead catenary]]
| speed =
| elevation =
| map = [[File:Yellow Line (Delhi Metro).png|350px]]{{Delhi Metro Yellow Line Route}}
| map_state = show
}}

The '''Yellow Line (Line 2)''' is a [[rapid transit]] metro line of the [[Delhi Metro]] in [[Delhi]], India. It consists of [[List of Delhi metro stations|37 stations]] from [[Samaypur Badli metro station|Samaypur Badli]] in Delhi to [[Millennium City Centre Gurugram metro station|Millennium City Centre Gurugram]] in the neighbouring city of [[Gurgaon]] in [[Haryana]]. The {{convert|49.02|km|mi|sp=us}} line is mostly underground and laid under one of the most congested parts of Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Route map|url=https://www.delhimetrorail.com/network_map|access-date=2021-08-23|website=delhimetrorail.com}}</ref> The Yellow Line is the second line of Delhi Metro to become operational after the [[Red Line (Delhi Metro)|Red Line]].

It is the 3rd longest metro line on the Delhi Metro network. This line covers [[North Delhi]], through [[Central Delhi]], [[New Delhi]], [[South Delhi]] and finally the city of Gurgaon in Haryana. The Yellow line has interchanges with the [[Red Line (Delhi Metro)|Red]], [[Blue Line (Delhi Metro)|Blue]], [[Violet Line (Delhi Metro)|Violet]], [[Pink Line (Delhi Metro)|Pink]] and [[Magenta Line (Delhi Metro)|Magenta]] lines of the Delhi Metro, as well as with the [[Delhi Junction Railway station|Old Delhi]] and [[New Delhi Railway Station|New Delhi railway stations]] of the [[Indian Railways]]. The Line also connects with the [[Delhi Airport Metro Express|Airport Express Line]] at [[New Delhi metro station]]. [[Chawri Bazar metro station]] is the second deepest station of the Delhi Metro network and is situated about {{convert|25|m|ft}} below ground level and has 18 escalators.

== History ==
The Vishwa Vidyalaya to Kashmere Gate section was the first [[Tunnel|underground]] section of Delhi Metro to be completed and became operational for public. Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]] inaugurated this {{Convert|4|km|4=2|abbr=on}} stretch on 19 December 2004.

The following dates represent the dates the section opened to the public, not the private inauguration.

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%"
|-
! style="background:#{{rail color|Delhi Metro|Yellow}};" colspan="6" | Yellow Line
|-
! Phase
! Extension date
! colspan="2" |Termini
! Length
! Stations
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''I'''
| 20 December 2004 || [[Vishwavidyalaya metro station|Vishwavidyalaya]]|| [[Kashmere Gate metro station|Kashmere Gate]] || {{convert|4.06|km|mi|sp=us}} || 4
|-
| 3 July 2005 || [[Kashmere Gate metro station|Kashmere Gate]] || [[Central Secretariat metro station|Central Secretariat]] || {{convert|6.62|km|mi|sp=us}} || 6
|-
| rowspan="4" |'''II'''
| 4 February 2009 || [[Vishwavidyalaya metro station|Vishwavidyalaya]]|| [[Jahangirpuri metro station|Jahangirpuri]] || {{convert|6.38|km|mi|sp=us}} || 5
|-
| 21 June 2010 || [[Millennium City Centre Gurugram metro station|Millennium City Centre Gurugram]]|| [[Qutab Minar metro station|Qutab Minar]] || {{convert|15.82|km|mi|sp=us}} || 9
|-
| 26 August 2010 || colspan="2" | [[Chhatarpur metro station|Chhatarpur]]<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Chattarpur-station-to-open-today/articleshow/6435360.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103054816/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-08-26/delhi/28316715_1_metro-station-cmrs-metro-rail-safety |url-status=live |archive-date=3 November 2012 |title=Chattarpur station to open today |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=26 August 2010 |access-date=26 August 2010}}</ref> || – || 1
|-
| 3 September 2010 || [[Central Secretariat metro station|Central Secretariat]] || [[Qutab Minar metro station|Qutab Minar]]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/article611319.ece |title=Metro to bridge Delhi-Gurgaon divide today |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=3 September 2010 |access-date=3 September 2010 |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> || {{convert|11.76|km|mi|sp=us}} || 9
|-
|'''III'''
| 10 November 2015 || [[Jahangirpuri metro station|Jahangirpuri]] || [[Samaypur Badli metro station|Samaypur Badli]]<ref name="PR 9112015">{{cite news |title=The Jahangirpuri- Samaypur Badli section (Extension of Line-2) |url=http://www.delhimetrorail.com/press_reldetails.aspx?id=wELDXDv2xz0lld |access-date=9 November 2015 |publisher=Delhi Metro}}</ref> || {{convert|4.38|km|mi|sp=us}} || 3
|-
! colspan="2" |Total|| Samaypur Badli || Millennium City Centre Gurugram || {{convert|49.02|km|mi|sp=us}} || 37
|}

== Stations ==
{{Main|List of Delhi Metro stations}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! style="background:#{{rail color|Delhi Metro|yellow}};" colspan="10" | Yellow Line
|-
! rowspan="2" | #
! colspan="2" |Station Name
! rowspan="2" |Opening
! rowspan="2" |Interchange Connection
! rowspan="2" |Station Layout
! rowspan="2" |Platform Level Type
|-
! English
! Hindi
|-
| 1 ||{{stl|Delhi Metro|Samaypur Badli}}||समयपुर बादली
|10 November 2015|| [[File:Indian Railways Suburban Railway Logo.svg|20px|up|link=Delhi Suburban Railway]] [[Badli railway station|Badli]]
|Elevated
|Side
|-
| 2 ||{{stl|Delhi Metro|Rohini Sector 18, 19}}||रोहिणी सेक्टर 18, 19
|10 November 2015
|None
|Elevated
|Side
|-
|3
|{{stl|Delhi Metro|Haiderpur Badli Mor}}
|हैदरपुर बादली मोड़
|10 November 2015
|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Magenta|croute}}
|Elevated
|Island
|-
| 4 ||{{stl|Delhi Metro|Jahangirpuri}}||जहांगीरपुरी
|4 February 2009
|None
|Elevated
|Side
|-
| 5 ||{{stl|Delhi Metro|Adarsh Nagar}}||आदर्श नगर
|4 February 2009|| [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|link=Delhi_Suburban_Railway|20x20px|up]] [[Adarsh Nagar railway station|Adarsh Nagar]]
|Elevated
|Side
|-
|6
|{{stl|Delhi Metro|Azadpur}}
|आज़ादपुर
|4 February 2009
|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Pink|croute}} {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Magenta|croute}} (Phase 4 – Under Construction)
|Elevated
|Side
|-
| 7 ||{{stl|Delhi Metro|Model Town}}||मॉडल टाउन
| 4 February 2009
|None
|Elevated
|Side
|-
| 8 ||{{stl|Delhi Metro|Guru Tegh Bahadur Nagar}}||गुरु तेग बहादुर नगर
|4 February 2009
|None
|Underground
|Side
|-
| 9 ||{{stl|Delhi Metro|Vishwavidyalaya}}||विश्वविद्यालय
| 20 December 2004 ||None
|Underground
|Side
|-
| 10 ||{{stl|Delhi Metro|Vidhan Sabha}}||विधान सभा
|20 December 2004
|None
|Underground
|Side
|-
| 11 ||{{stl|Delhi Metro|Civil Lines}}||सिविल लाइन्स
|20 December 2004
|None
|Underground
|Side
|-
|12
|{{stl|Delhi Metro|Kashmere Gate}}
|कश्मीरी गेट
|20 December 2004
|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Red|croute}} {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Violet|croute}} {{rint|bus}} [[Maharana Pratap Inter State Bus Terminus|Kashmere Gate ISBT]]
|Underground
|Island
|-
| 13 ||{{stl|Delhi Metro|Chandni Chowk}}||चाँदनी चौक|| 3 July 2005 ||{{ric|Indian Railways}} [[Delhi Junction railway station|Delhi Junction]]
|Underground
|Island
|-
| 14 ||{{stl|Delhi Metro|Chawri Bazar}}||चावड़ी बाज़ार
| 3 July 2005||None
|Underground
|Island
|-
|15
|{{stl|Delhi Metro|New Delhi}}
|नई दिल्ली
|3 July 2005
|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Airport Express|croute}} {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Green|croute}} (Phase 4 – Under Construction) {{ric|Indian Railways}} [[New Delhi railway station|New Delhi]]
|Underground
|Island
|-
|16
|{{stl|Delhi Metro|Rajiv Chowk}}
|राजीव चौक
|3 July 2005
|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Blue|croute}}
|Underground
|Island
|-
|17 ||{{stl|Delhi Metro|Patel Chowk}}||पटेल चौक
|3 July 2005||None
|Underground
|Island
|-
|18
|{{stl|Delhi Metro|Central Secretariat}}
|केन्द्रीय सचिवालय
|3 July 2005
|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Violet|croute}} {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Magenta|croute}} (Phase 5A – Approved)
|Underground
|Side
|-
| 19 ||{{stl|Delhi Metro|Seva Teerth}} (formerly Udyog Bhawan)<ref>{{Cite news |title=Delhi: Udyog Bhawan Metro Station renamed to "Seva Teerth" |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/delhi-udyog-bhawan-metro-station-renamed-to-seva-teerth20260214105306/ |access-date=2026-02-14 |agency=ANI News | date=14 February 2026 |language=en}}</ref>

||सेवा तीर्थ
| 3 September 2010 ||None
|Underground
|Island
|-
| 20 ||{{stl|Delhi Metro|Lok Kalyan Marg}}||लोक कल्याण मार्ग
|3 September 2010
|None
|Underground
|Island
|-
| 21 ||{{stl|Delhi Metro|Jor Bagh}}||जोर बाग़
|3 September 2010
|None
|Underground
|Island
|-
|22
|{{stl|Delhi Metro|Dilli Haat – INA}}
|दिल्ली हाट - आईएनए
|3 September 2010
|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Pink|croute}}
|Underground
|Island
|-
| 23 ||{{stl|Delhi Metro|AIIMS}}||एम्स
|3 September 2010||None
|Underground
|Island
|-
| 24 ||{{stl|Delhi Metro|Green Park}}||ग्रीन पार्क
|3 September 2010
|None
|Underground
|Island
|-
|25
|{{stl|Delhi Metro|Hauz Khas}}
|हौज़ ख़ास
|3 September 2010
|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Magenta|croute}}
|Underground
|Island
|-
| 26 ||{{stl|Delhi Metro|Malviya Nagar}}||मालवीय नगर
| 3 September 2010||None
|Underground
|Island
|-
| 27 ||{{stl|Delhi Metro|Saket}}||साकेत
|3 September 2010
|None
|Underground
|Island
|-
| 28 ||{{stl|Delhi Metro|Qutab Minar}}||क़ुतुब मीनार|| 21 June 2010 ||None
|Elevated
|Side
|-
| 29 ||{{stl|Delhi Metro|Chhatarpur}}||छत्तरपुर|| 26 August 2010
|{{rcb|Delhi Metro|golden|croute}} (Phase 4 – Under Construction)
|Elevated
|Side
|-
| 30 ||{{stl|Delhi Metro|Sultanpur}}||सुल्तानपुर|| 21 June 2010
|None
|Elevated
|Side
|-
| 31 ||{{stl|Delhi Metro|Ghitorni}}||घिटोरनी
|21 June 2010
|None
|Elevated
|Side
|-
| 32 ||{{stl|Delhi Metro|Arjan Garh}}||अरजन गढ़
|21 June 2010
|None
|Elevated
|Side
|-
| 33 ||{{stl|Delhi Metro|Guru Dronacharya}}||गुरु द्रोणाचार्य
|21 June 2010
|None
|Elevated
|Side
|-
|34
|{{stl|Delhi Metro|Sikanderpur}}
|सिकन्दरपुर
|21 June 2010
|{{ric|Rapid Metro Gurgaon}} {{rcb|Rapid Metro Gurgaon|Rapid Metro|croute}}
|Elevated
|Side
|-
| 35 ||{{stl|Delhi Metro|MG Road}}||एम जी रोड
| 21 June 2010||None
|Elevated
|Side
|-
| 36 ||{{stl|Delhi Metro|IFFCO Chowk}}||इफको चौक
| 21 June 2010||None
|Elevated
|Side
|-
| 37 ||{{stl|Delhi Metro|Millennium City Centre Gurugram}}||मिलेनियम सिटी सेंटर गुरुग्राम
|21 June 2010
|None
|Elevated
|Side
|-
|}

== Gurugram Metro Plan ==

The Haryana Mass Rapid Transit Corporation (HMRTC) has plans to establish a metro network spanning 188 kilometres in Gurugram.

Gurugram Metro Rail Limited (GMRL) will be responsible for constructing, maintaining, and operating this metro line, similar to the Delhi Metro Rail Corporation. Currently, all these lines will be developed in the first phase, with further expansion planned in the second/upcoming phase.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="6" style="background:#ADD8E6;" |Gurugram Metro Network Plan
|-
!Name of Route
!Route Length (km)
!Starting Station
!Terminal Station
!Construction Start
!Construction End
|-
|Millennium City Center to Cyber City
|28.5
|Millennium City Center
|Cyber City
|December 2024
|August 2027
|-
|Rezang La Chowk to Dwarka Sector 21
|7
|Rezang La Chowk
|Dwarka Sector 21
|December 2024
|August 2027
|-
|Faridabad to Vatika Chowk
|37
|Faridabad
|Vatika Chowk
|December 2024
|August 2027
|-
|Vatika Chowk to Pachgaon KMP Interchange
|31
|Vatika Chowk
|Pachgaon KMP Interchange
|December 2024
|August 2027
|-
|Bhondsi to Daulatabad Dwarka Expressway via Railway Station
|23
|Bhondsi
|Daulatabad Dwarka Expressway
|December 2024
|August 2027
|-
|Golf Course Extension Road to Sector 5
|14
|Golf Course Extension Road
|Sector 5
|December 2024
|August 2027
|-
|Kherki Daula Dwarka Expressway Cloverleaf to Sector 111
|17
|Kherki Daula Dwarka Expressway Cloverleaf
|Sector 111
|December 2024
|August 2027
|-
|Manesar to samalkha Kapasahera Road via New Colony Mor, Sadar Bazar, Old Delhi Gurgaon Road
|30
|Manesar
|Samalkha Kapasahera Road
|December 2024
|August 2027
|-
!Total System Length
!188
!
!
!
!
|}

== Train info ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! style="background:#{{rail color|Delhi Metro|Yellow}};" colspan="5" |Yellow Line
|-
!Rakes
|Mitsubishi
|Hyundai Rotem
|BEML
|Bombardier
|-
!Train Length
| colspan="4" |8
|-
!Train Gauge
| colspan="4" |{{Track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]]
|-
!Electrification
| colspan="4" |25 kV, 50 Hz [[Alternating current|AC]] through [[overhead catenary]] OHE
|-
!Train's Maximum Speed
| colspan="4" |100 km/h
|-
!Train Operation
| colspan="4" |Samaypur Badli - Millenium City Centre Gurugram
Vishwavidyalaya - Millenium City Centre Gurugram
|}

== Future extensions ==
{{ anchor | Future | Extension | Extensions}}

In the Phase-V of the Yellow Line of Delhi Metro will be extended to the following:

* [[Yellow Line (Delhi Metro)#Future|Samaypur Badli to Khera Kalan]]: From existing [[Samaypur Badli metro station]] to Khera Kalan in [[North Delhi]] via a proposed station at Siraspur has been proposed. A detailed project report (DPR) was prepared in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=बादली-सिरसपुर मेट्रो कॉरिडोर की डीपीआर तैयार, छह महीने से सरकार से मंजूरी का इंतजार |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/metro/delhi/development/dpr-of-badli-siraspur-metro-corridor-ready-and-now-awaiting-approval-from-government/articleshow/108834729.cms |access-date=2024-09-08 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Transport in Delhi]]
* [[List of Delhi Metro stations]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.delhimetrorail.com/ Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. (DMRC)]

{{Delhi Metro}}
{{Delhi & NCR Metro stations|yellow line=yes}}
{{Railways in Northern India}}
{{Rapid transit in India}}

[[Category:Railway lines opened in 2004]]
[[Category:Delhi Metro lines]]
[[Category:Transport in Gurgaon]]

Mirchi Senthil

2026-03-10T06:06:05Z

Brock211211849: added basic article added tags

{{Short description|Indian Tamil actor, television presenter, radio jockey (born 1978)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox youtuber
| image = SenthilActor.JPG
| caption = Senthil at Vennila Veedu Audio Release
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1978|10|18}}
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], Tamil Nadu, India
| height =
| birth_name = Senthil Kumar
| othername = Mirchi Senthil
| years_active = 2003 – present
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Sreeja Chandran]]|2014}}
| alma mater = Madurai Kamaraj University
| children = 1
| parents =
| relatives =
| youtube_handle = SenthilSreejaOriginals
| youtube_display_name = Senthil Sreeja Originals

| youtube_years_active = 2007– Present
| youtube_genre =
| youtube_subscribers = 319 thousand
| youtube_views = 60.14 million
| stats_update = 20 March 2024
| occupation = {{Hlist | Actor | television presenter | radio jockey}}
}}

'''Senthil Kumar''' (born 18 October 1978), popularly known as '''Mirchi Senthil''',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cinema.pluz.in/celebs/kollywood/actors/25236/profile.htm |title=Mirchi Senthil Biography Profile – Actors Tamil |publisher=Cinema.pluz.in |accessdate=13 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921023358/http://cinema.pluz.in/celebs/kollywood/actors/25236/profile.htm |archive-date=21 September 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Malini |first=Shankaran |url=http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/article362320.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921053825/http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/article362320.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 September 2013 |title=A gifted multi-tasker! |publisher=The New Indian Express |accessdate=13 September 2013}}</ref> is an Indian actor, television presenter, [[radio jockey]] and voice actor.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/08/25/stories/2003082500010100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040414150225/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/08/25/stories/2003082500010100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 April 2004 |title=Radio Rage |date=25 August 2003 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |accessdate=13 September 2013}}</ref> His career began as a radio jockey with the radio station ''[[Radio Mirchi]]''. He performed in the lead character Saravanan in [[STAR Vijay]]'s sensational serial [[Saravannan Meenatchi]] and made his debut as a film actor in ''[[Thavamai Thavamirundhu]].'' He continued acting in lead roles in ''[[Sengathu Bhoomiyilae]]'', ''[[Kan Pesum Vaarthaigal]]'', ''[[Vennila Veedu]]'' and more.

==Personal life==
Senthil was born in Chennai on 18 October 1978 to S. Govindan and Premavathy. He studied at Don Bosco Higher Secondary School, Chennai and completed his Bachelor of Commerce degree at Pachaiyappa's College, Chennai, as well as his Master of Finance and Control degree at Madurai Kamaraj University. He had a brief career stint in the banking industry before he moved on to the media.<ref>{{Citation |title=Life of a RJ turned Actor {{!}} Senthil Kumar {{!}} TEDxSKCET | date=15 November 2019 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rv4LGtYX2WU|access-date=2022-04-29}}</ref>

He married his co-star of Madurai & [[Saravanan Meenatchi]] Tamil serials fame Malayalam-Tamil actress [[Sreeja Chandran]] on 2 July 2014 in a private function in Tirupathi.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/tv/Saravanan-and-Meenakshi-married-in-real-life-too/articleshow/38078397.cms | title=Saravanan and Meenakshi married in real life too | work=The Times of India| date=10 July 2014 | accessdate=27 July 2014}}</ref> Senthil confirmed his marriage with Sreeja on his radio show Neenga Naan Raja Sir on 8 July 2014. His sudden marriage announcement created a buzz amongst their thousands of worldwide fans celebrating their marriage.<ref>{{Citation |title=Vijay TV fame Saravanan and Meenatchi gets secretly married {{!}} Mirchi Senthil, Sreeja | date=9 July 2014 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UrZ5r5Rfq14|access-date=2022-04-29}}</ref> Their son, Sree Vallabh Dev,<ref>{{Citation |title=1st time Sharing our Son's Picture to our YT family {{!}} Naming Ceremony {{!}} Senthil Sreeja Originals | date=July 2023 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EMhNWKisFhY |access-date=2024-02-15}}</ref> was born on 4 January 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-01-06 |title=Mirchi Senthil & actress Sreeja blessed with a baby boy |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/mirchi-senthil-actress-sreeja-blessed-with-a-baby-boy/articleshow/96787206.cms |access-date=2023-11-25 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=கோலாகலமாக நடந்த மிர்ச்சி செந்தில் மகன் முதல் பிறந்தநாள் கொண்டாட்டம்... வைரல் வீடியோ இதோ... |url=https://cinesamugam.com/here-is-the-viral-video-of-mirchi-senthil-sons-1st-birthday-celebration-which-went-wild-1704965206 |access-date=2024-01-11 |website=Tamil Cinema News}}</ref>

==Career==

===Radio===

Senthil joined Radio Mirchi, Chennai as a Radio Jockey in 2003 and performed various roles such as ''Radio producer'', EP and Programming Head. Later, he moved to Coimbatore to head Coimbatore Radio Mirchi for 4 years. He has hosted many shows like ''Mirchi Gold'', ''Mirchi Bazaar'', ''Pettai Raap'' and ''Love Talkies''. He presented the program ''Neenga Naan Raja Sir,'' which is a special on [[Ilaiyaraaja]]'s music that was aired between 9 PM and 11 PM from Monday to Saturday. This was a very popular program and was acknowledged and endorsed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]] himself. In 2016 May, he finished that show and started a new show called "Sentilin Sutta Kadhai" (Senthil's stolen stories), which tells interesting short moral stories from around the world. He currently completed 20 years on radio jockey journey on Radio Mirchi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Radio Day: A tribute to the OG Mirchi Senthil as he completes 20 years |url=https://mirchi.in/stories/celebrity/world-radio-day-a-tribute-to-the-og-mirchi-senthil-as-he-completes-20-years/97867580 |access-date=2023-12-09 |website=mirchi.in}}</ref>

===Television===
Senthil played the lead character in the successful television serial titled ''Madurai''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://vmminerva.wordpress.com/2008/03/23/thoughts-on-madurai-a-star-vijay-serial/ |title=Thoughts on Madurai – a Star Vijay serial | VM\'s Random Ramblings |publisher=Vmminerva.wordpress.com |date=23 March 2008 |accessdate=13 September 2013}}</ref> in ''[[STAR Vijay]]'' telecasted from 2007 to 2009. Following the success of this serial, Senthil played the lead character by the name ''Saravanan'' again in another sensational serial ''[[Saravanan Meenatchi]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/article596859.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105065627/http://newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/article596859.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 November 2013 |title=Mylapore academy honours veterans |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=28 August 2012 |accessdate=13 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/celebrating-a-reel-wedding/article3529686.ece |title=Celebrating a reel wedding... |newspaper=The Hindu |date=15 June 2012 |accessdate=13 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/article3433996.ece |title=Star-studded affair |newspaper=The Hindu |date=19 May 2012 |accessdate=13 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chakpak.com/content/news/senthil-sreeja-saravanan-meenatchi-big-screen |title=Senthil-Sreeja of Saravanan Meenatchi on big screen |publisher=Chakpak |date=26 December 2012 |accessdate=13 September 2013}}</ref> in ''[[STAR Vijay]]''. Senthil rose to fame following his performances in these two serials and is very well known for his character named Saravanan.

Senthil has performed in a micro-serial 777<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qQGPubwzTtE |title=777 – Triple Seven – A New Approach To Serials – Polimer TV |via=YouTube |accessdate=13 September 2013}}</ref> for ''Polimer TV,'' which was directed by the movie director [[Manobala]].

Apart from the serials, Senthil has hosted a number of shows for STAR Vijay. He hosted a weekly movie review show ''Tamil Cinema Indha Vaaram'' in which he discussed the movies along with the cast and crew of the movie. Senthil has conducted a game show for women by the name ''Boxing'' for ''Polimer TV''.

===Film===
Senthil made his Tamil film debut in the 2005 film [[Thavamai Thavamirundhu]], in which he played the elder brother of director [[Cheran (director)|Cheran]]. He was nominated for the Filmfare Awards for Best Supporting Actor. He got his first lead role in the movie [[Sengathu Bhoomiyilae]]. He continued to act in lead roles in films like [[Kan Pesum Vaarthaigal]], [[Pappali]], [[Vennila Veedu]], [[Rombha Nallavan Da Nee]], etc. These films, however, did not fare well at the box office.

==Filmography==
===As actor===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 2005 || ''[[Thavamai Thavamirundhu]]'' || Ramanathan || Nominated, [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Tamil]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2007 || ''[[Evano Oruvan]]'' || Sridhar's Friend ||
|-
| ''[[Chennai 600028]]''|| Radio Mirchi RJ Senthil Kumar ||Cameo Appearance
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Sengathu Bhoomiyilae]]''|| Chinna Samy ||
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Kan Pesum Vaarthaigal]]'' || Mahesh ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2014 || ''[[Vallavanukku Pullum Aayudham]]'' || Raja ||
|-
| ''[[Pappali]]'' || Karthik ||
|-
| ''[[Vennila Veedu]]'' || Karthik ||
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Rombha Nallavan Da Nee]]'' || Bhaskar ||
|-
| 2020 || ''[[Soorarai Pottru]]'' || Radio Mirchi RJ Senthil Kumar || Cameo Appearance
|-
| 2022 || ''Munnarivaan'' || Hero's Friend || Filming
|}

===As Radio Jockey===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Show
! Year
! Timings
! Notes
|-
| ''Mirchi Gold'' || 2003 to 2007 || 9PM to 11PM || This show played the songs from old Tamil movies.
|-
| ''Mirchi Bazaar'' || 2005 to 2007 || 11AM to 2PM || This was a ladies special program. Senthil co-hosted this with RJ Deva.
|-
| ''Pettai Raap'' || 2003 to 2006|| 4PM || This program was aired on Sundays.
|-
| ''Neenga Naan Raja Sir'' || 2010 to 2015 || 9PM to 11PM || This show plays the best of Ilaiyaraaja's songs from 80s
|-
| ''Mirchi Sutta Kadhai'' || 2015 Onwards || 9PM to 11PM ||
|}
* '''Love Talkies''' is a unique concept in radio in which stories and characters are created and played along with the Tamil movie songs. Senthil has been a part of many radio movies.

===Appearance in Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Serial
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 2007–2009 || ''Madurai'' || Seigai Saravanan || rowspan="3" | [[Star Vijay]]
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Kallikattu Pallikoodam]]''|| Bala Murugan
|-
| 2011–2013 || ''[[Saravannan Meenatchi|Saravannan Meenatchi Season 1]]''|| RJ Saravanan
|-
| 2012 || ''Micro-serial 777'' || || [[Polimer TV]]
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Achcham Thavir]]'' || Contestant ||Game Show; Star Vijay
|-
| 2016–2017 || ''[[Mappillai (Tamil TV series)|Mappillai]]'' || Senthil Kumar || Star Vijay
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Kalyanam Conditions Apply]]'' || Senthil || Web series
|-
| 2018–2020 || ''[[Naam Iruvar Namakku Iruvar (TV series)|Naam Iruvar Namakku Iruvar]]'' || Mayan / Aravind (Dual Role) || [[Star Vijay]]
|-
| 2020 || ''[[Kalyanam Conditions Apply 2.0]]'' || Senthil || Web series
|-
|2020–2022 || ''[[Naam Iruvar Namakku Iruvar (TV series)|Naam Iruvar Namakku Iruvar]]'' || Mayan / Maaran (Dual Role) || [[Star Vijay]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |2020|| ''Heart 2 Heart''|| Senthil || rowspan="2" | Web Series
|-
| ''Kalyanam Conditions Apply 3.0'' || Senthil
|-
| rowspan="2" |2021–2022
|''Junior Super Star Season 4''
|Judge
|Reality Show; [[Zee Tamil]]
|-
|''Jagamae'' ''Thandiram'' ''Kadhaigal''
|Presenter / Host
|Reality Show; [[Colors Tamil]]
|-
|2023–2026
| ''[[Anna (Tamil TV series)|Anna]]''
| Shanmugam / Saravanan (Dual role)
| rowspan="2"|[[Zee Tamil]]
|-
|2023
|''[[Seetha Raman]]''
| Shanmugam (Cameo)
|-
|2025–2026
|''[[Police Police (TV series)|Police Police]]''
|[[Sub-inspector|SI]] Raja
|Web series; [[JioHotstar]]
|-
|2026
|''[[Idhayam (2023 TV series)|Idhayam - Season 2]]''
| Shanmugam (Cameo)
|[[Zee Tamil]]
|}

===As Television presenter===
* A song review show ''Gaanamum Kaatchiyum'' for the TV channel ''Puthuyugam''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.puthuyugam.tv/share.php?vtnid=KzE2NjY4NHx8MTQ4Mnx8NDk5fHx8fDEw&vtntitle=GANAMUM+KATCHIYUM+PROMO |title=Archived copy |access-date=30 October 2013 |archive-date=2 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102072846/http://www.puthuyugam.tv/share.php?vtnid=KzE2NjY4NHx8MTQ4Mnx8NDk5fHx8fDEw&vtntitle=GANAMUM+KATCHIYUM+PROMO |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Tamil Cinema Indha Vaaram for [[Star Vijay]]
* Kadal Movie Special for [[Star Vijay]]
* Paradesi Movie Special for [[Star Vijay]]
* Ajith special for [[Star Vijay]]
* Dhanush special for [[Star Vijay]]
* Sembaruthi Vetri Vizha for [[Zee Tamil]]

==Awards and honours==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Year !! Award !! Category !! Work !! Result
|-
| rowspan="1" | 2005
| rowspan="1" | [[Filmfare Awards South]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Tamil]]
| ''Thavamai Thavamirundhu''
| {{Nominated}}
|-
| rowspan="1" | 2012
| rowspan="1" | Mylapore Academy Awards
| Best Actor
| ''Saravanan Meenatchi''
| {{Won}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2014
| rowspan="2" | [[Vijay Television Awards]]
| [[Vijay Television Awards for Favourite Actor Male|Vijay Television Awards for Favourite Actor]]
| ''Saravanan Meenatchi''
| {{Won}}
|-
| [[Vijay Television Awards for Favourite Screen Pair]]
| ''Saravanan Meenatchi''
| {{Won}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2017
| rowspan="2" | Vijay Television Awards
| Vijay Television Awards for Favourite Screen Pair
| ''Mappillai''
| {{Won}}
|-
| Vijay Television Awards for Favourite Actor
| ''Mappillai''
| {{Won}}
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|5078630|Senthil}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Senthil}}
[[Category:Tamil male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Chennai]]
[[Category:Indian radio presenters]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1978 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]

Devendra Sharma (serial killer)

2026-03-05T07:54:53Z

Brock211211849: bio

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Short description|Indian serial killer}}
{{Infobox criminal
| name = Devendra Sharma
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image =
| image_upright =
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| birth_name = Devendra Kumar Sharma
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1958}}
| birth_place = [[Aligarh]]
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| citizenship = Indian
| education = [[Bachelor of Ayurveda, Medicine and Surgery]]
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| criminal_charge = [[Murder]], [[kidnapping]], [[robbery]], etc.
| conviction_penalty = [[Life imprisonment]]
| conviction_status = Sentenced to life imprisonment on 13 March 2007 Sentenced to death on 16 May 2008
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| country = India
| states = [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Delhi]], [[Haryana]] and [[Rajasthan]], India
| locations =
| targets = Taxi and truck drivers
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| imprisoned = [[Tihar Jail]]
}}
'''Devendra''' or '''Devinder''' or '''Dr. Devendra Sharma''', also known as '''Doctor Death''', is an Indian serial killer and [[Ayurveda]] doctor who was sentenced to life imprisonment in 2004 in [[Rajasthan]] after he was found guilty of several murders of taxi drivers between 2002 and 2004.<ref name=ndtv>{{cite news |title="Dr Death" May Have Killed Nearly 100, Threw Bodies To Crocodiles In UP |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/dr-death-may-have-killed-nearly-100-threw-bodies-in-crocodile-waters-in-up-2272472 |publisher=[[NDTV]] |date=1 August 2020}}</ref><ref name=timesofindia/><ref name=ht/>

He confessed to his involvement in more than 50<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hollingsworth |first1=Julia |last2=Gupta |first2=Swati |title=Indian serial killer confesses involvement in more than 50 murders. His gang allegedly dumped the bodies in crocodile-infested waters |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2020/07/31/asia/delhi-murder-taxi-intl-hnk/index.html |publisher=[[CNN]] |date=31 July 2020}}</ref> to 100 murders.<ref name=ndtv/><ref name=delhipolice>{{cite news |title=Dr. Devender Sharma, a BAMS degree holder and Serial killer convicted in several murder cases and wanted in a case of Jaipur, Rajasthan arrested by Narcotics Cell, Crime. |url=http://infopromotion.delhipolice.gov.in/Press_Release_Details_iframe.aspx?cid=e7kAIcAltGM= |agency=Delhi Police, Crime Branch |publisher=infopromotion.delhipolice.gov.in |date=July 2020}}</ref> and dumping the bodies of victims in crocodile-infested canals.<ref name=gulf>{{cite news |last1=Elsa |first1=Evangeline |title=India: Ayurvedic doctor who murdered over 100 people, and ran a kidney racket arrested in Delhi |url=https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/india/india-ayurvedic-doctor-who-murdered-over-100-people-and-ran-a-kidney-racket-arrested-in-delhi-1.1596273621109 |publisher=[[Gulf News]] |date=1 August 2020}}</ref> The exact number of killings is unknown as he said, "he had lost count after 50 murders", as reported by media.<ref name=gulf/> He is convicted in 7 cases.<ref name=indianexpress/> He is also accused of running an illegal kidney transplant racket between 1994 and 2004.

== Early life ==
In 1984, he completed his graduation in [[Bachelor of Ayurveda, Medicine and Surgery]] (B.A.M.S.) from Bihar. After completing graduation, he opened his own clinic and ran it for 11 years. In 1994, he suffered a financial setback when he was scammed of Rs 11 lakh after investing in a gas dealership scheme.<ref name=News24online/> His father used to work for a pharmaceutical company in [[Siwan, Bihar]].<ref name=TOI/>

== Criminal cases, serial killings and conviction ==
A year after being cheated in the scheme, he got into crime. He allegedly ran a fake gas agency. At the same time, he allegedly started the illegal kidney transplant racket. During an interrogation with police, he confessed that from the year 1994 to 2004, he had facilitated more than 125 kidney transplants illegally for which Sharma was paid Rs 5 lakh to 7 lakh each transplant.<ref name=indianexpress>{{cite news |last1=Sinha |first1=Jignasa |title=Doctor behind '50 murders' held after skipping parole |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/doctor-behind-50-murders-held-after-skipping-parole-6530024/ |publisher=[[Indian Express]] |date=30 July 2020}}</ref> In 2004, he was arrested in Gurgaon, Haryana after getting caught for his involvement in kidney racket scandal. During the same period, Devendra Sharma and his gang were also involved in the abduction and murder of taxi drivers and selling the taxis in the black market of Uttar Pradesh. He used to make Rs 20,000 to 25,000 for each vehicle.<ref name=News24online>{{cite news |title=Devendra Sharma 'serial killer' involved in more than 50 murder cases arrested |url=https://news24online.com/amp/news/nation/devendra-sharma-serial-killer-involved-more-50-murder-cases-arrested-4e34f8b4/ |publisher=News24online |date=30 July 2020}}</ref>

In 2004, he was sentenced to life imprisonment by a Rajasthan court in a murder case of a taxi driver in [[Jaipur]], [[Rajasthan]].<ref name=delhipolice/> In March 2007, Sharma along with two of his associates was found guilty of killing a taxi driver named Kamal Singh, by the ADJ court in [[Faridabad]].<ref name=ht/> He was charged with murdering 21 taxi drivers. On 14 May 2008, he was sentenced to [[death penalty]] for murdering a taxi driver named Naresh Verma by a Gurgaon court.<ref>{{cite news |title=Noose for doctor in murder case |location=[[Gurgaon]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Hanging for Indian healer driven to kill taxi drivers |date=17 May 2008}}</ref><ref name=ht>{{cite news |last1=K. Ahuja |first1=Sanjeev |title=Death sentence for drivers' killers |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/death-sentence-for-drivers-killers/story-IVq2RzDNWTSFCP3gwTFhWM.html |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=14 May 2008}}</ref><ref name=timesofindia>{{cite news |title=Ayurveda doc gets death for killing cabbie |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Ayurveda-doc-gets-death-for-killing-cabbie/articleshow/3040991.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=15 May 2008}}</ref> He confessed to killing more than 50 people. He has been convicted in a 6-7 murder cases.<ref name=indianexpress/>

In January 2020, Devendra Sharma was released on 20 days parole after being in jail for 16 years.<ref name=delhipolice/> In July 2020, he was arrested by [[Delhi Police]] after jumping parole.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Haider |first1=Tanseem |title=Delhi Police arrests serial killer absconding on parole |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/delhi-police-arrest-serial-killer-1705664-2020-07-29 |publisher=[[India Today]] |date=29 July 2020}}</ref> He was released on a two-month parole on 9 June 2023 but failed to return to prison. In May 2025, he was arrested by the [[Delhi Police]] from an [[ashram]] in [[Dausa]], Rajasthan, where he had been living as a [[priest]].<ref name=TOI>{{cite news |last= |first= |title=Doctor Death Devendra Sharma: From killer to ‘priest’ — 2 years after jumping parole, Delhi’s ‘Dr Death’, involved in murder, kidney transplant racket, held from ashram in Rajasthan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/from-killer-to-priest-2-years-after-jumping-parole-delhis-dr-death-involved-in-murder-kidney-transplant-racket-held-from-ashram-in-rajasthan/articleshow/121305297.cms |work=Times of India |date=May 21, 2025}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of serial killers by country]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma, Devendra}}
[[Category:21st-century Indian murderers]]
[[Category:Crime in Delhi]]
[[Category:Crime in Haryana]]
[[Category:Crime in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Crime in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Criminals from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian people convicted of murder]]
[[Category:Indian prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment]]
[[Category:Indian robbers]]
[[Category:Indian serial killers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People convicted of murder by India]]
[[Category:Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by India]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Inmates of Tihar Jail]]

Chakravyuha (2016 film)

2026-03-03T21:21:58Z

Brock211211849: minor edit

{{More citations needed|date=January 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Chakravyuha
| image = Chakravyuha 2016 poster.jpg
| caption = Film poster
| director = [[M. Saravanan (film director)|M. Saravanan]]
| producer = N. K. Lohith
| writer = M. Saravanan
| screenplay = M. Saravanan
| story =
| music = [[Thaman S]]
| cinematography = Shanmuga Sundaram
| editing = M. Subarak
| based_on =
| starring = [[Puneeth Rajkumar]] [[Arun Vijay]] [[Rachita Ram]]
| narrator = [[Sudeep|Kichcha Sudeep]]
| studio = Sunshine Creations
| distributor = [[Jayanna Combines|Jayanna Films]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2016|04|29}}
| runtime = 124 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
}}

'''''Chakravyuha''''' ({{translation| ''Labyrinth''}}) is a 2016 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[vigilante film|vigilante]] [[action film]] written and directed by [[M. Saravanan (film director)|M. Saravanan]] and produced by N. K. Lohith under the Sunshine Creations banner. An adaptation of Saravanan's own Tamil-language film ''[[Ivan Veramathiri]]'', the film stars [[Puneeth Rajkumar]], [[Arun Vijay]] and [[Rachita Ram]], while [[Abhimanyu Singh]], [[Sadhu Kokila]], [[Bhavya]], and [[Rangayana Raghu]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 April 2016 |title=Movie Review: Chakravyuha |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/Movie-Review-Chakravyuha/articleshow/52046384.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104212547/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/Movie-Review-Chakravyuha/articleshow/52046384.cms |archive-date=4 November 2018 |access-date=14 November 2019 |website=[[Bangalore Mirror]]}}</ref> play supporting roles. [[Thaman S]] composed the film's score and soundtrack.

