Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Mausam Narang

2026-05-04T22:14:39Z

BrittnyFiorillo: added first info w/ infobox

{{Short description|Indian entrepreneur (born 1986 or 1987)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mausam Narang
| image =
| alt = 
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{Birth year based on age as of date|39|2026|4|24|noage=y}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = Cheesemaker, entrepreneur
| years_active = 2015–present
| known_for = Founder of Eleftheria Cheese
| notable_works =
}}
'''Mausam Narang''' (born {{Birth year based on age as of date|39|2026|4|24|noage=y}}) is an Indian artisanal cheesemaker and entrepreneur based in [[Mumbai]]. She is the founder of Eleftheria, a brand that produces European-style cheeses using local Indian ingredients. Narang has received international acclaim for her work, including multiple awards at the World Cheese Awards and the Mundial do Queijo do Brasil.<ref name="IEHR26">{{Cite web |first=Heena |last=Khandelwal |date=2026-04-24 |title=HR job to cheesemaker with global glory, meet this Mumbai woman PM praised |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/hr-job-to-cheesemaker-global-glory-woman-pm-praised-10653651/ |access-date=2026-04-26 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Mausam Narang was born and raised in [[Mulund]], [[Mumbai]]. She went to the [[United Kingdom]] to complete a masters in [[human resource management]].<ref name="IEHR26" />

==Career==
===Human resources (2005–2015)===
Narang worked in human resources for corporations in France and Germany for eight years. While she lived in Europe, she developed an interest in diverse cheese varieties, such as the German [[Butterkäse]] and the English cloth-bound cheddar.<ref name="IEHR26" />

By 2013, she had moved to Mumbai. While still employed in the IT firm [[Capgemini]], she began baking [[sourdough]] bread at home. Due to a lack of high-quality artisanal cheese in the local market to pair with her bread, she began experimenting with cheesemaking in her mother's kitchen on weekends.<ref name="IEHR26" />

She initially imported cheesemaking ingredients in small quantities. She then scouted Indian dairy farms for many months to find the right quality of milk for her cheesemaking.<ref name="NHBest23">{{Cite web |date=2023-12-28 |title=Mumbai's Eleftheria wins World's Best Cheese of the Year award in 2023 |url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/business/eleftheria-cheese-wins-worlds-best-cheese-of-the-yearawardin2023 |access-date=2026-04-28 |website=National Herald |language=en}}</ref>

By 2015, Narang decided to leave her corporate career to focus on cheesemaking. As there were no formal cheesemaking schools in India at the time, she taught herself through extensive reading and trial and error.<ref name="IEHR26" /> She later trained with master cheesemakers in [[Italy]].<ref name="NHBest23" />

===Eleftheria (2015–present)===
Narang founded Eleftheria in 2015, initially operating from a small rented space with a single assistant. She then went to pop-up sales and farmer's markets to understand her customer base.<ref name="IEHR26" />

In 2016, Narang began supplying boutique restaurants in Mumbai after receiving validation from chefs from prominent Mumbai restaurants. The company's operations eventually moved to a creamery in [[Bhandup]]. During the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], Narang expanded the business into the direct-to-consumer (B2C) market by launching an online shop and offering specialized cheese boards.<ref name="IEHR26" />

By 2026, the company had grown to a team of 65 employees, supplying major hospitality groups such as the [[Taj Hotels|Taj]] and [[Oberoi Hotels & Resorts|Oberoi]] groups, as well as numerous high-end restaurants across Indian metropolitan areas.<ref name="IEHR26" />

==Awards and recognition==
Narang's products have been recognized at the World Cheese Awards annually since 2021, when they won a Silver medal.<ref name="IEHR26" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Menon |first=Murali K |date=April 24, 2026 |title=Mumbai cheesemaker who won big in Brazil: Artisanal cheese market is small, but growing steadily |url=https://www.firstpost.com/lifestyle/mumbai-cheesemaker-mausam-narang-won-big-in-brazil-artisanal-cheese-market-is-small-but-growing-steadily-14003998.html |work=Firstpost |access-date=2026-04-28}}</ref> This made her the first Indian to win an award at the World Cheese Awards.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Conversation {{!}} Women in love with cheese |url=https://www.bbc.com/audio/play/w3ct4twh |access-date=2026-04-28 |website=BBC Audio |language=en-GB}}</ref>

In 2023, Eleftheria won World's Best Cheese of the Year award in [[Norway]]. Her cheeses won two medals in the Super Gold and one in the Gold categories.<ref name="NHBest23" /><ref>{{Cite web |first=Jayashree |last=Narayanan |date=2023-11-18 |title=Meet Mausam Narang whose artisanal cheeses won big for India at the World Cheese Awards 2023 in Norway |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/food-wine/meet-mausam-narang-whose-artisanal-cheeses-won-big-for-india-at-the-world-cheese-awards-2023-in-norway-9028848/ |access-date=2026-04-28 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

In 2026, at the fourth edition of the Mundial do Queijo do Brasil—a prestigious blind-tasting competition featuring nearly 2,700 entries—her cheeses won medals in the Super Gold, Gold and Silver categories.<ref name="IEHR26" />

Following these victories, Narang and her team received formal recognition and public commendation from the [[Prime Minister of India]] for their contributions to the artisanal craft in the country.<ref name="IEHR26" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Narang, Mausam}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Mumbai]]

Shah Mohammad Tantray

2026-05-03T10:09:54Z

BrittnyFiorillo: starting a stub

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1956)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Shah Mohammad Tantray
| relations =
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Poonch Haveli Assembly constituency|Poonch Haveli]]
| term_start = 2014
| term_end = 2019
| party = Jammu and Kashmir National Conference
}}

'''Shah Mohammad Tantray''' (born 1956) is an Indian politician from [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. He was an MLA from [[Poonch Haveli Assembly constituency]] in [[Poonch district, India|Poonch district]]. He won the [[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-12-23 |title=Jammu and Kashmir Assembly election winners list |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/assembly-elections-2015/jammu-and-kashmir/story/jammu-kashmir-election-winners-list-assembly-polls-results-bjp-congress-pdp-nc-232557-2014-12-23 |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Poonch Haveli Lok Sabha Election 2024 Live: Get Poonch Haveli Lok Sabha Election Results and Candidate List |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/jammu-kashmir-assembly-election/poonch-haveli-constituency/ |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He contested the same seat representing [[Jammu and Kashmir Apni Party]] in the [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024 Assembly election]] but lost.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jammu and Kashmir Assembly Elections 2024: BJP state chief faces uphill task against former party colleague in Nowshera |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/elections/jammu-and-kashmir/jammu-and-kashmir-assembly-elections-2024-bjp-state-chief-faces-uphill-task-against-former-party-colleague-in-nowshera-3185057 |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> and finished third behind JKNC and BJP candidate.

== Early life and education ==
Tantray is from [[Haveli Tehsil, J&K|Haveli]], Poonch district, Jammu and Kashmir. He is the son of Ghulam Mohammad Tantray. He completed his B.A. in 1977 from [[University of Jammu]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shah Mohd Tantray(JKPDP):Constituency- POONCH HAVELI(POONCH) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://myneta.info/jk2014/candidate.php?candidate_id=162 |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

Wives:late Mali begum
And Saira bano,
Childrens: Tahir mehmood,
Nahid fatima,
Nasreen Akhter,
Mohd Tayyub,
Nazia kouser,
Ajaz ul Rehman,
Aisha tantray and
Mehmood ul Rehman.

== Career ==
Tantray won from Poonch Haveli Assembly constituency representing the Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party in the 2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election. He polled 19,488 votes and defeated his nearest rival, [[Ajaz Ahmed Jan]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir National Conference]], by a margin of 3,512 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes AC: Jammu & Kashmir 2014 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha/2014/jammu-&-kashmir/242/32 |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-19 |title=Poonch Haveli Assembly Election Results 2024: Poonch Haveli Jammu Kashmir Election Schedule, Vote share and Results |url=https://www.loksatta.com/elections/jammu-kashmir-assembly-election/poonch-haveli-constituency/ |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref> He lost in 2024.

== Electoral performance ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Election !! Constituency !! colspan="2"|Party !! Result !! Votes % !! Opposition Candidate !! colspan="2"|Opposition Party !! Opposition vote %|| Ref
|-
|[[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]]||[[Poonch Haveli Assembly constituency|Poonch Haveli]]||{{party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir Apni Party}}||{{Lost}}||9.29%||[[Ajaz Ahmed Jan]]||{{party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir National Conference}}||42.72%||<ref>{{cite news|last1=Election Commission of India|title=J&K Assembly Election Results 2024 - Bandipora|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0815.htm|access-date=10 October 2024|date=8 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241010072117/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0815.htm|archive-date=10 October 2024}}</ref>
|-
|[[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2014]]||[[Poonch Haveli Assembly constituency|Poonch Haveli]]||{{party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party}}||{{Won}}||25.57%||[[Ajaz Ahmed Jan]]||{{party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}||20.96%||<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Jammu & Kashmir 2014 - Jammu & Kashmir - Election Commission of India |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190613150235/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |archive-date=2019-06-13 |access-date= |website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shah Mohammad, Tantray}}
[[Category:1956 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party politicians]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 2014–2018]]
[[Category:People from Poonch District, India]]
[[Category:Apni Party politicians]]

Natir Puja

2026-05-01T22:32:28Z

BrittnyFiorillo:

{{short description|1932 film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Natir Puja
| image = Natir Puja words in Bengali.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| director = [[Rabindranath Tagore]]
| producer = [[B. N. Sircar]]
| writer = Rabindranath Tagore
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| starring =
| music = [[Dinendranath Tagore]]
| cinematography = Nitin Bose
| editing = Subodh Mitra
| studio = [[New Theatres]]
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1932|03|22|Kolkata|ref1=<ref name=Gooptu2011 />}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Natir Puja''''' ([[English language|English]]:the dancing girl's worship) is the only film where [[Rabindranath Tagore]] is credited as director.<ref name="Gooptu2011">{{cite book|author=Sharmistha Gooptu|title=Bengali Cinema: An Other Nation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pzEdHF5UYcMC&pg=PA46|access-date=16 December 2012|year=2011|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-57006-0|pages=46–}}</ref><ref name="16th KFF: Rabindranath Tagore on Celluloid">{{cite web|title=16th KFF: Rabindranath Tagore on Celluloid|url=http://www.bollywoodtrade.com/trade-news/16th-kff-rabindranath-tagore-on-celluloid/index.htm|publisher=Bollywood Trade|access-date=15 December 2012|archive-date=13 December 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101213142603/http://www.bollywoodtrade.com/trade-news/16th-kff-rabindranath-tagore-on-celluloid/index.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen1999">{{cite book|author1=Ashish Rajadhyaksha|author2=Paul Willemen|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian cinema|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R0EOAQAAMAAJ|access-date=16 December 2012|date=26 June 1999|publisher=British Film Institute|page=623}}</ref> This film is a recording of Tagore's 1926 stage dance-drama of the same name.<ref name="Natir Puja revisited (documentary)">{{cite web|title=Natir Puja revisited (documentary)|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zp6Js9pAOwc|access-date=15 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=চলচ্চিত্র পরিচালক রবীন্দ্রনাথ |url=https://samakal.com/todays-print-edition/tp-nondan/article/1605210054 |access-date=2022-05-13 |website=SAMAKAL |language=en |archive-date=9 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220609114547/https://samakal.com/todays-print-edition/tp-nondan/article/1605210054 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Background ==
The dramatized version of Tagore's ''Natir Puja'' was first staged at Rabindranath's own home Uttorayan, [[Jorasanko Thakur Bari|Konarak]] Rabindrabhaban, Santinikatan in 1933.<ref name="16th KFF: Rabindranath Tagore on Celluloid" />
At the end of 1931, Tagore came to [[Kolkata]] (then Calcutta) from [[Santiniketan]] to perform a stage production of his 1926 dance drama. Here, [[B. N. Sircar]], an Indian film producer and the founder of [[New Theatres]] Calcutta invited Tagore to transform the play into cinema under his New Theatres banner.<ref name="16th KFF: Rabindranath Tagore on Celluloid" /> Tagore gave consent to film their stage production.<ref name=Gooptu2011 />

== Filming ==
The film was shot on NT Studio's Floor Number 1, and it was shot within 4 days. Other than writing and directing the film, Tagore also acted in the film. The music of the film composed by [[Dinendranath Tagore]]. The cinematographer of the film was Subodh Mitra. They did not follow conventional rules, and the film was shot like a stage drama.<ref name="16th KFF: Rabindranath Tagore on Celluloid" />

== Release and reception ==
After completion of shooting and editing, the 10,577-foot-long film version was released on 22 March 1932 at Chitra, [[Calcutta]].<ref name=Gooptu2011 /><ref name="Tagore1961">{{cite book|author=Rabindranath Tagore|title=A centenary volume, 1861-1961|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rJYRAQAAMAAJ|access-date=16 December 2012|year=1961|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|page=493}}</ref> Because of Tagore's presence in the film, it was expected that the film would be well received by viewers. The producers of the film agreed to donate fifty per cent of the film's proceeds into Tagore's Santiniketan project. But, the film was a commercial failure. Later, the staginess of the film was blamed for this commercial failure.<ref name=Gooptu2011 /> B. N. Sircar felt the short shooting schedule of the film was the reason of the commercial failure.<ref name="The Glory that Was: An Exploration of the Iconicity of New Theatres">{{cite web|title=The Glory that Was: An Exploration of the Iconicity of New Theatres|url=http://www.cssaame.com/issues/23/33.pdf|access-date=15 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811112318/http://www.cssaame.com/issues/23/33.pdf|archive-date=11 August 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>

However, some Bengali critics applauded the film for its "aesthetic values" (or Tagorean qualities).<ref name=Gooptu2011 /> ''The Bengalee'' newspaper wrote in their review:<ref name=Gooptu2011 />
<blockquote>As everyone knows, apart from the charm lent to it by the Poet, the story has an intense appeal of its own. And considering the fact that the artistes were all amateurs in their teens, it may be said without hesitation that the charm has not suffered and the interest of the play has been maintained throughout. The songs, under the direction of Mr Dinendra Nath Tagore, have been well sung and are sure to be appreciated by all, especially the swan song of the dancing girl. But the most striking feature of the film is the interpretative dance of the artiste who played the role of Srimati. To Rabindranath belongs the credit for revival of this ancient Indian art and its inclusion in this film must give an opportunity to many who have not seen it danced by the poet and his pupils during the seasonal festivals he is in the habit of celebrating in Calcutta to see and admire these dances.</blockquote>

== Aftermath ==
This is the only film where Rabindranath Tagore is credited as director. The prints of the film were destroyed in a fire at the New Theatres. Though recently, attempts have been made to restore those films.<ref name="16th KFF: Rabindranath Tagore on Celluloid" />

== Credits ==
[[File:Natir Puja dance drama title card.jpg|thumb|Title card of the dance-drama]]
* Writer, director: [[Rabindranath Tagore]]
* Producer: [[Birendranath Sircar|B. N. Sircar]]
* Music composer: [[Dinendranath Tagore]]
* Studio: New Theatres
* Cinematographer: [[Nitin Bose]]
* Cast: Students of Santiniketan

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0259458}}

{{Rabindranath Tagore}}

[[Category:1932 films]]
[[Category:1932 Indian films]]
[[Category:1932 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:1932 drama films]]
[[Category:1930s rediscovered films]]
[[Category:Rediscovered Indian films]]
[[Category:Works by Rabindranath Tagore]]
[[Category:Films based on works by Rabindranath Tagore]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language drama films]]
[[Category:Indian films based on plays]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kolkata]]
[[Category:New Theatres films]]

Indian Post and Telecommunication Accounts and Finance Service

2026-04-29T07:26:41Z

BrittnyFiorillo: Added page!

{{Short description|Group "A" Central Civil Services of the Union of India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{more citations needed|date=March 2018}}

The '''Indian Post & Telecommunication Accounts and Finance Service''' / '''IP&TAFS (now known as Indian Communication Finance Service / ICFS)''' is a Group "A" [[Central Civil Services (India)|Central Civil Services]] of the [[Government of India|Union of India]]. The Service was started in the year 1972 for prudent and professional management of the finances of the [[Indian Postal Service|Department of Posts]] and [[Department of Telecommunications]] which were the sole provider of the communications needs of the country at that time. Gradually, over time the service has crystallized into a professional cadre of over 376 officers. In 2017, 25 officers were recruited through prestigious [[Civil Services Examination]] conducted by [[Union Public Service Commission]].

== Duties performed by Officers of IP&TAFS GR.’A’ ==

As in the other Central Services, the officers are liable to be transferred and posted in anywhere in India. The officers of IP&TAFS are working in [[Department of Telecom]], [[Indian Postal Service|Department of Posts]], and various other ministries and statutory bodies of Govt of India on deputation.

In Department of Telecommunications, the officers are posted at DOT Headquarters as Adviser, Sr DDG, DDG, Directors & ADG. In field units the officers are posted as Controller or Joint Controller of Communication Accounts (CCA/JCCA) which is involved in the collection of License fees and Spectrum Usage Charges from Airtel, Vodafone, Idea, BSNL, MTNL and other service providers and for checking and disbursing claims received under the Universal Service Obligation fund as well as administrative functions such as settlement of pension cases of DoT Employees, maintaining General Provident Fund accounts of DoT Employees, . The amount collected under licensing is approximately Rs.44000 crores for the Financial Year 2017-18. The CCA units also assist in the administration of Universal Service Obligation Fund under the [[Ministry of Communications and Information Technology (India)|Ministry of Communications & IT]] for providing telecom service in rural/remote areas of the country involving (a) planning & forecasting, (b) tendering, (c) costing, (d) disbursement of support to service providers, and (e) monitoring. The collection towards USO for the 10th Plan Period is around Rs. 13000 crores.

In the Department of Post, the officers from this service are manning the offices of FA / DDG / GM, Director, ADG /Dy Director / ACAO of Postal Accounts located at DOP Headquarters and in all states. The work in these offices mainly comprises maintaining General Provident Fund accounts of the staff employed in a particular postal circle, settlement of pension cases, checking of money order deliveries and NSCs, budgeting and financial control, Internal Audit of Postal Units and rendering financial advice to the concerned Head of the Circle.

Besides IP&T AFS, Gr. ‘A’ officers can be appointed on deputation to Central Government, State Governments, Central Staffing Scheme, Autonomous Organizations/ Subordinate Organizations, PSUs and UN Organizations/International Organizations like world Bank, Asian Development Bank in various capacities.

== Cadre Controlling Authority ==

Member Finance, [[Digital Communication Commission of India]], Department of Telecommunications is Cadre Controlling Authority of IP&TAFS), Group "A"& "B". Member Finance is an ''ex officio'' Secretary to Government of India. Now Sri Manish Sinha is holding post of Member Finance.

== Hierarchy ==
{|border="1" cellpadding="5"
|-
! scope="col" style="text-align:center;" | Grade
! scope="col" style="text-align:center;" | Designation in the field
! scope="col" style="text-align:center;" | Designation in Headquarters
! style="text-align:center;" | Basic pay
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | Apex Scale (Pay level 17)
| style="text-align:center;" | {{center|Nil}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Secretary to the Government of India|Secretary / Controller General of Communication Accounts]]
| style="text-align:center;" | {{INRConvert|225|k|lk=on}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | Higher Administrative Grade (+) (Pay level 16)
| style="text-align:center;" | Principal Chief Controller of Communication Accounts
| style="text-align:center;" | Member (Finance), Department of Telecommunications / Posts
| style="text-align:center;" | {{INRConvert|205.4|k|lk=on}}—{{INRConvert|224.4|k|lk=on}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | Higher Administrative Grade (Pay level 15)
| style="text-align:center;" | Chief Controller of Communication Accounts
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Additional Secretary]]
| style="text-align:center;" | {{INRConvert|182.2|k|lk=on}}—{{INRConvert|224.1|k|lk=on}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | Senior Administrative Grade (Pay level 14)
| style="text-align:center;" | Controller of Communication Accounts
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Joint Secretary]]
| style="text-align:center;" | {{INRConvert|144.2|k|lk=on}}—{{INRConvert|218.2|lk=on}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | Junior Administrative Grade (Functional) (Pay level 13)
| style="text-align:center;" | Deputy Controller of Communication Accounts
| style="text-align:center;" | Director
| style="text-align:center;" | {{INRConvert|123.1|k|lk=on}}—{{INRConvert|215.9|k|lk=on}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | Senior Time Scale (Non Functional) (Pay level 12)
| style="text-align:center;" | Assistant Controller of Communication Accounts (Selection Grade)
| style="text-align:center;" | Deputy Secretary
| style="text-align:center;" | {{INRConvert|78.8|k|lk=on}}—{{INRConvert|209.2|lk=on}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | Senior Time Scale (Pay level 11)
| style="text-align:center;" | Assistant Controller of Communication Accounts
| style="text-align:center;" | Under Secretary
| style="text-align:center;" | {{INRConvert|67.7|k|lk=on}}—{{INRConvert|208.7|lk=on}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | Junior Time Scale (Pay level 10)
| style="text-align:center;" | Junior Accounts Officer
| style="text-align:center;" | Assistant Secretary
| style="text-align:center;" | {{INRConvert|56.1|k|lk=on}}—{{INRConvert|177.5|lk=on}}
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://nicf.gov.in/ NICF]
* [http://dot.gov.in/ DoT]
* [http://www.indiapost.gov.in/ DoP] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810064218/http://www.indiapost.gov.in/ |date=10 August 2011 }}
* [http://prccadelhi.gov.in/ CCA, New Delhi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160730071407/http://www.prccadelhi.gov.in/ |date=30 July 2016 }}
* [http://ccagujarat.gov.in/ CCA. Gujarat] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160715195456/http://www.ccagujarat.gov.in/ |date=15 July 2016 }}

{{Public Services of India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Post and Telecommunication Accounts and Finance Service}}
[[Category:Accounting in India]]
[[Category:Central Civil Services (India)]]
[[Category:Postal system of India]]
[[Category:Union Public Service Commission]]

Subhalekhalu

2026-04-23T18:23:54Z

BrittnyFiorillo:

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Subhalekhalu
| image = Subhalekhalu poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = DVD cover
| native_name = 
| director = [[Muppalaneni Shiva]]
| screenplay = Muppalaneni Shiva
| story = Anitha
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogue by
| data1 = Madhura Raja
}}
| based_on = 
| producer = [[Nandamuri Ramakrishna]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thanjavur |first=Kiran Kumar |date=1 March 2019 |title=పవన్ కళ్యాణ్ బాటలో మహేష్ బాబు.. ఏ విషయంలో తెలుసా.. |url=https://telugu.news18.com/news/movies/mahesh-babu-follows-pawankalyan-like-film-producing-with-other-heroes-ta-146632.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922032447/https://telugu.news18.com/news/movies/mahesh-babu-follows-pawankalyan-like-film-producing-with-other-heroes-ta-146632.html |archive-date=22 September 2022 |access-date=16 September 2022 |website=[[News18]] |language=te}}</ref>
| starring = [[Srikanth (Telugu actor)|Srikanth]] [[Laila (actress)|Laila]] [[Roshini (actress)|Roshini]]
| cinematography = K. Shankar
| editing = Vemuri Ravi
| music = [[Koti (composer)|Koti]]
| studio = [[Ramakrishna Studios|Ramakrishna Horticultural Cine Studios]]
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1998|11|13}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Subhalekhalu''''' ({{Translation|Wedding invitations}}) is a 1998 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[romantic drama film]] directed by [[Muppalaneni Shiva]] and produced by [[Ramakrishna Cine Studios|Ramakrishna Horticultural Cine Studios]]. It stars [[Srikanth (Telugu actor)|Srikanth]], [[Laila (actress)|Laila]] and [[Roshini (actress)|Roshini]]. The film was released to mixed reviews and was a box office failure.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sunil |first=Sreya |title=They drizzled, they sizzled and they fizzled |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/research/anal/anal-teluguheroines.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151024165810/http://www.idlebrain.com/research/anal/anal-teluguheroines.html |archive-date=24 October 2015 |access-date=16 September 2022 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 August 2022 |title=Prabhas - Maruthi Movie: Something Can Be Hit |url=https://ntvtelugu.com/movie-news/prabhas-maruthi-movie-something-can-be-hit-222169.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922032447/https://ntvtelugu.com/movie-news/prabhas-maruthi-movie-something-can-be-hit-222169.html |archive-date=22 September 2022 |access-date=16 September 2022 |website=[[NTV (Telugu)|NTV]] |language=te}}</ref>

== Plot ==
A young woman falls in love with a handsome man, who rejects her advances immediately. However, she keeps pursuing him to win him over and to prove her love towards him is pure.

== Cast ==
{{Colbegin}}
*[[Srikanth (Telugu actor)|Srikanth]] as Sri
*[[Laila (actress)|Laila]] as Manasa
*[[Roshini (actress)|Roshini]] as Priya
*[[Kaikala Satyanarayana|Satyanarayana]] as Manasa's father
*[[Annapoorna (actress)|Annapoorna]] as Manasa's mother
*[[Sudhakar (Telugu actor)|Sudhakar]] as Manasa's uncle
*[[AVS (actor)|AVS]] as a doubtful man
*[[Babu Mohan]] as an indecisive man
*[[Kota Srinivasa Rao]]
*[[Srihari]]
*[[Brahmanandam]]
*[[Ramaprabha]]
* Radha Bai
*[[Chalapathi Rao]]
*[[Gautham Raju]]
*[[Kallu Chidambaram]]
*[[Ranganath (actor)|Ranganath]] (guest appearance)
*[[Nandamuri Harikrishna]] (guest appearance)
{{Colend}}

== Soundtrack ==
The songs are composed by [[Koti (composer)|Koti]] and were released under the [[Anand Audio]] label.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shubhalekhalu (1998) Telugu Songs Lyrics |url=https://www.atozlyrics.info/2019/01/shubhalekhalu-1998-telugu-songs-lyrics.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922032448/https://www.atozlyrics.info/2019/01/shubhalekhalu-1998-telugu-songs-lyrics.html |archive-date=22 September 2022 |access-date=16 September 2022 |website=ATOZ Lyrics}}</ref>
{{tracklist
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| title1 = Suswagatham
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubramanyam]], [[K. S. Chitra]]
| lyrics1 = [[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry]]
| length1 = 5:10
| title2 = Lipstick Pedala
| extra2 = S. P. Balasubramanyam, [[Swarnalatha]]
| lyrics2 = [[Bhuvana Chandra]]
| length2 = 4:35
| title3 = O Priya Swagatham
| extra3 = S. P. Balasubramanyam, K. S. Chitra
| lyrics3 = Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry
| length3 = 4:35
| title4 = Madhura Nagaraki
| extra4 = S. P. Balasubramanyam, K. S. Chitra
| lyrics4 = [[C. Narayana Reddy]]
| length4 = 4:39
| title5 = Andala O Meghamaala
| extra5 = S. P. Balasubramanyam, Swarnalatha
| lyrics5 = K. Premachandra
| length5 = 4:40
| title6 = Vadhuve Raave Naa
| extra6 = S. P. Balasubramanyam, K. S. Chitra
| lyrics6 = V. Venkatesh
| length6 = 4:13
| title7 = Shlokam bit
| extra7 = S. P. Balasubramanyam
| lyrics7 =
| length7 = 0:55
}}

== Reception ==
Griddaluru Gopala Rao of ''[[Zamin Ryot]]'' praised the music, lyrics, picturisation of the songs, and other technical aspects but criticised the screenplay as a cliched [[Love triangle|triangular love]] story.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Griddaluru |first=Gopala Rao |date=27 November 1998 |title=కోటి సంగీతసిరులు - శుభలేఖలు |url=http://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/1998/Nov/27-Nov-1998.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220822092517/http://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/1998/Nov/27-Nov-1998.pdf |archive-date=22 August 2022 |access-date=17 September 2022 |work=[[Zamin Ryot]] |pages=9,11 |language=te}}</ref> Rakesh P. of ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' called it a "good family entertainer" and stated: "Though the pace is a bit slow, a tightly-edited screenplay by director Muppalaneni Siva keeps it lively."<ref>{{Cite web |last=P. |first=Rakesh |date=20 December 1998 |title=Shubalekhalu (Telugu) |url=http://www.cscsarchive.org/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/B1B03240AE8F5FF6652569400062A3E6?OpenDocument |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922033358/http://www.cscsarchive.org/MediaArchive/art.nsf/%28docid%29/B1B03240AE8F5FF6652569400062A3E6?OpenDocument |archive-date=22 September 2022 |access-date=17 September 2022 |website=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref> A critic from ''Andhra Today'' wrote, "Director Muppalaneni Siva has not taken proper care in making the movie and as a result it fails to captivate the audience".<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/19990203041729/http://www.andhratoday.com/movie/slekha.htm</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|1579883}}

{{Muppalaneni Shiva}}

[[Category:Films scored by Koti (composer)]]
[[Category:Films directed by Muppalaneni Shiva]]
[[Category:1998 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Telugu-language romantic drama films]]
[[Category:1998 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:1998 Indian films]]

Bhadav Hansdah

2026-04-18T23:46:14Z

BrittnyFiorillo: Done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Bhadav Hansdah
| birth_name =
| caption =
| image = Bhadav Hansdah.jpg
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Member of Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Saraskana Assembly constituency|Saraskana]]
| term_start = 4 June 2024
| predecessor = Budhan Murmu
| constituency1 =
| term1 =
| term_end1 =
| successor1 =
| office2 =
| constituency2 =
| term_start2 =
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| other_party =
| website =
| alma_mater =
| profession = Politician
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}

'''Bhadav Hansdah''' is an Indian politician. He was elected to the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]] from [[Saraskana Assembly constituency|Saraskana]] as a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Bhadav Hansdah Election Affidavit |url=https://www.myneta.info/Odisha2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=1255 |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=23 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Saraskana Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Bhadav Hansdah of BJP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/saraskana-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-assembly-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8916823.html |website=News18 |publisher=Election Results Hub |access-date=23 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Bhadav Hansdah, BJP Election Results LIVE |url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/odisha/vidhan-sabha-election-candidates-list-2024/bhadav-hansdah-18027-1 |website=NDTV |access-date=23 September 2024}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hansdah, Bhadav}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Odisha]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Odisha-BJP-politician-stub}}

Ajit Sharma

2026-04-18T20:06:34Z

BrittnyFiorillo: New

{{short description|Business-man turned politician from Bihar, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ajit Sharma
| image = File:Ajit Sharma.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1954|2|2|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Bhagalpur]], Bihar, India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Bhagalpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bhagalpur]]
| term_start = 2014
| term_end = 2025
| party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| occupation = Politics
| children = [[Neha Sharma]] (daughter) [[Aisha Sharma]] (daughter)
| predecessor = [[Ashwini Kumar Choubey]]
| successor = [[Rohit Pandey]]
}}

'''Ajit Sharma''' is an Indian politician belonging to [[Indian National Congress]]. He is a former member of the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ajit Sharma (Indian National Congress): Constituency – Bhagalpur – Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://myneta.info/Bihar2020/candidate.php?candidate_id=11924 |access-date=2022-09-21 |website=myneta.info}}</ref> He won from [[Bhagalpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]] in 2014, 2015 and [[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-13 |title=Ajeet Sharma Appointed Congress Legislative Party Leader in Bihar |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/ajeet-sharma-appointed-congress-legislative-party-leader-in-bihar-2325051 |access-date=2021-10-12 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=14 November 2020|first=Sheezan|last=Nezami|title=Bihar: Ajit Sharma made Congress legislature party leader|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/ajit-sharma-is-congress-legislature-party-leader/articleshow/79214365.cms|access-date=2021-10-12|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

==Personal life==

His daughters [[Neha Sharma]] and [[Aisha Sharma]] are [[Bollywood]] actresses.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma, Ajit}}
[[Category:People from Bhagalpur]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2015–2020]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2020–2025]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Bihar]]
[[Category:1954 births]]

{{Bihar-INC-politician-stub}}

Ajit Inder Singh

2026-04-18T20:06:15Z

BrittnyFiorillo: Done

{{Short description|Politician from Punjab, India}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ajit Inder Singh Mofar
| native_name =
| image =
| image_size =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1951|8|18}}
| birth_place = [[Mansa District, Punjab|Sardulgarh]], [[Punjab (British India)|Punjab]], [[British India]]
| office = Member of [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2007
| term_end = 2017
| predecessor = [[Balwinder Singh Bhunder]]
| successor = Balwinder Singh Bhunder
| constituency = [[Sardulgarh Assembly constituency|Sardulgarh]]
| constituency1 = [[Sardulgarh Assembly constituency|Sardulgarh]]
| term_start1 = 1997
| term_end1 = 2002
| predecessor1 = Kirpal Singh
| successor1 = Balwinder Singh Bhunder
| office2 =
| constituency2 =
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| party = [[Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)]] [[Indian National Congress]]
| spouse =
| children = Bikram Singh Mofar
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| website =
| source =
}}
'''Ajit Inder Singh Mofar''' (born August 18, 1951) is an Indian politician and former Member of the [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]] who represented the [[Sardulgarh Assembly constituency]] in [[Mansa district, India|Mansa district]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-11-15 |title=MLA report cards: Ajit Inder Singh Mofar and Chitan Singh Samao |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/mla-report-cards-ajit-inder-singh-mofar-and-chitan-singh-samao/story-HlRVR0GNT6zav2f88iOxnO.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117040013/https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/mla-report-cards-ajit-inder-singh-mofar-and-chitan-singh-samao/story-HlRVR0GNT6zav2f88iOxnO.html |archive-date=2020-11-17 |access-date=2025-05-08 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us |url-status=live }}</ref> He served three terms as MLA, first elected in 1997 on a Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar) ticket, and later in 2007<ref>{{Cite web |title=AJIT INDER SINGH(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- Sardulgarh(Mansa) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/pb2007/candidate.php?candidate_id=160 |access-date=2025-08-15 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> and 2012<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ajit Inder Singh(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- SARDULGARH(MANSA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/pb2012/candidate.php?candidate_id=226 |access-date=2025-08-15 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> as a candidate of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-11-15 |title=MLA report cards: Ajit Inder Singh Mofar and Chitan Singh Samao |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/mla-report-cards-ajit-inder-singh-mofar-and-chitan-singh-samao/story-HlRVR0GNT6zav2f88iOxnO.html |access-date=2025-08-15 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

Mofar's son, Bikram Singh Mofar, has followed in his father's political footsteps, serving as the District Congress Committee President and contesting the [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Sardulgarh Assembly constituency|Sardulgarh]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|in-la}}
{{IN MLA box
| state= Punjab
| constituency= Sardulgarh
| before= [[Balwinder Singh Bhunder]]
| after= [[Balwinder Singh Bhunder]]
| years= 2007 – 2017 }}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Ajit Inder}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Mansa district, India]]
[[Category:1951 births]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Punjab, India]]

Jaisingnagar Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:33:24Z

BrittnyFiorillo: Added entry!

{{Short description|Constituency of the Madhya Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Jaisingnagar
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 84
| map_image = 84-Jaisingnagar.svg
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| district = [[Shahdol district|Shahdol]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Shahdol Lok Sabha constituency|Shahdol]]
| established = 1972
| reservation = ST
| mla = [[Manisha Singh (politician)|Manisha Singh]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = [[Jaisingh Maravi]]
}}
'''Jaisinghnagar''' is one of the 230 [[Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] (Legislative Assembly) constituencies of [[Madhya Pradesh]] state in central [[India]].<ref name="election2013">{{cite web|title=Madhya Pradesh 2013|url=http://www.myneta.info/mp2013/index.php?action=show_candidates&constituency_id=175|website=myneta.info|publisher=National Election Watch|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref><ref name="election2018">{{cite web|title=List of Assembly Constituencies|url=http://eci.nic.in/archive/se98/background/S12/ListACs-MP.html|website=eci.nic.in|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref><ref name="election2018-1">{{cite web|title=Vidhansabha Seats|url=http://www.electionsinindia.com/madhyapradesh/statepc.aspx|website=electionsininda.com|publisher=Election In India|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref> It comprises [[Shahdol]], [[Jaisinghnagar]] and parts of [[Sohagpur (Shahdol)|Sohagpur]] and [[Jaisinghnagar]] [[Tehsil|tehsils]], all in [[Shahdol district]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718103411/https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]<ref name="election2008">{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3739-madhya-pradesh-2008/ |accessdate=22 December 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
|[[Sundar Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<ref name="election2013-1">{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3740-madhya-pradesh-2013/ |accessdate=22 December 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
|Pramila Singh
|-
|[[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<ref name="election2018" />
|[[Jaisingh Maravi]]
|-
| [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<ref name="Jaisinghnagar Constituency Election Results 2023">{{cite news |date=3 December 2023 |title=Jaisinghnagar Constituency Election Results 2023 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/madhya-pradesh/constituency-show/jaisinghnagar |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250305091309/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/madhya-pradesh/constituency-show/jaisinghnagar |archivedate=5 March 2025 |accessdate=5 March 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Madya Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2023 - Jaisinghnagar">{{cite news |date=3 December 2023 |title=Madya Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2023 - Jaisinghnagar |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenDecNew2023/candidateswise-S1284.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250305091151/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenDecNew2023/candidateswise-S1284.htm |archivedate=5 March 2025 |accessdate=5 March 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |language=en}}</ref>
| [[Manisha Singh (politician)|Manisha Singh]]
|}

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Jaisingnagar<ref name="Jaisinghnagar Constituency Election Results 2023"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Manisha Singh]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:114967}}
|percentage = 54.87
|change = +8.67
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Narendra Singh Maravi
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:77016}}
|percentage = 36.76
|change = -0.01
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Ranjeet Singh (Pintu)
|votes = {{formatnum:5546}}
|percentage = 2.65
|change = +0.95
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Shiv Kumar Baiga
|votes = {{formatnum:2478}}
|percentage = 1.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:3909}}
|percentage = 1.87
|change = -0.5
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:37951}}
|percentage = 18.11
|change = +8.68
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:209522}}
|percentage = 81.72
|change = +3.19
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Jaisingnagar<ref name="election2018"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Jaisingh Maravi]]
|votes = {{formatnum:84669}}
|percentage = 46.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Dhayan Singh Marco
|votes = {{formatnum:67402}}
|percentage = 36.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Gondwana Ganatantra Party
|candidate = Neelam Singh Marabi
|votes = {{formatnum:8069}}
|percentage = 4.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Sapaks Party
|candidate = Sheshram Baiga
|votes = {{formatnum:3720}}
|percentage = 2.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Vijay Kumar Kol
|votes = {{formatnum:3125}}
|percentage = 1.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Hari Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:2284}}
|percentage = 1.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = NISHAD Party
|candidate = Ayodhya Prasad Majhi
|votes = {{formatnum:2091}}
|percentage = 1.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sunder Singh (Shalu Mausi)
|votes = {{formatnum:1824}}
|percentage = 1.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Farsu Kol
|votes = {{formatnum:1673}}
|percentage = 0.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:4340}}
|percentage = 2.37
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:17267}}
|percentage = 9.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:183286}}
|percentage = 78.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Shahdol district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{coord|23.62|78.57|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Shahdol district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1972]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]

Rajesh Juwantha

2026-04-15T11:59:22Z

BrittnyFiorillo:

{{Short description|Indian politician (1975 or 1976 – 2025)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
'''Rajesh Juwantha''' (1975 to 1976 – 22 December 2025) was an Indian politician and member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. Juwantha was a member of the [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Purola Assembly constituency]] in [[Uttarkashi district]].<ref name="results2007">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3228-uttarakhand-2007/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2007 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttarakhand |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=16 January 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Uttarakhand 2007 |url=https://www.myneta.info/utk07/candidate.php?candidate_id=133 |website=Myneta.info |access-date=23 December 2025}}</ref>

Juwantha died in [[Dehradun]] on 22 December 2025 at the age of 49.<ref>{{cite news |title=Uttarakhand: पूर्व विधायक राजेश जुवांठा का निधन, कुछ दिनों से चल रहे थे बीमार |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttarakhand/uttarkashi-former-mla-rajesh-juwantha-passes-away-served-as-minister-in-mulayam-singh-government-40081440.html |access-date=23 December 2025 |publisher=Jagran |date=22 December 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Uttarakhand: पूर्व विधायक राजेश जुवांठा का निधन, सीएम धामी ने जताया शोक, कल होगा अंतिम संस्कार |url=https://www.amarujala.com/dehradun/uttarakhand-former-mla-rajesh-juwantha-passes-away-cm-dhami-expresses-grief-2025-12-22 |access-date=23 December 2025 |publisher=Amarujala |date=22 December 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Former MLA Rajesh Juwantha Passes Away Leaving a Void in Purola Assembly |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttarakhand/uttarkashi/story-former-mla-rajesh-juwantha-passes-away-leaving-a-void-in-purola-assembly-201766401011308.html |access-date=23 December 2025 |publisher=Live Hindustan |date=22 December 2025}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Facebook|rajesh.juwantha}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Juwantha, Rajesh}}
[[Category:1970s births]]
[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]
[[Category:2025 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Uttarkashi district]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Uttarakhand MLAs 2007–2012]]

{{Uttarakhand-BJP-politician-stub}}

List of Urdu novelists

2026-04-14T15:23:51Z

BrittnyFiorillo: added first data needs work.

{{short description|none}}

This is a '''list of notable [[Urdu]] language [https://urdunovelcollection.com/ writers]''' with their date of birth who wrote Novels in Urdu.


== 19th Century ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-Raheem Gul...From Shakardara KP....Novel..Dastan chor Aye, Aag ka darya, Jannat ki talash etc.
! Novelist !! !! Date of birth-Death !! Novels
|-
| [[Nazir Ahmad Dehlvi]] || || (1830–1912)|| [[Mirat-ul-Uroos]], Bina-tul-Nash, Taubat-un-Nasuh, Fasaana-e-Mubtalaa, Ibn'ul Waqt
|-
| [[Muhammad Husain Azad]]|| || 1830|| Aab-e-Hayat
|-
| [[Ratan Nath Dhar Sarshar]]|| || 1846|| [[Fasana-e-Azad]],
|-
| [[Premchand]] ||
|| (31 July 1880 – 8 October 1936)|| Bazaar-e-Husn, [[Shatranj ke Khiladi]]
|-
| [[Mirza Hadi Ruswa]]|| || 1857|| [[Umrao Jaan Ada]]
|-
| [[Kishen Pershad]]|| || 1864-1940||
|-

| [[Abdul Halim Sharar]]|| || 1860|| Firdos -e- Bareen
|-
|[[Rashid ul Khairi]]|| || 1868|| Sath Ruhoon K Aamalnamay, Nani Ashu
|-
| [[Abdul Haq (Urdu scholar)|Abdul Haq]]|| || 1872||
|-
|}

== 20th century ==
* [[Shaukat Thanvi]] 1904
* [[Mumtaz Mufti]] 1905
* [[Krishan Chander]] 1914
* [[Mirza Adeeb]] 1914
* [[Khwaja Ahmad Abbas]] 1914
* [[Naseem Hijazi]] 1914
* [[Ismat Chughtai]] 1915
* [[Rajinder Singh Bedi]] 1915
* [[Ahmad Nadeem Qasmi]] 1916
* [[Jagan Nath Azad]] 1918
* [[Razia Butt]] 1924
* [[Shaukat Siddiqui]] 1923
* [[Intizar Hussain]] 1923
* [[Ashfaq Ahmed]] 1925
* [[Harcharan Chawla]]
* [[Ibn-e-Insha]] 1927
* [[Qurratulain Hyder]] 1927
* [[Altaf Fatima]] 1927
* [[Begum Akhtar Riazuddin]] 1928
* [[Ibn-e-Safi]] 1928
* [[Bano Qudsia]] 1928
* [[Shabnam Romani]] 1928
* [[Altaf Fatima]] 1929
* [[Fatima Surayya Bajia]] 1930
* [[Obaidullah Baig]] 1936
* [[Muhammad Mansha Yaad]] 1937
* [[Mustansar Hussain Tarar]] 1939
* [[Anis Nagi]] 1939
* [[Mazhar ul Islam]] 1949
* [[Mirza Athar Baig]] 1950
* [[Zulfiqar Gilani]] 1960
* [[Pervez Bilgrami]] 1962
* [[Muhammad Asim Butt]] 1966
* [[Azhar Abidi]] 1968
* [[Rahman Abbas]] 1972
* [[Akhtar Raza Saleemi]] 1974
* [[Ali Akbar Natiq]] 1974
* [[Idris Azad]] 1969

== 21st century ==
* [[Rahman Abbas]]
* Jogindar Paal
* [[Nand Kishore Vikram]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Urdu Novel's historic comeback in 21st Century |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1474807}}
</ref>
* Hashim Nadeem<ref>{{cite web|title=Pakistani Famous Urdu Novelists|url=https://www.aboutpakistan.com/blog/pakistani-famous-urdu-novelists}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
# [https://urdunovelcollection.com/ Urdu Novels Collection]
# [https://urdunovelcollection.com/all-urdu-novels-list/ Urdu Novel List]

[[Category:Urdu-language novelists]]
[[Category:Urdu-language writers]]

Kurnool Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:28:27Z

BrittnyFiorillo: Added new details!

{{Short description|Constituency of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kurnool
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh (137-Kurnool highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Kurnool Assembly constituency within Andhra Pradesh
| mla = [[ T. G. Bharath]]
| party = {{Party index link|Telugu Desam Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| district = [[Kurnool district|Kurnool]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Kurnool Lok Sabha constituency|Kurnool]]
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = T. G. Bharath.jpg
| electors = 258,815
| established = 1951
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 137
}}

'''Kurnool Assembly constituency''' is a constituency in [[Kurnool district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] that elects representatives to the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Sitting and previous MLAs from Kurnool Assembly Constituency |publisher=Infobase |url=http://www.elections.in/andhra-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/kurnool.html |access-date=2018-01-04}}</ref> It is one of the seven assembly segments of [[Kurnool Lok Sabha constituency]].

[[T. G. Bharath]] is the current [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the constituency, having won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Telugu Desam Party]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Assembly Election 2024 |url=http://results.eci.gov.in/ac/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS011.htm |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref> As of 25 April 2024, there are a total of 258,815 electors in the constituency.<ref name="electors">{{cite web|url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf|title=Electors Summary|date=25 May 2019|website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh|format=PDF|access-date=24 May 2024}}</ref> The constituency was established in 1951, as per the ''Delimitation Orders (1951)''.

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2" | Political party
|-
|[[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| [[Damodaram Sanjivayya]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1955 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1955]]
| [[Mahaboob Ali Khan]]
|-
| [[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| [[T.K.R. Sarma]]
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| [[K. E. Madanna]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| [[P. Rahiman Khan]]
|-
| [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| [[Mohammad Ibrahim Khan (Kurnool politician)|Mohammad Ibrahim Khan]]
|-
| [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
| [[V. Rama Bhupal Chowdry]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| rowspan=2 |V. Rama Bhupal Chowdry
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|-
| [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
| [[M. Abdul Gafoor]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
| [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
| [[T. G. Venkatesh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| M. Abdul Gafoor
| style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
| [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| T. G. Venkatesh
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| [[Somula Venkat Mohan Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
| [[Abdul Hafeez Khan]]
|-
| [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| [[T. G. Bharath]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|}

== Election results ==

=== 1952 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Kurnool<ref>{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2014-10-14 |archive-date=27 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=D. Sanjeevayya |party=Indian National Congress |votes=24,526 |percentage=19.06% |change=19.06% }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Sankara Reddi, N. |party=Indian National Congress |votes=23,467 |percentage=18.23% |change=18.23% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Venkata Reddi, K. |party=Independent politician |votes=20,643 |percentage=16.04% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sankarayya, S. |party=Independent politician |votes=19,286 |percentage=14.98% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramachandra Sarma, Darnam |party=Socialist Party (India) |votes=19,019 |percentage=14.78% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Anjanayya |party=Independent politician |votes=7,698 |percentage=5.98% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nagappa, S. |party=Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes=5,038 |percentage=3.91% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Issaq, A. R. |party=Krishikar Lok Party |votes=4,725 |percentage=3.67% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hussainappa M |party=Krishikar Lok Party |votes=4,306 |percentage=3.35% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,059 |percentage=0.82% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,28,708 |percentage=84.96% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,51,490 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2004 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kurnool}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[M. Abdul Gafoor]]
|votes = 54,125
|percentage = 39.06
|change = +16.78
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[T. G. Venkatesh]]
|votes = 51,652
|percentage = 37.27
|change = -6.45
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = [[D. Vishnuvardhan Reddy]]
|votes = 26,104
|percentage = 18.84
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 2,473
|percentage = 1.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 135,876
|percentage = 53.13
|change = -3.19
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kurnool}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[T. G. Venkatesh]]
|votes = 68,467
|percentage = 61.28
|change = +24.01
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[M. Abdul Gafoor]]
|votes = 24,400
|percentage = 21.84
|change = -17.22
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Praja Rajyam Party
|candidate = [[Yennam Rajasekhar Reddy]]
|votes = 12,013
|percentage = 10.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 44,067
|percentage = 39.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 111,726
|percentage = 52.82
|change = -0.31
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kurnool}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[S. V. Mohan Reddy]]
|votes = 57,962
|percentage = 40.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[T. G. Venkatesh]]
|votes = 54,483
|percentage = 37.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 3,479
|percentage = 2.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 144,245
|percentage = 63.34
|change = +10.52
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = YSR Congress Party
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kurnool}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Abdul Hafeez Khan]]
|votes = 72,819
|percentage = 47.70
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[T. G. Bharath]]
|votes = 67,466
|percentage = 44.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 5,353
|percentage = 3.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,52,659
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = YSR Congress Party
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kurnool}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party=Telugu Desam Party
|candidate=T. G. Bharath
|votes=91,690
|percentage=51.34
|change=
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = A. Md. Imtiaz
|votes = 72,814
|percentage = 40.77
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Shaik Jelani Basha|votes=9,022 |percentage=5.05|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=NOTA|candidate=None Of The Above|votes=718 |percentage=0.4|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=18,876|percentage=10.57|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,78,594|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = YSR Congress Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}
{{coord|15.81|78.04|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Kurnool]]
[[Category:Politics of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Kurnool district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]

Pind Peya Saara Jombieland Baneya

2026-04-12T07:40:41Z

BrittnyFiorillo: put up a details.

{{Short description|2025 Indian-Punjabi language film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Pind Peya Saara Jombieland Baneya
| image = Jombieland.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| director = Deepak Thapar
| writer = Deepak Thapar
| producer = Neeraj Ruhil Subhav Sharma
| starring = {{ubl|[[Binnu Dhillon]]|G Khan|[[Kanika Mann]]|[[Angira Dhar]]|Guri Ghuman}}
| cinematography = Sukh Kamboj
| editing = Rikki
| music = Avvy Sra & N Vee (songs) Kevin Roy George ([[Film score|background score]])
| studio = Next Level Productions
| distributor = White Hill Studios
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2025|06|13}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Punjabi
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Pind Peya Saara Jombieland Baneya''''' ({{Translation|The whole village has become 'Jombieland'}}) or simply '''''Jombieland''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]-language [[zombie comedy]] film written and directed by Deepak Thapar. It stars [[Binnu Dhillon]], G Khan, [[Kanika Mann]], [[Angira Dhar]], Guri Ghuman and Dhanveer Singh.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 May 2025 |title=Kanika Mann reveals why she made a comeback to Punjabi Cinema with 'Jombieland' |url=https://ianslive.in/kanika-mann-reveals-why-she-made-a-comeback-to-punjabi-cinema-with-jombieland--20250519132103 |access-date=21 June 2025 |website=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 May 2025 |title=Angira Dhar makes her Punjabi debut as Aanchal Hooda in zombie comedy Jombieland |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/angira-dhar-makes-her-punjabi-debut-as-aanchal-hooda-in-zombie-comedy-jombieland-article-13023353.html |access-date=21 June 2025 |website=[[Network18 Group#Digital and publishing divisions|MoneyControl]]}}</ref> It is produced by Neeraj Ruhil and Subhav Sharma under the banner Next Level Productions. Sukh Kamboj handles the cinematography and editing by Rikki.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 May 2025 |title=Kanika Mann, Binnu, Angira Lead India's First Full-On Punjabi Zom-Com Jombieland |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kanika-mann-binnu-angira-lead-indias-first-full-on-punjabi-zom-com-jombieland-1877201 |access-date=21 June 2025 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref>

It was released theatrically on 13 June 2025. A sequel is in development and planned to release in 2027.<ref name="release">{{Cite web |last=Raj Singh |first=Kashvi |date=5 May 2025 |title=Jombieland New Poster Out: First Punjabi Zom-Com To Hit Theatres On June 13 |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/jombieland-new-poster-out-first-punjabi-zom-com-to-hit-theatres-on-june-13-aa-9324667.html |access-date=21 June 2025 |website=[[CNN-News18]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 May 2025 |title=Kanika Mann to play Koko in first Punjabi zombie comedy 'Jombieland' |url=https://ianslive.in/kanika-mann-to-play-koko-in-first-punjabi-zombie-comedy-jombieland--20250512192507 |access-date=21 June 2025 |website=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]}}</ref>

==Plot==
In December 2025, a village on the [[Peri-urbanisation|outskirts]] of [[Chandigarh]], [[Punjab, India]] is thrown into chaos by the deadly [[Cordyceps]] virus, which sparks an unexpected [[zombie apocalypse]]. Amidst the madness, the story follows Jeeti and Koko, two lovers battling family opposition to be together, until their fight for love turns into a desperate fight for survival.

==Cast==
* [[Binnu Dhillon]] as Jatinder "Jeeti" Singh
* G Khan as 33
* [[Kanika Mann]] as Koko
* [[Angira Dhar]] as Aanchal Hooda
* Gurteg Guri Ghuman
* Dhanveer Singh
* [[Gurpreet Bhangu]]
* Aman Sutdhar
* [[Jass Dhillon]] as 34

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Pind Peya Saara Jombieland Baneya
| type = soundtrack
| artist = Avvy Sra & N Vee
| released = 2025
| recorded = 2025
| length = {{Duration|m=9|s=58}}
| genre = [[Film Soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| language = Punjabi
| label = [[Tips Industries|Tips Punjabi]]
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
| chronology =
| misc =
}}

The film's songs were composed by Avvy Sra and N Vee. The background score was composed by Kevin Roy George. The first single "Duniya" was released on 25 May 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2025 |title=B Praak delivers another beautiful melody in the form of 'Duniya' from Jombieland |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/b-praak-delivers-another-beautiful-melody-in-the-form-of-duniya-from-jombieland/articleshow/121416168.cms |access-date=21 June 2025 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The second single "Mad Bunny" was released on 6 June 2025<ref>{{Cite web |last=Narain |first=Yatamanyu |date=8 June 2025 |title=Jasmin Sandlas and Sukh E Drop 'Mad Bunny' From Punjabi Zombie Comedy Jombieland |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/regional-cinema/jasmin-sandlas-and-sukh-e-drop-mad-bunny-from-punjabi-zombie-comedy-jombieland-watch-ws-kl-9374950.html |access-date=21 June 2025 |website=[[CNN-News18]]}}</ref> and the third single "Kala Daur" was released on 20 June 2025.
{{Track listing
| all_writing =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Duniya
| lyrics1 = Khara
| music1 = Avvy Sra
| extra1 = [[B Praak]]
| length1 = 3:28
| title2 = Mad Bunny
| lyrics2 = Khara
| music2 = Avvy Sra
| extra2 = [[Jasmine Sandlas]], [[Sukhe]]
| length2 = 3:07
| title3 = Kala Daur
| lyrics3 = Khara
| music3 = N Vee
| extra3 = G Khan, Khara
| length3 = 3:23
}}

==Release==
''Jombieland'' was released theatrically worldwide on 13 June 2025.<ref name="release" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Darling |first=Cary |date=11 June 2025 |title=Live-action 'How to Train Your Dragon' and 'Materialists' top list of new films this week |url=https://www.houstonchronicle.com/entertainment/movies_tv/article/how-train-your-dragon-new-films-20370623.php |access-date=21 June 2025 |website=[[Houston Chronicle]]}}</ref>

==Reception==
Manik Sharma of ''[[HT Media#Digital businesses|OTTPlay]]'' wrote "Led by an excellent Binnu Dhillon, Jombieland is what mainstream cinema ought to deliver for the price of a premium film ticket. A thrilling, riotous theatrical experience that you’d fish cinema lovers could experience in the language of its origin."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Manik |date=14 June 2025 |title=Jombieland Is A Riotous, Exhilarating Antidote To The Epidemic Of Cinema's Toxic Men |url=https://www.ottplay.com/features/jombieland-is-a-riotous-exhilarating-antidote-to-the-epidemic-of-cinemas-toxic-men/f7b0e6e874735 |access-date=21 June 2025 |website=[[HT Media#Digital businesses|OTTPlay]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|36375452|Jombieland}}

[[Category:2020s buddy comedy films]]
[[Category:2020s comedy road movies]]
[[Category:2025 comedy-drama films]]
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[[Category:Films about feuds]]
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[[Category:Films set in 2025]]
[[Category:Films set in Punjab, India]]
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[[Category:Indian horror drama films]]
[[Category:Indian monster movies]]
[[Category:Indian romantic action films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy-drama films]]
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[[Category:Parodies of horror]]
[[Category:Punjabi-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Zombie comedy films]]

Prem Singh (Himachal Pradesh politician)

2026-04-11T19:55:07Z

BrittnyFiorillo: put up a biography

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Dr.Prem Singh
| office = [[Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Member of the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| native_name = डॉ.प्रेम सिंह
| native_name_lang =
| constituency = [[Sri Renukaji Assembly constituency]]
| country = [[India]]
| term_start = 19 May 1982
| term_end = 23 September 2011
| predecessor = ''Constituency established''
| successor = [[Vinay Kumar (politician)|Vinay Kumar]]
| party = [[File:Indian National Congress hand logo.svg|20px]][[Indian National Congress]]
| birth_name = Dr.Prem Singh
| birth_date = 23 September 1948
| birth_place = Maina bagh, Sangrah tehsil, [[Sirmour district]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[India]]
| death_date = 23 September 2011
| death_place = Maina bagh, Sangrah tehsil, [[Sirmour district]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[India]]
| citizenship = India
| spouse = Vidya Devi
| children = 2
| parents =
| alma_mater = [[University of Punjab]]
| occupation = Politician
| profession = *[[Veterinarian]]
* [[Agriculturist]]
| nickname =
}}
'''Prem Singh'''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-23 |title=Sirmour News: रेणुकाजी विधानसभा से 6 बार के विधायक स्वर्गीय डॉ. प्रेम सिंह को किया याद September 23, 2023 |url=https://www.prajasatta.in/sirmour-news/remembered-late-dr-prem-singh-6-time-mla-from-renukaji-assembly/ |access-date=2023-12-22 |language=en-US}}</ref> (23 September 1948 – 23 September 2011) was an Indian politician, social worker and six-time [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] from [[Sri Renukaji Assembly constituency]] as a member of the [[Indian National Congress]].

== Early life ==
Singh was born in a poor [[Agriculturist]] family of Maina Bagh, Renuka [[Sirmaur district|Sirmour]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]]. Despite hardships he became a veterinarian doctor.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-09 |title=सिरमौर में कोली समाज के चुनाव स्थल को लेकर विवाद, चार इकाईयों ने राजगढ़ पर जताई आपत्ति |url=https://mbmnewsnetwork.com/himachal-pradesh/601335/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82-%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C-%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87-%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%81 |access-date=2024-06-22 |website=mbmnewsnetwork.com |language=en-US}}</ref> He is the father of [[Himachal Pradesh Congress Committee|Himachal Pradesh Congress Committee president]] [[Vinay Kumar (politician)|Vinay Kumar]] who is an MLA for the same constituency.<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2025-11-22 |title=Congress appoints Vinay Kumar as new Himachal PCC chief |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/himachal-pradesh/congress-appoints-vinay-kumar-as-new-himachal-pcc-chief/article70312457.ece |access-date=2025-12-18 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Career ==
Singh was a former [[Parliamentary secretary|Chief Parliamentary Secretary]] of the [[Government of Himachal Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=श्री रेणुकाजी सीट पर 36 साल में सिर्फ एक बार ही खिला कमल |url=https://www.amarujala.com/himachal-pradesh/sirmour/sirmaur-news-bjp-win-only-one-time-in-renuka-seat-in-36-years-period-nahan-news-sml42696064 |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref>

He was first elected as an MLA winning the [[1982 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] representing Indian National Congress from [[Sri Renukaji Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raindka Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/raindka-himachal-pradesh-assembly-constituency#google_vignette |access-date=2024-12-06 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref> Later, he won five more times from Shri Renuka Ji winning the [[1985 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]], [[1993 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]], [[1998 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]], [[2003 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]] and [[2007 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]] elections.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chauhan |first=Baldev S. |date=2011-09-23 |title=Renuka M L A Prem Singh passes away |url=https://hillpost.in/2011/09/renuka-m-l-a-prem-singh-passes-away/31351/ |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=Hill Post |language=en-US}}</ref> After delimitation the constituency became Sri Renukaji.

=== Death ===
Singh had a [[Myocardial infarction|heart attack]] during his birthday celebration at his parents house on 23 September 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Himachal |first=The News |date=2011-09-23 |title=MLA Renuka Dr Prem Singh Died of Hearth Attack |url=https://thenewshimachal.com/2011/09/mla-renuka-dr-prem-singh-died-of-hearth-attack/ |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=The News Himachal |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Prem}}
[[Category:1948 births]]
[[Category:2011 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Sirmaur district]]
[[Category:Himachal Pradesh MLAs 1982–1985]]
[[Category:Himachal Pradesh MLAs 1985–1990]]
[[Category:Himachal Pradesh MLAs 1993–1998]]
[[Category:Himachal Pradesh MLAs 1998–2003]]
[[Category:Himachal Pradesh MLAs 2003–2007]]
[[Category:Himachal Pradesh MLAs 2007–2012]]

Chinchpokli Lower Parel Love Grove Assembly constituency

2026-04-09T18:19:23Z

BrittnyFiorillo: started

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Chinchpokli Lower Parel Love Grove
| type= SLA
| state = Maharashtra
| established = 1951 <ref name="delimitation1951">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3968-dpaco-1951/ |title=DPACO (1951) - Archive Delimitation Orders - Election Commission of India |access-date= 9 December 2020 |pages=344-357}}</ref>
| abolished = 1955 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/146-archive-delimitation-orders |title= Archive Delimitation Orders - Final Order DC (1953-1955) |access-date=31 January 2026 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
| electors = 100,351
| mla = Jha, Bhagirath Sadanand
| party = {{Party index link|Samajwadi Party}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation = SC
}}
Chinchpokli Lower Parel Love Grove Assembly constituency was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]].
==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" rowspan="2" | [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Jha, Bhagirath Sadanand || {{Full party name with color|Socialist Party (India, 1948)}}
|-
| Kamble, Bapu Chandrasen || {{Full party name with color|Scheduled Castes Federation}}
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Chinchpokli Lower Parel Love Grove <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114083220/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Jha, Bhagirath Sadanand |party = Socialist Party (India, 1948) |votes = 23,503 |percentage = 24.71% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Kamble, Bapu Chandrasen |party = Scheduled Castes Federation |votes = 20,550 |percentage = 21.61% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mahajn, Narsinh Hari |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 17,910 |percentage = 18.83% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ganaeharya, Gulabrao Bhaurao |party = Independent politician |votes = 15,339 |percentage = 16.13% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vatharkar Dattatray Gunoji |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 13,701 |percentage = 14.41% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mishra, Sachhidanand Khandarpnarayan |party = Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad |votes = 2,426 |percentage = 2.55% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sarude, Ramchandra Bapu |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,672 |percentage = 1.76% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,593 |percentage = 5.88% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 95,101 |percentage = 47.38% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 95,101}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 100,351 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Socialist Party (India, 1948) |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]][[Constituencies established in 1951]]
{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}
{{Maharashtra-geo-stub}}

Kuthur Ramakrishnan Srinivasan

2026-04-07T18:25:19Z

BrittnyFiorillo:

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kuthur Ramakrishnan Srinivasan
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date = 1910
| birth_place = [[Tiruchirappalli]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| death_date = 30 November 1992
| death_place = Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = [[Archeologist]], historian
| yearsactive =
| known_for = archeological work and writings on the [[Cave Temples of Mahabalipuram]]
| awards = {{ublist|1991 [[Padma Bhushan]]}}
}}
'''Kuthur Ramakrishnan Srinivasan''' (1910 – 30 November 1992) was an Indian archeologist, historian and the author of a number of books on Indian history and culture. He was best known for his archeological work on the [[Cave Temples of Mahabalipuram]]. The [[Government of India]] awarded him the [[Padma Bhushan]], the third highest civilian award, in 1991.