The film was dubbed in [[Hindi]] with the same name by ''Shree International'', in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''Civil Engineer'', and in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as ''Chakravyuham'' (despite having the original Tamil version).<ref>{{Cite web |title=- YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D4XZwR7dOeE |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614041512/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D4XZwR7dOeE |archive-date=14 June 2024 |access-date=4 November 2018 |website=[[YouTube]]}}</ref>

==Plot==
Sadashivayya, who was a former gangster and present [[Karnataka State]] [[Minister (government)|Law minister]] asks for an illegal [[Racial quota|quota]] in student admissions in [[Law College|Government Law College]], but the principal refuses. In order to remove the principal, he instigates [[violence]] on the law college campus using his students in the college. One of the students manages to come out of the campus, but gets badly wounded. Before fainting, he reveals Sadashivayya's plan to a [[Civil Engineer]] named Lohith. Lohith, along with his compounder friend Sadhu, takes the student to the hospital and learns that he is suffering from blood loss.

Lohith then takes Anjali, a college student, and makes her donate blood, but the next day the student dies, and his [[grief|grief-stricken]] mother screams in public. Lohith takes the incident seriously and kidnaps Omkaar, who is the [[parole|paroled-brother]] of Sadashivayya and the prepatators behind the [[violence]] in the college, where he locks him in an [[Construction site|abandoned construction site]]. The next day, Omkaar tries to escape, but Lohith disguises himself and thrashes Omkaar, locking him in another room. Sadashivayya tries to find Omkaar, but to no avail when he is arrested as he had given legal assurance for his brother's [[parole]].

Lohith then leaves Omkaar in the highway and Omkaar is taken to the hospital by his henchmen. When he learns of his brother's imprisonment, he swears vengeance on Lohith and decide to track Lohith secretly by pretending to be unstable. When the police learn about Omkaar's plan, they try to arrest him, but Omkar escapes and stops a biker for lift, who is revealed to be Lohith. Lohith manages to subdue the police. Soon after, Omkaar escapes leaving Lohith. Omkaar then realizes that Lohith was the kidnapper. Later, Anjali, who is in love with Lohith, teases him, to which Lohith angrily rejects Anjali.

Though devastated, Anjali selflessly calls Omkaar and tells him that she knows the kidnapper. At the hideout, Anjali shows him an article that reveals he crashed in a bike accident. Omkaar knows Anjali was lying when he kidnaps her and brings her to the same building where Lohith had kept Omkaar for days. Meanwhile, [[Assistant Commissioner of Police|ACP]] Raghu starts interrogating Sadashivayya. Just then, Sadashivayya tries to escape, but Raghu shoots him. Omkaar challenges Lohith to save the people who are beloved to him.

Lohith then reaches his home where he deduces that Omkaar was about to kidnap his mother. Lohith thrashes the goons while he brings Omkaar to the same building to learn where Anjali is kept hostage. Lohith manages to save Anjali. While he is taking her to the hospital, Omkaar tries to attack Lohith, but ACP Raghu shoots and kills Omkaar. He salutes Lohith and tells him to leave; Lohith leaves with Anjali and they reunite.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Puneeth Rajkumar]] as Lohith
* [[Arun Vijay]] as Omkaar
* [[Rachita Ram]] as Anjali
* [[Abhimanyu Singh]] as Sadashivayya, [[Law Minister]]
* [[Sadhu Kokila]] as Sadhu
* [[Rangayana Raghu]] as [[Assistant Commissioner of Police|ACP]] Raghu
* [[Bhavya]] as Lohith's mother
* Sandeep Yadav as a spy
* [[Sithara (actress)|Sithara]] as a student's mother
* [[Sudeep]] as narrator ([[voiceover]] only)<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 March 2016 |title=BIG NEWS: Sudeep's Voice For Puneeth Rajkumar's Chakravyuha! |url=http://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/news/2016/kichcha-sudeep-voice-over-for-puneeth-rajkumar-chakravyuha-218047.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323071915/http://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/news/2016/kichcha-sudeep-voice-over-for-puneeth-rajkumar-chakravyuha-218047.html |archive-date=23 March 2016 |access-date=4 September 2016}}</ref>
}}

==Production==
The movie made a profit before its release. As per sources, the distribution and audio rights of the movie had been sold out for an amount of ₹14 crores.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-12-22 |title=Puneeth Rajkumar's 'Chakravyuha' Makes Profit Even Before Release! |url=http://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/news/2015/puneeth-rajkumar-chakravyuha-makes-profit-even-before-release-209368.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160121020154/http://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/news/2015/puneeth-rajkumar-chakravyuha-makes-profit-even-before-release-209368.html |archive-date=21 January 2016 |access-date=2016-01-18 |website=Filmibeat}}</ref>

===Development===
In February 2015, it was reported that [[M. Saravanan (film director)|M. Saravanan]] and [[Puneeth Rajkumar]] would work together for the first time. [[S. Thaman]] was selected to compose the music for the film. ''Chakravyuha'', was anticipated because of the associated marketing.

===Casting===
[[Sonam Bajwa]] was the first choice for the lead role but was replaced with [[Pallavi Subhash]] after her look test was unimpressive. However, Pallavi was dropped after a couple of days of shoot since the director was not impressed and felt the need for an actress who knew the language better.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 June 2015 |title=Puneeth's 25th film: Rachita Ram replaces Pallavi Subhash |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Puneeths-25th-film-Rachita-Ram-replaces-Pallavi-Subhash/articleshow/47859620.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405024115/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/puneeths-25th-film-rachita-ram-replaces-pallavi-subhash/articleshow/47859620.cms |archive-date=5 April 2023 |access-date=3 May 2024 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> [[Rachita Ram]] was roped into playing the lead actress role, which marked her debut collaboration with [[Puneeth Rajkumar]]. Incidentally, actor [[Vamsi Krishna]] was approached by director Saravanan to reprise the role he had done in the original, ''[[Ivan Veramathiri]]''. However, the dates did not work out, and the role was offered to his friend [[Arun Vijay]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Suresh |first=Sunayana |title=Telugu actor roped in for SRK's next - Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Vamsi-Krishna-to-debut-in-Kannada-with-Leader/articleshow/52881992.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918032335/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Vamsi-Krishna-to-debut-in-Kannada-with-Leader/articleshow/52881992.cms |archive-date=18 September 2017 |access-date=3 September 2016 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

===Filming===
The film went on floors in 2015. A song shoot has been shot in [[Portugal]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Veena |date=2016-01-07 |editor-last=Filmi Beat |title=Puneeth & Rachita Ram Head To Portugal For Chakravyuha Song Shooting! |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/news/2016/puneeth-rajkumar-rachita-ram-heads-to-portugal-for-shooting-210986.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180629131410/https://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/news/2016/puneeth-rajkumar-rachita-ram-heads-to-portugal-for-shooting-210986.html |archive-date=29 June 2018 |access-date=9 May 2018}}</ref> This is the first Kannada movie whose song shoot was held in Portugal.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Details |url=http://www.vijaykarnatakaepaper.com/Details.aspx?id=12188&boxid=32912878 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806182708/http://www.vijaykarnatakaepaper.com/Details.aspx?id=12188&boxid=32912878 |archive-date=6 August 2016 |access-date=2016-06-15 |website=Vijaykarnatakaepaper.com}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Chakravyuha
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[S. Thaman]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2016|3|17}}
| recorded = 2016
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=14|s=34}}
| language = Kannada
| label = [[Anand Audio]]
| producer = [[S. Thaman]]
| prev_title = [[Dictator (2016 film)|Dictator]]
| prev_year = 2015
| next_title = [[Aarathu Sinam]]
| next_year = 2016
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|zflMcCsZrkw|Official Audio Jukebox}}
}}

}}

Songs of the movie have been released on 17 March 2016, coinciding with the birthday of the actor [[Puneeth Rajkumar]].

[[S. Thaman]] composed the soundtrack album (containing 4 songs) and background score for the film. The song recording of the movie commenced already, [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] actor [[N. T. Rama Rao Jr.]] sung a song ''[[Geleya Geleya]]'', which was his first playback singing in [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]] film and [[Kajal Aggarwal]] sung a song ''Yenaithu'', which was her first playback singing in any language, despite not knowing Kannada language.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geleya Geleya Jr NTR Chakravyuha Full Video Song |url=http://www.ulaska.com/geleya-geleya-jr-ntr%e2%80%ac-chakravyuha-full-video-song-download/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308052400/http://www.ulaska.com/geleya-geleya-jr-ntr%e2%80%ac-chakravyuha-full-video-song-download/ |archive-date=8 March 2016 |access-date=2016-03-08 |website=ulaska}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 December 2015 |title=Actor Jr. NT Rama Rao to croon for Kannada film Chakravyuha |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/actor-jr-nt-rama-rao-to-croon-for-kannada-film-chakravyuha/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412082150/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/actor-jr-nt-rama-rao-to-croon-for-kannada-film-chakravyuha/ |archive-date=12 April 2019 |access-date=22 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=19 May 2017 |title=Jr NTR nominated for Kannada Filmfare award for best singer |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/jr-ntr-nominated-kannada-filmfare-award-best-singer-62320 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190815165540/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/jr-ntr-nominated-kannada-filmfare-award-best-singer-62320 |archive-date=15 August 2019 |access-date=22 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 March 2016 |title=Puneeth's Chakravyuha: You Will Not Believe Who Just Lent His Voice to the Geleya Geleya Number |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/video/351048/puneeths-chakravyuha-you-will-not-believe-who-just-lent-his-voice-geleya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190815165528/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/video/351048/puneeths-chakravyuha-you-will-not-believe-who-just-lent-his-voice-geleya |archive-date=15 August 2019 |access-date=22 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 January 2016 |title=Kajal Aggarwal to Make Her Singing Debut in Kannada, After NTR |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/telugu/news/2016/kajal-aggarwal-to-make-her-singing-debut-after-ntr-chakravyha-210762.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190815165526/https://www.filmibeat.com/telugu/news/2016/kajal-aggarwal-to-make-her-singing-debut-after-ntr-chakravyha-210762.html |archive-date=15 August 2019 |access-date=22 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 January 2016 |title=Kajal Aggarwal's dual debut - Tamil News |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/kajal-aggarwal-enters-sandalwood-as-a-singer-puneeth-rajkumar-chakravyuha-tamil-news-150119 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190718095856/https://www.indiaglitz.com/kajal-aggarwal-enters-sandalwood-as-a-singer-puneeth-rajkumar-chakravyuha-tamil-news-150119 |archive-date=18 July 2019 |access-date=22 May 2019}}</ref> The beginning portion of the song "Ninthalli Nillalaare" reuses a part of Thaman's "Megastar Intro Theme" from ''[[Bruce Lee: The Fighter]]'' (2015).
{{Tracklist
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 14:34
| title1 = [[Geleya Geleya]]
| lyrics1 = Chandan Shetty
| extra1 = [[N. T. Rama Rao Jr.]]
| length1 = 3:14

| title2 = Yenaithu
| lyrics2 = [[Kaviraj (lyricist)|Kaviraj]]
| extra2 = [[Puneeth Rajkumar]], [[Kajal Aggarwal]]
| length2 = 4:44

| title3 = Ninthalli Nillalaare
| lyrics3 = Kaviraj
| extra3 = [[Megha (singer)|Megha]]
| length3 = 4:28

| title4 = Theme of Chakravyuha
| lyrics4 = Chandan Shetty
| extra4 = Chandan Shetty
| length4 = 2:08

| title5 = Yenaithu
| extra5 =
| length5 = 5:02
| note5 = Remix
}}
The album was also released in Hindi it contains 3 songs and all lyrics by Shree International Company
{{Tracklist|all_writing=|title1=Khushiyaan Khushiyaan|length1=03:14|title2=Are Are Kaun Hain Tu|length2=04:40|title3=Natkhat Tera Pyaar (Movie Version)|length3=03:24|title4=Natkhat Tera Pyaar (Original Version)|length4=03:28|title5=|length5=|title6=|length6=|title7=|length7=|title8=|length8=|title9=|length9=|title10=|length10=|title11=|length11=|title12=|length12=|title13=|length13=|title14=|length14=|title15=|length15=|title16=|length16=|title17=|length17=|title18=|length18=|title19=|length19=|title20=|length20=|total_length=16:49|extra_column=Singer(s)|extra1=|extra2=|extra3=[[Megha (singer)|Megha]]|extra4=[[Megha (singer)|Megha]]|headline=Hindi Track listing}}

==Release==
The film release is planned for 29 April 2016, with a premier on 28 April at Australia. It is set to have a global opening and planned to release in more than 50 countries, including the UK, [[South Africa]], [[Hong Kong]], [[Singapore]], [[Malaysia]], [[United Arab Emirates|UAE]], US and Canada.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chakravyuha to Premiere in Oz on April 21 |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/Chakravyuha-to-Premiere-in-Oz-on-April-21/2016/04/04/article3361366.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407054535/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/Chakravyuha-to-Premiere-in-Oz-on-April-21/2016/04/04/article3361366.ece |archive-date=7 April 2016 |access-date=13 March 2016 |publisher=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

=== Critical reception ===
''Chakravyuha'' received mixed reviews from critics.

''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'' wrote "how it was interesting that the hero's name is used only four times in the entire movie, that too in the second half only".<ref>{{Cite news |title=Movie Review: Chakravyuha |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/Movie-Review-Chakravyuha/articleshow/52046384.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104212547/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/Movie-Review-Chakravyuha/articleshow/52046384.cms |archive-date=4 November 2018 |access-date=2016-06-15 |work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]}}</ref>

==Awards and nominations==
===Mirchi Music Awards===
Star as A Singing Sensation - [[Jr. NTR]] {{small|(for "Geleya Geleya")}}
'''[[6th South Indian International Movie Awards]]:'''
* Best Actor in a Negative Role – Kannada – '''Nominated''' – [[Arun Vijay]]
* Best Male Playback Singer – Kannada – '''Nominated''' - [[Jr. NTR]] {{small|(for "Geleya Geleya")}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|5349428|Chakravyuha}}

{{M._Saravanan_(film_director)}}

[[Category:2016 films]]
[[Category:2016 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Thaman S]]
[[Category:Kannada remakes of Tamil films]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:2016 action thriller films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]
[[Category:Films shot in Lisbon]]
[[Category:Films about corruption in India]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Films about kidnapping in India]]
[[Category:Films set in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Indian nonlinear narrative films]]
[[Category:2016 action drama films]]
[[Category:2010s vigilante films]]
[[Category:Indian vigilante films]]

Chidambara Rahasiyam

2026-02-24T12:50:57Z

Brock211211849: post

{{Short description|Hindu religious belief}}
{{other uses}}
'''Chidambara Rahasiyam''' ({{translation|secret of [[Chidambaram]]}}) is a [[Hindu]] belief that there is a secret message conveyed through the embossed figure near the shrine of [[Shiva]] in the [[Chidambaram Temple]].<ref name="google">{{cite book|title=Illustrated Guide to the South Indian Railway (Incorporated in England): Including the Tanjore District Board, Pondicherry, Peralam-Karaikkal, Travancore State, Cochin State, Coimbatore District Board, Tinnevelly-Tiruchendur, and the Nilgiri Railways|author=South Indian Railway Co., Ltd|date=1926|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=9788120618893|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SzWvq8EYBwUC&pg=PA46|page=46|accessdate=2015-09-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2017-11-26|title=Divine Mysteries : The Ever Mysterious Chidambara Rahasyam|url=https://www.religionworld.in/divine-mysteries-ever-mysterious-chidambara-rahasyam/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223093721/https://www.religionworld.in/divine-mysteries-ever-mysterious-chidambara-rahasyam/ |archive-date=2018-12-23 |access-date=2020-08-30|website=Religion World|language=English}}</ref><ref name="anahada">{{cite web|url=http://www.anahada.com/shiva-sutra.html|title="Shiva Sūtrās: A Yogic Treatise" by Yogiraj Shri Shailendra Sharma|publisher=anahada.com|accessdate=2015-09-14}}</ref>

Since ancient times, it is believed by some that this is the place where Shiva and his consort [[Parvati]] are present, but invisible to most people. In the temple, according to those who hold this belief, the Chidambara Rahasiyam is hidden behind a curtain (symbolic of [[Maya (illusion)|Maya]]). Worship, or [[Darśana|darshana]], is possible only when priests open the curtain for special [[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]]s. Behind the curtain are golden leaves, as from the [[Aegle marmelos|Aegle Marmelos]] tree, signifying the presence of Shiva and Parvati. It is believed that [[Hindu saints|saints]] can see the gods in their physical form.

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Shaivism]]
[[Category:Cuddalore district]]
[[Category:Indian folklore]]
[[Category:Tamil folk culture]]
[[Category:Indian legends]]
[[Category:Hindu culture]]
[[Category:Indian cryptographers]]
[[Category:Communications in India]]
[[Category:Hinduism in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Pancha Sabhai]]
[[Category:Pancha Bhoota Stalam]]
[[Category:Padal Petra Stalam]]
[[Category:Shiva temples in Cuddalore district]]
[[Category:Chola architecture]]
[[Category:Hindu mythology]]

Binnu Dhillon

2026-02-23T21:39:16Z

Brock211211849: brief correct references to improve readability further and added references per sources

{{short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Binnu Dhillon
| native_name =
| image = {{CSS image crop
|Image = Binnu dhillon grace the trailer launch of Carry On Jatta 3 (Cropped).jpg
|bSize = 500
|cWidth = 220
|cHeight = 300
|oTop = 70
|oLeft = 150
|Location = center
}}
| alt =
| caption = Dhillon at the media meet of ''[[Carry On Jatta 3]]''
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1975|08|29}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Binnu Dhillon Official Facebook - About |url=https://www.facebook.com/pg/BinnuDhillon/about/?ref=page_internal |website=[[Facebook]] |access-date=16 November 2018}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Dhuri]], Punjab, India
| alma_mater = [[Punjabi University]]
| known_for = Comedy
| occupation = {{flatlist|
*Actor
*stand-up comedian
*film producer
*television presenter}}
| years_active = 1996–present
| organization = Binnu Dhillon Production
| website =
| spouse = Gurjinder Kaur
| children = 2
}}

'''Binnu Dhillon''' (born 29 August 1975) is an Indian actor who is known for his roles in [[Punjabi cinema|Punjabi]] and [[Hindi]] films .<ref>{{Cite news|date=1 September 2018|title=Our ghosts don't scare, they do Bhangra: Binnu Dhillon|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/our-ghosts-don-t-scare-they-do-bhangra-binnu-dhillon/story-XncNF06jONgpFh1gnvDjzL.html|access-date=11 January 2022|work=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Binnu Dhillon: An artist always strives for character - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/binnu-dhillon-an-artist-always-strives-for-character/articleshow/72035583.cms|access-date=11 January 2022|work=The Times of India|language=en|date=3 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=शादी से भागने वाला था ये मशहूर कॉमेडियन, खुद किया खुलासा|url=https://www.amarujala.com/chandigarh/comedian-binnu-dhillon-visits-chandigarh|work=Amar Ujala|language=hi|date=13 July 2018|access-date=11 January 2022}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Dhillon was born on 29 August 1975 in [[Dhuri, Sangrur, Punjab]]. He went on to attend Guru Teg Bahadur Public School. He did his post-graduate degree in theatre and television from [[Punjabi University]], [[Patiala]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Binnu Dhillon Birthday Special! From a Bhangra performer to the leading Punjabi movie star, here's how Binnu Dhillon rose to success |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/binnu-dhillon-birthday-special-from-a-bhangra-performer-to-the-leading-punjabi-movie-star-heres-how-binnu-dhillon-rose-to-success/photostory/70890051.cms |access-date=24 February 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=29 August 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Official">{{cite web |title=About Me |url=http://www.iambinnudhillon.com/about-me/ |access-date=16 November 2018 |archive-date=16 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116220625/http://www.iambinnudhillon.com/about-me/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Personal life==
Dhillon is married to Gurjinder Kaur and has two daughters.<ref name="IE_April2022"/>

==Career==
Binnu Dhillon began his career as a Bhangra performer and had an opportunity to perform at the Indian Festivals in Germany and the UK, he appeared in television and serials before he entered the acting field. He continued to act in plays during his time in university such as a student and as part of the theatre and television department's repertory too.{{Citation needed|date=April 2024}}

He made his debut on television with the serial ''Parchhawain'' written and directed by Gurbir Singh Grewal in 1998<ref name="Official"/> and went on to work in popular television serials ''Sarhad'', ''Lori'', ''Gaoundi Dharti'', ''Sirnaave'', ''Man Jeetey Jag Jeet'', ''Channo Chan Vargi'', ''Professor Money Plant'', ''Jugnu Hazir Hai'', ''Jugnu Mast Mast'', ''Padam Paria'', ''Kankaal'', ''Aaste'' and ''Pagdandian''. He continued to perform in telefilms like ''Khara Dudh'' and ''Khich Ghuggi Khich''.<ref name="IE_April2022">{{Cite news |last=Sood |first=Ribha |date=28 April 2022 |title=Pollywood: Journey from TV serials to films, here's Binnu Dhillon's secret to success |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/binnu-dhillon-tv-serials-films-journey-pollywood-success-7890551/ |work=The Indian Express |access-date=29 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220503195300/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/binnu-dhillon-tv-serials-films-journey-pollywood-success-7890551/ |archive-date=3 May 2022}}</ref>

He also played small roles in commercially successful Hindi films like ''[[Shaheed-E-Azam]]'' and ''[[Dev D]]''.<ref name="IE_April2022"/>

In 2010, he directed a play ''Naughty Baba in Town'' that was performed in both US and Canada. Binnu is now one of the most known comedian of Punjabi movies.<ref>{{citation|url=http://punjabgold.com/tag/binnu-dhillon/page/2 |title=Binnu Dhillon | PUNJAB GOLD :: Punjabi Music, Punjabi Movies, Previews, Reviews, Punjabi Singers, Latest Songs, Videos Portal - Part 2 |publisher=Punjab Gold |access-date=13 October 2012}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=August 2015}}

Binnu Dhillon rose on the Punjabi comedy scene with films like ''[[Carry On Jatta]]'', ''[[Sirphire]]'', ''[[Raula Pai Gaya]]'', ''[[Tu Mera 22 Main Tera 22]]'', ''[[Lucky Di Unlucky Story]]'', ''[[Rangeelay]]'' and ''[[Vekh Baraatan Challiyan]]''.<ref name="IE_April2022"/>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Key
| style="background:#FFFFCC;"|{{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Notes
|-
! 2002
|| ''[[Shaheed-E-Azam]]'' || ||[[Hindi|Hindi language]] film
|-
! 2005
|| ''Nalaik'' || ||
|-
! rowspan="2"|2007
|| ''[[Mitti Wajaan Maardi]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Kaun Kise Da Beli'' || Jeona ||
|-
! rowspan="5"|2009
|| ''[[Dev.D]]'' || Dwij Dhillon || [[Hindi language]] Film
|-
| ''[[Tera Mera Ki Rishta]]'' || Shingara ||
|-
| ''[[Munde UK De]]'' || Jaile Brar ||
|-
| ''Lagda Ishq Hogaya'' || Sarjeet Naggar ||
|-
| ''Love U Bobby'' || ||
|-
! rowspan="4" |2010
|| ''[[Ekam - Son of Soil]]'' || Bhagat ||
|-
| ''Akh Labdi'' || Harjit ||
|-
|''[[Mel Karade Rabba]]''
|Taari
|
|-
| ''Chhevan Dariya'' || Ranjit ||
|-
! 2011
|| ''[[Jihne Mera Dil Luteya]]'' || Karanveer ||
|-
! rowspan="9"|2012
|| ''[[Mirza – The Untold Story]]'' || Diler Singh ||
|-
| ''[[Taur Mittran Di]]'' || Dulla ||
|-
| ''[[Kabaddi Once Again]]'' || Kirpal 'Clutch' Singh ||
|-
| ''[[Carry On Jatta]]'' || Goldy Dhillon ||
|-
| ''[[Sirphire]]'' || Happy Singh ||
|-
| ''[[Yaar Pardesi]]'' || Tarsem Singh ||
|-
| ''[[Raula Pai Gaya]]'' || Sunny ||
|-
| ''[[Saadi Wakhri Hai Shaan]]'' || Raunak ||
|-
| ''[[Munde Patiala De]]'' || Mama Ji ||
|-
! rowspan="11"|2013
|| ''[[Tu Mera 22 Main Tera 22]]'' || Sher Singh ||
|-
| ''[[Singh vs Kaur]]'' || Taari ||
|-
| ''[[Lucky Di Unlucky Story]]'' || Dimpi ||
|-
| ''[[Rangeelay]]'' || Titli ||
|-
| ''[[Jatts in Golmaal]]'' || Titoo ||
|-
| ''[[Oye Hoye Pyar Ho Gaya]]'' || Chamkila ||
|-
| ''[[Best of Luck (2013 film)|Best of Luck]]'' || Happy ||
|-
| ''[[Naughty Jatts]]'' || Laali ||
|-
| ''Punjab Bolda'' || ||
|-
| ''Jatt Airways'' || Inspector Hukum Singh ||
|-
| ''Viyah 70 Km'' || Lakha ||
|-
! rowspan="4"| 2014
|| ''[[Ishq Brandy]]'' || Pritam ||As a Lead
|-
| ''[[Mr & Mrs 420]]'' || Deputy / Neeru / Japji || Lead role
|-
| ''Oh My Pyo'' || Binnu ||As a Lead
|-
| ''[[Goreyan Nu Daffa Karo]]'' || Mann Sahib ||
|-
! rowspan="4"|2015
|| ''What the Jatt!!'' || Daljeet ||
|-
| ''[[Angrej]]'' || Aslam ||
|-
| ''[[Munde Kamaal De]]'' || Tinku ||
|-
| ''[[Dildariyaan]]'' || Bus Conductor ||
|-
! rowspan="6"|2016
|| ''[[Channo Kamli Yaar Di]]'' || Taaji || Lead role
|-
| ''[[Love Punjab]]'' || Naseem ||
|-
| ''[[Ambarsariya]]'' || SHO Hakam Singh ||
|-
| ''[[Vaisakhi List]]'' || Minister ||
|-
| ''[[Dulla Bhatti Wala]]'' || Dara ||
|-
| ''[[Bambukat]]'' || Resham Singh ||
|-
! rowspan="2"|2017
|| ''[[Vekh Baraatan Challiyan]]'' || Jaggi Waraich || Lead role
|-
| ''[[Bailaras]]'' || Jagga || • Lead role
• Co-producer also
|-
! rowspan="4"|2018
|| ''[[Carry On Jatta 2]]'' || Goldy Dhillon ||
|-
| ''[[Vadhayiyaan Ji Vadhayiyaan]]'' || Pargat|| •Lead role
• Co-producer also
|-
| ''[[Mar Gaye Oye Loko]]'' ||Gill Bai ||
|-
| ''[[Yamla Pagla Deewana Phir Se]]'' || Billa ||
|-
! rowspan="4"|2019
|| ''[[Kala Shah Kala]]'' || Lovely ‘Naag ||•As a Lead
|-
| ''[[Naukar Vahuti Da]]'' || Shivinder / Satnam Singh || •Double role
•Lead role
|-
| ''Band Vaaje'' ||Inder || Lead role
|-
| ''[[Jhalle]]'' || ||• Lead role
•Also Producer<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/watch-everyone-is-going-crazy-on-the-sets-of-jhalley/articleshow/70344009.cms|title=Watch: Everyone is going crazy on the sets of 'Jhalley'|work=The Times of India|date=23 July 2019|access-date=24 August 2019}}</ref> As a Lead Actor
|-
! rowspan="2"|2021
|| ''Jinne Jamme Saare Nikamme'' ||Barinder Singh ||
|-
| ''Fuffad Ji'' ||Arjan Singh ||
|-
! rowspan="4" |2023
|''[[Gol Gappe (film)|Gol Gappe]]''
| Jaggi
|
|-
|''[[Carry on Jatta 3]]''
| Goldy Dhillon
|
|-
| ''Maujaan Hi Maujaan''
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news |title=It's a wrap for 'Maujaan Hi Maujaan' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/its-a-wrap-for-maujaan-hi-maujaan/articleshow/97088366.cms |work=The Times of India |date=18 January 2023 |access-date=13 June 2025}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Gaddi Jaandi Ae Chalaangaan Maardi]]''
|Barinder Singh "Bhola"
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|last1=Team |first1=Kiddaan. com |title=Gaddi Jaandi Ae Chalaangaan Maardi: Release Date Of Ammy Virk & Binnu Dhillon Starrer Announced|url=https://kiddaan.com/gaddi-jaandi-ae-chalaangaan-maardi-release-date/|work=Kiddaan.Com|date=10 February 2023|access-date=18 February 2023}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="2" |2025
|''[[Fateh (2025 film)|Fateh]]''
|Sandhu
|Hindi Language film
|-
| ''[[Pind Peya Saara Jombieland Baneya]]''
| Jatinder Singh / Jeeti
|style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite news |title=Punjabs FIRST Zombie Invasion Horror Film Jombieland Poster Unveiled - Check It Out! |url=https://zeenews.india.com/regional/punjabs-first-zombie-invasion-horror-film-jombieland-poster-unveiled-check-it-out-2878919.html |work=Zee News |date=28 March 2025 |access-date=13 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Jombieland (Official Trailer) {{!}} Binnu Dhillon {{!}} G Khan {{!}} Kanika Mann {{!}} Angira Dhar {{!}} 13th June 2025 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pczPPLQFxBk |website=YouTube |date=30 May 2025 |access-date=13 June 2025}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{URL|iambinnudhillon.com}}
* {{IMDb name|3839111}}
{{Subject bar
|commons = yes
|commons-search =
|d = yes
|d-search =
|portal1 = Biography
|portal2 =
}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dhillon, Binnu}}
[[Category:1975 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male comedians]]
[[Category:People from Sangrur]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Indian male voice actors]]
[[Category:People from Patiala]]

Tatisilwai railway station

2026-02-17T16:01:56Z

Brock211211849:

{{Multiple issues|
{{more citations needed|date=January 2019}}
{{no footnotes|date=January 2019}}
}}
{{short description|Railway station in Jharkhand}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox station
| name = TATISILWAI
| type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]] [[Indian Railways]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|150px]]
| image_size =
| image_caption = Indian Railways logo
| address = [[Ranchi]], [[Ranchi district]], [[Jharkhand]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|23|22|16|N|85|26|18|E|display=inline,title}}
| elevation = {{convert|612|m|ft}}
| line = [[Netaji S.C.Bose Gomoh–Hatia line]]
| other =
| structure = [[Intersection_(road)#At_grade_railways|At grade]]
| platform = 3
| tracks =
| entrances =
| parking = Available
| baggage_check =
| opened =
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = 
| accessible =
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = TIS
| zone = [[South Eastern Railway zone|South Eastern Railway]]
| division = {{rwd|Ranchi}}
}}
| owned =
| operator =
| status = Functional
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| map_locator =
}}
{{Koderma–Hazaribagh–Barkakana line|collapse=y}}
'''Tatisilwai railway station''', station code TIS, is the railway station serving the capital city of [[Ranchi]] in the [[Ranchi district]] in the Indian state of [[Jharkhand]]. Tatisilwai station belongs to the [[Ranchi railway division|Ranchi division]] of the [[South Eastern Railway zone]] of the [[Indian Railways]].

Ranchi has trains running frequently to Delhi and Kolkata. The city is a major railway hub and has four major stations: {{stnlnk|Ranchi Junction}} {{stnlnk|Hatia}}, Tatisilwai Junction and {{stnlnk|Namkon}}. Many important trains start from Ranchi Junction as well.

== Facilities ==
The major facilities available are waiting rooms, reservation counter, vehicle parking etc. The vehicles are allowed to enter the station premises. There is no tea stall, book stall, post or telegraphic office. Security personnel from the Government Railway Police (G.R.P.) and Railway Protection Force (RPF) are present for security.

=== Platforms ===
There are four platforms which are interconnected with [[foot overbridge]] (FOB).

== Nearest airports ==
The nearest airports to Tatisilwai station are:

#[[Birsa Munda Airport]], [[Ranchi]] {{Convert|14|km}}
#[[Gaya Airport]], [[Gaya, India|Gaya]] {{Convert|180|km}}
#[[Lok Nayak Jayaprakash Airport]], [[Patna]] {{Convert|279|km}}
#[[Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose International Airport]], [[Kolkata]] {{Convert|355|km}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== External links ==
{{wikivoyage|Ranchi}}
* [http://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/1951 Tatisilwai station map]
* [http://ranchi.nic.in/ Official website of the Ranchi district]

{{Railway stations in Jharkhand}}
{{South Chotanagpur Division topics}}

[[Category:Railway stations in Ranchi district]]
[[Category:Transport in Ranchi]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Ranchi]]
[[Category:Ranchi railway division]]


{{Jharkhand-railstation-stub}}

Catherine Tresa

2026-02-17T04:41:53Z

Brock211211849: Page updated with relevant improvements

{{short description|Indian actress and model}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox model
| name = Catherine Tresa
| image = Catherine Tresa at the Kalakalappu 2 Press Meet (cropped).jpg
| caption = Tresa in 2018
| birth_name = Catherine Tresa Alexander
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1989|9|10}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Catherine Tresa Birthday Special! 5 Unmissable PICS of the Mallu beauty |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/catherine-tresa-birthday-special-5-unmissable-pics-of-the-mallu-beauty/photostory/78021012.cms |website=The Times of India |date=10 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Catherine Tresa bags a biggie |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/270817/catherine-tresa-bags-a-biggie.html |website=Deccan Chronicle |date=27 August 2017}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Dubai]], [[United Arab Emirates]]
| citizenship = India
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress|[[Model (person)|model]]}}
| years_active = 2010–present
}}

'''Catherine Tresa Alexander''' (born 10 September 1989) is an Indian actress and model. She has established her career in [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]], [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]], [[Kannada]] & [[Malayalam]] films. She made her film debut in 2010 in the film ''[[Shankar IPS]]''.

==Early life==
Catherine Tresa was born to [[Malayali]] parents, Frank Mario Alexander and Tresa Alexander in [[Dubai]].<ref>{{cite news |title=This Diwali, I will light a diya wishing for the world to be Covid-free: Catherine Tresa |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/this-diwali-i-will-light-a-diya-wishing-for-the-world-to-be-covid-free-catherine-tresa/articleshow/79215757.cms |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=14 November 2020}}</ref> She finished her high school education in [[Dubai]] and moved to [[Bengaluru]] for higher education.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kottayam to Kollywood |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/catherine-tresa-kottayam-to-kollywood/article6429687.ece |website=The Hindu |last1=Raghavan |first1=Nikhil |date=20 September 2014}}</ref> While studying, she learnt to play piano, and got trained in singing, dancing, ice skating and debating,<ref name=autogenerated2>{{cite web |title=Riding high |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article3815986.ece |work=The Hindu |access-date=7 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120927234518/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article3815986.ece |archive-date=27 September 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> stating that she believes she is "good at anything I put my mind to".<ref name="TOI">{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Iddarammayilatho-actress-Katherine-Teresa-exclusive-interview/articleshow/19598858.cms |title=Iddarammayilatho actress Catherine Teresa exclusive interview |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=17 April 2013 |access-date=8 September 2013 |archive-date=4 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130804182340/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-17/news-interviews/38615455_1_iddarammayilatho-stylish-star-allu-arjun |url-status=live}}</ref> In Dubai, Catherine was an Emirates Environment volunteer. At the age of 14, Catherine did amateur modelling for fashion design graduate students.<ref name="southscope">{{cite web |url=http://www.southscope.in/kannada/article/catherine-tresa-rocks-bikini-look |title=Catherine Tresa rocks the bikini look! |publisher=Southscope.in |date=8 August 2012 |access-date=8 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130811042555/http://southscope.in/kannada/article/catherine-tresa-rocks-bikini-look |archive-date=11 August 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> After moving to India, she modeled for Nalli Silks, Chennai Silks, Fast Track, Josco Jewellers and Deccan Chronicle. She has also shot for Srikantadatta Wodeyar's Maharaja Calendar and collaborated with [[Prasad Bidapa]] in numerous ramp shows across India.<ref name="southscope"/>

==Career==
Catherine made her acting debut in 2010 Kannada film ''[[Shankar IPS]]'' opposite [[Duniya Vijay]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-kannada-review-shankar-ips/20100521.htm|title=Shankar IPS is an out and out Vijay film|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=21 May 2010}}</ref> Catherine went on to act in the [[Malayalam]] films, ''[[The Thriller]]'' and ''[[Uppukandam Brothers: Back in Action]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-uppukandam-brothers-back-in-action/20110620.htm|title=Review: Uppukandam Brothers offers nothing new}}</ref> In 2011, she did a role in the Kannada film ''Vishnu'' that she said was "equally opposite to her real life".<ref>{{cite web |title=THUNDER THIES CATHERINE IS WONDER TOO! |url=http://www.chitratara.com/show-content.php?id=2987&ptype=News&title=THUNDER%20THIES%20CATHERINE%20IS%20WONDER%20TOO! |access-date=7 November 2012 |archive-date=5 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105160022/http://www.chitratara.com/show-content.php?id=2987&ptype=News&title=THUNDER%20THIES%20CATHERINE%20IS%20WONDER%20TOO! |url-status=live}}</ref>

It was followed by the Kannada film ''[[Godfather (2012 film)|Godfather]]'' (2012) opposite [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]], which was directed by cinematographer turned film-maker Sethu Sriram. Catherine's character in the film was that of an older mentally challenged woman.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/others/news-interviews/Upendras-Godfather-embellished-by-Rahmans-melodies/articleshow/12428067.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120711073907/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-03-27/news-interviews/31244717_1_godfather-rahman-tamil |url-status=live |archive-date=11 July 2012 |title=Upendra's 'Godfather' embellished by Rahman's melodies |date= 27 March 2012 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=28 March 2012 }}</ref> Her performance earned her her first nomination for an award in the [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress - Kannada|Best Supporting Actress category]] at the [[60th Filmfare Awards South]].

She next signed up for ''[[Chammak Challo (film)|Chammak Challo]]'' directed by Neelakanta, in which she played "an urbane, bold and dynamic girl".<ref>{{cite news|last1=Narasimha|first1=M.L.|title=Breezy entertainer|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/breezy-entertainer/article3510306.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|accessdate=20 February 2018|date=10 June 2012}}</ref> It released in February 2013 and failed at the box office,<ref name="TOI"/> but she got noticed and received positive reviews. APHerald.com called her "a treat to watch"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.apherald.com/Movies/Reviews/15128/Chammak-Challo-Telugu-Movie-Review-Rating/ |title=Chammak Challo Telugu Movie Review, Rating |publisher=Apherald.com |access-date=8 September 2013 |archive-date=17 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130917191438/http://www.apherald.com/Movies/Reviews/15128/Chammak-Challo-Telugu-Movie-Review-Rating |url-status=live}}</ref> and 123telugu.com noted that "she has the potential to be a superstar in future if she plays her cards right".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.123telugu.com/reviews/review-chammak-challo-nothing-flashy-about-this.html |title=Review : Chammak Challo – Nothing flashy about this |publisher=123telugu.com |date=15 February 2013 |access-date=8 September 2013 |archive-date=29 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029193601/http://www.123telugu.com/reviews/review-chammak-challo-nothing-flashy-about-this.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

Catherine played one of the female leads in [[Puri Jagannadh]]'s Telugu film ''[[Iddarammayilatho]]''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Catherine opposite Allu Arjun in Puri film|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/catherine-opposite-allu-arjun-in-puri-film-news-telugu-mlhqNphbaji.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140131104117/http://www.sify.com/movies/catherine-opposite-allu-arjun-in-puri-film-news-telugu-mlhqNphbaji.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=31 January 2014|website=[[Sify]]|access-date=7 November 2012}}</ref> The film released in June 2013 and won her rave reviews. Times of India reported "Catherine Tresa perfectly suits the character of Akanksha".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/telugu/news-interviews/Iddarammayilatho-Telugu-movie-review-highlights/articleshow/20361204.cms |title=Iddarammayilatho Telugu movie review highlights |date=31 May 2013 |access-date=8 September 2013 |archive-date=8 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130608125836/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-31/news-interviews/39654524_1_kecha-khamphakdee-puri-jagannath-movie-review |work=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=live}}</ref> Shirirag.com called her "cigarette smoking hot"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.shrirag.com/iddarammayilatho-movie-review/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130830203047/http://www.shrirag.com/iddarammayilatho-movie-review/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 August 2013 |title=Iddarammayilatho Movie Review |publisher=shrirag.com |access-date=8 September 2013}}</ref> while Idlebrain Jeevi in his review noted "with a bit of fine-tuning she can become big in Telugu films".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/iddarammayilatho.html |title=Iddarammayilatho review – Telugu cinema – Allu Arjun, Amala Paul & Catherine Tresa |publisher=Idlebrain.com |date=31 May 2013 |access-date=8 September 2013 |archive-date=17 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150617004429/http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/iddarammayilatho.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

Catherine next appeared in ''[[Paisa (2014 film)|Paisa]]'' (2014) by [[Krishna Vamsi]] playing a Muslim girl in the film, "who is sweet, very inhibited and talks a lot with her eyes" and called it "a total contrast to what I play[ed] in ''Chammak Challo''".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/in-the-end-krishna-vamsis-paisa-is-all-about-the-moolah/article5661409.ece?homepage=true|title=In the end, Krishna Vamsi's Paisa is all about the moolah|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=6 February 2014|accessdate=7 February 2014|last1=Krishnamoorthy|first1=Suresh}}</ref> She made her foray into the Tamil film industry with ''[[Madras (film)|Madras]]'' (2014) in which she starred opposite [[Karthi]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Catherine Tresa cast opposite Karthi |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/telugu/news-interviews/Catherine-Tresa-cast-opposite-Karthi/articleshow/22858371.cms |work=The Times of India |date=21 September 2013 |access-date=21 October 2013 |archive-date=24 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130924010443/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/telugu/news-interviews/Catherine-Tresa-cast-opposite-Karthi/articleshow/22858371.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> She then appeared in two Telugu films: ''[[Erra Bus]]'' (2014), directed and produced by [[Dasari Narayana Rao]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Vishnu-Manchus-next-titled-Erra-Bus/articleshow/38499267.cms|title=Vishnu Manchu's next titled Erra Bus|publisher=[[Times Of India]]|date=16 July 2014}}</ref> followed by [[Gunasekhar]]'s ''[[Rudhramadevi (film)|Rudhramadevi]]'' (2015).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/telugu/news-interviews/Catherine-in-Rudramadevi/articleshow/24487880.cms |title=Catherine in Rudramadevi |work=The Times of India |date=21 October 2013 |access-date=22 October 2013 |archive-date=9 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171209235113/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/telugu/news-interviews/Catherine-in-Rudramadevi/articleshow/24487880.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> the first Indian 3D historic film.<ref>{{cite web |title=Glad we finished Rudhramadevi on time: Gunasekhar |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/glad-we-finished-rudhramadevi-on-time-gunasekhar/article6390534.ece |work=The Hindu |date=8 September 2014 |access-date=19 September 2014 |archive-date=29 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129092835/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/glad-we-finished-rudhramadevi-on-time-gunasekhar/article6390534.ece |url-status=live}}</ref>

The next Tamil film was [[Pandiraj]]"s ''[[Kathakali (film)|Kathakali]]'' (2016) starring [[Vishal (actor)|Vishal]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-fans-column/kathakali-a-twisted-tale-with-lots-of-surprises-kathakali.html|title = Kathakali - A twisted tale with lots of surprises}}</ref> followed by [[Kalaipuli S. Thanu]] production, ''[[Kanithan]]'' (2016) directed by débutante Santosh in which she will be starring opposite [[Atharvaa]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Catherine Tresa to pair with Atharvaa |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Catherine-Tresa-to-pair-with-Atharvaa/articleshow/24389107.cms |work=The Times of India |date=20 October 2013 |access-date=21 October 2013 |archive-date=29 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151129034420/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Catherine-Tresa-to-pair-with-Atharvaa/articleshow/24389107.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> She was seen in the action-drama film such as ''[[Sarrainodu]]'' (2016), ''[[Goutham Nanda]]'' (2017) and ''[[Nene Raju Nene Mantri]]'' (2017) which have received positive reviews.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/sarrainodu-telugu-movie-review.html|title = Review : Sarrainodu – Typical Masala Entertainer}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/goutham-nanda-telugu-movie-review.html|title = Review : Goutham Nanda – Gopichand’s show}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/nene-raju-nene-mantri-review-half-baked-political-thriller-which-tries-too-hard-66638|title = 'Nene Raju Nene Mantri' Review: A half-baked political thriller which tries too hard}}</ref>She also worked with the director [[Sundar C]] in the comedy films, ''[[Kalakalappu 2]]'' (2018), ''[[Vantha Rajavathaan Varuven]]'' (2019) and ''[[Gangers (film)|Gangers]]'' (2025).

== Filmography ==

{{Pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! scope="col"| Year
! scope="col"| Title
! scope="col"| Role(s)
! scope="col"| Language(s)
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2010 || ''[[Shankar IPS]]'' || Shilpa || [[Kannada]] || ||<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/45075/bewitched-glam.html |title=Bewitched by glam |website=Deccan Herald |date=5 January 2010 |access-date=11 April 2020 |archive-date=11 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411090823/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/45075/bewitched-glam.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[The Thriller]]'' || Meera || rowspan="2" | [[Malayalam]] || ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2011 || ''[[Uppukandam Brothers: Back in Action]]'' || Vinila Sathyaneshan || ||
|-
| ''Vishnu'' || || rowspan="2" | Kannada || || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/review-vishnu-is-just-an-ordinary-flick-602896|title=Review: Vishnu is just an ordinary flick|work=[[Indo-Asian News Service]]|via=[[NDTV]]|first=V. S.|last=Rajapur}}</ref>
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Godfather (2012 film)|Godfather]]'' || Vaani || ||
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2013 || ''[[Chammak Challo (film)|Chammak Challo]]'' || Sunaina || rowspan="3" | [[Telugu language|Telugu]] || || <ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/chammak-challo/movie-review/18516895.cms | title=Chammak Challo Movie Review | newspaper=The Times of India }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Iddarammayilatho]]'' || Akansha || ||<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south--catherine-tresa-my-character-in-idddarammayilatho-is-glamorous/20130529.htm |title=My character in Idddarammayilatho is very glamorous |work=Rediff.com |date=29 May 2013 |access-date=11 April 2020 |archive-date=11 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411090824/https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south--catherine-tresa-my-character-in-idddarammayilatho-is-glamorous/20130529.htm |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2014 || ''[[Paisa (2014 film)|Paisa]]'' || Noor || credited as Catherine ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/today/paisa-catherine-noor.html|title=Catherine Tresa plays Muslim girl Noor in Paisa film|publisher=idlebrain.com|date=20 March 2013|accessdate=7 February 2014}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Madras (film)|Madras]]'' || Kalaiarasi || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] || ||<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140629/entertainment-kollywood/article/karthi%E2%80%99s-dedication-amazes-me-catherine-tresa |title=Karthi's dedication amazes me: Catherine Tresa |website=Deccan Chronicle |date=29 June 2014 |access-date=11 April 2020 |archive-date=10 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180910204544/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140629/entertainment-kollywood/article/karthi%E2%80%99s-dedication-amazes-me-catherine-tresa |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Erra Bus]]'' || Raji || rowspan="2" | Telugu || ||<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Catherine-Tresa-cast-opposite-Vishnu-Manchu/articleshow/38368748.cms |title=Catherine Tresa cast opposite Vishnu Manchu |website=The Times of India |date=15 January 2017 |access-date=11 April 2020 |archive-date=16 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416155634/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Catherine-Tresa-cast-opposite-Vishnu-Manchu/articleshow/38368748.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Rudhramadevi (film)|Rudhramadevi]]'' || Annambika || ||<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/rudhramadevi-to-release-on-october-9/ |title='Rudhramadevi' to release on October 9 |website=The Indian Express |date=31 August 2015 |access-date=11 April 2020 |archive-date=11 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411090824/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/rudhramadevi-to-release-on-october-9/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2016 || ''[[Kathakali (film)|Kathakali]]'' || Meenu Kutty || rowspan="2" | Tamil || ||<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/america/140116/several-injured-in-gurdwara-scuffle.html |title=When team kathakali came calling |website=Deccan Chronicle |date=14 January 2016 |access-date=11 April 2020 |archive-date=11 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411090828/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/america/140116/several-injured-in-gurdwara-scuffle.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kanithan]]'' || Anu || ||<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/post-madras-catherine-tresa-to-play-journo-in-kanithan/story-QPDvSHu6CWyeS7iTr2SHuI.html |title=Post Madras, Catherine Tresa to play journo in Kanithan |website=Hindustan Times |date=16 October 2014 |access-date=11 April 2020 |archive-date=11 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411090826/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/post-madras-catherine-tresa-to-play-journo-in-kanithan/story-QPDvSHu6CWyeS7iTr2SHuI.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Sarrainodu]]'' || MLA Hansitha Reddy || Telugu || ||<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/worked-with-lot-of-positivity-on-sarrainodu-catherine-tresa-116041900348_1.html |title=Worked with lot of positivity on 'Sarrainodu': Catherine Tresa |website=Business Standard |date=19 April 2016 |access-date=11 April 2020 |archive-date=11 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411091707/https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/worked-with-lot-of-positivity-on-sarrainodu-catherine-tresa-116041900348_1.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5"| 2017 || ''[[Kadamban]]'' || Rathi || Tamil || ||<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/catherine-tresa-kadamban-is-the-toughest-project-in-my-career-news-tamil-rerqKNchcdacf.html |title=Catherine Tresa: Kadamban is the toughest project in my career |website=[[Sify]] |date=17 April 2017 |access-date=11 April 2020 |archive-date=11 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411090829/https://www.sify.com/movies/catherine-tresa-kadamban-is-the-toughest-project-in-my-career-news-tamil-rerqKNchcdacf.html |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Goutham Nanda]]'' || Mugdha || rowspan="3" | Telugu || ||<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2017/jul/20/catherine-tresas-glam-avatar-in-gautham-nanda-1630922.html |title=Catherine Tresa's glam avatar in Gautham Nanda |website=The New Indian Express |date=20 July 2017 |access-date=11 April 2020 |archive-date=11 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411090828/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2017/jul/20/catherine-tresas-glam-avatar-in-gautham-nanda-1630922.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Nene Raju Nene Mantri]]''|| Devika Rani || ||<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/nene-raju-nene-mantri-breaks-many-stereotypes-catherine-tresa-117071100387_1.html |title='Nene Raju, Nene Mantri' breaks many stereotypes: Catherine Tresa |website=Business Standard |date=11 July 2017 |access-date=11 April 2020 |archive-date=11 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411090828/https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/nene-raju-nene-mantri-breaks-many-stereotypes-catherine-tresa-117071100387_1.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Jaya Janaki Nayaka]]''|| Herself || [[Item number|Special appearance]] in the song "A for Apple" ||<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2017-08-02/Jaya-Janaki-Nayakas-highlight-is-Catherine-Tresa/316310 |title=Jaya Janaki Nayaka's highlight is Catherine Tresa |website=The Hans India |date=2 August 2017 |access-date=11 April 2020 |archive-date=11 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411090827/https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2017-08-02/Jaya-Janaki-Nayakas-highlight-is-Catherine-Tresa/316310 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kathanayagan (2017 film)|Kathanayagan]]'' || Kanmani || rowspan="5" | Tamil || ||<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/080917/the-romance-on-screen-was-natural-catherine-tresa.html |title=The romance on screen was natural: Catherine Tresa |website=Deccan Chronicle |date=8 September 2017 |access-date=11 April 2020 |archive-date=11 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411090828/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/080917/the-romance-on-screen-was-natural-catherine-tresa.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Kalakalappu 2]]'' || Hema || ||<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2017/sep/24/catherine-tresa-joins-kalakalappu-2-2270.html |title=Catherine Tresa joins Kalakalappu 2 |website=Cinema Express |date=24 September 2017 |access-date=11 April 2020 |archive-date=11 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411090829/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2017/sep/24/catherine-tresa-joins-kalakalappu-2-2270.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2019 || ''[[Vantha Rajavathaan Varuven]]'' || Priya || ||<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/catherine-tresa-play-one-leads-sundar-c-simbu-film-89474 |title=Catherine Tresa to play one of the leads in Sundar C- Simbu film |website=The News Minute |date=5 October 2018 |access-date=11 April 2020 |archive-date=11 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411090823/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/catherine-tresa-play-one-leads-sundar-c-simbu-film-89474 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Neeya 2]]'' || Divya || ||<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/raai-laxmi-catherine-tresa-to-fight-for-jai-in-neeya-2-imagegallery-kollywood-terpomhdcjhfd.html |title=Raai Laxmi, Catherine Tresa to fight for Jai in 'Neeya 2' |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=11 April 2020 |archive-date=11 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411090824/https://www.sify.com/movies/raai-laxmi-catherine-tresa-to-fight-for-jai-in-neeya-2-imagegallery-kollywood-terpomhdcjhfd.html |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Aruvam]]'' || Jyothi || ||<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2019/oct/15/catherine-tresa-roped-in-35kg-heavy-costume-for-aruvam-2047534.html |title=Catherine Tresa 'roped in' 35kg heavy costume for 'Aruvam' |website=The New Indian Express |date=15 October 2019 |access-date=11 April 2020 |archive-date=11 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411090825/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2019/oct/15/catherine-tresa-roped-in-35kg-heavy-costume-for-aruvam-2047534.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2020 || ''[[World Famous Lover]]'' || Smita || rowspan="5" | Telugu|| ||<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-world-famous-lover-first-look-vijay-deverakonda-can-t-take-his-eyes-off-of-catherine-tresa-and-raashi-khanna-2805664 |title=Vijay Deverakonda can't take his eyes off of Catherine Tresa and Raashi Khanna |website=Daily News and Analysis |date=16 December 2019 |access-date=11 April 2020 |archive-date=16 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216132455/https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-world-famous-lover-first-look-vijay-deverakonda-can-t-take-his-eyes-off-of-catherine-tresa-and-raashi-khanna-2805664 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2022|| ''[[Bhala Thandanana]]''||Sasirekha "Sasi"|| ||<ref>{{cite web |title=Sree Vishnu, Catherine Tresa's ''Bhala Thandanana'' goes on floors |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/sree-vishnu-catherine-tresas-bhala-thandanana-goes-on-floors/articleshow/81945216.cms |website=The Times of India |date=7 April 2021}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Bimbisara (film)|Bimbisara]]''|| Aira || ||<ref>{{cite news |title=Kalyan Ram and Catherine Tresa's Bimbisara to release this August |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/kalyan-ram-and-catherine-tresas-bimbisara-to-release-this-august/articleshow/90610373.cms |access-date=2022-04-02 |website=The Times of India |date=2 April 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Macherla Niyojakavargam]]''||Nidhi|| ||<ref>{{cite web |title=Catherine Tresa signs 'Macherla Niyojakavargam' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2021/sep/15/catherine-tresasigns-macherlaniyojakavargam-2358810.html |website=The New Indian Express |date=15 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="1" |2023|| ''[[Waltair Veerayya]]'' ||Dr. Nithya|| ||<ref>{{cite web |title=Catherine Tresa joins the cast of 'Mega 154'|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2022/mar/30/catherine-tresa-joinsthe-cast-of-mega-154-2435650.html|website=The New Indian Express|date=20 March 2022}}</ref>
|-
|2025
|''[[Gangers (film)|Gangers]]''
|Sujitha
|Tamil
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=B |first=Jayabhuvaneshwari |date=2025-03-03 |title=Sundar C's Gangers gets release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Mar/03/sundar-cs-gangers-gets-release-date |access-date=2025-03-03 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2026
|''[[Mana Shankara Vara Prasad Garu]]''
|Jwaala
|Telugu
|
|
|-
|{{TBA}}
|Style="background:#ffc;"|''Phani'' {{Dagger}}
|TBA
|Telugu
|Filming
|
|}

== Awards and nominations ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Film
! Result
! {{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
| 2013
| [[60th Filmfare Awards South]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress - Kannada|Best Supporting Actress – Kannada]]
| ''[[Godfather (2012 film)|Godfather]]''
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/60th-idea-filmfare-awards-2013-south-nominations-3603-1.html |title=60th Idea Filmfare Awards 2013 (South) Nominations |website=Filmfare |date=4 July 2013 |access-date=11 April 2020 |archive-date=11 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411053139/https://www.filmfare.com/features/60th-idea-filmfare-awards-2013-south-nominations-3603-1.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2014
| [[3rd South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| Best Female Debut – Telugu
| ''[[Chammak Challo (film)|Chammak Challo]]''
| {{nom}}
|
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2015
| [[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards]]
| rowspan="3" | Best Debut Actress
| rowspan="6" | ''[[Madras (film)|Madras]]''
| {{won}}
|
|-
|[[Vijay Awards]]
|{{Won}}
|
|-
| [[Edison Awards (India)|Edison Awards]]
| {{won}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2"| [[62nd Filmfare Awards South]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Tamil|Best Actress – Tamil]]
| {{nom}}
|
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut – South|Best Female Debut – Tamil]]
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/winners-of-62nd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-9643.html |title=Winners of 62nd Britannia Filmfare Awards South |website=Filmfare |date=27 June 2015 |access-date=11 April 2020 |archive-date=6 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200506152856/https://www.filmfare.com/news/winners-of-62nd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-9643.html |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| [[4th South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| Best Female Debut – Tamil
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/SIIMA-Awards-2015-Tamil-winners-list/articleshow/48399961.cms |title=SIIMA Awards 2015 Tamil winners list |website=The Times of India |date=16 January 2017 |access-date=11 April 2020 |archive-date=21 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121162507/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/SIIMA-Awards-2015-Tamil-winners-list/articleshow/48399961.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2018
| [[65th Filmfare Awards South]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Telugu|Best Supporting Actress – Telugu]]
| ''[[Nene Raju Nene Mantri]]''
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-65th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-2018_-28652.html |title=Nominations for the 65th Jio Filmfare Awards (South) 2018 |website=Filmfare |date=4 June 2018 |access-date=11 April 2020 |archive-date=30 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200830181056/https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-65th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-2018_-28652.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

{{Commons category}}
* {{Facebook|CatherineTresa}}
* {{IMDb name|id=5528429|name=Catherine Tresa}}

{{SIIMA Award for Best Female Débutante}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tresa, Catherine}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1989 births]]
[[Category:Indian expatriates in the United Arab Emirates]]
[[Category:Actresses from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Actresses from Dubai]]
[[Category:Female models from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Models from Dubai]]
[[Category:Indian Christians]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]
[[Category:South Indian International Movie Awards winners]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]

Dwijendranath Tagore

2026-02-07T18:57:53Z

Brock211211849: quick update

{{Short description|Indian poet, song composer, philosopher, mathematician, painter}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Dwijendranath Tagore
| image = File:Dwijendranath Tagore-দ্বিজেন্দ্রনাথ ঠাকুর.png
| image_size =
| caption = Dwijendranath Tagore c. 1890s-early 1900s
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1840|03|11}}
| birth_place = [[Calcutta]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[Company rule in India|British India]] (now Kolkata, [[India]])
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1926|01|19|1840|03|11}}
| death_place = [[Calcutta]], Bengal Presidency, British India
| occupation = Poet, Philosopher, Mathematician
| movement =
| spouse = Sarba Sundari Devi
| children = 9
| mother = Sarada Sundari Devi
| father = [[Debendranath Tagore]]
| relatives = [[Indira Devi Chaudhurani]] (niece), [[Satyendranath Tagore|Satyendranath]], [[Hemendranath Tagore|Hemendranath]], [[Jyotirindranath Tagore|Jyotirindranath]], [[Swarnakumari Tagore|Swarnakumari]], [[Rabindranath Tagore]] (siblings) +9 others
| family = [[Tagore family]]
}}

'''Dwijendranath Tagore''' (11 March 1840 – 19 January 1926) was an Indian poet, song composer, philosopher, mathematician and painter. He was one of the pioneers of shorthand and notation in Bengali script. He was the eldest son of [[Debendranath Tagore]] and the eldest brother of [[Rabindranath Tagore]].<ref name=":2">হিরণ্ময় বন্দোপাধ্যায়। ''ঠাকুরবাড়ির কথা''। শিশু সাহিত্য সংসদ। পৃষ্ঠা ৯৫–৯৮।</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web|title=Dwijendranath Tagore|url=http://www.visvabharati.ac.in/DwijendranathTagore.html|access-date=2021-05-17|website=www.visvabharati.ac.in}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=দ্বিজেন্দ্রনাথ ঠাকুর|url=http://onushilon.org/corita/dejendronath-thakur.htm|access-date=2021-05-17|website=onushilon.org}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web|date=2019-02-05|title=Dwijendranath Tagore (1840–1926), brother of Rabindranath|url=https://scotstagore.org/dwijendranath-tagore-1840-1926-brother-of-rabindranath-by-christine-kupfer/|access-date=2021-05-17|website=The Scottish Centre of Tagore Studies|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Times|first=Wireless To the New York|date=1926-02-10|title=TAGORE'S BROTHER IS DEAD.; Dwijendranath, 87, Also a Poet, Was Eldest of Seven Sons.|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1926/02/10/archives/tagores-brother-is-dead-dwijendranath-87-also-a-poet-was-eldest-of.html|access-date=2021-05-17|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite web|title=দ্বিজেন্দ্রনাথ ঠাকুরের জন্ম|url=http://www.dainikamadershomoy.com/post/305470|access-date=2021-05-17|website=www.dainikamadershomoy.com|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite web|date=2020-03-11|title=দ্বিজেন্দ্রনাথ ঠাকুর|url=https://sobbanglay.com/sob/dwijendranath-tagore/|access-date=2021-05-18|website=সববাংলায়|language=bn-BD}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Dwijendranath Tagore (born on 11 March 1840) was the grandson of [[Dwarkanath Tagore]] of the Jorasanko branch of the [[Tagore family]] and the eldest son of [[Debendranath Tagore]] and Sarada Devi. His childhood education was mainly with the tutor. However, he also studied for some time at St. Paul's School and Hindu College in Calcutta (now Presidency University).<ref name=":5">সুবোধ চন্দ্র সেনগুপ্ত; অঞ্জলি বোস, সম্পাদকগণ (১৯৯৮) [১৯৭৬]। ''সংসদ বাঙালি চরিতাভিধান''। '''১'''। সাহিত্য সংসদ। পৃষ্ঠা ২২৫। আইএসবিএন 81-85626-65-0।</ref> Dwijendranath was very close to his later brother [[Satyendranath Tagore]]. Although there were some natural differences between the two brothers. Dwijendranath was a staunch follower of the conventional reforms of the society. On the other hand, Satyendranath was in favor of breaking these reforms and forming a new modern society.<ref name=":4">ইন্দিরা দেবী চৌধুরাণী। ''স্মৃতিসম্পুত''। বিশ্বভারতী। পৃষ্ঠা ২৯–৩১।</ref> Dwijendranath, accustomed to a simple life, was a man of poetry, knowledge-loving and experiment-loving. His wife, Sarbasundari Devi, died in 1878.<ref name=":1" /> Dwijendranath spent the rest of his life as a widower.<ref name=":2" />

Two of Dwijendranath's nine children died soon after birth. The remaining five sons were Dwipendranath, Arunendranath, Nitindranath, Sudhindranath and Kripendranath. The names of the two daughters are Saroja and Usha.<ref name=":1" />

== As a poet ==
Dwijendranath's first contribution to Bengali literature was the Bengali translation of [[Kalidasa|Kalidasa's]] [[Meghaduta|Meghaduta Kavya]] written in classical Sanskrit. The book was published in 1860, exactly one year before the birth of Nobel Prize-winning younger brother [[Rabindranath Tagore]]. At the time of publication, Dwijendranath was only twenty years old. This translation was the first Bengali translation of Meghdoot. Dwijendranath used two different Bengali rhyming styles while translating this book.<ref name=":2" />

His second notable book of poetry, Swapnaprayan, was published in 1875. Rabindranath was only a teenager when this book was published. This poem describes the travelogue of a young man. This text reveals his amazing control over the application of different rhythms. The book is a guide to Bengali poetry of that era and therefore its historical value is undeniable.<ref name=":2" />

When Dwijendranath Tagore started practicing poetry, [[Michael Madhusudan Dutt]] was at the pinnacle of his success. After returning to Calcutta from Madras (now Chennai) in 1857, six years before leaving for Europe, Michael Madhusudan concentrated on Tilottamasambhav Kavya (1859), Padmavati (1860), Meghnadabadh Kavya (1861), Brajangana (1861), Birangana Kavya (1862) etc. enriched and influenced the world of Bengali literature through poems and plays. It was during Dwijendranath's lifetime that [[Bankimchandra Chattopadhyay]] and Rabindranath Tagore's 'Strong Writing Set Bengali Literature to the Peak of Glory'.<ref>Nag, Kalidas, Introduction to the ''Bethune School and College Centenary Volume'', 1949.</ref> Although every poet of Bengal at that time was influenced by Madhusudan more or less, Dwijendranath was above this influence.<ref name=":2" /> Rather, it was Madhusudan who welcomed Dwijendranath as the poet of the future.<ref name=":3" />

Despite being a highly talented poet, the person Dwijendranath was a very messy man. Rabindranath writes that the torn manuscripts of the dreamy poems were scattered all over the [[Jorasanko Thakur Bari]]. If they had been collected and published, it would have been a valuable edition of the book.<ref name=":2" />

== As a philosopher ==
Dwijendranath Tagore was a 'true philosopher'. He assisted in the establishment and management of two philosophical organizations, the National Society and the Vidvajjan Samagam. He was also deeply interested in Gita philosophy.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Calcutta, the living city|date=1995|publisher=Oxford University Press|others=Sukanta Chaudhuri|isbn=0-19-563696-1|edition=1st paperback|location=Calcutta|oclc=34412913}}</ref>

His main philosophy is Tattwabidya (in three volumes, 1866-1868). This book is a pioneering book in the history of Bengali philosophy. This national book has not been published in Bengali before. His other two philosophical works are Advaita Mater Samalochana (1896) and Aryadharma O Boudhadharmer Ghat-Protighat (1899).<ref name=":2" />

== As a mathematician ==
Dwijendranath Tagore was a prolific mathematician. He wrote some books in English: a book on boxometry (Baksamiti, it is regarding the structure of the box) (1913), ontology (1871) and geometry.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" />

He was a pioneer in many spheres of far-reaching importance. He invented the shorthand in 'Bengali and wrote a manual on it in verse. He wrote a book on Geometry in which the 12th Axiom had been replaced by new ones. His writings on Boxometry, or science of paper-folding have fascinated scholars of mathematics.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" />

== Other prominent activities with composing music ==
He edited [[Tattwabodhini Patrika]] for 25 long years from 1884. He also founded the Hitavadi Patrika. Dwijendranath wanted to continue publishing the Tattvabodhini Patrika.<ref name=":0" /> But his other brother [[Jyotirindranath Tagore]] proposed to start a new magazine called Bharati. Although Dwijendranath was in charge of editing the paper, it was mainly run by Jyotirindranath.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" />

For his outstanding contribution to Bengali literature, he was elected President of the [[Bangiya Sahitya Parishad]] from 1897 to 1900. He was the priest at the session of the Bengal Literary Conference in 1914.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" />

When the income of his zamindari declined during the Pabna Rebellion in 1873, he recommended strict measures against the peasants to "restore peace".<ref>Sarkar, Sumit; Modern India 1885-1947; New Delhi 1998; আইএসবিএন ০-৩৩৩-৯০৪২৫-৭, p. 52</ref><ref name=":1" />

Dwijendranath used to do various experiments. He was one of the pioneers in the introduction of Bangla script or short hand. He also introduced sign script in the form of poems.<ref name=":2" /> He also played a leading role in introducing the use of notation in Bengali songs. At that time, none other than Kshetramohan Goswami, an assistant to King Saurindra Mohan Tagore, did this work.<ref name=":4" /> In 1913, Dwijendranath also wrote a book on the structure of the box called Baksamiti.<ref name=":5" /> His hobby was to wrap paper in various shapes.<ref name=":4" />

From 1866 to 1871 he held the post of Acharya of the Adi [[Brahmo Samaj]]. He traveled to Dhaka with his father Debendranath during the inaugural phase of the Dhaka Brahmo Samaj under the supervision of [[Braja Sundar Mitra]].<ref>Sastri, Sivanath, ''History of the Brahmo Samaj'', 1911-12/1993, p. 344, p. 395, Sadharan Brahmo Samaj.</ref>

Dwijendranath was closely associated with [[Hindu Mela]]. He also composed patriotic songs for Hindu Mela.<ref name=":5" /> Songwriting was his habit. The Brahma Sangeet, Karo Tar Nam Gaan, Jatadin Rahe Deha Pran, composed by him was used for prayer for 7th Pous for many years. His Brahma songs are also widely sung in the general prayers of the Brahmo Samaj.<ref name=":1" /> One of his popular patriotic songs written for the Hindu Mela was Malin Mukhchandrama Bharat Tomari.<ref name=":0" />

== Shantiniketan days ==
Dwijendranath spent the last twenty years of his life in [[Santiniketan]] in the company of nature through the practice of knowledge and writing. He used to compose humorous quatrains with the Ashramikas of Santiniketan. These rhymes were published in Santiniketan. His sense of humor became the talk of the town in Santiniketan.<ref name=":3" /> In Santiniketan, his friendships with birds, squirrels and crows were proverbial.<ref name=":4" /> He learned many things. But philosophy was at the center of his interest. He used to set up majlis to take other scholars including Rabindranath. In this meeting he used to recite his compositions. If he did not understand anything, Bidhusekhar would seek the help of Shastri and Kshitimohan Sen.<ref name=":3" />

Rabindranath used to call him Barodada. On his return from South Africa, [[Mahatma Gandhi]] and Charles Freer Andrews visited Santiniketan and met Dwijendranath, who also addressed him as Barodada.<ref name=":3">হীরেন্দ্রনাথ দত্ত। ''শান্তিনিকেতনের এক যুগ''। বিশ্বভারতী গ্রন্থন বিভাগ। পৃষ্ঠা ২৭–৩২। আইএসবিএন 81-7522-329-4।</ref> With the intention of publishing a letter written by Dwijendranath in a newspaper, Mahatma Gandhi wrote as a preface, “You know Dwijendranath. He was the eldest brother of Sri Rabindranath Tagore and he lived life of a monk practically like his father Debendranath Tagore".<ref>দেশাই, মহাদেব। "Day to day with Gandhi"। ''Secretary’s Diary''। সর্ব সেবা সাংঘ প্রকাশন, রাজঘাট, বেনারস - ২২১০০১। ২০০৭-০৫-২৪ তারিখে মূল থেকে আর্কাইভ করা। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২০০৭-০২-২৬।</ref>

Dwijendranath Tagore died in Shantiniketan on 19 January 1926.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":8" />

== Successors ==
Dwijendranath had five sons - Dipendranath, Arunendranath, Nitindranath, Sudhindranath and Kripendranath. Among them Sudhindranath Tagore (1869-1929) was a prominent writer. He had written several poems, novels and short stories. In 1891 he published a magazine called Sadhana. He was the editor of this magazine. Later, Rabindranath took over the responsibility of editing this magazine. Over time, the paper merged with Bharati.<ref name=":2" />

Among his grandsons, Dipendranath's son [[Dinendranath Tagore]] (1882-1935) was a prominent musician. He could pick it up once he heard the song. Although Rabindranath composed self-composed songs, he had trouble memorizing them or composing his notation. Dinendranath used to do this. He is one of the leading composers of [[Rabindra Sangeet]]. Rabindranath used to call him "Kandari of all songs".<ref name=":2" />

[[Soumendranath Tagore]] (1910-1984), son of Sudhindranath, another son of Dwijendranath, was a prominent orator. His name was well-known in the cultural world in the 1960s and 1970s.<ref name=":2" /> He was associated with the communist movement in her early life.<ref name=":5" /> Krishna Rimbu (1927-2000), daughter of Anna Roy, a daughter of Sudhindranath, is an international name in the art world. Jean Rimbu was the head of the Schlumberger Company (one of the richest in the world). Madame Rimbu was an art collector, textile researcher and an influential figure in international politics and the art world.

Dwijendranath is also the ancestor of film actress [[Sharmila Tagore]]. Latika, the granddaughter of Dwijendranath, was the grandmother of Sharmila Tagore.<ref>{{Cite web|title=My surname opened many doors for me: Sharmila Tagore|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/my-surname-opened-many-doors-for-me-sharmila-tagore/|access-date=2021-05-18|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

== Books ==
Bengali:<ref name=":0">Sarker, Dulal। "Article on: Tagore, Dwijendranath"। ''Dwijendranath Tagore''। Banglapedia।</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":9" />
* Bengali translation of [[Kalidasa|Kalidasa's]] [[Meghaduta|Meghaduta Kavya]] (1860)
* Bhratribhab (1863)
* Tattwabidya (in three volumes, 1866–68)
* Swapnaprayan (1875)
* Sonar Kathi, Rupar Kathi (1885)
* Sonay Sohaga (1885)
* Arayami and Sahebiana (1890)
* Samajik Roger Kabiraji Chikitsa (1891)
* Adwaita Mater Samalochana (1896)
* Aryadharma O Boudhadharmer Ghat-Protighat (1899)
* Bhrahmagyan O Brahmasadhana (1900)
* Bangaer Rangobhumi (1907)
* Haramonir Anveshan (1906)
* Rekhakshar-Barnamala (1912)
* Gita Pather Bhumika (1915)
* Pravandhamala (1920)
* Kavyamala (1920)

English: A book on boxometry (''Baksamiti'', which has been described as "an elaborate affair of manufacturing receptacles of an endless variety with paper folded in accordance with set codes and formulae very much in the nature of Euclidean principles"<ref name="roy">{{cite web |last1=Roy |first1=Kshitis |title=Rabindranath Tagore's Emergence as an Artist |url=https://www.indiapicks.com/Indianart/Articles/R_Tagore_Artist.htms |publisher=India Picks |access-date=18 May 2021}}{{dead link|date=May 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>) (1913), Ontology (1871) and geometry.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":9" />

His numerous works were published in Jnanankur, Pratibimb, Tattvabodhini Patrika, Bharati, Sadhana, Nabaparya Bangadarshan, Mansi, Sahitya Parishad Patrika, Santiniketan, Budhabar, Shreyasi, Prabasi, Sabujpatra and Suprabhat Patrika.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":9" />

== See also ==
* [[List of Bengalis]]
* [[List of Bengali language authors (chronological)]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://bn.m.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%95:%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A5_%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0 Dwijendranath Tagore on Bengali wikisource]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tagore, Dwijendranath}}
[[Category:1840 births]]
[[Category:1926 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian philosophers]]
[[Category:Mathematicians from British India]]
[[Category:Indian composers]]
[[Category:Musicians from British India]]
[[Category:Poets from British India]]
[[Category:Bengali philosophers]]
[[Category:19th-century Bengali poets]]
[[Category:Bengali mathematicians]]
[[Category:People from the Bengal Presidency]]
[[Category:Scholars from West Bengal]]
[[Category:20th-century Bengali poets]]

Vidura

2026-01-28T21:33:52Z

Brock211211849: updated details

{{Short description|Major character of the epic Mahabharata}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox character
| info-hdr = Personal Information
| image = File:Vidura confers Dhritarashtra (cropped).jpg
| caption = A Pahari painting depicting Vidura (left) advising Dhritarashtra, c. 1820
| weapon = Sword
| position = Prime Minister of [[Kuru kingdom]]
| affiliation = [[Kuru dynasty]]
| spouse = A daughter of King Devaka
| family = '''Parents''' ''{{small|see [[Niyoga]]}}'' {{bulleted list|[[Vyasa]] (father)|[[Characters in the Mahabharata#Ambika's maid|Maid of Queen Ambika]] (mother)}} '''Half-brothers''' {{bulleted list|[[Dhritarashtra]] by [[Ambika (Mahabharata)|Ambika]]|[[Pandu]] by [[Ambalika]]}}
| children = Unnamed sons and daughters
| relatives = '''Half-brother through Vyasa''' ''{{small|see [[Niyoga]]}}''{{bulleted list|[[Shuka]] (from Vatikā)}}
}}
{{Contains special characters|Indic}}
'''Vidura''' ({{Langx|sa|विदुर|lit=skilled, intelligent, wise}}) is a major character in the ancient Hindu epic ''[[Mahabharata]]'' (c. 400 BCE — 400 CE). He is described as the [[prime minister]] of the [[Kuru Kingdom|Kuru kingdom]] and is the paternal uncle of both the [[Pandavas]] and the [[Kauravas]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mani|first=Vettam|url=http://archive.org/details/puranicencyclopa00maniuoft|title=Puranic encyclopaedia : a comprehensive dictionary with special reference to the epic and Puranic literature|date=1975|publisher=Delhi : Motilal Banarsidass|others=Robarts – University of Toronto|isbn=9780842608220 }}</ref>

==Legend==

===Mandavya's Curse===
The rishi [[Mandavya]] cursed [[Yama (Hinduism)|Yama]] that he would be born as a maid's son for getting him [[Impalement|impaled]] without a valid reason. He was born in the mortal world as Vidura.

=== Birth and early life ===
Vidura was born through [[Niyoga]] between the sage [[Vyasa]] and Parishrami, a handmaiden to the queens [[Characters in the Mahabharata#Ambika|Ambika]] and [[Ambalika]]. Ambika first mated with Vyasa through the niyoga process but kept her eyes closed during the process because his appearance and power frightened her. As a result she gave birth to the blind Dhritarashtra. Later her sister Ambalika followed the same process with Vyasa, and knew to keep her eyes open. But she was pale with fear during the niyoga, and so gave birth to the albino Pandu. Finally the queens sent their maiden Parishrami in their place, who behaved appropriately during niyoga process and gave birth to the exceptional Vidura. But because his mother was a handmaiden rather than a queen, his status was always lower than his two half brothers. The queens were wives of king [[Vichitravirya]] – the grandfather to the [[Kaurava]]s and [[Pandava]]s who eventually fought each other in the Battle of Kurukshetra, the climax of the Mahabharata on the threshold of which the Bhagavad Gita was given by Krishna to the Pandava prince Arjuna. King Vichitravirya was also the adopted father of [[Dhritarashtra]] and [[Pandu]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Mahabharata, Book 1: Adi Parva: Sambhava Parva: Section CVI|url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m01/m01107.htm|access-date=2020-08-31|website=www.sacred-texts.com}}</ref> After [[Krishna]], Vidura was the most respected as an adviser by the Pandavas, whom he forewarned on various occasions of [[Duryodhana]]'s plots to exterminate them, such as Duryodhana's plan to burn them alive in the [[Lakshagraha|house of lac or lacquer]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-08-07|title=Lakshagraha of Mahabharat|url=http://www.nerdstravel.com/lakshagraha-of-mahabharat/|access-date=2020-08-31|website=Nerd's Travel|language=en-US|archive-date=22 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322214842/https://www.nerdstravel.com/lakshagraha-of-mahabharat/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Game of dice ===
Vidura tried to stop [[Yudhishthira]] from playing the game of dice, but his efforts were of no use.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Mahabharata, Book 2: Sabha Parva: Sisupala-badha Parva: Section LXII|url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m02/m02062.htm|access-date=2020-09-01|website=www.sacred-texts.com}}</ref> Except the prince [[Vikarna]], Vidura was the only one who protested against the humiliation of [[Draupadi]] in the Kaurava court. In that moment, [[Duryodhana]] viciously rebuked Vidura, calling him ungrateful. [[Dhritarashtra]] moved to rebuke Duryodhana for insulting their uncle, but, remembering Vidura saying that a [[blindness|blind]] man cannot be king, holds his tongue, and instead reprimanded Duryodhana for insulting the [[prime minister]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Mahabharata, Book 2: Sabha Parva: Sisupala-badha Parva: Section LXV|url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m02/m02065.htm|access-date=2020-09-01|website=www.sacred-texts.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Mahabharata 4: The Game of Dice|url=http://wmblake.com/stories/mahabharata/dicing.html|access-date=2020-08-31|website=wmblake.com}}</ref> It is that incident that Vidura brought up years later when he severed ties with the [[Kuru Kingdom|Kurus]] and sided with the Pandavas at the onset of the [[Kurukshetra war]]. Unlike [[Bhishma]], [[Dronacharya]], [[Kripacharya]], and [[Karna]], Vidura did not have an obligation to [[Hastinapura]] or Duryodhana, but to his family. Hearing Dhritarashtra not acknowledge that relationship, Vidura felt compelled to side with [[dharma]] and the Pandavas.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Disagreement between Dhritarashtra and Vidura – Vyasa Mahabharata|url=http://www.vyasaonline.com/2018/04/04/disagreement-between-dhritarashtra-and-vidura/mahabharata/|access-date=2020-08-31|language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Krishna's visit ===
According to [[Krishna]], Vidura was considered as Dharmaraja, which means the king of righteousness. Krishna respected Vidura for his devotion to people's welfare and his proficiency in every sphere of knowledge. When Krishna visited [[Hastinapura]] as a peace emissary of the Pandavas, he shunned [[Duryodhana]]'s offer to stay in the royal palace, preferring instead the home of Vidura, on account of him being the only neutral man in the [[Kaurava]] court. The reason Krishna stayed in Vidura's chambers for the night instead of Duryodhana's is due to the thoughts which were running through their heads and the difference between them. Duryodhana's intention was to heave luxury upon Krishna and convince him to join the Kaurava side. Sensing this intention, Krishna refused. Krishna knew the food that Vidura and his wife presented was presented with love and affection with no ulterior motive.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2017-10-11|title=Vidura's humility|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/faith/viduras-humility/article19840623.ece|access-date=2020-08-31|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

=== Kurukshetra War ===
In the ''[[Sanatsujatiya]]'' section of the ''[[Mahabharata]]'', shortly before the [[Kurukshetra War]] began, Vidura invoked the sage Sanatsujata to answer [[Dhritarashtra]]'s questions about death.