==Biography==
[[File:India - Mamallapuram - 022 - Cave pillars (4333675697).jpg|thumb|India - Mamallapuram - 022 - Cave pillars (4333675697)]]
K. R. Srinivasan was born in 1910 at [[Tiruchirapalli]], a temple town in the south Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="The man who put Mahabs on the map">{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/The-man-who-put-Mahabs-on-the-map/articleshow/9427785.cms |title=The man who put Mahabs on the map |date=31 July 2011 |work=The Times of India |access-date=2018-06-05}}</ref> Choosing botany as subject, he secured an MSc from the [[University of Madras]] after completing the course at [[Presidency College, Chennai]] and started his career at [[St. Joseph's College, Trichy]] as a lecturer of botany. His elder brother, K. R. Venkataraman, was a noted historian and the elder brother's work on [[Pudukottai]] was reported to have inspired Srinivasan to take up archaeology. In 1936, he joined Pudukottai museum as its curator.<ref name="Remembering K R Srinivasan, Archaeologist who put Mahabalipuram on the map">{{Cite web |url=http://www.indiapromise.com/2011/07/k-r-srinivasan-archaeologist.html |title=Remembering K R Srinivasan, Archaeologist who put Mahabalipuram on the map |date=2018-06-05 |website=India Promise |access-date=2018-06-05}}</ref> Later, when the museum was taken up by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] and renamed as the [[Government Museum, Pudukkottai]], he continued there until his official retirement from service in 1968 as its deputy director general.<ref name="The man who put Mahabs on the map" />

During his service, Srinivasan undertook several archaeological missions in [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Tamil Nadu]] of which the most notable one was his work on the [[Cave Temples of Mahabalipuram]].<ref name="The man who put Mahabs on the map" /> He documented the temples from [[Pallava dynasty|Pallava period]] and published a book, the ''Temples of South India'' which has since been translated into [[Hindi language|Hindi]]<ref name="Srinivasan1996">{{cite book|author=Kuthur Ramakrishna Srinivasan|title=Dakshin Bharat Ke Mandir|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FGPvAAAACAAJ|year=1996|publisher=National Book Trust|isbn=978-81-237-1867-5}}</ref> and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] languages<ref name="Ten̲n̲intiyak kōyilkaḷ">{{Cite book |title=Ten̲n̲intiyak kōyilkaḷ |last=Srinivasan|first=K.R. |publisher=National Book Trust |year=2011 |isbn=978-8123716404 |location=Pututilli |oclc=298380779}}</ref> and is a prescribed text for academic studies.<ref name="Srinivasan1985">{{cite book|author=K. R. Srinivasan|title=Temples of South India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=94A3tQEACAAJ|year=1985|publisher=National Book Trust|isbn=978-81-237-0487-6}}</ref> He also published another book, the ''Cave-temples of the Pallavas'' based on his work in [[Mahabalipuram]].<ref name="Cave-temples of the Pallavas">{{Cite book |url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/102026971 |title=Cave-temples of the Pallavas |last=Srinivasan |first=K. R. |date=1964 |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |series=Architectural survey of templesno. 1 |location=New Delhi}}</ref> It was during this research, he discovered a hidden passage in one of the temples leading to a series of carvings depicting 81 [[Karana (dance)|karanas]].<ref name="How karana sculptures in Big Temple were discovered">{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/How-karana-sculptures-in-Big-Temple-were-discovered/article16044743.ece |title=How karana sculptures in Big Temple were discovered |last=Subramanian |first=T. S. |date=2010-09-23 |work=The Hindu |access-date=2018-06-05 |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Later, he studied the [[Borobudur#Buddha statues|Buddha statues]] at [[Borobudur]] and his studies of [[Buddha]] were also documented as a book, ''The Story of Buddha''; this book is a part of [[secondary school]] curriculum in Tamil Nadu.<ref name="The Story of Buddha">{{Cite book |title=The Story of Buddha |last=Kuthur Ramakrishna Srinivasan |publisher=E.M. Gopalakrishna Kone}}</ref> ''The Harappan and the Vedic Cultures''<ref name="Srinivasan1988">{{cite book|author=Kuthur Ramakrishna Srinivasan|title=The Harappan and the Vedic Cultures: Musings on Some Moot Problems|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y3lDAAAAYAAJ|year=1988|publisher=Director of Museums, Government Museum}}</ref> and ''The Age of Vidyaranya'' were two of his other books.<ref name="VenkataramanIyer1976">{{cite book|author1=K. R.. Venkataraman|author2=M. K.. Venkatarama Iyer|author3=Kuthur Ramakrishna Srinivasan|title=The Age of Vidyaranya|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PbHJSAAACAAJ|year=1976|publisher=Kalpa Printers and Publishers}}</ref>

Srinivasan guided [[Padma Subrahmanyam]], a noted Indian [[Bharatanatyam]] dancer, in her doctoral studies on the karanas.<ref name="The man who put Mahabs on the map" /><ref name="How karana sculptures in Big Temple were discovered" /> After retirement, he moved back to his native place, Trichy, and it was here he died in 1992, at the age of 82.<ref name="Profile on WorldCat">{{Cite web |url=http://worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n84103767/ |title=Profile on WorldCat |date=2018-06-04 |website=WorldCat |access-date=2018-06-04}}</ref>

== Awards and honors ==
Srinivasan was honored by the Government of India with the [[Padma Bhushan]], the third highest civilian award in 1991, a year before his death.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{Cite web |url=http://www.dashboard-padmaawards.gov.in/ |title=Padma Awards |date=2018-05-17 |website=Padma Awards |publisher=Government of India |access-date=2018-05-17 |archive-date=15 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015000149/http://www.dashboard-padmaawards.gov.in/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> His birth centenary was observed in 2011 by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]], as a mark of honor.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/kr-srinivasan-was-a-multifaceted-personality/article2312073.ece |title=K.R. Srinivasan was a multifaceted personality |date=2011-08-01 |work=The Hindu |access-date=2018-06-05 |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> On the occasion, a [[festschrift]] was also released under the title, ''Sivasri : perspectives in Indian archaeology, art and culture : birth centenary volume of Padma Bushan Dr. C. Sivaramamurti and Padma Bushan Sh. K.R. Srinivasan''.<ref name="Sivasri : perspectives in Indian archaeology, art & culture : birth centenary volume of Padma Bushan Dr. C. Sivaramamurti and Padma Bushan Sh. K.R. Srinivasan / editor, D. Dayalan. - Princeton University Library Catalog">{{Cite book |url=https://catalog.princeton.edu/catalog/7291274 |title=Sivasri : perspectives in Indian archaeology, art & culture : birth centenary volume of Padma Bushan Dr. C. Sivaramamurti and Padma Bushan Sh. K.R. Srinivasan / editor, D. Dayalan. - Princeton University Library Catalog |website=catalog.princeton.edu |isbn=9788173201332 |language=en |access-date=2018-06-05|last1=Dayalan |first1=D. |year=2013 |publisher=Agam Kala Prakashan }}</ref><ref name="Sivasri : perspectives in Indian archaeology, art & culture">{{Cite web |url=http://www-lib.tufs.ac.jp/opac/en/recordID/catalog.bib/BB13154802?hit=-1&caller=xc-search |title=Sivasri : perspectives in Indian archaeology, art & culture : birth centenary volume of Padma Bushan Dr. C. Sivaramamurti and Padma Bushan Sh. K.R. Srinivasan |last=Dayalan |first=editor, D. |website=東京外国語大学附属図書館ＯＰＡＣ |access-date=2018-06-05}}</ref>

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |title=Cave-temples of the Pallavas |last=Srinivasan |first=K. R. |date=1964 |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |series=Architectural survey of temples no. 1 |location=New Delhi}}
* {{cite book|author1=K. R.. Venkataraman|author2=M. K.. Venkatarama Iyer|author3=Kuthur Ramakrishna Srinivasan|title=The Age of Vidyaranya|year=1976|publisher=Kalpa Printers and Publishers}}
* {{cite book|author=K. R. Srinivasan|title=Temples of South India|year=1985|publisher=National Book Trust|isbn=978-81-237-0487-6}}
* {{cite book|author=Kuthur Ramakrishna Srinivasan|title=The Harappan and the Vedic Cultures: Musings on Some Moot Problems|year=1988|publisher=Director of Museums, Government Museum}}
* {{cite book|author=Kuthur Ramakrishna Srinivasan|title=Dakshin Bharat Ke Mandir|year=1996|publisher=National Book Trust|isbn=978-81-237-1867-5}}
* {{Cite book |title=Ten̲n̲intiyak kōyilkaḷ |last=R. |first=Srinivasan, K. |publisher=National Book Trust |year=2011 |isbn=978-8123716404 |location=Pututilli |oclc=298380779}}
* {{Cite book |title=The Story of Buddha |last=Kuthur Ramakrishna Srinivasan |publisher=E.M. Gopalakrishna Kone}}

==See also==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram]]
* [[Unfinished Buddha]]
{{div col end}}
{{Portal|India|History}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gazette.e.1991.53 |title=Extraordinary Gazette of India, 1991, No. 53 |last=Directorate of Printing |first=Government of India |date=1991-03-24 |access-date=2018-06-05}}

{{Authority control}}
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1990–1999}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Srinivasan, Kuthur Ramakrishnan}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in literature & education]]
[[Category:1910 births]]
[[Category:1992 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:Scholars from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian archaeologists]]
[[Category:Presidency College, Chennai alumni]]
[[Category:University of Madras alumni]]
[[Category:Archaeological Survey of India people]]
[[Category:People from Tiruchirappalli]]

Satish Vyas (actor)

2026-04-04T16:08:06Z

BrittnyFiorillo: starting a article

{{short description|Indian actor (born 20th century}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Satish Vyas
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = 20th century
| birth_place =
| birth_name =
| occupation = Actor
| notable_works = ''[[Toofan Aur Deeya]]'' (1956); ''[[Hum Panchhi Ek Daal Ke]]'' (1957)
| parents =
| spouse =
| relatives =
| children =
| website =
}}

'''Satish Vyas''' (born 20th century) is a former [[India]]n actor in [[Hindi]]- and [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]-language films.<ref>{{cite web |title=Satish Vyas |url=https://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2ba77d5e37 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200720141953/https://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2ba77d5e37 |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 July 2020 |publisher= [[British Film Institute]] |accessdate=20 July 2020}}</ref>

==Career==
He was known as a child actor after his performance in [[V. Shantaram]]'s drama film ''[[Toofan Aur Deeya]]'' (1956), where the actress [[Nanda (actress)|Nanda]] made her debut as a leading lady.<ref>{{cite news |title=Toofan Aur Deeya (1956) |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Toofan-Aur-Deeya-1956/article16373379.ece |work = [[The Hindu]] |date=29 April 2010 |publisher=THG Publishing Pvt Ltd. |accessdate=19 July 2020|last1=Mahaan |first1=Deepak }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Toofan Aur Deeya (1956) |url=https://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b77aa3b9a |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200720144108/https://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b77aa3b9a |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 July 2020 |publisher = [[British Film Institute]] |accessdate=20 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/the-girl-next-door-forever |work = [[The Indian Express]] |accessdate=20 July 2020|title=The Girl Next Door Forever |date=26 March 2014 }}</ref> This was followed by the children's drama film ''[[Hum Panchhi Ek Daal Ke]]'' (1957), which won the [[Prime Minister's Gold Medal for the Best Children's Film]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Hum Panchhi Ek Dal Ke |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-details/hum-panchhi-ek-dal-ke/movieawards/67252176.cms | work = [[The Times of India]] |publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd |accessdate=20 July 2020}}</ref>

He was seen as a lead actor in the 1968 Gujarati-language film ''Maadi Mane Kahewa De''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Maadi Mane Kahewa De Full Movie - માડી મને કહેવા દે - Gujarati Movies - Action Romantic Comedy Film |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W3c-MBinvVs |publisher= [[YouTube]] |accessdate=20 July 2020}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year !!Film !!Character/Role
|-

| 1975
| ''[[Jogidas Khuman (1975 film)|Jogidas Khuman]]''
|
|-

| 1968
| ''Maadi Maane Kaheve De''
|
|-

| 1964
| ''Tere Dwaar Khada Bhagwan''
|
|-

| 1961
| ''Char Diwari''
|
|-

| 1961
| ''Matlabi Duniya''
|
|-

| 1960
| ''[[Mendi Rang Lagyo]]''<ref name=":RH1995">{{cite book |last1=Raghuvasnhi |first1=Harish |title=ગુજરાતી ફિલ્મ ગીતકોશ (૧૯૩૨ – ૧૯૯૪)|trans-title=Gujarati Film Geet Kosh (1932 – 1994) |date=March 1995 |publisher=Harish Raghuvanshi |location=Surat |page=53 |edition=First}}</ref>
|
|-

| 1959
| ''[[Do Ustad (1959 film)|Do Ustad]]''
|
|-

| 1957
| ''[[Agra Road (1957 film)|Agra Road]]''
| Bholu
|-

| 1957
| ''[[Hum Panchhi Ek Daal Ke|Hum Panchhi Ek Dal Ke]]''
| Nandlal "Nandu"
|-

| 1957
| ''Janam Janam Ke Phere: Alias Sati Anapurna''
| Young Raghu
|-

| 1956
| ''[[Toofan Aur Deeya]]''
| Sadanand
|-

|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0904501}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vyas, Satish}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:20th-century births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male child actors]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Gujarati-language films]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]

H. Ginzalala

2026-03-29T12:49:38Z

BrittnyFiorillo: Added data

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Mizo name|Ginzalala}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}{{Infobox Indian politician|office =Member of the [[Mizoram Legislative Assembly]]}}
'''Ginzalala''' Hauzel (born 15 March 1973)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mizoram Legislative Assembly |url=https://www.mizoramassembly.in/members/details/67 |access-date=2024-10-30 |website=www.mizoramassembly.in}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Mizoram]]. He is an MLA from [[Champhai North Assembly constituency]], in [[Champhai district]]. He was elected in the 2023 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election, representing the Zoram People's Movement.[2][3].<ref>{{Cite web |title=H Ginzalala, ZPM Candidate from Champhai North Assembly Election 2024 Seat: Electoral History & Political Journey, Winning or Losing - News18 Assembly Election 2024 Result News |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/assembly/mizoram/h-ginzalala-s16aed2008a023e2023c004/ |access-date=2024-10-30 |website=www.news18.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2023-12-04 |title=Champhai North, Mizoram Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: Champhai North सीट पर H. Ginzalala ने Dr. Zr Thiamsanga कोहराया |url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/story/champhai-north-mizoram-assembly-election-results-2023-live-1831282-2023-12-04 |access-date=2024-10-30 |website=आज तक |language=hi}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Ginzalala is from Hunthar, [[Aizawl]], Mizoram. He is the son of late H. Chinzapau, a pastor. He married Donny M.S Dawngliani and they have three children.<ref name=":0" />

He holds a Bachelor of Technology (BTech) from NERIST, and a Master's in Engineering (Thermal Engineering) from [[Delhi College of Engineering|Delhi College of Engineering/Delhi University]]. He also completed a certificate in Environmental Science, reflecting his interest in sustainable development and environmental stewardship.<ref>{{Cite web |title=H. Ginzalala(Zoram People's Movement):Constituency- CHAMPHAI NORTH (ST)(CHAMPHAI) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/Mizoram2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=90 |access-date=2024-10-30 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

== Engineering and Entrepreneurial Career ==
After working with the Mizoram Government for more than a decade, where he was involved in overseeing the Bairabi Thermal Project, Bairabi, including environmental clearances and related regulatory processes, Ginzalala later founded and has since led '''[https://www.pveasternengineers.com/ P&V Engineers]''' for over two decades. Through this enterprise, he has delivered a range of engineering projects focused on renewable energy systems and rural infrastructure development.

Under his leadership, P&V Engineers has implemented solar-powered water supply systems across remote Himalayan regions, including Mizoram and Sikkim, providing safe drinking water to thousands of rural villages”. These initiatives have contributed to improved public health, a reduction in water-borne diseases, and enhanced living conditions in underserved communities. Notably, one of the projects is regarded as among the highest solar water pumping systems in Asia, lifting water approximately 520 meters over a 4 km pipeline to a 100,000-litre reservoir, supplying around 100 cubic meters of clean drinking water per day to more than 1,000 people.

The projects have also supported the adoption of renewable energy solutions, reducing reliance on fossil fuels and lowering carbon emissions. His work has included collaboration with international partners to introduce context-appropriate technologies suited to challenging terrains and remote locations.

== Political Career ==
After contesting unsuccessfully from the Lengteng constituency on two occasions, Ginzalala was elected from Champhai North Assembly constituency representing the [[Zoram People's Movement]] in the 2023 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election. He polled 7,134 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Z. R. Thiamsanga of the [[Mizo National Front]], by a margin of 710 votes.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-04 |title=Champhai North assembly election results 2023: ZPM candidate H. Ginzalala wins against MNF's Dr. Zr Thiamsanga and INC's K. Lalnunmawia |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/champhai-north-assembly-election-results-2023-zpm-candidate-h-ginzalala-is-leading-against-mnfs-dr-zr-thiamsanga-and-incs-k-lalnunmawia/articleshow/105718887.cms |access-date=2024-10-30 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-04 |title=Champhai North Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: ZPM's H. Ginzalala defeats MNF's Dr. Zr Thiamsanga with 710 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/champhai-north-assembly-election-results-2023-live-2471383-2023-12-04 |access-date=2024-10-30 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-04 |title=Champhai North Election Result 2023 Live: Zpm Candidate H. Ginzalala Wins From Champhai North |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/champhai-north-election-result-2023-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-winner-loser-bjp-congress-mnf-mizoram-assembly-election-results-news-1647642 |access-date=2024-10-30 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref>

He currently serves as an Adviser to the Chief Minister (Technical) of Mizoram and is associated with the Public Works Department (PWD), working alongside Minister Vanlalhlana.

As a public representative, he has been involved in initiatives related to sustainable development, rural infrastructure, and the adoption of renewable energy, drawing on his professional background in engineering and environmental solutions.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ginzalala, H.}}
[[Category:1973 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Zoram People's Movement politicians]]
[[Category:Mizoram MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:People from Champhai district]]

Shiva Ka Insaaf

2026-03-28T18:30:06Z

BrittnyFiorillo: starting data

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = {{Lang|hi-latn|Shiva Ka Insaaf}}
| image = ShivaKaInsaaf.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Raj N. Sippy]]
| producer = Romu N. Sippy
| based_on =
| starring = [[Jackie Shroff]] [[Poonam Dhillon]] [[Shakti Kapoor]] [[Gulshan Grover]] [[Vinod Mehra]] [[Mazhar Khan (actor, born 1955)|Mazhar Khan]] [[Parikshit Sahni]]
| narrator =
| music = [[R. D. Burman]]
| studio = Rupam Pictures
| screenplay = Ravi Kapoor Mohan Kaul
| story =
| writer = [[Kader Khan]] (dialogues)
| editing = Waman Bhonsle Gurudutt Shirali
| cinematography = [[Ashok Mehta]]
| released = {{Film date|1985|03|15|df=yes}}
| distributor =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''{{Lang|hi-latn|Shiva Ka Insaaf}}''' ({{translation}} ''Shiva's Justice'') is a 1985 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[superhero film]] directed by [[Raj N. Sippy]]. The film stars [[Jackie Shroff]], [[Poonam Dhillon]], [[Shakti Kapoor]], [[Gulshan Grover]]. The music was composed by [[R. D. Burman]]. The film is termed as the first Hindi film to be filmed in [[3D film|3D]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/130716/dad-was-my-first-superhero-tiger-shroff.html |title=Dad was my first superhero: Tiger Shroff |date=13 July 2016 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.screenindia.com/20010914/f19.html |title=1985 files |date=14 September 2001 |work=[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]] |last=Motwani |first=Monica |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010917024744/http://www.screenindia.com/20010914/f19.html |archive-date=17 September 2001 |access-date=2 April 2021 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Plot ==
Bhola, whose parents get killed by Jagan ([[Shakti Kapoor]]). He is then raised by 3 strong men named Ram ([[Vinod Mehra]]), Rahim ([[Mazhar Khan (actor, born 1955)|Mazhar Khan]]) and Robert ([[Parikshit Sahni]]). They groom Bhola with various physical training and he becomes a powerful Shiva ([[Jackie Shroff]]). He leaves his village and goes to a city to work as a journalist, where he meets Nisha ([[Poonam Dhillon]]) who works as the manager. By destroying the dacoits shiva becomes the favourite hero for the people. The dacoits belong to Jagan who gets severe loss due to this. Jagan is the owner of the newspaper and There he lives the life of Bhola a comic journalist. Nisha loves shiva whom she suspects as bhola after bhola after drunk tells he is shiva. But vikram comes in the dress of shiva and tries to seduce Nisha this same time shiva appears and fights down Vikram who have to leave, now shiva unmasks his face and shows Nisha he is bhola only .When she finds his reality, they fall in love with each other. Jagan is madly searching to find out shiva and offers money whoever shows Shiva identity. A close friend of the 3 strong men introduces them to Jagan and Jagan threatens if they don't kill shiva they will explode bomb and kill poor children in the orphanage so shiva gets stabbed to coma and Jagan finds out it is bhola and now Jagan changes word and tells he will kill the entire children and also have Nisha in custody but this time shiva gets up and takes away all the bombs and with the 3 strong men fights with Jagan and his evil goons.At the end, he kills Jagan, who killed his parents as well as his son Vikram ([[Gulshan Grover]]).

==Cast==
*[[Jackie Shroff]] as Bhola / Shiva<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/alternate-superhero-movies/article18508151.ece|title=Fantastic superheroes and where to find them|last=Ramachandran|first=Naman|date=19 May 2017|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=12 September 2022|archive-date=12 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220912193931/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/alternate-superhero-movies/article18508151.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Poonam Dhillon]] as Nisha
*[[Shakti Kapoor]] as Jagan
*[[Gulshan Grover]] as Vikram
*[[Vinod Mehra]] as Ram
*[[Mazhar Khan (actor, born 1955)|Mazhar Khan]] as Rahim
*[[Parikshit Sahni]] as Robert
*[[Satish Kaul]] as Advocate Prakashnath

==Soundtrack==
Lyrics: [[Gulshan Bawra]]

{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%"
! Song !! Singer
|-
| "Kal Ke Shiva Tum Ho"
| [[Kishore Kumar]]
|-
| "Ja Ja Re Mawaali"
| [[Asha Bhosle]]
|-
| "Aankhon Hi Aankhon Mein Jaan-E-Jaan Vaade Hue"
| Asha Bhosle, [[Mohammed Aziz]]
|-
| "Bhang Jamaye Rang Zara Sa, Dalo Ui Maa Dhatura"
| Asha Bhosle, Mohammed Aziz
|-
| "Waqt Aa Gaya, Inquilaab Lana Hoga, Zulmon Ka Kuch To Jawab Lana Hoga"
| [[Suresh Wadkar]], Mohammed Aziz, [[Nandu Bhende]]
|-
|}

== See also ==
{{Portal|1980s|Bollywood|Film|India}}
* [[List of Indian superhero films]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0376887}}

[[Category:1985 films]]
[[Category:1985 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:1985 Indian films]]
[[Category:1980s superhero films]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]
[[Category:Indian vigilante films]]
[[Category:Indian children's films]]
[[Category:Indian 3D films]]
[[Category:Films scored by R. D. Burman]]
[[Category:Films set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films directed by Raj N. Sippy]]
[[Category:1985 3D films]]
[[Category:1985 action films]]
[[Category:1985 children's films]]
[[Category:Indian science fiction films]]
[[Category:Indian superhero films]]

{{1980s-Hindi-film-stub}}

M. M. Jacob

2026-03-26T08:06:28Z

BrittnyFiorillo: small changes

{{Short description|Indian politician (1926–2018)}}
{{Indian patronymic|Jacob|Mundakkal Mathew}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{more citations needed|date=July 2018}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=January 2011}}
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Mundakkal Mathew Jacob
| image = M.M. Jacob photo.jpg
| order = 9th
| office = Governor of Meghalaya
| term_start = 19 June 1995
| term_end = 11 April 2007
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = {{ubl|[[S. C. Marak]]|[[B. B. Lyngdoh]]|[[E. K. Mawlong]]|[[Flinder Anderson Khonglam]]|[[D. D. Lapang]]|[[J. Dringwell Rymbai]]}}
| predecessor = [[Madhukar Dighe]]
| successor = [[Banwari Lal Joshi]]
| office1 = [[Governor of Arunachal Pradesh]]
| status1 = ''{{nobold|additional charge}}''
| term_start1 = 24 January 2007
| term_end1 = 6 April 2007
| 1blankname1 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata1 = [[Gegong Apang]]
| predecessor1 = [[Shilendra Kumar Singh]]
| successor1 = [[K. Sankaranarayanan]] {{small|(additional charge)}}| office2 = [[Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sabha]]
| term2 = Feb 1986 – Dec 1986
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| 1blankname3 = [[Vice President of India|Chairman]]
| 1namedata3 = [[Shankar Dayal Sharma]]
| birth_date = 9 August 1926
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2018|7|8|1926|8|9|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Pala, Kerala|Pala]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]
| alma_mater = {{ubl|[[University College Thiruvananthapuram]]|[[Lucknow University]]|[[University of Chicago]]|[[Sacred Heart College, Thevara]]|[[Loyola College, Chennai]]}}
| spouse = Achamma Kunnuthara
| children = 4
}}

'''M. M. Jacob''' (9 August 1926 – 8 July 2018), in full '''Mundakkal Mathew Jacob''', was an [[India]]n politician, working in the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.genealogy.rocksea.org/getperson.php?personID=I723&tree=roots|title=Jacob Mathew Mundakkal [ Jacob M. M. ] b. 09 Aug 1928 Ramapuram, Kottayam: Roots. The Kerala Christian Family Tree|website=www.genealogy.rocksea.org}}</ref> He married Achamma Kunnuthara from [[Tiruvalla]], Kerala (since deceased) and had four daughters. He was appointed [[Governor of Meghalaya]] in 1995 and again in 2000. He was also [[Governor of Arunachal Pradesh]] for a few months in 1996. He is the longest serving governor of any Indian state, having served for more than 11 years.

== Education ==
He was educated at the [[University College, Trivandrum]], [[Sacred Heart College, Thevara]] in [[Cochin]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/kerala/top-news/2018/07/08/congress-leader-mm-jacob-dies-at-90.html |title=Congress leader MM Jacob dies at 90 |website=www.onmanorama.com |date=8 July 2018 |accessdate=19 January 2021}}</ref> [[Loyola College, Madras]], and [[Lucknow University]]. He was a graduate in law and had a master's degree in [[political science]]. He held a diploma in income tax law as well. He did a course in [[social work]] at the [[University of Chicago]], USA.

== Career ==

=== Cooperative Movement ===
Jacob played a leading role in the [[Cooperative movement in India|cooperative movement]]. He served as President of the [[Kerala State Cooperative Rubber Marketing Federation]] (1975–1981). He also served as Director of the [[Kottayam District Cooperative Bank]], the [[Pala Rubber Marketing Cooperative Society]], and Director (later Chairman) of the [[Chitralekha Film Cooperative Society]], [[Trivandrum]] for over a decade, with extensive experience on [[Board of directors|boards]] and in corporations.

He was Chairman of the Kerala state-owned [[Plantation Corporation, Ltd]] (1974–1978) and the first chairman of [[Oil Palm India]] (1977–1978). He served as a member of the Governing Board of the [[Indian government]]-owned [[Hindustan Latex]] (1975–1978), the [[Indian Coffee Board]] (1973–1975) and the [[Indian Rubber Board]] under the [[Ministry of Commerce (India)|Commerce Ministry]] for many years. He worked as Chairman of the [[National Alliance of Young Entrepreneurs]], Kerala Branch (1974–1976). He also served as Director of the [[Indian Overseas Bank]] (1977–1982) and the [[Kerala State Red Cross]]. He was on the State Tourist Advisory Board, Small Scale Industries Board (SISIS, 1975) at the state level before being elected to [[Parliament of India|Parliament]]. Active in the [[YMCA]] movement, he served as board chairman of Management at the [[YMCA Institute of Engineering]] in [[Faridabad]] from 1991 to 1994.

=== Indian National Congress political party ===
Jacob was a permanent invitee of the [[Congress Working Committee]]. He was in charge of party affairs in [[Jammu]] and [[Karnataka]]. He was an elected member of the [[All India Congress Committee]] for many years. He also worked as General Secretary and Treasurer of the [[Kerala Pradesh Congress Committee]] and as Chairman of the Kerala [[Seva Dal]].

=== Publisher and editor ===
He published ''[[Bharat Sevak]]'', a social worker's journal, and was the chief editor of ''[[Congress Review]]'', fortnightly published from [[Trivandrum]], and the managing director of ''Veekshanam'', a [[Malayalam]] daily newspaper published from Cochin. He has published several papers and articles in journals and periodicals. Besides, he has compiled and published a few books. He has presented many papers in national and international seminars in India and abroad.

=== In Parliament ===
Jacob was elected to the [[Rajya Sabha]] in 1982 and again in 1988. He served as Chairman of the Committee on Subordinate Legislation (1984–1985) and as Chairman of the Parliament Standing Committee for the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] (1993–1994). He was elected [[Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sabha]] in 1986, and later served as a Union Minister of State in the Ministries of Parliamentary Affairs, Water Resources and Home Affairs at different periods (during 1987–1993).{{Citation needed|date=November 2017}}

=== Representing India in World Forums ===
As a youth leader, he participated in the sixth [[World Youth Festival]] in [[Moscow]] (1957) and the [[International Conference of Work Camp Leaders]] organised by [[UNESCO]] (1956). He led India's youth delegation to [[North Vietnam]] (1957) and later the Indian youth delegation to [[China]] (1957), was a youth delegate to the Cleveland International Programme for youth leaders and social workers, USA (1963) and the International Conference of youth leaders from developing countries in [[Bonn]], Germany in 1968. He was also a delegate to the International Seminar on Social Administration at [[Western Reserve University]] in [[Cleveland]], Ohio, USA (1976). He was a member of the Indian delegation to [[Kuala Lumpur]], Malaysia for the International Conference of Natural Rubber Producing Countries in 1975, and led the Indian delegation to [[Sri Lanka]] for the same conference in 1980.

=== Indian Parliament and Commonwealth representative ===
As Deputy Chairman Rajya Sabha, Jacob attended the Commonwealth Parliament conference in [[London]] in 1986. He was also leader of the Indian Parliamentary Delegation to [[Zaire]] in 1986 (now the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]), Leader of the Indian delegation to Inter-Parliamentary Union Conference in [[Budapest]] (1989) and a delegate at the [[Disarmament Conference]] organised by the [[Inter-Parliamentary Union]] and the [[United Nations]] in [[Mexico]] (1985).

He attended the [[United Nations General Assembly]], New York (1985 and again in 1993) and the Human Rights Conference held at the [[European Parliament]] in [[Strasbourg]], [[France]] (1993).
He was a delegate to Human Rights Conference in [[Vienna]], [[Austria]] organised by the U.N. (1994). He represented the Commonwealth Parliamentary Association (C.P.A.) in [[Accra]], [[Ghana]] at the seminar of Ghana Parliamentarians (1993) and was a Commonwealth Observer monitoring the first [[1994 South African general election|post apartheid general election]] in [[South Africa]] in 1994.

== Later activities ==
Jacob had a keen interest in the traditional forms of local [[democracy]] in tribal areas, particularly in [[Meghalaya]], and advocated a marriage of modernity and tradition to strengthen grassroots democracy in tribal areas.

He died on 8 July 2018 at the age of 91.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/mm-jacob-senior-congress-leader-and-former-meghalaya-governor-dies-1879810 | title=MM Jacob, Senior Congress Leader And Former Meghalaya Governor, Dies | date=8 July 2018 | publisher=NDTV | author=IANS | accessdate=8 July 2018 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cite book |last1=Syiemlieh |first1=David R. |title=Reflections From Shillong: Speeches Of M.M. Jacob (vol. Iii) |date=2005 |publisher=Regency Publications |isbn=978-81-89233-29-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=15mSMA8LXhoC |language=en}}

{{Governors of Meghalaya}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jacob, M. M.}}
[[Category:1926 births]]
[[Category:2018 deaths]]
[[Category:Politicians from Kottayam district]]
[[Category:Malayali politicians]]
[[Category:Governors of Meghalaya]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:Deputy chairmen of the Rajya Sabha]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Kerala]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:Indian editors]]
[[Category:Indian publishers (people)]]
[[Category:Indian columnists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:Journalists from Kerala]]

Maharaja Suhel Dev University

2026-03-24T23:56:49Z

BrittnyFiorillo: added first post nd citations.

{{Short description|State public university in Azamgarh, Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{more citations needed|date=March 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Maharaja Suhel Dev University
| established = 2019
| city = [[Azamgarh]]
| image =
| motto = ज्ञानं संस्कृतिः विकासश्च परमो ध्येयः
| chancellor = [[Anandiben Patel]]
| vice_chancellor = Prof. Sanjeev Kumar<ref name="g711">{{cite web | title=आजमगढ़ पहुंचे महाराजा सुहेलदेव विश्वविद्यालय के कुलपति: बोले-शोध कराना होगी पहली प्राथमिकता; शैक्षिक विकास के लिए किए जाएंगे प्रयास | website=Dainik Bhaskar | date=2025-01-15 | url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/uttar-pradesh/azamgarh/news/vice-chancellor-of-maharaja-suheldev-university-spoke-in-azamgarh-sanjay-134298101.html | language=hi | access-date=2025-03-17}}</ref><ref name="m778">{{cite web | title=विश्वविद्यालय को देंगे नई ऊंचाई : प्रो. संजीव कुमार | website=Hindustan | date=2025-01-16 | url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/azamgarh/story-new-vice-chancellor-prof-sanjeev-kumar-takes-charge-at-maharaja-suheldev-university-201736977927660.html | language=hi | access-date=2025-03-17}}</ref>
| address = DAV P.G. College Campus, Raidopur, Azamgarh, Uttar Pradesh, 276001
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| postalcode = 276001
| country = [[India]]
| website = {{URL|https://www.msdsu.ac.in/}}
}}

'''Maharaja Suhel Dev University''' formerly known as '''Maharaja Suhel Dev State University''',<ref name="z784" /> is a [[Public university|state university]] in [[Azamgarh]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]. The university was established in 2019 and commenced its first academic session in 2021-2022. Colleges in [[Azamgarh district|Azamgarh]] and [[Mau district|Mau District]] are affiliated with this university. The university owes its name to a legendary king [[Suhaldev]] from Shravasti town of India, who according to some popular mentions defeated and killed the Ghaznavid general Ghazi Saiyyad Salar Masud at Bahraich in 1034 CE.

== Establishment ==
Maharaja Suheldev State University, Azamgarh, was established by the Government of Uttar Pradesh through its Gazette Notification No. 1446/79-V-1-19-1(K)-3-19, Lucknow, dated 5 August 2019.<ref name="l322" /> In compliance with Notification No. 610/Sattar-1-2021-16 (74)2018 TC, Lucknow, dated 28 April 2021, the university commenced its first academic session in 2021-2022. It was formaerly named as 'Maharaja Suhel Dev State University', and latter on in December 2024, the word 'State' was dropped by the amendment in the Uttar Pradesh State University Act, 1973 by the [[Government of Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh Government]].<ref name="z784">{{cite web | title=New universities to drop 'state' from names; 2 private universities to come up | website=The Times of India | date=2024-06-12 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/new-universities-to-drop-state-from-names-2-private-universities-to-come-up/articleshow/110923431.cms | access-date=2025-03-17}}</ref>

== Affiliated colleges ==
Until the establishment of this university, the affiliated colleges of these two districts were associated with [[Veer Bahadur Singh Purvanchal University]], [[Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh|Jaunpur]].<ref name="l322" />

{{as of|2025}}, the university, has 468 affiliated colleges, including 14 grant-in-aid non-government colleges, 4 government colleges, and 450 self-financed colleges.<ref name="l322">{{cite web | title=Azamgarh University | website=Maharaja Suhel Dev University, Azamgarh | url=https://www.msdsu.ac.in/the-university | access-date=2025-03-17}}</ref>

== Academics ==
The university offers Undergraduate (UG), Post-graduate (PG) and Research courses (Ph.D.) at the campus.{{citation needed|date=April 2025}}

The university has a research center named 'Rangeya Raghav Shodhpeeth' for advanced research in the field of Indian Knowledge System, established in February, 2024.<ref name="p163">{{cite web | last=ब्यूरो | first=वाराणसी | title=Azamgarh News: महाराजा सुहेलदेव विश्वविद्यालय में स्थापित हुई रांगेय राघव की शोधपीठ | website=Amar Ujala | date=2025-02-14 | url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/azamgarh/rangeya-raghavs-research-centre-established-at-maharaja-suheldev-university-azamgarh-news-c-258-1-svns1001-127521-2025-02-14 | language=hi | access-date=2025-03-17}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official website|http://msdsu.ac.in/}}
* {{URL|https://msdsuonline.in/|Online services portal of the university}}

{{Universities in Uttar Pradesh}}

{{coord|25|58|08|N|83|13|07|E|type:edu_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Universities in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Azamgarh]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 2019]]
[[Category:2019 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]

{{UttarPradesh-university-stub}}

Inga Naan Thaan Kingu

2026-03-23T08:06:39Z

BrittnyFiorillo: Added new entry

{{Short description|2024 film directed by Anand Narayan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Inga Naan Thaan Kingu.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Anand Narayan
| writer = Ezhichur Aravindan
| producer = [[G. N. Anbu Chezhiyan]] Sushmita Anbuchezhian
| starring = [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]] [[Priyalaya]] [[Thambi Ramaiah]] [[Vivek Prasanna]] [[Bala Saravanan]]
| cinematography = Om Narayan
| editing = M. Thiyagarajan
| music = [[D. Imman]]
| studio = Gopuram Films
| distributor = 
| released = {{film date|2024|5|17|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Inga Naan Thaan Kingu''''' ({{translation|I am the only king here}}) is a 2024 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action comedy]] film directed by Anand Narayan and written by Ezhichur Aravindan. Produced by [[G. N. Anbu Chezhiyan]] and Sushmita Anbuchezhian under Gopuram Films, the film stars [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]], [[Priyalaya]] (in her lead debut), and [[Thambi Ramaiah]], while [[Vivek Prasanna]], [[Bala Saravanan]], [[Munishkanth]], [[Lollu Sabha Maaran]], [[Swaminathan]], [[Cool Suresh]], [[Lollu Sabha Seshu]] and [[Manobala]] appear in supporting roles.

The soundtrack and background score were composed by [[D. Imman]], while the cinematography and editing were handled by Om Narayan and M. Thiyagarajan. The title is inspired by a dialogue from [[Jailer (2023 Tamil film)|''Jailer'']] (2023). The film was extensively shot in [[Chennai]]. ''Inga Naan Thaan Kingu'' was released in theatres on 17 May 2024.

== Plot ==

Vetrivel is an orphan who works as a matchmaker and also wants to get wealthy quickly. He uses his broker to find a potential bride. A wealthy Rathnapuri Zamindar, Vijayakumar is introduced to him by his marriage broker. In a surprising change of events, he weds Thenmozhi, Rathinapuri Zamin's daughter, right away.

Following the marriage, Vetrivel learns that the zamindar has lost everything, including the palace, and is deeply in-debt of {{Indian rupee}}10 crore. Now that he has no other choice, he must move to his apartment with his wife, brother-in-law, and father-in-law. Due to this betrayal, he is upset with his spouse and in-laws. Zamindar and Vetri's brother-in-law Bala cause misunderstandings by using Vetri's money without consulting him, which only makes Vetri angrier. One day, Vetri receives an invitation from his boss, Amalraj, to the workplace party with his family. During the celebration, Zamindar and Bala start a disturbance with Vetri's boss Amalraj, causing Vetri to lose his job. As a result, he drives their in-laws out of the house.

Meanwhile, in Bombay, a terrorist group led by Baski, a doppelgänger for Vetri's boss Amalraj, is preparing an attack in several locations in [[Chennai]]. Praveena, Vetri's neighbour, is a hooker who entices Baski to her apartment. In an attempt to win Vetri's forgiveness, Bala and Zamindar bring Baski to their flat after mistaking him for Vetri's boss, Amalraj. Unable to evade them, Baski had to go to their house. He gets electrocuted as he turns on the bathroom light switch to use the restroom. The family smashes him hard with wooden blocks, and Baski instantly passes away there. Praveena witnesses this, at which point Thenmozhi threatens to have Praveena join them for her involvement in the crime.

To properly dispose of the body and place it in the mortuary as an unclaimed deadbody, Vetri, his family, and Praveen team up with Body Balram. After arriving home, they see Amalraj and are horrified to learn from television news that the body they disposed of was that of a wanted terrorist and also a {{Indian rupee}}50 lakhs bounty has been announced by the police department.

The family and Vetri now plan to remove the corpse from the hospital mortuary themselves. Body Balram also visits the hospital in search of the deceased, now being aware of the declared bounty. Meanwhile, terrorists capture Amalraj after mistaking him for Baski. When the corpse is first brought to the commissioner by Vetrivel, he gets alerted by Amalraj about the police commissioner's connection to the terrorists and they immediately escape from the commissioner. When they eventually try to rescue Amalraj from the terrorists, a struggle breaks out.

The terrorists finally admit that they detonated a bomb in an omnibus in Koyambedu, which the police were able to locate and neutralise with the aid of a Vetrivel. At last, the police commissioner and the terrorists are taken into custody, and Vetrivel receives the bounty.

== Cast ==
{{Cast list|
* [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]] as Vetrivel
* [[Priyalaya]] as Thenmozhi
* [[Thambi Ramaiah]] as Vijayakumar (Jameen)
* [[Vivek Prasanna]] in a [[dual role]] as Amalraj and Baski
* [[Shah Ra]] as Singam
* [[Bala Saravanan]] as Bala
* [[Munishkanth]] as Body Balram
* Attul as Terrorist Badri
* [[Rajendran]] as Motta Mani
* [[Manobala]] as a Broker
* [[Swaminathan]] as Ramesh
* [[Lollu Sabha Maaran]] as Reel Rolex
* [[Lollu Sabha Seshu]] as Sherlock Holmes Seshu
* [[Cool Suresh]] as Umesh
* [[Vaiyapuri]] as Durai
* [[Kavilas]] as Kurungu Raja
* Lollu Sabha Antony
* Sunitha Thomas as Praveena aka Baby
* Sri Nikha as Praveena's friend
* Ravi Venkatraman as [[Commissioner]] Radhakrishnan
* [[Supergood Subramani]]
* J. Lalitha
}}

== Production ==
The film began development in October 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 October 2023 |title=திரைப்பட கதாநாயகியாகும் செம்பருத்தி சீரியல் நடிகை! |trans-title=''[[Sembaruthi]]'' serial actress to become a film heroine! |url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2023/Oct/16/sembaruthi-serial-actress-to-act-as-heroine-in-cinema-4090690.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231021192831/https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2023/oct/16/sembaruthi-serial-actress-to-act-as-heroine-in-cinema-4090690.html |archive-date=21 October 2023 |access-date=4 March 2026 |website=[[Dinamani]] |language=Tamil|url-status=live}}</ref> It was produced by [[G. N. Anbu Chezhiyan]] and Sushmita Anbuchezhian under their banner, Gopuram Films. Major portions of the film were shot in [[Chennai]]. The cinematography was handled by Om Narayan, and the editing by M. Thiyagarajan. The film's title was taken from a dialogue spoken by [[Rajinikanth]] in ''[[Jailer (2023 Tamil film)|Jailer]]'' (2023).<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 February 2024 |title=Santhanam's Next Titled 'Inga Naan Thaan Kingu' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/santhanams-next-film-inga-naan-thaan-kingu-revealed-by-kamal-haasan/articleshow/108066097.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240316101402/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/santhanams-next-film-inga-naan-thaan-kingu-revealed-by-kamal-haasan/amp_articleshow/108066097.cms |archive-date=16 March 2024 |access-date=22 April 2024 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=28 February 2024 |title=Santhanam's next, 'Inga Naan Thaan Kingu'; Kamal Haasan releases first look |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/santhanams-next-inga-naan-thaan-kingu-kamal-haasan-releases-first-look/article67894881.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250125122142/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/santhanams-next-inga-naan-thaan-kingu-kamal-haasan-releases-first-look/article67894881.ece |archive-date=25 January 2025 |access-date=26 April 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 February 2024 |title=Santhanam's next titled Inga Naan Thaan Kingu, Kamal Haasan releases the first-look poster |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/santhanams-next-titled-inga-naan-thaan-kingu-kamal-haasan-releases-the-first-look-poster/393bd48068170 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240422113210/https://www.ottplay.com/amp/news/santhanams-next-titled-inga-naan-thaan-kingu-kamal-haasan-releases-the-first-look-poster/393bd48068170 |archive-date=22 April 2024 |access-date=22 April 2024 |website=[[OTTPlay]] |language=en}}</ref> It is the feature film debut of [[Priyalaya]] in a leading role.<ref>{{Cite web |last=M |first=Narayani |date=6 May 2024 |title=Anand Narayan: Inga Naan Thaan Kingu will be completely different from Santhanam's previous films |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/interviews/2024/May/06/anand-narayan-inga-naan-thaan-kingu-will-be-completely-different-from-santhanams-previous-films |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240525180444/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/interviews/2024/May/06/anand-narayan-inga-naan-thaan-kingu-will-be-completely-different-from-santhanams-previous-films |archive-date=25 May 2024 |access-date=27 April 2025 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack is composed by [[D. Imman]]. The audio rights were acquired by [[Saregama]].<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1770442873571316054 |user=gopuramfilms |title=We are delighted to be associated with @saregamasouth for #IngaNaanThaanKingu🔥Stay Tuned for more updates! An @immancomposer Musical🎶 |author=Gopuram Films |date=20 March 2024 |access-date=24 April 2025 |language=en |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/giMZ5 |archive-date=24 April 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref> The first single "Maayoney" was released on 23 March 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 March 2024 |title=First single 'Maayoney' from Santhanam's Inga Naan Thaan Kingu out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Mar/23/first-single-maayoney-from-santhanams-inga-naan-thaan-kingu-out |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240423071351/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/amp/story/tamil/news/2024/Mar/23/first-single-maayoney-from-santhanams-inga-naan-thaan-kingu-out |archive-date=23 April 2024 |access-date=23 April 2024 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> The second single "Kulukku Kulukku" was released on 10 April 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 April 2024 |title='Kulukku Kulukku' song from Santhanam's Inga Naan Thaan Kingu out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Apr/10/kulukku-kulukku-song-from-santhanams-inga-naan-thaan-kingu-out |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240423071350/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/amp/story/tamil/news/2024/Apr/10/kulukku-kulukku-song-from-santhanams-inga-naan-thaan-kingu-out |archive-date=23 April 2024 |access-date=23 April 2024 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> The third single "Maalu Maalu" was released on 6 May 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 May 2024 |title=Maalu Maalu song from Inga Naan Thaan Kingu is out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/videos/2024/May/06/maalu-maalu-song-from-inga-naan-thaan-kingu-is-out |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123082132/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/videos/2024/May/06/maalu-maalu-song-from-inga-naan-thaan-kingu-is-out |archive-date=23 January 2025 |access-date=7 May 2024 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Maayoney
| length1 = 3:56
| extra1 = [[Jonita Gandhi]], [[Sean Roldan]]
| lyrics1 = Muthamil
| title2 = Kulukku Kulukku
| length2 = 3:56
| lyrics2 = [[Vignesh Shivan]]
| extra2 = [[D. Imman]], [[Srinisha Jayaseelan]]
| title3 = Maalu Maalu
| length3 = 3:55
| lyrics3 = Muthamil
| extra3 = [[Nakash Aziz]], [[Shweta Mohan]], Anthakudi Ilayaraja
| total_length = 11:47
}}

== Marketing and release ==
''Inga Naan Thaan Kingu'' was initially scheduled to release on 10 May 2017,<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 April 2024 |title=Santhanam's 'Inga Naan Thaan Kingu' gets a release date |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/santhanams-inga-naan-thaan-kingu-gets-a-release-date/article68087042.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240422103059/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/santhanams-inga-naan-thaan-kingu-gets-a-release-date/article68087042.ece |archive-date=22 April 2024 |access-date=22 April 2024 |website=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> but was delayed due to lack of screens. It eventually released a week later, on 17 May. Ahead of the film's release, a promo featuring Santhanam garnered criticism from netizens because the actor used an expletive, and they demanded its removal from the final cut.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 May 2024 |title=Santhanam's cuss word dialogue in the 'Inga Naan Thaan Kingu' promo faces criticisms |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/santhanams-cuss-word-dialogue-in-the-inga-naan-thaan-kingu-promo-faces-criticisms/articleshow/110054487.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240516175738/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/santhanams-cuss-word-dialogue-in-the-inga-naan-thaan-kingu-promo-faces-criticisms/articleshow/110054487.cms |archive-date=16 May 2024 |access-date=16 May 2024 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> The film began streaming on [[Amazon Prime Video]] from 28 June 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 June 2024 |title=சந்தானம் நடித்த 'இங்க நான் தான் கிங்கு' ஓ.டி.டி.யில் வெளியானது |trans-title=Santhanam starrer ''Inga Naan Thaan Kingu'' now streaming |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/ott/inga-naan-thaan-kingu-gets-release-date-in-amazon-prime-ott-1111754 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240708033008/https://www.dailythanthi.com/ott/inga-naan-thaan-kingu-gets-release-date-in-amazon-prime-ott-1111754 |archive-date=8 July 2024 |access-date=21 November 2024 |website=[[Dina Thanthi]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== Critical reception ==
Manigandan KR of ''[[Times Now]]'' rated three out of five and stated, "On the whole, ''Inga Naan Thaan Kingu'' is a light hearted entertainer that has no message as such but which succeeds by and large in its mission to make you laugh."<ref>{{Cite web |last=KR |first=Manigandan |date=17 May 2024 |title=Inga Naan Thaan Kingu Review: A Refreshing Plot Makes This Comedy Entertainer Click! |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/tamil/inga-naan-thaan-kingu-review-a-refreshing-plot-makes-this-comedy-entertainer-click-review-110187070 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241102115653/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/tamil/inga-naan-thaan-kingu-review-a-refreshing-plot-makes-this-comedy-entertainer-click-review-110187070 |archive-date=2 November 2024 |access-date=17 May 2024 |website=[[Times Now]] |language=en}}</ref> Petchi Avudaiappan of ''[[ABP Nadu]]'' wrote that after watching the film, they wondered what the title has to do with the story.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ஆவுடையப்பன் |first=பேச்சி |date=17 May 2024 |title=Inga Naan Thaan Kingu Review: காமெடி ஜொலிக்கிறதா? சோதிக்கிறதா? - சந்தானத்தின் "இங்க நான் தான் கிங்கு" விமர்சனம் இதோ! |trans-title=Does the comedy shine? Does it test? - Here's a review of Santhanam's "Inga Naan Thaan Kingu"! |url=https://tamil.abplive.com/movie-review/entertainment/movie-review-movie-review-inga-naan-thaan-kingu-movie-review-tamil-santhanam-priyalaya-starring-inga-naan-thaan-kingu-is-the-movie-worth-watching-183661 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240517063728/https://tamil.abplive.com/movie-review/entertainment/movie-review-movie-review-inga-naan-thaan-kingu-movie-review-tamil-santhanam-priyalaya-starring-inga-naan-thaan-kingu-is-the-movie-worth-watching-183661 |archive-date=17 May 2024 |access-date=17 May 2024 |website=[[ABP Nadu]] |language=ta}}</ref> Prashanth Vallavan of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote, "The premise, the setting, the long list of supporting cast, and even the brand of wacky adventure, feel outdated. However, even with an incoherent screenplay, the dialogues and the humour could have saved Inga Naan Thaan Kingu, which is unfortunately not what happened".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vallavan |first=Prashanth |date=18 May 2024 |title='Inga Naan Thaan Kingu' movie review: Chaotic assembly of random ideas and weak humour |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2024/May/18/inga-naan-thaan-kingu-movie-review-chaotic-assembly-of-random-ideas-and-weak-humour |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250424160112/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2024/May/18/inga-naan-thaan-kingu-movie-review-chaotic-assembly-of-random-ideas-and-weak-humour |archive-date=24 April 2025 |access-date=24 April 2025 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> Abhinav Subramanian of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave a more positive review, calling it "your typical Santhanam fair – situational comedy revolving around a bunch of dimwits. What makes it tick is Ezhichur Aravindan's original scripting".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Abhinav |date=17 May 2024 |title=Inga Naan Thaan Kingu Movie Review : Santhanam returns with some solid laughs |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/inga-naan-thaan-kingu/movie-review/110199821.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240612212955/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/inga-naan-thaan-kingu/movie-review/110199821.cms |archive-date=12 June 2024 |access-date=24 April 2025 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}
*{{Rotten Tomatoes}}

[[Category:2024 action comedy films]]
[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:2024 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films produced by G. N. Anbu Chezhiyan]]
[[Category:Films scored by D. Imman]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Indian action comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language action comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Hasan Khan Mewati

2026-03-19T21:51:05Z

BrittnyFiorillo: Added a post

{{Short description|Ruler of Mewat from 1504 to 1527}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}

{{For|the sovereign kingdom|Mewat State}}{{Infobox royalty
| image = Raja Hasan Khan Mewati.jpg
| name = Raja Hasan Khan Mewati
| title = [[Wāli]] [[Raja]]
| succession = 9th [[Khanzadas of Mewat|Shah-e-Mewat]]
| reign = 1504 – 1527
| predecessor = [[Khanzada Alawal Khan]]
| successor = Post Abolished [[Babur]] (as [[Mughal Emperor]])
| native_lang1 = Hindi
| native_lang1_name1 = हसन खां मेवाती
| native_lang2 = Urdu
| native_lang2_name1 = حسن خاں میواتی
| dynasty = [[Khanzadas of Mewat|Wali-e-Mewat dynasty]]
| full name = Hasan Khan Mewati
| posthumous name = Wali-e-Mewat ({{lit|The friend of Mewat}})
| house = [[Khanzada Rajputs]]
| father = [[Khanzada Alawal Khan]]
| birth_place = [[Alwar]], [[Mewat]] {{small|(present-day [[Rajasthan]], [[India]])}}
| death_date = {{death date|1527|3|16|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Khanwa]] {{small|(present-day [[Rajasthan]], [[India]])}}
| burial_place = [[Rajasthan]], India
| religion = [[Sunni Islam]]
}}'''Raja Hasan Khan Mewati''' (died 17 March 1527) was a [[Muslim Rajputs|Muslim Khanzada Rajput]] ruler of [[Mewat]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=تاریخ میوچھتری {{!}} ریختہ |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/tareekh-e-miyo-chhatri-hakeem-abdush-shakoor-ebooks?lang=ur |access-date=2022-06-06 |website=Rekhta |language=ur}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=توصیف الحسن میواتی الہندی |url=http://archive.org/details/20200823_20200823_1256 |title=تاریخِ میو اور داستانِ میوات |date=2020-08-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tareekh-e-Miyo Chhatri by Hakeem Abdush Shakoor |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/tareekh-e-miyo-chhatri-hakeem-abdush-shakoor-ebooks |access-date=2022-06-14 |website=Rekhta |language=en}}</ref> The son of previous ruler [[Khanzada Alawal Khan|Raja Alawal Khan]], his dynasty had ruled Mewat State for nearly 200 years. He was a descendant of [[Raja Nahar Khan]] Mewati, who was the [[Wali (administrative title)|Wali]] of [[Mewat]] in the 14th century.

He was the Rajput chieftain whose ancestors had been ruling the region of [[Mewat]] for almost two centuries and had declared himself as a [[Sovereign state|sovereign king]]. [[Babur]], the founder of the [[Mughal Empire]] had stated that Hasan Khan Mewati was the leader of the ‘Mewat country’. He joined the [[Rajput|Rajput Confederation]] with 5,000 allies in the [[Battle of Khanwa]], where he was killed in the battle by Mughal forces led by [[Babur]]. He also re-constructed the [[Alwar fort]] in 15th century. <ref>{{Citation |last=Chandra |first=Satish |title=Mughal India |date=1982-04-01 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/chol9780521226929.027 |work=The Cambridge Economic History of India |pages=458–471 |access-date=2023-11-07 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-05451-5}}</ref>

== Military campaigns ==
Hasan Khan Mewati played a significant role in two crucial battles: the [[First Battle of Panipat|Battle of Panipat]] and the [[Battle of Khanwa]].

=== First battle of Panipat ===
{{Main article|First Battle of Panipat}}

Hasan Khan Mewati supported [[Ibrahim Khan Lodi|Ibrahim Lodi]], the [[Sultan of Delhi]], in the [[First Battle of Panipat]], which took place in 1526. This battle was a pivotal conflict between the [[Mughal Empire]], led by [[Babur]], and the [[Delhi Sultanate|Sultanate of Delhi]], led by [[Ibrahim Khan Lodi|Ibrahim Lodi]]. In this battle, Babur emerged victorious, and Lodi lost his life. During the conflict, Babur took Hasan Khan Mewati's son as a hostage. Following the Battle of Panipat, Hasan Khan Mewati aligned himself with [[Rana Sanga]] to continue the fight against Babur and the Mughal Empire.

=== Battle of Khanwa ===
{{Main article|Battle of Khanwa}}

The Battle of Khanwa occurred on March 15, 1527, between [[Rana Sanga]] of [[Mewar]] and Babur. At this time, Hasan Khan Mewati's patriotism and bravery had earned him a reputation as a fierce warrior. Hasan Khan Mewati, once again, supported Rana Sanga in this battle. When Rana Sanga was struck by an arrow and fell from his elephant, the Mewati king took charge of the commander's flag and led the attack against Babur's forces. Hasan Khan Mewati displayed tremendous valor as he, along with his 12 thousand horse soldiers, fiercely confronted Babur's army. They were initially successful and seemed to be overpowering the Mughal forces. During the battle, Mewati was struck by a cannonball that hit his chest. This injury proved fatal, and Mewati lost his life in the midst of the battle. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-12-18 |title=अलवर का वीर देशभक्त सपूत, जिससे बाबर भी घबराता था, बाबर के खिलाफ जमकर किया था युद्ध {{!}} Hasan Khan Mewati Alwar Story In Hindi |url=https://www.patrika.com/alwar-news/hasan-khan-mewati-alwar-story-in-hindi-3854583/ |access-date=2023-11-07 |website=Patrika News |language=hi-IN}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{Cite book |author=Gopinath Sharma |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jIs9AAAAMAAJ |title=Mewar & the Mughal Emperors (1526-1707 A.D.) |date=1954 |publisher=S.L. Agarwala |language=en}}

[[Category:Khanzadas of Mewat]]
[[Category:1527 deaths]]
[[Category:16th-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:16th-century Indian monarchs]]

Mughal–Safavid War (1637–1638)

2026-03-14T19:03:28Z

BrittnyFiorillo: added the pg w/ infobox.