During Krishna's visit, Vidura repeatedly advised everyone in the Court to heed the messenger. Continuously irritated, Duryodhana bursts out, blaming the low-born mother of Vidura as the cause for him betraying the Kauravas who have been feeding him. In protest against verbal assault, Vidura resigned on the spot from the post of Prime minister and broke his bow, vowing not to take part in the [[Kurukshetra War]]. Lesser known versions of Mahabharatha praise Vidura as an archer so great that if he had participated on the side of Kauravas in the war, the Pandavas would have been crushed. Vidura's bow was crafted by Vishnu himself, and it was destroyed at the behest of Vishnu's visit.

===Death===
After the Kurukshetra War, [[Yudhishthira]] became the emperor and upon his request, Vidura resumed his post as prime minister. After many years, Vidura accompanied [[Dhritarashtra]], [[Gandhari (character)|Gandhari]] and [[Kunti]] who retired to the forests to live a simple life. [[Sanjaya]] also accompanied them. When Yudhishthira went to forest after two years to visit them, he found Vidura's body to be lifeless. When he went near to the body, Vidura's spirit entered Yudhishthira's body and Yudhishthira realised that he and Vidura belonged to same entity, [[Yama (Hinduism)|Yama]]. Yudhishthira left Vidura's body in the wood as a heavenly voice told Yudhishthira not to cremate Vidura's body.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Menon|first=Ramesh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uA-2_WMhpzoC&q=Vidura+death|title=The Mahabharata: A Modern Rendering|date=July 2006|publisher=iUniverse|isbn=978-0-595-40188-8|language=en}}</ref><ref>Puranic Encyclopedia: a comprehensive dictionary with special reference to the epic and Puranic literature, Vettam Mani, Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi, 1975, p. [https://archive.org/stream/puranicencyclopa00maniuoft#page/848/mode/2up 848].</ref>

== Vidura Niti ==
In Chapters 33 through 40 of [[Udyoga Parva]] in the [[Mahabharata]], Vidura outlines things wise people and leaders should do, and things they should not. Collectively, these are known as ''Vidura Niti'' (Vidura's Statecraft).<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sivakumar |first1=N. |last2=Rao |first2=U.S. |date=2009 |title=Building ethical organisation cultures – Guidelines from Indian ethos |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijicbm.2009.024651 |journal=International Journal of Indian Culture and Business Management |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=356 |doi=10.1504/ijicbm.2009.024651 |issn=1753-0806|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gelblum |first=Tuvia |date=October 1982 |title=M. R. Yardi: The Yoga of Patañjali, with an introduction, Sanskrit test of the Yogasūtras, English translation and notes. (Bhandarkar Oriental Series, No. 12.) xii, 350 pp. Poona: Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, 1979. |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x00041768 |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies |volume=45 |issue=3 |pages=593–595 |doi=10.1017/s0041977x00041768 |s2cid=161391762 |issn=0041-977X|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Some examples of his recommendations for leaders:

# He should wish for the prosperity of all, and should never set heart on inflicting misery on any group.
# He should pay attention to those who have fallen in distress and adversity. He should not ignore persistent sufferings of those that depend on him, even if the suffering is small.
# He should show compassion to all creatures, do what is good for all creatures rather than a select few.
# He should never impede the development and growth of agriculture and economic activity by anyone.
# He should be always be prepared to protect those that depend on him for their safety and security.
# He should be fair and accessible to his people. By means of virtue should he attain success, by means of virtue should he sustain it.
# He should consider the welfare of his people as his personal responsibility.
# He should encourage learning and transmission of knowledge.
# He should encourage profit and virtue. Prosperity depends on good deeds. Good deeds depend on prosperity.
# He should avoid friendship with the sinful.
# He should never misuse wealth, use harsh speech nor inflict extreme or cruel punishments.
# He should only appoint those as ministers (senior positions in his staff) whom he has examined well for their history of virtue, dispositions, activity and whether they give others their due.

Vidura Niti also includes a few hundred verses with suggestions for personal development and the characteristics of a wise person.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Anderson |first1=G. L. |last2=Nott |first2=S. C. |date=1957 |title=The Mahabharata of Vyasa Krishna Dwaipayana. Selections from the Adi Parva and the Sambha Parva |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40097587 |journal=Books Abroad |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=197 |doi=10.2307/40097587 |jstor=40097587 |issn=0006-7431|url-access=subscription }}</ref> For example, in Chapter 33, Vidura suggests a wise person refrains from anger, exultation, pride, shame, stupefaction and vanity. He has reverence and faith, he is unhampered in his endeavors by either adversity or prosperity. He believes virtue and profit can go together, exerts and acts to the best of his ability, disregards nothing. He understands quickly, listens carefully, acts with purpose. He does not grieve for what is lost, and does not lose his sense during crisis. He is constantly learning, he seeks enlightenment from everything he experiences. He acts after deciding, and decides after thinking. He neither behaves with arrogance, nor with excessive humility. He never speaks ill of others, nor praises himself. He does not exult in honours to himself, nor grieves at insults; he is not agitated by what others do to him just like a calm lake near river Ganges.<ref>{{Citation |title=Mukerji, Sir Manmatha Nath, (28 Oct. 1874–6 Dec. 1942) |date=2007-12-01 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u229586 |work=Who Was Who |publisher=Oxford University Press |doi=10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u229586 |access-date=2022-04-10|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==In popular culture==
Vidura is considered as the ''Mahachohan'' in the ''Theosophical world''. Mahachohan is said to be the chief of a Social Hierarchy of the trans-Himalayan mystics.
Most characters in the Mahabharata were reincarnations of one God or the other. Vidura was the reincarnation of Dharmaraja, more popularly known as Yamadharmaraja, who was born as a maid's son due to the curse of sage [[Mandavya]].When [[Vishnu]] decided to take birth as [[Krishna]], other deities also incarnated along with him. This is seen both in the [[Mahabharata]] and in the [[Ramayana]]. For example, in the [[Ramayana]], the sage [[Narada]] was born as [[Vibhishana]].<ref>Parvathi Kumar, K., [http://www.worldteachertrust.org/bk/vidura/index.html ''Wisdom Teachings of Vidura''], 1997, Dhanishta</ref>

''Vidura Niti'', or Vidura's Statecraft, narrated in the form of a dialogue between Vidura and King [[Dhritarashtra]], is considered the precursor in some ways of [[Chanakyaniti|Chanakya Neeti]] by [[Chanakya]].

Vidura is held to be a paragon of truth, dutifulness, impartial judgement and steadfast ''[[dharma]]''. He is considered the embodiment of the inner consciousness of the Mahabharata. The curse carried by Narada was also transferred to Vidura. The curse that though he being bestowed with ultimate knowledge and wisdom about the past, the present and the future, he would not be believed.

[[Kaka Vidura]], a [[Hindi]] minor poem by [[Rambhadracharya]], has Vidura and his wife Sulabha as central characters.

Vidura Bhiksha is a Malayalam poetry work by [[Ulloor S. Parameswara Iyer|Ullur S. Parameswarayyar]].

==See also==
* [[Dhritarashtra|Dhristarashtra]]
* [[Sanjaya]]
* [[Bhishma]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [https://archive.org/download/Sanskrit_EBooks_Assorted_Titles/ViduraNitiSnaskritTextWithEnglishTranslation.pdf Original Text + English translation]
* [http://www.mahabharataonline.com/ Persons and Stories from Mahabharata]

{{Mahabharata}}
{{HinduMythology}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Characters in the Mahabharata]]

Venkateshpura metro station

2026-01-15T18:52:56Z

Brock211211849: Created Some Pg First Draft

{{Short description|Upcoming Namma Metro station under Pink Line}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Venkateshpura
| type = {{Namma Metro Infobox station line|line=Pink}}
| style = Namma Metro
| image = Venkateshpura metro station (Jan '25).jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption = Under Construction of this metro station under [[Pink Line (Namma Metro)|Pink Line]] of [[Namma Metro]] as of January 2025
| address = Kushal Nagar, Kadugondanahalli, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560045
| coordinates = {{coord|13.01757|77.61789|display=inline,title}}
| line = {{rcb|Namma Metro|Pink|croute}}
| other =
| structure = Underground, [[Double track]]
| platform = [[Island platform]] ''(TBC)'' 
Platform-1 → {{stl|Namma Metro|Kalena Agrahara}} Platform-2 → {{stl|Namma Metro|Nagawara}} ''Platform Numbers (TBC)''
| operator = [[Namma Metro]]
| depth =
| levels = 2 '''''(TBC)'''''
| tracks = 2 '''''(TBC)'''''
| connections =
| parking = '''''(TBC)'''''
| bicycle =
| baggage_check =
| opened =
| opening = {{start date and age|December 2026|df=yes}} '''''(TBC)'''''
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = '''''(TBC)'''''
| accessible = '''''(TBC)'''''
| status = Under Construction
| code = '''''(TBC)'''''
| owned = [[Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Ltd]] (BMRCL)
| architect = ITD Cementation India Ltd.
| architectural_style =
| wifi =
| zone =
| smartcardname =
| smartcardstatus =
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_rank =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Namma Metro|line1=Pink|left1=Kadugundanahalli|to-left1=Nagawara|note-mid1=''(Operational around December 2026)''|right1=Tannery Road|to-right1=Kalena Agrahara}}
| route_map = {{BMR Pink line}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Namma Metro|Pink}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

'''Venkateshpura''' is an upcoming underground metro station on the North-South corridor of the [[Pink Line (Namma Metro)|Pink Line]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Namma Metro Pink Line: Route, Status, Completion Date & More |url=https://timesproperty.com/amp/webstories/namma-metro-pink-line-details-wid-913 |access-date=2023-12-15 |website=timesproperty}}</ref> of [[Namma Metro]] in [[Bengaluru]], India.

As per the latest updates, this metro station, under the second phase, covering the total distance of 13.km stretch ([[Dairy Circle metro station|Dairy Circle]] - [[Nagawara metro station|Nagawara]]) is expected to be operational around ''December 2026.'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bengaluru: Namma Metro pushes Pink Line deadline to December 2026 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/bengaluru-namma-metro-pushes-pink-line-deadline-to-december-2026-3256417 |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-04 |title=Namma Metro's Pink line likely to open in phases |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/namma-metros-pink-line-likely-to-open-in-phases/article68484715.ece |access-date=2024-08-07 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-25 |title=Namma Metro's Pink Line: This Upcoming Corridor Is Set To Redefine The City Commute |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/bengaluru/namma-metros-pink-line-this-upcoming-corridor-is-set-to-redefine-the-city-commute-article-101255989 |access-date=2023-12-15 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-10 |title=Namma Metro Phase 2 In Bengaluru To Be Operational By 2025, Announces Karnataka Deputy CM |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/bengaluru/namma-metro-phase-2-in-bengaluru-to-be-operational-by-2025-announces-karnataka-deputy-cm-dk-shivakumar-article-107571304 |access-date=2024-02-12 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=Staff Reporter |date=2023-09-27 |title=Good News! Pink Line of Bengaluru Metro to be 90% Ready by Second-half of 2024 |url=https://www.metrorailnews.in/good-news-pink-line-of-bengaluru-metro-to-be-90-ready-by-second-half-of-2024/ |access-date=2023-12-15 |website=Metro Rail News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-31 |title=Namma Metro: Bengaluru's Under-Construction Pink Line Slated To Achieve 2 Milestones In a Week |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/bengaluru/namma-metro-bengalurus-under-construction-pink-line-slated-to-achieve-2-milestones-in-a-week-article-107286084 |access-date=2024-02-01 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref>

==History==
In June 2017, Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Limited (BMRCL) sought bids for constructing the Venkateshpura metro station along the 4.59 km Shadi Mahal Ramp - North Ramp stretch of the 21.25 km Pink Line of Namma Metro. In November 2019, ITD Cementation India emerged as the lowest bidder for this stretch which aligned closely with the original estimate, thus leading to successful award for this company. They commenced the construction of this metro station as per the agreements.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-02 |title=ITD Cem Begins Work on Bangalore Metro's Underground Stations |url=https://themetrorailguy.com/2020/09/02/itd-cem-begins-work-on-bangalore-metros-underground-stations/ |access-date=2025-04-09 |website=The Metro Rail Guy |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Station Layout==
'''''Station Layout - To Be Confirmed'''''
{{stack|{{Routemap
| title = Venkateshpura track layout '''''(TBC)'''''
| title-bg = #{{rail color|Namma Metro|Pink}}
| legend = track
| collapsible = no
| map = HSTg\HSTf
PSTR(L)\PSTR(R) ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Namma Metro|Kadugundanahalli}} **
*'''P#'''\PSTR(L)\PSTR(R)\*'''P#'''
PSTR(L)\PSTR(R) ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Namma Metro|Tannery Road}} **
HSTg\HSTf
| bottom = <div style="width:23.5em;text-align:center">Station with two tracks and one Island platform ** '''Under Construction'''</div>
}}}}
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=30 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=85 valign=top|Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500 valign=top|Exit/ Entrance
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;"|'''L1'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;"|Mezzanine
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;"|Fare control, station agent, Ticket/token, shops
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=30 rowspan=3 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px white;" width=85|'''Platform #''' '''Southbound'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px white;" width=500|Towards → {{stl|Namma Metro|Kalena Agrahara}} '''Next Station:''' [[Tannery Road metro station|Tannery Road]]
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Island platform]] | Doors will open on the right {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=85|'''Platform #''' '''Northbound'''
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="500" |Towards ← {{stl|Namma Metro|Nagawara}} '''Next Station:''' [[Kadugundanahalli metro station|Kadugundanahalli]]
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=30 rowspan=2 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=85|
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500|
|}

==Connections==
{{Empty section|date=August 2024}}

==Entry/Exit==
{{Empty section|date=August 2024}}

==See also==
*[[Bangalore]]
*[[List of Namma Metro stations]]
*[[Transport in Karnataka]]
*[[List of metro systems]]
*[[Rapid transit in India|List of rapid transit systems in India]]
*[[Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://english.bmrc.co.in ''BMRCL English''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180707154740/http://english.bmrc.co.in/ |date=7 July 2018 }} - BMRCL Official Website
* [http://www.urbanrail.net ''UrbanRail.Net''] – descriptions of all metro systems in the world, each with a schematic map showing all stations.
{{Portal bar|Bangalore|Trains|Transport|Engineering}}
{{Namma Metro|pink line=yes}}

[[Category:Namma Metro stations]]

1969 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election

2026-01-15T06:21:34Z

Brock211211849:

{{Short description|none}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 1969 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election
| country = India
| flag_year = 1969
| type = Legislative
| ongoing = no
| previous_election = 1967 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election
| previous_year = 1967
| election_date = ''5 February 1969''
| next_election = 1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election
| next_year = 1974
| seats_for_election = All 425 seats of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| majority_seats = 213
| opinion_polls =
| turnout = 54.06%
| registered = {{formatnum:44812431}}
| image_size = 100px


| image1 = Chandrabhanu Gupta 2025 stamp of India.jpg
| leader1 = [[Chandra Bhanu Gupta]]
| party1 = Indian National Congress (R)
| alliance1 =
| leader_since1 =
| leaders_seat1 = [[Ranikhet (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Ranikhet]]
| last_election1 = 199
| seats1 = 211
| seat_change1 = {{increase}} 12
| popular_vote1 = {{formatnum:6912104}}
| percentage1 = 33.69%
| swing1 = {{increase}} 1.49%


| image2 = Prime minister Charan Singh_(cropped).jpg
| leader2 = [[Charan Singh]]
| party2 = Bharatiya Kranti Dal
| leader_since2 =
| leaders_seat2 = [[Chhaprauli Assembly constituency|Chhaprauli]]
| seats2 = 98
| last_election2 = New
| seat_change2 = New
| popular_vote2 = {{formatnum:4989116}}
| percentage2 = 21.29
| swing2 = New


| image3 = Oil lamp.svg
| leader3 =
| leader_since3 =
| party3= Bharatiya Jana Sangh
| leaders_seat3 =
| seats3 = 49
| last_election3 = 98
| seat_change3 = {{Decrease}} 49
| popular_vote3 = {{formatnum:4200175}}
| percentage3 = 17.93%
| swing3 = {{decrease}}3.74%


| map_image =
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| title = [[List of Chief Ministers of Uttar Pradesh|Chief Minister]]
| before_election = [[President's Rule]]<ref name=presidentsRule>{{cite web |url=http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/PRESIDENT%20RULE.htm |title=President's rule in Uttar Pradesh |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130812231236/http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/PRESIDENT%20RULE.htm |archive-date=12 August 2013| access-date=17 January 2022}}</ref>
| before_party =
| after_election = [[Chandra Bhanu Gupta]]
| after_party = Indian National Congress
}}

Elections to the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] were held in February 1969, to elect members of the 425 constituencies in [[Uttar Pradesh]], India. The [[Indian National Congress]] won the most seats as well as the popular vote, and [[Chandra Bhanu Gupta]] was appointed the [[Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name=CM>{{cite web |url=http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/CHIEF%20MINISTERS.HTM |title=Chief Ministers |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130812234844/http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/CHIEF%20MINISTERS.HTM |archive-date=12 August 2013 |publisher=[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] |access-date=16 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/up-assembly-elections-2022-politics-bjp-yogi-adityanath-akhilesh-yadav-mayawati-7715038/ |title=Explained: Politics of Uttar Pradesh, over the years |date=11 January 2022 |author=Shyamlal Yadav |newspaper=[[Indian Express]] |quote=After a year of President’s Rule, the Congress returned to power in 1969, and Chandra Bhanu Gupta was back as CM.|access-date= 17 January 2022}}</ref>

The state had been under [[President's Rule]] since February 1968.<ref name=presidentsRule/> After the passing of ''The Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 1961'', the constituencies were set to the ones used in this election.<ref name=delimitation1961>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3950-dpaco-1961/ |title=The Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 1961 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=7 December 1961 |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref> In this election [[Bharatiya Kranti Dal]] led by [[Charan Singh]] contested for the first time and won 98 Seats.

==Result==
{{Election results
|image=[[File:India Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly 1969.svg]]
|party1=[[Indian National Congress]]|votes1=7893152|seats1=211|sc1=+12
|party2=[[Bharatiya Kranti Dal]]|votes2=4989116|seats2=98|sc2=New
|party3=[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]|votes3=4200175|seats3=49|sc3=–49
|party4=[[Samyukta Socialist Party]]|votes4=1831345|seats4=33|sc4=–11
|party5=[[Republican Party of India]]|votes5=815964|seats5=1|sc5=–9
|party6=[[Communist Party of India]]|votes6=715092|seats6=4|sc6=–9
|party7=[[Praja Socialist Party]]|votes7=401999|seats7=3|sc7=–8
|party8=[[Swatantra Party]]|votes8=293781|seats8=5|sc8=–7
|party9=[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]|votes9=114616|seats9=1|sc9=0
|party10=Uttar Pradesh Kisan Mazdoor Party|votes10=112552|seats10=1|sc10=New
|party11=[[Hindu Mahasabha]]|votes11=67807|seats11=1|sc11=New
|party12=Others|votes12=333068|seats12=0|sc12=
|party21=Independents|votes21=1661887|seats21=18|sc21=–19
|total_sc=0
|invalid=794232
|electorate=44812431
|source=ECI<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3247-uttar-pradesh-1969/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1969 to the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=16 January 2022}}</ref>
}}

==Elected members==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Constituency
!Reserved for ([[Scheduled Castes|SC]]/[[Scheduled Tribes|ST]]/None)
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| Uttar Kashi || None || Krishan Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Tehri || None || Govind Singh || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| Deoprayag || None || Indra Mani || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Lansdowne || None || Chandra Mohan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Ekeshwar || None || Meharban Singh || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Pauri || None || Shiva Nand Nautiyal || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Karanprayag || None || Sher Singh Danu || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Badri Kedar || None || Narendra Singh || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Didihat || None || [[Gopal Dutt Ojha]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Pithoragarh || None || [[Narendra Singh Bisht]]|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Almora || None || Hari Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bageshwar || SC || Saraswati Devi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Dwarahat || None || Hari Datt || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Ranikhet || None || Chandra Bhanu Gupta || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Nainital || None || Doongar Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Haldwani || SC || Indra Lal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Kashipur || None || Naraian Datt || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Noorpur || None || Sheo Nath Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Dhampur || None || Sattar Ahmad || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Afzalgarh || SC || Girdhari Lal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Nagina || None || Atiqur Rehman || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Najibabad || None || Devender Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Bijnor || None || Ram Pal Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Chandpur || None || Shiv Mahendar Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Kanth || None || Nau Nihal Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Amroha || None || Saubhagyawati || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Hasanpur || None || Mahendra Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Ganeshwari || SC || Jitendra Pal Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Sambhal || None || Mahmood Hasan Khan || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Bahjoi || None || Bishan Lal || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Chandausi || None || Indra Mohini || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Kundarki || SC || Mahi Lal || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Moradabad City || None || Halimuddin Rahat Maulaey || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Moradabad Rural || None || Riasat Husain || {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| Thakurdwara || None || Ahmad Ullam Khan || {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| Suar Tanda || None || Rajendra Kumar Sharma || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Rampur || None || Syed Murtaza Ali Khan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bilaspur || None || Chanchal Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Shahabad || SC || Banshi Dhar || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Bisauli || None || Shiv Raj Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Gunnaur || None || Rishi Pal Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Sahaswan || None || Shanti Devi || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Ambiapur || SC || Kesho Ram || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Budaun || None || Krishan Swaroop || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Usehat || None || Narottam Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Dataganj || None || Tribeni Sahai || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Binawar || None || Mohd. Asrar Ahmad || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Aonla || SC || Kesho Ram || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Alampur || None || Om Prakash Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Faridpur || None || Rajeshwar Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Nawabganj || None || Chetram Gangwar || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Bareilly City || None || Ram Singh Khanna || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Bareilly Cantonment || None || Ashfaq Ahmad || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bhojipura || None || Bhanu Pratap Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Shergarh || None || Dharam Datt || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Baheri || None || Shafiq Ahmad Khan || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Pilibhit || None || Ali Zaheer || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Barkhera || SC || Kishan Lal || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Bisalpur || None || Tej Bahadur || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Puranpur || None || Har Narain || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Powayan || SC || Kandhai || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Nigohi || None || Sheo Kumar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Tilhar || None || Surendra Vikram || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Jalalabad || None || Keshav Chandra Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Dadraul || None || Ram Murti Anchal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Shahjahanpur || None || Uma Shankar Shukla || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Mohamdi || SC || Sewa Ram || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Haiderabad || None || Makhan Lal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Lakhimpur || None || Tej Narain || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bankeyganj || SC || Chheda Lal Chaughry || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Phool Behar || None || Banshi Dhar Misra || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Nighasan || None || Karan Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Dhaurehra || None || Jagannath Prasad || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Behta || None || Krishna Kant || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Biswan || None || Kripal Dayal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Mahmudabad || None || Shayam Sundar Lal Gupta || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Sidhauli || SC || Shyam Lal Rawat || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Sitapur || None || Shyam Kishore || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Laharpur || None || Abid Ali || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Hargaon || SC || Ram Lal Rahi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Misrikh || None || Avadhesh Kumar || {{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
| Machhretha || SC || Chaudhary Virendra Kumar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Beniganj || SC || Shukru || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Sandila || None || Kudsia Begam || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Ahirori || SC || Parmai Lal || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Hardoi || None || Smt. Asha Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bawan || None || Shrish Chand || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Pihani || SC || Kanhaiya Lal Balmiki || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Shahabad || None || Harihar Bux Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bilgram || None || Kala Rani || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Mallawan || None || Lalan Sharma || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bangarmau || None || Gopi Nath Dixit || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Unnao || None || Anwar Ahmad || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Bichhia || None || Shiva Pal Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Bhagwantnagar || None || Bhagwati Singh Visharad || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Purwa || SC || Dularey Lal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Hasanganj || None || Sajiwan Lal || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| Miyanganj || SC || Badri Prasad || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Malihabad || SC || Basant Lal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Mahona || None || Ram Pal Trivedi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Lucknow East || None || Bans Gopal Shukal || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Lucknow Central || None || Imtiaz Husain || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Lucknow West || None || D . P . Bora || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Lucknow Cantonment || None || Sachchida Nand || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Sarojininagar || None || Chandra Bhanu Gupta || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Mohanlalganj || SC || Narain Dass || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bachhrawan || SC || Ram Dularey || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Tiloi || None || Mohan Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Rae Bareli || None || Madan Mohan Misra || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Sataon || None || Rajendra Pratap Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Sareni || None || Guptar Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Dalmau || None || Shiva Shanker Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Salon || None || Sheo Prasad Pandia || {{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
| Rokha || SC || Ram Prasad || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Kunda || None || Jai Ram || {{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
| Bihar || SC || Gaya Prasad || {{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
| Rampur Khas || None || Kunwar Tej Bhan Singh || {{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
| Lachmanpur || None || Vasdeo || {{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
| Pratapgarh || None || Ajit Pratap Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Birapur || None || Ram Deo || {{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
| Patti || SC || Ram Kinkar || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Amethi || None || Raja Rananjaya Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Gauriganj || None || Raj Pati Devi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Jagdishpur || SC || Ram Sewak || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Issauli || None || Ram Jiawan || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Jaisinghpur || None || Sheo Kumar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Sultanpur || None || Ram Piare Shukla || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Lambhua || None || Udai Pratap Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Kadipur || SC || Jagdish Prasad || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Katehri || None || Bhagwati Prasad Shukla || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Akbarpur || None || Priya Darshi Jetly || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Jalalpur || None || Jagdamba Prasad || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Jahangirganj || SC || Ram Awadh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Tanda || None || Ram Chandra Azad || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Maya || None || Shambhoo Narain Singh || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| Ayodhya || None || Vishwanath Kapoor || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bikapur || None || Manwati Devi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Milkipur || None || Hari Nath Tewari || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Sohawal || SC || Dhoom Prasad || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Rudauli || None || Krishna Magan Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Daryabad || None || Girja Shankar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Siddhaur || SC || Sheo Kailash || {{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
| Haidergarh || None || Hamida Habiullah || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Masauli || None || Mustafa Kamil Kidwai || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Nawabganj || None || Anant Ram Jaiswal || {{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
| Fatehpur || SC || Nattha Ram || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Ramnagar || None || Shesh Narain Shukla || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Kaisarganj || None || Bhagwati Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Fakharpur || None || Basudeo Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Mahsi || None || Ram Harakh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Sheopur || None || Basant Lal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Nanpara || None || Paras Nath Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Charda || SC || Mahadeo Prasad || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bhinga || None || Chandra Mani Kant Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bahraich || None || Kedar Nath || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Ikauna || SC || Bhagwati || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Tulsipur || SC || Sant Ram || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Gainsapi || None || Vijai Pal Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Balrampur || None || Maheshwar Dutt Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Utraula || None || Suraj Lal || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Sadullanagar || None || Abdul Ghaffar Hashmi || {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| Mankapur || None || Anand Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Mujehna || None || Deep Narain Ban || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Gonda || None || Triveni Sahai || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Katrabazar || None || Ram Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Coloneganj || None || Bhagelu Singh || {{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
| Tarabganj || None || Shiutla Prasad Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Mahadeva || SC || Ganga Prasad || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bikramjot || None || Sukhpal Pandey || {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| Harraiya || SC || Lalu || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bahadurpur || None || Ram Lakhan Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Basti || None || Rajendra Kishori || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Saonghat || SC || Sohan Lal Dhusiya || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Domariaganj || None || Jalil Abbasi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bhanwapur || None || Bhanu Pratap Singh || {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| Banganga || None || Ram Kumar Shastri || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Naugarh || None || Abimanyu || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bansi || None || Madhava Prasad Tripathi || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Khesraha || None || Raj Bahadur Chand || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Rudhauli || None || Mahammad Nabi || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Menhdawal || None || Lalsa Prasad || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Khalilabad || None || Dhanush Dhari Pandey || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Hainsarbazar || SC || Santu || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Bansgaon || None || Masali Devi || {{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
| Dhuriapur || SC || Ram Pati || {{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
| Chillupar || None || Kalp Nath Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Kauriram || None || Ram Lakhan Shukla || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Jhangaha || SC || Phirangi || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Pipraich || None || Hari Prasad Shahi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Gorakhpur || None || Ram Lal Bhai || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Maniram || None || Avidya Nath || {{Full party name with color|Hindu Mahasabha}}
|-
| Sahjanwan || None || Ram Karan || {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| Paniara || None || Bir Bahadur Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Pharenda || None || Pyari || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Lakshmipur || None || Ram Lagan Dubey || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Siswa || None || Yadvendra Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Maharajganj || SC || Hansa || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Shyam Deurwa || None || Mahatam || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Naurangia || SC || Baij Nath || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Ramkola || None || Mangal Upadhya || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Hata || None || Bankey Lal || {{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
| Padrauna || None || Chandra Pratap N. Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Seorahi || None || Genda Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Fazilnagar || None || Ram Dhari || {{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
| Kushinagar || None || Raj Mangal Pandey || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Gauri Bazar || None || Ram Lal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Rudrapur || SC || Sita Ram || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Deoria || None || Deep Narain || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Bhatpar Rani || None || Haribansh || {{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
| Salempur || None || Sheo Bachan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Barhaj || None || [[Awadhesh Pratap Mall]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Nathpur || SC || Lalsa || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Ghosi || None || Ram Vilas Pandey || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Sagri || None || Ram Kunwar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Gopalpur || None || Dal Singar || {{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
| Azamgarh || None || Bhima Prasad || {{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
| Rani Ki Sarai || None || Ram Bachan || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Atraulia || None || Jang Bahadur Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Phulpur || None || Ram Vachan || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Martinganj || SC || Banarsi || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Mehnagar || SC || Chhangur || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
| Lalganj || None || Triveni || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Mubarakpur || None || Bhabhi || {{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
| Mohammadabad Gohna || SC || Shyam Lal || {{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
| Mau || None || Habibur Rahman || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Rasra || SC || Ram Ratan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Siar || None || Babban || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Chilkahar || None || Jagar Nath || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Sikandarpur || None || Norbhai Narain Singh || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Bansdih || None || Bachcha Pathak || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Duaba || None || Manager Singh || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Ballia || None || Shambhoo Nath Chaudhari || {{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
| Kopachit || None || Nagina Singh || {{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
| Qasimabad || None || Sheo Shanker || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Mohammadabad || None || Vijai Shanker Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Dildarnagar || None || Krishnanand Rai || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Zamania || None || Bashishth Narain Sharma || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Ghazipur || None || Ram Surat Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Jakhania || SC || Deo Ram || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Sadat || None || Raj Nath || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Saidpur || None || Ramkaran || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Dhanapur || None || Baij Nath || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Chandauli || None || Kamlapati || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Chakia || SC || Ramlakhan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Mughalsarai || None || Uma Shanker || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Varanasi Cantonment || None || Lal Bahadur || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Varanasi North || None || Sankar Prasad Jaiswal || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Varanasi South || None || Sachindra Nath Bakshi || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Araziline || None || Raj Behari || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Chiraigaon || None || Udai Nath || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Kolaslah || None || Amar Nath || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Aurai || None || Nihala Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Gyanpur || None || Banshidhar Pandey || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bhadohi || SC || Ram Nihor || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Barsathi || None || Yadvendra Dutt Dubey || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Mariahu || None || Jagannath Rao || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Kerakat || SC || Ram Sagar || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Beyalsi || None || Uma Nath || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Jaunpur || None || Jang Bahadur || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Rari || None || Surya Nath || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Shahganj || SC || Mata Prasad || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Khutahan || None || Laxshmi Shankar Yadava || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Garwara || None || Ram Shiromani || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Machhlishahr || None || Moti Lal || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Dudhi || SC || Ram Pyare || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Robertsganj || SC || Subedar || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Rajgarh || None || Raja Anand || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Chunar || None || Shiva Das || {{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
| Majhwa || SC || Ram Nihore Ram || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Mirzapur || None || Vijai Bahadur Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Chhanvey || None || Raja Sriniwas Prasad Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Meja || SC || Vishram Das || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Karchana || None || Ram Kishore Shukla || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bara || None || Sarva Sukh Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Bahadurpur || None || Rup Nath Singh Yadava || {{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
| Handia || None || Rajit Ram || {{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
| Pratappur || None || Shyam Surat || {{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
| Soraon || None || Vishwa Nath Pratap Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Kaurihar || None || Ram Pujan Patel || {{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
| Allahabad North || None || Rajendra Kumari Bajpai || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Allahabad South || None || Ram Gopal Sand || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Allahabad West || None || Habib Ahmed || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Chail || SC || Kanhaiya Lal Sonker || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Manjhanpur || SC || Dharam Vir || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Sirathu || None || Ram Charan || {{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
| Khaga || None || Krishna Datta Alias Balraj || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Kishunpur || SC || Indrajit || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Haswa || None || Jai Narain Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Fatehpur || None || Uma Kant Bajpai || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Khajuha || None || Udit Narain || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Bindki || None || Panna Lal || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Aryanagar || SC || Shiv Lal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Chamanganj || None || Naseemuddin || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Generalganj || None || Ganesh Dutt Bajpayi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Kanpur Cantonment || None || Manohar Lal || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Govindnagar || None || Prabhakar Tripathi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Kalyanpur || None || Krishna Bajpai || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Sarsaul || None || Upendra Nath || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Ghatampur || None || Beni Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bhoganipur || None || Jwala Prasad Kureel || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Rajpur || None || Ram Swarup Verma || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Sarvankhera || None || Raghu Nath Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Chaubepur || None || Ram Kumar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bilhaur || SC || Moti Lal Dehalvi || {{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
| Derapur || None || Ram Pal Singh Yada || {{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
| Auraiya || None || Chauhan Bharat Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Ajitmal || SC || Kori Sukh Lal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Lakhana || SC || Ghasi Ram || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Etawah || None || Agarwal Hoti Lal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Jaswantnagar || None || Bishambhar Singh Yadav || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bindhuna || None || Gajendra Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Bharthana || None || Balram Singh Yadav || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Kannauj || SC || Behari Lal || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Umardha || None || Ram Ratan Pandey || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Chhibramau || None || Jagdishwar Dayal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Kamalganj || None || Abdul Salam Shah || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Farrukhabad || None || Maharam Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Kaimganj || None || Siya Ram Gangwar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Mohammadabad || None || Vidyawati || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Manikpur || SC || Siya Dulari || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Karwi || None || Radha Krishna Goswami || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Baberu || None || Durjan || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| Naraini || None || Harbansh Prasad || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Banda || None || Mahiraj Dhwaj Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Hamirpur || None || Pratap Narain || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Maudaha || None || Braj Raj Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Rath || None || Swami Prasad Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Charkhari || None || Chandra Narain Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Mahoba || SC || Mohan Lal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Mehroni || None || Krishna Chandra || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Lalitpur || SC || Bhagwat Dayal || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Jhansi || None || Jagmohan Verma || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Babina || None || Sudama Prasad || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Mauranipur || SC || Prem Narain || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Garoutha || None || Atma Ram Govind Kher || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Konch || SC || Basant Lal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Orai || None || Chaturbhuj Sharma || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Kalpi || None || Sheo Sampatti || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Madhogarh || None || Chittar Singh || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Bhongaon || None || Subedar Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Kishni || None || Sheo Bux Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Karhal || SC || Munshilal Chamar || {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| Shikohabad || None || Mansa Ram || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Jasrana || None || Raghu Nath Singh Verma || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Ghiror || None || Raghu Vir Singh Yadav || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Mainpuri || None || Malikhan Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Aliganj || None || Satish Chandra || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Patiali || None || Tirmal Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Sakit || None || Badan Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Soron || SC || Siya Ram || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Kasganj || None || Netram Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Etah || None || Ganga Prasad || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Nidhauli Kalan || None || Ganga Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Jalesar || SC || Chiranji Lal || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Firozabad || None || Raja Ram || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Bah || SC || Ram Charan || {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| Fatehabad || None || Hukam Singh || {{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
| Tundla || None || Multan Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Dayalbagh || SC || Liladhar || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Agra Cantonment || None || Deoki Nandan Bibav || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Agra East || None || Prakash Narain Gupta || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Agra West || None || Hukam Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Kheragarh || None || Jagan Prasad Rawat || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Fatehpur Sikri || None || Raghunath Singh S/o R . Lal || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Goverdhan || SC || Kanhaiya Lal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Mathura || None || Shanti Charan Pidara || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Chhata || None || Tej Pal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Mat || None || Laxmi Raman Acharya || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Gokul || None || Chandra Pal Azad || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Sadabad || None || Ashraf Ali Khan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Hathras || None || Prem Chandra Sharma || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Sasni || SC || Ram Prasad Deshmukh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Sikandra Rao || None || Jagdish Gandhi || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Gangiri || None || Anisur Rehman || {{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
| Atrauli || None || Kalyan Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Aligarh || None || Ahmad Loot Khan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Koil || SC || Pooran Chand || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Iglas || None || [[Gayatri Devi (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Gayatri Devi]]|| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Khair || None || Mahendra Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Chandaus || None || Mahavir Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Jewar || SC || Dharam Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Khurja || None || Raghuraj Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Chhatari || SC || Trilok Chand || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Debai || None || Himmat Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Anupshahr || None || Khacheru Singh Moharia || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Siana || None || Mumtaz Mohammad Khan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Agota || None || Jagbir Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Bulandshahr || None || Shamim Alam || {{Full party name with color|Republican Party of India}}
|-
| Sikandrabad || None || Virendra Swarup || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Dadri || None || Ram Chandra Vikal || {{Full party name with color|Uttar Pradesh Kisan Mazdoor Party}}
|-
| Ghaziabad || None || Pearey Lal || {{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
| Muradnagar || None || Ishwar Dayal || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Modinagar || None || Sher Ali Khan || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Hapur || SC || Lakshman Swaroop || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Garhmukteshwar || None || Balbir Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Kithore || None || Manzoor Ahmad || {{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
| Hastinapur || SC || Asha Ram Indu || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Sardhana || None || Jamadar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Barnawa || None || Dharam Vir Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Meerut || None || Mohan Lal Kapoor || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Meerut Cantonment || None || Uma Datt Sharma || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Rohta || SC || Ramji Lal Sahayek || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Khekhra || None || Naipal || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Baraut || None || Vikram Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Chaprauli || None || Charan Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Kandhla || None || Ajab Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Khatauli || None || Virendra Verma || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Jansath || SC || Manphool Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Morna || None || Dharamvir Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Muzaffarnagar || None || Saeed Murtaza || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Charthawal || SC || Nain Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Kairana || None || Chandra Bhan || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Bhawan || None || Rao Abdur Rafey Khan || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Nakur || None || Qazi Masood || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Sarsawa || None || Mohd. Mahmood Ali Khan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Nagal || SC || Ram Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Deoband || None || Mahabir Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Harora || SC || Shakuntla Devi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Saharanpur || None || Jaggan Nath Khanna || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Muzaffarabad || None || Sardar Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Roorkee || None || J . N . Sinha || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Lhaksar || None || Sukhbir || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| Hardwar || None || Shanti Prapan Sharma || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Dehra Dun || None || Nitya Nand Swami || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Mussoorie || None || Gulab Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}