{{Short description|Mughal Persian wars}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Mughal–Safavid War (1637–1638)
| image = File:Qulij Khan accepts the keys to a city in Badakhshan (probably Bust). Attributed to Murad. Mughal, ca. 1646. Musée Guimet, Paris.jpg
| caption = Surrender of the Safavids under [[Mihrab Khan]] to the Mughal general [[Qulij Khan Turani]] at the [[Siege of Bost (1638)]].<ref name="Met">{{cite book |last1=Welch |first1=Stuart Cary |title=India: art and culture, 1300-1900 |date=1985 |publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art : Holt, Rinehart, and Winston |location=New York |isbn=978-0030061141 |pages=247-248 |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/met-publications/india-art-and-culture-1300-1900}} "In the miniature, Qulij Khan accepts the keys of a conquered city, probably Bust, which was captured in the eleventh year of the reign from Mihrab Khan, one of the Iranian shah's abler generals. (...) . In the foreground, the Mughal general accepts his enemy's submission, while the background itemizes incidents of the siege"</ref>
| partof = [[Mughal–Persian Wars]]
| date = 1637–1638
| place = [[Kandahar]], [[Lashkargah|Bost]]
| result = Mughal victories.<ref name="Iranica">Iranica 2011</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OIzreCGlHxIC&dq=siege+of+kandahar+1605&pg=PT349 |title=''Dictionary of Wars''|isbn=9781932705546|accessdate=4 April 2014|last1=kohn|first1=George C.|date=January 2006|publisher=Infobase }}</ref>
| territory = [[Kandahar]], [[Lashkargah|Bost]] fall back to [[Mughal Empire|Mughal India]]
| combatant1 = [[Image:Safavid Flag.svg|23px|border]] [[Safavid Empire|Safavid Iran]]
| combatant2 = [[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire.png|23px]] [[Mughal Empire|Mughal India]]
| commander1 = [[File:Safavid Flag.svg|20px]] [[Safi of Persia]] [[File:Safavid Flag.svg|20px]] [[Ali Mardan Khan]]{{Surrendered}} [[File:Safavid Flag.svg|20px]] [[Siyavush Qullar-aqasi]]
| commander2 = [[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire.png|20px]] [[Shah Jahan]] [[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire.png|20px]] [[Dara Shikoh]] [[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire.png|20px]] [[Qulij Khan Turani]] [[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire.png|20px]] Sa‘id Khan
| strength1 =
| strength2 =
| casualties1 =
| casualties2 =
}}
{{Campaignbox Mughal–Persian wars}}
The '''Mughal–Persian war (1637–1638)''' is a conflict which took place in 1638, between [[Safavid Iran|Safavid Empire]] of Persia and [[Mughal Empire]] of Hindustan. The main events were the Mughal victories of the [[Fall of Kandahar (1638)]] and the [[Siege of Bost (1638)]], which the additional capture of several smaller [[Afghanistan]] fortresses previously under the control of the Safavids.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OIzreCGlHxIC&dq=Mogul-Persian+War+of+1638%3A+Exactly+one+century+before+the+PERSIAN+INVASION+OF+MOGUL+INDIA%2C+the+forces+of+Mogul+emperor+Shah+Jahan+%281592-1666%29+recaptured+the+city+of+Kandahar%2C+lost+in+the+MOGUL-PERSIAN+WAR+OF+1622-23.&pg=PT349|quote=Mogul-Persian War of 1638: Exactly one century before the PERSIAN INVASION OF MOGUL INDIA, the forces of Mogul emperor Shah Jahan (1592-1666) recaptured the city of Kandahar, lost in the MOGUL-PERSIAN WAR OF 1622-23.|title=Dictionary of wars|author= George C. Kohn
|date=2006 |publisher=Facts On File, Incorporated |page=337|isbn=978-1-4381-2916-7 }}</ref>
The war resulted in a decisive victory for the Mughals, especially marked by the surrender of Kandahar by [[Ali Mardan Khan]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofi00smituoft/page/401/mode/1up?q=1638 |title=''Early history of India by Oxford ''|isbn=9781932705546|accessdate=4 April 2014|last1=Smith|first1=Vincent Arthur|date=1919|publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. }}</ref>

==Background==
{{Main|Mughal–Safavid war (1622–1623)}}
Mughals had previously lost the city of Kandahar to the Safavids. It was considered vital for the Mughal Empire that the twin ''gateway-cities'' to Hindustan, i.e. [[Kabul]] and [[Kandahar]], be brought under Mughal rule.
Central Asian trade provided the Mughals with warhorses, without which not only the military forces would be incapacitated, but could also potentially spark tribal revolts and foreign invasions.<ref name="Kinra">Kinra 2015, p.157</ref> Kandahar in particular was at the crossroads of a number of major commercial trade routes in Central Asia. The two cities were thus the subject of deep strategic concern.<ref name="dlx.b-ok.org">{{Cite web|url=http://dlx.b-ok.org/genesis/628000/06ae9010b197a442876290ce257027ff/_as/|title=Z-Library single sign on}}</ref>

==War==
In 1639, the armies of [[Safi of Persia|Shah Safi of Persia]] captured Bamyan and it appeared that they would attack Kandahar next. In 1646, [[Shah Jahan]], assisted by Kamran Khanand Malik Maghdood, had marched on Kandahar and negotiated the surrender from the Persian commander, [[Ali Mardan Khan]]. He expected the Persians to attempt to regain the city soon and so he ordered that the wall be repaired rapidly while a large Mughal army based in Kabul protected the area. In 1646, when no Persian attack came, the Emperor sent his son, Murad Baksh, to invade Uzbek-controlled [[Badakhshan]]. In the following year, [[Aurangzeb]], another son, routed an Uzbek force outside of [[Balkh]] and captured the city, Kandahar was captured by the Mughals in 1638 too.<ref name="Chandra226">Chandra 2005, p. 226</ref>

==Surrender of Ali Mardan==

Ali Mardan khan, Soon surrendered the city of Kandahar to the Mughal garrison,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mughal-dynasty/Akbar-the-Great-and-the-consolidation-of-the-empire|title= Mughal Empire, Britannica |isbn=9781932705546|accessdate=|last1=Verlag|first1=Harrassowitz | date=2022|publisher= Sterling Publishers Pvt. }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofi00smituoft/page/401/mode/1up?q=1638 |title=''Early history of India by Oxford ''|isbn=9781932705546|accessdate=4 April 2014|last1=Smith|first1=Vincent arthur|date=1919|publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. }}</ref> This resulted in the Reconquest of Kandahar by the Mughals.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=neUKEvaYPZYC&dq=siege+of+kandahar+1638+Cambridge&pg=PA172|title=Illustrations of War by Cambridge University press|isbn=9781932705546|access-date=4 April 2014|last1=Black|first1=Jeremy|date=1996|publisher=Cambridge University Press }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s5X3EAAAQBAJ&dq=siege+of+kandahar+1605+Cambridge&pg=RA4-PA687|title=World History Encyclopedia|isbn=9781932705546|accessdate=4 April 2014|last1=Andrea|first1=Alfred J.|author-link1=Alfred J. Andrea|date=January 2011|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y6fOEAAAQBAJ&dq=siege+of+kandahar+1605+cambridge&pg=PA610|title=Conquest in the Islamic world|isbn=9781932705546|accessdate=4 April 2011|last1=Mikaberidze|first1= Alexander |date=January 2011|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA }}</ref> The defection of Ali mardan khan enabled the Mughals to regain control of Kandahar which remained under their authority till the next Safavid [[Mughal–Safavid war (1649–1653)|siege]].{{citation needed|date=December 2024}}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mughal-Safavid War (1637-1638)}}
[[Category:Wars involving Safavid Iran]]
[[Category:Wars involving the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:17th century in Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Military history of India]]

INS Vikramaditya

2026-03-08T18:46:48Z

BrittnyFiorillo:

{{Short description|Modified Kiev-class aircraft carrier}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox ship
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
| image = INS Vikramaditya (R33) with a Sea Harrier.jpg
| image_caption = Indian aircraft carrier INS ''Vikramaditya''
}}

|section3={{Infobox ship/career
| hide_header = title
| country = India
| flag = {{shipboxflag|India|naval}}
| name = INS ''Vikramaditya''
| namesake = [[Chandragupta II|Vikramāditya]]
| operator = [[Indian Navy]]
| registry =
| ordered = 20 January 2004
| awarded =
| builder = [[Black Sea Shipyard]], [[USSR]], and [[Sevmash]], [[Russia]]
| original_cost = $2.35 billion (refurbishment)<ref name="thehindu1">{{cite news |author=PTI |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/gorshkov-deal-finalised-at-usd-23-billion/article228791.ece |title=Gorshkov deal finalised at USD 2.3 billion |work=The Hindu|date=11 March 2010 |access-date=27 April 2013 |location=Chennai, India |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016073153/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/gorshkov-deal-finalised-at-usd-23-billion/article228791.ece |archive-date=16 October 2013 }}</ref>
$10-11 billion (including all aircraft and systems)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-19 |title=Laying the keel of India's third nuclear-powered aircraft carrier |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/defence-laying-the-keel-of-indias-third-nuclear-powered-aircraft-carrier-2598992/ |access-date=2023-06-03 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref>
| yard_number =
| way_number =
| laid_down =
| launched = 4 December 2008
| sponsor =
| christened =
| completed = 19 April 2012
| acquired =
| commissioned = 16 November 2013<ref>{{cite web |title=Aircraft carrier INS Vikramaditya set to join Indian Navy on November 16 |work=The Indian Express |date=14 November 2013 |access-date=15 November 2013 |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/wait-over-aircraft-carrier-ins-vikramaditya-set-to-join-indian-navy-on-nov-16/1194928/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131117054706/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/wait-over-aircraft-carrier-ins-vikramaditya-set-to-join-indian-navy-on-nov-16/1194928 |archive-date=17 November 2013 }}</ref>
| recommissioned =
| decommissioned =
| maiden_voyage =
| in_service = 14 June 2014
| out_of_service =
| renamed =
| reclassified =
| refit =
| struck =
| reinstated =
| homeport =
| identification = *[[Pennant number]]: R33<ref>{{cite web|title=Aircraft Carrier: INS Vikramaditya|url=http://www.indiannavy.nic.in/naval-fleet/ships?page=0%2C1|publisher=Indian Navy|access-date=4 January 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141004145613/http://www.indiannavy.nic.in/naval-fleet/ships?page=0%2C1|archive-date=4 October 2014}}</ref>
*{{MMSI Number|419000033}}
| motto = ''Strike Far, Strike Sure''<ref name=inty17n>{{cite news|title=INS Vikramaditya motto is 'Strike Far, Strike Sure'|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/europe/story/ins-vikramaditya-motto-strike-far-strike-sure-217742-2013-11-16|access-date=17 November 2013|newspaper=India Today|date=17 November 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131117100814/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/ins-vikramaditya-motto--strike-far-strike-sure/1/325205.html|archive-date=17 November 2013}}</ref>
| nickname =
| honors =
| captured =
| status = Active
| notes =
| badge =
| honours =
}}

|section2={{Infobox ship/career
| hide_header =
| country = Soviet Union → Russia
| flag = {{shipboxflag|Soviet Union|naval}} → {{shipboxflag|Russia|naval}}
| name = ''Admiral Gorshkov''
| namesake = [[Sergey Gorshkov]]
| builder = [[Chernomorskiy Yard]], [[Mykolayiv|Nikolayev]]
| laid_down = 17 February 1978<ref name="Admiral Gorshkov">{{cite web | url = http://russian-ships.info/eng/warships/project_11434.htm | title = Project 11434 | access-date = 29 January 2013 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130404005655/http://russian-ships.info/eng/warships/project_11434.htm | archive-date = 4 April 2013 | df = dmy-all }}</ref>
| launched = 1 April 1982<ref name="Admiral Gorshkov" />
| commissioned = 11 December 1987<ref name="Admiral Gorshkov" />
| decommissioned = 1996
| fate = Sold to the [[Indian Navy]] on 20 January 2004
}}

|section4={{Infobox ship/characteristics
| hide_header =
| header_caption =
| class = Modified {{sclass|Kiev|aircraft carrier}}
| displacement = {{displacement|45,000|unknown|first=loaded}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/Ships/Future/193-INS-Vikramaditya.html |title=NAVY – Project 1143 |publisher=Bharat-Rakshak.com |date=17 November 2008 |access-date=29 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120710061819/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/Ships/Future/193-INS-Vikramaditya.html |archive-date=10 July 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.defensenews.com/article/20120608/DEFREG03/306080005/Indian-Carrier-Begins-Sea-Trials?odyssey=tab%7Ctopnews%7Ctext%7CFRONTPAGE |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130616061848/http://www.defensenews.com/article/20120608/DEFREG03/306080005/Indian-Carrier-Begins-Sea-Trials?odyssey=tab%7Ctopnews%7Ctext%7CFRONTPAGE |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 June 2013 |title=Indian Carrier Begins Sea Trials | Defense News |publisher=defensenews.com |access-date=29 July 2012}}</ref>
| length = {{Convert|284|m|ft}} (overall)<ref>{{cite web|title=Navy's largest ship 'INS Vikramaditya' Commissioned|url=http://indiannavy.nic.in/press-release/navys-largest-ship-ins-vikramaditya-commissioned|publisher=Indian Navy|access-date=26 November 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131128052801/http://indiannavy.nic.in/press-release/navys-largest-ship-ins-vikramaditya-commissioned|archive-date=28 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=INS VIKRAMADITYA VR TOUR HD - YouTube|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=msPnEnCqdH8&feature=youtu.be |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/msPnEnCqdH8 |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|access-date=2020-12-12|website=www.youtube.com| date=27 November 2020 }}{{cbignore}}</ref>
| beam = {{convert|61|m|ft}}<ref name=indrus>{{cite web|title=Vikramaditya to be handed to the Indian Navy on November 16|url=http://indrus.in/news/2013/10/24/vikramaditya_to_be_handed_to_the_indian_navy_on_november_16_30359.html|publisher=India & Russia Report|access-date=27 October 2013}}</ref>
| height = {{convert|60.0|m|ft}} <ref name=indrus/>
| draught = {{convert|10.2|m|ft}}
| depth =
| decks = 22<ref name=indnavy1/>
| power = 6 turbo alternators and 6 diesel alternators which generate 18 [[Watt#Conventions in the electric power industry|MWe]]<ref name=indnavy1/>
| propulsion = 8 turbo-pressurised boilers, 4 shafts, 4 geared steam turbines, generating {{convert|180000|hp|kW|0}}<ref name=indnavy1>{{cite web|title='Vikramaditya' to be Commissioned on 16 Nov 13|url=http://indiannavy.nic.in/news-events/about-ins-vikramaditya-newest-largest-ship-indian-navy|publisher=Indian Navy|access-date=16 November 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140920192909/http://indiannavy.nic.in/news-events/about-ins-vikramaditya-newest-largest-ship-indian-navy|archive-date=20 September 2014}}</ref><ref name=modpib14/>
| sail_plan =
| speed = +{{convert|30|kn|km/h}}<ref name=modpib14/>
| range = *{{convert|13500|nmi|km}} at {{convert|18|kn|km/h}}<ref>{{cite news |author=PTI |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-02-01/news/36684517_1_nikolayev-south-sea-trials-admiral-gorshkov |title=Engine problems in INS Vikramaditya fixed, sea trial to start in June – Economic Times |publisher=Articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com |access-date=27 April 2013 |quote=an endurance of 13,500 nautical miles (25,000 km) at a cruising speed of 18 knots. It will have an air wing consisting of Russian-made MiG-29K jet fighter planes and Kamov Ka-31 early warning radar helicopters. |date=1 February 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170228215056/http://www.news18.com/news/india/navys-fighter-jet-makes-emergency-landing-at-mangaluru-1354567.html |archive-date=28 February 2017 }}</ref>
| endurance = 45 days<ref name=indnavy1/>
| boats =
| capacity =
| troops =
| complement = 110 officers and 1500 sailors<ref name=modpib14/>
| crew =
| sensors = Long-range Air Surveillance Radars, LESORUB-E, Resistor-E radar complex, CCS MK II communication complex and Link II tactical data system<ref name=indnavy1/>
| EW =
| armament = *<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name="X-270324" />
*4 × [[AK-630]] [[CIWS]]
*3 × [[Barak 1]] (2×4 [[Vertical launching system|VLS]] cells; ''ex-{{INS|Godavari|F20|6}}'')
*4-6 × [[Barak 8]] [[LR-SAM]] (2×4 VLS cells)
| aircraft = *Maximum of 36 aircraft including<ref name=modpib14>{{cite news|title=Prime Minister Spends A Day Onboard INS Vikramaditya|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=105645|access-date=14 June 2014|agency=MOD|publisher=PIB|date=14 June 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714180351/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=105645|archive-date=14 July 2014}}</ref>
**26 × [[Mikoyan MiG-29K]] carrier-based multirole fighter<ref name="DefenseIndustryDaily">{{cite web|title=INS Vikrant: India's New Carrier-Gorshkov-Vikramaditya: Aerial Complement|url=http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/ins-vikramaditya-may-hit-delay-cost-increases-03283/|date=10 December 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130125170657/http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/ins-vikramaditya-may-hit-delay-cost-increases-03283/|archive-date=25 January 2013}}</ref>
**10 × [[Kamov Ka-31]] [[Airborne early warning and control|AEW&C]] and [[Kamov Ka-28]] [[anti-submarine warfare|ASW]] helicopters<ref name="DefenseIndustryDaily"/>
| aircraft_facilities = * 14-degree [[Aircraft ski-jump|ski-jump]]
* Three 30 m wide arrester gears and three restraining gears.<ref name=indnavy1/>
| notes =
| type = Aircraft carrier
}}
}}

'''INS ''Vikramaditya''''' ({{Lit|Valour Comparable to the Sun}})<ref group="note">Literally ''Vikramaditya'' translates as being "Sun (Aditya) of valour" (Vikram). The component ''āditya'' ([[sun]]) literally means "he who belongs to [[Aditi]]". It was the title of the most famous king in Indian history, [[Chandragupta II|Vikramaditya]] of [[Ujjain]], famed as a noble ruler and a mighty warrior. He ruled the [[Gupta Empire]] between 380 and 413/15 AD.</ref> is a conventionally powered [[STOBAR]] [[aircraft carrier]] currently serving as the [[flagship]] of the [[Indian Navy]]. It is a modified {{sclass|Kiev|aircraft carrier|4}} [[aircraft cruiser]] purchased from [[Russia]] and entered into service in 2013.<ref>{{Cite web|title=About INS Vikramaditya - The newest & largest ship of Indian Navy {{!}} Indian Navy|url=https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/about-ins-vikramaditya-newest-largest-ship-indian-navy|access-date=2020-10-27|website=www.indiannavy.nic.in}}</ref>

Originally built as ''[[Soviet aircraft carrier Admiral Gorshkov|Baku]]'' and [[ship commissioning|commission]]ed in 1987, the carrier served with the [[Soviet Navy]] and later with the [[Russian Navy]] (as ''Admiral Gorshkov'') before being decommissioned in 1996.{{sfn|Bharat Verma|2011|pp=45–46}}{{sfn|Terry Brien|2012|p=1145}}<ref name="Know INS Vikramaditya">{{cite news|url=https://www.theindianhawk.com/2020/06/INS-vikramaditya-everything-you-need-to-know-about-warship.html|title=INS Vikramaditya: Everything you Need to about warship|publisher=www.theindianhawk.com |access-date=22 June 2020 }}</ref> After years of negotiations, the carrier was purchased by [[India]] on 20 January 2004.<ref name="thehindu1"/> The transformed ship completed her [[sea trial]]s in July 2013<ref name="seatrialhindu">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ins-vikramaditya-sea-trials-successful/article4963564.ece|title=INS Vikramaditya sea trials successful|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=28 July 2013|access-date=31 July 2013|location=Chennai, India|first=Vinay|last=Kumar|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130731181837/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ins-vikramaditya-sea-trials-successful/article4963564.ece|archive-date=31 July 2013}}</ref> and first [[naval aviation]] trials in September 2013.<ref name="airtrialhindu">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/vikramaditya-likely-to-be-delivered-in-midnovember/article5138544.ece|title=Vikramaditya likely to be delivered in mid-November|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=17 September 2013|access-date=17 September 2013|location=Chennai, India|first=Vinay|last=Kumar|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921110814/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/vikramaditya-likely-to-be-delivered-in-midnovember/article5138544.ece|archive-date=21 September 2013}}</ref>

''Vikramaditya'' was commissioned on 16 November 2013 at a ceremony held at [[Severodvinsk]], [[Russia]].<ref name=ibnlive>{{cite web|title=Aircraft carrier INS Vikramaditya inducted into Indian Navy|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/aircraft-carrier-ins-vikramaditya-inducted-into-indian-navy/434490-3.html|publisher=IBN Live|access-date=16 November 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131118010905/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/aircraft-carrier-ins-vikramaditya-inducted-into-indian-navy/434490-3.html|archive-date=18 November 2013}}</ref> On 14 June 2014, the newly elected [[Prime Minister of India]], [[Narendra Modi]], formally inducted ''Vikramaditya'' into the Indian Navy.<ref>{{cite news|title=PM Modi inducts INS Vikramaditya into Navy, dedicates it to nation|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pm-on-board-india-s-largest-warship-ins-vikramaditya/article1-1229318.aspx|access-date=14 June 2014|work=Hindustan Times |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140614091659/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pm-on-board-india-s-largest-warship-ins-vikramaditya/article1-1229318.aspx|archive-date=14 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/prime-minister-narendra-modi-lands-on-indias-biggest-warship-ins-vikramaditya/|title=PM Narendra Modi dedicates largest warship INS Vikramaditya to the nation, pitches for self-reliance|date=14 June 2014|work=The Indian Express|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140614213622/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/prime-minister-narendra-modi-lands-on-indias-biggest-warship-ins-vikramaditya/|archive-date=14 June 2014}}</ref>

==History==
{{further|Soviet aircraft carrier Baku}}

===The deal===
''Baku'' entered service in 1987, renamed ''Admiral Gorshkov'' in 1991, but was deactivated in 1996 because she was too expensive to operate on a post-[[Cold War]] budget. This attracted the attention of India, which was looking for a way to expand its carrier aviation capabilities.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.strategypage.com/htmw/htnavai/articles/20100603.aspx |title=Naval Air: Go For Gorshkov |publisher=Strategypage.com |date=3 June 2010 |access-date=7 March 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110616183146/http://www.strategypage.com/htmw/htnavai/articles/20100603.aspx |archive-date=16 June 2011 }}</ref> On 20 January 2004, after years of negotiations, Russia and India signed a deal for the sale of the ship. The ship would be free, while India would pay US$800 million for the upgrade and refit of the vessel and an additional US$1 billion for the aircraft and weapons systems. The navy looked at equipping the carrier with the [[E-2 Hawkeye#Variants|E-2C Hawkeye]], but decided not to.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiadefence.com/Aero%202005.htm|title=WHAT'S HOT? ANALYSIS OF RECENT HAPPENINGS – Aero India 2005 – Naval Interests – An IDC Report|website=IndiaDefence.com|date=9 February 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090201002012/http://www.indiadefence.com/Aero%202005.htm |archive-date=1 February 2009 }}</ref> In 2009, Northrop Grumman offered the advanced [[Northrop Grumman E-2 Hawkeye#E-2D Advanced Hawkeye|E-2D Hawkeye]] to the Indian Navy.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_generic.jsp?channel=aerospacedaily&id=news/INDIA090209.xml |title=Indian Navy Mulls Northrop Advanced Hawkeye |publisher=Aviationweek.com |date=2 September 2009 |access-date=7 March 2011 |archive-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100321164534/http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_generic.jsp?channel=aerospacedaily&id=news/INDIA090209.xml |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The deal also included the purchase of 12 single-seat [[Mikoyan MiG-29K|Mikoyan MiG-29K "Fulcrum-D"]] (Product 9.41) and four dual-seat MiG-29KUB aircraft (with an option for 14 more aircraft) at US$1 billion, six Kamov [[Kamov Ka-27|Ka-31 "Helix"]] reconnaissance and antisubmarine helicopters, torpedo tubes, missile systems, and artillery units. Facilities and procedures for training pilots and technical staff, delivery of simulators, spare parts, and establishment maintenance on Indian Navy facilities were also part of the contract.

The upgrade involved stripping all the weaponry and missile launcher tubes from the ship's foredeck to make way for a "[[STOBAR|short take-off but arrested recovery]]" (STOBAR) configuration,<ref>[http://www.defencetalk.com/pictures/showphoto.php/photo/21097 Defence Talk] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080325104000/http://www.defencetalk.com/pictures/showphoto.php/photo/21097 |date=25 March 2008 }} – Pictures of the Gorshkov being worked on in dry docks</ref> converting the ''Gorshkov'' from a hybrid carrier/cruiser to a pure carrier.
[[File:Two aircraft carriers in the closed city of Severomorsk.jpg|thumb|left|''Vikramaditya'' (left) alongside the [[Russian Navy|Russian]] aircraft carrier [[Russian aircraft carrier Admiral Kuznetsov|''Admiral Kuznetsov'']] in the port of [[Severomorsk]] in 2012]]
The announced delivery date for INS ''Vikramaditya'' was August 2008, allowing the carrier to enter service just as the Indian Navy's only light carrier [[INS Viraat|INS ''Viraat'']] retired. While ''Viraat'''s retirement had been pushed out to 2010–2012,<ref>[http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/ins-vikramaditya-may-hit-delay-cost-increases-03283/ Defense Industry Daily] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130125170657/http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/ins-vikramaditya-may-hit-delay-cost-increases-03283/ |date=25 January 2013 }} INS ''Vikramaditya Hits Delay'', Cost Increases</ref> she underwent a final refit, enabling her to serve through 2016.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/major-repairs-for-the-ins-viraat-its-replacement-delayed-again-by-russia-339905 | work=NDTV | title=Major repairs for the INS Viraat, its replacement delayed again by Russia | date=8 March 2013 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141112045619/http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/major-repairs-for-the-ins-viraat-its-replacement-delayed-again-by-russia-339905 | archive-date=12 November 2014 | df=dmy-all }}</ref>

The delay issues were compounded by ongoing cost overruns, leading to high-level diplomatic exchanges. India finally agreed to pay an additional US$1.2-1.5 billion for the project, doubling the original cost.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PBVtP1roIPA |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/PBVtP1roIPA |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|title=India to pay more for Gorshkov|publisher=NDTV|date=25 February 2008|via=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2008-01-09 |title=India, Russia yet to reach breakthrough on Gorshkov |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-russia-yet-to-reach-breakthrough-on-gorshkov/articleshow/2686282.cms |access-date=2025-02-15 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> However, ongoing difficulty with ''Vikramaditya's'' delivery schedule pushed the expected delivery to 2013. Also, the indigenous [[Vikrant class aircraft carrier|''Vikrant''-class aircraft carrier]] was delayed by at least a year and was expected to be commissioned in 2013 from the proposed 2012.<ref>{{cite news |last=Anandan|first=S. |url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/09/29/stories/2008092955681400.htm |title=Keel-laying of indigenous aircraft carrier in December |date=29 September 2008 |access-date=7 March 2011 |location=Chennai, India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100725081847/http://www.hindu.com/2008/09/29/stories/2008092955681400.htm |work=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=25 July 2010 }}</ref>

In July 2008, Russia reportedly needed to increase the price by about US$2 billion, blaming unexpected cost overruns on the deteriorated condition of the ship and citing a "market price" for a new midsized carrier of US$3–4 bn.{{citation needed|date=February 2023}} India had paid US$400 million as of November 2008. However, Russia threatened to cancel the deal entirely if India did not pay the increased amount.<ref>{{cite book|title=Pratiyogita Darpan|date=January 2009|page=PD/January/2009/1140}}</ref> In December 2008, government sources in India stated that the [[Cabinet Committee on Security]]  had finally decided in favour of purchasing ''Admiral Gorshkov'' as the best option available.<ref>{{cite news|last=Gupta |first=Shishir |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/gorshkov-medvedev-on-his-way-centre-okays-price-renegotiation/393524/ |title=Gorshkov: Medvedev on his way, Centre okays price renegotiation |work=The Indian Express |date=3 December 2008 |access-date=7 March 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090429015911/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/gorshkov-medvedev-on-his-way-centre-okays-price-renegotiation/393524/ |archive-date=29 April 2009 }}</ref> The [[Comptroller and Auditor General of India]] (CAG) criticised the fact that ''Vikramaditya'' would be a second-hand warship with a limited [[service life|lifespan]], which would be 60% costlier than a new one. Also, a risk existed of further delay in its delivery.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/NEWS/India/Second-hand-Gorshkov-costlier-than-new-warship-CAG-/articleshow/4817109.cms |work=The Times of India |date=24 July 2009|title='Second-hand' Gorshkov costlier than new warship: CAG |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090727021043/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/NEWS/India/Second-hand-Gorshkov-costlier-than-new-warship-CAG-/articleshow/4817109.cms |archive-date=27 July 2009 }}</ref>
The [[Chief of Naval Staff of the Indian Navy|Indian Navy Chief of Naval Staff]], Admiral [[Sureesh Mehta]], defended the price for the warship, saying, "I can't comment on the CAG. But you all are defence analysts, can you get me an aircraft carrier for less than US$2 billion? If you can, I am going to sign a cheque right now".

The statement from the Chief of Naval Staff at that time indicated that the final deal could be over US$2 billion. When asked about CAG's finding that the navy had not done its risk analysis before going in for the ship, he was quoted as saying, "I can ensure you that there is no such thing. There is no question, we have been looking at the ship since the late '90s."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ptinews.com/news/202829_Navy-chief-defends-price-paid-for-Admiral-Gorshkov|title=Site Under Construction|work=ptinews.com|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090802140224/http://www.ptinews.com/news/202829_Navy-chief-defends-price-paid-for-Admiral-Gorshkov|archive-date=2 August 2009}}</ref>

On 7 December 2009, Russian sources indicated that final terms had been agreed on, but no delivery date was set.<ref>{{cite news |last=Dyomkin |first=Denis |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-44530420091207 |title=Russia agrees carrier delivery terms with India |work=Reuters |date=7 December 2009 |access-date=7 March 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904013755/http://www.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-44530420091207 |archive-date=4 September 2017 }}</ref> On 8 December 2009, India and Russia were reported to have ended the stalemate over ''Admiral Gorshkov'' price deal by agreeing on a price of US$2.2 billion. Moscow asked for US$2.9 billion for the aircraft carrier, nearly three times the amount originally agreed upon between the two sides in 2004. New Delhi, though, wanted the price to be scaled back to US$2.1 billion.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-12-08/india/28100512_1_admiral-gorshkov-aircraft-carrier-ins-vikramaditya | title=India, Russia end stalemate over Gorshkov price deal | date=8 December 2009 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170228215056/http://www.news18.com/news/india/navys-fighter-jet-makes-emergency-landing-at-mangaluru-1354567.html | archive-date=28 February 2017 | work=[[The Times of India]] | df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/usd-2.2billion/551431/ |title=India, Russia end stalemate over Gorshkov's price deal |work=Indianexpress|date=8 December 2009 |access-date=7 March 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091212154408/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/usd-2.2billion/551431/ |archive-date=12 December 2009 }}</ref> Both governments finalised the price of ''Admiral Gorshkov'' at US$2.35 billion on 10 March, a day ahead of Russian Prime Minister [[Vladimir Putin]]'s two-day visit to India.<ref name="thehindu1"/>

In April 2010, a scandal over the project emerged when it was announced that a senior Indian Navy officer had probably been blackmailed to influence the negotiations over the cost of ''Admiral Gorshkov'' to India.<ref>{{cite news |first = Sujan |last = Dutta |url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100416/jsp/nation/story_12344802.jsp |title = Speedy probe into navy 'honey trap' – Panel hands in report on commodore |publisher = telegraphindia.com |date = 16 April 2010 |location = Calcutta, India |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111128215306/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100416/jsp/nation/story_12344802.jsp |archive-date = 28 November 2011 }}</ref> Commodore Sukhjinder Singh had been a senior figure supervising the refit of the carrier, working as the principal director for the project. "Photographs showing him in intimate situations with women" allegedly taken during his 3-year overseas service in Russia were mailed to Navy headquarters in a CD. Several photos were later leaked to the Indian press. He was discharged from service due to this incident.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.sify.com/news/senior-navy-officer-to-be-sacked-for-sexual-misconduct-news-national-lcft4ihfbeb.html |title = Senior navy officer to be sacked for sexual misconduct |website = Sify News |date = 5 February 2011 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121022004408/http://www.sify.com/news/senior-navy-officer-to-be-sacked-for-sexual-misconduct-news-national-lcft4ihfbeb.html |archive-date = 22 October 2012 }}</ref>

===Remodeling===
[[File:INS Vikramaditya during trials.jpg|thumb|left|''Vikramaditya'' during sea trials following her conversion]]

The hull work was completed by 2008,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/10/18/stories/2008101851791800.htm |title=Repair of Gorshkov's hull completed |date=18 October 2008 |access-date=7 March 2011 |location=Chennai, India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110916055036/http://www.hindu.com/2008/10/18/stories/2008101851791800.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=16 September 2011 }}</ref> and ''Vikramaditya'' was launched on 4 December 2008.<ref>{{cite web | title=Russian Carrier Conversion Moves Forward | date=8 December 2008 | author=Christopher P. Cavas | url=http://www.defensenews.com/story.php?i=3854813&c=SEA&s=TOP | access-date=10 December 2008 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170228215056/http://www.news18.com/news/india/navys-fighter-jet-makes-emergency-landing-at-mangaluru-1354567.html | archive-date=28 February 2017 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> Around 99% of the structural work and almost 50% of the cabling work had been completed by June 2010. Nearly all of the large equipment, including engines and diesel generators, was installed.<ref name="TOI">{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Gorshkov-to-be-handed-over-to-India-by-Dec-12/articleshow/5995560.cms | title=Gorshkov to be handed over to India by Dec '12 | date=1 June 2010 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170228215056/http://www.news18.com/news/india/navys-fighter-jet-makes-emergency-landing-at-mangaluru-1354567.html | archive-date=28 February 2017 | work=[[The Times of India]] | df=dmy-all }}</ref> A naval MiG-29K prototype aircraft was used to test the deck systems of ''Vikramaditya'' in 2010.<ref>{{cite web |last=Fish|first=Tim|url=http://www.janes.com/news/defence/jni/jni100622_1_n.shtml |title=Indian carrier's deck systems tested with MiG-29K prototype |publisher=Janes.com |date=22 June 2010 |access-date=7 March 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100626114352/http://www.janes.com/news/defence/jni/jni100622_1_n.shtml |archive-date=26 June 2010 }}</ref>

All reconfiguration work was completed at [[Severodvinsk]], Russia, but it was delayed by three years due to an underestimation of the amount of cabling needed.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/014/772agroh.asp |title=The U.S. tries to shut Russia out of India's defense market |publisher=Weeklystandard.com |date=21 February 2008 |access-date=7 March 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170228215056/http://www.news18.com/news/india/navys-fighter-jet-makes-emergency-landing-at-mangaluru-1354567.html |archive-date=28 February 2017 }}</ref> An expert-level discussion on technical and financial matters was held between India and Russia to resolve the issues.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ptinews.com/pti%5Cptisite.nsf/0/5F699B9C1D1C7972652573F600543C3B?OpenDocument|title=Press Trust Of India|website=www.ptinews.com}}</ref> The MiG-29K entered operational service with India in February 2010. A compromise was finalised, and India was to pay an extra undisclosed amount. Russia was to install new systems instead of repairing the old ones.<ref>{{cite web |author=(AFP) – 27 February 2008 |url=http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5g02hyHGJx4dNFNV270sFKxBNtH4Q |title=India, Russia end spat over Soviet-era aircraft carrier |date=27 February 2008 |access-date=7 March 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110520122327/http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5g02hyHGJx4dNFNV270sFKxBNtH4Q |archive-date=20 May 2011 }}</ref>

On 1 June 2010, ''[[The Times of India]]'' reported a naval officer saying: "With India earlier this year agreeing to the revised refit cost of $2.33 billion for ''Gorshkov'' after three years of bitter wrangling since the earlier agreement signed in January 2004 had earmarked only $974 million for it, Russia has appointed a high-level apex committee to oversee the work on the carrier". The ship was to go for harbour trials by early 2011 to ensure she could be handed over to India by around December 2012.<ref name="TOI"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.defencenews.in/defence-news-internal.asp?get=new&id=1062 |title=Defence News – Indian Aircraft Carrier in Barents Sea Trials |publisher=Defencenews.in |access-date=29 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120620031413/http://www.defencenews.in/defence-news-internal.asp?get=new&id=1062 |archive-date=20 June 2012 }}</ref> Dock trials began on 1 March 2011. These trials focused on the main power generation units and the radio-electronic armament systems, manufactured in India.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.themoscowtimes.com/business/article/warship-trials-finally-begin/432214.html |title=INS Vikramaditya Trials Finally Begin |date=9 March 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110313064656/http://www.themoscowtimes.com/business/article/warship-trials-finally-begin/432214.html |archive-date=13 March 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Russia Postpones Sea Trials for Aircraft Carrier Admiral Gorshkov for Next Year |url=http://shipbuildingtribune.com/2011/10/17/russia-prolongs-sea-trials-for-aircraft-carrier-admiral-gorshkov-for-six-months/ |publisher=Shipbuilding Tribune |access-date=17 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111030212100/http://shipbuildingtribune.com/2011/10/17/russia-prolongs-sea-trials-for-aircraft-carrier-admiral-gorshkov-for-six-months/ |archive-date=30 October 2011 |date=17 October 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Indian Navy personnel began training on ''Vikramaditya'' in April 2011.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.brahmand.com/news/Navy-personnel-begin-training-on-Admiral-Gorshkov/6801/1/10.html |title=Navy personnel begin training on Admiral Gorshkov |publisher=Brahmand.com |date=14 April 2011 |access-date=29 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120705010921/http://www.brahmand.com/news/Navy-personnel-begin-training-on-Admiral-Gorshkov/6801/1/10.html |archive-date=5 July 2012 }}</ref> On 19 April 2012, it was announced that all internal systems were functioning, and the ship was entirely self-contained. The ship's magnetic field and centre of gravity were measured before sea trials began.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://shipbuildingtribune.com/2012/04/19/russia-aircraft-carrier-ins-vikramaditya-becomes-entirely-self-contained/ | title=Russia: Aircraft Carrier INS Vikramaditya Becomes Entirely Self-Contained | date=19 April 2012 | access-date=21 April 2012 | publisher=Shipbuilding Tribune | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016044405/http://shipbuildingtribune.com/2012/04/19/russia-aircraft-carrier-ins-vikramaditya-becomes-entirely-self-contained/ | archive-date=16 October 2013 | df=dmy-all }}</ref>

==New design==
[[File:Vikramaditya 7.jpg|thumb|250x250px|The conversion of the ship saw all the armament removed from the foredeck, including the [[P-500 Bazalt]] cruise missile launchers and the four sets of [[Tor missile system|3K95 Kinzhal]] [[surface-to-air missile]] launchers, to make way for a 14.3° bow [[Aircraft ski-jump|ski jump]].]]
As completed, ''Vikramaditya'' has a larger full load displacement than when the ship was originally launched in 1982 as ''Baku''; 1,750 out of 2,500 compartments of the vessel were refabricated, and extensive recabling was done to support new radars and sensors. The elevators were upgraded, and two restraining stands were fitted, allowing combat aircraft to reach full power before making a ski jump-assisted short take-off. Three arresting gears were fitted on the aft of the angled deck, and navigation and carrier-landing aids were added to support fixed-wing "short take-off but arrested recovery" (STOBAR) operations.<ref name="indnavy1" /><ref name="gs">{{cite web |author=John Pike |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/r-vikramaditya.htm |title=R Vikramaditya [ex-Gorshkov] |website=GlobalSecurity.org |access-date=7 March 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101228050411/http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/r-vikramaditya.htm |archive-date=28 December 2010 }}</ref><ref name="pib17n13">{{cite news|title=INS Vikramaditya – Game changer|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/efeatures.aspx?relid=100649|access-date=16 June 2014|publisher=PIB|date=17 November 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206062349/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/efeatures.aspx?relid=100649|archive-date=6 December 2013}}</ref>

===Structural modifications===
{{multiple image
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| footer = Comparison of the handling arrangements of ''Vikramaditya'' (left) and the Russian aircraft carrier ''Admiral Kuznetsov'' (right). ''Admiral Kuznetsov'' has positions for launching 3 aircraft at once, while ''Vikramaditya'' only has launch positions for 2.
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The major modifications were to allow ''Admiral Gorshkov'' to operate as a [[STOBAR]] aircraft carrier in Indian service, as opposed to the [[STOVL]] configuration the ship was built as. This involved removal of all the armament, including the [[P-500 Bazalt|P-500 ''Bazalt'']] cruise missile launchers and the four Antey Kinzhal surface-to-air missile bins fitted on the ship's bow, to make way for a 14.3°, full-width [[Aircraft ski-jump|ski-jump]]. The 20-ton capacity aircraft lift beside the ship's island superstructure was unchanged, but the aft lift was enlarged, and its lift capacity increased to 30 tons. For STOBAR operations, three 30 m [[arrestor wires]] and three restraining gears on the stern of the angled deck were equipped. [[Sponson]]s were installed to increase flight deck area, allow the ski-jump to be fitted, for strengthening of arresting gear and runway area, and to lengthen the after end, which allowed an increase to the length of the landing strip aft of the arresting gear. 234 new hull sections were installed to achieve the desired shape, and the total steel added to carry out these modifications amounted to 2500 tons.<ref name="indnavy1" /><ref name="gs" /><ref name="pib17n13" />

The superstructure profile was designed to accommodate the fixed [[Passive electronically scanned array|phased array]] scanners of the Soviet Navy's Mars-Passat [[3D radar|3D]] air search radar system, along with extensive [[command and control]] facilities to conduct an aerial campaign. Extensive revamp of sensors was carried out, with long-range air-surveillance radars and advanced [[electronic warfare]] suites fitted, which enable the maintenance of a surveillance bubble of over 500 km around the ship. An aft mast was installed to accommodate various communication antennae. These changes needed 2,300 km of new cables and 3,000 km of new pipes.<ref name=indnavy1/><ref name=pib17n13/><ref name=hin15n13>{{cite news|title=Navy to get refurbished Vikramaditya tomorrow|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/navy-to-get-refurbished-vikramaditya-tomorrow/article5350931.ece|access-date=16 June 2014|work=The Hindu|date=15 November 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140428131444/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/navy-to-get-refurbished-vikramaditya-tomorrow/article5350931.ece|archive-date=28 April 2014}}</ref>

The eight original boilers were replaced by new generation, high-pressure boilers, converted to take diesel fuel utilising LSHSD (→ Low Sulphur High Speed Diesel) instead of [[mazut]], each providing a steam capacity of 100 tonnes per hour.<ref name=inpressrel>{{cite news|title='Vikramaditya' to be Commissioned on 16 Nov 13|url=http://indiannavy.nic.in/press-release/vikramaditya-be-commissioned-16-nov-13|access-date=17 November 2013|newspaper=Indian Navy|date=16 November 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131120004906/http://indiannavy.nic.in/press-release/vikramaditya-be-commissioned-16-nov-13|archive-date=20 November 2013}}</ref> The new boilers are highly efficient and have high levels of automation. They power four propellers in a four-shaft configuration, producing a total thrust of {{convert|180000|hp|kW|0}} at the [[Horsepower#Shaft horsepower|shaft]], providing a top speed of over 30 knots. Six turbo alternators and six diesel alternators generate 18 MW of electricity to power various equipment. Modern oil-water separators, as well as a sewage treatment plant, were incorporated to meet international standards. Six new Finnish [[Wärtsilä]] 1.5 MW diesel generators, a Global Marine communications system, [[Sperry Corporation|Sperry]] Bridgemaster navigation radar, a new telephone exchange, new data link and an IFF Mk XI system were added. Residential services were improved with the addition of two [[reverse osmosis]] plants producing 400 tons of fresh water per day, as well as updated refrigeration and air conditioning. A new galley was installed with improved domestic services and accommodation for 10 female officers.<ref name="gs"/><ref name=pib17n13/><ref>{{cite news|title=Prime Minister's Day at Sea|url=http://indiannavy.nic.in/press-release/prime-ministers-day-sea|access-date=17 June 2014|publisher=Indian Navy|date=16 June 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140630073401/http://indiannavy.nic.in/press-release/prime-ministers-day-sea|archive-date=30 June 2014}}</ref>

===Combat systems===
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The combat systems on board the carrier are controlled by LESORUB-E, the computer-aided action information system. It gathers data from the ship's sensors and data links and creates comprehensive [[situation awareness|situational awareness]]. The CCS Mk II communication complex is installed for external communications and the Link II tactical data system enables integration into the Indian Navy's [[Network-centric warfare|network-centric operations]]. Modern launch and recovery systems are installed for handling different aircraft – the LUNA landing system for MiG-29Ks and the DAPS Landing system for [[British Aerospace Sea Harrier|Sea Harriers]]. The Resistor-E automated air-traffic control system has been installed, which assists with approach, landing and short-range navigation down to a distance of 30 metres short of the flight deck to the pilots. Along with various other sub-systems, it provides navigation and flight data to ship-borne aircraft operating at long distances from the carrier.<ref name=indnavy1/><ref name=j7m14/>

When delivered, ''Vikramaditya'' had yet to be fitted with any onboard armament, leaving her dependent on her battle group for self-defence. Gun and missile-based ([[Barak 1]] or [[Shtil-1]]) [[CIWS]] was reported to be introduced during a short refit in [[INS Kadamba|Karwar]] in April–June 2015. The short range missile systems would be replaced by [[LR-SAM]] (32 to 48 missiles) post completion of its development.<ref>{{cite web |date=4 December 2014 |title=INS Vikramaditya yet to be fitted with close-in weapon system |url=http://defenceradar.com/2014/12/04/ins-vikramaditya-yet-to-be-fitted-with-close-in-weapon-system/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205205701/http://defenceradar.com/2014/12/04/ins-vikramaditya-yet-to-be-fitted-with-close-in-weapon-system/ |archive-date=5 December 2014}}</ref><ref name="tt16j142">{{cite news |date=16 June 2014 |title=Close-In Warfare System on INS Vikramaditya next year |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2014/20140616/main6.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140620231317/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2014/20140616/main6.htm |archive-date=20 June 2014 |access-date=16 June 2014 |work=The Tribune}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=INS Vikramaditya won't have air defence system for now |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/ins-vikramaditya-wont-have-air-defence-system-for-now/1150500/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140426214656/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/ins-vikramaditya-wont-have-air-defence-system-for-now/1150500/ |archive-date=26 April 2014 |work=indianexpress.com}}</ref> The aircraft carrier was fitted with a Barak-1 missile system from the decommissioned {{INS|Godavari|F20|6}} during a short refit in Karwar after a year-long operational deployment. Earlier the ship was equipped with four [[AK-630]] CIWS systems.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=2015-04-17 |title=INS Vikramaditya to get its own missile shield soon |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/INS-Vikramaditya-to-get-its-own-missile-shield-soon/articleshow/46952999.cms |access-date=2025-02-15 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite news |date=2015-11-28 |title=Gen Next missile defence shield built by Israel and India clears first hurdle |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Gen-Next-missile-defence-shield-built-by-Israel-and-India-clears-first-hurdle/articleshow/49955127.cms |access-date=2025-02-15 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> As of 2022, the LR-SAM system has not been installed and the ship is equipped with 3 Barak in 2×4 [[Vertical launching system|VLS]] configuration, a total of 24 missiles.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Boguslavsky |first=Eyal |date=2022-09-04 |title=Indian Navy flagship successfully launches Israreli Barak 1 missile {{!}} Israel Defense |url=https://www.israeldefense.co.il/en/node/55682 |access-date=2025-02-15 |website=Israel Defense |language=en}}</ref><ref name="X-270324">{{cite twitter |number=1564924468253757440 |user=DefenceDecode |title=Indian navy's aircraft carrier INS Vikramaditya test firing Barak 1 surface-to-air missile (SAM) |date=2022-08-31 |access-date=2025-02-15}}</ref>

The official expected [[service life|life span]] of the ship is 40 years, and she is unlikely to require any major repair work for at least a decade.<ref name=hin15n13/><ref>{{cite news|last=Aroor|first=Shiv|title=INS Vikramaditya joins Indian Navy: Shiv Aroor on why India is relieved that the battleship is finally here|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/europe/story/ins-vikramaditya-india-relieved-indian-navy-russia-shiv-aroor-217727-2013-11-16|access-date=17 November 2013|work=India Today|date=17 November 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131117095626/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/ins-vikramaditya-india-relieved-indian-navy-russia-shiv-aroor/1/325188.html|archive-date=17 November 2013}}</ref> Over 70% of the vessel and her equipment is new, and the remainder has been refurbished.<ref name="gs"/> [[Sevmash|Sevmash Shipyard]], which upgraded the carrier, will provide warranty servicing, including maintenance for the next 20 years.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sevmash chosen for INS Vikramaditya post-warranty servicing|url=http://indrus.in/economics/2014/03/13/sevmash_chosen_for_ins_vikramaditya_post-warranty_servicing_33707.html|access-date=16 March 2014|newspaper=Russia & India Report|date=13 March 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170228215056/http://www.news18.com/news/india/navys-fighter-jet-makes-emergency-landing-at-mangaluru-1354567.html|archive-date=28 February 2017}}</ref>

=== Carrier Battle Group ===
The Carrier Battle Group (CBG) led by INS Vikramaditya includes [[Kolkata-class destroyer]]s, [[Talwar-class frigate]]s and [[INS Deepak (A50)|INS Deepak]] among others.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Bose |first=Mrityunjay |title=Indigenous aircraft carrier INS Vikrant joins Western Fleet |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/indigenous-aircraft-carrier-ins-vikrant-joins-western-fleet-3199604 |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Deshpande |first=Smruti |date=2024-09-20 |title=Indigenous aircraft carrier INS Vikrant joins Navy's Western Fleet, ready for deployment |url=https://theprint.in/defence/indigenous-aircraft-carrier-ins-vikrant-joins-navys-western-fleet-ready-for-deployment/2276640/ |access-date=2024-09-21 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite tweet |number=1837044775918117070 |user=IN_WNC |title=#INSVikrant, India's indigenous aircraft carrier, joined the @IN_WesternFleet, in a significant enhancement to the maritime power and reach of the #IndianNavy's 'Sword Arm'... |date=2024-09-20 |access-date=2024-09-21}}</ref>

===Air Group===
[[File:Tropex 2017.jpg|thumb|MiG 29K takes off from INS Vikramaditya]]
''Vikramaditya'' has been designed as a STOBAR carrier capable of operating both conventional fixed-wing aircraft and helicopters, with up to 34 aircraft<ref name=modpib14/> capable of being accommodated. Its primary embarked aircraft type is the [[Mikoyan MiG-29K]], a navalised version of the [[Mikoyan MiG-29M]]. The MiG-29K is an advanced, all-weather multi-role fighter capable of undertaking both the fleet air defence, low-level strike and anti-shipping roles. The primary ASW platform is the venerable [[Westland Sea King]], while the [[Kamov Ka-31]] undertakes AEW. Carriage ranges given for the ship seem to converge around 16–24 MiG-29K and 10 Kamov Ka-31 or Dhruv helicopters; however, ''Vikramaditya'' cannot operate fixed-wing AEW aircraft owing to her configuration as a STOBAR carrier.<ref name="DefenseIndustryDaily"/> Utility and plane guard duties are undertaken by the [[HAL Chetak]] (or [[HAL Dhruv]]).<ref name=indnavy1/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! style="width:10%; background:#9cf;"|Squadron
! style="width:10%; background:#9cf;"| Name
! style="width:10%; background:#9cf;"|Insignia
! style="width:10%; background:#9cf;"|Aircraft
! style="width:10%; background:#9cf;"|Notes
|-
| [[INAS 300]]|| White Tigers|| || [[MiG-29K|MiG 29KUB]]||
|-
| [[INAS 303]]|| The Black Panthers|| [[File:INAS303 Insignia.png|120px]]|| [[MiG-29K|MiG 29K]]||
|-
| [[INAS 321]]|| The Angels|| || [[HAL Chetak]]||
|-
| [[INAS 322]]|| The Guardians|| || [[HAL Dhruv]]||
|-
| [[INAS 330]]|| The Harpoons|| || [[Westland Sea King|Sea King]]||
|-
| [[INAS 339]]|| The Falcons|| || [[Kamov Ka-31]]||
|}
<gallery>
File:Indian Navy Seaking operations on carrier.jpg|The [[Westland Sea King]] is used in the [[anti-submarine warfare|ASW]] role
File:IN585 Kamov KA.28 Indian Navy (8413501509).jpg|[[Kamov Ka-31]] "Helix" performs the [[airborne early warning|AEW]] role.
File:A MiG-29K after performing arrested landing on INS Vikramaditya.jpg|The [[Mikoyan MiG-29K|MiG-29K]] provides both the fleet air defence and strike elements of the air group.
File:LCA Navy maiden landing on INS Vikramaditya.webm|The [[HAL Tejas|Tejas]] makes its first landing aboard ''Vikramaditya'' in January 2020
</gallery>

==Sea trials and commissioning==
[[File:Indian Navy flotilla with aircraft carriers Vikramaditya (R33) and Viraat (R22).jpg|thumb|right|Indian Navy flotilla with aircraft carriers ''Vikramaditya'' and ''Viraat''.]]

===First sea trials===
[[File:INS Vikramaditya in Baltic Sea.jpg|thumb|right|''Vikramaditya'' in the [[Baltic Sea]] during sea trials in 2013]]

Russia was scheduled to hand over ''Vikramaditya'' to India on 4 December 2012,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://navaltoday.com/2012/01/19/russia-to-deliver-ins-vikramaditya-to-india-on-december-2012/ |title=Russia will hand over modernized aircraft carrier INS Vikramaditya (former Admiral Gorshkov) to India on Dec 4, 2012 |publisher=Navaltoday.com |date=19 January 2012 |access-date=19 January 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120123073017/http://navaltoday.com/2012/01/19/russia-to-deliver-ins-vikramaditya-to-india-on-december-2012/ |archive-date=23 January 2012 }}</ref> with sea trials scheduled to begin on 29 May 2012.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://shipbuildingtribune.com/2012/03/07/indian-navy-to-take-over-aircraft-carrier-ins-vikramaditya-in-december/ | title=Indian Navy to Take Over Aircraft Carrier INS Vikramaditya in December | publisher=shipbuildingtribune.com | date=7 March 2012 | access-date=8 March 2012 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016043204/http://shipbuildingtribune.com/2012/03/07/indian-navy-to-take-over-aircraft-carrier-ins-vikramaditya-in-december/ | archive-date=16 October 2013 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> The sea trials began on 8 June. The ship sailed out for pre-delivery trials from the berth of the Sevmash shipyard in Russia's northern city of [[Severodvinsk]]. These trials were to include landing and take-off of fighter jets from the deck of the carrier.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article3582219.ece| title=INS Vikramaditya undergoing sea trials| date=29 June 2012| location=Chennai, India| work=The Hindu| first=Vinay| last=Kumar| url-status=live| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120702074252/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article3582219.ece| archive-date=2 July 2012| df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/article3503982.ece?homepage=true | title=INS Vikramaditya begins sea trials | date=8 June 2012 | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | first=Vladimir | last=Radyuhin | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120711193250/http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/article3503982.ece?homepage=true | archive-date=11 July 2012 | df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/ain-defense-perspective/2012-06-15/indias-new-russian-carrier-finally-goes-sea |title=India's New Russian Carrier Finally Goes To Sea |publisher=ainonline.com |date=15 June 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120619000948/http://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/ain-defense-perspective/2012-06-15/indias-new-russian-carrier-finally-goes-sea |archive-date=19 June 2012 }}</ref>

On 17 September 2012, malfunctions were detected during trials. According to an official report, seven out of eight steam boilers of the propulsion machinery were out of order. Due to this, the deadline to hand over this ship to the Indian Navy was postponed again until October 2013.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-17/india/33902040_1_ins-vikramaditya-sea-trials-handover |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115123537/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-17/india/33902040_1_ins-vikramaditya-sea-trials-handover |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 January 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=INS Vikramaditya trial malfunctions to delay handover to India |date=17 September 2012 }}</ref> Later investigation has determined that the cause of the engine failure was poor workmanship and supervision.<ref>[http://strategypage.com/htmw/htproc/20121014.aspx Russia Copes With The Vikramaditya Disaster] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019141934/http://www.strategypage.com/htmw/htproc/20121014.aspx |date=19 October 2012 }} – Strategypage.com, 14 October 2012</ref> The ''Gorshkov'' and other ships of the 1143.4 class had a history of multiple boiler failures;{{citation needed|date=February 2023}} however, Russian shipbuilders claimed that the problem was the low-grade Chinese-made fire bricks bought by the Indian Navy that were used in the boiler insulation instead of [[asbestos]].<ref>{{cite news|author=PTI|date=1 February 2013|title=Engine problems in INS Vikramaditya fixed, sea trial to start in June – Economic Times|work=[[The Economic Times]]|publisher=Articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/engine-problems-in-ins-vikramaditya-fixed-sea-trial-to-start-in-june/articleshow/18293935.cms|url-status=live|access-date=March 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016080958/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-02-01/news/36684517_1_nikolayev-south-sea-trials-admiral-gorshkov|archive-date=16 October 2013}}</ref>

===Second sea trials===
On 3 July 2013, Igor Sevastyanov, deputy head of Russia's state arms exporter Rosoboronexport, announced that the warship had departed for sea trials with a mix of Russian and Indian crew.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://en.ria.ru/military_news/20130703/182032744/Indian-Carrier-Sails-From-Russia-for-Final-Sea-Trials.html | title=Indian Carrier Sails From Russia for Final Sea Trials | agency=[[RIA Novosti]] | date=3 July 2013 | access-date=7 July 2013 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130706182820/http://en.ria.ru/military_news/20130703/182032744/Indian-Carrier-Sails-From-Russia-for-Final-Sea-Trials.html | archive-date=6 July 2013 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> On 28 July 2013, it was reported that ''Vikramaditya'' had successfully completed her sea trials and was able to reach her maximum speed of 32 knots. She then proceeded to the [[White Sea]] for aviation trials,<ref name="seatrialhindu"/> carried out by Russia's [[Northern Fleet]] aviation and completed in September 2013.<ref name="airtrialhindu" /><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/russia-to-hand-over-ins-vikramaditya-to-india-in-november-113022200328_1.html|title=Russia to hand over INS Vikramaditya to India in November|author=Press Trust of India|date=22 February 2013|work=business-standard.com|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130622112606/http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/russia-to-hand-over-ins-vikramaditya-to-india-in-november-113022200328_1.html|archive-date=22 June 2013}}</ref> Aircraft and helicopters flew around and over the ship to check the performance of its radar, air defence, communication and control systems, and MiG specialists praised the ski-jump ramp.<ref name=ir31335/>

The sea trials lasted three months. The carrier's electronic warfare and jamming capability was demonstrated when [[Sukhoi Su-33|Sukhoi-33]]s, Kamovs, MiG-29s and [[Beriev A-50|A-50]] early warning aircraft failed to "paint" the carrier using their radars, whereas the incoming aircraft were detected by the ship at a distance of {{convert|350|–|400|km}}. In total, the ship sailed for {{convert|19,500|mi|km|order=flip}} during both trials, controlled 778 aircraft and helicopter flights, and conducted 88 landings by Russian pilots.<ref name=hin15n13/><ref name=ir31335/> During the second sea trial, she sailed for {{convert|8,600|mi|km|order=flip}}, of which {{convert|1,700|mi|km|order=flip}} were under the command of the ship's Indian captain Commodore Suraj Berry.<ref name=tiex15d/>

===Surveillance by NATO===
During sea trials, a [[Lockheed P-3 Orion]] patrol aircraft observed ''Vikramaditya''. While in international waters, it flew close to the ship to take photographs and dropped [[sonobuoys]] to record the ship's [[acoustic signature]]. The aircraft left the area when a Russian [[Mikoyan MiG-29|MiG-29]] fighter arrived. A Norwegian ship was also seen to observe ''Vikramaditya''.<ref name=Spy>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/ins-vikramaditya-was-spied-upon-by-nato-aircraft-and-ship-last-year-217845-2013-11-17|title=INS Vikramaditya was spied upon by NATO aircraft and ship last year but the matter was hushed up|work=intoday.in|date=18 November 2013 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140111174654/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/ins-vikramaditya-was-spied-upon-by-nato-aircraft-and-ship-last-year/1/325335.html|archive-date=11 January 2014}}</ref>{{dubious|date=January 2022}}

===Commissioning===
[[File:Vikramaditya 1.JPG|thumb|right|The Indian Navy ensign is hoisted aboard ''Vikramaditya'' as she is commissioned at Sevmash Shipyard in Russia.]]

The ship was formally commissioned on 16 November 2013 at a ceremony held at [[Severodvinsk]], [[Russia]].<ref name="ibnlive"/> The ceremony was attended by the Indian defence minister [[A. K. Antony]] and the Russian deputy prime minister [[Dmitry Rogozin]].

==Service history==
[[File:Indian Navy flotilla of Western Fleet escort INS Vikramaditya (R33) and INS Viraat (R22) in the Arabian Sea.jpg|thumbnail|''Vikramaditya'' being escorted by {{INS|Viraat}} and other ships of the Western Fleet in the Arabian Sea.]]
[[File:Ships from the Royal Australian Navy, Indian navy, Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force and the United States Navy participate in Malabar 2020.jpg|thumb|INS ''Vikramaditya'' with ships of Royal Australian Navy, Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force and the United States Navy during Malabar 2020 .]]
[[File:The aircraft carrier USS Nimitz (CVN 68) leads a formation of ships from the Indian Navy, JMSDF and the U.S. Navy July 17, 2017 in the Bay of Bengal as part of Exercise Malabar 2017.jpg|thumb|''Vikramaditya'' (centre) alongside {{USS|Nimitz||6}} (foreground) and {{ship|JS|Izumo}} (background) during [[Exercise Malabar]] in July 2017]]<gallery>
File:INS Vikrant (R11) and INS Vikramaditya (R33) during joint exercise.jpg|INS ''Vikramaditya'' with [[INS Vikrant (2013)|INS ''Vikrant'']] during a multi-carrier operations in Arabian Sea
File:INS Vikrant (R11) and INS Vikramaditya (R33) during exercise with their carrier battle group.jpg|''Vikramaditya with'' ''Vikrant'' during an exercise with carrier battle group
</gallery>After commissioning, the carrier began a continuous 26-day journey of {{Convert|10212|nmi||abbr=on}} to its [[homeport]] at {{INS|Kadamba}}, [[Karwar]], from [[Severodvinsk]] on 27 November 2013, with a short stopover in [[Lisbon]].<ref name=thehindu226>{{cite news|title=INS Vikramaditya enters Indian Navy's area of operation|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ins-vikramaditya-enters-indian-navys-area-of-operation/article5538226.ece|work=The Hindu|access-date=4 January 2014|location=Chennai, India|date=4 January 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104205608/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ins-vikramaditya-enters-indian-navys-area-of-operation/article5538226.ece|archive-date=4 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=INS Vikramaditya completes transoceanic voyage, arrives in India|url=http://indrus.in/economics/2014/01/10/ins_vikramaditya_completes_transoceanic_voyage_arrives_in_india_32175.html|access-date=11 January 2014|newspaper=IndRus|date=10 January 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170228215056/http://www.news18.com/news/india/navys-fighter-jet-makes-emergency-landing-at-mangaluru-1354567.html|archive-date=28 February 2017}}</ref> She was under the command of [[Commodore (India)|Commodore]] Suraj Berry, her first Indian captain.<ref name=ir31335>{{cite news|title=Commodore Suraj Berry's finest hour|url=http://indrus.in/economics/2013/12/04/commodore_suraj_berrys_finest_hour_31335.html|access-date=8 December 2013|newspaper=IndRus|date=4 December 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170228215056/http://www.news18.com/news/india/navys-fighter-jet-makes-emergency-landing-at-mangaluru-1354567.html|archive-date=28 February 2017}}</ref> Apart from her Indian crew, she also carried 177 Russian specialists from Sevmash, who would remain on board for one year, as part of the 20-year post-warranty services contract with the shipyard. During the journey, she encountered a storm in the [[Barents Sea]], where she linked up with her escorts frigate {{INS|Trikand}} and fleet tanker {{INS|Deepak|A50|6}}.<ref>{{cite news|title=INS Vikramaditya sets sail for India|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ins-vikramaditya-sets-sail-for-india/article5394676.ece|access-date=8 December 2013|newspaper=The Hindu|date=27 November 2013|location=Chennai, India|first=S.|last=Anandan|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131208154615/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ins-vikramaditya-sets-sail-for-india/article5394676.ece|archive-date=8 December 2013}}</ref> The group was escorted by the [[Royal Navy]] frigate {{HMS|Monmouth|F235|6}} while passing through the [[English Channel]]<ref>{{cite news|title=HMS Monmouth Helps Mammoth Aircraft Carrier Through Channel|url=http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/News-and-Events/Latest-News/2013/December/16/131216-HMS-Monmouth-Indian|access-date=22 December 2013|newspaper=Royal Navy|date=16 December 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131221204625/http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/News-and-Events/Latest-News/2013/December/16/131216-HMS-Monmouth-Indian|archive-date=21 December 2013}}</ref> and was joined by destroyer {{INS|Delhi|D61|6}} near [[Gibraltar]].<ref name=thehindu226/>
The flotilla sailed in the [[Mediterranean Sea]], passed through the [[Suez Canal]]<ref name=tiex15d>{{cite news|title=Navy set to get its largest aircraft carrier tomorrow|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/navy-set-to-get-its-largest-aircraft-carrier-tomorrow/1195147/0|access-date=8 December 2013|newspaper=The Indian Express|date=15 November 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219150310/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/navy-set-to-get-its-largest-aircraft-carrier-tomorrow/1195147/0|archive-date=19 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=INS Vikramaditya approaches Murmansk for refuelling|url=http://indrus.in/news/2013/12/03/ins_vikramaditya_approaches_murmansk_for_refuelling_31325.html|access-date=8 December 2013|newspaper=IndRus|date=3 December 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170228215056/http://www.news18.com/news/india/navys-fighter-jet-makes-emergency-landing-at-mangaluru-1354567.html|archive-date=28 February 2017}}</ref> and entered the [[Arabian Sea]] near the [[Gulf of Aden]] on 1 January 2014. She was received nearly {{convert|1200|nmi}} away from Indian shores by a large flotilla of the [[Western Naval Command|Western fleet]].<ref>{{cite news|title=INS Vikramaditya to Reach by Mid-January|url=http://www.defencenews.in/defence-news-internal.asp?get=new&id=2851|access-date=5 January 2014|newspaper=Defence News|date=5 January 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106031530/http://www.defencenews.in/defence-news-internal.asp?get=new&id=2851|archive-date=6 January 2014}}</ref> It was composed of the aircraft carrier {{INS|Viraat}}, two {{sclass|Delhi|destroyer|1}}s, three {{sclass|Talwar|frigate|1}}s, the frigate {{INS|Godavari|F20|6}}, and a couple of offshore patrol vessels, including {{INS|Subhadra|P51|6}}.<ref name=thehindu226/> The event was significant as the Indian Navy operated two aircraft carriers simultaneously for the first time in 20 years.<ref>{{cite news|title=India operates two aircraft carriers after 20 years|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140107/news-current-affairs/article/india-operates-two-aircraft-carriers-after-20-years|access-date=7 January 2014|newspaper=The Deccan Chronicle|date=7 January 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140624165008/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140107/news-current-affairs/article/india-operates-two-aircraft-carriers-after-20-years|archive-date=24 June 2014}}</ref> After conducting basic sea exercises with the fleet,<ref>{{cite news|title=INS Vikramaditya to sail to Mumbai & Vizag|url=http://www.defencenews.in/defence-news-internal.aspx?id=WbV96X08FCE=|access-date=16 January 2014|newspaper=SP Publications|date=16 January 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150602105617/http://www.defencenews.in/defence-news-internal.aspx?id=WbV96X08FCE%3D|archive-date=2 June 2015}}</ref> ''Vikramaditya'' reached Karwar on 7 January 2014.<ref>{{cite news|title=INS Vikramaditya reaches home base in Karwar|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/ins-vikramaditya-reaches-home-base-in-karwar-1327671.html|access-date=7 January 2014|newspaper=First Post|date=7 January 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140107214048/http://www.firstpost.com/india/ins-vikramaditya-reaches-home-base-in-karwar-1327671.html|archive-date=7 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=INS Vikramaditya reaches Karnataka port|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/ins-vikramaditya-reaches-karnataka-port/1216609/0|access-date=8 January 2014|newspaper=The Indian Express|date=8 January 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170228215056/http://www.news18.com/news/india/navys-fighter-jet-makes-emergency-landing-at-mangaluru-1354567.html|archive-date=28 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=INS Vikramaditya reaches Karwar|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/379190/ins-vikramaditya-reaches-karwar.html|access-date=8 January 2014|newspaper=Deccan Herald|date=8 January 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140109035158/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/379190/ins-vikramaditya-reaches-karwar.html|archive-date=9 January 2014}}</ref>

Navy pilots of [[INAS 303]] "Black Panthers" operating the MiG-29K practised carrier operations at the [[shore-based test facility]] (SBTF) in [[INS Hansa|INS ''Hansa'']], [[Dabolim]], [[Vasco da Gama, Goa|Vasco-da-Gama]]. The first aircraft piloted by an Indian Navy pilot landed on the carrier on 8 February 2014.<ref>{{cite news|title=First Indian MiG-29K Fighter Jet Lands on Vikramaditya|url=http://www.defencenews.in/defence-news-internal.aspx?id=hLEgIi9SGbI%3D|access-date=12 February 2014|newspaper=Defence News, RIA Novosti|date=8 February 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140208151722/http://www.defencenews.in/defence-news-internal.aspx?id=hLEgIi9SGbI=|archive-date=8 February 2014}}</ref> Since then, the pilots and air controllers have been certified to operate the MiG-29K fighters from the carrier deck, including night landings. The carrier's air wing will consist of 16 MiG-29Ks, including four KUB trainers, six airborne early warning and control (AEW&C) [[Kamov Ka-31]] and [[Kamov Ka-27|Kamov Ka-28]] anti-submarine warfare (ASW) helicopters.<ref name=j7m14>{{cite news|title=Indian Navy chief: Vikramaditya deployed with MiG-29s embarked|url=http://www.janes.com/article/37623/indian-navy-chief-vikramaditya-deployed-with-mig-29s-embarked|access-date=9 May 2014|newspaper=Jane's|date=7 May 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512110934/http://www.janes.com/article/37623/indian-navy-chief-vikramaditya-deployed-with-mig-29s-embarked|archive-date=12 May 2014}}</ref>

In May 2014, the carrier was declared operationally deployed along with its embarked air group comprising MiG-29Ks and had taken part in a war game conducted by the [[Western Naval Command]].<ref>{{cite news|title=INS Vikramaditya operationally deployed: Navy chief|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ins-vikramaditya-operationally-deployed-navy-chief/article5985569.ece|access-date=7 May 2014|newspaper=The Hindu|date=7 May 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508075722/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ins-vikramaditya-operationally-deployed-navy-chief/article5985569.ece|archive-date=8 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.navhindtimes.in/goa-news/naval-exercises-goa-coast-today|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512225658/http://www.navhindtimes.in/goa-news/naval-exercises-goa-coast-today|url-status=dead|title=Naval exercises off Goa coast today|archive-date=12 May 2014}}</ref> On 14 June 2014, the [[Prime Minister of India]] dedicated the carrier to the country.<ref>{{cite news|title=PM Narendra Modi dedicates INS Vikramaditya to nation|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/news/PM-Narendra-Modi-dedicates-INS-Vikramaditya-to-nation/videoshow/36562915.cms|work=The Times of India|date=14 June 2014|access-date=13 June 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906071331/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/news/PM-Narendra-Modi-dedicates-INS-Vikramaditya-to-nation/videoshow/36562915.cms|archive-date=6 September 2015}}</ref>

On 21–22 January 2016, ''Vikramaditya'', accompanied by {{INS|Mysore|D60|6}}, made her first overseas port visit when the ship visited [[Colombo]] in [[Sri Lanka]], making the first visit of an Indian warship to the city in 30 years, and the first by an aircraft carrier in more than 40 years.<ref>{{cite news |last=Ramakrishnan |first=T. |date=21 January 2016 |title=INS Vikramaditya's maiden overseas port call to Colombo |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/ins-vikramadityas-maiden-overseas-port-call-to-colombo/article8135697.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |access-date=22 January 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160121175403/http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/ins-vikramadityas-maiden-overseas-port-call-to-colombo/article8135697.ece |archive-date=21 January 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = INS Vikramaditya, India's Largest Naval Ship, Arrives in Sri Lanka|url = http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/ins-vikramaditya-indias-largest-naval-ship-arrives-in-sri-lanka-1268437|website = NDTV.com|access-date = 14 February 2016|url-status = live|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160224163853/http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/ins-vikramaditya-indias-largest-naval-ship-arrives-in-sri-lanka-1268437|archive-date = 24 February 2016|df = dmy-all}}</ref>

On 15–18 February 2016, ''Vikramaditya'' accompanied by two ships, [[INS Mysore (D60)|INS ''Mysore'']] and {{INS|Deepak|A50|6}}, made a goodwill visit to [[Malé|Male]], [[Maldives]].<ref>{{Cite web|title = HaveeruOnline – Major Indian navy fleet due in Maldives|url = http://www.haveeru.com.mv/news/66357|website = www.haveeru.com.mv|access-date = 14 February 2016|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160213151218/http://www.haveeru.com.mv/news/66357|archive-date = 13 February 2016|df = dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title = With an eye on China, India sends aircraft carrier to Male|url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/With-an-eye-on-China-India-sends-aircraft-carrier-to-Male/articleshow/50979688.cms|website = The Times of India| date=14 February 2016 |access-date = 14 February 2016|url-status = live|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160214060210/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/With-an-eye-on-China-India-sends-aircraft-carrier-to-Male/articleshow/50979688.cms|archive-date = 14 February 2016|df = dmy-all}}</ref>

A [[State Bank of India]] ATM was opened onboard ''Vikramaditya'' on 21 January 2017, making her the first Indian Navy ship to have an ATM.<ref>{{cite web|title=India's Largest Bank Teams up with The Nation's Largest Warship|url=https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/indias-largest-bank-teams-nations-largest-warship|website=Indian Navy|access-date=26 February 2017|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227062727/https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/indias-largest-bank-teams-nations-largest-warship|archive-date=27 February 2017}}</ref>

In January 2020, ''Vikramaditya'' was used to undertake the first carrier trials of the naval version of the [[HAL Tejas]] Light Combat Aircraft. Over eight to ten days, the Tejas was launched and recovered several times as part of the aircraft's initial test phase. The Tejas was the first indigenous Indian aircraft to both land on and take off from an Indian aircraft carrier.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/naval-light-combat-aircraft-takes-off-from-ins-vikramaditya-for-first-time/story-8mfMD9bvwPBj6KqrB20UnI.html|title=With ski jump, naval light combat aircraft takes off from INS Vikramaditya for 1st time|date=2020-01-12|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2020-02-06}}</ref>

In June 2023, Indian Navy showcased the dual carrier operations including INS ''Vikramaditya'' and [[INS Vikrant (2013)|INS ''Vikrant'' (R11)]]. The exercise included 35 aircraft including MiG 29K, [[Sikorsky SH-60 Seahawk#MH-60R|MH 60R]], [[Kamov Ka-31|Kamov Ka 31]], [[Sikorsky SH-3 Sea King|Sea King]], [[Aérospatiale Alouette III#Variants|Chetak]] and [[HAL Dhruv]]. This helped in the integration of the aircraft carriers of the Indian Navy and displayed the maritime prowess of India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=COMBINED OPERATIONS OF INS VIKRAMADITYA AND INS VIKRANT |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1931254 |access-date=2024-05-06 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref>

In mid February 2024, INS ''Vikrant'' and INS ''Vikramaditya'' participated in [[Milan (naval exercise)|Milan 2024]] multinational naval exercise hosted by Indian Navy along with other ships, submarines and aircraft of friendly foreign nations. The concluding ceremony of the sea phase of the exercise was hosted on board INS Vikrant.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-28 |title=Naval exercise Milan comes to a close aboard INS Vikrant in Vishakapatnam |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/milan-2024-navy-ins-vikrant-vikramaditya-vishakapatnam-2507959-2024-02-28 |access-date=2024-05-06 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

In late February and early March 2024, INS ''Vikramaditya'' and INS ''Vikrant'' were again deployed for conducting joint operations on various locations along the Indian coastline with escorts. In the first week of March, while INS ''Vikramaditya'' was hosting the first half of the Indian Navy's Biannual Naval Commanders' Conference 2024, both carriers launched MiG-29K fighters simultaneously. In addition, the carriers accommodated and conveyed numerous reporters to report on the commissioning ceremony of [[INS Jatayu|INS ''Jatayu'']], located on [[Minicoy|Minicoy Island]] in the [[Lakshadweep]] archipelago on the southwest coast of mainland India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Adithya Krishna |date=2024-03-10 |title=Indian Navy Conducts Dual Carrier Operations |url=https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2024/03/indian-navy-conducts-dual-carrier-operations/ |access-date=2024-05-06 |website=Naval News |language=en-US}}</ref>

On 20 August 2024, [[INS Vikrant (2013)|INS ''Vikrant'']] officially joined the [[Western Fleet (India)|Western Fleet]], when deployed for a multi-domain exercise and twin carrier fighter operations in the [[Arabian Sea]] along with the [[Carrier battle group|Carrier Battle Group]] (CBG) led by INS Vikramaditya.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

On 5 and 6 October, [[Carrier battle group|Carrier Strike Groups]] of the Indian Navy and the [[Italian Navy]] led by INS Vikramaditya and [[ITS Cavour]] and accompanied by [[INS Visakhapatnam (D66)|INS Visakhapatnam]] and [[Italian frigate Alpino (F 594)|ITS Alpino]] participated in a maritime bilateral exercise in the [[Arabian Sea]]. The exercise included aircraft like [[Mikoyan MiG-29K|MiG-29K]], [[F-35B]] and [[AV-8B Harrier II]] and integral helicopters. Operations in the sea phase included intense flight operations with fighter jets and helicopters for combined Large Force Engagements, Air Combat Missions, Helicopter Operations and [[Search & Rescue]] missions as well as co-ordinated weapon firings & joint manoeuvres to enhance joint operations, [[Command and control|Command & Control]] capabilities and interoperability. The exercise also saw the participation of the [[Indian Air Force]]. During the Harbour Phase from 1 to 4 October, the exercise saw Subject Matter Expert exchanges and other key interactions as well as a Pre-Sail Planning Conference.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India's MiG-29s Fly With F-35, Harrier Jets In Exercise With Italian Navy |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/indias-mig-29s-fly-with-f-35-harrier-jets-in-exercise-with-italian-navy-6738703 |access-date=2024-10-08 |website=NDTV.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ray |first=Kalyan |title=India-Italy maiden Carrier Strike Groups exercise off the West Coast |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/india-italy-maiden-carrier-strike-groups-exercise-off-the-west-coast-3223126 |access-date=2024-10-08 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite twitter |number=1843298620159701160 |user=indiannavy |title=Historic bilateral #maritime engagement b/n #IndianNavy & @ItalianNavy... |date=2024-10-07 |access-date=2024-10-08}}</ref>

The expected official life of INS ''Vikramaditya'' is 40 years.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://odin.tradoc.army.mil/mediawiki/index.php/INS_Vikramaditya-Class_Indian_Aircraft_Carrier|title=INS Vikramaditya-Class Indian Aircraft Carrier| website=Odin US Army TRADOC |access-date=31 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ins-vikramaditya-will-serve-navy-for-30-years/article4996525.ece|title="INS Vikramaditya will serve Navy for 30 years"|date=7 August 2013|author=S. Anandan|access-date=31 August 2022|publisher=The Hindu Online}}</ref> As of 3 February 2025, the carrier has an operational life of 10 years.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2025-02-02 |title=Navy Gets Replacement For MQ-9B Drone That Crashed In September |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/!bharat/navy-gets-replacement-for-mq-9b-drone-that-crashed-in-september-enn25020204351 |access-date=2025-02-03 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=en}}</ref> The carrier is projected to serve until 2052, subject to a critical structural audit in 2035, otherwise ''Vikramaditya'' would be retired by 2037.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-25 |title=Indian Navy Fears INS Vikramaditya Retirement by 2037 Unless Structural Audit Permits Life Extension |url=https://defence.in/threads/indian-navy-fears-ins-vikramaditya-retirement-by-2037-unless-structural-audit-permits-life-extension.16085/ |access-date=2025-12-03 |website=Defence News India |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Refits and overhaul ==

* On 8 December 2015, Indian Defence-Ministry sources stated that the INS ''Vikramaditya'' would receive its first major overhaul in September 2016 as part of the "Make in India" initiative. The state-owned [[Cochin Shipyard]]s and the [[Pipavav shipyard]]s will overhaul the carrier once she is in dry dock.<ref>{{cite web |last=Kulkarni |first=Pranav |date=8 December 2015 |title=''INS Vikramaditya set for first overhaul in September'' |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/ins-vikramaditya-set-for-first-overhaul-in-september/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111053938/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/ins-vikramaditya-set-for-first-overhaul-in-september/ |archive-date=11 January 2016 |access-date=30 December 2015 |work=IndianExpress}}</ref> In September 2016, ''Vikramaditya'' was dry-docked in Kochi for a month-long refit by Cochin Shipyards; the refit was completed in November, a month ahead of schedule.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 November 2016 |title=CSL completes refit of Indian Navy's aircraft-carrier INS Vikramaditya |url=http://www.naval-technology.com/news/newscsl-completes-refit-of-indian-navys-aircraft-carrier-ins-vikramaditya-5667275 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161116102004/http://www.naval-technology.com/news/newscsl-completes-refit-of-indian-navys-aircraft-carrier-ins-vikramaditya-5667275 |archive-date=16 November 2016 |access-date=15 November 2016 |website=NavalTechnology.com |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
* On 30 November 2024, the Ministry of Defence signed a contract with Cochin Shipyards for the Short Refit and Dry Docking (SRDD) of INS Vikramaditya at an overall cost of {{INRConvert|1207.5|c|lk=on|year=2024}}.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-30 |title=MoD inks contract worth ₹1207 Cr with Cochin Shipyard Limited for Short Refit and Dry Docking of INS Vikramaditya |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2079380 |access-date=2024-11-30 |website=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref>

== Commanding officers ==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! scope="col" style="width: 50px;" | S. No.
! scope="col" style="width: 250px;" | Name
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | Assumed office
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | Left office
! scope="col" style="width: 500px;" | Notes
|-
|1
|[[Captain (Indian Navy)|Captain]] [[Suraj Berry]]
|16 November 2013
|2 November 2015
|Later [[Commander-in-Chief, Strategic Forces Command]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rbth.com/economics/2013/09/24/vikramaditya_significant_capability-enhancer_for_indian_navy-_commo_29615|title=Vikramaditya "significant capability-enhancer" for Indian Navy- Commodore Berry|last1=Gazeta|first1=Rossiyskaya|last2=Yemelyanenkov|first2=Aleksandr|date=24 September 2013|website=www.rbth.com|language=en-US|access-date=31 December 2018|last3=Vorontsova|first3=Yekaterina}}</ref>
|-
|2
|[[Captain (Indian Navy)|Captain]] [[Krishna Swaminathan]]
|2 November 2015
|20 July 2017
|Current [[Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief Western Naval Command]].<ref>{{cite web |title=VICE ADMIRAL KRISHNA SWAMINATHAN, AVSM, VSM ASSUMES CHARGE AS VICE CHIEF OF NAVAL STAFF |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2019267 |website=pib.gov.in |access-date=18 June 2024}}</ref>
|-
|3
|[[Captain (Indian Navy)|Captain]] [[Ajay Kochhar]]
|20 July 2017
|26 May 2018
|Current [[Commander-in-Chief, Andaman and Nicobar Command]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Vice Admiral Ajay Kochhar Assumes Charge as Chief of Staff, WNC |url=https://indiannavy.nic.in/content/vice-admiral-ajay-kochhar-assumes-charge-chief-staff-wnc |website=www.indiannavy.nic.in |access-date=18 June 2024}}</ref>
|-
|4
|[[Captain (Indian Navy)|Captain]] Puruvir Das {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|NM}}}}
|26 May 2018
|2019
|Later Chief Instructor (Navy), [[Defence Services Staff College|DSSC Wellington]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/indiannavy/status/1000581081215655938|title=Capt Puruvir Das assumes command of India's only aircraft carrier INS Vikramaditya|last=SpokespersonNavy|date=26 May 2018|website=@indiannavy|language=en|access-date=31 December 2018}}</ref>
|-
|5
|[[Captain (Indian Navy)|Captain]] [[Rajesh Dhankhar]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|NM}}}}
|2019
|2020
| Current [[Director General Project Seabird]].<ref>{{cite web |title=REAR ADMIRAL RAJESH DHANKHAR TAKES OVER COMMAND OF EASTERN FLEET |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1976387 |website=pib.gov.in |access-date=26 November 2023}}</ref>
|-
|6
|[[Captain (Indian Navy)|Captain]] [[C. R. Praveen Nair]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|NM}}}}
|2020
|3 December 2021
|Current [[Commandant of Indian Naval Academy|Commandant Indian Naval Academy]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Navy Telefim 2020 (English) | website=[[YouTube]] | date=2 December 2020 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6VweFLh_GN0 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Bose, DHNS |first1=Mrityunjay |title=National Defence College team visits naval facilities |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/national-defence-college-team-visits-naval-facilities-1031988.html |website=Deccan Herald |access-date=26 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|7
|[[Captain (Indian Navy)|Captain]] [[Susheel Menon]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=IND|VSM}}}}
|4 December 2021
|6 May 2023
|Current [[Flag Officer Commanding Eastern Fleet]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Paniyadi |first1=Gururaj A. |title=Capt Susheel Menon assumes as commanding officer of INS Vikramaditya |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/041221/capt-susheel-menon-assumes-as-commanding-officer-of-ins-vikramaditya.html |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en |date=4 December 2021}}</ref>
|-
|8
|[[Captain (Indian Navy)|Captain]] Vishal Bishnoi
|6 May 2023
|14 November 2024
|Current Assistant Controller Carrier Projects (ACCP) and Assistant Controller of Warship Production and Acquisition (ACWP&A).<ref>{{cite web |title=IN_KTKNA/status/1654863154520924160 |url=https://twitter.com/IN_KTKNA/status/1654863154520924160 |website=Twitter |access-date=14 June 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|9
|[[Captain (Indian Navy)|Captain]] Sundeep Singh Randhawa
|14 November 2024
|Present
|Current CO.<ref>{{cite web |title=Karnataka Naval Area |url=https://x.com/IN_KTKNA/status/1857080315853873379 |website=x.com |access-date=22 October 2025}}</ref>
|}

== Affiliations ==
[[File:INS_Vikramaditya_Squadron_Photo.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Bihar Regiment]] posing aboard ''Vikramaditya'', with which they are affiliated. In the background are insignia of all the squadrons affiliated with the ship.]]
On 17 January 2018, ''Vikramaditya'' was ceremonially affiliated to the following formations:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/affiliation-ins-vikramaditya-bihar-regiment-and-no-6-squadron-indian-air-force|title=Indian Navy Press Release, dated 18 January 2018.|website=www.indiannavy.nic.in|language=en|access-date=18 January 2018}}</ref>
* [[Bihar Regiment]]
* [[No. 6 Squadron IAF]]

== Accidents and incidents ==
On 10 June 2016, while undergoing a scheduled major refit of INS ''Vikramaditya'',<ref>{{Cite web|last=Pandit|first=Rajat |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/INS-Vikramaditya-aircraft-carrier-accident-2-killed/articleshow/52693139.cms|title=Accident on aircraft carrier INS Vikramaditya, 2 killed|website=The Times of India|date=10 June 2016|access-date=14 June 2016|url-status=live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160612133212/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/INS-Vikramaditya-aircraft-carrier-accident-2-killed/articleshow/52693139.cms|archive-date=12 June 2016}}</ref> two people were killed by a toxic gas leak that occurred during maintenance work in the Sewage Treatment Plant compartment of INS ''Vikramaditya'' at [[Karwar, Karnataka|Karwar]]. Two other people were injured and taken to the naval hospital.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/two-killed-in-toxic-gas-leak-on-board-ins-vikramaditya/story-l3XDbxZ5WgO3kjB9FPh9iI.html|title=Two killed in toxic gas leak on board INS Vikramaditya|date=10 June 2016|work=Hindustan Times |access-date=14 June 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160614032708/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/two-killed-in-toxic-gas-leak-on-board-ins-vikramaditya/story-l3XDbxZ5WgO3kjB9FPh9iI.html|archive-date=14 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/ins-vikramaditya-gas-leak-two-dead-2846078/|title=Two killed on board INS Vikramaditya after toxic gas leak |date=10 June 2016|website=The Indian Express |access-date=14 June 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160613101733/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/ins-vikramaditya-gas-leak-two-dead-2846078/|archive-date=13 June 2016}}</ref>

On 28 February 2017, a MiG-29K aircraft that took off from ''Vikramaditya'' had to make an emergency landing at [[Mangalore International Airport]] due to hydraulic failure.<ref>{{cite web |last=Dwarakanath|first=Nagarjun |url=http://www.news18.com/news/india/navys-fighter-jet-makes-emergency-landing-at-mangaluru-1354567.html |title=Navy's Fighter Jet Makes Emergency Landing at Mangaluru |publisher=CNN-News18|date=28 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170228215056/http://www.news18.com/news/india/navys-fighter-jet-makes-emergency-landing-at-mangaluru-1354567.html |archive-date=28 February 2017 }}</ref>

On 26 April 2019, one naval officer died of smoke inhalation at Karwar's naval hospital [[INHS Patanjali|INHS ''Patanjali'']], and seven others were injured after fighting a fire that erupted in the boiler room of ''Vikramaditya'' on her course to INS ''Kadamba''.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2019/apr/26/naval-officer-dies-while-fighting-fire-on-board-ins-vikramaditya-probe-ordered-1969318.html|title=Naval officer dies while fighting fire on board INS Vikramaditya, probe ordered |date=26 April 2019|work=The New Indian Express |access-date=26 April 2019}}</ref>

A MiG 29KUB disembarking from INS ''Vikramaditya'' enroute to [[INS Hansa|INS ''Hansa'']] crashed in the sea on 26 November 2020, resulting in the death of a pilot, Commander Nishant Singh.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://theprint.in/defence/engine-design-deficiencies-third-crash-puts-russian-mig-29k-back-in-focus/553973/|title=Engine, design deficiencies — Third crash puts Russian MiG-29K back in focus |date=29 November 2020|author=Snehesh Alex Philip |access-date=31 August 2022|website=The Print Online}}</ref>

On 20 July 2022, a fire broke out during a planned sortie for conducting sea trials off Karwar in the Uttar Kannada district of Karnataka. No casualties were reported.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Naik |first1=Yogesh |title=Incident of fire reported onboard aircraft carrier INS Vikramaditya |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/fire-incident-aircraft-carrier-ins-vikramaditya-8042182/ |access-date=20 July 2022 |agency=The Indian Express |date=20 July 2022}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of active Indian Navy ships]]
*[[List of aircraft carriers in service]]
*[[List of naval ship classes in service]]
*[[Carrier battle group#India|Carrier battle groups of India]]
*{{ship|Chinese aircraft carrier|Liaoning}} – also originally laid down for the Soviet Navy.
*{{INS|Vikrant (2013)}}
*{{ship|INS|Vishal}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
*{{cite book|last=Verma|first=Bharat|title=Indian Defence Review Vol. 26.3 Jul-sep 2011.|year=2011|publisher=Lancer Publication|isbn=978-8170622314|ref={{sfnref|Bharat_Verma|2011}}}}
*{{cite book|last=Brien|first=Terry|title=Twenty Twenty Gk Eng 2012|year=2012|publisher=Tata McGraw-Hill Education|isbn=978-1259001192|ref={{sfnref|Terry_Brien|2012}}}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|INS Vikramaditya (ship, 1982)}}
*[http://ishare.rediff.com/video/news-politics/ins-vikramaditya-hits-water/550939 Video: INS vikramaditya hits water]
*Defense Industry Daily – [http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/ins-vikramaditya-may-hit-delay-cost-increases-03283/ INS Vikramaditya Hits Delay, Cost Increases]. Covers the program's full history, the ship's aerial complement, and associated events.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120710061819/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/Ships/Future/193-INS-Vikramaditya.html INS Vikramaditya – Bharat Rakshak]
*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20100922054028/http://www.jeffhead.com/worldwideaircraftcarriers/vikram.htm Photos, models & information at Worldwide Aircraft Carriers]}}
*[https://maps.google.com/maps?q=Severodvinsk&oe=utf-8&client=firefox-a&ie=UTF8&split=0&ei=POfnSdiWCMGO_QbBrdHRAw&t=h&hq=&hnear=Russian+Federation,+Province+of+Arkhangelsk,+Severodvinsk&ll=64.580894,39.808767&spn=0.002763,0.008315&z=17 Satellite Photo of INS VIKRAMADITYA in Severodvinsk from the Google Maps]
*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20100922054028/http://www.jeffhead.com/worldwideaircraftcarriers/vikram.htm INS VIKRAMADITYA on World-wide Aircraft Carriers]}}

{{Kiev class aircraft carrier}}
{{Indian Navy aircraft carriers}}
{{Ship classes of the Indian Navy}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vikramaditya}}
[[Category:1982 ships]]
[[Category:Aircraft carriers of India]]
[[Category:India–Russia relations]]
[[Category:Aircraft carriers of the Indian Navy]]
[[Category:Kiev-class aircraft carriers]]
[[Category:Memorials to Vikramaditya]]
[[Category:Ships built at the Black Sea Shipyard]]

Pragathi Guruprasad

2026-03-07T03:08:28Z

BrittnyFiorillo: expanded content

{{Indian patronymic|Pragathi|Guruprasad}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Pragathi Guruprasad
| image = ILLam thulir 2017 Live In Concert In Australia,Melbourne (PIC) singerpragathi (AN)(sivappiriyan).jpg
| birth_name = Pragathi Guruprasath
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1997|09|14}}
| birth_place = [[Queenstown, Singapore]]
| alias = Pragathi
| origin = [[Fremont, California]], US
| instrument = Vocalist
| genre = [[Carnatic music|Carnatic]] and Western music
| occupation = [[Playback singer]]
| years_active = 2012–present
| website = {{URL|singerpragathi.com}}
}}
'''Pragathy Guruprasad''' is a Singaporean-American [[playback singer]] who has worked in Indian [[Tamil cinema|Tamil-language films]]. Brought up in [[Fremont, California]], she finished as a runner-up in the ''[[Super Singer Junior (season 3)|Airtel Super Singer Junior 3]]'' show, which aired from October 17, 2011, to October 26, 2012.

==Personal life==
Pragathi Guruprasad was born to Guruprasad and Kanaka on 14 September 1997 in an [[Indian Singaporean]] family, and she has an elder sister, Saiprithvi. In Singapore, her father taught Carnatic lessons, and since at the age of five, Pragathi had also begun training in [[carnatic music]]. Her family subsequently relocated to [[Fremont, California|Fremont]], [[California]] where she continued learning Carnatic and Hindustani music from both her father at first and then from a teacher, Sangeetha Swaminathan, a disciple of [[Sudha Raghunathan]].

==Career==

In July 2014, she signed on to make her acting debut by portraying a supporting role in [[Bala (director)|Bala]]'s ''[[Tharai Thappattai]]'' (2016), but later opted out owing to her college commitments.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/pragathis-role-will-add-weight-to-the-film-bala/article6209021.ece|title = Pragathi's role will add weight to the film: Bala|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 14 July 2014}}</ref> In September 2016, Bala later announced that she would portray the lead role in his next project starring actor [[Yuvan (actor)|Yuvan]]. However the film was eventually shelved before production began.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/yuvan-pragathi-guru-in-bala-next-new-movie-tamil-news-166844.html|title = Bala finalizes his next hero and heroine|date = 8 September 2016}}</ref>

In 2020, she made an appearance in a small role in the American comedy drama ''[[Never Have I Ever (TV series)|Never Have I Ever]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/after-never-have-i-ever-pragathi-guruprasad-has-hollywood-firmly-on-her-mind/article31463236.ece|title = After 'Never Have I Ever', Pragathi Guruprasad has Hollywood firmly on her mind|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 29 April 2020|last1 = Sunder|first1 = Gautam}}</ref>
Pragathi sang the popular Tamil Sangam poetry 'Yayum Ngayum' for the album [[Sandham: Symphony Meets Classical Tamil]] by Composer [[Rajan Somasundaram| Raleigh Rajan]], which in July 2020, was featured in Amazon's Top#10 International Music albums.

==Discography==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! width=5%| Year
! style="width:25%;"| Song
! style="width:25%;"| Film/Album
! style="width:25%;"| Music Director
! style="width:25%;"| Language
! style="width:5% ;"| Ref
|- style="text-align:center;"
| rowspan="4"| 2012
|| Kalakku
|| ''[[Panithuli]]''
|| Agnel Roman, Faizan Hussain
|| Tamil
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | Sengaade
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Paradesi (2013 film)|Paradesi]]''
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | Tamil
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/audio-beat-paradesi/article4178338.ece|title=Audio Beat: Paradesi|work=The Hindu|access-date=2012-12-26|date=2011-12-08}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | Or Mirugam
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Paradesi-track-list-goes-live-ahead-of-launch/articleshow/17114866.cms|title=Paradesi track list goes live ahead of launch|publisher=Times of India|access-date=2012-12-26|date=2011-11-06}}</ref>
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| Naan Naana
|| ''Life''
|| Sri Vijay
|| Tamil
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| rowspan="6" style="text-align:center;" | 2013
| style="text-align:center;" | Tamarai Kanna
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | ''Jaya Jagannath''
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | [[Jayakumar]]
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | Tamil
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="saavn1">{{cite web|url=http://www.saavn.com/s/album/tamil/Jaya+Jagannath-2013/oIB3zfrKIYw_ |title=Listen to full songs - latest Hindi release - Jaya Jagannath songs- 2013 - Jaya Jagannath 3gp songs |publisher=Saavn.com |access-date=2013-10-01}}</ref>
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| Hari Hareye Namah
|| <ref name="saavn1"/>
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| Pada Pada Pattampoochi
|| ''Pattampoochi Single''
|| Kowtham Mohanarajan
|| Tamil
||
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| Osaka Osaka
|| ''[[Vanakkam Chennai]]''
|| [[Anirudh Ravichander]]
|| Tamil
| style="text-align:center;" |
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| Aasai
|| ''Vaanavil- The Quest''
|| Vernon G Segaram
|| Tamil
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | Yaedho
| style="text-align:center;" | ''Yeadho - Single''
| style="text-align:center;" | Swamy Kitcha
| style="text-align:center;" | Tamil
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://soundcloud.com/prohomestudio/yaedho-ft-pragathi-guruprasad |title=Yaedho - ft. Pragathi Guruprasad, Swamy Kitcha by Swamy Kitcha on SoundCloud - Hear the world's sounds |publisher=Soundcloud.com |access-date=2013-10-01}}</ref>
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| 2015
|| Thean Kudika
|| ''Maze In Idhayam''
|| Steve Cliff
|| Tamil
||
|- style="text-align:center;"
| rowspan="2"| 2016
|| Paravai Parandhuchu
|| ''[[Kadhalum Kadandhu Pogum]]''
|| [[Santhosh Narayanan]]
|| Tamil
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | Kadavulae Vidai
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Rum (film)|Rum]]''
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Anirudh Ravichander]]
| style="text-align:center;" | Tamil
| style="text-align:center;" |
|- style="text-align:center;"
| rowspan="3"| 2017
|| Uyire Oru Kadhal
|| ''Uyire Oru Kadhal''
|| Chris G
|| Tamil
||
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | Usuraiya Tholaichaen
| style="text-align:center;" | Usuraiya Tholaichaen - Single
| style="text-align:center;" | Stephen Zechariah
| style="text-align:center;" | Tamil
|<ref>{{Citation|last=360 Degrees Entertainment|title=Usuraiya Tholaichaen - Stephen Zechariah {{!}} Pragathi Guruprasad {{!}} Suriavelan {{!}} Rupini Anbalagan|date=2017-05-11|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=auCAzRGAJbM|access-date=2017-05-14}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|Laali Laali
| style="text-align:center;"|''[[Theeran Adhigaram Ondru]]''
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Ghibran]]
| style="text-align:center;"|Tamil
|
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |2018
| style="text-align:center;"|Bittersweet
| style="text-align:center;"|''Cherie''
| style="text-align:center;"|Kevin Anthony
| style="text-align:center;"|English
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|Piriyame Piriyame
| style="text-align:center;"|''[[Ratsasan]]''
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Ghibran]]
| style="text-align:center;"|Tamil
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
| rowspan="4"|2019
||Gokka Makka
||''[[Titanic Kadhalum Kavundhu Pogum]]''
||[[Nivas K. Prasanna]]
||Tamil
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
||Sevvandhi Poove
||''[[Kanne Kalaimaane]]''
||[[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
||Tamil
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|Yayum Nyayum
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Sandham- Symphony Meets Classical Tamil]]
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Rajan Somasundaram]]
| style="text-align:center;"|Tamil
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|Poraali Penne
| style="text-align:center;"|Madras Gig
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Keba Jeremiah]]
| style="text-align:center;"|Tamil
|-
|rowspan=2| 2025
|style="text-align:center;"|Adada
|style="text-align:center;"|Adada - Single
| style="text-align:center;"|Pragathi Guruprasad
| style="text-align:center;"|Tamil
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
|Kathiri Veliyil
|''[[Sumo (film)|Sumo]]''
|Nivas K. Prasanna
|Tamil
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 2026
| Un Paarvai
| ''[[Kadhal Reset Repeat]]''
|[[Harris Jayaraj]]
|Tamil
|
|-
|}

== Television ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Name of Television Show
!Role
!Network
|-
|2024
|[[Super Singer 10|Super Singer Season 10]]
|Guest
|[[Star Vijay]]
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Guruprasad, Pragathi}}
[[Category:1997 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Singaporean musicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Singaporean women singers]]
[[Category:American playback singers]]
[[Category:People from Fremont, California]]
[[Category:Singaporean emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:Tamil-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Singaporean people of Tamil descent]]
[[Category:Singaporean people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:American people of Indian Tamil descent]]
[[Category:American singers of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Expatriate musicians in India]]
[[Category:American expatriate musicians]]
[[Category:Singaporean expatriates in India]]
[[Category:American expatriates in India]]
[[Category:21st-century Singaporean musicians]]
[[Category:21st-century American singers]]
[[Category:21st-century American women singers]]
[[Category:Mission San Jose High School alumni]]

Rajwade and Sons

2026-03-04T09:45:04Z

BrittnyFiorillo: page updated

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Rajwade and Sons
| image = Rajwade and Sons poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| director = [[Sachin Kundalkar]]
| producer = Y.M. Deosthalee [[Atul Kulkarni]] Sachin Kundalkar
| writer = Sachin Kundalkar
| starring = Amitriyaan [[Siddharth Menon (actor)|Siddharth Menon]] [[Alok Rajwade]] Mrunmayee Godbole Krutika Deo [[Atul Kulkarni]] [[Sachin Khedekar]] [[Mrinal Kulkarni]] Digambar Bangde
| music = Debarpito Adrian D’souza Tejas Modak
| cinematography = Arjun Sorte
| editing = Abhijeet Deshpande
| studio = Kaffe Kamera
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2015|10|16}}
| country = India
| language = Marathi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Rajwade and Sons''''' (Marathi: "राजवाडे अॅण्ड सन्स") is a 2015 [[Marathi language]] family drama film.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/Digital-poster-of-Rajwade-and-Sons-unveiled/articleshow/48710514.cms|title=Digital poster of Rajwade and Sons unveiled|date=13 January 2015|website=The Times of India|access-date=22 April 2019}}</ref> The movie is directed by [[Sachin Kundalkar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/music/Director-goes-missing-at-this-music-launch/articleshow/49227971.cms|title=Director goes missing at this music launch|date=5 October 2015|website=The Times of India|access-date=22 April 2019}}</ref> The film is produced by Y.M.Deosthalee, [[Atul Kulkarni]] and Sachin Kundalkar under studio Kaffe Kamera.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/Atul-kulkarni-turns-producer/articleshow/48770773.cms|title=Atul Kulkarni turns producer with next|last=Bhanage|first=Mihir|date=13 January 2017|website=The Times of India|access-date=22 April 2019}}</ref> It stars Amitriyaan, [[Atul Kulkarni]], [[Sachin Khedekar]], [[Mrinal Kulkarni]], [[Siddharth Menon (actor)|Siddharth Menon]], Alok Rajwade, Mrinmayee Godbole, Krutika Deo.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/marathi-films-festive-releases/articleshow/49548774.cms|title=Marathi films are cashing on festive releases|last=Bhanage|first=Mihir|date=13 January 2017|website=The Times of India|access-date=22 April 2019}}</ref> The film had its theatrical release on 16 October 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.loksatta.com/moviereview-news/rajwade-and-sons-movie-review-2-1151021/|title=Rajwade And Sons Movie Review 2|last=Gurav|first=Chaitali|date=16 October 2015|website=Loksatta|language=mr|access-date=22 April 2019}}</ref>

The movie had its world television premier on 18 December 2016 on [[Star Pravah]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/trade-news/marathi/world-television-premiere-of-rajwade-and-sons/articleshow/56040333.cms|title=World television premiere of Rajwade and Sons|last=Atulkar|first=Preeti|date=19 December 2016|website=The Times of India|access-date=22 April 2019}}</ref>

==Plot==
The movie follows the story of cousins Anay, Shweta, Ananya and Virajas, the youngest generation of the rich and powerful Rajwade family in Pune. They each wish to follow their own dreams, but their grandfather, the head of the family, has other plans for them. But the story takes a sudden twist when their young uncle Vikram Rajwade enters their life mysteriously out of nowhere. Vikram encourages each one of them to fight, argue and question the limitations set for these kids, Making them aware to live their dreams. Rajwade and Sons is the story of a happy joint family who want to find a way to stay together, in the ever-changing modern times.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/rajwade-and-sons/ET00031494|title=Rajwade and Sons (U/A)|publisher=BookMyShow}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* Amit Riyaan as Vikram Rajwade
** Lalit Prabhakar voiceover for Vikram Rajwade
* [[Siddharth Menon (actor)|Siddharth Menon]] as Virajas Vaibhav Joshi
* [[Alok Rajwade]] as Anay Vidyadhar Rajwade
* [[Mrinmayee Godbole]] as Ananya Vaibhav Joshi
* Krutika Deo as Shweta Vidyadhar Rajwade
* Suhani Dhadphale as Tanmaya Shubhankar Rajwade
* [[Atul Kulkarni]] as Shubhankar Rajwade
* [[Sachin Khedekar]] as Vidyadhar Rajwade
* [[Mrinal Kulkarni]] as Laxmi Rajwade Joshi
* [[Satish Alekar]] as Ramesh Rajwade
* [[Jyoti Subhash]] as Sushila Rajwade
* Pournima Manohar as Sarita Vidyadhar Rajwade
* Rahul Mehendale as Vaibhav Vasant Joshi

==Critical response==
Mihir Banage of The Times of India rated it a 3.5 out of 5 and went on to say "..Most of the cast members have a solid theatre background and their grasp of the situations is fantastic...[The movie] has ample twists and symbolism that identifies with the issues of today...".<ref>{{Citation|title=Rajwade and Sons Movie Review {3.5/5}: Critic Review of Rajwade and Sons by Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/rajwade-and-sons/movie-review/49352490.cms|access-date=2019-06-13}}</ref> Ganesh Matkari of Pune Mirror rated the movie 4 stars out of 5 and went on to say "...The entire cast acts in unison to deliver a powerful performance....".<ref>{{Cite web |author=Ganesh Matkari |url=https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi-reviews/FILM-REVIEWS-ALL-IN-THE-FAMILY/articleshow/49388914.cms|title=Film Reviews: All in the Family|website=Pune Mirror |access-date=2019-06-13|date=16 October 2015 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|5125576}}

{{Sachin Kundalkar}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajwade and Sons}}
[[Category:2015 films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:2015 Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Sachin Kundalkar]]

{{2010s-Marathi-film-stub}}

Thirumoorthy

2026-03-03T04:51:16Z

BrittnyFiorillo: typo fix

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Thirumoorthy poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Pavithran (Tamil film director)|Pavithran]]
| producer = M. G. Sekar S. Santhanam
| writer = Pavithran
| starring = {{ubl|[[Vijayakanth]]|[[Ravali]]}}
| music = [[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
| cinematography = B. Balamurugan
| editing = [[B. Lenin]] [[V. T. Vijayan]]
| studio = M. G. Pictures
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1995|05|11}}
| runtime = 155 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Thirumoorthy''''' is a 1995 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action film]] written and directed by [[Pavithran (Tamil film director)|Pavithran]]. The film stars [[Vijayakanth]] and [[Ravali]], with [[Anandaraj]], [[Rajan P. Dev]], [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]], Shenbagam, [[Senthil]] and [[Janagaraj]] playing supporting roles. It was released on 11 May 1995,<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 December 2002 |title=நட்சத்திர படப் பட்டியல் |url=https://ibb.co/cTSgjhM |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202064212/https://ibb.co/cTSgjhM |archive-date=2 February 2024 |access-date=2 February 2024 |work=[[Cinema Express]] |pages=41-43 |language=Ta}}</ref> and emerged a box office hit.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sitaraman |first=Sandya |date=9 January 1996 |title=Tamil Movie News--1995 Review |url=https://groups.google.com/d/msg/soc.culture.tamil/fwLpyN6aWTk/R4FfCjmQ3AsJ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409053619/https://groups.google.com/g/soc.culture.tamil/c/fwLpyN6aWTk/m/R4FfCjmQ3AsJ |archive-date=9 April 2022 |access-date=19 February 2015 |website=[[Google Groups]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Moorthy, a lorry driver, lives with his mother, Ramaatha. His ramshackle vehicle draws the ire of the RTO officer and his daughter, Uma. The RTO officer confiscates Moorthy's vehicle registration certificate and stops Govindan's lorry, sparking a confrontation. Govindan, a local criminal and Moorthy's arch-nemesis sends his goons to attack the RTO officer. However, Moorthy intervenes, defeating Govindan's men and safeguarding the RTO officer and Uma. Uma develops feelings for Moorthy and convinces Ramaatha to persuade her son to reciprocate her love. In exchange, Uma promises to return Moorthy's registration certificate. However, the plan is foiled when Uma's father intervenes. Moorthy and his friend Azhagesan devise a plan to retrieve the registration certificate. Disguising themselves as a lady doctor and nurse, they meet with Uma's father, get him intoxicated, and confiscate the certificate. Uma discovers Moorthy's disguise and confesses her love by kissing him.

As the by-election for their constituency approaches, Govindan announces his candidacy. Minister Sigamani attends the public meeting as the guest of honor. Tragedy strikes when Uma's father suffers a heart attack, but Govindan's men and party supporters block their path. Moorthy confronts them, demanding passage, but Uma's father succumbs to his illness. Enraged, Moorthy storms the stage, confronting Sigamani in front of the gathering. When Sigamani and Govindan visit Uma's father's corpse to pay their respects, Moorthy denounces them for their hypocrisy, exposing their true nature. Geetha, a journalist secretly records a conversation between Sigamani, a corrupt politician, and a group of foreigners, who are plotting to assassinate Wilson, a World Peace Award recipient, in exchange for a substantial sum. When Geetha is discovered, they attempt to capture her, but she narrowly escapes with Moorthy's help.

Moorthy learns about Sigamani's plan and is offered a bribe to support Govindan's candidacy. However, Moorthy refuses to collaborate with the corrupt Sigamani and Govindan, instead challenging them to an election. Despite facing opposition within his own party, Sigamani is determined to see Govindan run against Moorthy. As the election approaches, Sigamani and Govindan realize their party will likely lose and conspire to disrupt the by-election. Meanwhile, Moorthy marries Uma at Ramaatha's insistence. Sigamani orchestrates a plot to frame Moorthy for murder by placing Govindan's corpse in Moorthy's lorry. Moorthy is arrested, attacked in prison. Ramaatha visits Sigamani's residence, where she encounters Lakshmi, Sigamani's wife and her former employer. A shocking revelation unfolds where Sigamani had killed Ramaatha's toddler son in the past, prompting Ramaatha to flee with their infant child. Lakshmi, believing Ramaatha had killed her son, discovers the truth: her biological child, Moorthy, is alive. Sigamani arrests Ramaatha, intending to torture her into coercing Moorthy into revealing information about Geetha. Sigamani deceives Lakshmi, telling her that Ramaatha had indeed killed their son, further manipulating the situation.

Geetha rescues Uma and devises a plan to infiltrate Lakshmi's household. Uma disguises herself as a cook and gains the trust of Kannaiyan, the existing cook. She successfully confiscates a cassette containing a communication code number, which reveals a detailed plan to assassinate Wilson during the Independence Day flag-hoisting ceremony. Geetha and Uma, disguised as magicians, infiltrate the prison and inform Moorthy about the murder plot. Geetha also reveals the truth about Moorthy's parentage to Lakshmi, using a photo as evidence. Lakshmi discovers Sigamani's deceit and the truth about her son. Geetha publishes the murder plan in her newspaper, forcing Sigamani to alter his scheme. He resurrects Govindan, revealing that his murder was staged to frame Moorthy. Meanwhile, Ramaatha dies in prison due to starvation, enraging Moorthy. Moorthy escapes from prison, determined to avenge Sigamani.

Geetha submits evidence of Sigamani's crimes to the CBI. Govindan kidnaps him on a train. Moorthy pursues the train, and after a chase, rescues Wilson by killing Govindan. In the end, Moorthy learns that Sigamani and Lakshmi are his biological parents and Sigamani is finally arrested for his crimes.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Vijayakanth]] as Moorthy
*[[Ravali]] as Uma
*[[Anandaraj]] as Govindan
*[[Rajan P. Dev]] as Minister Sigamani
*[[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] as Ramaatha
*[[Shenbaga]] as Geetha, a journalist
*[[Senthil]] as Azhagesan
*[[Janagaraj]] as Uma's father
*Rajkumar as a corrupt police officer
*[[R. Sundarrajan]] as Geetha's brother
*[[Kitty (actor)|Kitty]] as a CBI officer
*[[Sangeeta (Telugu actress)|Sangeetha]] as Lakshmi
*Lakshmi Rathna
*[[Ennatha Kannaiya]] as Kannaiyan, cook
*[[Pasi Narayanan]] as Sigamani's partyman
*[[Omakuchi Narasimhan]] as Omakuchi Narasimman, a constable
*Tirupur Ramasamy as Ramasamy, Govindan's assistant
*[[Kullamani]] as Peruchaali, Moorthy's sidekick
*[[Karuppu Subbiah]] as Laila, Moorthy's sidekick
*Ram-Lakshman as Govindan's henchmen
*[[Chelladurai]] as Sigamani's partyman
*[[Pasi Sathya]] as Moorthy's fake wife
*[[Jyothi Meena]] as a dancer in the song "Thaka Thimi Tha"
*[[Kalyan (choreographer)|Kalyan]] as a dancer in the song "Thaka Thimi Tha"
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Deva (composer)|Deva]], with lyrics by [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 January 2018 |title=Thiru Moorthy |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/thiru-moorthy/CmvmXv5hml8_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230514105424/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/thiru-moorthy/CmvmXv5hml8_ |archive-date=14 May 2023 |access-date=14 May 2023 |website=[[JioSaavn]]}}</ref> The song "Senguruvi Senguruvi" is set to [[Anandabhairavi]] raga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 September 2020 |title=ராக தேவதைகள்... - மாயவரத்தான் சந்திரசேகரன் |url=https://www.vikatakavi.in/magazines/175/6068/ragadevadaigal5mayavarathanchandrashekaran.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101015227/https://www.vikatakavi.in/magazines/175/6068/ragadevadaigal5mayavarathanchandrashekaran.php |archive-date=1 November 2020 |access-date=26 September 2022 |website=Vikatakavi |language=ta}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer(s) !! Length
|-
| "Manjal Nila" || Rahini Santhanam, [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] || 4:42
|-
| "Masthu Masthu" || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[S. Janaki]], Chorus || 4:23
|-
| "Namma Ooru" || Atha Ali Azad, Chorus || 4:43
|-
| "Namma Thalaivar" || [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], Chorus || 4:12
|-
| "Senguruvi" || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. Janaki || 5:58
|-
| "Thaka Thimi Tha" || [[Suresh Peters]], [[Annupamaa]], Chorus || 3:58
|}

== Reception ==
R. P. R. of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' praised Krishna's choreography as the sole positive of the film.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=ஆர்.பி.ஆர். |date=4 June 1995 |title=திருமூர்த்தி |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1995-06-04/page/n49/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230209130134/https://archive.org/details/kalki1995-06-04/page/n49/mode/2up |archive-date=9 February 2023 |access-date=9 February 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=48 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}
*{{Rotten Tomatoes}}
{{Pavithran}}

[[Category:1995 Indian films]]
[[Category:1995 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1995 action films]]
[[Category:1995 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Pavithran (Tamil film director)]]
[[Category:Films scored by Deva (composer)]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language action films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Bapatla mandal

2026-02-26T11:14:10Z

BrittnyFiorillo:

{{Short description|Administrative division of Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{other uses|Bapatla}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bapatla mandal
| settlement_type = [[Mandal]]
| image_skyline =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|15|53|20|N|80|28|12|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bapatla district|Bapatla]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| seat_type = [[Headquarters]]
| seat = [[Bapatla]]
| parts_type = [[Administrative divisions of India|Major villages]]
| parts_style = para
| parts =
| government_type =
| governing_body = [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|Mandal Parishad]]
| leader_title = [[Tehsildar]]
| leader_name = T. Valliah
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="demographics"/>
| area_total_km2 = 233.91
| population_total = 143825
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref name="demographics"/>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| footnotes =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-point = none
}}

'''Bapatla mandal''' is one of the 25 [[mandal]]s in [[Bapatla district]] of the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]. It is under the administration of [[Bapatla revenue division]] and the headquarters are located at [[Bapatla]].<ref name="demographics">{{cite web |title=District Census Hand Book – Guntur |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/146/download/234/DH_2011_2817_PART_A_DCHB_GUNTUR.pdf|website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> The mandal is bounded by [[Kakumanu]], [[Ponnur]], [[Karlapalem]] mandals of [[Guntur district]]. It also shares borders with [[Prakasam district]] and a portion of it lies on the coast of [[Bay of Bengal]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Mandals in Guntur district |url=http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/apfactfile/info%20on%20districts/guntur.html |publisher=aponline.gov.in |accessdate=10 September 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150428070826/http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/apfactfile/info%20on%20districts/guntur.html |archivedate=28 April 2015 }}</ref>

== Demographics ==

{{bar box
|title=Religions in Bapatla mandal (2011)<ref name="religion">{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Population by Religion - Andhra Pradesh|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11363/download/14476/DDW28C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|89.93}}
{{bar percent|[[Andhra Muslims|Islam]]|green|6.96}}
{{bar percent|[[Telugu Christians|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|2.70}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.41}}
|caption=Distribution of religions
}}

{{As of|2011}} [[Census of India|census]], the mandal had a population of 143,825 in 38,605 households. The total population constitute, 70,847 males and 72,978 females — a sex ratio of 1030 females per 1000 males. 13,371 children are in the age group of 0–6 years, of which 6,856 are boys and 6,515 are girls — a sex ratio of 950 per 1000. The average literacy rate stands at 71.79% with 93,653 literates. 49.21% of the population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 28,807 (20.03%) and 8,492 (5.90%) respectively.<ref name="demographics"/>

{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Bapatla mandal (2011)<ref name="language"/>
|thumb = left
|label1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]] |value1 = 93.65 |color1 = steelblue
|label2 = [[Urdu]] |value2 = 5.59 |color2 = green
|label3 = Others |value3 = 0.76 |color3 = grey
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, 93.65% of the population spoke [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and 5.59% [[Urdu]] as their first language.<ref name="language">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Andhra Pradesh |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10193/download/13305/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2800.XLSX |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

== Settlements ==

{{As of|2011}} [[Census of India|census]], the mandal has 21 settlements. It includes 20 villages and 1 town of [[Bapatla]].<ref name="map">{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/maps/atlas/28part32.pdf|title=Guntur District Mandals|publisher=Census of India|pages=102, 112|format=PDF|accessdate=19 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sub-District Details of Guntur District |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/PopulationFinder/Sub_Districts_Master.aspx?state_code=28&district_code=17 |publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |accessdate=10 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415192755/http://censusindia.gov.in/PopulationFinder/Sub_Districts_Master.aspx?state_code=28&district_code=17 |archive-date=15 April 2015 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

The settlements in the mandal are listed below:

{{Columns-list|colwidth=300em|style=width:450px;|
# Adivi
# [[Appikatla]]
# [[Bapatla]] (M)
# [[Bapatla East (rural)|Bapatla East (Rural)]]
# [[Bapatla West (rural)|Bapatla West (Rural)]]
# Bharthipudi
# Cheruvu
# [[ఈతేరు(Etheru)]]
# Gopapuram
# Gudipudi
# [[Jammulapalem]]
# [[Jillellamudi]]
# [[Kankatapalem]]
# Maruproluvaripalem (Rural)
# Mulapalem
# Murukondapadu
# Narasayapalem
# Neredupalle
# Palaparthipadu
# [[Poondla]]
# Velicherla
}}

''Note: M-[[Municipality]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=Abbreviations used |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Metadata/Metada.htm#2w |publisher=censusindia.gov.in |accessdate=26 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070617234445/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Metadata/Metada.htm |archivedate=17 June 2007 }}</ref>

== Government and politics ==

The [[mandal]] is under the control of a [[tahsildar]] and the present tahsildar is T. Valliah.<ref>{{cite web|title=List of Tahsildars working in Guntur District as on 19.06.2014|url=http://guntur.nic.in/statistics/tahsildars.pdf|website=Guntur District Official Website|publisher=National Informatics Centre|accessdate=8 September 2014|page=1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016202326/http://guntur.nic.in/statistics/tahsildars.pdf|archive-date=16 October 2014|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Bapatla mandal is one of the [[List of constituencies of Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly#Guntur district|3 mandals]] under [[Bapatla Assembly constituency]], which is part of [[Bapatla Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf
|publisher=Election Commission of India|accessdate=11 October 2014|page=22|format=pdf}}</ref> Current MLA for Bapatla is [[Kona Raghupathi]] ([[YSR Congress Party|YSRCP]]) and MP is [[Nandigam Suresh]] (YSRCP).

== See also ==
* [[List of mandals in Andhra Pradesh]]
* [[List of villages in Guntur district]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Bapatla district}}

{{Geographic location
|width = auto
|Centre = Bapatla mandal
|North = [[Kakumanu]] mandal
|Northeast = [[Ponnur]] mandal
|East = [[Karlapalem]] mandal
|Southeast = [[Karlapalem]] mandal
|South = [[Karlapalem]] mandal [[Prakasam district]]
|Southwest = [[Prakasam district]]
|West = [[Prakasam district]]
|Northwest = [[Prakasam district]]
}}

[[Category:Mandals in Bapatla district]]

Subarna Ray Chaudhuri

2026-02-23T07:26:54Z

BrittnyFiorillo: starting post

{{Short description|Indian Costume Designer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Subarna Ray Chowdhuri
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1972|1|12}}
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = [[Costume designer]]
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works = [[Parineeta (2005 film)|Parineeta (2005)]]
| awards = [[IIFA Award for Best Costume Design]]
}}
'''Subarna Ray Chowdhuri''' is a noted Indian [[costume designer]] from [[Kolkata]]. She won the Apsara Critic Choice Award for her work in ''[[Parineeta (2005 film)|Parineeta]]'' and also won the [[IIFA Award for Best Costume Design]] in 2006.

In 2013, Subarna designed for three movies :,<ref>[http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/lootera-designer-on-how-she-put-together-a-vintage-look-for-sonakshi-sinha/1137190/ Lootera wins Subarna rave reviews]</ref> Gunday and Ghanchakkar, each of which was distinctly different from the other. Actress [[Sonakshi Sinha]] vociferously expressed her concern over the absence of Subarna's nomination from most awards for their film 'Looterey'.<ref>[http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/sonakshi-sinha-disheartened-over-lootera-s-absence-from-award-nominations-471377 Sonakshi Sinha Dishearted over Lootera Awards]</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|1805641}}

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Prostitution in India

2026-02-22T06:39:55Z

BrittnyFiorillo: Revised and enhanced article content

{{Short description|none}} 
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
[[File:Prostitution in Asia.PNG|thumb|right|300px|Legal status of prostitution across Asia. 
{{legend|#336600|Prostitution legal and regulated}}
{{legend|#336699|Prostitution (the exchange of sex for money) legal, but organized activities such as [[brothels]] and [[pimping]] are illegal; prostitution is ''not'' regulated}}
{{legend|#993333|Prostitution illegal}}
{{legend|#ababab|No data}}
]]

[[Prostitution]] is legal in India,<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://wcd.nic.in/act/itpa1956.htm |title=The Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act, 1956|website=wcd.nic.in |access-date=28 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150502184617/http://wcd.nic.in/act/itpa1956.htm |archive-date=2 May 2015 }}</ref> but a number of related activities including [[Solicitation|soliciting]], [[kerb crawler|kerb crawling]], owning or managing a [[brothel]], prostitution in a [[hotel]],<ref name="indiankanoon.org">{{cite web|url=http://indiankanoon.org/doc/139656816/|title=Section 7 in The Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act, 1956|website=indiankanoon.org|access-date=28 November 2015}}</ref> [[child prostitution]], [[pimp]]ing and [[Procuring (prostitution)|pandering]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2008/sca/119134.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090226175436/http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2008/sca/119134.htm|archive-date=26 February 2009|title=2008 Human Rights Reports: India|date=25 February 2009|website=U.S. Department of State|access-date=28 November 2015}}</ref> are illegal.<ref name="auto">{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8405154.stm|title=India court raises question of legalising prostitution|date=10 December 2009|work=BBC News}}</ref><ref name="spl">{{cite web|title=Sex Work Law - Countries|url=http://spl.ids.ac.uk/sexworklaw/countries|website=Sexuality, Poverty and Law|access-date=31 March 2018|language=en}}</ref> There are, however, many brothels illegally operating in Indian cities including [[Mumbai]], [[Delhi]], [[Kolkata]], [[Pune]], and [[Nagpur]], among others.<ref name="zee"/><ref name="sw"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/living/in-kamathipuras-lanes-legalisation-of-prostitution-seems-like-a-faraway-debate-2826696.html|title=In Kamathipura's lanes, legalisation of prostitution seems like a faraway debate|author=Magdalena Rojas|date=12 June 2016|website=firstpost.com|access-date=20 October 2016}}</ref> [[UNAIDS]] estimate there were 657,829 prostitutes in the country as of 2016.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sex workers: Population size estimate - Number, 2016 |url=http://www.aidsinfoonline.org/gam/stock/shared/dv/PivotData_2018_7_22_636678151733621264.htm |website=www.aidsinfoonline.org |publisher=UNAIDS |access-date=21 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190604174922/http://www.aidsinfoonline.org/gam/stock/shared/dv/PivotData_2018_7_22_636678151733621264.htm |archive-date=4 June 2019 }}</ref> Other unofficial estimates have calculated India has roughly 3 million prostitutes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://prostitution.procon.org/questions/how-many-prostitutes-are-in-the-united-states-and-the-rest-of-the-world/|title=How Many Prostitutes Are in the United States and the Rest of the World?|website=Prostitution.procon.org|access-date=7 November 2021}}</ref><ref>Friedman, R.I. India's shame: Sexual slavery and political corruption are leading to an AIDS catastrophe. Trends Organ Crim 3, 60–62 (1998). {{doi|10.1007/s12117-998-1059-x}}</ref> India is widely regarded as having one of the world's largest commercial [[sex industry]].<ref name="sex_industry">{{Cite journal|last1=Dalla|first1=Rochelle L.|last2=Kreimer|first2=Lee M.|date=13 October 2016|title="After Your Honor is Gone…": Exploration of Developmental Trajectories and Life Experiences of Women Working in Mumbai's Red-Light Brothel Districts|journal=Sexuality & Culture|volume=21|issue=1|pages=163–186|doi=10.1007/s12119-016-9388-4|s2cid=146803616|issn=1095-5143|url=https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/famconfacpub/182|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name="amit_rosemary"/><ref>{{cite book|author = [[Prabha Kotiswaran]] |doi = 10.1515/9781400838769 |title = Dangerous Sex, Invisible Labor: Sex Work and the Law in India |year = 2011 |pages=250–350|publisher = [[Princeton University Press]] |isbn = 978-1-400-83876-9 }}</ref><ref name="India_sex">{{cite journal|author = Huda, S.|series = Sex trafficking in South Asia|journal = [[International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics]]|volume = 94 |issue=3 |pages = 374–381 |title = Trafficking, Sex-Trafficking, HIV, AIDS, South Asia|doi = 10.1016/j.ijgo.2006.04.027|year = 2006 |pmid = 16846602|s2cid = 557597|doi-access = }}</ref> It has emerged as a global hub of [[sex tourism]], attracting sex tourists from wealthy countries.<ref name="India_sex"/><ref name="amit_rosemary">{{cite journal|author1 = Chattopadhyay, Amit |author2=McKaig, Rosemary G.|title = Social Development of Commercial Sex Workers in India: An Essential Step in HIV/AIDS Prevention |journal = AIDS Patient Care and STDs|volume = 18|number = 3|pages = 159–168|year = 2004|doi =10.1089/108729104322994847|pmid=15104876}}</ref><ref>Joffres, C., Mills, E., Joffres, M. et al. Sexual slavery without borders: trafficking for commercial sexual exploitation in India. Int J Equity Health 7, 22 (2008). {{doi|10.1186/1475-9276-7-22|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>Boruah, Jayanta and Baruah, Masia, Legal Implications of Sex Tourism (3 April 2021). Journal on Jurisprudential Studies Vol 1 Issue 3, Forthcoming, {{ssrn|3818710}}</ref> The sex industry in India is a multi-billion dollar one, and one of the fastest growing.<ref>{{cite journal|author = Kole, Subir K.|title = From "Veshyas" to "Entertainment Workers": Evolving Discourses of Bodies, Rights, and Prostitution in India|journal = [[Asian Politics & Policy]]|volume = 1|number = 2 |pages = 255–281|doi = 10.1111/j.1943-0787.2009.01115.x|url = https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1943-0787.2009.01115.x|year = 2009 |url-access = subscription}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author = Biswajit Ghosh |title = Trafficking in women and children in India: nature, dimensions and strategies for prevention|journal = The International Journal of Human Rights |volume = 13|number = 5|pages = 716–738 |year=2009|publisher = [[Routledge]] |doi = 10.1080/13642980802533109|s2cid = 145131069}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author = Irani Machado da Silva and Anuradha Sathiyaseelan|editor = Luca Cerniglia|title = Emotional needs of women post-rescue from sex trafficking in India|journal = Cogent Psychology |volume = 6|number = 1|article-number = 1631584|year = 2019|publisher = Cogent OA|doi = 10.1080/23311908.2019.1631584|s2cid = 197700400|doi-access = free}}</ref> Sex workers face poor conditions and structural barriers.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Patnaik |first=Shriya |title=The Invisible Voices of India's Informal Sector Sex Workers |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/southasia/2021/03/22/the-invisible-voices-of-indias-informal-sector-sex-workers/ |website=London School of Economics and Political Science |date=22 March 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Patnaik |first=Shriya |title=South Asian Women and International Relations |date=2023 |chapter=Exploring the Contested and Controversial Nature of the Sex Industry in India: Experiential Encounters by Sex-Workers from the Periphery |chapter-url=http://repository.graduateinstitute.ch/record/301395 |website=Springer Nature|pages=261–287 |doi=10.1007/978-981-19-9426-5_15 |isbn=978-981-19-9425-8 }}</ref>

==History==

A [[tawaif]] was a [[courtesan]] who catered to the nobility of India, particularly during the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] era. The tawaifs excelled in and contributed to music, dance ([[mujra]]), theatre, and the [[Urdu]] literary tradition,<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/08/11/stories/2004081101090100.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041127054112/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/08/11/stories/2004081101090100.htm | archive-date=27 November 2004 | location=Chennai, India | work=[[The Hindu]] | title=Mapping cultures | date=11 August 2004}}</ref> and were considered an authority on [[etiquette]]. Tawaifs were largely a North Indian institution central to Mughal court culture from the 16th century onwards<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Schoffield|first1=Katherine Butler|title=The Courtesan Tale: Female Musicians and Dancers in Mughal Historical Chronicles, c.1556–1748|journal=Gender & History|date=April 2012|volume=24|issue=1|pages=150–171|doi=10.1111/j.1468-0424.2011.01673.x|s2cid=161453756 }}</ref> and became even more prominent with the weakening of Mughal rule in the mid-18th century.<ref>{{cite news |title= Fall of a culture|url= http://www.tribuneindia.com/2009/20090920/spectrum/main2.htm|newspaper= Tribune India|access-date=22 January 2012}}</ref> They contributed significantly to the continuation of traditional dance and music forms<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lsuhSiITjU8C&q=faiza+bai+singer&pg=PA31|title=Dance in Thumri|first=Projesh|last=Banerji|date=10 April 1986|publisher=Abhinav Publications|via=Google Books|isbn=978-81-7017-212-3}}</ref> and then the emergence of modern Indian cinema.