==Bypolls==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Date
!Constituency
!Reason for by-poll
!Winning candidate
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|1970
|[[Tanda Assembly constituency|Tanda]]
|Resignation of R.C. Azad
|J.R. Verma
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
|1971
|Seorahi
|Resignation of G. Singh
|R.N. Mishra
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|rowspan=10|1972
|[[Pithoragarh (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Pithoragarh]]
|Resignation of N.S. Bhist
|H. Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[Nagina Assembly constituency|Nagina]]
|Death of A. Rehman
|A. Rehman
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|Sarent
|Death of G. Singh
|R. Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|Manjapur
|Resignation of G. Singh
|D.N. Mishra
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[Maniram Assembly constituency|Maniram]]
|Resignation of A. Singh
|R.K. Dwivedi
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|Rajgarh
|Death of R. Anand
|Lokpati
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[Soraon Assembly constituency|Soraon]]
|Resignation of V.P. Singh
|R. Tripathi
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[Rajpur (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Rajpur]]
|Void of R.S. Verma's election
|R.D. Mishra
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[Dadri (Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency)|Dadri]]
|Resignation of R.C. Vikal
|V. Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|Dataganj
|Death of T. Sahai
|S. Kumari
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-class="sortbottom"
|colspan=6|Source:ECI<ref name=byelections>{{cite web |url=http://www.eci.gov.in/ByeElection/Bye-ele-results%2052-95.xls |title=Details of Assembly By- Elections since 1952 (Year-Wise) |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021}}</ref>
|-
|}

==See also==
*[[List of constituencies of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
*[[1969 elections in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Uttar Pradesh elections}}

[[Category:1969 State Assembly elections in India|Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:State Assembly elections in Uttar Pradesh|1969]]
[[Category:1960s in Uttar Pradesh|1969]]
[[Category:February 1969 in Asia]]

1865 Zaldagar massacre

2026-01-12T01:53:19Z

Brock211211849: put up a pg

{{Short description|1865 killing of shawl-weavers in Zaldagar, Kashmir}}
{{Infobox civilian attack
| title = Zaldagar Massacre
| location = Zaldagar, [[Srinagar]], [[Kashmir]], [[India]]
| date = {{start date and age|1865|4|29}}
| target = Shawl weavers, [[Civilians]]
| type = [[Massacre]]
| fatalities = 28 killed
| injuries = 100+ wounded
| perpetrator = Dogra army
}}

The '''Zaldagar Massacre''' refers to the killing of 28 [[Kashmiri Muslims|Kashmiri]] shawl weavers (Shalbafs) on April 29, 1865, by the army of [[Dogra dynasty|Dogra Dynasty]]. In the Zaldagar locality of [[Srinagar]], [[Kashmir]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ahmad |first=Khalid Bashir |title=Kashmir: exposing the myth behind the narrative |date=2017 |publisher=SAGE Publications India Pvt Ltd |isbn=978-93-86062-80-2 |location=New Delhi, India ; Thousand Oaks, California |pages=82}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-04-30 |title=Shalbaf Tehreek: On 29 April 1865, 28 Kashmiris were shot dead protesting against brutal policies |url=https://thekashmiriyat.co.uk/shalbaf-tehreek-on-29-april-1865-28-kashmiris-were-shot-dead-protesting-against-brutal-policies/ |access-date=2024-12-23 |website=The Kashmiriyat |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Webdesk |first=F. P. K. |date=2021-04-29 |title=Blood and Bridge: Recalling World’s First Labour Movement {{!}} Free Press Kashmir |url=https://freepresskashmir.news/2021/04/29/blood-and-bridge-recalling-worlds-first-labour-movement/amp/ |access-date=2024-12-23 |website=freepresskashmir.news |language=en-GB}}</ref> The massacre occurred in response to protests by the weavers against oppressive taxation and exploitative working conditions imposed by the Dogra administration.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kashmir: Unsung heros of world's first labor movement |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/kashmir-unsung-heros-of-worlds-first-labor-movement/1825763 |access-date=2024-12-23 |website=www.aa.com.tr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gilani |first=Iftikhar |date=2024-04-29 |title=Kashmir: Unsung Heroes Of The World’s First Labour Movement |url=https://kashmirtimes.com/features/kashmir-unsung-heroes-of-the-worlds-first-labour-movement |access-date=2024-12-23 |website=Kashmir Times |language=en}}</ref>

== Background ==
The shawl-weaving industry was a prominent economic activity in 19th-century Kashmir, renowned globally for its exquisite craftsmanship. Despite their skill and the high demand for their products, the shawl weavers lived in poverty due to the oppressive Dag Shawl Tax, which heavily burdened their earnings.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 July 1875 |title=Kashmir shawls |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/BH18750716.2.34 |work=Bruce Herald |pages=7 |quote=The shawl-weavers get miserable wages, and are allowed neither to leave Kashmir nor change their employment, so that they are nearly in the position of slaves ; and their average wage is only about three-halfpence a-day.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 September 1912 |title=A Dying Industry |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/DUNST19120916.2.48.8?end_date=16-09-1912&items_per_page=10&query=A+Dying+Industry.&snippet=true&start_date=16-09-1912&title=DUNST |access-date=2024-12-23 |website=Dunstan Times |page=8}}</ref>

In addition to taxation, shawl weavers endured grueling working hours and restrictive practices that limited their autonomy and exacerbated their hardship. These exploitative conditions led to widespread dissatisfaction among the artisans, culminating in organized protests against the Dogra administration.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Hussain |first=Masood |date=2021-05-03 |title=Zaldagar 1865 |url=https://kashmirlife.net/zaldagar-1865-vol-13-issue-05-266083/ |access-date=2024-12-23 |website=Kashmir Life |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== The incident ==
On April 29, 1865, hundreds of shawl weavers assembled in the Old City of Srinagar to demand relief from excessive taxation and improved working conditions. The protest gained momentum as the artisans marched toward Zaldagar, raising their voices against the administration. The Dogra army, led by Colonel Bijoy Singh, intercepted the demonstrators at the Haji Rather Sum Bridge in Zaldagar. Despite being unarmed, the protesters refused to disperse when ordered by the forces. In response, the soldiers opened fire indiscriminately on the crowd, killing many on the spot. As chaos ensued, several protesters attempted to flee but were chased down by troops armed with spears. In desperation, many jumped into the Kuti Ko'el stream to escape the violence, resulting in additional deaths. By the end of the carnage, 28 shawl weavers were killed, and more than 100 others were injured.<ref>{{Cite web |title=April 29, 1865: Dogra army kills 28 shawl weavers at Srinagar’s Zaldagar |url=https://brighterkashmir.com/april-29-1865-dogra-army-kills-28-shawl-weavers-at-srinagars-zaldagar |access-date=2024-12-23 |website=Brighter Kashmir}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

==See also==
* [[Bijbehara massacre]]
* [[Kupwara massacre]]
* [[Zakoora and Tengpora massacre]]
* [[1990 Gawkadal massacre|Gawkadal massacre]]
* [[Hawal massacre]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Jammu and Kashmir}}

[[Category:Massacres in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Massacres in 1865]]
[[Category:April 1865]]

Isaac Basha

2026-01-11T06:53:38Z

Brock211211849: starting info

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Isaac Basha
| office = Member of the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council]]
| party = [[YSR Congress Party]]
| parents = Jaffer
| term_start = 2021
| term_end = 2027
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1962|6|4}}
}}

'''Isaac Basha''' (born 4 June 1962) is an Indian politician who is member of the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council]] constituency [[Nandyal]] representing [[YSR Congress Party]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Contractor Isaac Basha(YSRCP):(ELECTED BY MLAS) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/apmlc/candidate.php?candidate_id=621 |access-date=2024-06-18 |website=myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Public representative {{!}} Nandyal District {{!}} India |url=https://nandyal.ap.gov.in/public-representative/ |access-date=2024-06-18 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=MLC |url=https://www.ysrcongress.com/en/mlc |access-date=2024-06-18 |website=YSR Congress Party |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=SRI CONTRACTOR ISAAC BASHA, Member of Legislative Council |url=https://aplegislature.org/web/legislative-council/member-s-information?p_p_id=CouncilMemberInformation_APPortlet_INSTANCE_h4pQxGtq77FK&p_p_lifecycle=0&p_p_state=normal&p_p_mode=view&_CouncilMemberInformation_APPortlet_INSTANCE_h4pQxGtq77FK_javax.portlet.action=getPartyMemberDetails&_CouncilMemberInformation_APPortlet_INSTANCE_h4pQxGtq77FK_mem_id=157&p_auth=wh8xNgzA |website=Andhra Pradesh State Legislature, Govt. of Andhra Pradesh}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Basha, Isaac}}
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:YSR Congress Party politicians]]

{{AndhraPradesh-YSRCP-politician-stub}}

Kalpana Raghavendar

2026-01-08T00:32:33Z

Brock211211849: starting post

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Kalpana Raghavendar
| image = Singer Kalpana.jpg
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1980|05|08}}
| birth_place = [[Chennai district|Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| genre = [[Playback singer|Playback singing]], [[Carnatic music]]
| occupation = Singer
| website = {{facebook|kalpana.raghavendar.5}}
}}
'''Kalpana Raghavendar''' (born 8 May 1980) is an Indian [[playback singer]], winner of [[Star Singer|Idea Star Singer]] Malayalam and participant in Bigg Boss Telugu Season 1, songwriter and actor. She started her career as a playback singer at the age of five and, by 2013, had recorded 1,500 tracks and performed in 3,000 shows in India and abroad.<ref name=filmy>{{cite news |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/article1448379.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140121011559/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/article1448379.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 January 2014 |title=Filmy-carnatic renditions |work=New Indian Express |date=4 February 2013 }}</ref>

In 2010, she was the winner of the south Indian singing show ''[[Star Singer]]'' season 5, broadcast by the Malayalam TV channel [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ibtimes.com/kalpana-raghavendra-wins-idea-star-singer-season-5-317824 |title=Kalpana Raghavendra Wins Idea Star Singer Season 5 |date=25 September 2011 |work=[[International Business Times]] }}{{br}}– {{cite web |url=http://www.keralatv.in/2011/09/winner-of-idea-star-singer-season-5-is-kalpana/ |title=Kalpana Raghavendar Winner Of Idea Star Singer Season 5 |work=Kerala TV |access-date=6 January 2016 |archive-date=29 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729093042/http://www.keralatv.in/2011/09/winner-of-idea-star-singer-season-5-is-kalpana |url-status=dead }}</ref> She is a judge of ''Super Singer Junior''.

== Early life and background ==
Kalpana Raghavendar was born into a [[Tamils|Tamil]] musical family. Her father, [[T. S. Raghavendra]], was a renowned playback singer, actor and composer, and her mother, Sulochana, is also a singer.<ref name=filmy/> She has a younger sister, Shekinah Shawn (born Prasanna Raghavendar) who is an [[opera]] singer.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/a-night-at-the-opera/article3349113.ece |title=Shekinah shawn opera|date=24 April 2012|work=[[The Hindu]]|last=Gautam|first=Savitha}}</ref> Kalpana Raghavendar took her [[Carnatic music]] lessons under Madurai T. Srinivasan.<ref name=congenially>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/congenially-classical/article4268999.ece|title=Congenially classical|author= Malathi Rangarajan|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=10 January 2013 }}</ref> She has a [[Master of Science in Information Technology|Master of Computer Applications]] degree and is{{when|date=September 2023}} pursuing a [[Master of Philosophy]].<ref>{{cite news|title=About Kalpana|date=21 September 2014|work=Vasundhara magazine}}</ref>

== Career ==
Kalpana Raghavendar began her musical career at the age of five. She acted in the film ''[[Punnagai Mannan]]'' aged six.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 March 2018 |title=என் பாடல்கள் அளவுக்கு முகம் தமிழ் ரசிகர்களுக்குப் பரிச்சயமானதில்லை: கல்பனா ராகவேந்தர்! |language=ta |trans-title=My face is not familiar to Tamil fans as my songs are: Kalpana Raghavendar! |work=[[Dinamani]] |url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/special/2018/mar/16/my-face-is-not-familiar-to-my-fans-singer-kalpana-ragavendhar-2881861.html |url-status=live |access-date=21 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181125203910/http://www.dinamani.com/cinema/special/2018/mar/16/my-face-is-not-familiar-to-my-fans-singer-kalpana-ragavendhar-2881861.html |archive-date=25 November 2018}}</ref> Her first vocals were for a family song with [[P. Susheela]], [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[M. M. Srilekha]] and her younger sister Prasanna, composed by the music director Saluri Vasurao.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i4mxZgnmtTU |title=Kalpna interview – about her |publisher=[[ABN Andhra Jyothi]] |date=21 October 2015 |via=YouTube |access-date=5 January 2016 |archive-date=10 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310140850/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i4mxZgnmtTU |url-status=dead }}</ref> As an adult, she started her career as a full-fledged playback singer in 1999 with the song "Mangalagouriki" from the Telugu film ''[[Manoharam (2000 film)|Manoharam]]'' under the music director [[Mani Sharma]]. She has worked with many legendary composers and singers like [[M. S. Viswanathan]], [[Ilaiyaraaja]], [[A. R. Rahman]], [[K. V. Mahadevan]], [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] and [[K. S. Chithra]]. She is more familiar to the public as a stage performer rather than a playback singer, having performed nearly 3,000 stage shows worldwide.<ref name="filmy"/><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/Raining-Music-for-a-Cause/2015/07/07/article2905783.ece |title=Raining Music for a Cause|work=[[New Indian Express]]|date=7 July 2015}}{{br}}– {{cite news|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/Melodies-United-by-Tune-Divided-by-Language/2015/05/23/article2828063.ece |title=Melodies United by Tune, Divided by Language |work=New Indian Express |date=23 May 2015 }}{{br}}– {{cite news |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Rahman-and-Team-Recreate-Magic/2014/10/04/article2460733.ece |title=Rahman and Team Recreate Magic |work=New Indian Express |date=4 October 2014 }}</ref> In 2013, she was the lead performer in a tribute concert for her guru, Madurai T. Srinivasan.<ref name=congenially/>

== Filmography ==

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Channel
! Language
! Notes
|-
|2010
|[[Star Singer]] Season 5
|[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
| Malayalam
|[[Star Singer]] Season 5 winner
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Bigg Boss Telugu (season 1)]]''
| [[Star Maa]]
| Telugu
| 11th place- evicted on day 28
|-
|2018
|''[[Super Singer Junior]]'' season 6
|[[Star Vijay]]
| Tamil
|Judge
|-
|2019
|''Super Singer TV'' season 1

|Star Maa
| Telugu
|Judge
|-
|-
|2020
|''[[Super Singer Junior]]'' season 7

|Star Vijay
| Tamil
|Judge
|-
|2020
|''Saregamapa champions''
|[[Zee telugu|Zee Telugu]]
|Telugu
|Judge
|-
| rowspan="2" |2021
|''[[Airtel Super Singer]]'' season 8
| rowspan="2" |Star Vijay
| rowspan="2" | Tamil
|Judge
|-
|''[[Super Singer Junior]]'' season 8
|Judge
|-
|2022||''[[Star Singer]]'' season 8||Asianet||Malayalam
|Judge
|-
|2024
|''[[Super Singer 10]]''
|Star Vijay
|Tamil
|Guest
|}

=== As actor ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! style="width:35px;"| Year
! style="width:150px;"| Film
! style="text-align:center; width:190px;" class="unsortable" | Role
! style="text-align:center; width:80px;" | Language
! style="text-align:center; width:100px;" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
|1984 || ''[[Vaidehi Kathirunthal]]'' || || style="text-align:center;" |Tamil
|
|-
| 1986 || ''[[Punnagai Mannan]]'' || Little girl in store || style="text-align:center;" |Tamil
|
|-
|}

== Discography ==
List of songs recorded by Kalpana Raghavendar
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! '''Year''' !! Song title !! Film name !! Language !! Co-artist(s)
|-
| rowspan="1" |1991 || "Poda Poda Punnaku" || ''[[En Rasavin Manasile]] '' || Tamil
|
|-
| rowspan="1" |1992 || "Eyru Mayil Eyri" || ''[[Thambi Pondatti]]'' || Tamil
|
|-
|1995
| "Thennati Singam" || ''[[Pasumpon]]'' || Tamil
|
|-
| rowspan="1" | 1997 || "Meenachi Kayil" || ''[[Vidukathai]]'' || Tamil
|
|-
| rowspan="1" | 1999 || "Thirupachi Arivaala" || ''[[Taj Mahal (1999 film)|Taj Mahal]]'' || Tamil
|
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2000 || "Manasuna Pongina" || ''[[Sparsha (film)|Sparsha]]'' || Telugu
|
|-
| "Alaipongera" || ''Sakhi'' || Telugu
|
|-
| "En Manathai" || ''[[Pottu Amman (film)|Pottu Amman]]'' || Tamil
|
|-
| "Saregama" || ''[[Vamsi (film)|Vamshi]]'' || Telugu
|
|-
| "Mangala Gouri" || ''[[Manoharam (2000 film)|Manoharam]]'' || Telugu
|
|-
| rowspan="8"|2001 ||"Mandela Mandela "|| ''[[Narasimha (2001 film)|Narasimma]]'' || Tamil
|
|-
| "Mayabini Raati Bukut" || ''[[Daag (2001 film)|Daag]]'' || Assamese
| [[Zubeen Garg]]
|-
| "Lala Nanthala" || ''[[Narasimha (2001 film)|Narasimma]]'' || Tamil ||
|-
| "Premante Suluvu Kadhura" || ''[[Kushi (2001 film)|Kushi]]'' || Telugu
|
|-
| "Monalissa" || ''[[Anandam]]'' || Telugu
|
|-
| "Alai Kadalil" || ''[[Devi Putrudu|Pappa]]'' || Tamil
|
|-
| "Gunthalakadi" || ''Cheppalani undhi'' || Telugu
|
|-
| "Arasanda Raman" || ''[[Murari (2001 film)|Murari]]'' || Tamil
|
|-
| rowspan="10"|2002 ||"Musugu veyyodhu" || ''[[Khadgam]]'' || Telugu
|
|-
| "Lokam" || ''[[Bobby (2002 film)|Bobby]]'' || Telugu
|
|-
| "Ammadu Appachi" || ''[[Indra (2002 film)|Indra]]'' || Telugu
|
|-
| "Hey mama" || ''[[Takkari Donga]]'' || Telugu
|
|-
| "Aleba Aleba" || ''Takkari Donga'' || Telugu
|
|-
| "Cheliya cheliya singaram" || ''[[Kalusukovalani]]'' || Telugu
|
|-
| "Orinayano" || ''[[Thotti Gang]]'' || Telugu
|
|-
| "Rendu" || ''Coolie'' || Telugu
|
|-
| "Ku Ku Ku" || ''[[Anjana Productions|Kouravudu]]'' || Telugu
|
|-
| "Oh Pilla" || ''Joruga Husharuga'' || Telugu
|
|-
| rowspan="24"|2003 ||"Rangareddy Zilla" || ''[[Aayudham (2003 film)|Ayudham]]'' || Telugu
|
|-
| "Iylasa Kattumaram" || ''[[Arasu (2003 film)|Arasu]]'' || Tamil
|
|-
| "Anbae Inithu" || ''[[Hollywood (2002 film)|Hollywood]]'' || Tamil
|
|-
| "Penne Neeyum" || ''[[Priyamana Thozhi]]'' || Tamil
|
|-
| "Kadalora Kavithai" || ''[[Student Number 1]]'' || Tamil
|
|-
| "Kadhal Thozhi Kadhal Thozhi" || ''Student Number 1'' || Tamil
|
|-
| "En Idhayam (Febi)" || ''Dhanush'' || Tamil
|
|-
| "Naan Putham Puthu" || ''[[Inidhu Inidhu Kadhal Inidhu]]'' || Tamil
|
|-
| "Jee Boumbha" || ''[[Alaudin]]'' || Tamil
|
|-
| "Vaanam Enaku" || ''[[Ice (2003 film)|Ice]]'' || Tamil
|
|-
| "Appappa" || ''Ice'' || Tamil
|
|-
| "Dondapandu lanti" || ''[[Pellam Oorelithe]]'' || Telugu
|
|-
| "Sarigamapadanesa" || ''[[Raghavendra (film)|Raghavendra]]'' || Telugu
|
|-
| "Nammina Namadhi" || ''Raghavendra'' || Telugu
|
|-
| "Thillana" || ''[[Ee Abbai Chala Manchodu]]'' || Telugu
|
|-
| "Prapanchame" || ''[[Abhimanyu (2003 film)|Abhimanyu]]'' || Telugu
|
|-
| "O malle Puvvura" || ''[[Pellam Oorelithe]]'' || Telugu
|
|-
| "Seetharamula kalyanam" || ''[[Evare Atagaadu]]'' || Telugu
|
|-
| "Vana Vana" || ''Evare Atagaadu'' || Telugu
|
|-
| "Nee left kannu" || ''Abbayi premalo paddadu'' || Telugu
|
|-
| "Abba em body" || ''Abbayi premalo paddadu'' || Telugu
|
|-
| "Gundammo" || '' [[Palnati Brahmanayudu]] '' || Telugu
|
|-
| "Brindavanamlo" || ''Palnati Brahmanayudu'' || Telugu
|
|-
| "Preminchu kunna vaalu" || ''[[Kalyana Ramudu]]'' || Telugu
|
|-
| rowspan="20"|2004 ||"Abho ni amma" || ''[[Anji (film)|Anji]]'' || Telugu
|
|-
| "Chiku Buku pori" || ''Anji'' || Telugu
|
|-
| "Indurudu" || ''[[Mass (2004 film)|Mass]]'' || Telugu
|
|-
| "Radhu kadha" || ''Sakhiya Naatho raa'' || Telugu
|
|-
| "Chakkaranti" || ''Sakhiya Naatho raa'' || Telugu
|
|-
| "Joole Joole" || ''[[Varsham (2004 film)|Varsham]]'' || Telugu
|
|-
| "Ye Jilla" || ''[[Shankar Dada M.B.B.S.|Shankar Dada MBBS]]'' || Telugu
|
|-
| "Gongoora" || ''[[Venky]]'' || Telugu
|
|-
| "Azhaku Neeya" || ''[[Jai (2004 Tamil film)|Jai]]'' || Tamil
|
|-
| "Alek Alek" || ''Jai'' || Tamil
|
|-
| "Oru Chinna Vennila" || ''[[Gambeeram]]'' || Tamil
|
|-
| "Aggipulla Geeyagane" || ''[[Okato Number Kurraadu]]'' || Telugu
|
|-
| "Ithuvarai Yarum" || ''[[Kadhaludan ]]'' || Tamil
|
|-
| "Kadal Kadal" || ''[[Aalukkoru Aasai]]'' || Tamil
|
|-
| "Bhel Poori Nan" || ''Aalukkoru Aasai'' || Tamil
|
|-
| "Asale Chalikalam" || ''[[Mr & Mrs Sailaja Krishnamurthy]]'' || Telugu
|
|-
| "Veena Vani" || ''[[Pon Megalai]]'' || Tamil
|
|-
| "Thathai Thathai" || ''[[Manmadhan]]'' || Telugu
|
|-
| "Chemma Chekka" || ''[[Chanti (2004 film)|Chanti-The hero]]'' || Telugu
|
|-
| "Sri Anjaneyam Slokam" || ''[[Sri Anjaneyam]]'' || Telugu
|
|-
| rowspan="23"|2005 ||"Kandi Chenu Kada" || ''[[Naa Alludu]]'' || Telugu
|
|-
| "Pilla Chusthe" || ''Naa Alludu'' || Telugu
|
|-
| "Istanbul Rajakumari" || ''[[Mazhai]]'' || Tamil
|
|-
| "Kadavul Thanda" || ''[[Maayavi]]'' || Tamil
|
|-
| "Devaloga Rani" || ''Maayavi'' || Tamil
|
|-
| "Nenjam Ennum" || ''[[Aaru (film)|Aaru]]'' || Tamil
|
|-
| "Koncham Koncham" || ''[[Thirudiya Idhayathai]]'' || Tamil
|
|-
| "Adhire Adhire" || ''[[Nuvvostanante Nenoddantana]]'' || Telugu
|
|-
| "Agadalu Pagadalu" || ''[[Radha Gopalam]]'' || Telugu
|
|-
| "Eh Oore Chinnadana" || ''[[Bhadra (2005 film)|Bhadra]]'' || Telugu
|
|-
| "Ammama Nee Misam" || ''[[Andarivaadu]]'' || Telugu
|
|-
| "Doli Doli" || ''[[Sankranti (film)|Sankranthi]]'' || Telugu
|
|-
| "Nee Varumbodhu" || ''[[Mazhai]]'' || Tamil
|
|-
| "Nagamani" || ''[[That Is Pandu]]'' || Telugu
|
|-
| "Ela Radamma" || ''Koneti Rayuni Koti Ratnalu'' || Telugu
|
|-
| "Vishnu Vishnuvani" || ''Koneti Rayuni Koti Ratnalu'' || Telugu
|
|-
| "Tirumala Sikhranan" || ''Koneti Rayuni Koti Ratnalu'' || Telugu
|
|-
| "Kathadi Pole" || ''[[Maayavi]]'' || Tamil
|
|-
| "Mallela Maimarupey" || ''Andari kosam'' || Telugu
|
|-
| "Chelivadanam" || ''786 Kaidi Prema Katha'' || Telugu
|
|-
| "Vadi Vedi" || ''Satti'' || Telugu
|
|-
| "Chiru Chiru Chudaraa" || ''[[Hungama (2005 film)|Hangama]]'' || Telugu
|
|-
| "Adagandha Andaalu" || ''[[Ayodhya (2005 Telugu film)|Ayodhya]]'' || Telugu
|
|-
| rowspan="11"|2006 ||"Getup Marchesa" || ''[[Andala Ramudu (2006 film)|Andala Ramudu]]'' || Telugu
|
|-
| "Silusilukkum Silmisham" || ''[[Chennai Kadhal]]'' || Tamil
|
|-
| "Kala Kala Kalai" || ''[[E (2006 film)|E]]'' || Tamil
|
|-
| "Thothapuram" || ''[[Varalaru]]'' || Tamil
|
|-
| "Madura Jilla" || ''[[Thiruvilaiyaadal Aarambam]]'' || Tamil
|
|-
| "Neeve Na Sarvam" || ''Swapnam'' || Telugu
|
|-
| "Naa Dhyanam" || ''Swapnam'' || Telugu
|
|-
| "Pranamati" || ''Prem'' || Telugu
|
|-
| "Utee Tippu" || ''Hanumanthu'' || Telugu
|
|-
| "Kalayo Vyshnava Mayo" || ''[[Srikanth (Telugu actor)|Evandoy srivaru]]'' || Telugu
|
|-
|"Krishnaveni Krishnaveni" || ''Ghana'' || Telugu
|
|-
| rowspan="10"| 2007 || "Mancham Vesy" || ''[[Seema Sastri]]'' || Telugu
|
|-
| "Na Coffee" || ''[[Lakshyam (2007 film)|Lakshyam]]'' || Telugu
|
|-
| "Manmatha" || ''[[Viyyalavari Kayyalu]]'' || Telugu
|
|-
| "O Apparoa" || ''[[Yamagola Malli Modalayindi]]'' || Telugu
|
|-
| "Adukodaniki" || ''Yamagola Malli Modalayindi'' || Telugu
|
|-
| "Jalakthik Raja" || ''[[Yamagola]]'' || Telugu
|
|-
| "Okkasari" || ''[[Gundamma Gaari Manavadu]]'' || Telugu
|
|-
| "Manasantha Edo" || ''Venkatadri'' || Telugu
|
|-
| "Sexy Haseena" || ''Venkatadri'' || Telugu
|
|-
| "Hey Handsome" || ''[[Viyyalavari Kayyalu]]'' || Telugu
|
|-
| rowspan="8"|2008 ||"Ninne pelladukoni" || ''[[Ready (2008 film)|Ready]]'' || Telugu
|
|-
| "Cheppalanundi" || ''[[Ontari (film)|Ontari]]'' || Telugu
|
|-
| "Sudha Badhakam" || ''[[Somberi]]'' || Telugu
|
|-
| "Thanuvu kore" || ''Kalyanam'' || Telugu
|
|-
| "Intinta" || ''[[Sivaji (Telugu actor)|Kuberulu]]'' || Telugu
|
|-
| "Thodai Nuvvu Undalamma" || ''[[List of Telugu films of 2008|Devarakonda Veeraiah]]'' || Telugu
|
|-
| "Nanna Nanna" || ''Indrajit'' || Telugu
|
|-
| "Maaya Maayaga" || ''[[Bommana Brothers Chandana Sisters]]'' || Telugu
|
|-
| rowspan="6"|2009 ||"Premante Adho Iidhi" || ''[[Adhineta]]'' || Telugu
|
|-
| "Boomi Kothikum" || ''[[Arundhati (2009 film)|Arundhathee]]'' || Tamil
|
|-
| "Sandhanakkuyiley Unakkaaga" || ''Thozhi'' || Tamil
|
|-
| "Ammamo Pilode" || ''Adugu'' || Telugu
|
|-
| "Yaraadi Nee Mohini" || ''Eesaa'' || Tamil
|
|-
| "Sayyare Sayya" || ''[[Drona (2009 film)|Drona]]'' || Telugu
|-
| rowspan="5"|2010 ||"O Nene O Nuvvani" || ''[[Kalavaramaye Madilo]]'' || Telugu
|
|-
| "Ada Engengum Aasai" || ''[[Kola Kolaya Mundhirika]]'' || Tamil
|
|-
| "Jingu Chikk" || ''[[Mynaa]]'' || Tamil
|
|-
| "Pada Pada" || ''[[Bheemili Kabaddi Jattu]]'' || Telugu
|
|-
| "Manasu Manasutho" || ''[[Chaitanya Krishna|Adhi nuvve]]'' || Telugu
|
|-
| rowspan="3"|2011 ||"Acham" || ''[[Kullanari Koottam]]'' || Tamil
|
|-
| "Ooru Usilampatti" || ''[[List of Tamil films of 2011|Keezha Theru Kicha]]'' || Tamil
|
|-
| "Aaroora Aariraaro" || ''Sirai Pozludhugal'' || Tamil
|
|-
| rowspan="3"|2012 ||"Adire andhalu" || ''[[Nandeeswarudu]]'' || Telugu
|
|-
| "Kozhutha Koyya" || ''[[Kollaikaran]]'' || Tamil
|
|-
| "Kozhutha Koyya (SolarSai)" || ''Kollaikaran'' || Tamil
|
|-
| rowspan="8"|2013 ||"Navamoorthulainatti" || ''Intinta annamayya'' || Telugu
|
|-
| "Nila Nila" || ''[[Nirnayam (2013 film)|Nirnayam]]'' || Tamil
|
|-
| "Santhiran Sooruyan" || ''[[List of Tamil films of 2013|Muthu Nagaram]]'' || Tamil
|
|-
| "Vijay Pola" || ''[[Ganja Karuppu|Sandhithathum Sindhithathum]]'' || Tamil
|
|-
| "Kaali Kaali" || ''[[Meiyyazhagi]]'' || Tamil
|
|-
| "Chandare chanda" || ''Shiva kesav'' || Telugu
|
|-
| "Jam Jam Jam" || ''[[Maad Dad]]'' || Malayalam
|
|-
| "Muddada Nagaye" || ''[[Galaate]]'' || Kannada
|
|-
| rowspan="3"|2014 ||"Dikkulu chudaku" || ''[[Dikkulu Choodaku Ramayya]]'' || Telugu
|
|-
| "Undile" || ''Undile Manchi Kalam Mundu Mundhuna'' || Telugu
|
|-
| "Prasanna" || ''Dhee Ante Dhee'' || Telugu
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|2015 ||"Gundello" || ''[[Andhra Pori]]'' || Telugu
|
|-
| "Pogiren" || ''[[36 Vayadhinile]]'' || Tamil
|
|-
| rowspan="5"|2016 || "Yappa Chappa" || ''[[Kanithan]]'' || Tamil
|
|-
| "Jiguru Jiguru" || ''[[Rajini Murugan]]'' || Tamil
|
|-
| "Kaara Karuuna" || ''[[Mapla Singam]]'' || Tamil
|
|-
| "Adho Theme" || '' [[Manithan (2016 film)|Manithan]]'' || Tamil
|
|-
| "Oyaa Oyaa" || '' [[Kaashmora]]'' || Tamil
|
|-
|2022 || "Veezehendhen" || ''[[Regina (2023 film)|Regina]]'' || Tamil
|
|-
|2023 || "Kodi Parakura Kaalam" || ''[[Maamannan]]'' || Tamil
|
|-
|2024
|"Telangana Tejam"
|''[[Keshava Chandra Ramavath]]''
|Telugu
|
|}

== Awards ==
* Won – Nandi Award for Best Playback Singer Female for the song "Navamoorthulainatti" from ''Intinta Annamayya'' (2018)
* Won – [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer]] for the song ''Pogiren'' from ''[[36 Vayadhinile]]''(2015)

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|7337513}}
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i4mxZgnmtTU Television interview] on [[ABN Andhra Jyothi]]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w-YS_7EAOx4 Television interview] on [[TV9 (Telugu)|TV9]]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raghavendar, Kalpana}}
[[Category:Indian women playback singers]]
[[Category:Indian voice actresses]]
[[Category:Singers from Chennai]]
[[Category:Indian women classical singers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tamil-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Telugu-language playback singers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:Women musicians from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:1977 births]]

Sreya Raghav

2026-01-08T00:06:42Z

Brock211211849: Created Initial Article V1

{{short description|Indian playback singer}}
{{Use Indian English|date = February 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date = February 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sreya Raghav
| image = Sreya-Raghav.jpg
| image_size =
| other_names =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Abu Dhabi]], [[United Arab Emirates]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = [[Playback singer|Playback singing]]
| years_active =
| spouse =
| children =
| mother = [[Yashoda Palayad|Palayad Yashoda]]
}}

'''Sreya Raghav''' is an [[Indian playback singers|Indian playback singer]]. She was born in [[Abu Dhabi]] and is the daughter of yesteryear singer/actress [[Yashoda Palayad|Palayad Yashoda]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/140816/living-her-mothers-dream.html|title=Living her mother’s dream|last=sreekumar|first=priya|date=2016-08-14|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en|access-date=2020-02-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/music/features/2019/03/19/palayad-yashoda-famous-singer-in-malayalam.html|title=വിധി വിലക്കിയ പാട്ടിന്റെ ‘വഴിവിളക്ക്’, മരണം വരെ ആ ദുഃഖം|website=ManoramaOnline|language=ml|access-date=2020-02-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.marunadanmalayali.com/more/homage/palayad-yashoda-famous-singer-1895|title=ആറു പതിറ്റാണ്ട് സംഗീത ലോകത്തെ വിസ്മയിപ്പിച്ച ഗായിക; പാലയാട് യശോദ നാടക ഗാനങ്ങളുടെ ആത്മ...|website=www.marunadanmalayali.com|access-date=2020-02-10}}</ref>

Sreya's song ''Nilamanaltharikalil'' appeared in the soundtrack for the Malayalam movie [[Kismath (2016 film)|Kismath]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fwdlife.in/sreya-raghav-talks-about-her-life-lived-in-melodies|title=Sreya Raghav talks about her life lived in melodies|last=FWDmedia|date=2017-03-04|website=FWD Life {{!}} The Premium Lifestyle Magazine {{!}}|language=en-US|access-date=2020-02-10}}</ref>

== Career ==
Raghav was introduced to the Malayalam film industry by [[Gopi Sundar]].

She has sung the background tracks for films such as [[Left Right Left (film)|Left Right Left]] and [[5 Sundarikal]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/140816/living-her-mothers-dream.html|title=Living her mother’s dream|last=sreekumar|first=priya|date=2016-08-14|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en|access-date=2020-02-10}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Song
!Film
!Notes
|-
|2013
|Ekaantham
|[[5 Sundarikal]]
|Debut
|-
|2013
|Kanavinum
|[[Arikil Oraal]]
|
|-
|2016
|Nilamanaltharikalil
|[[Kismath (2016 film)|Kismath]]
|
|-
|2016
|Loneliness
|[[Kismath (2016 film)|Kismath]]
|
|-
|2016
|Theme Song
|[[Kismath (2016 film)|Kismath]]
|
|-
|2017
|Theru There
|[[Role Models (2017 film)|Role Models]]
|
|-
|2018
|Thotteduthaal
|Kaanthaaram
|
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb name|9115245}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raghav, Sreya}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women playback singers]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Thachanadan language

2026-01-01T23:13:41Z

Brock211211849: Created The Data Needs Work

{{Short description|Southern Dravidian language of India}}
{{Infobox language
|name=Thachanadan
|nativename=
|states=[[India]]
|ethnicity=
|speakers=3,000
|date=2004 survey
|ref=e18
|familycolor=Dravidian
| fam2 = Southern
| fam3 = [[South Dravidian languages|Southern I]]
| fam4 = Tamil–[[Kannada dialects|Kannada]]
| fam5 = Tamil–[[Kota language (India)|Kota]]
| fam6 = Tamil–[[Toda language|Toda]]
| fam7 = Tamil–Irula
| fam8 = Tamil–[[Kodava language|Kodava]]–[[Urali language|Urali]]
| fam9 = [[Tamiloid languages|Tamil]]–[[Malayalamoid languages|Malayalam]]
| fam10 = [[Malayalamoid languages|Malayalamoid]]
| ancestor = [[Old Tamil language|Old Tamil]]
| ancestor2 = [[Middle Tamil language|Middle Tamil]]
|iso3=thn
|glotto=thac1235
|glottorefname=Thachanadan
}}

'''Thachanadan''' ({{ipa|thn|t̪ɐt͡ːʃɐnaːɖɐn|ipa}}) is a [[Southern Dravidian languages|Southern Dravidian language]] spoken by Thachanad Muppans tribe of [[India]]. Dissimilar to other Dravidian languages, its most likely affinities are to [[Mullu Kurumba language|Mullu Kurumba]], with which it has 66-72% [[lexical similarity]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Dravidian languages |state=autocollapse}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Dravidian languages]]

{{Dravidian-lang-stub}}

2025 New Delhi railway station crowd crush

2026-01-01T07:11:13Z

Brock211211849: put up new entry...

{{Short description|2025 crowd crush in New Delhi, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox event
| image = Platform 14 and 15 of New Delhi railway station.jpg
| caption = The footbridge above platforms 14 and 15 of the [[New Delhi railway station]], where the crowd crush took place
| date = {{start date|df=yes|2025|02|15}}
| place = [[New Delhi railway station]], [[New Delhi]], India
| coordinates = {{coord|28|38|27.7|N|77|13|17.4|E|scale:100000_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| type = [[Crowd collapses and crushes|Crowd collapse and crush]]
| cause = Train delays leading to overcrowding
| reported deaths = 18
| reported injuries = 15
}}

On 15 February 2025, a [[crowd crush]] killed at least 18 people and injured 15 others at the [[New Delhi railway station]] in [[New Delhi, India]]. The crush occurred after some passengers began to slip on a footbridge above platforms 14 and 15, causing a crushing pile of people to form in the already overcrowded station.

Leading up to the incident, between 400–500 million [[Hindu]] worshipers had been traveling to the religious festival [[2025 Prayag Maha Kumbh Mela|Maha Kumbh]] in [[Prayagraj]], northern India, a festival which takes place every three years in one of four cities in the country. Overbooking tickets, train delays, and confusion between similar-sounding rail lines all led to the hazardous and crowded conditions which caused the crush. The youngest victim was a 7-year-old girl, and the oldest a 79-year-old woman.