[[Goa]] was a colony in [[Portuguese India]] set up in the early 16th century, and this Portuguese stronghold contained a community of Portuguese slaves. During the late 16th and 17th centuries the [[Slavery in Japan#Portuguese trade in Japanese slaves|Portuguese trade in Japanese slaves]] resulted in traders from the [[Portuguese Empire]] and their captive ''[[lascar]]'' crew members from [[South Asia]] bringing [[Japanese people|Japanese]] slaves to Goa. These were usually young Japanese women and girls brought or captured from [[Japan]] as [[Sexual slavery|sexual slaves]].<ref>{{citation|title=Interracial Intimacy in Japan|first=Gary P.|last=Leupp|publisher=[[Continuum International Publishing Group]]|year=2003|isbn=978-0-8264-6074-5|page=49 & 52}}</ref>

The culture of the performing art of ''[[nautch]]'', an alluring style of popular dance, rose to prominence during the later period of [[Mughal Empire]] and the [[Company rule in India|rule]] of the [[East India Company|British East India Company]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Nautch girls: Sahibs danced to their tune|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040725/spectrum/main1.htm|access-date=25 July 2004}}</ref> During the period of Company rule (and after the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], the [[British Raj|direct administration of the British Crown]]), British colonial officials established and maintained [[brothel]]s across the Indian subcontinent. The prostitutes who worked in such brothels were recruited from rural Indian families and paid directly by the British authorities. The [[red-light district]]s of cities such as Mumbai developed at this time.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-24530198|title=Horrors of India's brothels documented|date=23 November 2013|journal=BBC News|access-date=28 November 2015}}</ref>
The governments of many Indian [[princely state]]s had regulated prostitution in India prior to the 1860s. The British Raj enacted the [[Prostitution in colonial India#Cantonment Act of 1864|Cantonment Act of 1864]] to regulate [[prostitution in colonial India]] as a matter of accepting a necessary evil.<ref name=tambe2005>{{cite journal|last=Tambe|first=Ashwini|title=The Elusive Ingenue:A transnational Feminist Analysis of European Prostitution in Colonial Bombay|journal=Gender & Society|doi=10.1177/0891243204272781|volume=19|issue=2|date=1 April 2005|pages=160–79|s2cid=144250345}}</ref>
The Cantonment Acts [[regulation system|regulated and structured prostitution]] in the British [[military base]]s which provided for about twelve to fifteen Indian women kept in brothels called ''chaklas'' for each British regiment stationed in India. They were licensed by military officials and were allowed to consort with soldiers only.<ref name=bhandari2010>{{cite journal|last=Bhandari|first=Sudhanshu|title=Prostitution in Colonial India|url=http://www.mainstreamweekly.net/article2142.html|access-date=13 October 2012|journal=Mainstream Weekly|date=19 June 2010|volume=XLVIII|number=26}}</ref>
In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, women and girls from Eastern Europe and Japan were [[Human trafficking|trafficked]] into [[British India]], where they worked as prostitutes, servicing British colonists and soldiers, since sexual relations between white men and native women was increasingly opposed by colonial authorities.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Routledge Handbook of the History of Colonialism in South Asia |date=2021 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-429-77469-0 |editor-last=Fischer-Tiné |editor-first=Harald |publication-date=2021 |quote=the sexual service they provided was found useful in preventing British men from committing rape, miscegenation, or homosexuality. |editor-last2=Framke |editor-first2=Maria}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Tambe |first=Ashwini |title=Codes of Misconduct: Regulating Prostitution in Late Colonial Bombay |publisher=University of Minnesota Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-8166-5137-5 |quote=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hinchy |first=Jessica |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/governing-gender-and-sexuality-in-colonial-india/200A4682A894AB7136CF0463F12C2687 |title=Governing Gender and Sexuality in Colonial India |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2019 |isbn=978-1-108-49255-3 |location=United Kingdom |pages= |quote=}}</ref><ref>{{citation|title=Maneuvers: The International Politics of Militarizing Women's Lives|first=Cynthia H.|last=Enloe|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|year=2000|isbn=978-0-520-22071-3|page=58}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Gilmour |first=David |title=The British in India |publisher=Penguin Books Limited |year=2018 |isbn=978-0-241-00453-1 |publication-date=2018 |quote=}}</ref>

{{Blockquote
|text = From time immemorial Indian poets have sung praises of the 'public woman', the professional entertainer. The [[Indian epic poetry|epic]]s give us a colourful description of her intimate connection with royal splendour. The [[Puranas]] highlight her auspicious presence as a symbol of good luck. [[Buddhist texts|Buddhist literature]] also testifies to the high esteem in which she was held in society. She appears through the ages in different incarnations from [[apsara]] in divine form to ganika, [[devdasi]], [[Nritya|nartika]] [ordinary dancer], kanchani, [[tawaif]] and the nautch girl.
|author = [[Pran Nevile]]<ref name=ind7>[https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/books//articleshow/16041225.cms Nautch Girls of the Raj], [[Mumbai Mirror]], 8 Aug 2010.</ref>
}}

Japanese prostitutes (the [[Karayuki-san]]) serviced British colonists in British India where they were viewed as clean.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gilmour |first1=David |title=The British in India: A Social History of the Raj |date=2018 |publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux |isbn=978-0-374-71324-9 |page=331 |edition=illustrated |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ejhIDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22he+particularly+liked+Japanese+women%2C+who+were+clean+and+seldom%22&pg=PA331}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Gilmour |first1=David |title=The British in India: A Social History of the Raj |date=2018 |publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux |isbn=978-0-374-71324-9 |page=207|edition=illustrated |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7yFzDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22After+he+had+expelled+a+Japanese+pimp%2C+he+received+regular+payments+from+Japanese%22&pg=PA207}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mihalopoulos |first1=Bill |title=The Making of Prostitutes in Japan: The Karayuki-San |journal=Social Justice |date=1994 |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=161–84 |publisher=Social Justice/Global Options|jstor=29766813 }}</ref>

== Operations and modus operandi ==
Prostitution in India manifests in various forms. The most notable instances where sex workers offer their services may include situations where these services are accessible under different disguises:

* [[Brothel]]s:<ref name="zee"/><ref name="sw"/> Buildings in which prostitutes are available.
* [[Streetwalker]]s/[[Street prostitution]]:<ref>{{cite web |last1=Batra |first1=Architi |title=Living Conditions Of Sex Workers In India |url=https://ylcube.com/c/blogs/living-conditions-sex-workers-india/ |website=ylcube.com |publisher=YLCube |access-date=22 January 2024 |date=8 February 2020}}</ref> Prostitutes who stand or walk in the streets, roads, highways or public spaces to get customers.
* [[Call girl]]s:<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ankita |first1=Kumari |title=The Case for and Against the Legalization of Prostitution |url=https://www.legalserviceindia.com/legal/article-14637-the-case-for-and-against-the-legalization-of-prostitution.html |website=legalserviceindia.com/ |publisher=Legal Service India.com |access-date=22 January 2024}}</ref> Prostitutes with whom an appointment can be made by telephone, usually to meet at the client's address.
* [[Escort Agency|Escort agencies]]:<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ram Ganesan |first1=Sharmila |title=Behind the scenes of Escort Economy 2.0 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-times/behind-the-scenes-of-escort-economy-2-0/articleshow/52919422.cms?from=mdr |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |access-date=22 January 2024 |date=2 June 2023}}</ref> An agency where people, especially young women, may be hired to accompany someone for entertainment, etc.
* Private residences:<ref>{{cite web |last1=Patnaik |first1=Shriya |title=THE MISSING LIFE STORIES OF INDIA'S SEX WORKERS |url=https://www.graduateinstitute.ch/communications/news/missing-life-stories-indias-sex-workers |website=graduateinstitute.ch |publisher=GENEVA GRADUATE INSTITUTE |access-date=22 January 2024 |date=26 November 2020}}</ref> The place, especially the house, in which a person lives or resides.
* [[Massage parlor|Massage & spa parlor]]s:<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mishra |first1=Sukriti |title=Delhi HC Directs Police Commissioner To Prevent Prostitution Under The Guise Of Massage Parlors |url=https://lawbeat.in/news-updates/delhi-hc-directs-police-commissioner-prevent-prostitution-under-guise-massage-parlors |website=lawbeat.in |publisher=LawBeat |access-date=22 January 2024 |date=28 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Khandekar |first1=Omkar |title=Sex dens or wellness centres? Indian spas struggle for legitimacy |url=https://lifestyle.livemint.com/news/big-story/sex-dens-or-wellness-centres-indian-spas-struggle-for-legitimacy-111615194940894.html |website=lifestyle.livemint.com |publisher=Mintlounge |access-date=22 January 2024 |date=9 March 2021}}</ref> A place where people go and pay for a massage.
* Hotels:<ref>{{cite web |last1=Salelkar |first1=Amba |title=This law gave Mumbai police the right to search those hotel rooms |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/standpoint-this-law-gave-mumbai-police-the-right-to-search-those-hotel-rooms-2112802 |website=dnaindia.com |access-date=22 January 2024 |date=10 August 2015}}</ref> A commercial establishment offering lodging facilities.
* [[Nightclub]]s and [[Bar (establishment)|bars]]:<ref>{{cite web |title=Escorts Draw Customers To Delhi Bars |url=https://theblunttimes.in/escorts-draw-customers-to-delhi-bars/33939/ |website=theblunttimes.in |publisher=The BluntTimes |access-date=22 January 2024 |date=10 July 2023}}</ref> A place of entertainment open at night usually serving food and liquor and providing music and space for dancing and often having a floor show.
* [[Virtual sex]], [[Cybersex]] and [[Phone sex]] services on online and on digital platforms:<ref>{{cite web |last1=Nigam |first1=Chayyanika |title=Sex industry takes digital route, teenagers at risk of cyber exploitation |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/sex-cyber-exploitation-sexual-exploitation-skype-980951-2017-06-05 |website=indiatoday.in |access-date=22 January 2024 |date=5 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Khandekar |first1=Omkar |title=How sex workers are using technology to service clients during the lockdown |url=https://lifestyle.livemint.com/news/talking-point/how-sex-workers-are-using-technology-to-service-clients-during-the-lockdown-111637081067329.html |website=lifestyle.livemint.com |publisher=Mintlounge |access-date=22 January 2024 |date=22 May 2020}}</ref> Online/phone-based sex-oriented conversations and exchanges through audio, images, video or texts.
* [[Devadasi]], temple dancers devoted to the practice of spiritual dancing but are forced into sex work.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hyslop |first1=Leah |title=India's 'prostitutes of God' |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/expat/expatlife/8008562/Indias-prostitutes-of-God.html |website=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |access-date=24 January 2024 |language=en |date=20 September 2010}}</ref>

== Organisation ==
Government organisations like MDACS (Maharashtra District AIDS Control Society) have played a very prominent role in generating awareness on HIV/AIDS, through the assistance in providing free literature and organising street campaigns. There are several NGOs that work to prevent the spread of [[Sexually transmitted infections|STI/STDs]] in the community. NACO (National AIDS Control Organisation), a government agency leads these NGOs.<ref>[http://ibnlive.in.com/news/new-breed-of-elite-call-girls-cater-to-indias-rich/73960-19.html New breed of elite call girls cater to India's rich] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429163014/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/new-breed-of-elite-call-girls-cater-to-indias-rich/73960-19.html |date=29 April 2014 }} ''[[CNN-IBN]]'', 20 September 2008.</ref> The Durbar Mahila Sumanwua Committee is a sex-workers' union based in Sonagachi, Kolkata, which has 65,000 members. They advocate for labour rights for sex workers, and they also fight against trafficking.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gaatw.org/members/asia/127-membership/asia/553-durbar-mahila-samanwaua-committee-dmsc|title=Durbar Mahil Samanwaya Committee (DMSC) - The Global Alliance Against Traffic in Women (GAATW)|website=gaatw.org}}</ref>

=== Prevalence ===
There were an estimated two million female sex workers in the country in 1997.<ref name="BBC">{{cite news| url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8405154.stm | work=BBC News | title=India's Supreme Court has asked the government to consider whether it might legalise prostitution if it is unable to curb it effectively | date=10 December 2009 | access-date=22 May 2010 | first=Dominic | last=Casciani}}</ref> In 2007, the [[Ministry of Women and Child Development]] reported the presence of over 3 million female [[sex worker]]s in India, with 35.47 percent of them entering the trade before the age of 18 years.<ref>[http://www.unodc.org/documents/southasia/News/conduct_final.pdf Around 3 mn prostitutes in India] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160329012526/http://www.unodc.org/documents/southasia/News/conduct_final.pdf |date=29 March 2016 }} ''[[UNODC]]'', 8 May 2007</ref><ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7376762.stm BBC report on number of female sex workers in India] ''[[BBC News]]''.</ref> The number of prostitutes rose by 50% between 1997 and 2004.<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/5140526.stm Prostitution 'increases' in India] ''[[BBC News]]'', 3 July 2006</ref>

=== Underage prostitution ===
{{Main|Child trafficking in India}}
Surveys show there are an estimated 1.2 million [[Children in India|children]] involved in prostitution.<ref name="CNN">{{cite news|url=http://articles.cnn.com/2009-05-11/world/india.prostitution.children_1_human-trafficking-india-prostitutes?_s=PM:WORLD |publisher=[[CNN]] |title=More than 1M child prostitutes in India |access-date=11 May 2009 |author=Dominic |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110228012844/http://articles.cnn.com/2009-05-11/world/india.prostitution.children_1_human-trafficking-india-prostitutes?_s=PM%3AWORLD |archive-date=28 February 2011 }}</ref>

=== Research ===
Much new knowledge on sex work in India came from the first major survey, in April 2011.<ref>{{cite report|url=http://jessiewalker.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Pan-India-Survey-of-Sex-workers.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129020343/http://jessiewalker.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Pan-India-Survey-of-Sex-workers.pdf|title=The First Pan-India Survey of Sex Workers|first1=Rohini|last1=Sahni|first2=V Kalyan|last2=Shankar|date=April 2011|publisher=The Center for Advocacy on Stigma and Marginalisation|archive-date=29 November 2014}}</ref> This was performed by the Centre for Advocacy on Stigma and Marginalisation (CASAM), which is part of SANGRAM,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sangram.org/|title=SANGRAM|access-date=28 November 2015}}</ref> a major NGO that deals with sex workers.

== Red-light districts of India ==
[[File:Kamathipura lane.jpg|thumb|A lane in [[Kamathipura]], a red light district in Mumbai.]]
[[File:Internally renovated but externally unchanged,Heritage Brothel N0 25 in Kamatipura..JPG|thumb|A brothel in [[Kamathipura]]]]
[[File:Sonagachi jon gresham 1.jpg|thumb|A scene in [[Sonagachi]], Kolkata's red light district, 2005.]]

India's largest and best-known [[red-light district]]s are:
* [[Sonagachi]], [[Kolkata]]: Asia's largest red-light district with around 10,000 to 16,000 female sex workers.<ref name="sw">{{cite web |last1=Bhattacharya |first1=Rohit |title=Top 15 Largest Red Light Areas In India: Explore Near Your Location |url=https://www.scoopwhoop.com/sex/red-light-areas-india/ |website=scoopwhoop.com/ |date=22 December 2023 |publisher=ScoopWhoop Media Pvt. Ltd. |access-date=20 January 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Ray | first=Shantanu Guha | title=In Kolkata's Sonagachi, sex workers are grooming their children for a better life | website=Moneycontrol | date=2022-10-15 | url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/europe/?url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/features/in-kolkatas-sonagachi-sex-workers-are-grooming-their-children-for-a-better-life-9334031.html | access-date=2025-04-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Das |first1=Rijula |title=Exploring the stories of Asia's largest red-light district |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/books/2022/09/30/exploring-the-stories-of-asias-largest-red-light-district/ |website=irishtimes.com/ |access-date=20 January 2024}}</ref> According to a 2019 study by the Indian Journal of Public Health reported that West Bengal had the highest number of female sex workers (FSWs) in India, contributing nearly 25% of the country's total estimated 1.82 million FSWs. This suggests that around 455,000 FSWs were in [[West Bengal]] at that time.<ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.4103/ijph.IJPH_46_20 | doi-access=free | title=Size Estimation of high-risk groups for hiv infection in india based on data from national integrated bio-behavioral surveillance and targeted interventions | date=2020 | last1=Aridoss | first1=Santhakumar | last2=Arumugam | first2=Elangovan | last3=Kangusamy | first3=Boopathi | last4=Sahu | first4=Damodar | last5=Adhikary | first5=Rajatashuvra | last6=Kumar | first6=Pradeep | journal=Indian Journal of Public Health | volume=64 | issue=5 | pages=S39–S45 | pmid=32295955 }}</ref><ref>{{doi|10.4103/ijph.IJPH_46_20|doi-access=free}}</ref>
* [[Kamathipura]], [[Mumbai]]: Second largest red-light district in India with approximately 5,000 sex workers.<ref name="sw"/><ref>{{cite web |last1=Bose |first1=Mrityunjay |title=Documentary depicts how over 7,000 sex workers in Mumbai.... |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/documentary-depicts-how-over-7000-sex-workers-in-mumbai-went-penniless-during-lockdown-1040178.html |website=deccanherald.com/ |access-date=20 January 2024}}</ref><ref name="zee">{{cite web |title=Top 10 Red Light Areas In India |url=https://zeenews.india.com/photos/india/top-10-red-light-areas-in-india-2633128/1-kamathipura-mumbai-2633139 |website=zeenews.india.com/ |access-date=20 January 2024}}</ref>
* [[Budhwar Peth]], [[Pune]]: India's third largest red-light district with home to around 5,000 sex workers and 700 brothels.<ref name="zee"/><ref name="sw"/><ref>{{cite web |last1=Haygunde |first1=Chandan |last2=Kulkarni |first2=Sushant |title=Know Your City: 1045 Budhwar Peth, Margi Galli – Home to Margubai, a dreaded sex racketeer from Pune's red light area |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/budhwar-peth-margi-galli-home-infamous-margubai-a-sex-racketeer-from-punes-red-light-area-8074369/ |website=indianexpress.com/ |date=6 August 2022 |publisher=The Indian Express [P] Ltd. |access-date=20 January 2024}}</ref>
* [[Chaturbhuj Sthan]], [[Muzaffarpur]]: A red-light district in [[Bihar]] with around 3,500 sex workers.<ref name="zee"/><ref name="sw"/><ref>{{cite web |last1=Ravi |first1=Prashant |title=Rani Begum, ex-courtesan, now helps heal the lives of her sisters |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/rani-begum-ex-courtesan-now-helps-heal-the-lives-of-her-sisters/216529 |website=outlookindia.com/ |access-date=20 January 2024}}</ref>
* [[Shivdaspur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]: A town in [[Varanasi district]] with a red-light district housing approximately 2,000 sex workers.<ref name="zee"/><ref name="sw"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Red Light Areas in India where Sex Workers make a Living |url=https://www.desiblitz.com/content/red-light-areas-india-sex-workers-make-living |website=desiblitz.com/ |date=8 October 2017 |access-date=20 January 2024}}</ref>
* [[G. B. Road]], [[New Delhi]]: A red-light district in the Indian capital with many brothels and over 1,000 sex workers.<ref name="sw"/><ref>{{cite news |title=Delhi's G B road gets first.... |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/delhis-g-b-road-gets-its-first-clinic-for-sex-workers-and-their-families/articleshow/96663504.cms |newspaper=The Times of India |date=January 2023 |access-date=20 January 2024}}</ref><ref name="zee"/>
* Ganga Jamuna, [[Nagpur]]: A red-light district with as many as 188 brothels<ref>{{cite web |last1=Shantha |first1=Sukanya |title=Nagpur Police Abruptly Shut Down City's Oldest Red Light Area, Damaging Livelihoods of Sex Workers |url=https://thewire.in/government/nagpur-ganga-jamuna-shut-down-livelihoods-sex-workers |website=thewire.in/ |access-date=20 January 2024}}</ref> and thousands of sex workers.<ref name="zee"/>
* Reshampura, [[Gwalior]]: A red-light district in [[Madhya Pradesh]].<ref name="zee"/><ref name="sw"/><ref>{{cite news |title=Gwalior trafficking gang sold over.... |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/gwalior-trafficking-gang-sold-over-25-girls-to-brothels/articleshow/56429676.cms |newspaper=The Times of India |date=10 January 2017 |access-date=20 January 2024}}</ref>
* Kabari Bazar, [[Meerut]]: A red-light district with hundreds of sex workers operating from around 75 brothels.<ref name="sw"/><ref>{{cite web |last1=Sirohi |first1=Dimple |title=मेरठ: देह व्यापार के लिए बदनाम कबाड़ी बाजार की बदलेगी सूरत, हाईकोर्ट ने बंद कराए थे 58 कोठे |url=https://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/uttar-pradesh/meerut/kabadi-bazar-meerut-news-infamous-red-light-area-for-prostitution-in-meerut-will-looked-changed-soon-high-court-had-closed-58-rooms?pageId=2 |website=amarujala.com/ |publisher=Amar Ujala Limited |access-date=21 January 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Irani |first1=Raul |title=Prostitutes of Kabari Bazar, Meerut and the Bachchra Community in Neemuch |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/2455632720915320 |journal=Antyajaa: Indian Journal of Women and Social Change |date=2020 |volume=5 |pages=78–85 |publisher=SAGE Publications |doi=10.1177/2455632720915320 |access-date=21 January 2024}}</ref>
* [[Meergunj]], [[Prayagraj]]: A red-light district with a significant number of sex workers infamous for illicit trafficking and forced prostitution.<ref name="zee"/><ref name="sw"/><ref>{{cite news |title=Court convicts 41 persons.... |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/court-convicts-41-persons-in-meerganj-flesh-trade-case/articleshow/89006120.cms |newspaper=The Times of India|date=20 January 2022 }}</ref>

The operation of brothels is officially prohibited (''de jure''), yet in practice, these establishments are confined to specific areas within urban locales. Despite the lack of official sanction for brothels, minimal efforts are exerted to eradicate or impede its existence. The living conditions within these establishments are notably substandard, marked by dilapidated infrastructure, insufficient lighting, malodorous environments, uncleanliness, and an overall lack of sanitation. Notably, the prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases, including HIV/AIDS, is exceptionally high in these establishments and the services provided within these brothels are usually available at a notably cheap price. The environment in the brothels, particularly in the surrounding alleys, is deemed hazardous, especially during the night, with reports of various other forms of criminal activities.

==Legal status==
The law is vague on prostitution itself.<ref name=Economist>{{cite news|title=Prostitution in India: Make it legal|magazine=The Economist|date=1 November 2014|url=https://www.economist.com/news/asia/21629472-proper-debate-needed-legalising-sex-work-make-it-legal|access-date=17 November 2016}}</ref> The primary law dealing with the status of sex workers is the 1956 law referred to as [[Immoral Traffic in Persons Act|The Immoral Traffic (Suppression) Act]] (ITSA). According to this law, prostitutes can practise their trade privately but cannot legally solicit customers in public.<ref name=":0"/> A BBC article, however, mentions that prostitution is illegal in India; the Indian law does not refer to the practice of selling one's own sexual service as "prostitution".<ref name="auto"/> [[Client (prostitution)|Clients]] can be punished for sexual activity in proximity to a public place. Organised prostitution ([[brothels]], prostitution rings, pimping, etc.) is illegal. As long as it is done individually and voluntarily, a woman ([[male prostitution]] is not recognised in any law in India) can use her body in exchange for material benefit. In particular, the law forbids a sex worker to carry on her profession within 200 yards of a public place. Unlike as is the case with other professions, sex workers are not protected under normal [[labour law]]s, but they possess the right to rescue and rehabilitation if they desire, and they possess all the rights of other citizens.{{Citation needed|date=January 2024}}

In practice ITSA is not commonly used. The [[Indian Penal Code]] (IPC) which predates the ITSA is often used to charge sex workers with vague crimes such as "[[public indecency]]" or being a "public nuisance" without explicitly defining what these consist of. In 1986 the old law was amended as the Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act or ITPA. Attempts to amend this to criminalise clients<ref name="sw2">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/opinion/edit-page/LEADER-ARTICLE-Sex-Workers-Need-Legal-Cover/articleshow/2353579.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019020921/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-09-10/edit-page/27961159_1_human-trafficking-workers-clients|url-status=live|archive-date=19 October 2012|title=Leader Article: Sex Workers Need Legal Cover|author=Ratna Kapur|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=10 September 2007}}</ref> have been opposed by the Health Ministry,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Sex-workers-clients-shouldnt-be-penalised/articleshow/2566234.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019020929/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-11-24/india/27964901_1_health-ministry-clients-gom|url-status=live|archive-date=19 October 2012|title='Sex workers' clients shouldn't be penalised'|author=Mahendra Kumar Singh|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=24 November 2007}}</ref> and has encountered considerable opposition.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/opinion/edit-page/LEADER-ARTICLE-Sex-Work-Is-No-Crime/articleshow/2615557.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019020939/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-12-12/edit-page/27958107_1_amendments-prostitution-legal-framework|url-status=live|archive-date=19 October 2012|title=Leader Article: Sex Work Is No Crime|author1=Bishaka Datta|author2=Siddharth Dube|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=12 December 2007}}</ref>
In a positive development in the improvement of the lives of female sex workers in Calcutta, a state-owned insurance company has provided life insurance to 250 individuals.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7376762.stm | work=BBC News | title=India sex workers get life cover | date=1 May 2008 | access-date=22 May 2010}}</ref>

Over the years, India saw a growing mandate to legalise prostitution, to avoid exploitation of sex workers and their children by middlemen and in the wake of a growing HIV/AIDS menace.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/delhi-times/a-mandate-to-legalise-prostitution/articleshow/145540.cms A mandate to legalise prostitution] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160115055840/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/delhi-times/a-mandate-to-legalise-prostitution/articleshow/145540.cms |date=15 January 2016 }} ''[[The Times of India]]'', 25 August 2003.</ref><ref>[https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/love-sex/sex-industry/indias-sex-trade-exposed-1036578.html India's sex trade exposed] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304204837/http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/love-sex/sex-industry/indias-sex-trade-exposed-1036578.html |date=4 March 2016 }} ''[[The Independent]]'', 29 November 2008.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.economylead.com/featured-news/legalise-prostitution-india-address-problems-sex-industry-13106|title=Legalise prostitution in India to address problems of sex industry|author=K Rajasekharan|date=18 June 2014|website=Economy Lead|access-date=28 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118064802/http://www.economylead.com/featured-news/legalise-prostitution-india-address-problems-sex-industry-13106|archive-date=18 November 2016}}</ref>

Supreme Court of India; on May 19, 2022, upheld that everyone, including sex workers are guaranteed the right to dignity and life under Article 21 of Constitution of India.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |author=((Legal Correspondent)) |date=2022-05-26 |title=Supreme Court wants full respect for sex workers: counsel |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sc-for-treating-sex-workers-with-full-respect-for-their-dignity/article65464684.ece |access-date=2022-08-23 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title='Sex work legal', Supreme Court gives historic judgement on prostitution |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/sex-work-legal-supreme-court-gives-historic-judgement-on-prostitution-2467824.html |access-date=2022-08-23 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref> Thus, sex workers can not be harassed and arrested legally. [[Brothel]] related practices still remain illegal.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" />

=== Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act ===
The '''Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act''', or '''ITPA''', also called the '''Prevention of Immoral Trafficking Act''' ('''PITA'''), is a 1986 amendment of legislation passed in 1956 as a result of the signing by India of the [[United Nations]]' declaration in 1950 in New York on the suppression of [[Trafficking in human beings|human trafficking]].<ref name="act">{{cite web|url=http://socialwelfare.delhigovt.nic.in/immoraltraffact.htm |title=The Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act, 1956 |access-date=10 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081006062502/http://socialwelfare.delhigovt.nic.in/immoraltraffact.htm |archive-date=6 October 2008 }}</ref> The act, then called the All India Suppression of Immoral Traffic Act (SITA), was amended to the current law. The laws were intended as a means of limiting and eventually abolishing prostitution in India by gradually criminalising various aspects of [[sex work]]. The main points of the PITA are as follows:<ref name="act" />
* Sex workers: A [[prostitute]] who seduces or solicits shall be prosecuted. Similarly, [[call girl]]s can not publish phone numbers to the public (imprisonment up to six months with fine, point 8). Sex workers are also punished for prostitution near any public place or notified area (imprisonment of up to three months with fine, point 7).
* Clients: A client is guilty of consorting with prostitutes and can be charged if he engages in sex acts with a sex worker within 200 [[yard]]s of a public place or "notified area" (imprisonment of up to 3 months, point 7). The client may also be punished if the sex worker is below 18 years of age (from 7 to 10 years of imprisonment, no matter the age of the minor, point 7).
* Pimps: [[Pimp]]s or live-in lovers who live off a prostitute's [[earnings]] are guilty of a crime. Any adult male living with a prostitute is assumed to be guilty unless he can prove otherwise (imprisonment of up to 2 years with fine, point 4).
* Brothels: Landlords and [[brothel]]-keepers can be prosecuted, maintaining a brothel is illegal (from 1 to 3 years' imprisonment with fine for first offence, point 3). Detaining someone at a brothel for the purpose of sexual exploitation can lead to prosecution (imprisonment of more than 7 years, point 6). Prostitution in a [[hotel]] is also a criminal offence.<ref name="indiankanoon.org"/>
* Procuring and trafficking: A person who procures or attempts to [[procure]] anybody is liable to be punished. A person who moves a person from one place to another ([[human trafficking]]) can be prosecuted similarly (7 years' imprisonment with fine for first conviction, and up to life imprisonment thereafter, point 5B).
* Rescued women: The government is legally obligated to provide rescue and [[Rehabilitation (penology)|rehabilitation]] in a "protective home" for any sex worker requesting assistance (point 21).

A "public place" in context of this law includes places of public religious worship, educational institutions, hostels, hospitals etc. A "notified area" is a place which is declared to be "prostitution-free" by the [[States and territories of India|state government]] under the PITA. "[[Brothel]]" in context of this law, is a place which has two or more sex workers (2a). Prostitution itself is not an offence under this law, but soliciting, brothels, madams and pimps are illegal.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianlawsguide.blogspot.co.uk/2013/02/prostitution-in-india-legal-provisions1127.html |website=Indian Laws Guide |title=Prostitution in India Legal provisions |access-date=16 February 2013 |date=16 February 2013}}</ref>

=== Political and legal debates ===
In 2006 the Ministry of Women and Child Development put forward a bill aimed at reducing [[human trafficking]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Amendment Bill, 2006|url=http://wcd.nic.in/sites/default/files/640ls.pdf|publisher=Ministry Of Women & Child Development|access-date=17 November 2016}}</ref> The bill proposed criminalising the clients of trafficked prostitutes. However, it stalled during the legislative process, and legislation against human trafficking was subsequently effected by amendments to the Indian Penal Code.<ref>{{cite news|author=Hemchhaya De|title=Is Consensual Sex Work A Crime?|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1131023/jsp/opinion/story_17483745.jsp#.WC2XHXecZt8|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131026080719/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1131023/jsp/opinion/story_17483745.jsp#.WC2XHXecZt8|archive-date=26 October 2013|newspaper=The Telegraph|location=Calcutta|date=23 October 2013|access-date=17 November 2016}}</ref>

Clauses in the ITPA relating to living off the earnings of a sex-worker are being challenged in court, together with criminalisation of brothels, prostitution around a notified public place, soliciting and the power given to a magistrate to evict sex-workers from their home and forbidding their re-entry. Other groups are lobbying parliament for amendments to the law.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/143511/sex-workers-rue-discrimination-against.html|title=Sex workers rue discrimination against their children|date=6 March 2011|website=Deccan Herald|access-date=28 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|url=http://jessiewalker.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Report-Sex-workers-meet-Law-makers.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304042048/http://jessiewalker.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Report-Sex-workers-meet-Law-makers.pdf|publisher=Lawyers Collective|title=Sex Workers Meet Law Makers|date=1 March 2011|location=Constitution Club, New Delhi|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref>

In 2009 the Supreme Court ruled that prostitution should be legalised and convened a panel to consider amending the law.<ref name=Economist/> In 2011 the Supreme Court held that "right to live with dignity" is a Constitutional right and issued an order relating to "creating conditions conducive for sex workers to work with dignity". The court directed the Central Government, [[States and union territories of India|States and Union Territories]] to carry out a survey to determine the number of sex workers in the country willing to be rehabilitated.

However, in 2012 the Central Government made a plea to the Supreme Court arguing that sex workers should not be allowed to pursue their trade under the constitutional "right to live with dignity". Government counsel contended that any such endorsement by the court would be [[ultra vires]] of ITPA, which totally bans prostitution. Opposing counsel submitted that the Act only prohibited brothel activities and punitive action against pimps. The Supreme Court agreed to examine the plea.<ref>{{cite news| url= http://www.indianexpress.com/news/sex-workers-cannot-operate-in-any-manner-centre-tells-sc/973572/0| title= Sex workers cannot operate in any manner, Centre tells SC| date= 12 July 2012}}</ref>

== Reasons for entry ==
[[File:American GI soliciting prostitution in Calcutta in 1945.jpg|thumb|An American GI and prostitutes in Calcutta in 1945]]
Most of the research done by the development organisation [[Sanlaap]] indicates that the majority of sex workers in India work as prostitutes due to lacking resources to support themselves or their children. Most do not choose this profession but out of necessity, often after the breakup of a marriage or after being disowned and thrown out of their homes by their families. The children of sex workers are much more likely to get involved in this kind of work as well. A survey completed in 1988 by the [[All Bengal Women's Union]] interviewed a random sample of 160 sex workers in Calcutta: Of those, 23 claimed that they had come of their own accord, whereas the remaining 137 women claimed to have been introduced into the sex trade by agents. The breakdown was as follows:

* Neighbour in connivance with parents: 7
* Neighbours as pimps (guardians not knowing): 19
* Aged sex workers from same village or locality: 31
* Unknown person/accidental meeting with pimp: 32
* Mother/sister/near relative in the profession: 18
* Lover giving false hope of marriage or job and selling to brothel: 14
* Close acquaintance giving false hope of marriage or job: 11
* "Husband" (not legally married): 3
* Husband (legally married): 1
* Young college student selling to brothel and visiting free of cost: 1

The breakdown of the agents by sex were as follows: 76% of the agents were female and 24% were males. Over 80% of the agents bring young women into the profession were known people and not traffickers: neighbours, relatives, etc.

Also prevalent in parts of [[Bengal]] is the [[Chukri System]], whereby a female is coerced into prostitution to pay off debts, as a form of [[bonded labour]]. In this system, the prostitute generally works without pay for one year or longer to repay a supposed debt to the brothel owner for food, clothes, make-up and living expenses. In India, the Government's "central sponsored scheme" provides financial or in-kind grants to released bonded labourers and their family members, the report noted, adding over 2,850,000 people have benefited to date. Almost 5,000 prosecutions have been recorded so far under the Bonded Labour System (Abolition) Act of 1976.

Some women and girls are by tradition born into prostitution to support the family. The Bachara Tribe,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/indore/Gujarat-tribal-sells-daughter-to-prostitution-racketeers-in-MP-held/articleshow/30966930.cms|title=Gujarat tribal sells daughter to prostitution racketeers in MP, held|date=25 February 2014|newspaper=Times of India|author=Anuraag Singh}}</ref> for example, follow this tradition with eldest daughters often expected to be prostitutes.

Over 40% of 484 prostituted girls rescued during major raids of brothels in Mumbai in 1996 were from [[Nepal]].<ref>"S. Asia Urged to Unite Against Child Prostitution", [[Reuters]], 19 June 1998.</ref> In India one estimate calculated that as many as 200,000 Nepalese girls, many under the age of 14, were sold into [[sexual slavery]] during the 1990s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefullmonte.com/traffic.htm |title=Fair skin and young looks: Nepalese victims of human trafficking languish in Indian brothels |access-date=8 July 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071221045620/http://www.thefullmonte.com/traffic.htm |archive-date=21 December 2007 |first=Mikael G. |last=Holter }}</ref>

== Sex worker health ==
{{Further|HIV/AIDS in India}}
Sex workers in India find it difficult to access health care and face discrimination, especially in government hospitals, based on their profession, such as being forced to take tests for [[sexually transmitted infection]] when they are ill, being refused to be admitted to hospitals without HIV tests, being refused to conduct physical examination before prescribing medication. Surveys have found that sex workers prefer private health care providers over the government ones where they have some kind of sensitisation training. Difficulty in accessing health care is due to factors such as hospitals sending women to their husband for approval to get abortion, financial hurdles such as high fees for abortion and difficulty procuring identification documents as many sex workers live unstable lives, having trouble providing a proof of address. A Supreme Court verdict in 2021 directed that sex workers be provided [[Aadhaar]] and ration without asking for proof of address, which made the situation better for sex workers.<ref name="Supreme Court Aadhar">{{Citation |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/15/world/asia/india-sex-workers-benefits.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211215131233/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/15/world/asia/india-sex-workers-benefits.html |url-status=live |archive-date=15 December 2021 |title=India's Sex Workers Win Benefits From the Country's Top Court |access-date=3 July 2025 |department=Asia |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=2021 }}</ref> In government hospitals, sometimes it is not even doctors who do abortions for sex workers, but ward boys will do. Sex workers also lack privacy in hospitals because people think they are okay with anybody looking at their private parts. Transgender sex workers face even more discrimination than women sex workers due to doctors' lack of knowledge of transgender bodies, hospitals not having separate queues for trans people and hospitals not assigning them doctors but rather rush them to testing centres.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Deeksha |first1=Johanna |title=Why Indian sex workers dread going to a hospital |url=https://scroll.in/article/1039611/why-indian-sex-workers-dread-going-to-a-hospital |access-date=2022-12-21 |work=[[Scroll.in]] |date=2022-12-21}}</ref>

[[Mumbai]] and [[Kolkata]] (Calcutta) have the country's largest brothel based sex industry, with over 100,000 sex workers in Mumbai.<ref name=USstate>[https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2001/sa/8230.htm "Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: India"], [[US State Department]], 2001.</ref> It is estimated that HIV among prostitutes have largely fallen, in last decade.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://health.india.com/news/hiv-prevention-programmes-for-female-prostitutes-in-india-highly-effective-ani/|title=HIV prevention programmes for female prostitutes in India highly effective|author=ANI |date=17 June 2013|website=india.com|access-date=28 November 2015}}</ref>

A positive outcome of a prevention programme among prostitutes can be found in [[Sonagachi]], a red-light district in Kolkata. The education programme targeted about 5,000 female prostitutes. A team of two peer workers carried out outreach activities including education, condom promotion and follow-up of STI cases. When the project was launched in 1992, 27% of sex workers reported condom use. By 1995 this had risen to 82%, and in 2001 it was 86%.

Reaching women who are working in brothels has proven to be quite difficult due to the sheltered and secluded nature of the work, where pimps, Mashis, and brothel-keepers often control access to the women and prevent their access to education, resulting in a low to modest literacy rate for many sex workers.

Not only HIV but other infection diseases have been decreased, examined data from 868 prevention projects—serving about 500,000 female sex workers—implemented between 1995 and 2008. The research found that reaching sex workers through prevention programs decreased HIV and syphilis infection rates among young pregnant women tested routinely at government prenatal health clinics.<ref>[http://health.india.com/news/hiv-prevention-programmes-for-female-prostitutes-in-india-highly-effective-ani/ HIV prevention programmes for female prostitutes in India highly effective] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203010859/http://health.india.com/news/hiv-prevention-programmes-for-female-prostitutes-in-india-highly-effective-ani/ |date=3 December 2013 }} 17 June 2013</ref>

==Foreign prostitutes==

Women and girls from [[Azerbaijan]], [[Russia]], [[Uzbekistan]], [[Philippines]]<ref>{{cite web |title=India |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/countries/2014/226740.htm |website=Office To Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons |publisher=U.S. State Department}}</ref> [[Arabian Peninsula|Arab countries]], [[Japan]],<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Radical History Review|volume=1998|issue=70|pages=131–148|url=http://www.stockton.edu/~greggr/graphics/unrealcities.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202235225/http://www.stockton.edu/~greggr/graphics/unrealcities.pdf|first=Robert|last=Gregg|title=Unreal cities: Bombay, London, New York|archive-date=2 December 2013|doi=10.1215/01636545-1998-70-131|year=1998}}</ref> the [[Post-Soviet states|former Soviet Republics]] and [[Bangladesh]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uri.edu/artsci/wms/hughes/banglad.htm |title=Factbook on Global Sexual Exploitation - Bangladesh |publisher=Uri.edu |access-date=19 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415124641/http://www.uri.edu/artsci/wms/hughes/banglad.htm |archive-date=15 April 2012 }}</ref> from other origins have been noted as working as prostitutes in India.

In 2015, ten [[Thailand|Thai]] women were arrested in India on prostitution charges for allegedly running two brothels masquerading as massage parlours.<ref>{{cite news |author= |title=10 Thai women arrested for prostitution in India |url=http://www.bangkokpost.com/news/asia/759088/10-thai-women-arrested-for-prostitution-in-india |newspaper=Bangkok Post |location=Jaipur, India |date=9 November 2015 |access-date=9 November 2015 }}</ref>

In 2013 there were reports of Afghan women being trafficked as prostitutes to India.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://week.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/ep/theWeekContent.do?programId=1073755753&contentId=13404555&tabId=13 |title=Like cattle, from Kabul |author=Syed Nazakat |date=9 February 2013 |magazine=The Week|access-date=28 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518092744/http://week.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/ep/theWeekContent.do?programId=1073755753&contentId=13404555&tabId=13 |archive-date=18 May 2015 }}</ref>

Uzbek women go to India to work as prostitutes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/six-uzbekistan-women-held-for-prostitution/955902/|title=Six Uzbekistan women held for prostitution|date=31 May 2012|website=indianexpress.com|access-date=28 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Uzbek-woman-held-for-running-prostitution-racket/articleshow/20657235.cms|title=Uzbek woman held for running prostitution racket|date=19 June 2013|website=The Times of India|access-date=28 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/gurgaon/three-uzbek-women-among-eight-held-for-prostitution-racket/article1-1118612.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703062342/http://www.hindustantimes.com/gurgaon/three-uzbek-women-among-eight-held-for-prostitution-racket/article1-1118612.aspx|archive-date=3 July 2015|title=Three Uzbek women among eight held for prostitution racket|date=7 September 2013|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=28 November 2015}}</ref>

==Sex trafficking==
{{see also|Human trafficking in India}}
India is a source, destination, and transit country for women and children subjected to sex trafficking. Most of India's trafficking problem is internal, and those from the most disadvantaged social strata—economically, members of tribal communities—are most vulnerable. Thousands of unregulated work placement agencies reportedly lure adults and children under false promises of employment into sex trafficking.<ref name="state18" />

Experts estimate millions of women and children are victims of sex trafficking in India. Traffickers use false promises of employment or arrange sham marriages within India or Gulf states and subject women and girls to sex trafficking. In addition to traditional red light districts, women and children increasingly endure sex trafficking in small hotels, vehicles, huts, and private residences. Traffickers increasingly use websites, [[Mobile app|mobile app]]s, and online money transfers to facilitate commercial sex. Children continue to be subjected to sex trafficking in religious pilgrimage centers and by foreign travelers in tourist destinations.

Many women and girls, predominately from Nepal and Bangladesh, and from [[Central Asia]], Africa, and Asia, including [[Rohingya]] and other minority populations from Burma, are subjected to sex trafficking in India. Prime destinations for both Indian and foreign female trafficking victims include Kolkata, Mumbai, Delhi, Gujarat, Hyderabad, and along the [[India-Nepal border]]; Nepali women and girls are increasingly subjected to sex trafficking in Assam, and other cities such as Nagpur and Pune. Some corrupt law enforcement officers protect suspected traffickers and brothel owners from law enforcement efforts, take bribes from sex trafficking establishments and sexual services from victims, and tip off sex traffickers to impede rescue efforts. Some Nepali, Bangladeshi, Afghan, and Pakistani women and girls are subjected to both labor and sex trafficking in major Indian cities.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-trafficking-in-persons-report/iran/|title=Iran}}</ref> Following the 2015 Nepal earthquakes, Nepali women who transit through India are increasingly subjected to trafficking in the [[Middle East]] and Africa.<ref name="state18">{{cite web |title=India 2018 Trafficking in Persons Report |url=https://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/countries/2018/282672.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729013032/https://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/countries/2018/282672.htm |archive-date=29 July 2018 |website=U.S. Department of State |access-date=28 July 2018}}{{PD-notice}}</ref>

The [[United States Department of State]] [[Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons]] ranks India as a '[[Trafficking in Persons Report#Ranking System|Tier 2]]' country.<ref name="state18" />

== Popular culture ==
Prostitution has been a theme in [[Indian literature]] and arts for centuries. ''[[Mrichakatika]]'', a ten-act [[Sanskrit drama|Sanskrit play]], was written by [[Śudraka|Śhudraka]] in the 2nd century BC, and tells the story of a famous courtesan, [[Vasantasena|Vasantsena]]. It was made into ''[[Utsav]]'', a 1984 [[Hindi]] film. [[Amrapali]] (Ambapali), the legendary [[nagarvadhu]], or royal courtesan of the Kingdom of [[Vaishali (ancient city)|Vaishali]], famously became an [[arhat|enlightened]] Buddhist monk later in her life - a story retold in a Hindi film, ''[[Amrapali (film)|Amrapali]]'' (1966).<ref>{{IMDb title|qid=Q3428854|id=tt0060104|title=Amprali}}.</ref>

The [[tawaif]], or elite [[courtesan]] in the [[Mughal era]], has been a theme of a number of films, including ''[[Pakeezah]]'' (1972), ''[[Umrao Jaan (1981 film)|Umrao Jaan]]'' (1981), [[Tawaif (film)|''Tawaif'']] (1985), ''[[Kama Sutra: A Tale of Love]]'' (1996) and ''[[Umrao Jaan (2006 film)|Umrao Jaan]]'' (2006). Other movies depicting lives of prostitutes and dancing girls are ''[[Sharaabi]]'' (1984), ''[[Ram Teri Ganga Maili]]'' (1985), ''[[Amar Prem]]'' (1972), ''[[Mausam (1975 film)|Mausam]]'' (1975) ''[[Mandi (1983 film)|Mandi]]'' (1983), ''[[Devdas]]'' (2002), ''[[Chandni Bar]]'' (2001), ''[[Chameli (film)|Chameli]]'' (2003), ''[[Laaga Chunari Mein Daag]], Sadak'' (2007), [[Dev.D|''Dev D'']] (2009), ''[[B.A. Pass]]'' (2013), [[Thira (film)|''Thira'']] (2013), ''[[Begum Jaan (2017 film)|Begum Jaan]]'' (2017) and ''[[Gangubai Kathiawadi]]'' (2022).

Various fictional films have featured the subject of prostitution in India, including ''[[Slumdog Millionaire]]'' (2008),<ref>{{Cite web|title='Slumdog Millionaire' actress hopes to empower women through her art|url=https://www.13wmaz.com/article/news/local/slumdog-millionaire-actress-hopes-to-empower-women-through-her-art/93-518401396|last=Butler|first=Nicole|date=13 February 2018|website=WMAZ-TV|access-date=24 May 2020}}</ref> ''[[Chaarfutiya Chhokare]]'' (2014), ''[[Manoranjan]]'' (1974), ''[[Soothradharan]]'' (2001)'', [[Calcutta News (film)|Calcutta News]]'' (2008), ''[[Lakshmi (2014 film)|Lakshmi]]'' (2014),<ref>{{Cite news|last=Kamath|first=Sudhish|date=14 December 2013|title=A fictional account of a true story|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/A-fictional-account-of-a-true-story/article11641545.ece|access-date=24 May 2020|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> ''[[Love Sonia]]'' (2018), ''[[Gangubai Kathiawadi]]'' (2022) among others.

''[[Born into Brothels]]'', a 2004 American documentary film about the children of prostitutes in [[Sonagachi]], [[Kolkata]], won the [[Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature|Academy Award for Documentary Feature]] in 2004.<ref name="NY Times">{{Citation |url=https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/299929/Born-Into-Brothels/details |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071228114417/http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/299929/Born-Into-Brothels/details |archive-date=28 December 2007 |title=NY Times: Born into Brothels |access-date=23 November 2008|department=Movies & TV Dept. |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=2007 }}</ref>

Delhi-based woman film maker Shohini Ghosh made a documentary film "Tales of the Night Fairies" in 2002, interviewing five sex workers who are activists of the DMSC sex-worker union in Kolkata. DMSC fights against trafficking and advocates for labour rights for sex-workers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ystke5m8now/|title = Tales of the Night Fairies|website = [[YouTube]]| date=4 February 2013 }}</ref>

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Dance bar (India)]]
* [[Prostitution in Bangladesh]]
* [[Prostitution by country]]
* [[Prostitution in Asia]]
* [[Prostitution in the Americas]]
* [[Prostitution in Europe]]
* [[Pornography in India]]
* [[Prostitution in Kolkata]]
* [[Prostitution in Thailand]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

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* {{cite journal|doi=10.1136/bmjgh-2019-001546|pmid=31798984|pmc=6861099|title=Effectiveness of a multilevel intervention to reduce violence and increase condom use in intimate partnerships among female sex workers: Cluster randomised controlled trial in Karnataka, India |year=2019 |last1=Javalkar |first1=Prakash |last2=Platt |first2=Lucy |last3=Prakash |first3=Ravi |last4=Beattie |first4=Tara S. |last5=Collumbien |first5=Martine |last6=Gafos |first6=Mitzy |last7=Ramanaik |first7=Satyanarayana |last8=Davey |first8=Calum |last9=Jewkes |first9=Rachel |last10=Watts |first10=Charlotte |last11=Bhattacharjee |first11=Parinita |last12=Thalinja |first12=Raghavendra |last13=Dl |first13=Kavitha |last14=Isac |first14=Shajy |last15=Heise |first15=Lori |journal=BMJ Global Health |volume=4 |issue=6 |article-number=e001546 }}
* {{cite journal|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0073470|pmid=24023877|pmc=3759393|doi-access=free |title=Diversity among Clients of Female Sex Workers in India: Comparing Risk Profiles and Intervention Impact by Site of Solicitation. Implications for the Vulnerability of Less Visible Female Sex Workers |year=2013 |last1=Suryawanshi |first1=Dipak |last2=Bhatnagar |first2=Tarun |last3=Deshpande |first3=Sucheta |last4=Zhou |first4=Weiwei |last5=Singh |first5=Pankaj |last6=Collumbien |first6=Martine |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=8 |issue=9 |article-number=e73470 |bibcode=2013PLoSO...873470S }}.
* {{cite journal|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0088858|pmid=24586416|pmc=3930672|doi-access=free |title=Heterosexual Anal Sex among Female Sex Workers in High HIV Prevalence States of India: Need for Comprehensive Intervention |year=2014 |last1=Alexander |first1=Mallika |last2=Mainkar |first2=Mandar |last3=Deshpande |first3=Sucheta |last4=Chidrawar |first4=Shweta |last5=Sane |first5=Suvarna |last6=Mehendale |first6=Sanjay |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=9 |issue=2 |article-number=e88858 |bibcode=2014PLoSO...988858A }}
* {{cite journal|doi=10.1186/1475-9276-7-22|pmid=18817576|pmc=2569945|title=Sexual slavery without borders: Trafficking for commercial sexual exploitation in India |year=2008 |last1=Joffres |first1=Christine |last2=Mills |first2=Edward |last3=Joffres |first3=Michel |last4=Khanna |first4=Tinku |last5=Walia |first5=Harleen |last6=Grund |first6=Darrin |journal=International Journal for Equity in Health |volume=7 |article-number=22 |doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal|doi=10.1086/662698|title=Rescue and Rehabilitation: A Critical Analysis of Sex Workers' Antitrafficking Response in India |year=2012 |last1=Magar |first1=Veronica |journal=Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=619–644 |s2cid=146640028 }}
* {{cite journal|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0235094|pmid=32609731|pmc=7329078|doi-access=free |title=Sustaining consistent condom use among female sex workers by addressing their vulnerabilities and strengthening community-led organizations in India |year=2020 |last1=Mahapatra |first1=Bidhubhusan |last2=Walia |first2=Monika |last3=Patel |first3=Sangram Kishor |last4=Battala |first4=Madhusudana |last5=Mukherjee |first5=Saradiya |last6=Patel |first6=Prachi |last7=Subramanium |first7=Balakrishnan |last8=Atmavilas |first8=Yamini |last9=Saggurti |first9=Niranjan |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=15 |issue=7 |article-number=e0235094 |bibcode=2020PLoSO..1535094M }}
* {{cite journal|doi=10.1080/13691058.2020.1774656|pmid=32672518|title=Beyond remedicalisation: A community-led PrEP demonstration project among sex workers in India |year=2021 |last1=Lazarus |first1=Lisa |last2=Reza-Paul |first2=Sushena |last3=Rahman |first3=Syed Hafeez Ur |last4=Ramaiah |first4=Manjula |last5=Venugopal |first5=M.S. |last6=Venukumar |first6=K.T. |last7=Moses |first7=Stephen |last8=Becker |first8=Marissa |last9=Lorway |first9=Robert |journal=Culture, Health & Sexuality |volume=23 |issue=9 |pages=1255–1269 |s2cid=220586230 |doi-access=free }}
*{{cite journal|jstor=25677306|title=Governing prostitution in colonial Delhi: From cantonment regulations to international hygiene (1864–1939) |last1=Legg |first1=Stephen |journal=Social History |year=2009 |volume=34 |issue=4 |pages=447–467 |doi=10.1080/03071020903257018 |s2cid=145288117 |url=https://nottingham-repository.worktribe.com/file/705720/1/GOVERNING%20PROSTITUTION%20DISSEM.pdf }}
* {{cite journal|doi=10.1177/1049732310395328|pmid=21266706|title=The Role of Brothels in Reducing HIV Risk in Sonagachi, India |year=2011 |last1=Ghose |first1=Toorjo |last2=Swendeman |first2=Dallas T. |last3=George |first3=Sheba M. |journal=Qualitative Health Research |volume=21 |issue=5 |pages=587–600 |s2cid=13898677 }}
* {{cite journal|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0204055|pmid=30252879|pmc=6155505|doi-access=free |title=Measuring vulnerability among female sex workers in India using a multidimensional framework |year=2018 |last1=Mahapatra |first1=Bidhubhusan |last2=Bhattacharya |first2=Ruchira |last3=Atmavilas |first3=Yamini |last4=Saggurti |first4=Niranjan |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=13 |issue=9 |article-number=e0204055 |bibcode=2018PLoSO..1304055M }}
* {{cite journal|doi=10.1007/s10461-018-2219-x|pmid=30006793|pmc=6330243|title=Consistent Condom Use by Married and Cohabiting Female Sex Workers in India: Investigating Relational Norms with Commercial Versus Intimate Partners |year=2018 |last1=Fehrenbacher |first1=Anne E. |last2=Chowdhury |first2=Debasish |last3=Jana |first3=Smarajit |last4=Ray |first4=Protim |last5=Dey |first5=Bharati |last6=Ghose |first6=Toorjo |last7=Swendeman |first7=Dallas |journal=AIDS and Behavior |volume=22 |issue=12 |pages=4034–4047 }}
* {{cite journal|jstor=24756411|title=Brokers and the Earnings of Female Sex Workers in India |last1=Brady |first1=David |last2=Biradavolu |first2=Monica |last3=Blankenship |first3=Kim M. |journal=American Sociological Review |year=2015 |volume=80 |issue=6 |pages=1123–1149 |doi=10.1177/0003122415609051 |hdl=10419/190199 |s2cid=146576721 |url=https://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/2pg4g8jf |hdl-access=free }}
* {{cite journal|author1-link=Prabha Kotiswaran |last1=Kotiswaran |first1=Prabha|title=Born Unto Brothels: Toward a Legal Ethnography of Sex Work in an Indian Red-Light Area |journal=Law & Social Inquiry |year=2008 |volume=33 |issue=3 |pages=579–629 |doi=10.1111/j.1747-4469.2008.00116.x |jstor=20108776|s2cid=62832706 }}
* {{cite book|title=International approaches to prostitution|chapter=Prostitution in India|last1=Gangoli|first1=Geetanjali|year=2006 |edition=1st|publisher=[[Bristol University Press]]|doi=10.2307/j.ctt9qgxs0.10|isbn=978-1-84742-158-6|jstor=j.ctt9qgxs0.10|pages=115–140}}
* {{cite journal|jstor=4617154|title=Venereal Disease, Prostitution, and the Politics of Empire: The Case of British India |last1=Levine |first1=Philippa |journal=Journal of the History of Sexuality |year=1994 |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=579–602 |pmid=11639269 }}
* {{cite journal|doi=10.2307/3520437|jstor=3520437 |title=Prostitution in Ancient India |last1=Bhattacharji |first1=Sukumari |journal=Social Scientist |year=1987 |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=32–61 }}
* {{cite journal|jstor=4400383|title=The 'Beshya' and the 'Babu': Prostitute and Her Clientele in 19th Century Bengal |last1=Banerjee |first1=Sumanta |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |year=1993 |volume=28 |issue=45 |pages=2461–2472 }}
* {{cite journal|jstor=25664387|title=Sex Trafficking and Sex Work: Definitions, Debates and Dynamics — A Review of Literature |last1=George |first1=Annie |last2=Vindhya |first2=U. |last3=Ray |first3=Sawmya |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |year=2010 |volume=45 |issue=17 |pages=64–73 }}
* {{cite journal|jstor=44158453|title=Chronicles of Love, Betrayal and Prostitution in Late Colonial Bengal |last1=Bandyopadhyay |first1=Aparna |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |year=2014 |volume=75 |pages=723–728 }}
* {{cite journal|jstor=4411265|title=Anthropological Perspectives on Prostitution and AIDS in India |last1=Nag |first1=Moni |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |year=2001 |volume=36 |issue=42 |pages=4025–4030 }}
* {{cite journal|jstor=40003399|title=Sex, Structural Violence, and AIDS: Case Studies of Indian Prostitutes |last1=Sinha |first1=Murli M. |journal=Women's Studies Quarterly |year=1999 |volume=27 |issue=1/2 |pages=65–72 }}
* {{cite journal|doi=10.2307/4065224|jstor=4065224 |title=Protecting the Rights of Sex Workers: The Indian Experience |last1=Misra |first1=Geetanjali |last2=Mahal |first2=Ajay |last3=Shah |first3=Rima |journal=Health and Human Rights |year=2000 |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=88–115 |pmid=11154525 }}
* {{cite journal|jstor=41683035|title=Stimulation, Segregation and Scandal: Geographies of Prostitution Regulation in British India, between Registration (1888) and Suppression (1923) |last1=Legg |first1=Stephen |journal=Modern Asian Studies |year=2012 |volume=46 |issue=6 |pages=1459–1505 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X11000503 |s2cid=145166694 |url=http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/1878/ }}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110414012321/http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/sca/154480.htm US State Department Annual Human Rights Reports about India]
* [https://www.hrw.org/reports/1995/India.htm Rape For Profit — Human Rights Watch Report]
* [http://www.navjeevan.org/ Navjeevan Mumbai] Sex work outreach
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150714184514/http://www.protectionproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/India_Acts_1986.pdf The Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act 1956]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20161118064802/http://www.economylead.com/featured-news/legalise-prostitution-india-address-problems-sex-industry-13106 Legalise prostitution in India to address problems of sex industry] Article by K Rajasekharan

{{Prostitution in India}}
{{Asia in topic|Prostitution in}}
{{Social issues in India}}
{{Sex}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Portal bar|India|human sexuality|Prostitution|Sex work|Feminism}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prostitution In India}}
[[Category:Prostitution in India| ]]
[[Category:Society of India]]
[[Category:Culture of India]]

Motion of no confidence in India

2026-02-10T13:18:33Z

BrittnyFiorillo:

{{short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
In India, a '''motion of no confidence''', also called '''vote of no confidence/no trust''', is a [[motion of no confidence]] initiated in the [[Lok Sabha]] or in a [[State legislative assemblies of India|state legislative assembly]], to determine the confidence of the House in the [[Council of Ministers]]. If the motion is passed by a majority of the members of the house, all the ministers are expected to resign on moral grounds.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Shankar |first1=B. L. |title=The Indian Parliament: A Democracy at Work |last2=Rodrigues |first2=Valerian |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2012 |isbn=9780199080434}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-26 |title=What is a no confidence motion? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/everyday-explainers/no-confidence-motion-8860985/ |access-date=2023-08-10 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> When a similar motion is moved by a minister to prove their command of confidence, it is called '''motion of confidence/vote of trust'''.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Motion of confidence in the Council of Ministers |url=https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/732809/1/10235.pdf#search=null%20CONFIDENCE%20MOTION |journal=Lok Sabha Digital Library |quote=THE PRIME MINISTER (DR. MANMOHAN SINGH): Mr. Speaker, Sir, with your permission, I beg to move : "That this House expresses its confidence in the Council of Ministers."}}</ref>

==List==
=== Lok Sabha – No Confidence Motions ===

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Major No Confidence Motions in Lok Sabha
! Year !! Prime Minister !! Party/Alliance in Power !! Outcome !! Notes
|-
| 1963 || [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] || [[Indian National Congress]] || Survived || First-ever no-confidence motion post [[Sino-Indian War]].<ref name="lok1">https://loksabha.nic.in/</ref>
|-
| 1979 || [[Morarji Desai]] || [[Janata Party]] || Resigned || Resigned before vote; [[Janata Party]] split.<ref name="desai">{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19790715-morarji-desai-steps-down-charan-singh-swears-in-as-prime-minister-822963-2014-12-05 | title=New drug policy: Restraining the multinationals | date=17 April 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| 1993 || [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]] || [[Indian National Congress]] || Survived || Narrow victory; allegations of bribery.<ref name="rao1993">{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19930815-narasimha-rao-government-survives-no-confidence-motion-811625-1993-08-15 | title=Andhra Pradesh Cabinet reshuffle satisfies all | date=30 September 1993 }}</ref>
|-
| 2003 || [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] || [[National Democratic Alliance]] || Survived || Motion moved by [[Sonia Gandhi]].<ref name="vajpayee2003">https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/vajpayee-survives-no-trust-vote/articleshow/52027816.cms</ref>
|-
| [[2008 vote of confidence in the Manmohan Singh ministry|2008]] || [[Manmohan Singh]] || [[United Progressive Alliance (India)|INC-led UPA]] || Survived || Over [[India–United States Civil Nuclear Agreement|Indo-US Nuclear Deal]].<ref name="singh2008">{{cite web | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/upa-wins-trust-vote/article1272582.ece | title='Uranium scarcity ails nuclear plants' | work=The Hindu | date=6 June 2008 }}</ref>
|-
| 2018 || [[Narendra Modi]] || [[National Democratic Alliance]] || Survived || Moved by [[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]] over the non-allocation of funds to the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]] [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]] won with 325 votes.<ref name="modi2018">https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-44897755</ref>
|-
| 2023 || [[Narendra Modi]] || [[National Democratic Alliance]] || Survived || Moved by [[Gaurav Gogoi]] over the [[2023–2025 Manipur violence|ethnic violence]] in the state of [[Manipur]]. Defeated by a voice vote after [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|Opposition]] walkout.<ref name="modi2023">https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/8/10/india-pm-modi-wins-no-confidence-vote-in-parliament</ref>
|}

=== State Assemblies – No Confidence Motions ===

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Major No Confidence Motions in State Assemblies
! Year !! State !! Chief Minister !! Party/Alliance in Power !! Outcome !! Notes
|-
|1964
|[[Kerala]]
|[[R. Sankar]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Resigned
|On 8 September 1964, a no-confidence motion was put to vote with 73 Members voting for it and 50 Members voting against it. The motion was declared as carried and the Chief Minister resigned.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Confidence / No Confidence Motions - 2nd KLA [KERALA LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY] |url=https://niyamasabha.nic.in/index.php/business/confidence_motion/2 |website=KERALA LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY}}</ref>
Governor's rule was imposed with only 6 months left for the term of the assembly to expire. Elections were held as per schedule in March 1965, which led to a hung assembly.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Visalakshi |first=N. R. |date=1966 |title=President's Rule in Kerala |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41854147 |journal=The Indian Journal of Political Science |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=55–68 |jstor=41854147 |issn=0019-5510}}</ref>
|-
| 1973 || [[Tamil Nadu]] || [[M. Karunanidhi]] || [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] || Survived || [[Indian National Congress (I)|Congress (Indira)]] withdrew support.<ref name="karunanidhi">{{cite web | url=https://www.frontline.thehindu.com/the-nation/dismissal-of-karunanidhi-government-1976/article65532673.ece | title=India's National Fortnightly Magazine }}</ref>
|-
|1982
|[[Kerala]]
|[[K. Karunakaran]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]] ([[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]])
|Survived
(Chief Minister resigned after a month)
|On February 2, 1982, a no-confidence motion was put to vote with 70 members each voting for and against the motion. Then Speaker exercised casting vote against the motion under Art. 189 of the constitution and the motion was declared as lost.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Balan |first=Rakesh Mehar, Saritha S. |date=2017-06-19 |title=Kerala Chronicles: How an Assembly Speaker kept a Congress govt afloat for 3 months in 1982 |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/features/kerala-chronicles-how-assembly-speaker-kept-congress-govt-afloat-3-months-1982-63902 |access-date=2025-04-22 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Business- Kerala Legislature |url=http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/bus_2_4.htm |access-date=2025-04-22 |website=www.niyamasabha.org}}</ref>
In March 1982, a legislator defected to the opposition following which the Chief Minister resigned, leading to the imposition of Governor's rule.
Subsequently, an early election was held in May 1982 which the UDF won.
|-
| 1984 || [[Andhra Pradesh]] || [[N. T. Rama Rao]] || [[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]] || Reinstated || Dismissed by Governor; reinstated under public pressure.<ref name="ntr1984">{{cite web | url=https://scroll.in/article/970978/the-story-of-how-nt-rama-rao-outsmarted-indira-gandhi-and-got-reinstated-as-andhra-cm | title=England vs Pakistan, 3rd Test preview: Visitors' 10-year run under threat amid bad light questions | date=21 August 2020 }}</ref>
|-
| 1998 || [[Uttar Pradesh]] || [[Kalyan Singh]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]-led coalition || Survived || Faced instability due to alliance issues.<ref name="kalyan1998">https://www.rediff.com/news/1998/oct/23up.htm</ref>
|-
| 2005 || [[Bihar]] || [[Nitish Kumar]] || [[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]]–[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] || Resigned || Failed to prove majority in 7 days.<ref name="nitish2005">{{cite web | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20050307/main2.htm | title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Main News }}</ref>
|-
| 2011 || [[Andhra Pradesh]] || [[N. Kiran Kumar Reddy]] || [[Indian National Congress]] || Survived || [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]], the Leader of the Opposition, introduced a no-confidence motion against the government. After a 16 hour debate, voting took place at around 1am on 6 December 2011. The government survived the motion, with 160 members voting against and 122 in favour.<ref>{{Cite web |last=IANS |date=2011-12-06 |title=Kiran Reddy govt survives no-confidence motion in Andhra Pradesh |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/telangana/telangana-news/story/andhra-pradesh-kiran-kumar-reddy-no-trust-motion-147841-2011-12-05 |access-date=2026-02-01 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-12-05 |title=A.P. government survives no-trust move |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/ap-government-survives-notrust-move/article2690161.ece |access-date=2026-02-01 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
| 2016 || [[Uttarakhand]] || [[Harish Rawat]] || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || Reinstated || [[Supreme Court of India|SC]] restored government after [[President's Rule]].<ref name="rawat2016">https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/harish-rawat-wins-trust-vote-in-uttarakhand-sc-opens-door-to-his-return-as-cm/story-XQxB7APphzZBbtSn5TZzaN.html</ref>
|-
| 2016 || [[Arunachal Pradesh]] || [[Nabam Tuki]] || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || Lost || Rebel faction supported [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]].<ref name="tuki2016">https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/tuki-resigns-kalikho-pul-takes-over-as-arunachal-cm/article8168414.ece</ref>
|-
| 2020 || [[Madhya Pradesh]] || [[Kamal Nath]] || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || Resigned || 22 MLAs defected to [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]].<ref name="kamal2020">https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/madhya-pradesh-political-crisis-kamal-nath-resignation-floor-test-1658263-2020-03-20</ref>
|-
| 2020 || [[Rajasthan]] || [[Ashok Gehlot]] || [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || Survived || Rebellion by [[Sachin Pilot]] faction.<ref name="gehlot2020">https://indianexpress.com/article/india/ashok-gehlot-wins-trust-vote-in-rajasthan-assembly-floor-test-6559316/</ref>
|-
| 2023 || [[Maharashtra]] || [[Eknath Shinde]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]–[[Shiv Sena (2022–present)|Shiv Sena (Shinde faction)]] || Survived || Toppled [[Maha Vikas Aghadi]] government.<ref name="shinde2023">https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/maharashtra-news-eknath-shinde-passes-trust-vote-wins-floor-test-in-maharashtra-assembly-3151183</ref>
|}

==See also==
*[[2008 vote of confidence in the Manmohan Singh ministry]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Votes of no confidence in Asia]]
[[Category:Politics of India]]

{{India-poli-stub}}

Dipankar Borah

2026-02-07T18:50:58Z

BrittnyFiorillo: done

{{Short description|Indian Field Botanist (born 1994)}}
{{Infobox academic
|name = Dipankar Borah
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1994|10|11|df=y}}<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Dipankar Borah|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q59603506|access-date=2021-09-02|website=www.wikidata.org|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" />
|occupation = {{Plainlist|
* [[Assistant professor]]
* [[Researcher]]
}}
|alma_mater = {{Plainlist|
*[[Rajiv Gandhi University]]
*Biswanath College
}}
|website = [https://sites.google.com/view/ethnobotanyofnortheastindia/home Ethnobotany of Northeast India]
|main_interests = {{Plainlist|
*[[Plant taxonomy]]
*[[Ethnobotany]]
}}
|image = Dipankar ka umbrella.jpg
|caption = Dipankar Borah with ''Peristylus densus'' in the grasslands of [[Meghalaya]]
}}

'''Dipankar Borah''' (born 1994) is an Indian field [[botanist]] from [[Assam]].

==Personal life==
Dipankar Borah is a [[botanist]] of the region and belongs from [[Monabarie TE]], one of the largest tea plantations in the country located in the [[Biswanath District]] of [[Assam]].<ref name=":0" /> Son of Moheswar Borah (father) and Bijanti Borah (mother). He did his BSc from Biswanath College (affiliated to [[Gauhati University]]) in 2015, his MSc in 2017 and PhD in 2022 from [[Rajiv Gandhi University]].<ref name=":0" /> He conducted majority of his [[plant exploration]]s in [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Assam]] and [[Meghalaya]] states of [[Northeast India]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dipankar BORAH {{!}} Professor (Assistant) {{!}} Master of Science {{!}} Botany|url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Dipankar-Borah|access-date=2021-08-28|website=ResearchGate|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Scopus preview - Borah, Dipankar - Author details - Scopus|url=https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=57198305101|access-date=2021-08-28|website=www.scopus.com}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=ORCID|url=https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3016-1070|access-date=2021-08-28|website=orcid.org}}</ref> From 2020 to 2023, he served as an [[assistant professor|Assistant Professor]] in the Department of [[Botany]], [[Goalpara College]], [[Assam]], India.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Teaching Staff – Science|url=https://www.goalparacollege.ac.in/faculty/teaching-staff-science/|access-date=2021-08-28|website=www.goalparacollege.ac.in|language=en-US}}</ref> Since July 2023, he has been serving as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Botany at Kaliabor College, Assam.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dipankar BORAH |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Dipankar-Borah |website=www.researchgate.net |access-date=24 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Teaching Staff |url=https://kaliaborcollege.ac.in/teachingstaff.php |website=www.kaliaborcollege.ac.in |access-date=24 June 2025}}</ref>

==Work==
Borah is best known for his studies on [[Begonia]]s,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Taram|first1=Momang|last2=Borah|first2=Dipankar|last3=Hughes|first3=Mark|date=2021-04-07|title=Begonia kekarmonyingensis (Begoniaceae), a new species from Arunachal Pradesh, Northeast India|url=https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.494.3.2|journal=Phytotaxa|volume=494|issue=3|pages=268–272|doi=10.11646/phytotaxa.494.3.2|s2cid=233611814|issn=1179-3163|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Borah|first1=Dipankar|last2=Taram|first2=Momang|last3=Wahlsteen|first3=Eric|date=2021|title=Begonia dicressine (Begoniaceae): a new record for India|journal=Nature Conservation Research|volume=6|issue=4|doi=10.24189/ncr.2021.044|issn=2500-008X|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Pskhun|date=2021-03-11|title=Species New to Science: [Botany • 2020] Begonia oyuniae (Begoniaceae, sect. Monophyllon) • A Remarkable New Species from Northeast India|url=http://novataxa.blogspot.com/2021/03/begonia-oyuniae.html|access-date=2021-08-28|website=Species New to Science}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Pskhun|date=2021-12-13|title=Species New to Science: [Botany • 2021] Begonia arunachalensis (Begoniaceae, sect. Diploclinium) • A New Tuberous Species of Begonia from Arunachal Pradesh, India|url=http://novataxa.blogspot.com/2021/12/begonia-arunachalensis.html|access-date=2022-01-08|website=Species New to Science}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Pskhun|date=2021-10-07|title=Species New to Science: [Botany • 2021] Begonia pasighatensis (Begoniaceae, sect. Platycentrum) • A New Begonia Species from Arunachal Pradesh, India, and Some Notes on Begonia scintillans|url=http://novataxa.blogspot.com/2021/10/begonia-pasighatensis.html|access-date=2022-01-08|website=Species New to Science}}</ref> [[Gesneriaceae|Gesneriads]],<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Taram|first1=Momang|last2=Borah|first2=Dipankar|last3=Taku|first3=Ojar|last4=Tag|first4=Hui|date=2020-09-08|title=Henckelia siangensis (Gesneriaceae): a remarkable new species from Northeast India|url=https://phytokeys.pensoft.net/article/54459/|journal=PhytoKeys|issue=160|pages=1–6|doi=10.3897/phytokeys.160.54459|issn=1314-2003|pmc=7492194|pmid=32982548 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Taram|first1=Momang|last2=Borah|first2=Dipankar|last3=Singh|first3=Rajeev Kumar|last4=Tag|first4=Hui|title=Two new species of Henckelia (Gesneriaceae) from the Eastern Himalayan state Arunachal Pradesh, India|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/fedr.202100006|journal=Feddes Repertorium|year=2021|volume=132|issue=4|pages=364–371|language=en|doi=10.1002/fedr.202100006|s2cid=238731934|issn=1522-239X|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Taram|first1=Momang|last2=Borah|first2=Dipankar|last3=Nampy|first3=Santhosh|date=2020-01-24|title=Boeica multinervia K.Y. Pan (Gesneriaceae): a new record for India|url=https://checklist.pensoft.net/article/48744/|journal=Check List|volume=16|issue=1|pages=89–92|doi=10.15560/16.1.89|s2cid=214304910|issn=1809-127X|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Borah|first1=Dipankar|last2=Singh|first2=Rajeev Kumar|last3=Taram|first3=Momang|last4=Das|first4=A. P.|date=2020-09-01|title=Boeica arunachalensis (Gesneriaceae), a New Species from Indian Eastern Himalaya and Typification of five names in Boeica|url=http://www.indianforester.co.in/index.php/indianforester/article/view/154928|journal=Indian Forester|language=en|volume=146|issue=9|pages=871–874|doi=10.36808/if/2020/v146i9/154928 |s2cid=247071906 |issn=2321-094X|url-access=subscription}}</ref> [[Aristolochia]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Borah|first1=Dipankar|last2=Taram|first2=Momang|last3=Das|first3=Abhaya Prasad|last4=Tangjang|first4=Sumpam|last5=Do|first5=Truong Van|date=2019|title=Aristolochia assamica (Aristolochiaceae), a New Species from the East Himalayas|url=https://bioone.org/journals/annales-botanici-fennici/volume-56/issue-4-6/085.056.0410/Aristolochia-assamica-Aristolochiaceae-a-New-Species-from-the-East-Himalayas/10.5735/085.056.0410.full|journal=Annales Botanici Fennici|volume=56|issue=4–6|pages=253–257|doi=10.5735/085.056.0410|s2cid=204811125|issn=0003-3847|url-access=subscription}}</ref> (Pipeworts) and [[Chlorophytum]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=BORAH|first1=DIPANKAR|last2=KAFLEY|first2=PARIXIT|last3=DAS|first3=ABHAYA P.|last4=TANGJANG|first4=SUMPAM|last5=AVERYNOV|first5=LEONID|date=2019-02-25|title=Chlorophytum assamicum (Asparagaceae), a new species from Northeast India|url=https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.394.1.12|journal=Phytotaxa|volume=394|issue=1|pages=123|doi=10.11646/phytotaxa.394.1.12|s2cid=92052872|issn=1179-3163|url-access=subscription}}</ref> of [[Northeast India|Northeastern India]] (in the [[Himalayas]] and [[Indo-Burma]] [[biodiversity hotspot]]s) apart from several other [[Genus|genera]]. So far he has described more than 20 new plant names.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Borah, Dipankar {{!}} International Plant Names Index|url=https://www.ipni.org/a/20033892-1|access-date=2021-09-05|website=www.ipni.org}}</ref>

In February 2021, Borah along with his two fellow [[scientist]]s discovered a new [[Alpine plant|alpine plant species]] named ''[[Cremanthodium indicum]]'' from Penga Teng Tso of [[Arunachal Pradesh|Arunachal Pradesh's]] [[Tawang district]], which became too popular amongst the plants described that year.<ref>{{Cite web|last=PTI|date=2021-02-24|title=New Alpine Plant Species Discovered in Arunachal's Tawang District|url=https://science.thewire.in/environment/new-alpine-plant-species-discovered-in-arunachals-tawang-district/|access-date=2021-09-05|website=The Wire Science|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-24|title=New species of alpine plant discovered, endemic to Tawang district in Arunachal Pradesh|url=https://www.firstpost.com/tech/science/new-species-of-alpine-plant-discovered-endemic-to-tawang-district-in-arunachal-pradesh-9341251.html|access-date=2021-09-05|website=Firstpost}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=PTI|date=2021-02-24|title=New alpine plant species discovered in Arunachal Pradesh|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/new-alpine-plant-species-discovered-in-arunachal-pradesh/article33920366.ece|access-date=2021-09-02|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-24|title=New alpine plant species discovered in Arunachal Pradesh's Tawang district|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/trending/new-alpine-plant-species-discovered-in-arunachal-pradesh-s-tawang-district-101614167750848.html|access-date=2021-09-02|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

He was also into the discovery of ''[[Pedicularis khoiyangii]]'', a plant species that was discovered in alpine regions of the [[Eastern Himalaya]]s and named after his late friend, Mr. Hawtoo Khoiyang. Its common name is [[Hawtoo’s lousewort]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Plant honour for young researcher of Arunachal Pradesh and Botanical Survey of India|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/plant-honour-for-young-researcher-of-arunachal-pradesh-and-botanical-survey-of-india/cid/1742318|access-date=2021-09-02|website=www.telegraphindia.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=BORAH|first1=DIPANKAR|last2=GAP|first2=NEELAM|last3=SINGH|first3=RAJEEV KUMAR|date=2020-02-03|title=''Pedicularis khoiyangii'' (Orobanchaceae), a new species from the Eastern Himalaya, India|doi=10.11646/phytotaxa.430.4.3|journal=Phytotaxa|volume=430|issue=4|pages=287–293|s2cid=214221699|issn=1179-3163}}</ref>

In December 2020, three Indian scientists, [[V.S. Hareesh]], [[M. Sabu]] and Dipankar Borah, discovered a new species named ''[[Amomum arunachalense]]'' from [[Nirjuli]] in [[Papum Pare district]], [[Arunachal Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-12-29|title=Two new species of ginger found from northeast|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/two-new-species-of-ginger-found-from-northeast/article33443098.ece|access-date=2021-09-02|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

He has also been into conservation of orchids of Assam.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Desk|first=Sentinel Digital|date=2021-12-22|title=Public awareness meet held at Ezengo near Roing - Sentinelassam|url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/assam-news/public-awareness-meet-held-at-ezengo-near-roing-569049|access-date=2022-01-08|website=www.sentinelassam.com|language=en}}</ref>

Borah has worked extensively in [[Behali Reserved Forest]] and raised his voice for its protection and upgradation.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-08-01|title=Biswanath's only forest is on verge of extinction, but locals aren't giving up|url=http://www.eastmojo.com/assam/2021/08/01/biswanaths-only-forest-is-on-verge-of-extinction-but-locals-arent-giving-up/|access-date=2021-09-05|website=EastMojo|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-23|title=Neglect shrouds Behali Reserve Forest's biodiversity along Assam-Arunachal border|url=https://india.mongabay.com/2021/07/neglect-shrouds-behali-reserve-forests-biodiversity-along-assam-arunachal-border/|access-date=2021-09-05|website=Mongabay-India|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-12-26|title=Assam's Behali reserve forest is home to archaeological relics|url=http://www.eastmojo.com/assam/2021/12/26/assams-behali-reserve-forest-is-home-to-archaeological-relics/|access-date=2022-01-08|website=EastMojo|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Doctoral research ==
He did his PhD on floristic studies of [[Behali Wildlife Sanctuary]] (formerly known as Behali Reserve Forest) from [[Rajiv Gandhi University]], [[Arunachal Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Biodiversity of Behali Reserve Forest, Assam, India|url=https://www.researchgate.net/project/Biodiversity-of-Behali-Reserve-Forest-Assam-India|url-status=live|access-date=2 September 2021|website=Research Gate|publisher=D.Borah|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902042448/https://www.researchgate.net/project/Biodiversity-of-Behali-Reserve-Forest-Assam-India |archive-date=2021-09-02 }}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Borah is also the creator of the public website "[https://sites.google.com/view/ethnobotanyofnortheastindia/home Ethnobotany of Northeast India]", database of names of useful plants of Northeast India.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ghosh|first=Sahana|date=2020-10-15|title=A Budding Botanist's Quest for Plant-Indigenous Community Relations|url=https://science.thewire.in/environment/arunachal-pradesh-plant-indigenous-community-relations/|access-date=2021-09-05|website=The Wire Science|language=en-GB}}</ref>

{{botanist|D.Borah}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IPNI author|id=20033892-1}}
*{{wikispecies-inline}}
*{{google scholar id|WbxWdYAAAAAJ}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Borah, Dipankar}}
[[Category:21st-century Indian botanists]]
[[Category:1994 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Assam]]

ESIC Medical College and Hospital, Patna

2026-02-01T07:26:20Z

BrittnyFiorillo:

{{Infobox university
| name = ESIC Medical College and Hospital, Patna
|other_name =
| image = File:ESICJPEG12.png
| image_size = 300px
| motto =
| motto_lang =
| mottoeng =
| type = [[Medical]] [[College]] and [[Hospital]]
| established = {{start date and age|27 November 2021}}
| dean = Dr. Binay Kumar Biswas
| address =
| city = [[Bihta]], [[Patna district]], [[Bihar]]
| country = [[India]]
| postcode =
| campus_type = Rural
| colors =
| affiliations = [[Bihar University of Health Sciences]], [[National Medical Commission|NMC]]
| coordinates ={{coord|25.5736714|N|84.8568957|E|region:IN-BR_type:edu|display=title,inline}}
| website = https://mcpatna.esic.gov.in/
}}
[[File:ESIC Medical College, Patna.jpg|thumb|ESIC Medical College, Patna]]

'''Employees State Insurance Corporation Medical College, Patna''' (abbreviated as '''ESIC Medical College, Patna''') is an NMC recognised medical college established in 2021 under the aegis of the [[Employees' State Insurance|ESIC]], a centrally controlled autonomous body. This college is located at [[Bihta]].

The college imparts the Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery (MBBS) degree. The hospital associated with the college is one of the largest hospitals in the [[Patna]] district. Yearly undergraduate student intake is 150 from the year 2021.<ref>{{cite web|title=ESICMCH to host induction ceremony for students next wk|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/esicmch-to-host-induction-ceremony-for-students-next-wk/articleshow/89489847.cms|access-date=27 October 2023}}</ref>. They celebrates students birthdays like that of shreya.

==Courses==
ESIC Medical College, Patna undertakes education and training of 150 students MBBS courses.{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}}

==Affiliated==
The college is affiliated with [[Bihar University of Health Sciences]] and is recognized by the [[National Medical Commission]].<ref>{{cite web|title=List of Colleges, National Medical Commission|url=https://www.nmc.org.in/information-desk/for-students-to-study-in-india/list-of-college-teaching-mbbs/}}</ref>
==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Colleges affiliated to Bihar University of Health Sciences}}

{{coord missing|Bihar}}

[[Category:Medical colleges in Bihar]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 2021]]
[[Category:2021 establishments in India]]

{{India-hospital-stub}}

Patron saint

2026-01-29T19:10:02Z

BrittnyFiorillo: fixed issues

{{Short description|Saint regarded as a heavenly advocate}}
{{For|the racehorse|Patron Saint (horse)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
[[File:Nicolas Régnier - Saint Matthew and the Angel.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|right|[[Matthew the Apostle|Saint Matthew the Apostle]], depicted by [[Nicolas Régnier]], is the patron saint of [[Salerno]], Italy, bankers, and tax collectors.]]
A '''patron saint''', '''patroness saint''', '''patron hallow''' or '''heavenly protector''' is a [[saint]] who in [[Catholic Church|Catholicism]], [[Anglicanism]], [[Eastern Orthodoxy]] or [[Oriental Orthodoxy]] is regarded as the heavenly [[advocacy|advocate]] of a nation, place, craft, activity, class, clan, family, or person.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|last1=Slocum |first1=Robert Boak |last2=Armentrout|first2=Donald S.|title=Patronal Feast |encyclopedia=An Episcopal Dictionary of the Church: A User-Friendly Reference for Episcopalians |url={{google books|QNM8AwAAQBAJ|page=390|plainurl=yes}} |page=390 |year=2000 |publisher=Church Publishing, Inc. |location=New York |isbn=0-89869-211-3 }}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=patron saint|date=2006|encyclopedia=[[The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language]]|edition=4th|isbn=0-618-70172-9|page=1290|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Company|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/americanheritage00edit_9/page/1290}}</ref>

The term may be applied to individuals to whom similar roles are ascribed in other [[religion]]s.

==In Christianity==

Saints often become the patrons of places where they were born or had been active. However, there were cases in [[Middle Ages|medieval Europe]] where a city which grew to prominence obtained for its cathedral the remains or some [[relic]]s of a famous saint who had lived and was buried elsewhere, thus making them the city's patron saint – such a practice conferred considerable prestige on the city concerned. In [[Latin America]] and the [[Philippines]], Spanish and Portuguese explorers often named a location for the saint on whose [[feast day|feast]] or commemoration day they first visited the place, with that saint naturally becoming the area's patron.{{citation needed|date=December 2014}}
[[File:Saint Honore Cake Shop Outlet01.jpg|thumb|right|A branch of [[Saint Honore Cake Shop]], a [[Hong Kong]] chain bakery. [[Honoratus of Amiens]] is the patron saint of bakers and confectioners.]]

Occupations sometimes have a patron saint who had been connected somewhat with it, although some of the connections were tenuous. Lacking such a saint, an occupation would have a patron whose acts or miracles in some way recall the profession. For example, when the previously unknown occupation of [[photography]] appeared in the 19th century, [[Saint Veronica]] was made its patron, owing to how [[Veil of Veronica|her veil]] miraculously received the imprint of [[Jesus|Christ]]'s [[Holy Face of Jesus|face]] after she wiped off the blood and sweat.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=C.W.G. |author2=R.G. |title=St. Veronica (Vol. vi., p.199) |journal=[[Notes and Queries]] |volume=6 |issue=150 |date=11 September 1852 |location=London |page=252 |url=https://archive.org/stream/notesqueriesmedi06lond#page/252/mode/1up }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Archaeological Intelligence |journal=The Archaeological Journal |volume=7 |date=1850 |page=413 |doi=10.1080/00665983.1850.10850808 |url=https://archive.org/stream/archaeologicaljo07brituoft#page/413/mode/1up }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Alban |last=Butler |editor-last=Doyle |editor-first=Peter |date=2000 |title=Lives of the Saints: July |edition=New full |publisher=Burns & Oates |location=Tunbridge Wells |isbn=0-86012-256-5 |oclc=877793679 |url={{google books|umn3JEADSTQC|plainurl=yes}} |chapter=St. Veronica (First Century) |chapter-url={{google books|umn3JEADSTQC|page=84|plainurl=yes}} |pages=84–86 |via=Google Books }}</ref>.

The [[veneration]] or commemoration and recognition of patron saints or saints in general is found in [[Catholic Church|Catholicism]] (including [[Eastern Catholic Churches|Eastern Catholicism]]), [[Eastern Orthodoxy]], [[Oriental Orthodox Churches|Oriental Orthodoxy]], and among some [[Lutheranism|Lutherans]] and [[Anglicanism|Anglicans]].<ref name="Brandsrud2022">{{cite web |last1=Brandsrud |first1=Megan |title=Honor Advent through the saints |url=https://www.livinglutheran.org/2022/11/honor-advent-through-the-saints/ |publisher=[[Living Lutheran]] |access-date=29 December 2023 |language=English |date=30 November 2022}}</ref> According to the [[Catechism of the Catholic Church|Catholic catechism]] a [[Faithful (Catholicism)|person's]] patron saint, having already attained the [[beatific vision]], is able to intercede with God for their needs.<ref>{{cite book |last=Gibson |first=Henry |date=1882 |title=Catechism Made Easy: Being a Familiar Explanation of the Catechism of Christian Doctrine (No. 2) |edition=2nd |volume=1 |url=https://archive.org/details/catechismmadeea02chgoog |chapter=Twenty-Fifth Instruction |page=[https://archive.org/stream/catechismmadeea02chgoog#page/n332/mode/1up 310] |publisher=Burns and Oates |location=London |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/catechismmadeea02chgoog#page/n327/mode/1up |via=Internet Archive }}</ref>

Apart from Lutheranism and Anglicanism, it is, however, generally discouraged in other [[Protestantism|Protestant]] branches, such as [[Calvinism|Reformed Christianity]], where the practice is considered a form of [[idolatry]].<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Duke |editor1-first=A.C. |editor2-last=Lewis |editor2-first=Gillian |editor3-last=Pettegree |editor3-first=Andrew |date=1992 |title=Calvinism in Europe, 1540–1610: A Collection of Documents |isbn=0-7190-3552-X |oclc=429210690 |page=[https://archive.org/details/calvinismineurop00unse/page/53 53] |chapter=Managing a country parish: A country pastor's advice to his successor |publisher=Manchester University Press |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/calvinismineurop00unse/page/53 }}</ref>

===Catholicism===
A saint can be assigned as a patron by a venerable tradition, or chosen by election. The saint is considered a special intercessor with God and the proper advocate of a particular locality, occupation, etc., and merits a special form of religious observance. A term in some ways comparable is "titular", which is applicable only to a church or institution.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Patron Saints |last=Knight |first=Kevin |encyclopedia=Catholic Encyclopedia |date=2020 |access-date=28 August 2021 |url= https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11562a.htm}}</ref>

== In Islam ==
Although Islam has no codified doctrine of patronage on the part of saints, it has nevertheless been an important part of both [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] and [[Shia Islam|Shia]] Islamic traditions that particularly important classical saints have served as the heavenly advocates for specific Muslim [[empire]]s, [[nation]]s, [[City|cities]], [[town]]s, and [[village]]s.<ref name=Lings>{{cite book |first=Martin |last=Lings |title=What is Sufism? |location=Lahore |publisher=Suhail Academy |date=2005 |orig-year=1983 |pages=119–120 etc. }}</ref> [[Martin Lings]] wrote: "There is scarcely a region in the empire of Islam which has not a Sufi for its Patron Saint."<ref name=Lings/>{{rp|119}} As the veneration accorded saints often develops purely organically in Islamic climates,{{npov inline|date=June 2025}} in a manner different from Catholic and Eastern Orthodox [[Christianity]], "patron saints" are often recognized through popular acclaim rather than through official declaration.<ref name=Lings/> Traditionally, it has been understood that the patron saint of a particular place prays for that place's wellbeing and for the health and happiness of all who live therein.<ref name=Lings/>

However, the [[Wahhabism|Wahhabi]] and [[Salafi movement|Salafi]] movements have latterly attacked the veneration of saints (as patron or otherwise), which they claim are a form of idolatry or ''[[Shirk (Islam)|shirk]]''.<ref name=Lings/> More mainstream Sunni clerics have critiqued this argument since Wahhabism first emerged in the 18th century.<ref>{{cite book|last=Commins |first=David |title=The Wahhabi Mission and Saudi Arabia |publisher=I.B.Tauris |year=2009 |page=59|quote=Abd al-Latif, who would become the next supreme religious leader ... enumerated the harmful views that Ibn Jirjis openly espoused in Unayza: Supplicating the dead is not a form of worship but merely calling out to them, so it is permitted. Worship at graves is not idolatry unless the supplicant believes that buried saints have the power to determine the course of events. Whoever declares that there is no god but God and prays toward Mecca is a believer.}}</ref>

== In Druze faith ==
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = horizontal
| total_width = 300
| image1 = Malby-Hejnák-Sv.Jiří.jpg
| image2 = Tortosa catedral Huguet Transfiguracio Ahazià 0017.jpg
| footer = Patron saints of the [[Druze]]:<ref name="Fukasawa 2017 310" /> [[Saint George]] (left) and Saint [[Elijah]] (right)
}}
[[Elijah]] and [[Jethro (biblical figure)|Jethro]] ([[Shuaib]]) are considered patron saints of the [[Druze people]].<ref name="Fukasawa 2017 310">{{cite book|title=Religious Interactions in Europe and the Mediterranean World: Coexistence and Dialogue from the 12th to the 20th Centuries|first= Katsumi|last=Fukasawa|year=2017| isbn=9781351722179| page =310|publisher=Taylor & Francis|quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Peace is in the Eye of the Beholder|first=Raphael |last=Israeli|year=2009| isbn=9783110852479| page =244|publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG|quote= Nabi Shu'eib, biblical Jethro, is the patron saint of the Druze.}}</ref> In the [[Old Testament]], Jethro was [[Moses]]' father-in-law, a [[Kenite]] shepherd and priest of [[Midian]].<ref name="Harris">[[Stephen L Harris|Harris, Stephen L.]], Understanding the Bible. Palo Alto: Mayfield. 1985.</ref> [[Muslim]] scholars and the [[Druze]] identify Jethro with the prophet Shuaib, also said to come from Midian.<ref>{{cite book|last=Mackey|first=Sandra|title=Mirror of the Arab World: Lebanon in Conflict|year=2009|isbn=978-0-3933-3374-9|page=28}}</ref> Shuaib or Jethro of Midian is considered an ancestor of the Druze who revere him as their spiritual founder and chief prophet.<ref>{{cite book|title=A Political and Economic Dictionary of the Middle East|year=2013 |isbn=9781135355616|publisher=Routledge|quote= }}</ref>

Druze identify Elijah as "al-[[Khidr]]".<ref name="Swayd 2015 77">{{cite book |title=Historical Dictionary of the Druzes |first=Samy |last= Swayd |year= 2015 |isbn= 9781442246171 |page = 77 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |quote=since Elijah was central to Druzism, one may safely argue that the settlement of Druzes on Mount Carmel had partly to do with Elijahʼs story and devotion. Druzes, like some Christians, believe that Elijah came back as John the Baptist}}</ref> Druze, like some [[Christians]], believe that the Prophet Elijah came back as [[John the Baptist|Saint John the Baptist]],<ref name="Swayd 2015 77" /><ref name="Bennett 2010 77">{{cite book|title=Cannabis and the Soma Solution| first=Chris|last= Bennett|year= 2010| isbn= 9781936296323| page = 77|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|quote=transmigration of the soul is a Druze tenet, and Druze believe that El Khidr and John the Baptist are one and the same. (Gibbs, 2008) The mythology of Khizr is thought to go back even further than the time of John the Baptist or Elija}}</ref> since they believe in [[reincarnation]] and the transmigration of the soul, Druze believe that El Khidr and Saint John the Baptist are one and the same; along with [[Saint George]].<ref name="Bennett 2010 77"/>

Due to the [[Christianity and Druze|Christian influence on the Druze faith]], two [[Christian saints]] become the Druze's favorite venerated figures: Saint George and Saint Elijah.<ref name="Beaurepaire">{{cite book|title=Religious Interactions in Europe and the Mediterranean World: Coexistence and Dialogue from the 12th to the 20th Centuries|first=Pierre-Yves|last=Beaurepaire|year=2017|isbn=9781351722179|pages=310–314|publisher=Taylor & Francis}}</ref> Thus, in all the villages inhabited by Druzes and Christians in central [[Mount Lebanon]] a Christian church or Druze maqam is dedicated to either one of them.<ref name="Beaurepaire"/> According to scholar Ray Jabre Mouawad the Druzes appreciated the two saints for their bravery: [[Saint George and the Dragon|Saint George because he confronted the dragon]] and the Prophet Elijah because he competed with and defeated the pagan priests of [[Baal]].<ref name="Beaurepaire"/> In both cases the explanations provided by Christians is that Druzes were attracted to [[Military saint|warrior saints]] that resemble their own militarized society.<ref name="Beaurepaire"/>

== In Eastern religions ==
In [[Hinduism]], certain sects may devote themselves to the veneration of a saint, such as the [[Balmikism|Balmiki sect]] that reveres [[Valmiki]].<ref name="Kananaikil1983">{{cite book |last1=Kananaikil |first1=Jose |title=Scheduled Castes and the Struggle Against Inequality: Strategies to Empower the Marginalised |date=1983 |publisher=Indian Social Institute |page=17 |language=en}}</ref>

[[Buddhism]] also includes the idea of protector deities, which are called "Dharma protectors" ([[Dharmapala]]).

== See also ==
{{Portal|Saints}}
{{div col|colwidth=23em}}
* [[Calendar of saints]]
* [[Dedication of churches]]
* [[City God (China)]]
* [[Guardian angel]]
* [[List of blesseds]]
* [[List of saints]]
* [[Patron saints of ailments, illness, and dangers]]
* [[List of patron saints by occupation and activity|Patron saints of occupations and activities]]
* [[Patron saints of places]]
* [[Patron saints of ethnic groups]]
* [[Military saints]]
* [[Saint symbolism]]
* [[Tutelary deity]]
{{div col end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.catholic.org/saints/patron.php Catholic Online: Patron Saints]
*{{CathEncy|wstitle=Patron Saints|author=Henry Parkinson}}
*{{Cite Americana|short=1|wstitle=Patron Saint}}

{{Saints|state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Patron saints| ]]

Punjabi festivals (Pakistan)

2026-01-19T19:39:44Z

BrittnyFiorillo:

{{Punjabis}}[[Punjabis]] are the majority [[ethnic group]] in [[Pakistan]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Svanberg |first=Ingvar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jt8rBgAAQBAJ&dq=current+muslim+population+punjab+pakistan&pg=PA225 |title=Islam Outside the Arab World |last2=Westerlund |first2=David |date=December 6, 2012 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-11322-2 |language=en}}</ref> They celebrate a number of religious and cultural festivals:

==List and description of Islamic festivals==
Religious festivals are determined by the [[Islamic calendar]].
{|class="wikitable sortable plainlinks"
!Festival
!Date Observed (from year to year dates vary)
!Pictures
!Description
|--
||[[Mid-Sha'ban|Shab-e-Barat]]||[[Sha'ban]] ([[Islamic calendar]])||||Shab-e-barat (lailat ul-barat or the night of deliverance) is held in the middle of Shaban (eighth month of the Islamic calendar). It is regarded as a night when the fortunes of men for the coming year are decided and when [[Allah]] may forgive sinners. Believers offer special prayers for unity, prosperity, security and restoration of peace in the country and the prosperity and unity of entire Muslim Ummah. Mosques in places such as [[Lahore]] are decorated to celebrate the occasion while arrangements for refreshments and food are also made to facilitate worshippers. Worshippers also visit graveyards to pray for the departed souls.<ref>{{cite news |date=2017-05-14 |title=Shab-e-Barat observed |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/203901-Shab-e-Barat-observed |work=The News International}}</ref>
|--
||[[Eid ul-Adha]]||Zilhij ([[Islamic calendar]])||[[File:The Badshahi in all its glory during the Eid Prayers.JPG|thumb|left|Eid prayer in [[Badshahi Mosque]], [[Lahore]] ]] ||Eid-ul-Azha is celebrated to commemorate the occasion when Abraham was ready to sacrifice his son, Ismail, on God's command. Abraham was awarded by God by replacing Ismail with a goat. Muslims make pilgrimage ([[hajj]]) to [[Mecca]] during this time.<ref>{{cite book |last=Mohiuddin |first=Yasmeen Niaz |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OTMy0B9OZjAC&dq=eid+ul+azha&pg=PA296 |title=Pakistan: A Global Studies Handbook |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-85109-801-9}}</ref> Muslims sacrifice animals including cow, goat, sheep and camel according to their purchasing power.<ref>{{cite news |date=2016-09-06 |title=Eid-ul-Azha holidays announced |url=https://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/352210-EidulAzha-holidays-announced |work=Dunya News}}</ref> The children celebrate Eid ul-Adha and Eid ul-Fitr with great pump and show and receive gifts and Eidi (money) from parents and others.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DHeFAAAAIAAJ&q=eidi++ |title=1998 provincial census report of Punjab |year=2001 |publisher=Population Census Organization}}</ref>
|--
||[[Eid-ul-Fitr]]||Ramadan ([[Islamic calendar]])|| ||Ramadan is the time of fasting that continues throughout the ninth month.<ref>{{cite book |last1=DuMoulin |first1=Barbara |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QysY7lNWnPkC&dq=Eid-ul-Fitr+end+of+ramadan&pg=PA27 |title=Celebrating Our Cultures: Language Arts Activities for Classroom Teachers |last2=Sikundar |first2=Sylvia |publisher=Pembroke Publishers Limited |year=1998 |isbn=978-1-55138-102-2}}</ref> On this day, after a month of fasting, Muslims express their joy and happiness by offering a congregational prayer in the mosques. Special celebration meals are served.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bhalla |first=Kartar Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WORYY5Vl0ygC&dq=Eid-ul-Fitr+end+of+ramadan&pg=PP17 |title=Let's Know Festivals of India |publisher=Star Publications |year=2005 |isbn=978-81-7650-165-1}}</ref>
|--
||[[Mawlid|Eid-e-Milad-un- Nabi]]|| Rabi'al-Awal ([[Islamic calendar]])||[[File:International Mawlid Conference at Minar-e-Pakistan Lahore by Minhaj-ul-Quran1.jpg|thumb|left|International Mawlid Conference, [[Minar-e-Pakistan]], [[Lahore]], [[Pakistan]].]]|| [[Mawlid|Eid-e-Milad-un- Nabi]] is an Islamic festival in honour of the birthday of Muhammad.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wuIcAAAAMAAJ&q=illuminations |title=Guide to Lahore |date=1965 |publisher=Ferozsons}}</ref> The festival is observed in the third month of the Islamic lunar calendar called Rabi'al-Awal.<ref>{{cite book |last=Edelstein |first=Sari |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lj0CeaIIETkC&dq=Eid-e-Milad-un-Nabi+punjab&pg=PA260 |title=Food, Cuisine, and Cultural Competency for Culinary, Hospitality, and Nutrition Professionals |publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-7637-5965-0}}</ref> Various processions take place in [[Lahore]] to celebrate the festival.<ref>{{cite news |date=2013-01-25 |title=City celebrates Eid Miladun Nabi |url=https://nation.com.pk/lahore/25-Jan-2013/city-celebrates-eid-miladun-nabi |work=The Nation}}</ref> According to Nestorovic (2016), hundreds of thousands of people gather at Minare-Pakistan, Lahore, between the intervening night of 11th and 12th Rabi' al-awwal of the Islamic calendar.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nestorović |first=Čedomir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LXJBDAAAQBAJ&q=Milad+nabi+&pg=PA215 |title=Islamic Marketing: Understanding the Socio-Economic, Cultural, and Politico-Legal Environment |publisher=Springer |year=2016 |isbn=978-3-319-32754-9}}</ref> The festival was declared a national holiday in Pakistan in 1949.<ref>{{cite web |last=Paracha |first=Nadeem |date=2017-02-02 |title=Pakistan: The lesser-known histories of an ancient land |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1312059 |website=F. Dawn}}</ref>
|--
||[[Mourning of Muharram|Muharram]] || [[Muharram]] ([[Islamic calendar]])||[[File:A street observation of Muharram in Lahore Pakistan.jpg|thumb|left|A street observation of Muharram in Lahore Pakistan]]|| Remembrance of [[Mourning of Muharram|Muharram]] is a set of rituals associated with both [[Shia]] and [[Sunni]] Muslims.<ref name="Calmard 2">{{cite web |last1=Jean |first1=Calmard |year=2011 |title=AZĀDĀRĪ |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/azadari |website=iranicaonline}}</ref> The event marks the anniversary of the [[Battle of Karbala]] when Imam [[Hussein ibn Ali]], the grandson of [[Muhammad]], was killed by the forces of the second [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad caliph]] [[Yazid I]] at [[Karbala]]. Family members, accompanying [[Hussein ibn Ali]], were killed or subjected to humiliation. The commemoration of the event during yearly mourning season, from first of [[Muharram]] to twentieth of [[Safar]] with [[Day of Ashura|Ashura]] comprising the focal date, serves to define [[Shia Islam|Shia]] communal identity.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Martín |first1=Richard C. |title=Encyclopedia of Islam & the Muslim World |date=2004 |publisher=Macmillan Reference USA |page=488}}</ref> Various Tazia, Alam and Zuljinnah processions are taken out in [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]].<ref>{{cite news |date=2016-10-26 |title=Punjab marks Ashura with fervour amid tight security |url=https://nation.com.pk/national/26-Oct-2015/punjab-marks-ashura-with-fervour-amid-tight-security |work=The Nation}}</ref>
|--
|}

==List and description of festivals observed at shrines==
The festivals held at shrines are determined by the [[Islamic calendar]] and the [[Punjabi calendar]].
{|class="wikitable sortable plainlinks"
!Festival
!Date Observed (from year to year dates vary)
!Pictures
!Description
|--
||[[Mela Chiraghan]]|| (Varies)||[[File:Shrine of Maddho Lal Hussein, Lahore.JPG|thumb|left|170px|Shrine of Maddho Lal Hussein, Lahore]]||Mela Chiraghan is a three-day annual festival to mark the [[urs]] (death anniversary) of the [[Punjabi people|Punjabi]] [[Sufi]] poet and saint [[Shah Hussain]] (1538-1599)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Nagendra Kr |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jjNuAAAAMAAJ&q=shah+hussain+1538-1599 |title=Encyclopaedia of Muslim Biography: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh |date=2001 |publisher=A.P.H. Publishing Corporation |isbn=978-81-7648-235-6 |language=en}}</ref> who lived in Lahore in the 16th century.
It takes place at the shrine of Shah Hussain in [[Baghbanpura]], on the outskirts of [[Lahore]], Pakistan, adjacent to the [[Shalimar Gardens (Lahore)|Shalimar Gardens]].
|--
||Baha-ud-Din Zakariya||Safar (Islamic calendar)||[[File:Tomb of Shah Rukn-e-Alam, Multan 2013 3.jpg|thumb|left|170px|Bahauddin Zakariya Tomb]]||Sheikh Baha-ud-Din Zakariya known as Bahawal Haq was born at Kot Aror near [[Multan]], towards the end of twelfth century.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dhillon |first=Dalbir Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=osnkLKPMWykC&dq=Baha+ud+din+Zakariya+born+multan&pg=PA48 |title=Sikhism, Origin and Development |date=1988 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distri |language=en}}</ref> The annual festival of Baha-ud-Din Zakariya's death is celebrated on 27th Safar, the second month of [[Islamic calendar]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Virsa |first=Lok |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TGZWAAAAMAAJ&q=Bahauddin+Zakariya+festivals |title=Folk Heritage of Pakistan |date=1977 |publisher=Institute of Folk Heritage |language=en}}</ref>
|--
||Data Baksh||Safar (Islamic calendar)||[[File:Beautiful Compound of Hazrat Data Ganj Baksh Shrine, Lahore - panoramio.jpg|thumb|left|170px|Compound of Data Ganj Baksh Shrine, Lahore]]||Abul Hassan Ali Ibn Usman al-Jullabi al-Hajveri al-Ghaznawi or Abul Hassan Ali Hajvari, also known as Daata Ganj Bakhsh, which means ''the master who bestows treasures'') was a [[Sufi]] of the 11th century. He was born around 990 CE near [[Ghazni]], present day [[Afghanistan]], during the [[Ghaznavids|Ghaznavid Empire]] and died in [[Lahore]] in 1072 CE. Ali Hajvari is famous for his [[Data Durbar Complex|mausoleum]] in Lahore, which is surrounded by a large marble courtyard, a mosque and other buildings. It is the most frequented of all the shrines in that city, and one of the most famous in Pakistan and nearby countries.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Wach |first=Joachim |year=1948 |title=Spiritual Teachings in Islam: A Study |journal=[[The Journal of Religion]] |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |volume=28 |issue=4 |pages=263–80 |doi=10.1086/483758 |issn=1549-6538 |jstor=1199083 |s2cid=170287582}}</ref> His Urs is on the 19th of the Islamic month of Safar.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nichloson |first=Reynold |title=Kashf al-Mahjub of al-Hajvari |publisher=E.J.W. GIBB MEMORIAL |year=2000}}</ref>
|--
||Sakhi Sarwar urs||Baisakh (Punjabi calendar)|| [[File:Annual Urs celebrations at the shrine of Hazrat syed Zain ul Abideen,sultan sarwar.jpg|thumb|left|170px|Annual Urs celebrations at the shrine of Syed Zain ul Abideen, Sultan Sarwar]]|| Syed Ahmad Sultan, popularly known as Sakhi Sarwar, was a 12th-century Sufi saint of the Punjab.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhatti |first=Harvinder Singh |title=Folk religion: change and continuity |date=2000 |publisher=Rawat Publications |isbn=978-81-7033-608-2 |location=Jaipur}}</ref> Various fairs are held in the [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]]. The shrine at Nigaha holds a week-long Baisakhi fair in the month of April.<ref name="dawn">{{cite web |date=15 April 2014 |title=Sakhi Sarwar: The shrine on the mountain |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1100057 |accessdate=2016-08-01 |publisher=dawn.com}}</ref>
|--
||Sakhi Ghulam Qadir||10 Chait (Punjabi calendar)||||The urs are celebrated on 10 Chait. His shrine is about 5 kilometres away from Pak Pattan.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Virsa |first=Lok |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TGZWAAAAMAAJ&q=chait |title=Folk Heritage of Pakistan |date=1977 |publisher=Institute of Folk Heritage |language=en}}</ref>
|--
||Baba Farid urs||Muharram (Islamic calendar)||[[File:Bab-e-Jannat at Darbar Hazrat Baba Farid ud Deen Ganj Shakar Rahmatullah Alaih - panoramio.jpg|thumb|left|170px|Bab-e-Jannat at Darbar Baba Farid ud Deen Ganj Shakar]]|| Shaikh Farid was a thirteenth-century saint. The Urs (death anniversary) of [[Baba Farid]], takes place at the Muharram (the first month of the Muslim calendar).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mir |first=Farina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EUPc5pDWKikC&dq=baba+farid+urs+month&pg=PA103 |title=The Social Space of Language: Vernacular Culture in British Colonial Punjab |date=2010 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-26269-0 |language=en}}</ref> Up to 0.9 million devotees visited the shrine during the urs in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 Oct 2016 |title=Baba Farid Urs concludes |url=https://nation.com.pk/12-Oct-2016/baba-farid-urs-concludes |website=The Nation}}</ref>

The ''Bahishtī Darwāza'' (Gate of Paradise) is opened only once a year, during the time of the [[Urs]] fair. Hundreds of thousands of pilgrims and visitors from all over the country and the world come to pay homage. The door of the Bahishti Darwaza is made of silver, with floral designs inlaid in gold leaf. This "Gate to Paradise" is padlocked all year, and only opened for ten days from sunset to sunrise in the month of Muharram. Some followers believe that by crossing this door all of one's sins are washed away.<ref>{{cite book |last=Caghtai |first=Muhammad Abdullah |title=Pakpattan and Baba Farid Ganj-i-Shakar |publisher=Kitab Khana Nauras |year=1968}}</ref>
|--
||Urs of [[Waris Shah]]||9-11 Sawan (Punjabi calendar) ||||The urs of Punjabi poet and saint Waris Shah is held at Jandiala Sher Khan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 24, 2013 |title=Urs of Waris Shah begins |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1044994 |website=Dawn}}</ref> The urs are held on the 9-11 of the month of Sawan in the Punjabi calendar.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Raudvere |first=Catharina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U_oBAwAAQBAJ&dq=waris+shah+urs++savan&pg=PA154 |title=Sufism Today: Heritage and Tradition in the Global Community |last2=Stenberg |first2=Leif |date=2008 |publisher=I.B.Tauris |isbn=978-0-85771-713-9 |language=en}}</ref> Recently the Punjab Government has decided to celebrate the urs in September.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ali, Sarwat (28.08.2016) TNS. The mantra of authenticity |url=http://tns.thenews.com.pk/mantra-authenticity/#.WR_oFWjytPY |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160903171815/http://tns.thenews.com.pk/mantra-authenticity/#.WR_oFWjytPY |archive-date=2016-09-03 |access-date=2017-05-20}}</ref> The saint is famous for his composition of the love epic Heer.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VMyGCgAAQBAJ&dq=waris+shah+heer+famous&pg=PA307 |title=Sharing the Earth: An International Environmental Justice Reader |date=2015 |publisher=University of Georgia Press |isbn=978-0-8203-4770-7 |language=en}}</ref>
|--
||[[Mian Mir]] fairs||Varies||[[File:Mian-Mir-Mausoleum.jpg|thumb|left|170px|Mian-Mir-Mausoleum]]||Mian Mir died in Lahore in 1045 A.H. (1635 AD) at the advanced age of 88 years, having lived in [[Lahore]] for sixty years. In addition to the fair on the anniversary, other fairs are held at his mausoleum during the two months of the rainy season.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chaudhry |first=Nazir Ahmad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bIPjAAAAMAAJ&q=mian+mir+anniversary |title=Lahore: Glimpses of a Glorious Heritage |date=1998 |publisher=Sang-e-Meel Publications |isbn=978-969-35-0944-1 |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==List and description of cultural festivals==
Cultural festivals are determined by the [[Gregorian calendar]] or the [[Punjabi calendar]].
{|class="wikitable sortable plainlinks"
!Festival
!Date Observed (from year to year dates vary)
!Description
|--
||[[Punjabi Culture Day]]||14 March ([[Gregorian calendar]])||[[File:Culture of province punjab.jpg|thumb|200px|Punjabi cultural celebration]] [[Punjabi culture day]] is celebrated on 14 March for the celebration and demonstration of [[Punjabi culture]] by [[Punjabis]] and [[Punjabi diaspora]]. On Punjabi culture day, events such as [[Folk music of Punjab|music]], [[Folk dances of Punjab|dance]], [[Bhangra (dance)|bhangra]], plays, exhibition, film festival, [[Punjabi cuisine|food]] and [[Punjabi clothing|traditional dress]]es in the form of stalls to introduce cultural values to new generations of Punjabis.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 March 2020 |title=Punjab Culture Day on 14th |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/627757-punjab-culture-day-on-14th |access-date=2020-03-14 |website=www.thenews.com.pk |language=en}}</ref> In different programmes, tribute are paid to masters in the field of Fine Arts with purpose of promoting love and courtesy on national level.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lahore Arts Council To Celebrate Punjab Cultural Day At Alhamra |url=https://www.urdupoint.com/en/pakistan/lahore-arts-council-to-celebrate-punjab-cultu-862616.html |access-date=2020-03-14 |website=UrduPoint |language=en}}</ref>
|--
||National Horse and Cattle Show||Varies||[[File:Malik Ata at Horse and Cattle Show Lahore.jpg|thumb|100px|Horse and Cattle Show Lahore]][[File:Tent Pegging, Pindi Gheb, Pakistan.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Tent Pegging]]Lahore hosts the annual National Horse and Cattle show.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rengel |first=Marian |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WJMlW-zDE14C&dq=cattle+shows+pakistan&pg=PT59 |title=Pakistan: A Primary Source Cultural Guide |date=2003 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc |isbn=978-0-8239-4001-1 |language=en}}</ref> The show features tattoo shows, tent-pegging, horse dancing, dog races, polo, equestrian jumping, exhibition of industrial and agricultural products, besides, competition of milk-producing animals among cattle breeders.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 5, 2015 |title=Horse and Cattle Show stages comeback |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1167471 |website=Dawn}}</ref>
|--
||Literary festivals||Varies||Various literary festivals are held in the Punjab. One such festival is the Lyallpur Suleikh Mela which hosts the event through the medium of the Punjabi language.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bangash |first=Yaqoob Khan |date=2017-02-26 |title=Lyallpur, literary festivals and language |url=http://tns.thenews.com.pk/lyallpur-literary-festivals-language/#.WSBUyIzyvIU |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170515225119/http://tns.thenews.com.pk/lyallpur-literary-festivals-language/#.WSBUyIzyvIU |archive-date=2017-05-15 |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=TNS - The News on Sunday |language=en-US}}</ref>
|--
||[[Pakistan Day]]||23 March ([[Gregorian calendar]])||[[File:Pakistan Resolution Day.JPG|thumb|The [[Sherdils]] of [[Pakistan Air Force|PAF]] performing [[Aerobatics|aerial acrobatics]] during the [[Pakistan Day Parade 2015|2015 parade]]]] Pakistan day, on which Pakistan Resolution was passed in 1940, is celebrated in the country. Illumination of important buildings and military parade at [[Islamabad]] are the main events of the festival<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EWx_NiC9ANQC&q=pakistan+day |title=Statistical Pocket-book of Pakistan |date=2012 |publisher=Manager of Publications |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Minar-e-Pakistan 1 lahore.JPG|thumb|left|The ''[[Minar-e-Pakistan]]'' glances on the eve of 23 March 2014.]]
[[File:Kakul Passingoutprade Oweis.JPG|thumb|centre|Parallel steps by [[Pakistan Army]].]]
|--
||[[Lohri]] || [[Poh]] ([[Punjabi calendar]]) ||[[File:Lohri.jpg|thumb|200px|Lohri bonfire
]] [[Lohri]] is a midwinter Punjabi festival that marks the passing of the winter solstice and the end of winter. It is celebrated in the month of [[Poh]] in the [[Punjabi calendar]] every year.
|--
||[[Baisakhi]] || [[Vaisakh]] ([[Punjabi calendar]]) April ||[[File:Culture of province punjab.jpg|thumb|Various festivals in rural Punjab]][[File:Ox running competition in a village in Pakistan.jpg|left|thumb|Bull cart races feature in Besakhi fairs]]Baisakhi is also called Vaisakhi and Besakhi. It is a harvest festival celebrated when the rabi crop is ready for harvesting. The harvesting is started with folk music and dancing such as bhangra<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EWx_NiC9ANQC&q=baisakhi+%257D |title=Statistical Pocket-book of Pakistan |date=2012 |publisher=Manager of Publications |language=en}}</ref> which is performed with zeal at rural melas.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Abbas |first=Huma Jalil |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C_5tAAAAMAAJ&q=bhangra |title=Pakistan the Land and Its Culture |date=2006 |publisher=Pakistan National Council of the Arts |isbn=978-969-450-052-2 |language=en}}</ref> According to Abbasi (1992), bhangra is primarily associated with the Bisakhi festival to inaugurate the reaping operations of wheat crops in the central Punjab.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Abbasi |first=Muhammad Yusuf |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QxhuAAAAMAAJ&q=bisakhi+bhangra |title=Pakistani Culture: A Profile |date=1992 |publisher=National Institute of Historical and Cultural Research |isbn=978-969-415-023-9 |language=en}}</ref> Colourful festivals are held at the time of Besakhi when farmers are free to enjoy their leisure time.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kalim |first=M. Siddiq |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DsRjAAAAMAAJ&q=attract |title=As Memories Come |date=2006 |publisher=Ferozsons |isbn=978-969-0-02006-2 |language=en}}</ref> Various literary festivals, animal races and fairs are organised in [[Lahore]],<ref>{{cite web |date=8 April 2016 |title=Punjabi Parchar spreads colours of love at Visakhi Mela |url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2016/04/08/promoting-peace-with-punjabi-at-visakhi-mela/ |website=Pakistan Today}}</ref> [[Eminabad]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 20, 2009 |title=A fair dedicated to animal lovers |url=http://beta.dawn.com/news/953015/a-fair-dedicated-to-animal-lovers |website=Dawn}}</ref> and [[Faisalabad]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Vaisakhi mela 2014 – Faisalabad Arts Council |url=http://faisalabadartscouncil.gov.pk/fac/vaisakhi-mela-2014/}}</ref> The annual Lok Mela organised by the National Institute of Folk and Traditional Heritage in [[Islamabad]] celebrated the Vaisakhi Festival at the open-air theatre in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 17, 2017 |title=Annual Lok Mela comes to an end |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1386616/annual-lok-mela-comes-end |website=The Express Tribune}}</ref>

The camel and cattle trading at the Besakhi mela in [[Dera Ghazi Khan]] surpasses the much propagated camel fair of Pushkar in [[Rajasthan]] (India).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ziegler |first=Agnes |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AhNuAAAAMAAJ&q=besakhi+mela+sakhi |title=The Final Frontier: Unique Photographs of Pakistan |last2=Mummunka |first2=Akhtar |date=2006 |publisher=San-e-Meel Publications |isbn=978-969-35-1773-6 |language=en}}</ref>
|--
||[[Basant (festival)|Basant]] || [[Phaggan]] ([[Punjabi calendar]]) || [[Basant (festival)|Basant]] is a seasonal festival and is celebrated by wearing yellow, eating food with yellow colouring such as potatoes with turmeric and saffron rice, and holding parties.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mumtaz |first=Khawar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NrnRZQGklwMC&dq=basant+pakistan+wearing+yellow&pg=PA19 |title=Pakistan: Tradition and Change |last2=Mitha |first2=Yameema |last3=Tahira |first3=Bilquis |date=2003 |publisher=Oxfam |isbn=978-0-85598-496-0 |language=en}}</ref> In the villages, the festival involves holding fairs, distributing sweets and decorating horses and cattle.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Abbas |first=Huma Jalil |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C_5tAAAAMAAJ&q=distributed |title=Pakistan the Land and Its Culture |date=2006 |publisher=Pakistan National Council of the Arts |isbn=978-969-450-052-2 |language=en}}</ref> Another feature of Basant is flying kites.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite book |last=Dogra |first=Ramesh C. |title=The Sikh world: an encyclopaedic survey of Sikh religion and culture |last2=Dogra |first2=Urmila |date=2006 |publisher=UBS Publishers' Distributors |isbn=978-81-7476-443-0 |edition=1. repr |location=New Delhi}}</ref> However, there is a ban on kite flying around the festival period in [[Pakistan]] imposed due to kite strings ensnaring and injuring moped and motorcycle drivers when they caught on ground-level objects.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-01-02 |title=Basant to be celebrated in Lahore after security clearance: Minister |url=https://dnd.com.pk/basant-to-be-celebrated-in-lahore-after-security-clearance-minister/123321/ |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=Dispatch news Desk |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-02-07 |title=Punjab govt says 'NO' to Basant festival |url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2017/02/07/punjab-govt-says-no-to-basant-festival/ |website=PT}}</ref>
|--
|}

==See also==
* [[Punjabi festivals]]
* [[Punjabi culture]]
* [[Punjabi Culture Day]]
* [[Punjabi calendar]]
* [[Festivals in Lahore]]
* [[Festivals in Multan]]
* [[Lohri]]
* [[Vaisakhi]]
* [[List of Sikh festivals|Sikh festivals]]
* [[List of fairs and festivals in Punjab, India]]

==References==
{{Reflist|25em}}

[[Category:Punjabi festivals| ]]
[[Category:Festivals in Punjab, Pakistan]]
[[Category:Culture of Punjab, Pakistan]]
[[Category:Punjabi culture]]

Asansol Sadar subdivision

2026-01-17T15:38:51Z

BrittnyFiorillo: Content refined for better accuracy

{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Asansol Sadar subdivision
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = 
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Subdivision
| image_skyline = IISCO Panoramic View 1.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Panoramic view of the old IISCO Plant
| image_map = File:Asansol Sadar (subdvision) in Paschim Bardhaman (West Bengal).svg
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.68|N|86.98|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Paschim Bardhaman district]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Asansol]]
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 831.89
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1,672,659
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-WB]]
| registration_plate =
| website = http://bardhaman.gov.in/
| footnotes =

}}
'''Asansol Sadar subdivision''' is an administrative subdivision of the [[Paschim Bardhaman district]] in the state of [[West Bengal]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wb.gov.in/portal/web/guest/news-corner/-/asset_publisher/DRJNTTCAyFo0/content/-west-burdwan-the-23rd-district-of-west-bengal-;jsessionid=vnN0KI0PJmHoD4QJWcXlM4kj?redirect=https%3A%2F%2Fwb.gov.in%2Fportal%2Fweb%2Fguest%2Fnews-corner%3Bjsessionid%3DvnN0KI0PJmHoD4QJWcXlM4kj%3Fp_p_id%3D101_INSTANCE_DRJNTTCAyFo0%26p_p_lifecycle%3D0%26p_p_state%3Dnormal%26p_p_mode%3Dview%26p_p_col_id%3Dcolumn-2%26p_p_col_count%3D1|title = Egiye Bangla}}</ref>

==Overview==
Asansol Sadar subdivision is part of the Ajay Damodar Barakar tract. This area is sort of an extension of the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]]. It is a rocky undulating area with [[laterite]] soil, with the [[Ajay River|Ajay]] on the north, the [[Damodar River|Damodar]] on the south and the [[Barakar River|Barakar]] on the west. For ages the area was heavily forested and infested with plunderers and marauders. The discovery of coal in the 18th century led to industrialisation of the area and most of the forests have been cleared.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1909_PART_A_DCHB_BARDDHAMAN.pdf |title = Census of India 2011, West Bengal: District Census Handbook, Barddhaman |work = Physiography, pages 13-14| publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal | access-date = 23 January 2017}}</ref><ref>Chattopadhyay, Akkori, ''Bardhaman Jelar Itihas O Lok Sanskriti'' (History and Folk lore of Bardhaman District.), {{in lang|bn}}, Vol I, pp 14-15, Radical Impression. {{ISBN|81-85459-36-3}}</ref> [[Maithon Dam]] of [[Damodar Valley Corporation]], located in [[Jharkhand]], is on the border of this subdivision.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.dvc.gov.in/dvcwebsite_new1/dams-barrages/ |title = Damodar Valley Corporation |work = Reservoir Overview and Salient Features | publisher= DVC | access-date = 5 March 2017}}</ref>
[[File:Map of Paschim Bardhaman district.jpg|600px|thumb|center|Map of Paschim Bardhaman district]]