According to ''[[The Hindu]]'', the railway and public officials attempted to silence information about the casualties of the crush. Lieutenant Governor of Delhi [[Vinai Kumar Saxena]] is reported to have edited a post he made about the incident on [[Twitter|X]] to remove any mentions of the deaths. The information was eventually released, and a [[₹]]1,000,000 [[ex gratia]] compensation fund was established for the families of the victims. A high-level investigation made up of a two-member committee was launched to determine the cause of the crush. New crowd control measures including special holding areas and operating manual updates were announced for sixty high-traffic stations following the incident.

== Background ==
In the days leading up to the tragedy, the major religious festival [[Maha Kumbh]] had been taking place in [[Prayagraj]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], northern India,<ref name="APNews">{{cite web |title=At least 18 people are dead after a stampede at New Delhi railway station in India |url=https://apnews.com/article/india-stampede-new-delhi-train-station-fe02ef8a72909f9afcfb4075c0467352 |work=[[AP News]] |date=16 February 2025 |access-date=16 February 2025 |archive-date=15 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250215235131/https://apnews.com/article/india-stampede-new-delhi-train-station-fe02ef8a72909f9afcfb4075c0467352 |url-status=live }}</ref> about {{cvt|624|km}} southeast of the capital of [[New Delhi]].<ref name="AlJ">{{cite web |title=Children among 18 killed in stampede at New Delhi train station in India |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/2/16/children-among-15-killed-in-crush-at-new-delhi-train-station-in-india |work=[[Al Jazeera]] |date=16 February 2025 |access-date=16 February 2025}}</ref> The festival, which ran from 13 January to 26 February 2025,<ref name="Kaul"/> involves devotees bathing in the holy water at the confluence of the [[Ganges]] and [[Yamuna]] rivers to wash away sins.<ref name="Sampson"/> The festival, which takes place every three years in one of four cities in India,<ref name="Sampson"/> regularly saw a large number of [[Hindu]] pilgrims.<ref name="APNews"/><ref name="Mukul"/> An estimated 400–500 million believers had visited the festival since it began,<ref name="AlJ"/><ref name="Sampson"/> more than usual as the festival also coincided with a celestial alignment occurring every 144 years.<ref name="Sampson"/> Despite a prior history of crowd crushes at large religious events in the country, including one which [[2025 Prayag Maha Kumbh Mela crowd crush|took place just a few weeks prior during the same festival which saw 30 casualties]],<ref name="Kaul">{{cite web |last1=Kaul |first1=Vitasta |last2=Lakhera |first2=Vedaant |last3=Sharma |first3=Ashutosh |title=How many more must die before government takes railway safety and crowd management seriously? |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/news/new-delhi-railway-station-stampede-kumbh-mela-2025/article69228901.ece |work=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] |date=17 February 2025 |access-date=18 February 2025 |archive-date=17 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250217120233/https://frontline.thehindu.com/news/new-delhi-railway-station-stampede-kumbh-mela-2025/article69228901.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> around 1,500 tickets were regularly sold every hour at the train station,<ref name="Chen"/> with an excess 2,600 tickets over the 5,000 maximum sold the day of the incident.<ref name="Mukul">{{cite web |last1=Mukul |first1=Sushim |title=Five red flags Railways missed just ahead of New Delhi stampede |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/new-delhi-station-stampede-details-reasons-causes-announcement-maha-kumbh-prayagraj-platform-special-train-2681227-2025-02-17 |work=[[India Today]] |date=17 February 2025 |access-date=17 February 2025 |archive-date=17 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250217123801/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/new-delhi-station-stampede-details-reasons-causes-announcement-maha-kumbh-prayagraj-platform-special-train-2681227-2025-02-17 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Porecha"/> This caused the platforms, which were only built to hold up to 3,000 passengers comfortably, to be overcrowded.<ref name="Porecha"/>

== Incident ==
{{Quote box
|quote = I have been working here for nearly 25 years, but have never seen anything like this [crowd] before during the Kumbh Mela
|author = — [[Railway porter]] Lakhanlal Meena
|source = reporting on the incident to the magazine ''[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]''<ref name="Kaul"/>
|width = 25%
|align = right
|quoted = yes
}}
Between 9:15pm and 9:30pm on February 15, 2025,<ref name="Porecha"/> thousands had gathered to board a train at the [[New Delhi railway station]] for the festival.<ref name="Bhardwaj"/> The delay of two trains beforehand, however, had led to many of those waiting to become impatient.<ref name="AlJ"/> Furthermore, confusion between the routes "Prayagraj Special", arriving at platform 16, and "Prayagraj Express", already arrived at platform 14, confused some passengers, making them believe they would miss their train.<ref name="Mukul"/><ref name="HT">{{cite web |title=Did passengers' confusion over train names lead to New Delhi railway station stampede? |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/did-passengers-confusion-over-train-names-lead-to-new-delhi-railway-station-stampede-101739701876547.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=16 February 2025 |access-date=16 February 2025 |archive-date=16 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250216123207/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/did-passengers-confusion-over-train-names-lead-to-new-delhi-railway-station-stampede-101739701876547.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Additionally, while rope dividers and heightened security was typically present during other large travel seasons like [[Chhath]], no such precautions were in place on 15 February.<ref name="Kaul"/>

While passengers were traversing an overhead footbridge connecting platforms 14 and 15, some began to slip while descending, possibly due to a passenger fainting,<ref name="Sampson"/> which caused a crushing pile of people to form.<ref name="Chen">{{cite web |last1=Chen |first1=Liu Chuen |last2=Tiwari |first2=Pushkar |title=Delhi Railway Station Stampede Updates: Families' Desperate Search For Missing Loved Ones As Death Count Touches 18 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/new-delhi-railway-station-chaos-deaths-live-updates-maha-kumbh-mela-prayagraj-7719911 |work=[[NDTV]] |date=16 February 2025 |access-date=16 February 2025 |archive-date=16 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250216041436/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/new-delhi-railway-station-chaos-deaths-live-updates-maha-kumbh-mela-prayagraj-7719911 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Bajpai |first1=Shubham |title=Delhi Railway Station Stampede Highlights: Additional GRP, RPF personnel deployed for crowd management |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/new-delhi-railway-station-stampede-live-death-count-injured-pm-modi-ashwini-vaishnaw-congress-officials-cause-mahakumbh-prayagraj-train-latest-updates-976422 |work=[[India TV]] |date=16 February 2025 |access-date=16 February 2025 |archive-date=16 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250216022249/https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/new-delhi-railway-station-stampede-live-death-count-injured-pm-modi-ashwini-vaishnaw-congress-officials-cause-mahakumbh-prayagraj-train-latest-updates-976422 |url-status=live }}</ref> Alongside the already large amount of people running and pushing to try to board the train, panic quickly arose and the situation deteriorated quickly.<ref name="AlJ"/> According to those who witnessed the crush, the piling of people soon turned into chaos,<ref name="APNews"/> only worsened after someone in the crowd called "stampede".<ref name="AlJ"/> [[Railway porter]]s and "[[coolie]]s" became the first responders to the incident, carrying victims and unconscious passengers away from the crush, as well as using private vehicles to drive them to the nearby [[Lok Nayak Hospital]], as ambulances could not reach the scene.<ref name="Kaul"/><ref name="Bhandari">{{cite web |last1=Bhandari |first1=Hemani |last2=Singh |first2=Paras |title=How porters became first line of rescue in New Delhi stn stampede |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/delhi-news/how-porters-became-first-line-of-rescue-in-new-delhi-stn-stampede-101739734609497.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=17 February 2025 |access-date=17 February 2025}}</ref> An emergency call was made during the incident at around 9:55pm, where four fire tenders became the first proper emergency staff on the scene,<ref name="TIE"/> arriving 40–45 minutes after the incident had begun.<ref name="Kaul"/> Police and relief teams later helped to control the situation.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Grounds |first1=Ellie |title=Stampede at Indian railway station kills Maha Kumbh festival pilgrims |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2025-02-16/india-railway-station-stampede/104942510 |work=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] |date=15 February 2025 |access-date=16 February 2025 |archive-date=16 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250216193232/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2025-02-16/india-railway-station-stampede/104942510 |url-status=live }}</ref> According to the coolies and other witnesses originally at the scene, hardly any of the relief help came from the police and railway authorities,<ref name="Bhandari"/><ref name="Goel"/> recounting that there were only two [[Railway Protection Force]] (RPF) authorities present when the incident began.<ref name="Kaul"/> Despite the low number present, video of a RPF woman saving a five-month-old baby from the incident circulated online.<ref>{{cite web |title=New Delhi Station Stampede: With Child In Hand, This Woman Constable Performs Duty At NDLS |url=https://www.ndtv.com/video/new-delhi-station-stampede-with-child-in-hand-this-woman-constable-performs-duty-at-ndls-904042 |work=[[NDTV]] |date=18 February 2025 |access-date=18 February 2025 |archive-date=18 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250218064632/https://www.ndtv.com/video/new-delhi-station-stampede-with-child-in-hand-this-woman-constable-performs-duty-at-ndls-904042 |url-status=live }}</ref> Four trains were additionally sent to evacuate the sudden surge of passengers.<ref name="AlJ"/>

== Casualties and information blackout ==
[[File:Lok Nayak Hospital in New Delhi 06.jpg|thumb|250px|alt=A brick wall and fence beside a sign reading the entrance to the hospital|Victims and wounded were brought to [[Lok Nayak Hospital]]]]
According to the Indian newspaper ''[[The Hindu]]'', the railway initially tried to prevent news about any casualties from reaching the press.<ref name="Porecha"/> Originally, statements from the railway only said some passengers had been rushed to the hospital.<ref name="Porecha"/> Furthermore, press was not allowed to enter the hospital which received victims from the crush.<ref name="Goel"/> This was likely due to multiple victims from the crush being crammed onto a single bed due to a lack of space at the hospital, according to the family of some of the victims.<ref name="Goel"/> In contrast to this information blackout, Union Defence Minister [[Rajnath Singh]] and Lieutenant Governor of Delhi [[Vinai Kumar Saxena]] posted on [[Twitter|X]] condoling the deaths.<ref name="Porecha"/> Saxena's post was then edited around 12:24am to remove any mention of casualties.<ref name="Porecha"/> Singh's remained unedited, however, and the Chief Casualty Medical Officer at the hospital confirmed the deaths soon after.<ref name="Porecha"/> Only 20 hours after the incident did the railways officially acknowledge any deaths had occurred.<ref name="Porecha"/> Initial reports by the chief minister of the [[National Capital Territory of Delhi]] stated there had been 15 casualties and 15 injured.<ref name="Sampson">{{cite web |last1=Sampson |first1=Eve |title=15 Reported Dead in Stampede at New Delhi Rail Station |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/02/15/world/asia/kumbh-mela-stampede-delhi-station.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=15 February 2025 |access-date=16 February 2025 |archive-date=15 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250215225813/https://www.nytimes.com/2025/02/15/world/asia/kumbh-mela-stampede-delhi-station.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Bhardwaj"/> By the following day, this number had increased to 18 casualties: 14 of whom being women, and 5 of whom being children.<ref name="APNews"/><ref name="Bhardwaj">{{cite web |last1=Bhardwaj |first1=Mayank |title=Death toll rises to at least 18 in New Delhi railway station stampede |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/death-toll-rises-least-18-new-delhi-railway-station-stampede-2025-02-16/ |work=[[Reuters]] |date=16 February 2025 |access-date=16 February 2025}}</ref> The youngest victim was a 7-year-old girl and the oldest a 79-year-old woman.<ref name="Porecha"/> Other victims included an 8-year-old girl, a 12-year-old boy, a 15-year-old girl, a 24-year-old woman, a 25-year-old man, nine 35-to-45-year-old women, a 45-year-old man, and a 47-year-old man.<ref name="Porecha"/> Many of the victims were rushed to the nearby Lok Nayak Hospital in New Delhi.<ref name="APNews"/><ref name="TIE"/>

== Response ==
Following the crowd crush, security was heightened at train stations to help in crowd management and to prevent further incidents from immediately occurring.<ref name="TIE">{{cite web |title=New Delhi Railway Station Stampede Live Updates: Day after 18 killed, additional GRP, RPF personnel deployed for crowd management at Delhi station |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/delhi-news-live-updates-stampede-railway-station-death-injured-maha-kumbh-9838439/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=16 February 2025 |access-date=16 February 2025 |archive-date=16 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250216071131/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/delhi-news-live-updates-stampede-railway-station-death-injured-maha-kumbh-9838439/ |url-status=live }}</ref> This was accomplished through the deployment of the [[Government Railway Police]] (GRP) and [[Railway Protection Force]] (RPF) to the area, who used loud speakers to make continuous announcements to the crowds of passengers.<ref name="TIE"/> Additionally, the four additional trains sent to the station stayed to help carry travelers for the remaining duration of the festival, with five additional trains expected to join in the effort on 17 February.<ref name="Porecha"/><ref name="TIE"/> On 17 February 2025, new temporary and permanent holding areas outside the platforms were announced at sixty railways, including New Delhi's, experiencing a high volume of passengers to prevent a similar incident from occurring.<ref name="RCCP">{{cite web |title=Special holding area, new manual: Railways' crowd-control plan post NDLS stampede |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/special-holding-area-new-manual-railways-crowd-control-plan-post-ndls-stampede-101739801600068.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=17 February 2025 |access-date=17 February 2025}}</ref> These temporary holding areas until trains arrive reportedly had worked well in Prayagraj where the festival was taking place, but had not been implemented at other stations.<ref name="RCCP"/> Furthermore, a separate manual for crowd control was released by Union Minister of Railways Vaishnaw, which included raising awareness for passengers to not sit on the footbridge stairs while waiting, among other advice.<ref name="RCCP"/>

Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] released a statement that he was "distressed by the stampede."<ref name="APNews"/> The Delhi High Court on February 19, 2025 ordered the Indian Railways and other stakeholders to find ways to prevent such tragedies from happening again.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Shekhar |date=2025-02-19 |title='Direct consequence of blatant disregard for safety regulations': Delhi HC on railway station stampede |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2025/Feb/19/direct-consequence-of-blatant-disregard-for-safety-regulations-delhi-hc-on-railway-station-stampede |access-date=2025-02-24 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-19 |title=Why tickets were sold beyond limit? Court raps Railways over Delhi stampede |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/law-news/story/new-delhi-railway-station-stampede-high-court-railways-centre-ticket-selling-platforms-2682313-2025-02-19 |access-date=2025-02-24 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> The Union Minister of Railways [[Ashwini Vaishnaw]] stated a high-level investigation made up of a two-member committee had been launched to determine the cause of the crush;<ref name="APNews"/><ref name="Chen"/> consisting of the Northern Railway Principal Chief Commercial Manager (PCCM), Narsingh Deo, and its Principal Chief Safety Commissioner (PCSC), Pankaj Gangwar.<ref name="HT"/> All CCTV footage from the station, alongside eyewitness testimony, was being collected for the investigation.<ref name="Porecha">{{cite web |last1=Porecha |first1=Maitri |title=High-level committee formed to probe into New Delhi railway station stampede |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/high-level-committee-formed-to-probe-into-new-delhi-railway-station-stampede/article69227090.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=16 February 2025 |access-date=16 February 2025 |url-access=limited |archive-date=16 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250216170232/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/high-level-committee-formed-to-probe-into-new-delhi-railway-station-stampede/article69227090.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="TIE"/> No officials have been named responsible for the incident pre-investigation, and the investigation has no deadline for when it is to be completed.<ref name="RCCP"/> The Railway Ministry also announced a [[₹]]1,000,000 compensation to the families of victims, ₹250,000 to those with serious injuries (including 3 people), and ₹100,000 to those with minor injuries (including 12 people).<ref name="Porecha"/><ref name="TIE"/> The [[ex gratia]] payment notably took place before any official statement about casualties had been made by the railway.<ref name="Porecha"/> Lieutenant Governor of Delhi [[Vinai Kumar Saxena]] went to visit some of those injured in the hospital.<ref name="Bhardwaj"/> Opposition leaders in the country criticized the government for not having properly prepared the railways for the festival season, and called for more of the money spent on the advertising the festival to instead go towards safety precautions.<ref name="Kaul"/><ref name="Goel">{{cite web |last1=Goel |first1=Abhinav |last2=Pasha |first2=Dilnawaz |title=Families heartbreak after deadly Delhi railway station crush |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cn8x3kjd7zzo |work=[[BBC]] |date=16 February 2025 |access-date=17 February 2025}}</ref> General Secretary of the [[All India Congress Committee]], [[Randeep Surjewala]], called on Union Minister of Railways Vaishnaw to resign from the incident.<ref name="Kaul"/>

== See also ==
{{Portal|India|Railways}}
* [[2025 Prayag Maha Kumbh Mela crowd crush]]
* [[List of fatal crowd crushes]]
* [[2025 in India]]
* [[Crowd collapses and crushes#Crowd "stampedes"]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Human crushes}}
{{Disasters in India in 2025}}
{{Railway accidents and incidents in 2025}}
{{Railway accidents in India}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Prayag Maha Kumbh Mela crowd crush, 2025}}
[[Category:2025 disasters in India]]
[[Category:February 2025 in India]]
[[Category:Crowd collapses and crushes in India]]
[[Category:Kumbh Mela]]
[[Category:2020s in New Delhi]]
[[Category:Railway accidents in 2025]]

Nil Darpan

2025-12-26T05:45:16Z

Brock211211849: reworked details and added references for consistency

{{Short description|Famous Bengali Language Play}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Italic title}}
'''''Nil Darpan''''' (Bengali: নীল দর্পণ, ''The Indigo Mirror'') is a [[Bengali language|Bengali-language]] play written by [[Dinabandhu Mitra]] in 1858–1859. The play was essential to ''Nil Vidroha'', better known as the [[Indigo revolt|Indigo Revolt]] of February–March 1859 in Bengal, when farmers refused to sow indigo in their fields to protest against exploitative working conditions during the period of [[Company rule in India|Company rule]].<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/eb/topic-415320/Nildarpan Nildarpan (play by Mitra) – Britannica Online Encyclopedia]</ref> It was also essential to the development of theatre in [[Bengal]] and influenced [[Girish Chandra Ghosh]], who in 1872 would establish the National Theatre in Calcutta ([[Kolkata]]), where the first play ever commercially staged was ''Nildarpan''.
[[File:নীলদর্পণ Nil Darpan.jpg|thumb|Nil Darpan]]

==Critical summary==
The play was received with mixed results upon its release. It was allegedly translated by [[Michael Madhusudan Dutt|Michael Madhusudan Dutta]] and published by [[James Long (priest)|Reverend James Long]], for which he was sentenced to prison and charged with criminal libel.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/nildarpanorindig00mitriala Internet Archive: Details: Nil darpan, or, The indigo planting mirror : a drama]</ref>

<blockquote>
I present "The Indigo Planting Mirror" to the Indigo Planters' hands; now, let every one of them, having observed his face, erase the freckle of the stain of selfishness from his forehead, and, in its stead, place on it the sandal powder of beneficence, then shall I think my labour success...
</blockquote>

It is evident from this wish that it was a piece meant to raise a voice among the elite intellectuals of [[Kolkata]] so that the farmers' revolt would be integrated with the urban thinkers. Unlike the [[Sepoy Revolt]], the [[Indigo revolt|Indigo Revolt]] was effectively a revolt integrating the whole population of Bengalis with no distance kept between the several classes of society, which can be attributed to the effort by Mitra, [[James Long (Anglican priest)|Rev. James Long]], and [[Michael Madhusudan Dutt]].

[[Indian literature]] has a long-standing tradition of drama writing. For almost a millennium the only form of literature other than [[ode]]s was drama. The distinction of [[Sanskrit drama]] by luminaries like [[Kalidasa]] was strong enough to keep audiences absorbed for centuries. But a dawn was coming by the mid-1800s in [[Bengal]] where the [[Bengal Renaissance]] saw the rise in western education and ideas, and therefore the styles of new forms of literature were seeping in.<ref name="feb-web.ru">[https://feb-web.ru/feb/litenc/encyclop/le1/le1-4401.htm Бенгальская литература // Литературная энциклопедия. Т. 1. — 1930 (текст)]</ref> For example, Ram Narayan Tarkaratna (1823–1885) had already left the [[Sanskrit]] tradition and started writing social realism.<ref name="feb-web.ru"/> The drama is markedly different from the earlier dramas of that period; notably, the first modern drama written in Bengali by Ram Narayan still had the old ''[[sadhu bhasa]]'', the artificial Sanskritised dialect of modern Bengali as the writing medium.

The characters in the drama are the villagers and the indigo planters who have the money and the law in their hand.

== Characters ==
; Male characters
* Golok Chandra Basu, a rich farmer. (গোলক চন্দ্র বসু, একজন সম্পন্ন চাষি)
* Nobin Madhab, son of Golok Chandra Basu. (নবীন মাধব, গোলক বসুর বড় ছেলে)
* Bindu Madhab, son of Golok Chandra Basu. (বিন্দু মাধব, গোলক বসুর ছোট ছেলে)
* Sadhu Charan, a neighbouring Ryot. (সাধু চরণ, গোলকের প্রতিবেশি রাইয়ত)
* Ray Charan, Sadhu's brother. (রাই চরণ, সাধু চরণের ছোট ভাই)
* Gopinath, The Dewan. (গোপীনাথ, নীলকরের দেওয়ান)
* Torap, A heroic figure.(তোরাপ, একজন প্রতিবাদী চরিত্র)
* Indigo planters. (নীলকর) :
* J. J. Wood. (জে জে ঊড, প্রধান নীলকর)
* P. P. Rose J. (পি পি রোজ, উডের ছেলে)
* The Amin or Land measurer. (জমির পরিমাপকারী)
* A Khalasi, a Tent-pitcher. (আমিন খালাসী, নীল সংগ্রাহক)
* Tadagir, Native Superintendent of Indigo Cultivation.
* Magistrate, Amla, Attorney, Deputy Inspector, pundit, Keeper of the Gaol, Doctor, a Cow-keeper, a Native Doctor, Four Boys, a Latyal or Club-man, and a Herdsman.

; Female characters
* Sabitri, Wife of Golok chandra basu(সাবিত্রী, গোলক বসুর স্ত্রী)
* Soirindri, Wife of Nobin. (সৈরিন্দ্রী, নবীন মাধবের স্ত্রী)
* Saralota, Wife of Bindu Madhab. (সরলতা, বিন্দু মাধবের স্ত্রী)
* Reboti, Wife of Sadhu Charan. (রেবতী, সাধু চরণের স্ত্রী)
* Khetromani, Daughter of Sadhu & Reboti. (ক্ষেত্রমনি, সাধুচরণ ও রেবতীর মেয়ে)
* Aduri, Maid-servant in Gokul Chunder's house. (আদুরি, গোলকের বাড়ির কাজের মেয়ে)
* Podi Moyrani, a Sweetmeat maker. (পদী ময়রানী, বিনোদনকারিনী, রোগ সাহেবের সহচরী)

==Legacy==

The legacy of [[black humor]] in the play is well shared by contemporary dramatists like [[Michael Madhusudan Dutt]], [[Girish Chandra Ghosh]] and [[Ardhendu Sekhar Mustafi]]. It was also important in development of the ''chalit bhasa'', or colloquial dialect, which is free of the [[Sanskrit]]-influenced [[sadhu bhasa]].

== The trial of James Long ==

The proceedings of the trial of Reverend Mr. James Long first appeared in the second Edition (India) of the English version of the play, ''Nil Darpan'' (also transliterated as ''Neel Darpan'' or ''Nil Durpan''). It included all the relevant documents and comments of the Indian-language and Anglo-Indian newspapers. It was published in 1903 by Messrs A. N. Andini and Co., Calcutta. Mr. Kumud Bihari Bose compiled it under the title: "''The Trial of the Rev. James Long and the Drama of'' Nil Durpan," subtitled "Indigo Planters and all about them."<ref>Editorial note to ''Nil Durpan'', ed. Sudhi Pradhan, p. ii.</ref> The play dealt with the upheaval between the indigo planters and Indian [[ryot]]s in different parts of Bengal, Bihar, and U.P. This conflict gave rise to the rift and division between the different classes of the society and between the different sections of the government as well.

== Background of the trial of the play Nil Darpan ==

James Long criticized the [[East India Company|colonial authorities]] and the European mercantile community for provoking the revolt by their treatment of the indigo cultivators. His view concurred that of Dinabandhu Mitra, who expressed his sentiments in a play entitled ''Nil Darpan'' (the original Bengali play was written by him) and published anonymously in Dhaka in 1860. Mitra sent Long a copy of the play as early as 1861. Long brought it to the notice of W.S. Seton-Karr, Secretary to the Governor of Bengal and ex-President of the Indigo Commission. Seton-Karr, sensing its importance, mentioned ''Nil Durpan'' in conversation with Lieutenant Governor Grant. Grant expressed a wish to see a translation of it and to print a few copies to be circulated privately among friends. After the discussion, Seton-Karr asked Long to arrange for a translation of the play in English. Michael Madhusudan Dutta translated it under the supervision of Long. Long, as the editor, cut out some coarse passages and wrote a short prefatory note for the play. When the translation was complete, Seton-Karr ordered the printing of five hundred copies in lieu of Grant's wish of a few copies. Then Long sent the translated manuscripts to Clement Henry Manuel, the proprietor of the Calcutta Printing and Publishing Press, to print five hundred copies, and the cost came to around Rs. 300. It was published in April or May 1861. Unknown to the Lieutenant Governor, Long began sending out the copies in official government envelopes that had the heading: "On her Majesty's Service".<ref>Oddie, p. 119</ref> The translation revealed the nature of the oppression against the indigo workers. It naturally offended the establishment so much that the Anglo-Indian press started raising propaganda against the publisher and the translator. One of the leading newspapers named ''The Englishman'' and some indigo planters instituted a libel suit against Long and the printer C. H. Manuel. The words mentioned in Long's introduction to the play stated that what was presented in it was "plain but true". This was subsequently used by the planters in their prosecution of Long for publishing defamatory statements.

Counsel (acting on Long's advice) named Long as the one responsible, as Long had given Manuel a copy of the play for publication. The planters filed for only nominal damages, even as they had decided to prosecute Long for libel in a criminal suit.

Friday, 19 July 1861 was fixed as the first date for the trial and it lasted from then to 24 July at the Calcutta Supreme Court. It was regarded as the first "state trial of India under the Empire". Mr. Peterson and Mr. Cowie were prosecuted. Mr. Eglinton and Mr. Newmarch appeared on behalf of the defendant. Sir Mordunt Wells presided as the judge.

It is true that it becomes difficult to censor any literary work when it becomes so available in the public domain. That is why it became very urgent to find out the list of people who had the books after its printing. The issue of finding out the list was the concern for the first day of trial on 19 July 1861. The list submitted at the trial contained the number of copies that had been issued was said to be two hundred and two.

The agenda for the days of 20 to 24 July was to justify the two counts brought against James Long. The first count referred to libel or a supposed libel against the two leading newspapers named the ''Englishman'' and ''Hurkaru'' published in Kolkata. These two papers were alluded to in the preface of the play ''Nil Durpan'':

<blockquote>The Editors of two daily newspapers are filling their columns with your praises; and whatever other people may think, you never enjoy pleasure from it, since you know fully the reason of their so doing. What surprising power of attraction silver has! The detestable Judas gave the great preacher of the Christian religion, Jesus and others, into the hands of Odious Pilate for the sake of thirty rupees; what wonder then, if the proprietors of two newspapers, becoming enslaved by the hope of gaining one thousand rupees, throw the poor helpless of this land into the terrible grasp of your mouths.<ref>See to the "Preface" of Nil Durpan, by James Long, ed. by Sudhi Pradhan, p. xi</ref></blockquote> Being aggrieved, Mr. Brett, the managing proprietor and formerly joint editor of the Englishman, brought a criminal prosecution against James Long. He claimed that the implied meanings of the allusions were defamatory because the extract indicates they wrote for reward from the indigo planters and not otherwise.

The second count, which concerned the interests of the society at large, was the alleged libel against that portion of the community called the indigo planters of Lower Bengal.

Sir Mordunt Wells accused Long of slandering European women in ''Nil Durpan'': the question of shame was brought up through the episode of a woman riding on horseback with the magistrate of the [[Zillah (country subdivision)|zillah]] through the village, as well as injuring the reputation of every European in the country by calling them Planter or Civilian or Soldier. The fictitious characters named Mr. Wood and Mr. Rose in the play represent the indigo planters. This also became a reason for attacking Long.

== Bibliography ==
*Dinabandhu Mitra: ''Nil Durpan or the Indigo Planting Mirror'', translated by Michael Madhusudan Dutt, edited by Sudhi Pradhan and Sailesh Sen Gupta (Calcutta: Paschimbanga Natya Academy, 1997)
*Geoffrey A. Oddie, chapter Eight, The Aftermath: Nil Durpan, Trial and Imprisonment, ''Missionaries, Rebellion and Proto-Nationalism: James Long of Bengal 1814–87'' (London: Routledge, 1999)
*Nurul Hossain Choudhury, "James Rev. Long", Banglapedia.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Wikisource|Nil Durpan}}
* [https://archive.org/details/nildarpanorindig00mitriala Full text of the play in English translation]

{{Bengali theatre}}

[[Category:Bengali-language plays]]
[[Category:Indian plays]]
[[Category:1859 plays]]
[[Category:Literature of Indian independence movement]]
[[Category:Plays set in the 19th century]]
[[Category:Plays set in India]]
[[Category:Bengal Presidency]]
[[Category:Indigo dye production]]

Uma Dasgupta

2025-12-14T07:57:01Z

Brock211211849: Created First Pg Nd Citations

{{Short description|Indian actress (1940–2024)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Uma Dasgupta
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth Date|1941|9|12|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Bengal_Presidency#Districts_of_Bengal_Presidency_1937–1947|Pabna]], Bengal, British India {{small|(present-day [[Pabna]], Bangladesh)}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|2024|11|18|1941|9|12|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]
| known_for = [[Pather Panchali]]
| occupation = Actress
| movement =
| citizenship =
| alma_mater = [[Jogamaya Devi College]]
| home_town =
| spouse =
| religion =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Uma Sen''' (née '''Dasgupta'''; 12 September 1941 – 18 November 2024) was an Indian [[Bengalis|Bengali]] actress who acted the role of 'Durga' in [[Satyajit Ray|Satyajit Ray's]] [[Bengali language|Bengali]]-language drama film ''[[Pather Panchali]]'' in 1955.<ref name="thehindu">{{cite news |title=Actor Uma Dasgupta, one of 'Pather Panchali's pivotal characters, dies at 84 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/actor-uma-dasgupta-one-of-pather-panchalis-pivotal-characters-dies-at-84/article68882307.ece |access-date=19 November 2024 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== Background ==
Uma Dasgupta graduated from [[Jogamaya Devi College]], an affiliate of the [[University of Calcutta]]<ref>{{cite web |title=History of the College |url=http://jogamayadevicollege.org/history.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726210012/http://www.jogamayadevicollege.org/history.htm |archive-date=26 July 2011 |access-date=19 November 2024}}</ref> She was a school teacher by profession from 1984 to 2000 in nursery and primary section of [[Jadavpur Vidyapith]],<ref name="abp">{{cite web |date=19 November 2024 |title=উমা চলে গেলেও 'দুর্গা'র মৃত্যু নেই,স্মৃতির কোলাজ বুনল স্কুল |url=https://mepaper.anandabazar.com/imageview_80800_6524291_4_71_19-11-2024_8_i_1_sf.html |access-date=19 November 2024 |website=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |archive-date=13 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241213205826/https://mepaper.anandabazar.com/imageview_80800_6524291_4_71_19-11-2024_8_i_1_sf.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kolkata.

Sen died on 18 November 2024, at the age of 84 in her house in Kolkata. She was cremated at the Keoratala crematorium, Kolkata on the same day. Her daughter is Srimayee Sen Ram.<ref name="spd2">{{cite web |date=19 November 2024 |title=তথ্যে ভুল রয়েছে', 'অপরাজিত' দেখে অভিযোগ পথের পাঁচালীর 'দুর্গা'র মেয়ের |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/daughter-of-pather-panchali-actress-uma-dasgupta-slams-aparajita-for-misinformation/ |access-date=19 November 2024 |website=[[Sangbad Pratidin]]}}</ref>

== Pather Panchali ==
{{Main|Pather Panchali}}
''[[Pather Panchali]]'', the Bengali drama film was adapted from [[Pather Panchali (novel)|the novel of the same name]] by [[Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay]]. Satyajit Roy was looking for someone who could play the character of Durga. At the age of 12, while studying in eighth standard in a school, Uma was chosen for the character Durga by Satyajit Ray with the help of Ashish Burman, the Assistant Headmaster of her school <ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050315/asp/calcutta/story_4492664.as|date=15 March 2005 |title=Golden memories of 50 years ago|access-date=19 November 2024 |website=The Telegraph|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107202536/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050315/asp/calcutta/story_4492664.as |archive-date=7 November 2016 }}</ref> It was Uma's first film, as it was also for [[Subir Banerjee]], who portrayed the title character of ''[[The Apu Trilogy]]'' in this installment of the trilogy. <ref name="Robinson1989">{{cite book|last=Robinson|first=Andrew|title=Satyajit Ray: The Inner Eye|url=https://archive.org/details/satyajitrayinner00robi_0|url-access=registration|year=1989|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-06946-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/satyajitrayinner00robi_0/page/79 79]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|id=0201871}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dasgupta, Uma}}
[[Category:1941 births]]
[[Category:2024 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Bengali cinema]]
[[Category:Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Jogamaya Devi College alumni]]

Jadunath Bhattacharya

2025-11-25T21:23:44Z

Brock211211849:

{{Short description|Musical artist (1840 – 1883)}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Jadunath Bhattacharya
| image = Jadunath Bhattacharya.png
| image_size =
| birth_date = {{Birth date text|1840}}
| birth_place = [[Bishnupur kingdom|Bishnupur]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1883|04|04|1840|04|04}}
| alma_mater=
| occupation = [[Vocalist]], [[Musician]]
| years_active = 1860 –1883
| father = Madhusudan Bhattacharya
| spouse =
| children =
| relatives =
| module = {{Infobox musical artist|embed=yes
| genre = {{hlist||[[Indian classical music]]|[[Bengali classical music]]
}}
| instrument = [[Surbahar]], [[sitar]]
}}
|
}}
[[File:Jadu-Bhatta-honor.jpg|thumb|right|An old certificate awarded by Maharaja Satrughnaditya to Jadu Batta]]
'''Jadunath Bhattacharya''' (also known as '''Jadu Bhatta''') (1840 – 4 April 1883) was an Indian musician and composer of the 19th century Indian classical music, mainly of the [[Bishnupur gharana]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Jadu Bhatta's 177-year-old tanpura finds place in Indian Museum |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/jadu-bhattas-177-year-old-tanpura-finds-place-in-indian-museum/articleshow/17344385.cms |website=The Times of India |date=24 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Saṃsada bāṅgālī caritābhidhāna. 1 |date=2013 |publisher=Sāhitya Saṃsada |location=Kalakātā |isbn=978-81-7955-135-6 |pages=600 |edition=Saṃśodhita 5. saṃskaraṇa, 2. mudraṇa}}</ref> In fact, he was, in the words of the poet, " a master of the hand of God".<ref>{{cite web |title=যদুভট্টের থেকে পালিয়ে বেড়াতেন রবীন্দ্রনাথ, স্বীকার করেছেন নিজের গানের সীমাবদ্ধতাও - Prohor |url=https://www.prohor.in/jadunath-bhattacharya-taught-music-to-rabindranath-tagore-in-his-young-age |website=যদুভট্টের থেকে পালিয়ে বেড়াতেন রবীন্দ্রনাথ, স্বীকার করেছেন নিজের গানের সীমাবদ্ধতাও - Prohor |language=en}}</ref> He enriched the music of the Bishnupur gharana with his own uniqueness and spread the taste of its beauty and flavor to different parts of the country, increasing his own unparalleled fame and the glory of Bengal.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Saha |first=Sanghamitra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=amIwAQAAIAAJ&q=Jadunath+Bhattacharya |title=A Handbook of West Bengal |date=1998 |publisher=International School of Dravidian Linguistics |isbn=978-81-85692-24-1 |language=en}}</ref>

==Jadu Bhatta influence on Rabindranath Tagore and Bankim==
A mid-19th century tanpura that Dhrupad legend Jadu Bhatta used to play while giving lessons to icons like [[Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay]] and [[Rabindranath Tagore]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Jadu Bhatta's 177-year-old tanpura finds place in Indian Museum |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/jadu-bhattas-177-year-old-tanpura-finds-place-in-indian-museum/articleshow/17344385.cms |website=The Times of India |date=24 November 2012}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+
! colspan="2" |Rabindra Sangeet
! colspan="2" |Source - Original song by Jadu Bhatta
! colspan="2" |Raga, rhythm<ref>{{cite web |title=ভারতীয় শাস্ত্রীয় সংগীতের বিষ্ণুপুর ঘরানা |url=https://www.sahapedia.org/bhaarataiya-saasataraiya-samgaitaera-baisanaupaura-gharaanaa |website=Sahapedia |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Bengali alphabet|Bengali script]]
|[[Romanization of Bengali|Bengali phonemic transcription]]'''   '''
|[[Bengali alphabet|Bengali script]]
|[[Romanization of Bengali|Bengali phonemic transcription]]'''   '''
|[[Bengali alphabet|Bengali script]]
|[[Romanization of Bengali|Bengali phonemic transcription]]'''   '''
|-
|১) শূন্য হাতে ফিরি হে, নাথ
|1) Śūn'ya hātē phiri hē, nātha
|রুমঝুম বরখে আজো বদরবা
|Rumajhuma barakhē ājō badarabā
|কাফি, সুরফাঁকতাল
|Kāphi, suraphām̐katāla
|-
|২) আজি বহিছে বসন্ত পবন
|2) Āji bahichē basanta pabana
|আজু বহত সুগন্ধ পবন
|Āji bahuta sugandhi pabana
|বাহার, তেওড়া
|Bāhāra, tē'ōṛā
|-
|৩) আজি মম মন চাহে
|3) Āji mama mana cāhē
|ফুলিবন ঘন মোর আয়ে বসন্তরি
|Phulibana ghana mōra āẏē basantari
|বাহার, চৌতাল
|Bāhāra, cautāla
|-
|৪) জয় তব বিচিত্র আনন্দ
|4) Jaẏa taba bicitra ānanda
|জয় প্রবল বেগবতী সুরেশ্বরী
|Jaẏa prabala bēgabatī surēśbarī
|বৃন্দাবনী সারং, তেওড়া
|Br̥ndābanī sāraṁ, tē'ōṛā
|}

[[File:Vande Mataram on Mohan Veena.ogg|right|Vande Mataram Music|border]]
Bankim Chandra also became a musical disciple of Jadu Bhatta. He used to visit Bankim Chandra's house in Bhatpara, Naihati. He was the first composer of the "national anthem of [[Bengal]]" [[Vande Mataram]]. He first composed the song in the Kafi raga on the trital.<ref>{{cite web |title=স্বর্গীয় যদুনাথ ভট্টাচার্য্য (যদুভট্ট) |url=https://sargam93.com/2020/08/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%80%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A5-%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0/ |date=5 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210605124148/https://sargam93.com/2020/08/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%80%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A5-%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0/ |archive-date=5 June 2021 }}</ref>

==Legacy==
The 177-year-old tanpura used by Jadunath Bhattacharya is now preserved in the Kolkata Museum.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jadu Bhatta's 177-year-old tanpura finds place in Indian Museum |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/jadu-bhattas-177-year-old-tanpura-finds-place-in-indian-museum/articleshow/17344385.cms |website=The Times of India |date=24 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=আনন্দবাজার পত্রিকা - কলকাতার কড়চা |url=http://archives.anandabazar.com/archive/1121112/12karcha.html |website=archives.anandabazar.com |access-date=2024-12-08 |archive-date=2024-12-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241214231434/http://archives.anandabazar.com/archive/1121112/12karcha.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Memories==
[[Rabindranath Tagore]] -
{{blockquote|text="The uniqueness of his songs is not found in any other Hindustani song. It is doubtful whether anyone else has been born in modern India with a musical flair like Jadu Bhatta."<ref>{{cite book |title=Saṃsada bāṅgālī caritābhidhāna. 1 |date=2013 |publisher=Sāhitya Saṃsada |location=Kalakātā |isbn=978-81-7955-135-6 |pages=600 |edition=Saṃśodhita 5. saṃskaraṇa, 2. mudraṇa}}</ref>}}

== Books ==
[[File:Sangit Manjari 1.png|thumb|right|Sangit Manjari Book written by Ramaprasanna Bandyopadhyay]]
The Bengali and Hindi songs he composed have been published in the book "Sangita Manjari" and the introduction of some songs in the book "Bishnupur" written by Ramaprasanna Bandyopadhyay.
*{{cite book |last1=Bandyopādhyāẏa |first1=Rāmaprasanna |title=Sangita manjari |date=1935 |publisher=Kuntalin Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fDokMwEACAAJ |language=bn}}

==In popular culture==
===Film===
* Indian film director [[Niren Lahiri]] made a film, ''[[Jadu Bhatta (film)|Jadu Bhatta]]'' (1954). This movie received the 2nd [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Bengali]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2025}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Wikisource|Author:Jadunath Bhattacharya|Jadunath Bhattacharya}}
*{{commons category-inline|}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhattacharya, Jadunath}}
[[Category:1840 births]]
[[Category:1883 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian musicians]]
[[Category:Indian composers]]
[[Category:Bishnupur gharana]]

Makhan Singh (trade unionist)

2025-11-21T17:14:08Z

Brock211211849: added initial biography and citations

{{Short description|Kenyan trade unionist (1913–1973)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2016}}
{{Fan POV|date=August 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Makhan Singh
| image = Makhan Singh. Nairobi. 1947.jpg
| caption = Makhan Singh in Nairobi in 1947
| birth_date = {{birth date|1913|12|27|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Gujranwala]], Punjab Province, British India
| death_date = {{death date and age|1973|05|18|1913|12|27|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Nairobi]], Kenya
| resting_place = [[Nairobi]]
| citizenship = Kenyan
| occupation =
| era =
| known_for = Advancing the [[Trade Unionist]] movement in Kenya
| notable_works = History of Kenya's Trade Union Movement, to 1952 and various Ghadar Magazines
}}
'''Makhan Singh Jabbal''' (27 December 1913 – 18 May 1973) was a Kenyan [[labour union]] leader who is credited with establishing the foundations of [[trade unionism]] in Kenya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Makhan Singh, Kenyan – SikhiWiki, free Sikh encyclopedia. |url=https://www.sikhiwiki.org/index.php/Makhan_Singh,_Kenyan |access-date=2022-08-09 |website=sikhiwiki.org}}</ref> He is credited to have played a vital role in the Kenyan independence movement. He was detained by the British colonialists for 11 years from 1950 to 1961 - the longest ever political detention in Kenya's history.

==Early life==
Makhan Singh was born in Gharjakh, a village in [[Gujranwala District]], in British India's [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]] to a [[Sikh]] family. In 1927, at the age of 13, he moved with his family to [[Nairobi]], a [[municipality]] which, since 1905, had functioned as the administrative capital of the [[British East Africa]]n [[protectorate]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kenya | date=6 August 2019 |url=https://www.headlinesofmylife.today/2019/08/makhan-singh-single-minded-pioneer.html?m=1}}</ref>
[[File:Gopal Singh & Makhan Singh (aged 20). Nairobi. May 1933.jpg|thumb|Gopal Singh (left) & Makhan Singh (right) aged 20, Nairobi, May 1933]]

== Indian independence movement ==
From the end of the [[World War II|Second World War]] he participated in the [[Indian independence movement]] from Kenya, where he was jailed in Gujarat Jail. He was freed after multiple fasts unto death.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wangchuk |first=Rinchen Norbu |date=2021-02-08 |title=Unsung Punjabi Hero Who Fought for the Freedom of 2 Nations From The British |url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/248852/kenya-makhan-singh-punjab-freedom-struggle-trade-union-leader-gandhi-india-history-inspiring-nor41/ |access-date=2022-08-09 |website=The Better India |language=en-US}}</ref>

The Indian Trade Union was formed in 1934 and Makhan Singh elected its secretary not long after, in March 1935. Soon, Makhan Singh convinced his nearly 500 fellow unionists to change the name of their association to the Labour Trade Union of Kenya and open membership to all, regardless of race.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Untitled Document |url=http://www.sikh-heritage.co.uk/heritage/sikhhert%20EAfrica/sikhsEAfricapart4.htm |access-date=2022-08-09 |website=sikh-heritage.co.uk}}</ref> Singh's action at both a basic, semantic level and a broader, organizational level signalled his intent to break free of the political and racial narrowness of daily life in colonial Kenya. To this end, biographer Nazmi Durrani says, the union published its handouts in Kiswahili besides Punjabi, Gujarati and Urdu. This encourages us to believe that Makhan Singh's inclusion of Africans in his trade union activities was not merely symbolic and that he was determined to reach out to as wide a swathe of subjugated races as possible.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-05-21 |title=Unsung Sikh Freedom Fighter's Life Now A Play. |url=http://www.sikhnet.com/daily-news/unsung-sikh-freedom-fighters-life-now-a-play |access-date=2022-08-09 |website=SikhNet |language=en}}</ref> He was arrested in 1943 and in January 1945, he was set free. Wasting no time, he took up work as a sub-editor at ''Jang-i-Azadi'', the weekly published by the Punjab Committee of the Communist Party.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.scribd.com/book/407581511/Makhan-Singh-A-Revolutionary-Kenyan-Trade-Unionist |title=Makhan Singh: A Revolutionary Kenyan Trade Unionist by Vita Books – Ebook {{!}} Scribd |language=en}}</ref>
Kenya was a centre of [[Ghadar Movement|Ghadr Party]] until 1947. Three Punjabis Bishan Singh of village Gakhal Jalandhar, Ganesh Das and Yog Raj Bali of Rawalpindi were summarily tried and hanged to death in public in December 1915 for possessing and distributing ''Ghadr''.

== Kenyan independence movement ==
In Kenya he had done something unprecedented. In the month of April, Makhan Singh gave a call in Nairobi for ''Uhuru Sasa'', a [[Swahili language|Kiswahili]] expression meaning ''Freedom Now''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SILICONEER {{!}} INDEPENDENCE DAY SPECIAL: Patriot Everywhere: Makhan Singh (1913-1973) {{!}} AUGUST 2010 {{!}} Celebrating 11 Years |url=https://www.siliconeer.com/past_issues/2010/august-2010/aug10-CoverStory-PatriotEverywhere-MakhanSingh.html |access-date=2022-08-09 |website=siliconeer.com}}</ref> For the first time, someone had commanded the British to grant complete independence to their territories in [[East Africa Protectorate|East Africa]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Untitled Document |url=http://www.sikh-heritage.co.uk/heritage/sikhhert%20EAfrica/sikhsEAfricapart5.htm |access-date=2022-08-09 |website=sikh-heritage.co.uk}}</ref>

In 1935, he formed the Labour Trade Union of Kenya and, in 1949, he and Fred Kubai formed the East African Trade Union Congress, the first central organization of trade unions in Kenya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-05 |title=Play on icon's life to be staged on Sunday |url=https://nation.africa/kenya/life-and-style/lifestyle/play-on-icon-s-life-to-be-staged-on-sunday-984832 |access-date=2022-08-09 |website=Nation |language=en}}</ref>

After having spoken out in clear and strong terms against British occupation and colonial rule in Kenya on 23 April 1950 at Nairobi's Kaloleni Halls, Makhan Singh was arrested within 21 days on 15 May. He had inadvertently given the British colonial masters an opportunity to silence him. At a trial in [[Nyeri]], Chanan Singh (later Justice Chanan Singh) defended him eloquently and with rigour. He was acquitted.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Durrani |first=Shiraz |title=Makhan Singh Every Inch A Fighter Reflections on Makhan Singh and the Trade Union Struggle in Kenya – Vita Books Notes & Quotes Study Guide Series No. 1 (2014) Nairobi |url=https://www.academia.edu/43450808 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

While in jail he still organized strikes and fasts. Although the greatest feat of his power was from 1951 to 1955, where he issued the Sector Nairobi, Kenya Trade Union to stop trading with Britain altogether.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hromnik |first=Jeanne |title=Sana Aiyar's 'Indians in Kenya' brings the politics affecting Indian diasporas out of the shadows |url=https://scroll.in/article/1027076/sana-aiyars-indians-in-kenya-brings-the-politics-affecting-indian-diasporas-out-of-the-shadows |access-date=2022-08-09 |website=Scroll.in |date=10 July 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref> After he left jail in 1961 he was able to reset his Trade Union although [[Jomo Kenyatta]] and him, at the time partners with the same respect in society, were able to negotiate with the British to set up Kenya as a democracy, although he wanted it to be a Communist nation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Surjeet Singh Panesar (Jr), Kenya's four-time Olympian passes away {{!}} FIH |url=https://www.fih.ch/news/surjeet-singh-panesar-jr-kenya-s-four-time-olympian-passes-away/ |access-date=2022-08-09 |website=fih.ch}}</ref>
[[File:Achieng Oneko-Jomo Kenyatta-Makhan Singh-Oginga Odinga-1961-.jpg|thumb|(left to right) Achieng Oneko, Jomo Kenyatta, Makhan Singh, Oginga Odinga, 1961]]

== Post-independence life ==
Post-independence, Makhan Singh was left out of any national involvement. Heartbroken, he became a social recluse and directed his mind to writing the history of Kenya's trade unionism in his volumes. He died of a heart attack on 18 May 1973 at the age of 59.

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*Chandan, Amarjit (2004). "Gopal Singh Chandan: A Short Biography & Memoirs". Jalandhar: Punjab Centre for Migration Studies.
*Singh, Makhan (1969). ''History of Kenya'a Trade Union Movement to 1952''. Nairobi: East African Publishing House.
*Patel, Zarina (2006). ''Unquiet: The Life and Times of Makhan Singh''. Nairobi: Awaaz.

==External links==
*[http://www.sikhnet.com/sikhnet/news.nsf/NewsArchive/3E65724825A6C989872571E20076AC76 Extensive review and commentary on the 2006 biography of Makhan Singh]
*[http://www.mashada.com/forums/politics/11905-contribution-asians-kenya-makhan-singh-crew.html From Mashada (Africa's online community): Contributions of Asians in Kenya—Mashan Singh]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Makhan}}
[[Category:1913 births]]
[[Category:1973 deaths]]
[[Category:Date of death missing]]
[[Category:Kenyan people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Kenyan trade union leaders]]
[[Category:Trade unionists from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:People from Nairobi]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to Kenya]]
[[Category:Kenyan people of Punjabi descent]]
[[Category:Kenyan Sikhs]]
[[Category:People from Gujranwala]]

2002 in Kerala

2025-11-16T06:54:52Z

Brock211211849:

{{Year in Kerala}}

Events in the year '''2002''' in '''Kerala'''.

== Incumbents ==

[[List of governors of Kerala|'''Governors of Kerala''']]

* [[Sukhdev Singh Kang]] (till April)
* [[Sikander Bakht]] (since April)

[[List of chief ministers of Kerala|'''Chief minister of Kerala''']] – [[A. K. Antony]]

== Events ==

* 6 February - [[Government]] employees and teachers in Kerala started indefinite strike.<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 25, 2002 |first=M. G. |last=Radhakrishnan |title=Kerala CM A.K. Antony's stand on striking unions receives strong public backing |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/states/story/20020225-kerala-cm-a.k.-antony-stand-on-striking-unions-receives-strong-public-backing-795997-2002-02-25 |access-date=2022-05-02 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=rediff.com: Biggest staff strike paralyses offices in Kerala |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2002/feb/06kerala.htm |access-date=2023-04-09 |website=www.rediff.com}}</ref>
* 2 March - [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] workers kills two [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] workers in [[Dharmadom|Meloor]], [[Kannur district]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Daily |first=Keralakaumudi |title=Melur double murder case: Supreme Court upholds life imprisonment of four CPM workers |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=1456950&u=melur-double-murder-case-supreme-court-upholds-life-imprisonment-of-four-cpm-workers-1456950 |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=Keralakaumudi Daily |language=en}}</ref>
* 22 April - Group of villagers and [[Adivasi]]s starts [[Plachimada Coca-Cola struggle]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hindustan Coca-Cola Beverages (P) Ltd. vs Perumatty Grama Panchayat. {{!}} UNEP Law and Environment Assistance Platform |url=https://leap.unep.org/countries/in/national-case-law/hindustan-coca-cola-beverages-p-ltd-vs-perumatty-grama-panchayat |access-date=2023-04-08 |website=leap.unep.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ghoshray |first=Saby |date=2006–2007 |title=Searching for Human Rights to Water Amidst Corporate Privatization in India: Hindustan Coca-Cola Pvt. Ltd. v. Perumatty Grama Panchayat |url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/gintenlr19&id=651&div=&collection= |journal=Georgetown International Environmental Law Review |volume=19 |pages=643}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |author=The Hindu Net Desk |date=2017-07-15 |title=Water wars: Plachimada vs Coca-Cola |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/water-wars-plachimada-vs-coca-cola/article19284658.ece |access-date=2023-04-08 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* 27 June - A person named Sankaranarayanan allegedly killed Ahmed Koya who raped and murdered his daughter an year ago in [[Manjeri]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=When justice 'failed': In 2002, a Kerala man killed his child's rapist-murderer |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2019/12/06/when-justice-failed-in-2002-kerala-man-killed-child-rapist-murderer.html |access-date=2025-02-25 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref>
* 27 July - [[2002 Kumarakom boat disaster|Kumarakom boat disaster]]; State Water Transport Department boat accident near [[Kumarakom]] kills 29 passengers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=rediff.com: 29 drown as boat capsizes near Kumarakom |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2002/jul/27kera.htm |access-date=2023-04-09 |website=www.rediff.com}}</ref>
* 1 October - [[Kerala State Road Transport Corporation]] launches [[Volvo B7R]] buses in Thiruvananthapuram - Kozhikode and Thiruvananthapuram - Palakkad routes and becomes the third government transport company in India to achieve this feat.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2002-11-07 |title=The Hindu Business Line : KSRTC plans to ply luxury buses |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2002/10/02/stories/2002100200521700.htm |access-date=2022-05-02 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021107055050/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2002/10/02/stories/2002100200521700.htm |archive-date=7 November 2002 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2002-09-30 |title=Forced Facelift Brings Fortune To Kerala's Public Transport |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/forced-facelift-brings-fortune-to-keralas-public-transport/58716/ |access-date=2022-05-02 |website=The Financial Express |language=en-US}}</ref>
* 18 November - [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]] inaugurates [[Akshaya project]] a [[Computer literacy]] and governance through ICT project of [[Government of Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Akshaya Web Portal - Gateway of Opportunities |url=http://www.akshaya.kerala.gov.in/about |access-date=2023-02-18 |website=www.akshaya.kerala.gov.in}}</ref>

=== Date not known ===

* [[Kerala]] introduces three new [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India|RTO codes]] namely KL-16, KL-17 and KL-18 at [[Attingal]], [[Muvattupuzha]] and [[Vatakara]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=From KL 01 to KL 79: the registration numbers and places in Kerala |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/business/2020/05/15/vehicle-registration-kerala-number-plates.html |access-date=2023-10-14 |website=OnManorama}}</ref>

==Births==
* [[Anaswara Rajan]] - September 8
* [[Mathew Thomas]] - October 16

== Deaths ==

* January 2 - [[Geetha Hiranyan]], 43, poet.
* January 6 - [[Kunjandi]], 82, actor.
* June 19 - [[N. F. Varghese]], 53, actor.
* July 1 - Saswathikananda, 52, head of [[Sivagiri, Kerala|Sivagiri mutt]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-10-16 |title=Swami Saswathikananda's death - Another twist in the tale |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/swami-saswathikananda-s-death-another-twist-tale-35198 |access-date=2022-05-02 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-10-19 |title=13 years after a death in Kerala river, new bubbles of suspicion rise to the surface |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/13-yrs-after-a-death-in-kerala-river-new-bubbles-of-suspicion-rise-to-the-surface/ |access-date=2022-05-02 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
* September 24 - [[P. R. Pisharoty]], physicist, 93.
* December 23 - [[Ratheesh]], 48, actor.

== See also ==

* [[History of Kerala]]
* [[2002 in India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Commons category-inline}}

[[Category:2000s in Kerala]]

Safarnama Rum-o-Misr-o-Sham

2025-11-14T11:07:28Z

Brock211211849:

{{Short description|1894 book by Shibli Nomani}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox book
| name = Safarnama Rum-o-Misr-o-Sham
| image = Cover of Safarnama Rum-o-Misr-o-Sham.jpg
| image_size = 280px
| caption = First edition cover
| alt = Book cover
| author = [[Shibli Nomani]]
| title_orig = سفرنامہ روم و مصر و شام
| orig_lang_code = ur
| country = [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British India]]
| language = Urdu
| subject = Turkey, Egypt, and Syria
| genre = [[Travel literature|Travelogue]]
| published = 1894
| media_type = Print
| isbn = 978-93-80104-47-8
| isbn_note = ([[Darul Musannefin Shibli Academy]], 2010)
| oclc = 223298234
| dewey = 915.6
| congress = PK2199.S5 Z44 2012
| external_url = https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/safarnama-room-o-misr-o-sham-shibli-nomani-ebooks
}}
'''''Safarnama Rum-o-Misr-o-Sham''''' ({{langx|ur|سفرنامہ روم و مصر و شام}}) is an Urdu [[Travel literature|travelogue]] written by [[Shibli Nomani]], based on his journey through Turkey, Egypt, and Syria in 1892, and published in 1894. It is regarded as the first Urdu travelogue about the [[Turkish people|Turks]]. The book provides detailed observations on education, presents an eyewitness account of the Islamic Empire, and records the social, cultural, and political conditions of Syria, Egypt, and Turkey. It is also a refutation of the attitude of the [[Orientalism|Orientalists]] and reflects the author’s perspective on national dignity and identity.

== Background ==
The idea for this journey arose when he planned to write his historical work ''[[Al-Farooq (book)|Al-Farooq]]''. Shibli believed that the historical sources available in India were insufficient and that important Islamic manuscripts were preserved in the libraries of Egypt, Syria, and Turkey.<ref name=":0">{{Cite thesis |last=Haq |first=Sirajul |title=Maqalat e Shibli ka adbi aur tanqeedi jaiza |type=PhD |publisher=Department of Urdu, [[Delhi University]] |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/439484 |language=ur |page=98 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250920114558/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/439484 |archive-date=20 September 2025 |year=2021 |location=India |hdl=10603/439484 |url-status=live}}</ref> He was also motivated by his plan to compile the ''Namwaran-e-Islam'' (Eminent Figures of Islam) series, which required authentic materials from original sources. Shibli also had an intellectual interest in and respect for Turkey, which further encouraged his journey.<ref name=":0" />

He set out with [[Thomas Walker Arnold]] on 26 April 1892, leaving [[Aligarh]] and reaching [[Mumbai|Bombay]] on 30 April.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Ali |first=Sahib |author-link= |date=2014 |title=Allama Shibli ka Safarnama Rum-o-misr-o-sham |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/saheefa-shibli-number-shumara-number-218-219-magazines |journal=Saheefa |publisher=Majlis Taraqqi Adab |issue=218–219 |pages=162}}</ref> They boarded a ship the next day, arriving at [[Aden]] in May and at [[Suez]] on 13 May. On 14 May, the ship reached [[Port Said]], where Arnold departed for Europe, while Shibli continued toward Constantinople ([[Istanbul]]), arriving on 23 May.<ref name=":1" /> He stayed in Istanbul for about three months, studying libraries and educational institutions and meeting local scholars. From there, he travelled to [[Beirut]] for a week, then to [[Jerusalem]] for a few days, and continued to [[Alexandria]] and [[Cairo]], where he stayed for more than a month. His six-month journey ended in November 1892 when he returned to India.<ref name=":1" />

During his travels, Shibli visited major cultural and religious sites, examined the condition of Muslims in different regions, and studied their educational, political, and economic systems. He collected research materials for ''Al-Farooq'' and visited several madrasas and libraries. The journey provided him with direct exposure to contemporary Muslim societies and their scholarly traditions.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

Upon returning to India, Shibli was received by colleagues and residents in Aligarh, who organized a reception in his honor.<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Nasir |first=Md |title=Allama Shibli Nomani Ki Nasri Khidmat |type=PhD |publisher=Department of Urdu, [[Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar Bihar University]] |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/648649 |language=ur |page=219 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250923000459/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/648649 |archive-date=23 September 2025 |year=1986 |location=India |hdl=10603/648649 |url-status=live}}</ref> Although he initially had no intention of writing a travelogue and described his journey as that of a student,{{Sfn|Khatoon|2013|p=246}} his associates encouraged him to document his experiences.<ref name=":0" /> According to Shaista Khatoon, he hesitated because he lacked the detailed administrative, commercial, and architectural information typically included in travel accounts.<ref name=":2" />

[[Sulaiman Nadvi]] later suggested that his hesitation was also due to political considerations. At that time, Indian Muslims expressed strong sympathy for Turkey, while the [[British Raj|British government]] was unsympathetic toward the [[Ottoman Empire]] and discouraged such sentiments. For this reason, Shibli postponed writing the travelogue.<ref name=":2" /> Nadvi noted that, regardless of its scholarly focus, Shibli’s journey established an early intellectual link between India and Turkey.<ref name=":2">{{Cite thesis |last=Khatoon |first=Shaista |title=Allama Shibli ka kirdar Muslim khawatin ki talimi wa samaji taraqqi men |type=PhD |publisher=Department of Urdu, [[Veer Bahadur Singh Purvanchal University]] |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/128335 |language=ur |page=46 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250224183802/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/128335 |archive-date=24 February 2025 |year=2013 |location=India |hdl=10603/128335 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Eventually, when it was agreed that the work would focus on cultural and academic matters and avoid political commentary, permission for its publication was granted.<ref name=":2" /> Mohammad Jafar Ahrari mentioned that after Shibli’s return, [[Syed Ahmad Khan]] and others at [[Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College|Aligarh College]] were concerned about the influence of his foreign experiences, and the travelogue was published only after certain passages were omitted.<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Ahrari |first=Mohd Jafar |title=The renaissance of Urdu literature and Shibli |type=PhD |publisher=School of Language Literature and Culture Studies, [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]] |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/16762 |language=ur |pages=101 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250919231544/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/16762 |archive-date=19 September 2025 |year=1999 |location=India |url-status=live |hdl=10603/16762}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Islahii |first=Ziauddin |date=1996 |editor-last=Anjum |editor-first=Khaliq |title=Safarnama Rum o Misr o Shaam |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/urdu-adab-new-delhi-shibli-number-shumara-number-001-002-003-khaliq-anjum-magazines |journal=Urdu Adab |publisher=[[Anjuman-i Taraqqi-i Urdu]] |issue=1–3 |pages=249}}</ref> The first edition of ''Safarnama Rum-o-Misr-o-Sham'' appeared in 1894.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |url=https://egyankosh.ac.in//handle/123456789/79256 |title=Urdu Non-fiction |publisher=[[Indira Gandhi National Open University]] |year=2021 |editor-last=Hafiz |editor-first=Abdul |volume=1 |location=India |pages=278 |language=ur |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240223162829/https://www.egyankosh.ac.in/handle/123456789/79256 |archive-date=23 February 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> It was later translated into Bengali by Hasan Muhammad Sharif as ''Nil Sabujer Deshe'' (In the Land of Blue and Green) and published by Maktabatul Hira in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nil Sabujer Deshe |url=https://www.rokomari.com/book/134180/nil-sobujer-deshe |access-date=13 November 2025 |website=[[Rokomari.com]]}}</ref>

== Content ==
Shibli begins with a short description of the ancient and modern history of [[Constantinople]]. He writes about Turkish life, [[Culture of Turkey|culture]], climate, prosperity, justice, mosques and madrasas, government, law, industry and crafts, [[Architecture of Turkey|architecture]], navigation, and [[Agriculture in Turkey|agriculture]].{{Sfn|Haq|2021|p=99}} He also describes the structure of colleges and schools, boarding arrangements, the character of professors and students, and their academic abilities. He provides an overview of Turkish knowledge and [[Turkish literature|literature]], including newspapers, magazines, libraries, printing presses, and other scholarly activities.{{Sfn|Haq|2021|p=99}}

He then describes major landmarks of the capital, such as charitable inns, recreation areas, and well-known sites. His account also includes [[Muharram]] in Constantinople, the royal Friday procession (Salami), and the Sultan’s Eid procession. At the end of these descriptions, he adds one of his own [[Mathnawi|mathnawis]] in which he portrays the scene of the occasion.{{Sfn|Haq|2021|p=100}}

Shibli discusses the morals and customs of the Turks, their social life, and the education and upbringing of women.{{Sfn|Haq|2021|p=100}} He mentions their manners, clothing, modesty, and domestic refinement. From Constantinople he travels to [[Beirut]], where he observes colleges, associations, newspapers, and printing presses, noting that Beirut’s scholarly progress was largely due to [[Christianity in Lebanon|Christian]] communities.{{Sfn|Haq|2021|p=100}}

After passing through [[Jerusalem]] and the [[Geography of Syria|Syrian coast]], he enters Egypt. There he examines libraries, schools, and colleges, and gives a detailed account of [[Al-Azhar University]].{{Sfn|Haq|2021|p=100}} In the travelogue, he also responds to statements made by some European writers about the [[Caliphate]]. While expressing respect for Arabs and Turks, he also points out the weaknesses he observed in their educational institutions and scholarly work.{{Sfn|Haq|2021|p=100}}

He discusses psychological and social matters that, in his view, show the nature of a nation and the reasons for its rise or decline.{{Sfn|Khatoon|2013|p=47}} He studies both traditional schools and the medical institutions of Constantinople and [[Cairo]]. He observes student housing, clothing, and daily routines, and offers suggestions for the hostels at [[Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College|Aligarh]] based on these observations.{{Sfn|Khatoon|2013|p=47}}

He also lists about twenty individuals he met during the journey, including chiefs and companions.<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Akhtar |first=Md Jamil |title=Maulana Shibli Noamani As A Biographer And Historian |type=PhD |publisher=University Department of Urdu, [[Lalit Narayan Mithila University]] |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/496281 |language=ur |page=273 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250921220545/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/496281 |archive-date=21 September 2025 |year=1988 |location=India |url-status=live}}</ref> Shibli comments on the education of Ottoman women, describing it as a system that combines elements of both European and Asian approaches. He writes that [[Women in Turkey|Turkish women]] are educated but not taught immodesty, and although they remain within a system of seclusion, they are neither uneducated nor unaware of the world.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wasti |first=Syed Tanvir |date=1991 |title=Two Muslim Travelogues: To and from Istanbul |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4283450 |journal=Middle Eastern Studies |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=472 |issn=0026-3206}}</ref>

== Methodology ==
The travelogue is mainly written in an informative and narrative style. In some parts—such as his description of local customs—Shibli becomes more expressive and uses a literary style.{{Sfn|Haq|2021|p=98}} Besides recording events, he also discusses the methods of travel writing and criticizes some approaches used by Western writers.{{Sfn|Nasir|1986|p=224}} Shibli paid attention to details and followed the same approach in this work.{{Sfn|Nomani|2004|p=90}} He stressed that information should not be superficial, conclusions should not be drawn from limited knowledge, and guesses should be used carefully, without relying on assumptions or suspicions. He also noted that information from others should be checked to see if the source is trustworthy, fair, and attentive.{{Sfn|Nomani|2004|p=90}} Shibli viewed the places he visited as a Muslim scholar and, throughout the book, recorded the early Islamic history of the cities using reliable Muslim historians, providing material of interest for readers concerned with the Islamic past of [[Rum]], Egypt, and Syria.{{Sfn|Haq|2021|p=100}}

== Reviews ==
The work has been widely recognized in academia. Sirajul Haq of [[Delhi University]] stated that Shibli 'presented the conditions and events in an excellent manner' and considered the work ''Safarnama Rum-o-Misr-o-Sham'' 'distinct and special' among Urdu travelogues.{{Sfn|Haq|2021|p=100}} Abdul Hafiz of [[Indira Gandhi National Open University]] emphasized its importance from political, social, cultural, intellectual, and educational perspectives, noting that it 'possesses all the qualities of the genre' and combines scholarly content with 'charm and elegance of language and expression.'<ref name=":3" /> Arzu Ciftsuren of [[Istanbul University]] observed that it is 'the first Urdu travelogue about the Turks.'<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Çi̇ftsüren |first=Arzu |date=2018 |title=Abdulhamid II and Gazi Osman Pasha in Shibli Nu‘mani’s Travelogue |url=https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/doguedebiyati/issue/53775/721443 |journal=Dogu Arastirmalari |language=tr |issue=18 |pages=5 |issn=1307-6256}}</ref> Munshi Muhammad Ubaidullah described it as an 'education report,'<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ubaidullah |first=Munshi Muhammad |date=7 October 2025 |title=Modern education in the thoughts of Allama Shibli Nomani |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/amp/story/religion/islam/dn11hk1f30 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251008005044/https://www.prothomalo.com/amp/story/religion/islam/dn11hk1f30 |archive-date=8 October 2025 |work=[[Prothom Alo]]}}</ref> while Sahib Ali noted that it 'does not merely reflect Shiblis views on education and training; many aspects of his personality also shine through,' revealing his national pride and concern for the condition of Muslims.{{Sfn|Ali|2014|p=166}}

Shiblis style has been widely commented on. Shaista Khatoon of [[Veer Bahadur Singh Purvanchal University]] described the travelogue as 'highly scholarly' with a distinctive style,{{Sfn|Khatoon|2013|p=47}} while Md Nasir of [[Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar Bihar University]] observed that its language is 'straightforward and clear' and that Shibli exercised caution under the restrictions of the time, resulting in less emotional expressiveness than in his other works.{{Sfn|Nasir|1986|p=223}} [[Sabahuddin Abdur Rahman]] described the style as 'mostly factual' but noted that emotions appear in specific passages, such as customary greetings or [[Abdul Hamid II|Sultan Abdul Hamids]] [[Eid prayers|Eid prayer]], which Shibli captures 'with remarkable attention to detail and clarity.'{{Sfn|Nasir|1986|p=224}}

Some scholars addressed the travelogue's purpose and reception. [[S. M. Ikram]] considered it 'balanced and fair' but noted that the argumentative preface might suggest a narrower aim than intended.{{Sfn|Khatoon|2013|p=47}} Mohd Jafar Ahrari of [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]] stated that Shibli 'does not appear satisfied with his travelogue, because in it his voice seems subdued and somewhat frightened,' and observed that it 'was not viewed with approval in the court of Syed Ahmad Khan,' possibly leading to later disagreements.{{Sfn|Ahrari|1999|p=102}} [[Khaliq Anjum]] of [[Anjuman-i Taraqqi-i Urdu]] remarked that the work 'is not merely a travelogue, but a reflection of the thoughts of a broad-minded, enlightened, and compassionate scholar regarding the conditions of certain Muslim countries in the late nineteenth century, which now belongs to literature and history.'<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nomani |first=Khursheed |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/dar-ul-musannifeen-ki-tareekh-aur-ilmi-khidmat-part-002-khursheed-nomani-ebooks |title=Dar-ul-musannifin Ki Tareekh Aur Ilmi Khidmat |publisher=Darul Musannefin Shibli Academy |year=2004 |volume=2 |location=India |pages=93 |language=ur}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[:Category:Books by Shibli Nomani|Works of Shibli Nomani]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [[iarchive:SafarnamaERumOMisrOShaam-ShibliNomani|''Safarnama Rum-o-Misr-o-Sham'']] at [[Internet Archive]]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Deobandi literature]]
[[Category:Books by Shibli Nomani]]
[[Category:1894 books]]
[[Category:Urdu-language books]]
[[Category:Indian non-fiction books]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian books]]
[[Category:Darul Musannefin Shibli Academy books]]

Brijendra Singh Ola

2025-10-20T07:31:03Z

Brock211211849:

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1953)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Brijendra Singh Ola
| image =
| office3 = [[State Minister]] Of Transport & Road Safety (IC)
[[Government of Rajasthan]]
| term_start3 = November 2021
| term_end3 = 3 December 2023
| predecessor3 = [[Pratap Singh Khachariawas]]
| successor3 = [[Prem Chand Bairwa]]
| office1 = [[State Minister]] of [[Government of Rajasthan]]
| term_start1 = November 2011
| term_end1 = December 2013
| term_start2 = December 2009
| term_end2 = November 2011
| office4 = [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Member of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start4 = 2008
| term_end4 = June 2024
| predecessor4 = [[Sumitra Singh]]
| successor4 = [[Rajendra Bhamboo]]
| constituency4 = [[Jhunjhunu (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Jhunjhunu]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1953|July|01|df=y}}
| birth_place = Aradavata, [[Jhunjhunu district|Jhunjhunu]]
| spouse =
| father =
| mother =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| occupation = [[Politician]]
| parents = [[Sis Ram Ola]] (father)
| education = M.A L.L.B
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term_start = 4 June 2024
| predecessor = [[Narendra Kumar (politician)|Narendra Kumar]]
| constituency = [[Jhunjhunu Lok Sabha constituency|Jhunjhunu]]
}}
'''Brijendra Singh Ola'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=पोर्टल, राजस्थान सरकार |url=https://jhunjhunu.rajasthan.gov.in/pages/mla-detail/28/0 |access-date=2023-05-05 |website=jhunjhunu.rajasthan.gov.in}}</ref> (born 1 July 1953; {{IPA|hi|bɾɪd͡ʒeːn̪d̪ɾə sɪŋgʱ oːlaː}}) is a senior leader from [[Jhunjhunu district]] in Rajasthan. He is serving as [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]] for [[Jhunjhunu Lok Sabha constituency|Jhunjhunu]] since 2024. He is elected as the member of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly from 2008 till 2024. He is former [[State Minister]] of Transport and Road Safety in the [[Government of Rajasthan]]. He is a fourth term former member of the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Jhunjhunu Assembly constituency]]. He is a member of [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian National Congress Party |url=https://www.rajpcc.com/brijendrasinghola |access-date=2023-05-04 |website=www.rajpcc.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Govind Ram Meghwal, Shakuntala Rawat take oath as cabinet ministers in Rajasthan government |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/politics/govind-ram-meghwal-shakuntala-rawat-take-oath-as-cabinet-ministers-in-rajasthan-government20211121171254/ |access-date=2023-05-05 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Jhunjhunu, Rajasthan Lok Sabha Election Results 2024 Highlights: Brijendra Singh Ola Wins the Seat by 18235 Votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha/story/jhunjhunu-rajasthan-lok-sabha-election-results-2024-live-updates-clse-2547903-2024-06-04 |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Ola was born on 1 July 1953 to Jat leader [[Sis Ram Ola]] in Aradavata village in [[Chirawa|Chirawa tehsil]] of [[Jhunjhunu]] district. His educational qualifications are M.A. in political science from University of Rajasthan in 1974 and then he did Bachelor of laws from University of Rajasthan in 1983.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brijendra Singh Ola(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- JHUNJHUNU(JHUNJHUNU) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/rajasthan2018/candidate.php?candidate_id=3415 |access-date=2024-03-14 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Brijendra singh ola Biodata official election |url=https://www.elections.in/political-leaders/sh-brijendra-singh-ola.html/ |access-date=2024-03-14 |website=Elections in India}}</ref>

== Political career ==
Ola began his political career as a member of the Indian National Congress, influenced by his father, the late [[Sis Ram Ola]], a former Union Minister.

=== Rajasthan Legislative Assembly ===
He has been elected as a member of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly from the Jhunjhunu constituency for consecutive four terms. His tenure in the assembly began in 2008, and he has since been re-elected in 2013, 2018 and 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jhunjhunu Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: INC's Brijendra Singh Ola defeats BJP's Nisheet Kumar with 27572 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/jhunjhunu-assembly-election-results-2023-live-2470635-2023-12-03 |access-date=2024-03-14 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

=== State Minister ===
Ola has served as the State Minister of Transport & Road Safety (Independent Charge) in the Government of Rajasthan. His term in this office started in November 2021 and ended on 3 December 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brijendra Singh Ola Profile, News, Photos & Political Career From Jhunjhunu, Jhunjhunu, Rajasthan Assembly Elections 2023 |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/elections/rajasthan-assembly-elections/jhunjhunu/jhunjhunu/key-candidates-brijendra-singh-ola |access-date=2024-03-14 |website=India TV News |language=en}}</ref>

=== Lok Sabha ===
In [[2024 Indian general election|2024 Lok Sabha elections]] Ola won the [[Jhunjhunu Lok Sabha constituency|Jhunjhunu]] seat by defeating BJP's Shubkaran Chaudhary with a margin of 18235 votes.<ref name=":0" />

=== Awards ===
In 2017, he was honoured with the award for the best legislator.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pilot कैंप के विधायक बृजेंद्र सिंह ओला बनेंगे राज्यमंत्री, जानें कैसा रहा सियासी सफर |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/rajasthan/jaipur/mla-brijendra-singh-ola-become-minister-of-state-know-how-was-political-journey/1032090 |access-date=2024-03-14 |website=Zee News |language=hi}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ola, Bijendra Singh}}
[[Category:1953 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2008–2013]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2013–2018]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance candidates in 2024 Indian general election]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Rajasthan]]

Kannauj Assembly constituency

2025-10-14T15:04:08Z

Brock211211849: starting a info

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kannauj
| map_image = 198-Kannauj.svg
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| type = SLA
| electors = 4,28,851
| constituency_no = 198
| district = [[Kannauj district|Kannauj]]
| reservation = SC
| mla = [[Asim Arun]]
| party = [[BJP]]
| latest_election_year = 2022
}}

'''Kannauj''' is a constituency of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] covering the city of Kannauj in the [[Kannauj district]] of Uttar Pradesh, India.<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref><ref name="results2017">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2017 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=26 March 2022}}</ref>

Kannauj is one of five assembly constituencies in the [[Kannauj Lok Sabha constituency]]. Since 2008, this assembly constituency is numbered 198 amongst 403 constituencies.