==Subdivisions==
Paschim Bardhaman district is divided into the following two administrative subdivisions:<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Burdwan |work = Table 2.2, 2.4(a) |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 17 February 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://abpananda.abplive.in/state/burdwan-district-bifurcation-today-324944 | title = পূর্ব ও পশ্চিম, আজ বর্ধমান জেলা ভাগের আনুষ্ঠানিক ঘোষনা মুখ্যমন্ত্রীর | date = 7 April 2017 |language=bn | publisher = ABP Ananda, 7 April 2017 |access-date = 9 April 2017}}</ref>
[[File:Paschim Bardhaman Subdivision Map (en).svg|thumb]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Subdivision ||Headquarters|| Area km2 || Population (2011) ||Rural population % (2011)||Urban population % (2011)
|-
| Asansol Sadar ||[[Asansol]]||831.89||1,672,659||16.67||83.33
|-
|[[Durgapur subdivision|Durgapur]]||[[Durgapur]]||771.28||1,209,372||20.78||79.22
|-
|'''[[Paschim Bardhaman district]]'''||[[Asansol]]||1,603.17||2,882,031||18.39||81.61
|-
|}
Note: Before bifurcation of the erstwhile Bardhaman district [[Galsi I]] was in Durgapur subdivision, but after bifurcation it is in Bardhman Sadar North subdivision.
{{OSM Location map
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{{OSM Location map
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| coord={{coord|23|41|0|N|87|5|20|E}}| float=right|caption='''Cities and towns in the eastern portion of Asansol Sadar subdivision in Paschim Bardhaman district''' MC: Municipal Corporation, CT: census town, N: neighbourhood, R: rural centre Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|23|39|27|N|87|7|2|E}} | label-pos1=right|label1= Kunustara | numbered1=CT| mark-title1=[[Kunustara]] (CT)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
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|mark-coord9={{coord|23|39|5|N|87|4|11|E}} | label-pos9=top|label9= Jemari |labela9=(Jaykaynagar)| numbered9=CT| mark-title9=[[Jemari (J.K. Nagar Township)]] (CT)
|mark-coord10={{coord|23|37|45|N|87|8|22|E}} | label-pos10=right|label10= Banshra| numbered10=CT| mark-title10=[[Banshra]] (CT)
|mark-coord11={{coord|23|38|5|N|87|3|51|E}} | label-pos11=left|label11= Belebathan| numbered11=CT| mark-title11=[[Belebathan]] (CT)
|mark-coord12={{coord|23|38|28|N|87|2|3|E}} | label-pos12=left|label12= Chelad| numbered12=CT| mark-title12=[[Chelad]] (CT)
|mark-coord13={{coord|23|37|29|N|87|4|32|E}} | label-pos13=left|label13= Murgathaul| numbered13=CT| mark-title13=[[Murgathaul]] (CT)
|mark-coord14={{coord|23|36|57|N|87|5|4|E}} | label-pos14=left|label14= Amkula| numbered14=CT| mark-title14=[[Amkula]] (CT)
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|mark-coord16={{coord|23|36|33|N|87|6|01|E}} | label-pos16=left|label16= Egara| numbered16=CT| mark-title16=[[Egara, Paschim Bardhaman|Egara]] (CT)
|mark-coord17={{coord|23|35|21|N|87|6|21|E}} | label-pos17=left|label17= Sahebganj| numbered17=CT| mark-title17=[[Sahebganj, Paschim Bardhaman|Sahebganj]] (CT)
|mark-coord18={{coord|23|35|10|N|87|7|7|E}} | label-pos18=right|label18= Raghunathchak| numbered18=CT| mark-title18=[[Raghunathchak]] (CT)
|mark-coord19={{coord|23|34|50|N|87|7|32|E}} | label-pos19=right|label19= Ballavpur| numbered19=CT| mark-title19=[[Ballavpur]] (CT)
|mark-coord20={{coord|23|46|48|N|87|4|48|E}} | label-pos20=right|label20= Churulia| numbered20=R| mark-title20=[[Churulia]] (R)|shape-color20=#C42222
|mark-coord21={{coord|23|41|37|N|87|8|39|E}} | label-pos21=right|label21= Bahadurpur| numbered21=R| mark-title21=[[Bahadurpur, Paschim Bardhaman]] (R)|shape-color21=#C42222
|mark-coord22={{coord|23|42|7|N|87|2|53|E}} | label-pos22=left|label22=ECL Sripur |labela22= Area Office| numbered22=0 | mark-title22=[[Sripur Area|ECL Sripur Area Office]] (A)| label-size22=12| shape-color22=#AA6666
|mark-coord23={{coord|23|40|53|N|87|4|45|E}} | label-pos23=left|label23=ECL Satgram |labela23= Area Office |numbered23=0| mark-title23=[[Satgram Area|ECL Satgram Area Office]] (A)| label-size23=12| shape-color23=#AA6666
|mark-coord24={{coord|23|38|50|N|87|7|18|E}} | label-pos24=right|label24=ECL Kunustoria|labela24= Area Office|numbered24=0 | mark-title24=[[Kunustoria Area|ECL Kunustoria Area Office]] (A)| label-size24=12| shape-color24=#AA6666
|mark-coord25={{coord|23|40|0|N|87|13|33|E}} | label-pos25=left|label25=ECL Kenda |labela25= Area Office |numbered25=0| mark-title25=[[Kenda Area|ECL Kenda Area Office]] (A)| label-size25=12| shape-color25=#AA6666
|mark-coord26={{coord|23|40|44|N|86|57|9|E}} | label-pos26=right|label-color26=#800000| label26=Asansol | numbered26=MC| mark-title26=[[Asansol]] (MC)|shape-color26=#800000
|mark-coord27={{coord|23|37|12|N|87|7|48|E}} | label-pos27=left|label27=Raniganj | numbered27=N| mark-title27= [[Raniganj]] (N)|shape-color27=#C42222
|mark-coord28={{coord|23|42|50|N|87|4|48|E}} | label-pos28=left|label28=Jamuria | numbered28=N| mark-title28= [[Jamuria]] (N)|shape-color28=#C42222
|mark-coord29={{coord|23.612489|87.032854}}| label29=Damodar River| label-color29 = #77A1CB| label-angle29=28| label-pos29=top| label-size29=10| mark-size29=0| mark-title29 =none
|mark-coord30={{coord|23.749367|87.157333}}| label30=Ajay River| label-color30 = #77A1CB| label-angle30=0| label-pos30=right| label-size30=10| mark-size30=0| mark-title30 =none}}
{{clear}}

==Administrative units==
Asansol subdivision has 10 police stations, 4 community development blocks, 4 [[Panchayat samiti|panchayat samitis]], 35 gram panchayats, 181 [[mouza]]s, 165 inhabited villages, 1 municipal corporation, 3 municipalities and 26 [[census town]]s+1 (partly). The single municipal corporation is at [[Asansol]]. The municipalities are at: [[Raniganj]], [[Jamuria]] and [[Kulti]]. The census towns are: [[Chittaranjan]], [[Rupnarayanpur|Hindustan Cables Town]], [[Panuria]], [[Domohani]], [[Bhanowara]], [[Majiara]], [[Pangachhiya]], [[Kunustara]], [[Topsi]], [[Nimsa]], [[Chinchuria]], [[Kenda]], [[Parasia]], [[Ratibati]], [[Chapui]], [[Jemari (J.K. Nagar Township)]], [[Banshra]], [[Belebathan]], [[Chelad]], [[Murgathaul]], [[Amkula]], [[Baktarnagar]], [[Egara, Paschim Bardhaman|Egara]], [[Sahebganj, Paschim Bardhaman|Sahebganj]], [[Raghunathchak]], [[Ballavpur]] and [[Kendra Khottamdi]] (partly). It also includes [[Charanpur]], an outgrowth of Jamuria. The subdivision has its headquarters at Asansol.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Bardhaman |work = Table 2.1 |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 23 October 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://wbprd.gov.in/HtmlPage/PANCHAYATS.aspx |title = Directory of District, Subdivision, Panchayat Samiti/ Block and Gram Panchayats in West Bengal |work = Bardhaman - Revised in March 2008 | publisher= Panchayats and Rural Development Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 17 February 2017}}</ref>

According to the Kolkata Gazette notification of 3 June 2015, the municipal areas of [[Kulti]], [[Raniganj]] and [[Jamuria]] were included within the jurisdiction of [[Asansol Municipal Corporation]].<ref name=2015notification>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbdma.gov.in/circulars/249-135-ma_2015-2016.pdf | title = The Kolkata Gazette | work = Notification No. 335/MA/O/C-4/1M-36/2014 dated 3 June 2015 | publisher = Department of Municipal Affairs, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 9 March 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170312033552/https://www.wbdma.gov.in/circulars/249-135-ma_2015-2016.pdf | archive-date = 12 March 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{bar box
|title=Religion in Asansol subdivision
|titlebar=#ddd
|left1=
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hindu]]|Orange|80.84}}
{{bar percent|[[Muslim]]|Green|16.93}}
{{bar percent|[[Christians|Christian]]|Blue|0.57}}
{{bar percent|Others|Yellow|1.66}}
}}
As per the [[2011 Census of India]] data Asansol Sadar subdivision, after bifurcation of Bardhaman district in 2017, had a total population of 1,672,659. There were 868,696 (51%) males and 803,963 (49%) females. Population below 6 years was 192,151.<ref name=1census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = 2011 Census - Primary Census Abstract Data Tables | work= West Bengal – District-wise |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 16 April 2017 }}</ref>

As per the 2011 census data the total number of literates in Asansol subdivision, after bifurcation of Bardhaman district in 2017, was 1,147,851 (77.53% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 649,034 (84.41% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 468,857 (65.85% of the female population over 6 years).<ref name=1census2011/>

In the 2011 census Hindus numbered 1,352,185 and formed 80.84% of the population in Asansol subdivision. Muslims numbered 283,225 and formed 16.93% of the population. Christians numbered 9,478 and formed 0.57% of the population. Others numbered 2,771 and formed 1.66% of the population.<ref name=censusreligion2011>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/c-01.html |title = C1 Population by Religious Community | work= West Bengal |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 17 April 2017}}</ref>

==Police stations==
Police stations in Asansol Sadar subdivision have the following features and jurisdiction:<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Burdwan |work = Tables 2.1, 2.2 |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 18 February 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://asansoldurgapurpolice.in/# |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120122003743/http://asansoldurgapurpolice.in/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 January 2012 |title=Asansol Durgapur Police Commissionerate |work=Find your police station |publisher=Asansol Durgapur Police |access-date=18 February 2017 }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Police station ||Area covered km2 ||Municipal town || CD Block
|-
|[[Chittaranjan#Police station|Chittaranjan]]||18.03|| - ||[[Salanpur (community development block)|Salanpur]]
|-
|[[Salanpur#Police station|Salanpur]]||52.09|| - ||[[Salanpur (community development block)|Salanpur]]
|-
|[[Barabani#Police station|Barabani]]||158.87|| - ||[[Barabani (community development block)|Barabani]]
|-
|[[Asansol#Police stations|Asansol North]]||49||[[Asansol]]||[[Raniganj (community development block)|Raniganj]]
|-
|[[Raniganj#Police station|Raniganj]]||113.05||[[Raniganj]]|| -
|-
|[[Jamuria#Police station|Jamuria]]||220||[[Jamuria]]||[[Jamuria (community development block)|Jamuria]]
|-
|[[Asansol#Police stations|Asansol Women]]||Asansol and Durgapur subdivisions|| - || -
|-
|[[Asansol#Police stations|Asansol South Women's]]|| 69||[[Asansol]]|| -
|-
|[[Burnpur#Police station|Hirapur]]||63.33||[[Asansol]]|| -
|-
|[[Kulti#Police station|Kulti]]||96||[[Kulti]]|| -
|-
|}

==Blocks==
Community development blocks in Asansol Sadar subdivision are:<ref name=handbook2014>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Burdwan |work = Table 2.2 |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 17 February 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= 2011 census: West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India |access-date = 24 October 2016}}</ref>
[[File:Paschim Bardhaman Tehsil Map (en).svg|thumb]]

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! CD Block ||Headquarters|| Area km2 || Population (2011) ||[[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SC]] %||[[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|ST]] %||[[Hindus]] %||[[Muslims]] %||Literacy rate %||Census Towns
|-
|[[Salanpur (community development block)|Salanpur]]||[[Rupnarayanpur]]||135.05||160,357||24.10||10.48||94.31||3.57||78.76||2
|-
|[[Barabani (community development block)|Barabani]]||[[Domohani|Domohani Bazar]]||156.35||127,542||29.44||14.82||87.95||11.07||69.58||5
|-
|[[Jamuria (community development block)|Jamuria]]||[[Bahadurpur, Bardhaman|Bahadurpur]]||158.10||123,176||30.68||8.34||88.18||11.21||69.42||6+1 (part)
|-
|[[Raniganj (community development block)|Raniganj]]||[[Raniganj]]||58.28||106,441||35.22||9.38||90.87||6.42||73.86||13
|-
|}

==Gram panchayats==
The subdivision contains 35 [[gram panchayat]]s under 4 [[Community Development Block in India|community development blocks]]:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wbprd.gov.in/HtmlPage/PANCHAYATS.aspx |title = Directory of District, Subdivision, Panchayat Samiti/ Block and Gram Panchayats in West Bengal |work=Bardhaman - Revised in March 2008 | publisher= Panchayats and Rural Development Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 17 February 2017}}</ref>

* [[Barabani (community development block)|Barabani]] block consists of eight gram panchayats, viz. Baraboni, Itapara, Nuni, Panuria, Domohani, Jamgram, Panchgechhia and Punchrah.
* [[Jamuria (community development block)|Jamuria]] block consists of ten gram panchayats, viz. Bahadurpur, Dobrana, Madantor, Tapsi, Chinchuria, Hijalgara, Parasia, Churulia, Kenda and Shyamla.
* [[Raniganj (community development block)|Raniganj]] block consists of six gram panchayats, viz. Amrasota, Egra, Ratibati, Ballavpur, Jemeri and Tirat.
* [[Salanpur (community development block)|Salanpur]] block consists of eleven gram panchayats, viz. Achhra, Dendua, Fulberia Bolkunda, Alladi, Ethora, Rupnarayanpur, Basudevpur Jemari, Jitpur–Uttarrampur, Salanpur, Kalya and Samdi.

==Economy==
===Coal mining===
[[Coal mining]] in India first started in the [[Raniganj Coalfield]]. In 1774, John Sumner and [[Suetonius Grant Heatly]] of the [[East India Company|British East India Company]] found coal near [[Ethora]], presently in [[Salanpur (community development block)|Salanpur]] CD Block.<ref name=akkori>Akkori Chattopadhyay, ''Bardhaman Jelar Itihas O Lok Sanskriti'', Vol I, pp. 46-51, (Bengali), Radical, 2001, {{ISBN|81-85459-36-3}}</ref>

In 1973, the Government of India took over the management of all non-coking coal mines in the country and in 1975 [[Coal India]] was formed to manage the [[coking]] and non-coking coal mines.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.coalindia.in/en-us/company/history.aspx |title = Coal India Limited |work = History |publisher = CIL |access-date = 4 March 2017 |archive-date = 4 February 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180204000436/https://www.coalindia.in/en-us/company/history.aspx |url-status = dead }}</ref>

In 2015–16, [[Eastern Coalfields]], a subsidiary of Coal India, produced 40.209 million tonnes of raw coal.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.easterncoal.gov.in/production.html |title = Eastern Coalfields Limited |work = Production |publisher = ECL |access-date = 4 March 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170304115211/http://www.easterncoal.gov.in/production.html |archive-date = 4 March 2017 |url-status = dead }}</ref> As of January 2017, it employed 64,433 persons.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.coalindia.in/en-us/performance/physical.aspx |title = Coal India Limited |work = Performance - Physical | publisher= CIL| access-date = 4 March 2017}}</ref>

===Railways===
Narayankuri ghat, on the [[Damodar River|Damodar]], was used by [[Carr, Tagore and Company|Carr Tagore & Company]] for transporting coal to Kolkata by boat in the middle of the nineteenth century.<ref name=transport>{{cite web | url = http://www.irfca.org/~mrinal/asansol.html | title = Asansol | access-date = 9 February 2017 | publisher = railindia | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170507171611/http://www.irfca.org/~mrinal/asansol.html | archive-date = 7 May 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Varying levels of water in the Damodar posed problems for transportation. In order to capture the lucrative coal transport business, [[East Indian Railway Company|East Indian Railway]] laid lines up to Raniganj in 1855.<ref name=transport/> It captured the entire coal transport business. The line was extended to Asansol in 1863.<ref name=transport/>

The [[Bardhaman-Asansol section]], [[Asansol-Gaya section]] and [[Asansol-Patna section]], of [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]], which are part of [[Howrah-Gaya-Delhi line]], [[Howrah-Allahabad-Mumbai line]] and [[Howrah-Delhi main line]], pass through this subdivision. The [[Andal-Sainthia branch line|Andal-Jamuria-Sitarampur branch line]] also serves the coal mines. This subdivision connects to [[South Eastern Railway zone|South Eastern Railway]] through the [[Asansol-Tatanagar-Kharagpur line|Asansol-Adra line]].

===Industry===
[[IISCO Steel Plant]] of [[Steel Authority of India]] at [[Burnpur]] has a crude steel production capacity of 2.5 million tonnes per year.<ref name=iisco>{{cite web |url = https://www.sail.co.in/iisco-steel-plant/about-iisco-steel-plant |title = Steel Authority of India Limited |work = IISCO Steel Plant |publisher = SAIL |access-date = 4 March 2017 |archive-date = 3 August 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170803023533/http://sail.co.in/iisco-steel-plant/about-iisco-steel-plant |url-status = dead }}</ref> The modernisation and expansion programme of IISCO Steel Plant, implemented with an investment of over Rs 16,000 crore, was dedicated to the nation by [[Narendra Modi]], Prime Minister, on 10 May 2015.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.sail.co.in/sail-press-release/pm-dedicates-nation-sail%E2%80%99s-modernised-expanded-iisco-steel-plant-burnpur |title = PM Dedicates to the Nation SAIL's Modernised & Expanded IISCO Steel Plant at Burnpur |work = Press Release |publisher = SAIL |access-date = 4 March 2017 |archive-date = 22 March 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160322122002/http://www.sail.co.in/sail-press-release/pm-dedicates-nation-sail%E2%80%99s-modernised-expanded-iisco-steel-plant-burnpur |url-status = dead }}</ref> As of 2015, the investment for modernization was the single largest investment in West Bengal till then.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.sail.co.in/sail-press-release/chairman-sail-reviews-performance-isp-burnpur | title = Chairman, SAIL reviews performance of ISP, Burnpur | work = Press Release 7 March 2015 | publisher = SAIL | access-date = 30 March 2017 | archive-date = 13 October 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181013093334/https://www.sail.co.in/sail-press-release/chairman-sail-reviews-performance-isp-burnpur | url-status = dead }}</ref> Established in 1918, the Indian Iron and Steel Company (IISCO) was amalgamated with SAIL in 2006 and renamed IISCO Steel Plant.<ref name=iisco/>

[[Chittaranjan Locomotive Works]] is one of the largest electric locomotive manufacturers in the world. Established in 1950, it produced steam locomotives up to 1972.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.clw.indianrailways.gov.in/ | title = Chittaranjan Locomotive Works | publisher = Indian Railways | access-date = 4 March 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140319005303/http://www.clw.indianrailways.gov.in/ | archive-date = 19 March 2014 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Ballavpur Paper Mnfg. Ltd. (earlier Bengal Paper Mill), after revamp of the plant at [[Ballavpur]], started production in 2009. They produce kraft paper used for packaging.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.ballavpurpaper.com/index.html | title = Ballavpur Paper Mnfg. Ltd. | publisher = BPML | access-date = 7 July 2018}}</ref>

==Education==
Given in the table below (data in numbers) is a comprehensive picture of the education scenario in Paschim Bardhaman district, after bifurcation of Bardhaman district in 2017, with data for the year 2013-14:<ref name=2handbook2014>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Burdwan |work = Basic data: Table 4.4, 4.5, Clarifications: other related tables |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 24 November 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |url-status = dead }}</ref>

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size: 9pt"
|-
!width="110" rowspan="2"| Subdivision
!colspan="2"|Primary School
!colspan="2"|Middle School
!colspan="2"|High School
!colspan="2"|Higher Secondary School
!colspan="2"|General College, Univ
!colspan="2"|Technical / Professional Instt
!colspan="2"|Non-formal Education
|-
!width="30"|Institution

!width="30"|Student

!width="30"|Institution

!width="30"|Student

!width="30"|Institution

!width="30"|Student

!width="30"|Institution

!width="30"|Student

!width="30"|Institution

!width="30"|Student

!width="30"|Institution

!width="30"|Student

!width="30"|Institution

!width="30"|Student 
|-
|align=left|Asansol Sadar
|align="center"|678
|align="center"|97,084
|align="center"|33
|align="center"|4,029
|align="center"|57
|align="center"|41,686
|align="center"|95
|align="center"|109,054
|align="center"|8
|align="center"|18,463
|align="center"|41
|align="center"|8,036
|align="center"|1,608
|align="center"|45,957
|-
|align=left|[[Durgapur subdivision|Durgapur]]
|align="center"|399
|align="center"|62339
|align="center"|23
|align="center"|1,904
|align="center"|43
|align="center"|28,057
|align="center"|64
|align="center"|83,075
|align="center"|6
|align="center"|11,229
|align="center"|36
|align="center"|18,090
|align="center"|1,337
|align="center"|45,014
|-
|align=left|[[Paschim Bardhaman district]]
|align="center"|1,077
|align="center"|159,423
|align="center"|56
|align="center"|5,933
|align="center"|110
|align="center"|69,743
|align="center"|159
|align="center"|192,129
|align="center"|14
|align="center"|29,692
|align="center"|77
|align="center"|26,126
|align="center"|2,945
|align="center"|90,971
|-
|}

Note: Primary schools include junior basic schools; middle schools, high schools and higher secondary schools include madrasahs; technical schools include junior technical schools, junior government polytechnics, industrial technical institutes, industrial training centres, nursing training institutes etc.; technical and professional colleges include engineering colleges, medical colleges, para-medical institutes, management colleges, teachers training and nursing training colleges, law colleges, art colleges, music colleges etc. Special and non-formal education centres include sishu siksha kendras, madhyamik siksha kendras, centres of Rabindra mukta vidyalaya, recognised Sanskrit tols, institutions for the blind and other handicapped persons, Anganwadi centres, reformatory schools etc.<ref name=2handbook2014/>

The following institutions are located in Asansol subdivision:
*[[Kazi Nazrul University]] was established in 2012 at Asansol.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.knu.ac.in/ |title = Kazi Nazrul University |publisher=KNU | access-date = 2 March 2017}}</ref>
*[[Asansol Engineering College]] was established in 1998 at Asansol. It is affiliated with the [[Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.aecwb.edu.in/index.php |title=Asansol Engineering College |publisher= AEC | access-date = 2 March 2017}}</ref>
*[[Banwarilal Bhalotia College]] was established at Asanol in 1944. It is affiliated with the Kazi Nazrul University.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.bbcollege.ac.in/# |title = Banwarilal Bhalotia College Asansol |publisher= BB College | access-date = 2 March 2017}}</ref>
*[[Asansol Girls' College]] was established at Asansol in 1950. It is affiliated with the Kazi Nazrul University.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.agc.org.in/# |title = Asansol Girl's College |publisher= AGC | access-date = 2 March 2017}}</ref>
*[[Bidhan Chandra College, Asansol|Bidhan Chandra College]] was established in 1961 at Asansol. It is affiliated with the Kazi Nazrul University.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://bccollegeasansol.org/ | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151206022024/http://bccollegeasansol.org/ | url-status = usurped | archive-date = 6 December 2015 |title=Bidhan Chandra College |publisher= BC College | access-date = 2 March 2017}}</ref>
*[[Kulti College]] was established in 1986 at [[Kulti]]. It is affiliated with the Kazi Nazrul University.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.kulticollege.org/index1.php |title =Kulti College |publisher= KC | access-date = 2 March 2017}}</ref>
*[[Kazi Nazrul Islam Mahavidyalaya]] was established in 1981 at [[Churulia]]. It is affiliated with Kazi Nazrul University.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://knim.org/ | title = Kazi Nazrul Islam Mahavidyalaya | publisher = KNIM | access-date = 2 March 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170303201153/https://knim.org/ | archive-date = 3 March 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref>
*[[Triveni Devi Bhalotia College]] was established in 1957 at [[Raniganj]]. It is affiliated with Kazi Nazrul University.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.tdbcollege.ac.in/ |title =Trivenidevi Bhalotia College | publisher= TDB College | access-date = 2 March 2017}}</ref>
*[[Raniganj Girls' College]] was established in 1980 at [[Raniganj]]. It is affiliated with Kazi Nazrul University.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.raniganjgirlscollege.org/ |title =Raniganj Girls' College |publisher= RGC | access-date=2 March 2017}}</ref>
*[[Kanyapur Polytechnic]], offering diploma level courses in engineering, was established in 1965 at Asansol.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.targetadmission.com/colleges/6378-kanyapur-polytechnic-asansol |title=Kanyapur Polytechnic |publisher= Target Admission | access-date = 2 March 2017}}</ref>
*[[Deshbandhu Mahavidyalaya]] was established at [[Chittaranjan]] in 1973. It is affiliated with the Kazi Nazrul University.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.chittaranjancollege.org/ |title=Deshbandhu Mahavidyalaya | publisher= DM | access-date=2 March 2017}}</ref>

==Healthcare==
The table below (all data in numbers) presents an overview of the medical facilities available and patients treated in the hospitals, health centres and sub-centres in 2014 in Paschim Bardhaman district, after bifurcation of Bardhaman district in 2017, with data for the year 2013–14.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.dospiwb.org.in/site.php |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Bardhaman |work = Table 3.1, 3.3 |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 2 March 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170729135056/http://www.dospiwb.org.in/site.php |archive-date = 29 July 2017 |url-status = usurped }}</ref>

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size: 9pt"
|-
!width="110" rowspan="2"| Subdivision
!width="160" colspan="4" rowspan="1"| Health & Family Welfare Deptt, WB

!widthspan="110" rowspan="2"|Other State Govt Deptts
!widthspan="110" rowspan="2"|Local bodies
!widthspan="110" rowspan="2"|Central Govt Deptts / PSUs
!widthspan="110" rowspan="2"|NGO / Private Nursing Homes
!widthspan="110" rowspan="2"|Total
!widthspan="110" rowspan="2"|Total Number of Beds
!widthspan="110" rowspan="2"|Total Number of Doctors
!widthspan="130" rowspan="2"|Indoor Patients
!widthspan="130" rowspan="2"|Outdoor Patients
|-
!width="40"|Hospitals 
!width="40"|Rural Hospitals 
!width="40"|Block Primary Health Centres 
!width="40"|Primary Health Centres 
|-
|align=left|Asansol
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|6
|align="center"|22
|align="center"|2
|align="center"| -
|align="center"|14
|align="center"|78
|align="center"|124
|align="center"|4,399
|align="center"|566
|align="center"|113,234
|align="center"|1,713,044
|-
|align=left|[[Durgapur subdivision|Durgapur]]
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|3
|align="center"|10
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|9
|align="center"|38
|align="center"|62
|align="center"|2,034
|align="center"|364
|align="center"|79,876
|align="center"|1,837,026
|-
|align=left|[[Paschim Bardhaman district]]
|align="center"|2
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|9
|align="center"|32
|align="center"|3
|align="center"| -
|align="center"|23
|align="center"|116
|align="center"|186
|align="center"|9,433
|align="center"|930
|align="center"|193,110
|align="center"|3,550,070
|-
|}

===Medical facilities===
Asansol subdivision has a subdivisional hospital at Asansol. There is a rural hospital at [[Ballavpur]]. The subdivision has block primary health centres at Pithaikuri, Kelejhora, [[Bahadurpur, Bardhaman|Bahadurpur]], Akalpur and [[Raniganj]], and primary health centres at Dabar, Parbatpur, [[Domohani]], Panuria, Nuni, Lalganj, [[Churulia]], [[Chinchuria]], Birkulti, Baktarnagar and Tirat.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://bardhaman.nic.in/health/medicalinst.html | title = Bardhaman district | work = Medical Institutions | publisher = Bardhaman district administration | access-date = 6 March 2017}}</ref> Other hospitals in Asansol subdivision include [[Eastern Coalfields|ECL]] Central Hospital at Kalla, Sanctoria Hospital at [[Dishergarh]], ECL's Banshra Hospital at [[Banshra]], ECL's Salanpur Hospital at [[Salanpur|Dendua]],<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.wbpublibnet.gov.in/sites/default/files/sites/default/files/sites/default/files/uploads/pdf/eastern_coldfields_limiteds_hospital.pdf | title = Eastern Coalfields Limited's Hospitals | publisher = ECL | access-date = 23 April 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170426153142/http://www.wbpublibnet.gov.in/sites/default/files/sites/default/files/sites/default/files/uploads/pdf/eastern_coldfields_limiteds_hospital.pdf | archive-date = 26 April 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Divisional Railway Hospital at Asansol, ESI Hospital at Kanyapur, HLG Memorial Hospital at Kanyapur,<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.efindout.com/hospital-in-asansol/ | title = Hospitals in Asansol| date = 28 November 2014| publisher = eFindout.com | access-date = 6 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.easterncoal.gov.in/contactus/contactus.html | title = Eastern Coalfields Limited | work = Contact Us | publisher = ECL | access-date = 6 March 2017}}</ref> Marwari Relief Society Hospital at Raniganj, Anandlok Hospital at Raniganj,<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.efindout.com/hospital-of-raniganj/ | title = Hospitals and Nursing Homes in Raniganj| date = 11 January 2015| publisher = eFindout.com | access-date = 6 March 2017}}</ref> Burnpur Hospital of [[Steel Authority of India|SAIL]] at [[Burnpur]].<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.sail.co.in/iisco-steel-plant/facilities | title = Steel Authority of India | work = IISCO Steel Plant Facilities | publisher = SAIL | access-date = 6 March 2017 | archive-date = 11 July 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170711054914/https://sail.co.in/iisco-steel-plant/facilities | url-status = dead }}</ref> and Kasturba Gandhi Hospital of Chittaranjan Locomotive Works at [[Chittaranjan]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.indiaheartbeat.com/hospital/profile/37170/KASTURBA-GANDHI-HOSPITAL-CHITTARANJAN-LOCOVOTIVE-WORKS.html | title = Kasturba Gandhi Hospital, Chittaranjan Locomotive Works | publisher = inddiaheartbeat.com | access-date = 6 March 2017}}</ref>

Further medical facilities in Asansol Sadar subdivision are as follows:

'''Hospitals''': (Name, location, beds) <ref name=medical>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/Hospitals.pdf | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics - Hospitals | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 12 May 2020 | archive-date = 14 September 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200914160418/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/Hospitals.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref>

*Asansol Subdivisional Hospital, [[Asansol]], 350 beds
*Asansol Special Jail Hospital, Asansol, 20 beds
*Dr. L. Sen Memorial Leprosy Hospital, Asansol, 50 beds
*Divisional Railway Hospital, Asansol, 225 beds
*ESI Hospital, Asansol, 150 beds
*Burnpur Hospital, [[Burnpur]], 550 beds
*ECL Central Hospital, [[Kalla, Asansol|Kalla]], 450 beds
*ECL Sanctoria Hospital, [[Dishergarh]], 250 beds
*ECL Banshra Hospital, [[Banshra]], PO Kalla, 50 beds
*ECL Satgram Hospital, Satgram, 50 beds
*KG Hospital, [[Chittaranjan]], 150 beds
* Kulti Hospital, [[Kulti]], 90 beds
*Raniganj Leprosy Hospital, [[Ballavpur]], 50 beds
*Searsol TB Hospital, Searsol Rajbati, 50 beds

'''Rural Hospitals''': (Name, CD block, location, beds) <ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work= Hebedsalth Statistics – Rural Hospitals | publisher = Government of West Bengal |access-date = 12 May 2020}}</ref>

*Ballabhpur Rural Hospital, Raniganj CD block, [[Ballavpur]], 50 beds
*Bahadurpur Rural Hospital, Jamuria CD block, [[Bahadurpur, Paschim Bardhaman|Bahadurpur]], 30 beds
*Kelejora Rural Hospital, Barabani CD block, [[Domohani|Domohani Bazar]], 30 beds
*Pithaikeary Rural Hospital, Salanpur CD block, Rupnarayanpur, 30 beds

'''Block Primary Health Centres''': (Name, CD block, location, beds)<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/BPHC.pdf | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work= Health Statistics – Block Primary Health Centres | publisher = Government of West Bengal |access-date = 12 May 2020}}</ref>

*Raniganj Block Primary Health Centre, Raniganj CD block, [[Raniganj]], 25 beds
*Akalpur Block Primary Health Centre, Jamuria CD block, Akalpur, 10 beds

'''Primary Health Centres ''': (CD block-wise)(CD block, PHC location, beds)<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/PHC.pdf | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work= Health Statistics – Primary Health Centres | publisher = Government of West Bengal |access-date = 12 May 2020}}</ref>

*Raniganj CD block: [[Baktarnagar]] (6), Tirat (PO Kalipahari) (6)
*Jamuria CD block: Churulia Pramila Nazrul ([[Churulia]]) (6), Sirisdanga (PO Mandi) (6), Birkulti (2), [[Chinchuria]] (6)
*Barabani CD block: [[Domohani]] (10), Lalganj (2), Nuni (6), [[Panuria]] (6)
*Salanpur CD block: Dabor (PO Achra) (10), Parbotpur (PO Samdi) (2)
*Asansol MC (earlier CD block areas): [[Barakar]] (15), Kumardiha (PO [[Sitarampur]]) (2), Sodepur (PO Sundar Chowk) (2), Marichkota (PO [[Ethora]]) (2), Dakshin Dhadka (10), Damra (PO Kalipahari) (2), Bidyanandapur (PO Surjanagara) (6), Dhenua (PO Hirapur) (2), [[Dihika]] (PO Surjanagar) (10).

==Electoral constituencies==
[[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) and [[Vidhan Sabha]] (state assembly) constituencies in Asansol subdivision were as follows:<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 15 February 2006 | access-date= 25 February 2017|work = West Bengal| publisher= Election Commission of India}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Lok Sabha constituency ||Vidhan Sabha constituency ||Reservation||CD Block and/or Gram panchayats and/or municipal areas
|-
|[[Asansol (Lok Sabha constituency)|Asansol]]||[[Kulti (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kulti]]||None||Wards 16–19,58-74,99-105 of [[Asansol Municipal Corporation]](Before 2015 [[Kulti]] municipality)
|-
| ||[[Barabani (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Barabni]]||None||[[Barabani (community development block)|Barabani]] and [[Salanpur (community development block)|Salanpur]] CD Blocks
|-
| ||[[Asansol Uttar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Asansol Uttar]]||None||Wards 13–15,20-31,40-55,76 of [[Asansol Municipal Corporation]](Before 2015 Ward nos. 1–8,10-17,19,21-33 of [[Asansol]] municipal corporation)
|-
| ||[[Asansol Dakshin (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Asansol Dakshin]]||None||Wards 38–39,56-57,75,77-87,94-98,106 of [[Asansol Municipal Corporation]] (Before 2015 Ward nos. 9,18,20,34-50 of [[Asansol]] municipal corporation) and Amrasota, Egara, [[Ballavpur]], [[Jemari (J.K. Nagar Township)|Jemari]] and Tirat gram panchayats of [[Raniganj (community development block)|Raniganj]] CD Block
|-
| ||[[Jamuria (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jamuria]]||None||Wards 1–12,32 of [[Asansol Municipal Corporation]](Before 2015 [[Jamuria]] municipality), [[Jamuria (community development block)|Jamuria]] CD Block, and [[Ratibati]] gram panchayat of [[Raniganj (community development block)|Raniganj]] CD Block
|-
| ||[[Raniganj (West Bengal Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Raniganj]]||None||Wards 33–37,88-93 of [[Asansol Municipal Corporation]](Before 2015 [[Raniganj]] municipality) and [[Andal (community development block)|Andal]] CD Block of [[Durgapur subdivision]].
|-
| ||[[Pandaveswar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Pandaveswar]]||None||[[Pandabeswar (community development block)|Pandabeswar]] and [[Faridpur Durgapur]] CD Blocks of [[Durgapur subdivision]]
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Wikivoyage inline|Asansol}}
* {{Wikivoyage inline|Maithon}}

{{Paschim Bardhaman District}}
{{Paschim Bardhaman topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Asansol Subdivision}}
[[Category:Subdivisions of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Subdivisions in Paschim Bardhaman district]]

Bankura Sadar subdivision

2026-01-17T15:36:02Z

BrittnyFiorillo: quick update

{{other uses|Bankura (disambiguation)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bankura Sadar subdivision
| other_name = 
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Subdivision
| image_skyline = File:Bankura Sadar (subdivision) in Bankura (West Bengal).svg
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.25|N|87.07|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Emblem of West Bengal (Banglarmukh) before 2018.png}}[[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bankura district|Bankura]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Bankura]]
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 2,596.11
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1,439,148
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-WB]]
| registration_plate = WB
| website = http://bankura.gov.in/
| footnotes =
}}
'''Bankura Sadar subdivision''' is a subdivision of the [[Bankura district]] in the state of [[West Bengal]], [[India]].

==Subdivisions==
Bankura district is divided into the following administrative subdivisions:<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Bankura | work = Table 2.2, 2.4(a) | publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 15 May 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | url-status = dead }}</ref>
[[File:Bankura Subdivision Map (en).svg|thumb]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Subdivision ||Headquarters|| Area km2 || Population (2011) ||Rural Population % (2001)||Urban Population % (2001)
|-
| Bankura Sadar ||[[Bankura]]||2596.11||1,439,148||89.27||11.43
|-
| [[Khatra subdivision|Khatra]]||[[Khatra]]||2407.49||1,045.591||100.00||0
|-
| [[Bishnupur subdivision|Bishnupur]]||[[Bishnupur, Bankura|Bishnupur]]||1870.75||1,111,935||91.04||8.96
|-
| [[Bankura district]]||[[Bankura]]||6882.00||3,596,674||92.63||7.37
|-
|}

Bankura Sadar subdivision has a density of population of 554 per km2. 40.1% of the population of the district resides in this subdivision.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Bankura | work = Table 2.2 | publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 15 May 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

{{OSM Location map
| width=450| height=500| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|23|23|0|N|87|6|10|E}}| float=left|caption='''Places in Bankura Sadar subdivision in Bankura district''' M: municipal town/ city, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, H: hill centre, T: temple, B: barrage Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|23|19|48|N|87|13|12|E}} | label-pos1=right|label1= Beliatore| numbered1=CT| mark-title1= [[Beliatore]] (CT)|label-color1= #800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1=#A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|23|25|48|N|87|16|48|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2=Barjora| numbered2=CT| mark-title2= [[Barjora]] (CT)
|mark-coord3={{coord|23|26|44|N|87|15|8|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3=Ghutgarya| numbered3=CT| mark-title3= [[Ghutgarya]] (CT)
|mark-coord4={{coord|23|22|11|N|86|54|9|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4=Jhantipahari| numbered4=CT| mark-title4= [[Jhantipahari]] (CT)
|mark-coord5={{coord|23|15|0|N|87|4|12|E}}| label-pos5=right |label5=Bankura| numbered5=M| mark-title5 =[[Bankura]] (M)| shape-color5=#800000
|mark-coord6={{coord|23|16|34|N|86|59|52|E}}| label-pos6=left|label6=Achuri| numbered6=R| mark-title6= [[Achuri]] (R)| shape-color6=#C42222
|mark-coord7={{coord|23|23|50|N|87|6|32|E}}| label-pos7=right|label7=Amarkanan| numbered7=R| mark-title7= [[Amarkanan]] (R)| shape-color7=#C42222
|mark-coord8={{coord|23|15|45|N|87|5|32|E}}| label-pos8=left|label8=Bikna| numbered8=R| mark-title8= [[Bikna]] (R)| shape-color8=#C42222
|mark-coord9={{coord|23|18|6|N|86|58|57|E}}| label-pos9=right|label9=Chhatna| numbered9=R| mark-title9= [[Chhatna]] (R)| shape-color9=#C42222
|mark-coord10={{coord|23|28|12|N|87|7|48|E}}| label-pos10=left|label10=Durlabhpur| numbered10=R| mark-title10= [[Durlabhpur]] (R)| shape-color10=#C42222
|mark-coord11={{coord|23|25|12|N|87|7|12|E}}| label-pos11=right|label11=Gangajalghati| numbered11=R| mark-title11= [[Gangajalghati]] (R)| shape-color11=#C42222
|mark-coord12={{coord|23|18|51|N|87|5|38|E}}| label-pos12=right|label12=Kanchanpur| numbered12=R| mark-title12= [[Kanchanpur, Bankura]] (R)| shape-color12=#C42222
|mark-coord13={{coord|23|28|30|N|87|13|22|E}}| label-pos13=left|label13=Maliara| numbered13=R| mark-title13= [[Maliara]] (R)| shape-color13=#C42222
|mark-coord14={{coord|23|6|22|N|87|11|5|E}}| label-pos14=left|label14=Medinipur| numbered14=R| mark-title14= [[Medinipur, Bankura]] (R)| shape-color14=#C42222
|mark-coord15={{coord|23|34|12|N|87|6|0|E}}| label-pos15=left|label15=Mejia| numbered15=R| mark-title15= [[Mejia, Bankura]] (R)| shape-color15=#C42222
|mark-coord16={{coord|23|10|9|N|87|9|48|E}}| label-pos16=left|label16=Murakata| numbered16=R| mark-title16= [[Murakata]] (R)| shape-color16=#C42222
|mark-coord17={{coord|23|8|31|N|87|12|7|E}}| label-pos17=left|label17=Onda| numbered17=R| mark-title17= [[Onda, Bankura]] (R)| shape-color17=#C42222
|mark-coord18={{coord|23|24|33|N|87|22|35|E}}| label-pos18=left|label18=Pakhanna| numbered18=R| mark-title18= [[Pakhanna]] (R)| shape-color18=#C42222
|mark-coord19={{coord|23|12|48|N|87|1|8|E}}| label-pos19=left|label19=Puabagan| numbered19=R| mark-title19= [[Puabagan]] (R)| shape-color19=#C42222
|mark-coord20={{coord|23|10|53|N|86|48|33|E}}| label-pos20=right|label20=Saldiha| numbered20=R| mark-title20= [[Saldiha]] (R)| shape-color20=#C42222
|mark-coord21={{coord|23|31|59|N|86|55|59|E}}| label-pos21=left|label21=Saltora| numbered21=R| mark-title21= [[Saltora]] (R)| shape-color21=#C42222
|mark-coord22={{coord|23|24|0|N|86|59|0|E}}| label-pos22=right|label22=Susunia| numbered22=H| mark-title22= [[Susunia]] (H)| shape-color22=#87410E
|mark-coord23={{coord|23|34|29|N|86|55|57|E}}| label-pos23=right|label23=Biharinath| numbered23=H| mark-title23= [[Biharinath]] (H)| shape-color23=#87410E
|mark-coord24={{coord|23|9|55|N|87|14|20|E}} | label-pos24=top|label24=Bahulara| numbered24=T| mark-title24= [[Bahulara Ancient Temple]] (T) |shape-color24=#AA6666
|mark-coord25={{coord|23|12|38|N|87|5|31|E}} | label-pos25=bottom|label25=Ekteswar| numbered25=T| mark-title25= [[Ekteswar]] (T) |shape-color25=#AA6666
|mark-coord26={{coord|23|12|52|N|87|7|22|E}} | label-pos26=right|label26=Sonatapal| numbered26=T| mark-title26= [[Sonatapal]] (T) |shape-color26=#AA6666
|mark-coord27={{coord|23|20|48|N|87|18|12|E}} | label-pos27=top|label27=Jagannathpur| numbered27=T| mark-title27= [[Jagannathpur, Bankura]] (T) |shape-color27=#AA6666
|mark-coord28={{coord|23.4754|87.3023}}| label28= Durgapur|labela28= Barrage| label-color28 = #C42222 | label-angle28=0| label-pos28=right| label-size28=10| mark-size28=12| numbered28=B|mark-title28 =[[Durgapur Barrage]]| shape-color28=#C42222
|mark-coord29={{coord|23.5088|87.2418}}| label29=Damodar River| label-color29 = #77A1CB| label-angle29=40| label-pos29=top| label-size29=10| mark-size29=0| mark-title29 =none
|mark-coord30={{coord|23.3028|86.8958}}| label30=Dwarakeswar| label-color30 = #77A1CB| label-angle30=70| label-pos30=top| label-size30=10| mark-size30=0| mark-title30 =none
|mark-coord31={{coord|23.2488|86.9318}}| label31= River| label-color31 = #77A1CB| label-angle31=20| label-pos31=top| label-size31=10| mark-size31=0| mark-title31 =none}}

==Administrative units==
Bankura Sadar subdivision has 9 police stations, 8 community development blocks, 8 panchayat samitis, 75 gram panchayats, 1,384 inhabited villages, 1 municipality and 4 [[census town]]s. [[Bankura]] is the only municipality in this subdivision. The census towns are: Jhanti Pahari, [[Barjora]], Bhutgerya and [[Beliatore]]. The subdivision has its headquarters at Bankura.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Bankura | work = Table 2.1 | publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 15 May 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref name=blocdir>{{Cite web
|url=http://wbdemo5.nic.in/writereaddata/Directoryof_District_Block_GPs(RevisedMarch-2008).doc
|title=Directory of District, Sub division, Panchayat Samiti/ Block and Gram Panchayats in West Bengal, March 2008
|date=19 March 2008 |access-date=9 September 2016 |work=West Bengal
|publisher=National Informatics Centre, India
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225032419/http://wbdemo5.nic.in/writereaddata/Directoryof_District_Block_GPs%28RevisedMarch-2008%29.doc
|archive-date=25 February 2009 }}</ref>

==Police stations==
Police stations in Bankura Sadar subdivision have the following features and jurisdiction:<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Bankura |work = Tables 2.1, 2.2 |publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 15 May 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |url-status = dead }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Police Station ||Area covered km2||Municipal Town || CD Block
|-
| [[Bankura#Police stations|Bankura]]||439||[[Bankura]]||[[Bankura I]], [[Bankura II]]
|-
| [[Bankura#Police stations|Bankura Sadar Women]]|| – ||[[Bankura]]||All blocks in Bankura Sadar subdivision
|-
| [[Chhatna#Police station|Chhatna]]||441|| – || [[Chhatna (community development block)|Chhatna]]
|-
| [[Saltora#Police station|Saltora]]||312.62|| – || [[Saltora (community development block)|Saltora]]
|-
| [[Mejia, Bankura#Police station|Mejia]]||162.90|| – || [[Mejia (community development block)|Mejia]]
|-
| [[Gangajalghati#Police station|Gangajalghati]]||371.2|| – || [[Gangajalghati (community development block)|Gangajalghati]]
|-
| [[Barjora#Police station|Barjora]]||239.6063|| – || [[Barjora (community development block)|Barjora]]
|-
| [[Beliatore#Police station|Beliatore]]||222.71|| – || [[Barjora (community development block)|Barjora]]
|-
| [[Onda, Bankura#Police station|Onda]]||499.41|| – || [[Onda (community development block)|Onda]]
|-
|}

==Blocks==
Community development blocks in Bankura Sadar subdivision are:<ref name=census>{{cite web | url =http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_13.htm | title = Provisional population totals, West Bengal, Table 4, Bankura District | access-date = 18 August 2016 | work = Census of India 2001 | publisher = Census Commission of India|url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110928204920/http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_13.htm |archive-date= 28 September 2011}}</ref><ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= 2011 census: West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 29 August 2016}}</ref>
[[File:Bankura Tehsil Map (en).svg|thumb]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! CD Block ||Headquarters||Area km2 || Population (2011) ||[[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SC]] %||[[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|ST]] %||Literacy rate %||Census Towns
|-
| [[Bankura I]]||[[Puabagan]]||171.09||107,685 ||37.10||6.09||68.74||
|-
| [[Bankura II]]||[[Bikna]]||220.84||140,864||29.81||2.49||73.59||
|-
| [[Barjora (community development block)|Barjora]]||[[Barjora]]||393.23||202,049||33.85||1.64||71.67||3
|-
| [[Chhatna (community development block)|Chhatna]]||[[Chhatna]]||447.47||195,038||29.99||20.50||65.73||1
|-
| [[Gangajalghati (community development block)|Gangajalghati]]||[[Amarkanan]]||366.47||180,974||35.27||3.96||68.11||
|-
| [[Mejia (community development block)|Mejia]]||[[Mejia, Bankura|Mejia]]||162.87||86,188||34.19||2.45||66.83||
|-
| [[Onda (community development block)|Onda]]||[[Onda, Bankura|Onda]]||502.46||252,984||33.18||4.92||65.82||
|-
| [[Saltora (community development block)|Saltora]]||[[Saltora]]||312.62||135,980||34.19||18.90||61.45||
|}

==Gram Panchayats==
The subdivision contains 75 [[gram panchayat]]s under eight [[Community Development Block in India|community development blocks]]:<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbprd.gov.in/HtmlPage/PANCHAYATS.aspx |title = Directory of District, Subdivision, Panchayat Samiti/ Block and Gram Panchayats in West Bengal |work = Bankura – Revised in March 2008 | publisher= Panchayats and Rural Development Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 27 August 2016}}</ref>

*[[Bankura I]] block consists of six gram panchayats: Anchuri, Jagadalla–I, Kalapathar, Andharthole, Jagadalla–II and [[Kenjakura]].
*[[Bankura II]] block consists of seven gram panchayats: Bikna, Kosthia, Narrah, Sanbandha, Janbedia, Mankanali and Purandarpur.
*[[Barjora (Community development block)|Barjora]] block consists of 11 gram panchayats: Barjora, Chhandar, Hatasuria, Pokhonna, Beliator, Ghutgoria, Khanrari, Shaharjora, Brindabanpur, Godardihi and Maliyara.
*[[Chhatna (Community development block)|Chhatna]] block consists of: Arrah, Dhaban, Jirrah, Teghari, Cheenabari, Ghoshergram, Metyala, Chhatna–I, Jamtora, Shaldiha, Chhatna–II, Jhunjhka and Shushunia.
*[[Gangajalghati (Community development block)|Gangajalghati]] block consists of: Banasuria, Gangajalghati, Lachhmanpur, Piraboni, Barashal, Gobindadham, Latiaboni, Bhaktabandh, Kapista and Nityanandapur.
*[[Mejia (Community development block)|Mejia]] block consists of: Ardhagram, Kushtor, Ramchandrapur, Banjora and Mejia.
*[[Onda (Community development block)|Onda]] block consists of: Chingani, Lodna, Nikunjapur, Ramsagar, Churamonipur, Majdiha, Onda–I, Ratanpur, Kalyani, Medinipur, Onda–II, Santor, Kantabari, Nakaijuri and Punisole.
*[[Saltora (Community development block)|Saltora]] block consists of: Bamuntor, Gogra, Pabra, Saltora, Dhekia, Kanuri, Salma and Tiluri.

==Education==
Bankura district had a literacy rate of 70.26% as per the provisional figures of the 2011 census. Bankura Sadar subdivision had a literacy rate of 69.56%, Khatra subdivision 69.79% and Bishnupur subdivision 71.60%.<ref name="handbook2014">{{cite web |title=District Statistical Handbook 2014 Bankura |url=http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |archive-date=21 January 2019 |access-date=15 May 2020 |work=Basic data: Table 4.4, 4.5, Clarifications: other related tables |publisher=Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal}}</ref>

Given in the table below is a comprehensive picture of the education scenario in Bankura district for the year 2013–14. It may be noted that primary schools include junior basic schools; middle schools, high schools and higher secondary schools include madrasahs; technical schools include junior technical schools, junior government polytechnics, industrial technical institutes, industrial training centres, nursing training institutes etc.; technical and professional colleges include engineering colleges, medical colleges, para-medical institutes, management colleges, teachers training and nursing training colleges, law colleges, art colleges, music colleges etc. Special and non-formal education centres include sishu siksha kendras, madhyamik siksha kendras, centres of Rabindra mukta vidyalaya, recognised Sanskrit tols, institutions for the blind and other handicapped persons, Anganwadi centres, reformatory schools etc.<ref name=handbook2014/>

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size: 9pt"
|-
!width="110" rowspan="2"| Subdivision
!colspan="2"|Primary School
!colspan="2"|Middle School
!colspan="2"|High School
!colspan="2"|Higher Secondary School
!colspan="2"|General College, Univ
!colspan="2"|Technical / Professional Instt
!colspan="2"|Non-formal Education
|-
!width="30"|Institution

!width="30"|Student

!width="30"|Institution

!width="30"|Student

!width="30"|Institution

!width="30"|Student

!width="30"|Institution

!width="30"|Student

!width="30"|Institution

!width="30"|Student

!width="30"|Institution

!width="30"|Student

!width="30"|Institution

!width="30"|Student 
|-
|align=left|Bankura Sadar
|align="center"|1,371
|align="center"|117,820
|align="center"|144
|align="center"|17,951
|align="center"|90
|align="center"|69,329
|align="center"|91
|align="center"|78,909
|align="center"|9
|align="center"|14,782
|align="center"|14
|align="center"|2,865
|align="center"|2,228
|align="center"|69,919
|-
|align=left|[[Khatra subdivision|Khatra]]
|align="center"|1,200
|align="center"|86,786
|align="center"|113
|align="center"|16,805
|align="center"|50
|align="center"|28,178
|align="center"|112
|align="center"|93,919
|align="center"|6
|align="center"|13,067
|align="center"|6
|align="center"|702
|align="center"|1,993
|align="center"|51,849
|-
|align=left|[[Bishnupur subdivision|Bishnupur]]
|align="center"|979
|align="center"|86,750
|align="center"|112
|align="center"|15,092
|align="center"|57
|align="center"|28,738
|align="center"|81
|align="center"|78,915
|align="center"|6
|align="center"|10,552
|align="center"|14
|align="center"|4,170
|align="center"|1,649
|align="center"|57,769
|-
|align=left|[[Bankura district]]
|align="center"|3,550
|align="center"|291,356
|align="center"|369
|align="center"|49,848
|align="center"|197
|align="center"|126,245
|align="center"|284
|align="center"|251,743
|align="center"|21
|align="center"|38,401
|align="center"|34
|align="center"|7,737
|align="center"|5,870
|align="center"|179,537
|-
|}

===Educational institutions===
The following institutions are located in Bankura Sadar subdivision:
*[[Bankura University]] was established in 2013.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.bankurauniv.ac.in/default.aspx |title = Bankura University | publisher= Bankura University| access-date = 14 December 2016}}</ref>
*[[Bankura Sammilani Medical College]] at Bankura was started as a medical school in 1922 and was upgraded to a medical college in 1954. The Government of West Bengal took over the institution in 1961. The 131 bedded Bankura district hospital was merged with it in 1964.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.bsmedicalcollege.org.in/ |title = Bankura Sammilani Medical College | publisher= BSMC| access-date = 14 December 2016}}</ref>
*[[Bankura Unnayani Institute of Engineering]] at [[Puabagan]], Bankura was established in 1998. It is affiliated to [[Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology]]. It conducts BTech. and MTech courses.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.buie.ac.in/ |title = Bankura Unnayani Institute of Engineering | publisher= BUIE| access-date = 14 December 2016}}</ref>
* [[Bankura Christian College]] at Bankura was established in 1903 by Weslayan Missionary Society.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.bankurachristiancollege.in/ |title = Bankura Christian College | publisher= BCC | access-date = 14 December 2016}}</ref>
*[[Bankura Sammilani College]] at Bankura was established in 1948.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://bankurasammilanicollege.net/ |title = Bankura Sammilani College | publisher= BSC | access-date = 14 December 2016}}</ref>
*[[Bankura Zilla Saradamani Mahila Mahavidyapith]] at Bankura is a women's college established in 1973.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.bzsmcollege.org/bzsm/portal/index.php?lang=en | title = Bankura Zilla Saradamani Mahila Mahavidyapith | publisher = BZSM College | access-date = 14 December 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161220203036/http://www.bzsmcollege.org/bzsm/portal/index.php?lang=en | archive-date = 20 December 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>
*[[Saldiha College]] at [[Saldiha]] was established in 1966. It has hostel facilities – three for boys and one for girls.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://saldihacollege.com/index.php |title = Saldiha College | publisher= Saldiha College| access-date = 14 December 2016}}</ref>
*[[Gobindaprasad Mahavidyalaya]] was established in 1985 at [[Amarkanan]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://gpmbankura.in/ |title = Gobinda Prasad Mahavidyalaya | publisher=GPV | access-date = 16 December 2016}}</ref>
*[[Barjora College]] at [[Barjora]] was established in 1985.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://barjoracollege.org/(S(3njoamyvvkicyjfcegcmir3z))/default.aspx | title = Barjora College | publisher = Barjora College | access-date = 14 December 2016 | archive-date = 8 December 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161208013404/http://barjoracollege.org/(S(iqbqbyvvyqrlhcv0kkfrd155))/Default.aspx | url-status = dead }}</ref>
*[[Jamini Roy College]] was established at [[Beliatore]] in 1986.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://jaminiroycollege.org/jrc/ |title = Jamini Roy College | publisher= JRC | access-date = 16 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.collegeadmission.in/JaminiRayCollege/Jamini_Ray_College.shtml | title = Jamini Roy College | publisher = College Admission | access-date = 16 December 2016 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
*[[Saltora Netaji Centenary College]] at [[Saltora]] was established in 2001.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.saltoranccollege.org/ |title = Saltora Netaji Centenary College | publisher= SNCC| access-date = 14 December 2016}}</ref>
*[[Chhatna Chandidas Mahavidyalaya]] was established at Ghoramuli, [[Chhatna]] in 2007.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.icbse.com/colleges/chhatna-chandidas-mahavidyalaya/34647/2 |title = Chhatna Chandidas Mahavidyalaya | publisher= icbse| access-date = 16 December 2016}}</ref>
*[[Onda Thana Mahavidyalaya]] was established at PO [[Murakata]] in 2007.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://ondathanamahavidyalaya.in/ |title = Onda Thana Mahavidyalaya | publisher= OTM| access-date = 16 December 2016}}</ref>
*[[Government General Degree College, Mejia]] at Gopalpur village, PO [[Mejia, Bankura|Mejia]], was established in 2015.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://ggdcmejia.org/office.htm | title = Government General Degree College at Mejia (Gopalpur) | publisher = GGDC | access-date = 14 December 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170218193217/http://www.ggdcmejia.org/office.htm | archive-date = 18 February 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref>
*The College of Agriculture, at [[Chhatna]], an extended campus of [[Bidhan Chandra Krishi Vishwavidyalaya]] was started in 2015.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.bckv.edu.in/bckv.php?page=1ff8a7b5dc7a7d1f0ed65aaa29c04b1eac | title = Bidhan Chandra Krishi Vishwavidyalaya | work = Extended campus of BCKV, Bankura, College of Agriculture | publisher = BCKV | access-date = 16 December 2016 | archive-date = 30 November 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161130024042/http://www.bckv.edu.in/bckv.php?page=1ff8a7b5dc7a7d1f0ed65aaa29c04b1eac | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Healthcare==
The table below (all data in numbers) presents an overview of the medical facilities available and patients treated in the hospitals, health centres and sub-centres in 2014 in Bankura district.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Bankura | work = Table 3.1, 3.3 | publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 15 May 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size: 9pt"
|-
!width="110" rowspan="2"| Subdivision
!width="160" colspan="4" rowspan="1"| Health & Family Welfare Deptt, WB

!widthspan="110" rowspan="2"|Other State Govt Deptts
!widthspan="110" rowspan="2"|Local bodies
!widthspan="110" rowspan="2"|Central Govt Deptts / PSUs
!widthspan="110" rowspan="2"|NGO / Private Nursing Homes
!widthspan="110" rowspan="2"|Total
!widthspan="110" rowspan="2"|Total Number of Beds
!widthspan="110" rowspan="2"|Total Number of Doctors
!widthspan="130" rowspan="2"|Indoor Patients
!widthspan="130" rowspan="2"|Outdoor Patients
|-
!width="40"|Hospitals 
!width="40"|Rural Hospitals 
!width="40"|Block Primary Health Centres 
!width="40"|Primary Health Centres 
|-
|align=left|Bankura Sadar
|align="center"|2
|align="center"|6
|align="center"|2
|align="center"|25
|align="center"|3
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|2
|align="center"|31
|align="center"|71
|align="center"|2,628
|align="center"|320
|align="center"|147,890
|align="center"|2,634,248
|-
|align=left|[[Khatra subdivision|Khatra]]
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|7
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|21
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|4
|align="center"|34
|align="center"|698
|align="center"|77
|align="center"|58,258
|align="center"|1,440,172
|-
|align=left|[[Bishnupur subdivision|Bishnupur]]
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|5
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|23
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|11
|align="center"|41
|align="center"|698
|align="center"|77
|align="center"|68,068
|align="center"|1,351,349
|-
|align=left|[[Bankura district]]
|align="center"|4
|align="center"|18
|align="center"|4
|align="center"|69
|align="center"|3
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|2
|align="center"|46
|align="center"|146
|align="center"|4,152
|align="center"|459
|align="center"|274,216
|align="center"|5,425,769
|-
|}

===Medical facilities===
Medical facilities in Bankura Sadar subdivision are as follows:

'''Hospitals''': (Name, location, beds) <ref name=medical>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/Hospitals.pdf | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics - Hospitals | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 10 April 2020 | archive-date = 14 September 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200914160418/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/Hospitals.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref>

*[[Bankura Sammilani Medical College|Bankura Sammilani Medical College and Hospital]], [[Bankura]] M, 947 beds
*District Correctional Home Hospital, Bankura M, 8 beds
*Bankura Police Hospital, Bankura M, 20 beds
*Gouripur Leprosy Hospital, Gouripur, 550 beds
*RLTRRI, Gouripur, 50 beds

'''Rural Hospitals''': (Name, CD block, location, beds) <ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | title =Health & Family Welfare Department | work =Health Statistics – Rural Hospitals | publisher =Government of West Bengal | access-date =10 April 2020 | archive-date =8 October 2022 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20221008143352/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | url-status =dead }}</ref>

*Gangajalghati (Amar Kanan) Rural Hospital, Gangjalghati CD block, PO [[Amarkanan]], 30 beds
*Anchuri Rural Hospital, Bankura I CD block, [[Achuri]], 30 beds
*Chhatna Rural Hospital, Chhatna CD block, [[Chhatna]], 30 beds
*Saltora Rural Hospital, Saltora CD block, [[Saltora]], 30 beds
*Barjora Rural Hospital, Barjora CD block, [[Barjora]], 30 beds
*Onda Rural Hospital, Onda CD block, PO [[Medinipur, Bankura|Medinipurgram]], 30 beds

'''Block Primary Health Centres''': (Name, CD block, location, beds)<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/BPHC.pdf | title =Health & Family Welfare Department | work =Health Statistics – Block Primary Health Centres | publisher =Government of West Bengal | access-date =10 April 2020 | archive-date =16 August 2020 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20200816074737/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/BPHC.pdf | url-status =dead }}</ref>

*Kanchanpur Block Primary Health Centre, Bankura II CD Block, [[Kanchanpur, Bankura|Kanchanpur]], 15 beds
*Mejia Block Primary Health Centre, Mejia CD block, [[Mejia, Bankura|Mejia]], 25 beds

'''Primary Health Centres ''': (CD block-wise)(CD block, PHC location, beds)<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/PHC.pdf | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics – Primary Health Centres | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 10 April 2020 | archive-date = 21 April 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180421215645/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/PHC.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref>