Currently this seat belongs to [[BJP]] candidate '''[[Asim Arun]]''' who won in last Assembly election of [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Elections]] defeating [[Samajwadi Party]] candidate.<ref name="results2022">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2022 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=4 March 2023}}</ref>

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web |title=Kannauj Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/kannauj.html |access-date=2024-09-02 |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1952 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|Kali Charan Tandon
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[1957 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Dwarka
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Praja Socialist Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Praja Socialist Party]]
|-
|Hori Lal
|-
|[[1962 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| rowspan="2" |Pati Ram
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1967 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|-
|[[1969 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|Beharilal Dohare
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Kranti Dal]]
|-
|[[1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
| rowspan="2" |Jhamlal Ahirwar
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]
|-
|[[1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|[[Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| rowspan="2" |Beharilal Dohare
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|[[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|Kalyan Singh Dohare
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal]]
|-
|[[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| rowspan="3" |Banwari Lal Dohre
| rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|-
|[[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|-
|[[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
|Kalyan Singh Dohare
| rowspan="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
| rowspan="4" |[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
|[[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
| rowspan="3" |Anil Kumar Dohre
|-
|[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|-
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|-
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|[[Asim Arun]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|}

== Election results =={{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Kannauj]]<ref name="results2022"/>}}{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = ASIM ARUN
|votes = 120876
|percentage = 44.53
|change =
}}{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = ANIL KUMAR DOHAREY
|votes = 114786
|percentage = 42.29
|change =
}}{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = SAMAR JEET DOHARE
|votes = 26239
|percentage = 9.67
|change =
}}{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = VINEETA DEVI
|votes = 1786
|percentage = 0.66
|change =
}}{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = NOTA
|party = None of the above
|votes = 1674
|percentage = 0.62
|change =
}}{{Election box majority|
|votes = 6090
|percentage =
|change =
}}{{Election box turnout|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = BJP
|loser = Samajwadi Party
|swing =
}}{{Election box end}}

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]]: Kannauj<ref name="results2022"/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Asim Arun
|votes = {{formatnum:120876}}
|percentage = 44.53
|change = +5.35
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Anil Kumar Doharey
|votes = {{formatnum:114786}}
|percentage = 42.29
|change = +2.12
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Samar Jeet Dohare
|votes = {{formatnum:26239}}
|percentage = 9.67
|change = -8.14
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen
|candidate = Sunil Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:4482}}
|percentage = 1.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1674}}
|percentage = 0.62
|change = -0.07
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:6090}}
|percentage = 2.24
|change = +1.25
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:271435}}
|percentage = 63.29
|change = -1.05
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Samajwadi Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Kannauj]]<ref name="results2017"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Anil Kumar Dohare
|votes = {{formatnum:99635}}
|percentage = 40.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Banwari Lal Dohare
|votes = {{formatnum:97181}}
|percentage = 39.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Anurag Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:44182}}
|percentage = 17.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1706}}
|percentage = 0.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:2454}}
|percentage = 0.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:248056}}
|percentage = 64.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|loser = BJP
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{coord|27.05|79.92|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Kannauj]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Kannauj district]]

Mumbai Tigers FC

2025-09-26T09:01:23Z

Brock211211849: quick update

{{Short description|Former Indian association football club}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2014}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2014}}
{{infobox football club
| clubname = Mumbai Tigers
| image = Mumbai Tigers FC.svg
| image_size = 300px
| upright = 2
| fullname = Mumbai Tigers Football Club
| nickname =
| founded = {{start date and age|df=yes|2012}} (as ''Dodsal FC'')<ref>{{cite web|title=Dodsal FC|url=http://www.liveindianfootball.netne.net/1_71_Dodsal-FC-Indian-Football.html|work=Live Indian Football|access-date=15 July 2021|archive-date=8 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808013952/http://liveindianfootball.netne.net/1_71_Dodsal-FC-Indian-Football.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
| dissolved = {{start date and age|df=yes|2014}}| ground = 
| capacity = 
| owner = [[Dodsal Group]]<ref name=10K>{{cite web|title=About Dodsal|url=http://dodsal.com/aboutus/the-dodsal-group.shtml|publisher=Dodsal Group|accessdate=29 February 2012|archive-date=26 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626002318/http://www.dodsal.com/aboutus/the-dodsal-group.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref>
| chairman = [[Rajen A. Kilachand|Rajen Kilachand]]
| manager = [[Bimal Ghosh]]
| league = [[I-League 2|I-League 2nd Division]]<ref name=aiff1>{{cite web|title=Mumbai Tigers not to take part in I-League 2013-14|url=http://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=5187|publisher=AIFF|accessdate=4 September 2013|archive-date=7 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130907014132/http://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=5187|url-status=live}}</ref>
| season = 2013
| position = ''First Season''
| current =
| pattern_la1 =
| pattern_b1 =
| pattern_ra1 =
| pattern_sh1 =
| pattern_so1 =
| leftarm1 =
| body1 =
| rightarm1 =
| shorts1 =
| socks1 =
| pattern_la2 =
| pattern_b2 =
| pattern_ra2 =
| pattern_sh2 =
| pattern_so2 =
| leftarm2 =
| body2 =
| rightarm2 =
| shorts2 =
| socks2 =

| website =
}}

'''Mumbai Tigers Football Club''' (formerly known as '''Dodsal FC''')<ref>{{cite news|first=Rahul|last=Bhutani|title=I-League Division 2 : Mohammedan Sporting, Mumbai Tigers Start As Favorites|website=thehardtackle.com|publisher=The Hard Tackle|url=http://www.thehardtackle.com/2013/i-league-division-2-mohammedan-sporting-mumbai-tigers-start-as-favorites/|date=29 March 2013|access-date=30 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522073914/http://www.thehardtackle.com/2013/i-league-division-2-mohammedan-sporting-mumbai-tigers-start-as-favorites/|archive-date=22 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/indian-football/indian-football-transfer-season-201213-updated|title=Indian Football: Transfer Season 2012/13 Updated|date=3 December 2012|access-date=15 July 2022|website=sportskeeda.com|publisher=Sportskeeda|first=Arunava|last=Chaudhuri|archive-date=21 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321155010/https://www.sportskeeda.com/indian-football/indian-football-transfer-season-201213-updated}}</ref> was an Indian professional [[association football|football]] club based in [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]].<ref name=DodsalFounding>{{cite web|last=Majgaonkar|first=Kunaal|title=Multi-crore Dodsal Group to kick-start team in Mumbai|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/Multi-crore-Dodsal-Group-to-kick-start-team-in-Mumbai/articleshow/13547883.cms|work=Times of India|access-date=19 August 2012|archive-date=30 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120530042707/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/Multi-crore-Dodsal-Group-to-kick-start-team-in-Mumbai/articleshow/13547883.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The club were formed in May 2012 as ''Dodsal Football Club'' with the aim of becoming the biggest football club in India and one of the biggest in Asia.<ref name=DodsalFounding/> They have completed in the [[I-League 2|I-League 2nd Division]] alongside [[Mumbai Football League]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kolkatafootball.com/ileague_2nd_2013/index.html|title=ileague 2nd divn -2013 | LIVE Indian Football News | LIVE kolkatafootball.com | Indian Football | I-LEAGUE LIVe SCORE | Live Indian Football News | Live Indian Soccer News | Football in India | Soccer of India. | KOLKATA FOOTBALL NEWS|website=www.kolkatafootball.com|access-date=14 August 2021|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624203527/https://www.kolkatafootball.com/ileague_2nd_2013/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==History==
Towards the end of May 2012 it was announced that Indian owned company [[Dodsal Group]] wanted to start a football club in the city of Mumbai and name it Dodsal Football Club.<ref name=DodsalFounding/> The club registered with the [[Mumbai District Football Association]] and quickly outlined that their main goal would be to qualify for the [[I-League]], which is India's top football competition, by 2013.<ref name=DodsalFounding/> The club is supposed to be run in the same way [[Manchester City F.C.]] of the [[Premier League]] is run, as company chairman [[Rajen A. Kilachand|Rajen Kilachand]] is in touch with City owner [[Mansour bin Zayed Al Nahyan|Sheikh Mansour]].<ref name=ManCityWay>{{cite web|author=Puneet|title=Dodsal FC – Rumoured to be going the Manchester City way|url=http://www.sportskeeda.com/2012/06/13/dodsal-fc-rumoured-to-be-going-the-manchester-city-way/|work=SportsKeeda|accessdate=19 August 2012|date=13 June 2012|archive-date=22 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120822005657/http://www.sportskeeda.com/2012/06/13/dodsal-fc-rumoured-to-be-going-the-manchester-city-way/|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 18 August 2012, it was announced that Dodsal would play in the [[2012 Durand Cup]] and thus their first ever professional tournament at the national stage.<ref name=DodsalDurandCup2012>{{cite web|title=Durand Cup will be a success even sans sponsor: Organiers|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/Durand-Cup-will-be-a-success-even-sans-sponsor-Organiers/articleshow/15545399.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130127035804/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-18/top-stories/33260819_1_quarter-final-league-durand-cup-pune-fc|url-status=live|archive-date=27 January 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=19 August 2012}}</ref> The club played their first ever official game on 25 August 2012 against Army Red at the [[Ambedkar Stadium]] in [[Delhi]] in which the club won the match 3–0 with [[Thoi Singh Khangebam|Thoi Singh]] becoming the first player to ever score for the club in the 66th minute.<ref>{{cite news|title=Andrew is Sesa Goa's hero|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/article3821593.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|accessdate=7 March 2013|date=26 August 2012|archive-date=28 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120828020522/http://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/article3821593.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The club then went on to the [[2012 Durand Cup Final]] in which they lost 3–2 on penalties to then-current [[I-League]] club [[Air India FC]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Air India win Durand Cup|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/Air-India-win-Durand-Cup/articleshow/16160571.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103124019/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-02/top-stories/33548200_1_durand-cup-dodsal-mumbai-air-india|url-status=live|archive-date=3 January 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=21 October 2012}}</ref>

In January 2013, it was officially announced that the club would participate in the [[2013 I-League 2nd Division]] with the goal of winning and gaining promotion to the I-League and while doing so the club also changed their name to the Mumbai Tigers Football Club so they could potentially form a connection between them and the city of Mumbai.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/dodsal-are-now-mumbai-tigers/1084365/|title=Dodsal are now Mumbai Tigers|work=Indian Express|accessdate=7 March 2013|archive-date=13 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013082938/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/dodsal-are-now-mumbai-tigers/|url-status=live}}</ref> Tigers gained direct entry to the I-League by bidding for a spot but a week before the 2013–14 season began they pulled out of the league and shut their senior team operations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/Mumbai-Tigers-football-club-shut-shop/articleshow/28567100.cms|title=Mumbai Tigers football club shut shop - Times of India|website=The Times of India|access-date=2019-02-12|archive-date=13 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190213065739/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/Mumbai-Tigers-football-club-shut-shop/articleshow/28567100.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Stadium==
{{Main|Fr. Agnel Stadium}}
The club do not have an official stadium yet as the [[Mumbai Football League]] and the [[Durand Cup]] are played at neutral venues but the club has already set up a training ground at the [[Fr. Agnel Stadium|Fr. Angel High School sports complex]].<ref name=TrainingGround>{{cite web|last=Madaan|first=Sachin|title=Dodsal FC – Money Is Finally Getting Pumped Into Indian Football|url=http://www.thehardtackle.com/2012/dodsal-fc-money-is-finally-getting-pumped-into-indian-football/|work=The Hard Tackle|accessdate=19 August 2012|date=3 August 2012|archive-date=7 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120807050233/http://www.thehardtackle.com/2012/dodsal-fc-money-is-finally-getting-pumped-into-indian-football/|url-status=live}}</ref> The Sports Complex is well known for its [[artificial turf]] field.<ref name=TrainingGround/> The Sports Complex is also known for its fitness gym and swimming pool.<ref name=DodsalFounding/>

==Last registered squad==
{{updated|26 Dec 2013.}}<ref name=Squad>{{cite web
| title = Indian Football Transfers – Live Updates, July 18th
| url = http://www.thehardtackle.com/2012/indian-football-transfers-live-updates-july-18th/
| publisher = The Hard Tackle
| access-date = 19 August 2012
| date = 18 July 2012
| archive-date = 22 August 2012
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120822075752/http://www.thehardtackle.com/2012/indian-football-transfers-live-updates-july-18th/
| url-status = live
}}</ref>
{{Fs start}}
{{Fs player|no=4|nat=India|pos=MF|name=Henry Gangte}}
{{Fs player|no=5|nat=India|pos=DF|name=[[Rahul Kumar (footballer)|Rahul Kumar]]}}
{{Fs player|no=7|nat=Senegal|pos=FW|name=Demba Diakhaté}}
{{Fs player|no=8|nat=India|pos=DF|name=[[Rabindra Ghosh]]}}
{{Fs player|no=12|nat=India|pos=DF|name=Loukik Jadhav}}
{{Fs player|no=16|nat=India|pos=DF|name=Sunil Kumar}}
{{Fs mid}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=India|pos=GK|name=Prasenjit Ghosh}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=India|pos=DF|name=Ningthoujam Samananda}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=India|pos=DF|name=Anthony Fernandes}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=India|pos=MF|name=[[Royston Dsouza]]}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=India|pos=MF|name=[[Chhangte Malsawmkima]]}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=India|pos=MF|name=[[Pradeep Mohanraj]]}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=India|pos=MF|name=[[Abhishek Ambedkar]]}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=India|pos=GK|name=[[Arnab Das Sharma]]}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=India|pos=FW|name=[[Pritam Singh (footballer)|Pritam Singh]]}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=India|pos=MF|name=[[S Sanju Kumar]]}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=India|pos=MF|name=[[Raju Sohail Haque]]}}
{{Fs end}}

==Honours==
===Cup tournaments===
*'''[[Durand Cup]]'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/data/durandcup.html|title=List of Winners/Runners-Up of the Durand Cup|access-date=22 February 2021|first=Arunava|last=Chaudhuri|website=Indianfootball.de|archive-date=27 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627235237/http://www.indianfootball.de/data/durandcup.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>[https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/indiadurandcuphist.html List of Durand Cup tournament winners and runner-ups] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729142839/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesi/indiadurandcuphist.html |date=29 July 2014}}. ''rsssf.com''. [[RSSSF|Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation]]. Retrieved 7 May 2021.</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Choudhury|first=Arunava|title=125th Durand Cup: Problems at the start of India's oldest tournament|url=http://www.sportskeeda.com/2012/08/16/125th-durand-cup-problems-at-the-start-of-indias-oldest-tournament/|work=Sportskeeda|date=16 August 2012|access-date=16 August 2012|archive-date=16 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220416055818/https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/125th-durand-cup-problems-at-the-start-of-indias-oldest-tournament}}</ref>
**Runners-up (1): [[2012 Durand Cup|2012]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Dodsal FC enters Durand Cup final|url=http://in.news.yahoo.com/dodsal-fc-enters-durand-cup-final-130449988.html|work=Yahoo|access-date=10 July 2013|archive-date=16 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220416055753/https://in.search.yahoo.com/?fr2=inr|url-status=live}}</ref>
* '''[[Western India Football Association|Nadkarni Cup]]'''
**Champions (2): 2012, 2013<ref>{{Cite web|title=India - List of Nadkarni Cup Finals|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/indianadkarnicuphist.html|access-date=1 August 2021|website=Rsssf.com|archive-date=29 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129033202/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesi/indianadkarnicuphist.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
*'''Kalina MLA Cup'''
**Runners-up (1): 2013<ref>{{cite news|title=Air India beat Mumbai Tigers in tie-breaker to lift the 1st Kalina MLA Cup|url=http://www.afternoondc.in/sports/air-india-beat-mumbai-tigers-in-tie-breaker-to-lift-the-1st-kalina-mla-cup/article_99222|access-date=1 December 2015|work=Afternoon DC|date=24 December 2013|archive-date=8 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208095755/http://www.afternoondc.in/sports/air-india-beat-mumbai-tigers-in-tie-breaker-to-lift-the-1st-kalina-mla-cup/article_99222|url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of football clubs in India]]
* [[Sports in Maharashtra]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20130930232751/https://si0.twimg.com/profile_images/3348906595/c1d846fc2631f3fa4c05c150bbc1ba5c.jpeg 2013 logo]

{{I-League}}
{{Football in Maharashtra}}
{{Maharashtra Sports}}

[[Category:Mumbai Tigers FC]]
[[Category:Association football clubs established in 2012]]
[[Category:Football clubs in Mumbai]]
[[Category:2012 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Association football clubs disestablished in 2014]]
[[Category:2014 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:I-League 2 clubs]]

Rama Natakam

2025-09-25T09:27:35Z

Brock211211849: adding some post more to come.

{{Multiple issues|
{{citation style|date=November 2023}}
{{original research|date=November 2023}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}

{{Infobox religious text
|name= Rama Natakam
| image = Ram and Sita as a couple (bazaar art, 1950's).jpg
| caption = Rāma and Sita together.
| author = [[Arunachala Kavi]]
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| language = [[Tamil Language|Tamil]]
| period = 18th Century AD
|chapters= 6 Kandas, 192 Songs
}}

The '''''Rama Natakam''''' is a [[Tamil language|Tamil]] [[Opera]] that was written by the [[Tamils|Tamil]] poet '''[[Arunachala Kavi]]''' also known as '''[[Arunachala Kavi]]rayar''' during the 18th century. Based on [[Kambar (poet)|Kambar's]] and [[Valmiki]]'s ''[[Ramayana]]'' (which is in [[Tamil Language|Tamil]] and [[Sanskrit]]), the opera describes the legend of King [[Rama]] of [[Ayodhya (Ramayana)|Ayodhya]]. The ''Rama Natakam'' is even more similar to the Tamil version than the [[Sanskrit]] version in many aspects – both in spiritual concepts and in the specifics of the storyline.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rajagopalan |first=K. R. |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.22549 |title=Seerkazhi Arunachala Kavirayar and Rama Natakam |date=1978 |publisher=Sangeet Natak Akademi, New Delhi}}</ref><ref>Tamizh Isai-p-padalgal-VII, Ed. by VSL Iyer, Annamalai University 1945.</ref> Several songs of this opera are well known and sung all over [[Tamil Nadu]]. Arunachala Kavirayar studied [[Sanskrit]] and [[Tamil Language|Tamil]] in the [[Dharmapuram Adheenam]] and excelled in his studies . After his marriage he set up a pawn-broker shop, This not only provided him with a good living, but also with a fair amount of Leisure to pursue his literary studies. Just as he was good at “estimating the fineness of the precious metal, he was equally proficient at estimating the worth of the literary works.” Two books were most liked by Kavirayar — The [[Tirukkural]] of [[Tiruvalluvar]] and the [[Ramavataram]] of [[Kambar (poet)|Kambar]], While the former was only a book of ethics, the latter gave the same in the form of a story which would be more appealing to the common man.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rajagopalan |first=K. R. |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.22549 |title=Seerkazhi Arunachala Kavirayar and Rama Natakam |date=1978 |publisher=Sangeet Natak Akademi, New Delhi}}</ref>

==Legend of Composition==

[[File:Aerial view of Sri Rangam temple near Tiruchirapalli 1.jpg|thumb|330px|The Opera '''Rama Natakam''' was written within the premise of the [[Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam|Srirangam Ranganathaswamy temple]].]]

''Arunachala Kavi'' was fascinated by the epic [[Ramayana]] so much that he wanted to impart the story and the good lessons preached by it to a large number of persons who could not obviously read the entire epic in original. He gave a number of discourses on the epic. Arunachala kavi wanted his work also to be officially noted and released in the premises of [[Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam|Srirangam Ranganathaswamy temple]] as the shrine had some association with the actual story of [[Ramayana]]. He marched towards [[Srirangam]] and requested permission from the temple authorities. The Temple authorities accepted the request and Arunachala sat in a part of the temple and composed a very beautiful song named as '''“En Pallikondeeraiyaa”''' (O Lord! why did you stop and sleep here?) in [[Kedaragaula|Kedaragowla]], set to [[Adi tala]].

That night both the poet and the temple Priests had separate visions of Lord Ranganatha. The poet was asked to sing about the Parivaara Devatas and the priest was asked to accept Arangetram after such songs were sung by the poet. So, the next day, the poet sang the ‘Todayam’ in which he offered salutations to Garuda, Vishwaksena, Five weapons of the Lord, Alwaars and Aachaaryas. After his Invocation to the Parivaradevatas he composed the '''Rama Natkam'''. His compositions became popular as it was noted by [[Thuljaji|Maharaja Tulajaji]] of the Tanjore court, also Arunachala went to Madras and sang his pieces before a large audience of patrons, scholars and the public. The poet was profusely honoured and has composed a number of songs in praise of his patrons.<ref>Rajagopalan, K.R., “Development of Karnataka Music”, Swami Prajanananda Felicitation Volume, Calcutta (under print)</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Rajagopalan |first=K. R. |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.22549 |title=Seerkazhi Arunachala Kavirayar and Rama Natakam |date=1978 |publisher=Sangeet Natak Akademi, New Delhi}}</ref>

==Structure==

There are the usual six cantos — Bala Kandam, Ayodhya Kandam, Aranya Kandam, Kishkindha Kandam, Sundara Kandam and Yuddha Kandam — prefaced by an introductory verse called Paayiram. The entire opera consists 278 verses . All the 278 verses were written in various types of metres:- Kochagam-6; Venba- 2; Vachanam-1; Kalithurai-1; Viruthams-268. Arunachala Kavi has utilised only thirty six ragas for the 198 songs. [[Saveri]], [[Mohana]], [[Madhyamavathi]], [[Asaveri]], Sowrashtram, [[Mukhari]], Surali, [[Atana]], [[Begada]], Nadanamakinya are some of the Rakti ragas used. Arunachala wanted to use simple melodies and simple words to convey the story of Ramayana to the common man and hence employed fewer ragas to his compositions. It is of course not certain that the original ragas given by the author have come down correctly in tradition.<ref>“Rama Nataka Keertanai”, Pub. B. Rathina Naicker and sons, Madras-1, 1970</ref>

==Popularity==

[[File:Rama in forest.jpg|thumb|270px|The Keerthana ''"Arivar Yar"'' from the Rama Nataka which explains the Legend of [[Rama]], [[Sita]], and [[Lakshmana]] in the forest. The song was sung many times by [[D. K. Pattammal]] in several concerts.]]

Arunachala Kavirayar's Rama Natakam was quite popular even in his own times and the public also liked his simple
diction which they could follow quite easily. Thus the long cherished wish of the poet that he should popularise [[Ramayana]] among the people of [[Tamil Nadu]] was fulfilled in a large measure. Out of the [[Tamil Trinity]] Arunachala Kavirayar is often considered even more popular than the other two as he wrote the entire [[Ramayana]] in the form of songs in simple Tamil so that it could be enjoyed even by the normal people.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rajagopalan |first=K. R. |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.22549 |title=Seerkazhi Arunachala Kavirayar and Rama Natakam |date=1978 |publisher=Sangeet Natak Akademi, New Delhi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-08-21 |title=Opera unfolds visually |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/s-sowmyas-ramanatakam-aesthetically-mixed-kavirayars-compositions-with-keshavs-drawings/article6339147.ece |access-date=2023-11-07 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Some of his famous compositions of ''Ramanatakam'' are still popular today like ''Annai Jaanaki vandale'' (''[[Saveri]]''), ''Enpalli kondir iyya'' (''[[Mohanam]]''), ''Yaro ivar yaro'' (''[[Bhairavi (ragam)|Bhairavi]]''), ''Kanden Kanden Sitayai'' (''[[Vasantha (raga)|Vasantha]]''), ''Ramanai Kannara Kandane'' (''[[Mohanam]]''), ''RAmanukku mannan muDi'' (''[[Anandabhairavi]]'') and many more.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Drama and Bhakti that keep up with rhythm |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2018/jan/09/drama-and-bhakti-that-keep-up-with-rhythm-1749229.html |access-date=2023-11-07 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Sreeram |first=Lakshmi |date=2018-02-22 |title=An emotion today’s woman knows not |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/dance/an-emotion-todays-woman-knows-not/article22825703.ece |access-date=2023-11-07 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The song '''Ramanukku Mannan Mudi''' (A song from the Bala Kandam of Rama Natakam) was sung by Actress [[P. Bhanumathi]] in the Tamil movie called Pathu Madha Bandham taken in 1974. Many other songs were sung in several stages. [[Vishakha Hari]] a Carnatic music vocalist and proponent of [[Harikatha]], she says that "The simple language of music makes it easy for anybody to understand Harikatha" She has performed several concerts with several dedicated to [[Rama]] and [[Ramayanam]] on the view of Arunachala kavirayar with his Rama Natakam. The Keerthanas of Rama Nataka are sung by many other great singers like [[M. S. Subbulakshmi]], [[D. K. Pattammal]], [[Nithyasree Mahadevan]], [[Bombay Jayashri]], [[Bombay Sisters]] and many other Classical Carnatic singers.

===Ramanatakam in Thematic Singing and Dancing Concerts===

Keerthanas or Songs of '''Rama Natakam''' is often preferred by singers and Dancers (Classical) to express the [[Ramayana]] easily to the audience of [[Tamil Nadu]], Several thematic concerts of ''Rama Natakam'' were taken place all over Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-08-21 |title=Opera unfolds visually |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/s-sowmyas-ramanatakam-aesthetically-mixed-kavirayars-compositions-with-keshavs-drawings/article6339147.ece |access-date=2023-11-07 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The original ragas set by the composer were lost by time and [[Ariyakudi Ramanuja Iyengar]] understood the importance of these compositions and set tune for many keerthanas.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-12-17 |title=Songs other than tiruppAvai tuned by Ariyakkudi - Madras Heritage and Carnatic Music |url=https://sriramv.com/2015/12/17/songs-other-than-tiruppavai-tuned-by-ariyakkudi/ |access-date=2024-09-11 |website=sriramv.com |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Ariyakudi Ramanuja Iyengar]] sang at least two songs from the Rama Natakam in his each and every concert. From then these keerthanas became even more famous. A Famous example is the year 2008 in [[Madras Music Season|Margazhi Maha Utsavam]] the Ramanatakam was sung by four famous singers where several Ramanatakam keerthanas were sung. The singers were [[Haricharan]], [[Bharat Sundar]], [[Saindhavi]], Sriranajani santhanagopalan. [[Suki Sivam]] gave a preface before each song was sung.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lDmnNdq0Tn4&t=1069s |title=RAMA NATAKA KEERTHANAIGAL {{!}} Arunachala Kavirayar {{!}} Archives from #mmu2008 {{!}} #pranpratishta |date=2021-04-21 |last=RagamalikaTV |access-date=2024-09-11 |via=YouTube}}</ref> Several Dancers used Ramanatakam songs to Dance and explain the Ramayana to the audience. A famous example is the Dance consort of [[Mithun Shyam]] at the India International Centre, New Delhi performed the Rama Natakam.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-07-18 |title=Young and able |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/dance/young-and-able/article4927850.ece |access-date=2024-09-11 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Rama Natakam suited for other platforms==

Several Songs of Rama Natakam has been automatic choices for hundreds of Carnatic singers for the scope they offer and can be easily understood by normal people. Arunachal Kavi's aim was Ramayana to reach everyone and hence he used simple terms to portray his Ramayana. Rama Nataka has many famous proverbs and sayings which make people understand it easily. Rama Nataka is also taken as a choice by [[Bharatanatyam]] dancers. [[Urmila Satyanarayana]] says that "Rama Natakam" a masterpiece by Sri Arunachala Kavi, clearly portrays the experience of [[Rama]] with other characters of the epic to explain the great character of [[Rama]] and uses the Rama Natakam to perform her ''Rama Rasanubhavam''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sathyanarayanan |first=Urmila |date=2019-04-11 |title=’My experience with Rama Natakam’ |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/my-experience-with-rama-natakam/article26805221.ece |access-date=2023-11-07 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Many other classical dancers opt these ''Keerthanas'' and performs dance shows on Ramayana.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Author |date=2019-01-28 |title=Hauntingly beautiful evening of Classical Dance |url=https://starofmysore.com/hauntingly-beautiful-evening-of-classical-dance/ |access-date=2023-11-07 |website=Star of Mysore |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Srikanth |first=Rupa |date=2023-02-02 |title=Shriya Srinivasan’s performance was backed by a strong orchestra |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/dance/shriya-srinivasans-performance-was-backed-by-a-strong-orchestra/article66463078.ece |access-date=2023-11-07 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Ramayana in Tamil literature]]
*[[Ramavataram]]
*[[Ramayana]]
*[[Arunachala Kavi]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Tamil music]]
[[Category:Carnatic compositions]]
[[Category:Carnatic music]]
[[Category:Works based on the Ramayana]]
[[Category:1771 songs]]

Maraka (Hindu astrology)

2025-04-25T03:36:39Z

Brock211211849: added new stub more to come

{{Short description|Misfortune-causing planets in Hindu astrology}}
{{cleanup|reason=many undefined words, maybe from Hindi, but not in Wiktionary; neutrality.|date=May 2019}}
{{astrology}}

'''Maraka''' ([[Sanskrit]]: मारक) in [[Hindu astrology]] refers to the planet or planets that cause death at the end of a particular life-span; if the assessed life-span is not over they cause accident, ill-health, poverty and misery during the course of their [[Dasha (astrology)|dasha]] or antra-dasha or in the period of the [[Planets in astrology|planet]] associating/influenced by them.<ref>{{cite web|title=Jataka Bharanam|author=Dhundiraja|publisher= Jaikrishan Haridass Gupta|location=Varanasi|edition=1951|url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/18181358/jataka-bharanam }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Janampatra Prabodhsamhita Manasagari|author=Roopnarain Jha|publisher=Savitri Thakur Prakashan|page=354|quote=Ayurdaayasadhan St.6|edition=2001}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title= Bṛhat Parāśara Horāśāstra|author=Parasara|publisher=Manoj Pocket Books|page=106|quote=Ch.Sl.1&2}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Planets And Their Yoga Formations|author=Ravinder Kumar Soni|publisher=Pigeon Books India|page=403|url=http://www.bookstok.com/books/details/book-planets-and-their-yoga-formations-a-treatise-on-hindu-astrology-8188951714-137166}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Yogas in Astrology|author=K.S.Charak|year=2003|publisher=Institute of Vedic Astrology|page=212|isbn=9788190100847|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Ac28DogcQVgC&q=chhidra+grahas&pg=PA212}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Jatakaparijata (With translation and commentary by Gopesh Kumar Ojha|author=Vaidyanatha|year=2008|publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]]|pages=315–317|isbn=9788120822641|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=V2BoM8wCrq8C&q=Jataka+Parijata+Motilal+Banarsidass}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Jataka Chandrika|author=Venkateswara|quote=Slokas 21-26,31, 37|url= https://www.scribd.com/doc/6603635/Jataka-Chandrika}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{Jyotish Vidya|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Technical factors of Hindu astrology]]

Lakshmeshwara Jain temples

2025-03-11T21:10:38Z

Brock211211849: added a location first draft

{{Short description|Group of Indian temples}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox religious building
| religious_affiliation = [[Jainism]]
| image = File:Lakshmeshwara Old Jain temple 1.jpg
| alt = Lakshmeshwara Jain temple
| caption = Shanka Basadi
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| map_type =
| map_alt =
| map_size = 200
| map_caption = Location within Karnataka
| coordinates = {{coord|15|07|37|N|75|27|51|E|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| location = [[Lakshmeshwara]], [[Gadag district|Gadag]], [[Karnataka]]
| festivals = [[Mahavir Jayanti]]
| deity = [[Neminatha]], [[Anantanatha]]
| established = 7th century CE
| creator = [[Pulakeshin II]]
| governing_body = Shri Shankhabasadi Trust
| temple_quantity = 3
| architecture_style = [[Badami Chalukya architecture]]
}}

The '''Lakshmeshwara Jain temples''' is a group of [[Jain]] [[Jain temple|temples]] in the town of [[Lakshmeshwara]] in the [[Gadag district]] of [[Karnataka]].

== History ==
Jainism as it relates to Lakshmeshwara has a long history.{{sfn|Chugh|2016|p=300}}{{sfn|Singh|2008|p=26}} Lakshmeshwara is one of the ancient Jain centres formerly known as Hugligare and Puligere.{{sfn|Ben-Herut|2018|p=348}}{{sfn|Sharma|2009|p=53}}{{sfn|Subburaj|2003|p=250}} Many Jain temples are mentioned in the inscriptions.{{sfn|Chugh|2016|pp=300–301}}{{sfn|Karnataka Gazetteer Department|p=69}}{{sfn|Naik|Naik|1948|p=79}} [[Kalyani Chalukyas]]' most important Jinalayas include [[Brahma Jinalaya]] at [[Lakkundi]], Charantimatha at [[Aihole]], and Sankha Jinalya at Lakshmeswar. The temple is believed to be an older structure than [[Aihole#Meguti_hill|Meghuti temple]].{{sfn|Chugh|2016|p=300}} The Sankha Jinalaya at Lakshmeshwara is dedicated to [[Neminatha]]. According to many inscriptions this was an important Jinalaya. Sendraka Durgashakti, a [[feudatory]] (vassal) of [[Pulakeshin II]] is said to have given gifts to this temple. There is an inscription in Shanka Basadi that mentions the temple received grants from Pulakeshin II in {{circa|609|642}} CE.{{sfn|Chugh|2016|p=347}} An inscription by [[Vinayaditya of Vatapi|Vinayaditya]] (dated 686 A.D.) refers to a grant to the Jain [[Acharya]] of Devagana and Mulasangha.{{sfn|Chugh|2016|pp=300–301}} An epigraph dated 723 CE, by [[Vijayaditya]] mentions a grant to Niravadya Pandita who was to house pupil of Sri Pujyapada. Another inscription of [[Vikramaditya II]] (dated 734 A. D.) mentions gifts to Shanka Jinalaya.{{sfn|Singh|2008|p=83}} In 734–735 CE, Srivijayadevapanditacharya of [[Digambara#Sub-sects|dev gana]] received funds to make repairs to the temple.{{sfn|Singh|2008|p=49}} Kunkuma Mahadevi, sister of Vijayaditya, constructed a large Jain temple during the reign of [[Kirtivarman II]].{{sfn|Chandrababu|Thilagavathi|2009|pp=157–158}} Lakshmeshwar was established as a Jain center by [[Chalukya dynasty]] and was further developed during [[Rashtrakuta]] period, having monuments from [[Rashtrakuta]] period.{{sfn|Chugh|2016|p=300}}{{sfn|Karnataka Gazetteer Department|p=69}}

[[Adikavi Pampa]] wrote ''[[Ādi purāṇa]]'', seated in this [[basadi]] (temple) during 9th century.{{sfn|Azer|2011}}{{sfn|Chugh|2016|p=437}}

== Architecture ==
===Shanka Basadi===
[[File:Lakshmeshwara New Jain temple 1.jpg|150px|thumb|right|Newly built Shantinatha Jain temple]]
Shanka Basadi is one of the two historical Jain temples at Lakshmeswar. The more famous temple is Sankha Jinalaya, also called Sahasrakuta Jinalaya, in the Basti Bana area. Shankha Jinendra([[Neminath]]) (Shankha is the symbol of Neminath), the 22nd Jain ''[[Tirthankara]]'' (saviour), is the presiding deity of this [[Jain Basadi]].{{sfn|Singh|2008|p=26}} The temple derives its name from the image of Neminatha in ''[[kayotsarga]]'' posture standing on a large ''[[shankha]]'' (conch shell).{{sfn|Shah|1987|p=169}} The Basadi consists of a ''[[garbhagriha]]'' (inner sanctum), a large ''[[ardhamandapa]]'' (porch), a larger ''[[mandapa|mahamandapa]]'' (hall) and a ''[[Ranga Mandapa|ranga mandapa]]'' (pillared hall or pavilion ). The ''ranga mandapa'' has three entrances (south, north, and west). It has a ''chaturmukha'' (four-faced{{sfn|Ellis|2012|p=202}}) structure carrying three ''chaturmukha'' figures. The temple's ''[[shikhara]]'' is built in a ''rekhanagara style''. The unique feature of this temple is a monolithic pillar with the carving of 1008 Tirthankaras known as ''Sahasrakuta Jinabimba''.{{sfn|Chugh|2016|p=295}}{{sfn|Chugh|2016|pp=305–306}} There is a ''[[manasthamba]]'' (pillar) erected in front of the temple.{{sfn|Ramaswamy|2017}}{{sfn|Chugh|2016|p=306}} There are ventilated walls in front of the temple, whereas ''[[yakshas]]'' and ''[[yakshini]]'' are in the other walls.{{sfn|Vathsala|2019}} There are many splendid carvings of dancers and musicians. Inside the temple, one can find the rare monolithic piece of Sahasra Jinabimbas (SahastraKut Jinalay) and the idols of [[Dharnendra]] and [[Padmavati (Jainism)|Padmavati]]. Many mutilated Jain idols are on the wall of a well nearby. The Basadi is in ruins and renovated; it represents the interest of the Kalyani Chalukyas in Jain architecture.{{sfn|Chugh|2016|p=306}}

===Ananthanatha Basadi===
Another Jain temple at Lakshmeshwara is the Ananthanatha Basadi, built-in {{circa|12th century CE}}, which is in the middle of the town. The temple is built using soap stone and features a ''phamsana style'' [[Shikhara]].{{sfn|Hardy|1995|p=337}}{{sfn|Britannica}} The temple is constructed in [[Hoysala_architecture#Vimana|Trikuta]] style and is an example of the [[Chalukya]] style of architecture.{{sfn|Chugh|2016|p=306}} The idol of [[Anantanatha]], one of the 24 ''Tirthankars'', is installed in the [[garbhagriha]] of the shrine.{{sfn|Vathsala|2019}}

== See also ==
* [[Western Chalukya]]
* [[Western Chalukya architecture]]
* [[Gadag]]
* [[Annigeri]]

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{reflist|23em}}

=== Bibliography ===
==== Books ====
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book | last=Ben-Herut | first=Gil | title=Siva's Saints: The Origins of Devotion in Kannada according to Harihara's Ragalegalu | url={{Google books|e2hiDwAAQBAJ|pg=PT348|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} | publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] | location=[[Oxford]] | year=2018 |isbn=978-0-19-087886-3 }}
* {{cite book | last1=Chandrababu | first1=B. S. | last2=Thilagavathi | first2=L. | title=Woman, Her History and Her Struggle for Emancipation | url={{Google books|NZmyUpHdPWYC|page=157|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} | publisher=[[Bharathi Puthakalayam]] | location=[[Chennai]] | year=2009 |isbn=978-81-89909-97-0 }}
* {{cite book | last=Chugh | first=Lalit | title=Karnataka's Rich Heritage - Art and Architecture | url={{Google books|JpnoCwAAQBAJ|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} | edition= From Prehistoric Times to the Hoysala Period | publisher=[[Notion Press]] | location=[[Chennai]] | year=2016 |isbn=978-93-5206-825-8 }}
* {{cite book | last=Hardy | first=Adam | author-link=Adam Hardy (architectural historian) | title=Indian Temple Architecture: Form and Transformation : the Karṇāṭa Drāviḍa Tradition, 7th to 13th Centuries | series=Kalāsamālocanā series | url={{Google books|aU0hCAS2-08C|page=337|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} | publisher=Abhinav Publications | location=[[Delhi]] | year=1995 |isbn=978-81-7017-312-0 }}
* {{cite book | last=Ellis | first=Robert Richmond | title=They Need Nothing: Hispanic-Asian Encounters of the Colonial Period | url={{Google books|3S2ytuEIVfAC|page=202|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} | publisher=[[University of Toronto Press]] | location=[[Toronto]] | year=2012 |isbn=978-1-4426-4511-0 }}
* {{cite book |last=Shah | first=Umakant Premanand | author-link=Umakant Premanand Shah | title=Jaina-rūpa-maṇḍana: Jaina iconography | url={{Google books|m_y_P4duSXsC|page=169|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} | date=1987 | publisher=Abhinav Publications | location=[[New Delhi]] | isbn=81-7017-208-X }}
* {{cite book | last=Sharma | first=Ram Sharan | author-link=Ram Sharan Sharma | title=Indian Feudalism, C. AD 300-1200 | url={{Google books|2C7AOnBvu64C|page=53|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} | edition=3rd | publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers]] | location=[[New Delhi]] | year=2009 |isbn=978-1403-92863-4 }}
* {{cite book |last=Singh |first=Ram Bhushan Prasad |title=Jainism In Early Medieval Karnataka |url={{Google books|JtWGm4E4qZIC|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |year=2008 |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] | location=[[New Delhi]] |isbn=978-81-208-3323-4 }}
* {{cite book | last=Subburaj | first=V. V. K. | title=Tourist Guide to South India | url={{Google books|ta6AD7MNFioC|page=250|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} | edition= From Prehistoric Times to the Hoysala Period | publisher=Sura Books | location=[[Chennai]] | year=2003 |isbn=978-81-7478-175-8 }}
{{refend}}

==== Web ====
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite news | last=Azer | first=Rahman | url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/171942/lakshmeshwar-melting-pot-cultures.html | title=Lakshmeshwar, a melting pot of cultures | publisher=[[Deccan Herald]] | date=27 June 2011 | access-date=9 May 2021 }}
* {{cite news | last=Vathsala | first=VP | url=https://www.deccanherald.com/supplements/travel/gadag-beckons-734160.html | title=Gadag Beckons | publisher=[[Deccan Herald]] | date=18 May 2019 | access-date=9 May 2021 }}
* {{cite news | last=Ramaswamy | first=Chitra | url=http://www.millenniumpost.in/sundaypost/routes/rendezvous-with-karnatakas-jaina-trail-215649 | title=Karnataka, The Tourist Paradise | work=Millennium Post | location=[[Delhi]] | date=18 February 2017 | access-date=9 May 2021 }}
* {{cite web | author=Karnataka Gazetteer Department | url=http://www.gazetteer.kar.nic.in/gazetteer/hand%20book/Chapter-14_561-570.pdf | title=Karnataka, The Tourist Paradise | publisher=[[The Gazette of India]] | location=Karnataka | access-date=9 May 2021 }}
* {{cite web | author=Britannica | title=Phamsana | url=https://www.britannica.com/technology/phamsana | website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] | access-date=18 July 2021 }}
* {{cite journal | last1=Naik | first1=A. V. | last2=Naik | first2=A. N. | title=Inscriptions of the deccan: an epigraphical survey (circa 300 b.c.-1300 a.d.). | journal=[[Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute|Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute]] | volume=9 | date=1948 | issue=1/2 | jstor=42929414 | url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/42929414 | access-date=9 May 2021}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
* {{commons category-inline|Jain temple, Lakshmeshwara}}

{{Jain temples}}
{{Jainism topics}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Jain temples in Karnataka]]
[[Category:7th-century Jain temples]]
[[Category:Gadag district]]