*Bankura I CD block: Helna Susunia (10), Kanjakura (10)
*Bankura II CD block: Narrah (4), Mankanali (10)
*Chhatna CD block: Jorhia (10), Salchura (Kamalpur) (2), [[Jhantipahari]] (6), Bhagabanpur (6)
*Saltora CD block: Gogra (10), Ituri (Tiluri) (10), Kashtora (6)
*Gangajalghati CD block: [[Gangajalghati]] (4), Ramharipur (4), Srichandrapur (10)
*Mejhia CD block: Ramchandrapur (4), Pairasol (10)
*Barjora CD block: [[Beliatore]] (10), Chhandar (4), Godardihi ([[Jagannathpur, Bankura|Jagannathpur]]) (4), [[Pakhanna]] (10)
*Onda CD block: Ratanpur (10), Nakaijuri (Ghorasol) (10), Ramsagar (10), Santore (Garh Kotalpur) (10), Nikunjapur (10)

==Electoral constituencies==
[[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) and [[Vidhan Sabha]] (state assembly) constituencies in Bankura district were as follows:<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 dated 15 February 2006 | access-date= 24 November 2016|work = West Bengal| publisher= Election Commission of India}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Lok Sabha constituency ||Vidhan Sabha constituency ||Reservation||CD Block and/or Gram panchayats
|-
|[[Bankura (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bankura]]||[[Raghunathpur, Purulia (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Raghunathpur]]||SC||In Purulia district
|-
| ||[[Saltora (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Saltora]]||SC||[[Saltora (community development block)|Saltora]] and [[Mejia (community development block)|Mejia]] CD Blocks; Banasuria, Barashal, Lachhmanpur and Latiaboni [[gram panchayat]]s of [[Gangajalghati (community development block)|Gangajalghati]] CD Block
|-
| ||[[Chhatna (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chhatna]]||None||[[Chhatna (community development block)|Chhatna]] CD Block; Veduasol, Brahmandiha, Hatgram, Indpur and Raghunathpur GPs of [[Indpur (community development block)|Indpur]] CD Block
|-
| ||[[Ranibandh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ranibandh]]||ST||[[Ranibandh (community development block)|Ranibandh]], [[Hirbandh (community development block)|Hirbandh]] and [[Khatra (community development block)|Khatra]] CD Blocks
|-
| ||[[Raipur, Bankura (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Raipur]]||ST||[[Raipur, Bankura (community development block)|Raipur]] and [[Sarenga, Bankura (community development block)|Sarenga]] CD Blocks
|-
| ||[[Taldangra (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Taldangra]]||None||Bibarda, Fulmati, Harmasra, Khalgram, Panchmura and Taldangra GPs of [[Taldangra (community development block)|Taldangra]] CD Block; Brojarajpur and Gaurbazar gram panchayats of [[Indpur (community development block)|Indpur]] CD Block; and [[Simlapal (community development block)|Simlapal]] CD Block
|-
| ||[[Bankura (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bankura]]||None||[[Bankura]] municipality; [[Bankura I (community development block)|Bankura I]] CD Block; and Junbedia, Mankanali and Purandarpur GPs of [[Bankura II (community development block)|Bankura II]] CD Block
|-
|[[Bishnupur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bishnupur]] (SC)||[[Barjora (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Barjora]]||None||[[Barjora (Community development block)|Barjora]] CD Block; and Bhaktabandh, Gangajalghati, Gobindadham, Kapista, Nityanandapur and Piraboni GPs of [[Gangajalghati (community development block)|Gangajalghati]] CD Block
|-
| ||[[Onda (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Onda]]||None||[[Onda (community development block)|Onda]] CD Block; and Bikna, Kosthia, Narrah and Sanbandha GPs of [[Bankura II (community development block)|Bankura II]] CD Block
|-
| ||[[Bishnupur, Bankura (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bishnupur]]||Open|| [[Bishnupur, Bankura|Bishnupur]] municipality; [[Bishnupur, Bankura (Community development block)|Bishnupur]]; and Amdangra, Saltora and Satmauli GPs of [[Taldangra (Community development block)|Taldangra]] CD Block
|-
| ||[[Katulpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Katulpur]]||SC||Deshrahkoyalpara, Gopinathpur, Kotulpur, Lego, Mirzapur and Sihar GPs of [[Kotulpur (Community development block)|Kotulpur]] CD Block; Gelia, Jagannathpur, Kuchiakol, Maynapur,
Salda, Uttarbarh, Hetia, Routkhanda and Shyamnagar GPs of [[Joypur, Bankura (Community development block)|Joypur]] CD Block
|-
| ||[[Indas (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Indas]]||SC||[[Indas (Community development block)|Indas]] CD Block; Balsi I, Balsi II, Biur Betur, Jamkuri and Kushdwip GPs of [[Patrasayer (Community development block)|Patrasayer]] CD Block; and Laugram, Madanmohanpur GPs of [[Kotulpur (Community development block)|Kotulpur]] CD Block
|-
| ||[[Sonamukhi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sonamukhi]]||SC||[[Sonamukhi]] municipality; [[Sonamukhi (Community development block)|Sonamukhi]] CD Block; and Belut Rasulpur, Beersingha, Hamirpur, Narayanpur and Patrasayar GPs of [[Patrasayer (Community development block)|Patrasayer]] CD Block
|-
| ||[[Khandaghosh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Khandaghosh]]||None||In Bardhaman district
|-
|}

==Notable people==
*[[Mohammad Shamsuzzoha]] (1934–1969) writer, professor and proctor<ref name="Banglapedia">{{cite Banglapedia|author=Murshed, Md Mahbub|article=Shamsuzzoha, Shaheed Mohammad}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|3}}

{{Bankura topics}}
{{Bankura District}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bankura Sadar Subdivision}}
[[Category:Subdivisions of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Subdivisions in Bankura district]]
[[Category:Bankura district]]

Eparchy of Belthangady

2026-01-04T05:54:20Z

BrittnyFiorillo: data

{{Short description|Eastern Catholic eparchy in Karnataka, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox diocese
|jurisdiction = Eparchy
|name = Belthangady
|local = ബെൽത്തങ്ങാടി രൂപത
|image = ST. LAWRENCE CATHEDRAL CHURCH, BELTHANGADY.jpg
|image_alt =St. Lawrence Cathedral Church
|caption = St. Lawrence Cathedral Church, Belthangady

|country = {{flag|India}}
|province = [[Archeparchy of Tellicherry]]
|coordinates = {{Coord|12|58|52.0|N|75|17|01.2|E|region:IN|display=title}}
|metropolitan = [[Archeparchy of Tellicherry|Archbishop of Tellicherry]]
|denomination = [[Catholic Church]]
|sui_iuris_church = [[Syro-Malabar Church]]
|rite = [[East Syriac Rite]]
|cathedral = Cathedral of St. Lawrence, [[Belthangady]]
|cocathedral =
|established = 24 April 1999
|patron = [[Thomas the Apostle|Mar Thoma Sliha]]
|parishes = 52
|area_km2 = 12,543
|population = 3,816,295

| churches = 
| congregations = 
| schools = 11
| members = 

|population_as_of = 2012
|catholics = 30,000
|catholics_percent= 0.8
|pope = [[Mar (title)|Mar]] {{incumbent pope}}
|metro_archbishop = [[Joseph Pamplany|Mar Joseph Pamplany]]
|coadjutor =
|bishop = [[Mar James Patteril]]
|bishop_title =[[Bishop]]
|major_archbishop = [[Raphael Thattil|Mar Raphael Thattil]]
|auxiliary_bishops=
|vicar_general =
|emeritus_bishops =
|website = [http://www.belthangadydiocese.com/ Diocese of Belthangady]
|coat=Syro-Malabar_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Belthangady.png
|map = Map of Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Belthangady.png

}}

The '''Eparchy of Belthangady''' is an [[Eastern Catholic]] [[eparchy]] in [[Belthangady]], [[India]], under the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Church]]. It was established in 1999 by [[Pope John Paul II]]'s [[Papal bull|bull]] "Cum Ampla"And appointed Mar Lawrence Mukkuzhi as its first bishop[1999-2025]. It is a suffragan diocese of the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Archeparchy of Tellicherry]]. The bishop of this diocese is Mar [[Lawrence Mukkuzhy|James Patteril .]] This diocese had been established for the Syro-Malabar Christians of three districts in Karnataka, namely Dakshina Kannada, Kodagu and Udupi.
== Prelates ==
'''Bishops '''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Sl.no
! Ordinary
! Designation
! Year of appointment
! Last year of service
|-
| 1
| align="center" | [[ Lawrence Mukkuzhy ]]
| align="center" | Bishop
| align="center" | 1999
| align="center" | 2025
|-
| 2
| align="center" | [[James Patteril C.M.F]]
| align="center" | Bishop
| align="center" | 2025
| align="center" | ''present''
|}

== See also ==
*[[Roman Catholic Diocese of Mangalore]]
*[[Roman Catholic Diocese of Udupi]]
*[[Deanery of Belthangady]]
*[[Syro-Malankara Catholic Eparchy of Puthur|Syro-Malankara Catholic Eparchy of Puttur]]
*[[Most Holy Redeemer Church, Belthangady]]
*[[Ambrose Madtha|Monsignor Ambrose Madtha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.thesyromalabarchurch.org/belthangadi.htm Diocese of Belthangady] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011031143830/http://www.thesyromalabarchurch.org/belthangadi.htm |date=31 October 2001 }}
* [http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dbesm.html Syro-Malabar Catholic Diocese of Belthangady] at [[Catholic-Hierarchy.org]]

{{Syro-Malabar Catholic Church Hierarchy}}

[[Category:Eastern Catholic dioceses in India|Belthangady]]
[[Category:Archdiocese of Tellicherry]]
[[Category:Syro-Malabar Catholic dioceses|Belthangady]]
[[Category:Christian organizations established in 1999]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic dioceses and prelatures established in the 20th century]]
[[Category:Christianity in Karnataka]]
[[Category:1999 establishments in Karnataka]]

{{SyroMalabar-diocese-stub}}

Amrit Rai

2025-12-31T07:38:55Z

BrittnyFiorillo: enhance information per standard format and corrected details

{{Short description|Indian writer (1921–1996)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}

{{Infobox writer
| name = Amrit Rai
| native_name =
| image =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1921|09|03}}
| birth_place = [[Lamhi]], [[Banaras State]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1996|08|14|1921|09|03}}
| death_place = [[Allahabad]]
| pseudonym =
| occupation = Writer
| language = [[Hindi]], [[Urdu]]
| nationality = [[Indian people|Indian]]
| notableworks =
| spouse =
| children =
| signature =
| years_active =
| relatives = [[Munshi Premchand]] (father)
}}

'''Amrit Rai''' (3 September 1921 – 14 August 1996) was an Indian writer, poet and biographer in both the [[Hindi]] and [[Urdu]] styles of the [[Hindustani language]]. He is the son of [[Munshi Premchand]], a pioneer of modern [[Urdu literature]] and of [[Hindi literature]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Kuldeep |date=2021-09-13 |title=Munshi Premchand’s younger son Amrit Rai was an important writer and translator in his own right |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/art/remembering-amrit-rai-the-raj-kapoor-of-hindi-literature/article36430246.ece |access-date=2025-05-28 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> A prolific writer, Rai made his literary debut with novel ''Beej'' in 1952 and went on to write an acclaimed biography of his father, Premchand, ''Kalam ka Sipahi'' (1962),<ref>{{Cite book |last=Amratray |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.514644 |title=Premchand Kalam Ka Sipahi |date=1962}}</ref> which later won him the [[Sahitya Akademi award]] for 1963.<ref name="today" />

== Career ==
Rai co-edited ''Chitthi Patri'' (1962), a two-volume book on the letters of Premchand along with his biographer, Madan Gopal. In 1982, he donated a collection of his father's 236 letters to the [[Nehru Memorial Museum and Library]] (NMML) at [[Teen Murti House]], [[Delhi]].<ref>{{cite web|title=New light on Premchand|work=The Hindu|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/new-light-on-premchand/article3750272.ece|date=10 August 2012|accessdate=2013-10-30|archive-date=3 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203075639/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/new-light-on-premchand/article3750272.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> His ''A House Divided'' is an influential account of how the shared Hindi/Hindavī linguistic tradition became differentiated into Modern Standard Hindi and Urdu.<ref name=":0" />

== Death ==
Rai died in [[Allahabad]], in August 1996 at the age of 75. He had suffered a paralytic stroke earlier in March.<ref name=today>{{cite web| title = Amrit Rai, prolific Hindi writer & son of Munshi Premchand, passes away in Allahabad| publisher = India Today| url = https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/signposts/story/19960915-amrit-rai-prolific-hindi-writer-son-of-munshi-premchand-passes-away-in-allahabad-764263-2012-10-16| date = 16 October 2012| access-date = 2013-10-30| archive-date = 26 March 2014| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140326042400/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/amrit-rai-prolific-hindi-writer-%26-son-of-munshi-premchand-passes-away-in-allahabad/1/283239.html| url-status = live}}</ref>

==Bibliography==
* Rai, Amrit. ''Premchand: A Life''. Harish Trivedi, translator. New Delhi: People's Publishing House, 1982.
* Rai, Amrit. ''A House Divided: The Origin and Development of Hindi/Hindavi''. Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1984.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Sahitya Akademi Award For Hindi}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rai, Amrit}}
[[Category:1921 births]]
[[Category:1996 deaths]]
[[Category:Writers from Prayagraj]]
[[Category:Indian male novelists]]
[[Category:Hindi-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Hindi]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian biographers]]
[[Category:Jawaharlal Nehru Fellows]]
[[Category:Novelists from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian male biographers]]
{{india-writer-stub}}

Baua Devi

2025-12-30T13:23:15Z

BrittnyFiorillo:

{{Short description|Bihar artist}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Baua Devi
| image = The President, Shri Pranab Mukherjee presenting the Padma Shri Award to Smt. Baoa Devi, at a Civil Investiture Ceremony, at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi on March 30, 2017.jpg
| native_name =
| birth_place = Jitwarpur, [[Madhubani district]], [[Bihar]]
| style = Mithila or Madhubani painting
| awards = Padma Shri (2017), National Award (1984)
}}

'''Baua Devi''' is a [[Madhubani art|Mithila painting]] artist from Jitwarpur village of [[Madhubani district|Madhubani District]] in [[Bihar]]. She is a recipient of the National Award, which she won in 1984, and was honored with the Padma Shri in 2017 for her contributions

== Early life ==
Devi got married at the age of 12, and was encouraged by her mother-in-law to pursue painting.

== Work ==
Mithila painting is an ancient [[folk art]] that originated in the region. It is recognized as a series of complex geometric and linear patterns traced on the walls of a house's inner chambers. It was later transferred to handmade paper and [[canvas]]es.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Thakur |first=Upendra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UvuJyvtsCjwC&q=madhubani+art+madhubani+district&pg=PA96 |title=Madhubani Painting |date= |publisher=Abhinav Publications |year=2003 |isbn=9788170171560 |location=New Delhi |language=en |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> Baua Devi has been practising the Mithila art form for almost 60 years.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=3 February 2017 |title=Baua Devi of Jitwarpur village gets Padmashree award |url=http://local.mithilaconnect.com/news/1077-baua-devi-of-jitwarpur-village-gets-padmashree-award |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327085914/http://local.mithilaconnect.com/news/1077-baua-devi-of-jitwarpur-village-gets-padmashree-award |archive-date=27 March 2019 |access-date=18 March 2019 |website=MithilaConnect Local |language=en-US}}</ref> In 1966, [[Pupul Jayakar]], then director of the All India Handicrafts Board, an advisory body of the [[Ministry of Textiles|Ministry of textiles]], sent [[Mumbai]] artist Bhaskar Kulkarni to [[Madhubani district|Madhubani]] to find art and artists. Baua Devi was a teenager when she met Kulkarni and was the youngest of the group of artists who formally transferred Mithila art from walls, where it was traditionally practised as [[Mural|mural art]], to paper. Bhaskar Kulkarni took their works to museums and later encouraged Baua Devi to come to the [[National Crafts Museum]]. She was paid Rs.1.50 per painting for the first year that she worked for Kulkarni.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Kalra |first=Vandana |date=14 October 2012 |title=Painting on the Wall |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/painting-on-the-wall/ |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240625023826/https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/painting-on-the-wall/ |archive-date=25 June 2024 |access-date=18 March 2019 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> Her work has since travelled to galleries and museums in [[Spain]], [[France]] and [[Japan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Artist - Baua Devi |url=https://artiana.com/Artist/Baua-Devi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230216071614/https://artiana.com/Artist/Baua-Devi |archive-date=16 February 2023 |access-date=18 March 2019 |website=Artiana}}</ref> In 2015, one of her paintings was gifted by [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]] to the Mayor of [[Hanover]], [[Stefan Schostok|Stefan Schosstok]] on his visit to [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chaudhary |first=Pranav |date=15 April 2015 |title=PM Modi gifts Bihar artist's painting to Hannover mayor |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/PM-Modi-gifts-Bihar-artists-painting-to-Hannover-mayor/articleshow/46926964.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230216072950/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/PM-Modi-gifts-Bihar-artists-painting-to-Hannover-mayor/articleshow/46926964.cms |archive-date=16 February 2023 |access-date=18 March 2019 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Style ==
Over the past five decades, Madhubani art has grown in prominence and Baua Devi's work has won critical acclaim<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" /> She was the only [[List of Indian women artists|woman artist]] from India to show at the [[Magiciens de la terre|Magiciens de la Terre]] in 1989 at the [[Centre Georges Pompidou|Centre Pompidou]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Baua Devi - Sita Harana (Abduction of Sita) |url=https://www.sothebys.com/buy/239e44b4-a1d8-4a5b-95a5-b5d9e31a85ec/lots/181edc61-0f2a-4439-b3d5-22f6268fd749 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220321034449/https://www.sothebys.com/en/buy/auction/2022/modern-contemporary-south-asian-art/sita-harana-abduction-of-sita |archive-date=21 March 2022 |access-date=24 June 2024 |website=[[Sotheby's]] |language=en}}</ref> Her work ranges in scale from a small sheet of paper to murals up to 20 feet high.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Artist - Baua Devi |url=https://indigoarts.com/artists/baua-devi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240303132021/https://indigoarts.com/artists/baua-devi |archive-date=3 March 2024 |access-date=24 June 2024 |website=Indigo Arts Gallery}}</ref> Her paintings tell the mythological stories of [[Krishna|Lord Krishna]] and [[Ramayana|Ram and Sita]], while emphasising on Sita's narrative of the story.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rinder |first=Lawrence |author-link=Lawrence Rinder |date=1997 |title=Baua Devi and the Art of Mithila / MATRIX 175 |url=https://bampfa.org/program/baua-devi-and-art-mithila-matrix-175 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926120217/https://bampfa.org/program/baua-devi-and-art-mithila-matrix-175 |archive-date=26 September 2023 |access-date=24 June 2024 |website=[[Berkeley Art Museum and Pacific Film Archive|University of California Berkeley Art Museum]] |language=en}}</ref> Baua Devi uses handmade paper and natural colours for her paintings, predominantly using black, yellow, red and white in her palette.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=26 March 2019 |title=Behind Painted Walls: The Story of Baua Devi & Mithila Painting |url=https://sarmaya.in/spotlight/behind-painted-walls-the-story-of-baua-devi-mithila-painting/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208214722/https://sarmaya.in/spotlight/behind-painted-walls-the-story-of-baua-devi-mithila-painting/ |archive-date=8 December 2023 |access-date=24 June 2024 |website=[[Sarmaya Arts Foundation]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Loudon |first=Sarah |date=2012 |title=Past Exhibitions - Women's Paintings From the Land of Sita |url=https://www.seattleartmuseum.org/Exhibitions/Details?EventId=24368 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002090928/https://www.seattleartmuseum.org/Exhibitions/Details?EventId=24368 |archive-date=2 October 2023 |access-date=24 June 2024 |website=[[Seattle Art Museum]]}}</ref>

== Awards ==
Baua Devi won the [[Award or decoration|National Award]] in 1984 and received the [[Padma Shri]] in 2017.
* [[Padma Shri]], 2017<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=In |first=Ji |date=19 August 2022 |title=Object of the Week: Kali |url=https://samblog.seattleartmuseum.org/2022/08/baua-devi-kali/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923173201/https://samblog.seattleartmuseum.org/2022/08/baua-devi-kali/ |archive-date=23 September 2023 |access-date=24 June 2024 |website=[[Seattle Art Museum]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=31 March 2017 |title=President Mukherjee confers Padmi Shri to Madhubani artist Baua Devi |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/mar/31/president-mukherjee-confers-padmi-shri-to-madhubani-artist-baua-devi-1588131.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230216093435/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/Mar/31/president-mukherjee-confers-padmi-shri-to-madhubani-artist-baua-devi-1588131.html |archive-date=16 February 2023 |access-date=18 March 2019 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>
* [[National Award]], 1984<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Devi, Baua}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women painters]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian artists]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:People from Bihar]]

Indira Gandhi Memorial Hospital

2025-12-30T04:25:23Z

BrittnyFiorillo: formatting fix

{{one source|date=October 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox hospital
| name = Indira Gandhi Memorial Hospital އިންދިރާ ގާންދީ މެމޯރިއަލް ހޮސްޕިޓަލް
| image =
| caption =
| pushpin_map =
| logo =
| location = Kanbaa Aisa Rani Higun
| region = [[Malé]]
| state =
| country = [[Maldives]]
| coordinates = {{coord|4.1734|73.5014|display=inline,title}}
| healthcare = Tertiary
| type = General
| speciality =
| standards =
| emergency = Yes
| affiliation =
| beds = 300
| founded = 15 April 1995
| closed = 
| website = {{URL|http://www.igmh.gov.mv}}
| other_links =
}}

The '''Indira Gandhi Memorial Hospital''' (IGMH, {{langx|dv|އިންދިރާ ގާންދީ މެމޯރިއަލް ހޮސްޕިޓަލް}}) is a state-owned Multi-Speciality hospital, and one of four hospitals in [[Malé]], [[Republic of Maldives]]. The [[hospital]] is located at the west end of Malé. The hospital is a gift from the [[Government of India|Indian Government]] and is dedicated to [[Indira Gandhi]]. It is the largest government healthcare facility, providing tertiary level healthcare in the Maldives. Located in the capital city Male’, with approximately 300 beds, IGMH provides services to around 150,000 people living in the city, plus specialist referral services for patients both domestic and foreign. Along with specialist consultations, IGMH houses investigative and imaging technologies in diagnostics. It fully covered by [[Aasandha]] social [[Health insurance|healthcare insurance]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=About Us |url=http://www.igmh.gov.mv/about-us/ |access-date=2022-01-06 |website=IGMH}}</ref>

IGMH replaced the previous sole hospital, Central Hospital, located at the center of Malé. Central Hospital was later demolished and the location was leased to a private party by the Government to make another hospital.<ref name="IGMH">{{cite web|url=http://www.igmh.gov.mv|title=Indira Gandhi Memorial Hospital|website=IGMH|accessdate=April 12, 2020}}</ref>

==History==
The Maldivian government began providing healthcare services at a national level 75 years ago, with the first healthcare facility providing modern medical care being established on 11 January 1948 under the name “Dakutaruge”. After this, the government established and started the medical healthcare services in Central Hospital.

In October 1986, the Maldivian government requested India's assistance in building a large scale hospital during [[Rajiv Gandhi]]'s official visit. It was agreed to by Rajiv Gandhi; two years later, India and Maldives signed a [[memorandum]] of understanding in October 1988. The foundation was laid on 14 January 1990 and it took almost 5 years to complete the hospital.

The hospital was officially handed over to the Maldivian Government by the Indian Union Minister for Urban Development, Shrimathi [[Sheila Kaul]], on 2 February 1994. It was officially inaugurated on 15 April 1995, by [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]]. Central Hospital's services were moved to the current facility, with the help of Indian Government and the name was changed to Indira Gandhi Memorial Hospital, on 21 April 1996.

IGMH has been establishing new specialist departments over the recent years, nearing to a total of 21 departments by the beginning of 2018.

== Services ==
IGMH provides a wide variety of services across several departments.<ref>{{Cite web|title=IGMH|url=http://www.igmh.gov.mv/departments/|access-date=2022-01-06|website=www.igmh.gov.mv}}</ref> The major departments are:

* Anesthesiology
* Cardiology
* Dentistry
* Dermatology
* Dietetics & Nutrition
* Emergency & Trauma
* Endocrinology
* ENT (Ear, Nose & Throat)
* Internal Medicine
* Laboratory Medicine
* Nephrology
* Neurology
* Neurosurgery
* Obstetrics & Gynecology
* Oncology
* Ophthalmology
* Orthopaedics
* Paediatrics
* Physiotherapy
* Psychiatry
* Pulmonology (Respiratory)
* Radiology
* Speech Therapy
* Surgery
* Urology

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.igmh.gov.mv/ Indira Gandhi Memorial Hospital]

{{Hospitals in Maldives}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Hospital buildings completed in 1985]]
[[Category:Hospitals in the Maldives]]
[[Category:Hospitals established in 1995]]
[[Category:Monuments and memorials to Indira Gandhi]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]

Ballabh

2025-12-26T13:49:11Z

BrittnyFiorillo: Stub

'''Ballabh''' is a given name. Notable people with the name include:

*[[Janaki Ballabh Patnaik]] (1927–2015), an Indian politician who has been Governor of Assam since 2009
*[[Janki Ballabh Shastri]] (1916–2011), an Indian Hindi poet, writer and critic

==See also==
*[[Chhoti ballabh]], village in the Gonda block of Iglas tehsil in Aligarh district, in Uttar Pradesh state in India
*[[Govind Ballabh Pant Engineering College]] run by the state government of Uttarakhand, India
*[[Govind Ballabh Pant Sagar]], a lake situated in the southern region of Sonebhadra
*[[Govind Ballabh Pant Social Science Institute]] in Allahabad, India
*[[Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture & Technology]], the first agricultural university of India
*[[Ballaban]]
*[[Ballabeg]]
*[[Ballabio]]
*[[Ballabur]]
*[[Vallabhi]]

{{given name}}
[[Category:Hindu given names]]

Maniben Kara

2025-12-09T01:59:37Z

BrittnyFiorillo: updated page for consistency

{{Short description|Indian social worker and trade unionist}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Maniben Kara
| image = Maniben_Kara.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = Maniben Kara
| birth_date = 1905
| birth_place = [[Bombay]], [[British India]] (now Mumbai, [[Maharashtra]], India)
| death_date = 1979
| death_place =
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = Social worker, trade unionist
| yearsactive =
| known for =
| spouse =
| domesticpartner =
| children =
| parents =
| website =
| awards = [[Padma Shri]]
}}

'''Maniben Kara''' (1905–1979)<ref name="Women Pioneers In India's Renaissance">{{cite book|url=https://www.exoticindiaart.com/book/details/women-pioneers-in-india-s-renaissance-IDD677/|title=Women Pioneers In India's Renaissance|publisher=National Book Trust, India|year=2003|isbn=81-237-3766 1|editor-last=Nayar|editor-first=Sushila|pages=469|editor-last2=Mankekar|editor-first2=Kamla|editor-link2=Kamla Mankekar}}</ref> was an Indian social worker and trade unionist.<ref name="Women in Modern India, Volume 4">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hjilIrVt9hUC&q=Kumari+Maniben+Kara&pg=PA174 | title=Women in Modern India, Volume 4 | publisher=Cambridge University Press | author=Geraldine Hancock Forbes | year=1999 | pages=290 | isbn=9780521653770}}</ref> She was a founder member of the [[Hind Mazdoor Sabha]] and served as its president.<ref name="Labour Rights">{{cite web | url=http://www.labour-rights-india.eu/index.php?id=partners_mki | title=Labour Rights | publisher=Labour Rights | date=2015 | access-date=15 May 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215233255/http://www.labour-rights-india.eu/index.php?id=partners_mki | archive-date=15 February 2015 | url-status=dead }}</ref> She was honoured by the [[Government of India]] in 1970 with [[Padma Shri]], the fourth highest Indian civilian award.<ref name="Padma Shri">{{cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Shri |publisher=Padma Shri |date=2015 |access-date=11 November 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 }}</ref>

==Early life==
Born in 1905 in [[Bombay]], [[British India]] (now [[Mumbai]]) in a middle-class family to an [[Arya Samaj]] member, Maniben Kara did her schooling at St. Columba High School, Gamdevi, Mumbai and secured a diploma in Social science from the [[University of Birmingham]].<ref name="Stree Shakti">{{cite web | url=http://www.streeshakti.com/bookM.aspx?author=9 | title=Stree Shakti | publisher=Stree Shakti | date=2015 | access-date=16 May 2015}}</ref>

==Career==
Returning to India in 1929, she got involved with the Independence movement, founded ''Seva Mandir'' and a printing press and published ''Independent India'',<ref name="Independent India">{{cite web | url=http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/007132445 | title=Independent India | publisher=Hathi Trust | date=2015 | access-date=16 May 2015}}</ref> a nationalist publication for the Indian revolutionary, [[M. N. Roy]].<ref name="Stree Shakti" /> Later, she was known to have been influenced by [[Narayan Malhar Joshi]], one of the early leaders of the [[All India Trade Union Congress]],<ref name="N. M. Joshi">{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/2005/05/31/stories/2005053100610902.htm | title=N. M. Joshi | date=31 May 1955 | work=[[The Hindu]] | access-date=16 May 2015}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> and started engaging in trade union activism.<ref name="Stree Shakti" /> Her area of operations was at the slums of Mumbai, the dwelling place of many of the conservancy workers of the Bombay Improvement Trust.<ref name="Stree Shakti" /> She established a Mothers' Club and a Healthcare Centre and spread the message of hygiene and literacy among the slum dwellers.<ref name="Stree Shakti" /> Later she started social organization called ;'' Seva Mandir'' which was later merged with NGO called ''Bhangini Samaj''<ref name="Women Pioneers In India's Renaissance"/>

The next stage of her work started with organizing workers' unions at Mumbai port and dockyard which later expanded to cover the tailors and textile workers.<ref name="Stree Shakti" /> She joined the [[All India Trade Union Congress]], the trade union arm of the [[Communist Party of India]], and led several labour strikes which led to her arrest and solitary confinement in 1932.<ref name="Stree Shakti" /> After Formation of Congress Ministries in 1937, [[All India Trade Union Congress]] and Indian National Congress drifted apart. Maniben was member of ''Royis Party'' led by [[M. N. Roy|M N Roy.]] Royst Party Started New central Trade Union Organization named ''Indian Federation of Labour (IFL).'' She continued her activities through the days of [[Indian freedom struggle]] and was nominated to the [[Central Legislative Assembly]] in 1946, entrusted with the responsibility of the labour ministry.<ref name="Stree Shakti" /> Post Independence, After [[Partition of India|Partition]] IFL joined [[Hind Mazdoor Sabha]].<ref name="Women Pioneers In India's Renaissance"/> She was a key member when the [[Hind Mazdoor Sabha]] was formed in 1948<ref name="Labor and Politics in India">{{cite journal | title=Labor and Politics in India | author=Richard L. Park | journal=Far Eastern Review |date=August 1949 | volume=18 | issue=16 | pages=181–187| doi=10.2307/3024423 |jstor = 3024423}}</ref> and was also involved with the [[All India Railwaymen's Federation]] and was its former president.<ref name="AIRF">{{cite web | url=http://www.airfindia.com/Women%20Wing%20AIRF.html | title=AIRF | publisher=AIRF | date=2015 | access-date=15 May 2015}}</ref> She was also a founding member of the [[International Confederation of Free Trade Unions]] (ICFTU)<ref name="Stree Shakti" /> and was involved with government committees such as National Committee on the Status of Women<ref name="National Committee on the Status of Women">{{cite web | url=http://www.arvindguptatoys.com/arvindgupta/JP-59.pdf | title=National Committee on the Status of Women | publisher=ICSSR | date=2015 | access-date=15 May 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150811211828/http://arvindguptatoys.com/arvindgupta/JP-59.pdf | archive-date=11 August 2015 | url-status=dead }}</ref> and other government initiatives.<ref name="INFLIBNET">{{cite web | url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/812/16/16_bibliography%201.pdf | title=INFLIBNET | publisher=INFLIBNET | date=2015 | access-date=16 May 2015}}</ref>

Maniben Kara, who never contested in a political election,<ref name="Women's Rights and World Development">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qnJ9J9UygR0C&q=Kumari+Maniben+Kara&pg=PA312 | title=Women's Rights and World Development | publisher=Sarup and sons | author=Bela Rani Sharma | year=1998 | pages=383 | isbn=9788176250153}}</ref> was honoured by the [[Government of India]] with the civilian award of [[Padma Shri]] in 1970. Nine years later, she died, at the age of 74.<ref name="Stree Shakti" /> [[Hind Mazdoor Sabha]] honoured her by establishing an institute in her name, the Maniben Kara Institute (MKI), in 1980.<ref name="Labour Rights" /> The Western Railways Union started a trust in her honour, the Maniben Kara Foundation,<ref name="Maniben Kara Foundation">{{cite web | url=http://www.indiacom.com/mumbai/maniben-kara-foundation_mumbai_mum_1180543.html | title=Maniben Kara Foundation | publisher=Indiacom | date=2015 | access-date=16 May 2015}}</ref> and maintains the Maniben Kara Foundation Hall, in [[Grant Road (South Mumbai, India)|Grant Road]] area in Mumbai.<ref name="Maniben Kara Foundation Hall">{{cite web | url=http://www.mojostreet.com/place/government-buildings/maniben-kara-foundation-hall-grant-road-mumbai-maharashtra-india-1661419 | title=Maniben Kara Foundation Hall | publisher=Mojo Street | date=2015 | access-date=16 May 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630042929/http://www.mojostreet.com/place/government-buildings/maniben-kara-foundation-hall-grant-road-mumbai-maharashtra-india-1661419 | archive-date=30 June 2016 | url-status=dead }}</ref>

==See also==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Trade Unionism]]
* [[Hind Mazdoor Sabha]]
* [[International Confederation of Free Trade Unions]]
* [[All India Trade Union Congress]]
* [[M. N. Roy]]
* [[Narayan Malhar Joshi]]
{{div col end}}
{{portal|India}}

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Social Work}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kara, Maniben}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in social work]]
[[Category:1905 births]]
[[Category:1979 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Trade unionists from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Politicians from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian women trade unionists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women scientists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educational theorists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women educational theorists]]
[[Category:Women in Maharashtra politics]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:Social workers from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Women educators from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Educators from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educators]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women educators]]

Bade, Chümoukedima District

2025-11-28T00:14:57Z

BrittnyFiorillo: Started

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bade
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[Village]] and [[Metropolitan area]]
| image =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| image_map1 =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Nagaland#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of Bade
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[Administrative divisions of India#Regions|Region]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Northeast India]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Nagaland]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Chümoukedima district|Chümoukedima District]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_footnotes =
| government_type =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| leader_title1 =
| leader_name1 =
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| area_footnotes =
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| area_water_km2 =
| area_water_percent =
| area_urban_km2 =
| area_metro_km2 =
| area_blank1_title =
| area_blank1_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes = 
| elevation_m =
| elevation_min_m =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_rank =
| population_total = 2289<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiagrowing.com/Nagaland/Dimapur/Chumukedima/Bade|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221060627/https://www.indiagrowing.com/Nagaland/Dimapur/Chumukedima/Bade|url-status=usurped|archive-date=December 21, 2021|title=Census of India 2011 – Bade data|website=indiagrowing.com|access-date=27 December 2022}}</ref>
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_urban =
| population_density_urban_km2 =
| population_metro =
| population_density_metro_km2 =
| population_blank1_title = [[Demonym]]
| population_blank1 =
| population_density_blank1_km2 =
| population_blank2_title = Official
| population_blank2 = [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 797113
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 =
| website = {{URL|nagaland.nic.in}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Bade''' is a village located in the [[Chümoukedima district|Chümoukedima District]] of [[Nagaland]] and is a suburb of [[Chümoukedima]], the district headquarters.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://morungexpress.com/govt-notifies-jurisdiction-for-three-new-districts|title=Govt notifies jurisdiction for three new districts|date=20 December 2021|website=[[The Morung Express]]|access-date=10 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.censusindia2011.com/nagaland/dimapur/chumukedima/bade-population.html|title=Census of India 2011 – Bade data|website=www.censusindia.com|access-date=7 January 2023}}</ref>

==Demographics==
Bade is situated in the Chümoukedima District of Nagaland. As per the Population Census 2011, there are a total 497 households in Bade. The total population of Bade is 2289.

==See also==
*[[Chümoukedima district|Chümoukedima District]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|India}}

[[Category:Villages in Chümoukedima district]]

R. Aravamudan

2025-10-23T06:25:47Z

BrittnyFiorillo: put up new info

{{Indian patronymic|Aravamudan|Ramabhadran}}
{{Short description|Indian space scientist and engineer (1936–2021)}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = R. Aravamudan
| birth_date = {{birth date|1936|10|07|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Madras]], [[British Raj]]
| death_date = {{death date and age |2021|08|04|1936|10|7|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]
| occupation = Space scientist and engineer
}}

'''Ramabhadran Aravamudan''' (7 October 1936 – 4 August 2021)<ref>[https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-r-aravamudan-one-of-isro-s-early-pioneers-no-more-2904414 R. Aravamudan, one of ISRO's early pioneers, no more]</ref> was an Indian space scientist and engineer who was associated with the Indian space programme from its initial days in 1962.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/flipping_book/53-SI-Oct-Dec-2003/files/assets/common/downloads/publication.pdf|title=Space.india: 40 years of Indian Space Programme|publisher=ISRO|date=October–December 2003|access-date=1 November 2019|archive-date=12 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812103929/https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/flipping_book/53-SI-Oct-Dec-2003/files/assets/common/downloads/publication.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Through his career he served as the director of the [[Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station]], [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]], and the [[U R Rao Satellite Centre|ISRO Satellite centre]]. He was a recipient of the 2009 [[Aryabhata Award]] from the Astronautical Society of India.

== Early life ==
Aravamudan was born into a middle-class family in [[Madras]] in the then-undivided India. He obtained a degree in electronics engineering from the [[Madras Institute of Technology]], where he was a first-rank holder.<ref name=":1">{{cite magazine|title=How India's Late President Learned About Rocket Science With NASA|url=https://time.com/3974888/apj-abdul-kalam-nasa/|access-date=30 October 2019|magazine=Time}}</ref><ref name=":2"/>

== Career ==
Aravamudan started his career with the [[Department of Atomic Energy|Department of Atomic Energy (DAE)]] at the [[Trombay]] Reactor Control Division.<ref name=":2"/> He was amongst the first to join the [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO), then known as the [[Indian National Committee for Space Research]] (INCOSPAR), when he quit his job at the DAE in 1962 to move to [[Trivandrum]] to work with [[Vikram Sarabhai]], considered the father of India's space research.<ref name=":2"/> During this time, he also trained at [[NASA]]'s [[Goddard Space Flight Center]] on assembling and launching small rockets for collecting scientific data.<ref name=":1"/> When he was working with ISRO's rocket launching station at [[Thumba]], some of the most historic images of the rocket launch programme were captured by the French street photographer, [[Henri Cartier-Bresson]].<ref name=":2"/> Aravamudan documented the early days of the Indian space programme in a book, ''[[ISRO: A Personal History]]'', that he co-authored with his wife Gita Aravamudan. In the book, he writes about the conceptualisation of the programme, including selection of the launch site, the telemetry systems, and how the organisation worked with meagre resources owing to international embargoes and sanctions.<ref>{{cite web|date=18 February 2017|title=ISRO: A look at the history of India's space agency by one of its first rocket scientists |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/isro-a-look-at-the-history-of-indias-space-agency-by-one-of-its-first-rocket-scientists-3283980.html|access-date=7 August 2021|work=Firstpost}}</ref>

In the early 1970s, he served as the director of [[Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://www.isac.gov.in/directors/aravamudan.jsp|title=Sri. R. Aravamudan |website=isac.gov.in|access-date=30 October 2019}}</ref> In the 1980s, he became the associate director of [[Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre]]. In 1989, he took over as the director of [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]] and in 1994, he moved to Bangalore as the director of [[U R Rao Satellite Centre|ISRO Satellite Centre]].<ref name=":2"/> He retired from ISRO in 1997.<ref name=":2"/>

Aravamudan was a recipient of the [[Aryabhata Award]] from the [[Astronautical Society of India]] in 2009 and the award for Outstanding Achievement from the [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] in 2010.<ref name=":3">{{cite web|title=Sri. R. Aravamudan|url=https://www.ursc.gov.in/directors/aravamudan.jsp|access-date=7 August 2021|website=ursc.gov.in}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Aravamudan was married to Gita Aravamudan, a journalist. The couple had two sons.<ref name=":2">{{cite web|title=R. Aravamudan, one of ISRO's early pioneers and tracking and telemetry expert, no more |url=https://www.wionews.com/india-news/r-aravamudan-one-of-isros-early-pioneers-and-tracking-telemetry-expert-no-more-403198|access-date=7 August 2021|work=Wio News}}</ref>

Aravamudan died on 4 August 2021, at his house in Bangalore. He was aged 84.<ref name=":2"/> He had been diagnosed with [[kidney failure]] a year earlier.<ref name=":2"/>

== Books ==
* ''[[ISRO: A Personal History]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/amid-chandrayaan-2-mission-a-reminder-of-how-isro-grappled-with-setbacks-to-create-success-stories-7081281.html|title=Amid Chandrayaan 2 mission, a reminder of how ISRO grappled with setbacks to create success stories|website=Firstpost|access-date=30 October 2019}}</ref> co-authored with his wife, Gita {{ISBN|978-9-3526-4363-9}}

== Awards ==
* The Aryabhata Award from The Astronautical Society of India (2009)<ref name=":3"/>
* Outstanding Achievement Award of ISRO (2010)<ref name=":0"/>

== References ==
{{Portal|Spaceflight}}
{{notelist}}
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Aravamudan, R.}}
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Chennai]]
[[Category:ISRO people]]

P. C. Baranda

2025-10-21T02:23:51Z

BrittnyFiorillo:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}

'''Punamchand Baranda''' (born 1959)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Baranda Punamchand Chhanabhai(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- BHILODA (ST)(ARVALLI) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/Gujarat2017/candidate.php?candidate_id=4420 |access-date=2025-01-23 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Gujarat]]. He is a member of the [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]] from Bhiloda Assembly constituency, which is reserved for Scheduled Tribe community, in [[Aravalli district]]. He won the [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]] representing the Bharatiya Janata Party.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-12-08 |title=Gujarat election results 2022: Full list of BJP winners |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/gujarat-assembly-election/gujarat-election-results-2022-bjp-winners-list-ghatlodia-morbi-rajkot-west-gandhinagar-north-ahmedabad-porbandar-kutiyana-anand-chhota-udaipur-bharuch-godhra-bhupendra-patel-hardik-patel-101670467963305.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240406030657/https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/gujarat-assembly-election/gujarat-election-results-2022-bjp-winners-list-ghatlodia-morbi-rajkot-west-gandhinagar-north-ahmedabad-porbandar-kutiyana-anand-chhota-udaipur-bharuch-godhra-bhupendra-patel-hardik-patel-101670467963305.html |archive-date=6 April 2024 |access-date=2025-01-23 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-08 |title=Gujarat election result 2022: Full list of winning candidates of BJP, Congress - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/politics/gujarat-election-result-2022-full-list-of-winning-candidates-from-bjp-congress-aap-15361691.htm |access-date=2025-01-23 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Who are the 19 new ministers in Gujarat cabinet? Know here">{{cite news |date=21 October 2025 |title=Who are the 19 new ministers in Gujarat cabinet? Know here |url=https://english.gujaratsamachar.com/news/gujarat/who-are-the-19-new-ministers-in-gujarat-cabinet-know-here |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251021020536/https://english.gujaratsamachar.com/news/gujarat/who-are-the-19-new-ministers-in-gujarat-cabinet-know-here |archivedate=21 October 2025 |accessdate=21 October 2025 |work=english..com |publisher=Gujarat Samachar |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Gujarat Cabinet reshuffle: 3 women ministers, but none given Cabinet rank">{{cite news |date=17 October 2025 |title=Gujarat Cabinet reshuffle: 3 women ministers, but none given Cabinet rank |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/gujarat-cabinet-reshuffle-3-women-ministers-but-none-given-cabinet-rank-10313006/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251021021332/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/gujarat-cabinet-reshuffle-3-women-ministers-but-none-given-cabinet-rank-10313006/ |archive-date=21 October 2025 |access-date=21 October 2025 |publisher=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Baranda is from [[Bhiloda]], Aravalli district, Gujarat. He is the son of Chanabhai Baranda. He completed his BA in 1984 at a college affiliated with [[Gujarat University]] and later did LLB at North Gujarat University Patan in 1988. He retired as [[Superintendent of Police]] and his wife is a former district collector.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Baranda won from [[Bhiloda Assembly constituency]] representing the Bharatiya Janata Party in the 2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election. He polled 90,396 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Rupsinh Bhagoda of the [[Aam Aadmi Party]], by a margin of 28,768 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 December 2022 |title=General election to Vidhan Sabha trends and results December 2022 |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenDec2022/ConstituencywiseS0630.htm?ac=30 |access-date=23 January 2025 |website=Election Commission of India}}</ref> He contested the 2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election, also on the BJP ticket, but lost to [[Anil Joshiyara]] of the [[Indian National Congress]] by a margin of 12,417 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhiloda Election Result 2022 LIVE Updates: P.C.Baranda of BJP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/elections/bhiloda-election-result-2022-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-6561715.html |access-date=2025-01-23 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Baranda, P. C. }}
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:People from Aravalli district]]
[[Category:Gujarat University alumni]]

Nayan H. Desai

2025-10-16T17:08:58Z

BrittnyFiorillo: added new post added tags

{{Short description|Gujarati poet}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Nayan H. Desai
| image = Nayan H Desai.jpg
| caption = Desai in [[Surat]]; August 2023
| pseudonym =
| birth_name = Nayan Harshadray Desai
| birth_date = {{birth date|1946|2|22|df=y}}
| birth_place = Kathodara, [[Surat district]], [[Gujarat]]
| death_date= {{death date and age|2023|10|12|1946|2|22|df=y}}
| death_place= [[Surat]], Gujarat, India
| occupation = Poet
| language = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| nationality = [[India]]n
| education =
| alma_mater =
| genres = [[Ghazal]], [[Geet (song)|Geet]]
| subject =
| movement =
| notableworks = * ''Manas Urfe Reti Urfe Dariyo'' (1979)
* ''Mukam Post Manas'' (1983)
| spouse = {{married|Shashi|1990}}
| awards = * [[Kalapi Award]] (2013)
* [[Kavishwar Dalpatram Award]] (2016)
| signature =
| years_active =
}}

'''Nayan H. Desai''' (22 February 1946 – 12 October 2023) was a [[Gujarati language]] poet from [[Gujarat]], [[India]].<ref name="Datta 2016">{{cite book | last=Datta | first=Amaresh | title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature | date=2016-06-23 | publisher=Sahitya Akademi | isbn=9788126011940 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zB4n3MVozbUC | access-date=2016-07-14}}</ref> His significant work includes ''Manas Urfe Reti Urfe Dariyo'' (1979), ''Mukam Post Manas'' (1983), and ''Dhoop Ka Saya'' ([[ghazal]]s in [[Urdu language|Urdu]]). He received the [[Kalapi Award]] in 2013 and the [[Kavishwar Dalpatram Award]] in 2016.

== Biography ==
Desai was born on 22 February 1946 in Kathodara, a town now in the [[Surat district]], to Harshadray and Indumatiben.<ref name="Ranna"/><ref name="AGSI"/> His family belonged to [[Valod]].<ref name="AGSI"/> After completing his [[Secondary School Certificate|SSC]] in 1965, he worked in a diamond factory for 14 years. In 1980, he joined ''[[Gujarat Mitra]]'', a Gujarati daily, as a sub-editor.<ref name="AGSI"/><ref name="Ranna"/> He was retired.<ref name="AGSI">{{cite book|title=અર્વાચીન ગુજરાતી સાહિત્યનો ઈતિહાસ - આધુનિક અને અનુઆધુનિક યુગ|last=Brahmabhatt|first=Prasad|publisher=Parshwa Publication|year=2010|isbn=978-93-5108-247-7|location=Ahmedabad|pages=124–125|language=gu|trans-title=History of Modern Gujarati Literature – Modern and Postmodern Era}}</ref>

He married Shashi in 1990.<ref name="Ranna">{{cite book |last=Sharma |first=Radheshyam |title=Saksharno Sakshatkar: 3 (Question based interview with biographical literary sketches) |year=1999 |publisher= Rannade Prakashan |location=Ahmedabad |pages= 175–181}}</ref> He died on 12 October 2023 in [[Surat]].<ref name="Divya Bhaskar 2023">{{cite news |title=દુ:ખદ: દિગ્ગજ કવિ અને ગઝલકાર નયન હ. દેસાઇની ચિરવિદાય|newspaper=[[Divya Bhaskar]]|date=13 October 2023|url=https://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/local/gujarat/surat/news/veteran-poet-and-ghazal-writer-nayan-h-desais-farewell-131983905.html|access-date=7 November 2023|language=gu|archive-date=7 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107182235/https://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/local/gujarat/surat/news/veteran-poet-and-ghazal-writer-nayan-h-desais-farewell-131983905.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Works ==
His first poetry collection ''Manas Urfe Reti Urfe Dariyo'' (1979) has 58 poems which are mostly [[ghazal]]s and some are songs. His second collection ''Mukam Post Manas'' (1982) has 56 poems. These two collections are experimental and include variety. These poems depict loneliness and separation of modern humans. A person affected and tormented by pain is a central theme of his poetry. He later published ''Angali Vadhine Mokalu'' (1984), ''Anushthan'' and ''Samandar Baj Manas''. All these collections were collected and published as ''Nayan na Moti'' (2005). ''Dhoop Ka Saya'' has [[ghazal]]s in [[Urdu language|Urdu]].<ref name="AGSI"/><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Topiwala |first=Chandrakant |encyclopedia=Gujarati Sahityakosh (Encyclopedia of Gujarati literature)|title=Nayan Desai |publisher=[[Gujarati Sahitya Parishad]] |location=Ahmedabad |year=1990 |pages=152–153}}</ref>

== Recognition ==
His ''Mukam Post Manas'' (1982) was awarded by the [[Gujarati Sahitya Parishad]] and his ''Dhoop Ka Saya'' was awarded by the Urdu Sahitya Akademi.<ref name="AGSI"/> The [[Indian National Theatre]] awarded him the [[Kalapi Award]] in 2013 for his significant contribution to Gujarati ghazal poetry. He received the [[Kavishwar Dalpatram Award]] in 2016 for his contribution to [[Gujarati literature|Gujarati poetry]].

==See also==
* [[List of Gujarati-language writers]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Desai, Nayan}}
[[Category:Modernist poets]]
[[Category:1946 births]]
[[Category:2023 deaths]]
[[Category:Gujarati-language poets]]
[[Category:People from Surat district]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Poets from Gujarat]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Urdu-language Indian poets]]
[[Category:Indian editors]]

Manamadurai–Rameswaram branch line

2025-09-23T14:29:25Z

BrittnyFiorillo: Improved wording and formatting

{{Short description|Railway line in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}

{{Infobox rail line
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| name = Manamadurai–Rameswaram branch line
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| image = Okha Express runs with electric loco from Rameswaram.jpg
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| caption = First electric run from Rameswaram
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| status = Operating
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| old_gauge = {{RailGauge|1000mm|lk=on}}
| load_gauge = {{convert|4725|x|3660|mm|ftin|abbr=on}} (BG)<ref name=gauge>{{cite book|title=Railway Track Engineering|year=2010|publisher=Tata McGraw Hill|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-0-07-068012-8|page=7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n6XrJJIxQTEC&q=loading+gauge+india&pg=PA7|author=J S Mundrey|edition=Fourth|access-date=5 February 2014}}</ref>
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The '''Manamadurai–Rameswaram branch line''' is a branch railway line in the state of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. The line starts at [[Manamadurai]] and ends at [[Rameswaram]].

== History ==

The [[Madras Railway]] laid the [[metre gauge]] lines viz. [[Manamadurai]]–[[Mandapam]] line in 1902, Mandapam–[[Pamban]] line in 1914, Pamban–Rameswaram line in 1906 and Pamban–[[Dhanushkodi]] line in 1908.<ref name="sr1">{{cite web | url=http://www.sr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1401862838528-mdu-web-data1-newfinal1.pdf | title=Southern Railways - Madurai railway division | publisher=Southern Railways, India | access-date=10 June 2014}}</ref>

During [[1964 Rameshwaram Cyclone]], the Pamban–Dhanushkodi section was completely damaged and was dismantled afterwards and was never rebuilt by Indian railways. This is because of the declarement of dhanushkodi as "'''Abandoned and Unfit for Habitation"''' by madras(chennai) government.

The Madurai–Manamadurai–Rameshwaram section was entirely converted to [[broad gauge]] in 2006.<ref name="sr1" />

== Future ==
There are plans to build a rail-cum-road bridge or tunnel from India to Sri Lanka. It would be built via Rameshwaram or Dhanushkodi.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Explained: A new line|url = http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-a-new-line/|website = The Indian Express|date = 2015-03-15|access-date = 2015-11-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = Mythic link to Lanka may become a reality|url = http://www.mydigitalfc.com/news/mythic-link-lanka-may-become-reality-610|website = www.mydigitalfc.com|access-date = 2015-11-11}}</ref>

Funds has been allocated for the reconstruction of Dhanushkodi Railway Line.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-02-03 |title=New railway projects in Tamil Nadu ignored: MP |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/new-railway-projects-in-tn-ignoredmp/article38370768.ece |access-date=2022-06-06 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.sr.indianrailways.gov.in Southern Railways - Official Website]

{{Railways in Southern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Manamadurai-Rameswaram branch line}}
[[Category:5 ft 6 in gauge railways in India]]
[[Category:Madurai railway division|*]]
[[Category:Railway lines closed in 1964]]
[[Category:Transport in Rameswaram]]
[[Category:Railway lines opened in 1908]]

{{India-rail-transport-stub}}

Swami Shilananda

2025-08-15T12:50:55Z

BrittnyFiorillo: starting a entry

{{short description|Spanish Jesuit missionary (1925–2022)}}
{{sources|date=December 2022}}

'''Swami Shilananda''' (born '''Pere Julià Mayol'''; 17 June 1925 – 15 December 2022<ref>{{cite web | url=https://infosj.es/fallecimientos/19519-fallece-el-p-pere-julia-mayol | title=Fallece el P. Pere Juliá Mayol }}</ref>) was a Spanish [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]] missionary who lived in India from 1948 to 2017. He spent most of his missionary life in and around [[Nashik]], in [[Maharashtra]]. He founded the Sanjivan [[Ashram]] at Lonarwadi, [[Sinnar]], in the State of Maharashtra, India.

==Life==
Pere Julià Mayol born in 1925 in the [[Catalonia|Catalan]] village of [[Gelida]], where he witnessed the ravages his homeland went through during the [[Spanish Civil War]]. He entered the [[Society of Jesus]] as a [[novice]] in August 1945, the month the first [[Nuclear weapon|atomic bomb]] was dropped on [[Hiroshima]], Japan. He later said that both experiences strongly marked his outlook and goals in life, determining him to work for peace.<ref name="UCA">{{cite web|url=https://romancatholicworld.files.wordpress.com/2013/05/jesuit-priest-father-peter-pedro-julia-spanish-missioner-praises-the-lord-at-christian-temple-in-hindu-village-ucanews-com.pdf|title=Spanish Missioner Praises The Lord At Christian Temple In Hindu Village|accessdate=May 25, 2015|work=UCA News|date=October 5, 2004}}</ref>

After his novitiate and a year of juniorate at Veruela, in 1948 he was sent to India. He was 23 years old, still a Jesuit scholastic, and travelled in the company of seven other fellow Jesuits, including Angelo Benedetti (later:Swami Shubhananda). He was [[Holy Orders|ordained]] a [[Catholic priest]] on 24 March 1960 and made his final vows on 5 November 1976.

After some years of formation and learning of languages, he was sent as formator and professor of Latin, in 1955, to the Bombay Seminary. In 1962 he was sent to Pune to learn Marathi. From 1963 to 1966 he worked in Manikpur - Vasai, where he adopted the name ''Shilananda''. At some point he also adopted the dress of an Indian [[sannyasi]]. From 1966 to 1968 he was in [[Nashik]], ministering in a farm owned by the Society of Jesus and making explorations for possible pastoral work.

In 1968 he received permission from Fr Juan Masià to live outside the Jesuit community in a rented space at [[Panchavati]] on the banks of the [[Godavari]] river.[http://docs.exdat.com/docs/index-153327.html?page=15]

During this period he made the traditional Hindu pilgrimage to the four Hindu holy places – [[Kedarnath]], [[Dwarka]], Kanyakumari, [[Puri]] – on cycle; as such he was highly regarded by the sannyasis gathered in Nashik for the [[Kumbha Mela]]. <ref>Cf. Ramiro Calle, ''Autobiografia spiritual'', Editorial Kairós, 2012; digital edition 2014. Cap. 5: Cazador de hombres santos.</ref> An account of the Kedarnath pilgrimage in 1975 may be found in ''Darshan: Da Bombay all'Himalaya in bicletta in ricerca di Dio''.<ref>Milano: Editrice Missioni [1979]</ref>

After 14 years at Panchavati, in 1987 he moved to the outskirts of Sinnar, some 20 km out of Nashik, where he purchased a one-acre plot of land with help from friends and constructed a small church (1988) in the style of the small traditional Hindu [[Shiva]] temples that abound in the area, and two small houses to serve as a residence, etc. Eventually, he also constructed another small space to serve as a dormitory for guests.<ref>"I've waited for 40 years, but..." ''Jivan: News and Views of Jesuits in India'' (April 2008) 90.</ref> [https://bismumbai.blogspot.com/2010/10/bis-2089-outing-to-sinnar.html]

Shilananda would chant his prayers to the accompaniment of an [[ektara]] in his chapel and also in the surrounding villages. By means of kirtans (one on Cain and Abel, the other on the Prodigal Son) he taught the local villagers about [[Christ]] but took no converts, as he insisted that [[religious conversion|conversion]] must be a total change of one's life to the values taught by Jesus.<ref name="UCA"/>

An interesting aspect of Shilananda's activity was his ecological concern: since the one-acre plot was fenced off, the native grasses and plants had the chance to flourish. Shilananda also personally dug out a little tank at one end of the compound, and dug the rocky soil in other places in order to plant trees. The place today remains a little oasis of greenery amidst the barren surroundings. Unfortunately, with the new Sinnar-Ghoti bypass nearby, the price of land has gone up and plots around the ashram are being bought up rapidly.[https://bismumbai.blogspot.com/2010/10/bis-2089-outing-to-sinnar.html]

With advancing age, Shilananda retired from the Sinnar ashram to the Jesuit infirmary in Andheri, Mumbai. In 2017 he went back to his native Spain, and lived in the community of Barcelona-Javier (Sarrià). In 2021 he was sent to the Jesuit infirmary "Centro Borja de Sant Cugat del Vallés," at [[Sant Cugat del Vallès]], near [[Barcelona]], Spain. He insisted on maintaining his sannyasi clothes even during these years.

He died in Sant Cugat on 15 December 2022, at the age of 97.<ref>{{cite web |title=Fallece el P. Pere Juliá Mayol |url=https://infosj.es/fallecimientos/19519-fallece-el-p-pere-julia-mayol |website=InfoSJ |access-date=16 December 2022}}</ref>

==Bibliography==

===Primary===
*''The Truth Will Make You Free.'' Anand: Gujarat Sahitya Prakash, 1979. 390 pp.
*''Satya tumhala mukta karil''. Marathi tr. by S.N. Suryavanshi of ''The Truth Will Make You Free''.
* ''Darshan. Da Bombay all'Himalaya in bicletta in ricerca di Dio.'' Milano: Editrice Missioni, [1979].
*''A Rainbow of Feasts: An Inter-religious Appreciation''. Better Yourself Books, 2006 (reprint). 281 pp.
*''Sent Forth. (Collected Writings). Half a Century at the Service of Evangelization in Independent India''. St Paul. 612 pp. 2002?
*"Hinduism and Christianity: A Comparative Study." ''Divyadaan: Journal of Philosophy and Education'' 8/3 (1999) 62–83.
*"Integrating Christianity and Hinduism." ''Divyadaan: Journal of Philosophy and Education'' 9/1 (1998) 18–40.
*"Objective Truth." ''Divyadaan: Journal of Philosophy and Education'' 10/2 (1999) 226–253.
*"Principle of Polarity: Creative Tensions." ''Divyadaan: Journal of Philosophy and Education'' 8/2 (1997) 162–172.
*"Justice: Secular or Transcendent?" ''Divyadaan: Journal of Philosophy and Education'' 11/2 (2000) 211–271.
*"Mission and Dialogue." ''Divyadaan: Journal of Philosophy and Education'' 12/3 (2001) 397–412.
*[Editor.] 'Sanjivan Ashram: Dawn – Noonday – Twilight'. [Correspondence about the mission of Sanjivan Ashram.] Sinnar: Sanjivan Photostat Publication, 2006.
*'The History of Three Books. [Typescript of 76 pp. Correspondence about and reviews of ''The Truth Will Make You Free'', ''A Rainbow of Feasts'', and ''Sent Forth''.] Sinnar: Sanjivan Ashram, n.d.
*"I've waited for 40 years, but..." ''Jivan: News and Views of Jesuits in India'' (Apr. 2008) 90.
*'The Practice of Dialogue'. [Photocopies and typescript of 86 pp.] Sinnar: Sanjivan Ashram, 2010

===Secondary===
*Calle, Ramiro. ''Autobiografia spiritual''. Editorial Kairós, 2012; digital edition 2014. Cap. 5: Cazador de hombres santos.
*Calle, Ramiro. ''El viaje de mi vida''. Madrid: Kailas Editorial, 2021. Cap. 6: Pasó por la vida hacienda el bien.
*Degrez, Etienne. "Indian Road to Truth." Review of ''The Truth Will Make You Free''. ''The Calcutta Herald'' (18 Dec. 1981).
*"Freedom through Truth." Review of ''The Truth Will Make You Free''. ''Ignis'' (Nov.-Dec. 1981).
*"The Truth Will Make You Free." Review of ''The Truth Will Make You Free''. ''The New Leader'' (19 Jul. 1981).
*Hambye, E.R. "The Truth Will Make You Free." Review of ''The Truth Will Make You Free''. ''Vidyajyoti Journal of Theological Reflection'' (Jan. 1982).
*Mangatt, George. Review of ''The Truth Will Make You Free''. ''Bible Bhasyam''.
*Patil, B.R. "Book of Instruction on the Christian Religion." Review of ''Satya tumhala mukta karil''. ''Gavkari'' (22 Apr. 1984).
*Mendonca, Theresa. Review of ''A Rainbow of Feasts''. ''The Examiner'' (8 Jul. 1995).
*Sharma, Anika. Review of ''A Rainbow of Feasts''. ''The Teenager'' (Aug. 1995).
*Gopalakrishnan, N. "Inter-Religious Appreciation of Festivals." ''The Hindu''.
*Gispert-Sauch, G. Review of ''A Rainbow of Feasts''. ''Vidyajyoti Journal of Theological Reflection'' (Mar. 1996) 215.
*Pereira, Myron J. Review of ''A Rainbow of Feasts''. ''Jivan: News and Views of Jesuits in India'' (Aug. 1995) 31.
*Ryan, Thomas M. Review of ''A Rainbow of Feasts''. ''In Christo'' (Jan. 1998) 70–72.
*“Mixing Religions- Cross on Shivling, Christian Priests Worship the Hindu Way.” ''The Week'' (20 October 1996) 30.

==References==
<references />

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shilananda, Swami}}
[[Category:1925 births]]
[[Category:2022 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Alt Penedès]]
[[Category:Jesuits from Catalonia]]
[[Category:20th-century Spanish Jesuits]]
[[Category:21st-century Spanish Jesuits]]
[[Category:Jesuit missionaries in India]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic missionaries in India]]
[[Category:Spanish Roman Catholic missionaries]]
[[Category:Spanish expatriates in India]]